1
καὶ ἤκουσεν Ιουδας τὸ ὄνομα τῶν Ῥωμαίων ὅτι εἰσὶν δυνατοὶ ἰσχύι καὶ αὐτοὶ εὐδοκοῦσιν ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς προστιθεμένοις αὐτοῖς καὶ ὅσοι ἂν προσέλθωσιν αὐτοῖς ἱστῶσιν αὐτοῖς φιλίαν καὶ ὅτι εἰσὶ δυνατοὶ ἰσχύι
And Judas heard the name of the Romans, that they are mighty in strength, that they show favor to all who attach themselves to them, that with all who come to them they establish friendship, and that they are mighty in strength.
The verse opens the report with Judas' hearing about Rome. The repeated ὅτι clauses stack reputation claims: military strength, generosity toward allies, and covenantal reliability in friendship.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinator that advances the narrative report.
ἤκουσενheardVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωmain verb of the narrative clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; the aorist summarizes Judas' reception of the report as a whole event.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςsubject of ἤκουσενἸούδας: Judas Maccabaeus, the leader who now turns from Seleucid warfare to foreign diplomacy.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with ὄνομαὁ: definite article marking the following noun as a specific referent.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαdirect object of ἤκουσενὄνομα: 'name, reputation, report'; here the heard-of fame of Rome.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle with Ῥωμαίωνὁ: article introducing the ethnic genitive.
ῬωμαίωνRomansN2 GPM · Ῥωμαῖοςgenitive dependent on ὄνομαῬωμαῖος: 'Roman'; the ethnicon signals the new geopolitical actor in the narrative.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported contentὅτι: content conjunction introducing what Judas heard about Rome.
εἰσὶνthey areV9 PAI3P · εἰμίcopulative verb in reported clause→ descriptive presentεἰμί: 'be'; states Rome's ongoing character.
δυνατοὶmightyA1 NPM · δυνατόςpredicate adjective with εἰσὶνδυνατός: 'powerful, capable'; characterizes Roman military capacity.
ἰσχύιin strengthN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative of respect or sphereἰσχύς: 'strength, might'; the dative specifies the sphere in which they are powerful.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds the next feature of Rome's reputation.
αὐτοὶtheyRD NPM · αὐτόςemphatic subject of εὐδοκοῦσιναὐτός: personal pronoun; here expressed for emphasis.
εὐδοκοῦσινshow favorV2 PAI3P · εὐδοκέωmain verb of the second reported clause→ customary presentεὐδοκέω: 'be pleased with, favor'; depicts Rome as well-disposed toward allies.
ἐνtoP · ἐνpreposition governing the dative phraseἐν: 'in, among, with'; here introducing the sphere or object of favorable regard.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςsubstantival adjective modified by the participleπᾶς: 'all, every'; stresses the breadth of Rome's patronage.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participleὁ: article turning the participle into a substantive expression.
προστιθεμένοιςattaching themselvesV7 · πμπδπμ τίθημι + προςsubstantival participle governed by ἐν→ progressive present participleπροστίθημι: literally 'add to'; in the middle/passive participial form it denotes joining oneself to a party or alliance.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative complement with προστιθεμένοιςαὐτός: third-person pronoun referring back to the Romans.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: links the general favor clause to the more specific friendship clause.
ὅσοιas many asA1 NPM · ὅσοςsubstantival relative adjective introducing a generalized classὅσος: 'as many as, all who'; opens a generic relative construction.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctiveἄν: particle marking contingency or generality with the subjunctive.
προσέλθωσινcomeVB AAS3P · ἔρχομαι + προςsubjunctive verb in a generalized relative clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveπροσέρχομαι: 'come to, approach'; here the diplomatic act of approaching Rome.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative complement with προσέλθωσιναὐτός: pronoun again pointing to the Romans as the approached party.
ἱστῶσινthey establishV6 PAS3P · ἵστημιmain verb of the generalized relative clause→ customary presentἵστημι: 'set, establish'; here in the idiom ἱστάναι φιλίαν, 'to establish friendship.'
αὐτοῖςfor themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative of advantageαὐτός: pronoun referring to those who approach Rome.
φιλίανfriendshipN1A ASF · φιλίαdirect object of ἱστῶσινφιλία: 'friendship, alliance'; in Hellenistic diplomatic language, a formal bond of amity.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: resumes the chain of reported assertions.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιcontent conjunction reintroducing reported speechὅτι: introduces the concluding restatement of Roman strength.
εἰσὶthey areV9 PAI3P · εἰμίcopulative verb in resumed report→ descriptive presentεἰμί: 'be'; restates Rome's present standing.
δυνατοὶmightyA1 NPM · δυνατόςpredicate adjectiveδυνατός: 'powerful'; the repetition closes the verse with emphasis.
ἰσχύιin strengthN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative of respect or sphereἰσχύς: 'strength'; repeated to bracket the reputation report.
2
καὶ διηγήσαντο αὐτῷ τοὺς πολέμους αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς ἀνδραγαθίας ἃς ποιοῦσιν ἐν τοῖς Γαλάταις καὶ ὅτι κατεκράτησαν αὐτῶν καὶ ἤγαγον αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ φόρον
And they told him of their wars and of the brave deeds that they do among the Galatians, and that they had mastered them and brought them under tribute.
The report becomes concrete. Rome's reputation is no longer abstract strength but narrated achievement: campaigns, valor, subjugation, and tribute imposed on defeated peoples.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: carries the narrative from Judas' hearing to the content he was told.
διηγήσαντοthey recountedVAI AMI3P · ἡγέομαι + διαmain verb of the narrative clause→ constative aoristδιηγέομαι: 'recount, narrate in detail'; suitable for the formal rehearsal of Roman exploits.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative indirect objectαὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas as recipient of the report.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle with πολέμουςὁ: article marking the following noun as a defined object of the narration.
πολέμουςwarsN2 APM · πόλεμοςfirst direct object of διηγήσαντοπόλεμος: 'war, campaign'; summarizes Rome's military engagements.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive genitive referring to the Romans.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins a second object to the verb of narration.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with ἀνδραγαθίαςὁ: article specifying the valorous acts being recounted.
ἀνδραγαθίαςdeeds of valorN1A APF · ἀνδραγαθίαsecond direct object of διηγήσαντοἀνδραγαθία: 'brave deed, act of valor'; a stock term for martial prowess.
ἃςwhichRR APF · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the descriptive clauseὅς: relative pronoun referring back to ἀνδραγαθίας.
ποιοῦσινthey doV2 PAI3P · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ customary presentποιέω: 'do, accomplish'; the present portrays continuing military performance.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the dative phraseἐν: 'in, among'; locates the Roman exploits among the Galatians.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle with Γαλάταιςὁ: article introducing the ethnic group named in the dative.
ΓαλάταιςGalatiansN DP · Γαλάταιdative object of ἐνΓαλάται: 'Galatians'; here the peoples in Asia Minor subdued by Rome.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds a further report clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιcontent conjunctionὅτι: introduces the result-oriented report of conquest.
κατεκράτησανthey had masteredVAI AAI3P · κρατέω + καταmain verb of the reported conquest clause→ effective aoristκατακρατέω: 'gain mastery over, overpower'; marks decisive subjugation.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive object with κατακρατέωαὐτός: pronoun referring to the conquered Galatians.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the act of domination to the imposition of tribute.
ἤγαγονbroughtVBI AAI3P · ἄγωcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristἄγω: 'lead, bring'; here to bring defeated peoples into a tributary status.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἤγαγοναὐτός: pronoun again referring to the subjected peoples.
ὑπὸunderP · ὑπόpreposition expressing subjectionὑπό: 'under'; with the accusative it marks the state imposed on the conquered.
φόρονtributeN2 ASM · φόροςaccusative complement after ὑπὸφόρος: 'tribute, tax'; the standard sign of political subordination.
3
καὶ ὅσα ἐποίησαν ἐν χώρᾳ Σπανίας τοῦ κατακρατῆσαι τῶν μετάλλων τοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ τοῦ χρυσίου τοῦ ἐκεῖ
And what they did in the land of Spain, to gain control of the mines of silver and gold there,
The report moves westward to Spain and highlights Rome's reach for strategic resources. The infinitive clause makes the conquest economically intelligible: control of precious-metal mines underwrites imperial power.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: carries the recital forward to another item in Rome's record.
ὅσαas much asA1 APN · ὅσοςsubstantival relative adjective functioning as object of ἐποίησανὅσος: 'as much as, whatever things'; gathers the deeds just about to be specified.
ἐποίησανthey didVAI AAI3P · ποιέωmain verb of the relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, accomplish'; summarizes Roman actions in Spain as a completed achievement.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the dative phraseἐν: 'in'; locates the exploits geographically.
χώρᾳthe landN1A DSF · χώραdative object of ἐνχώρα: 'land, region, territory'; denotes Spain as a controlled territory.
Σπανίαςof SpainN GS · Σπανίαgenitive dependent on χώρᾳΣπανία: 'Spain'; the far-western region whose mineral wealth had become famous.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purposeὁ: article turning the infinitive into a purpose expression.
κατακρατῆσαιgain control ofVA AAN · κρατέω + καταarticular infinitive of purpose→ constative aorist infinitiveκατακρατέω: 'gain mastery over, seize control of'; here the aim is possession of Spain's mines.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle with μετάλλωνὁ: article marking the specific mines in view.
μετάλλωνminesN2N GPN · μέταλλονgenitive object with κατακρατῆσαιμέταλλον: 'mine, quarry, mineral deposit'; here specifically the mined deposits of precious metals.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle with ἀργυρίουὁ: article specifying the first metal named.
ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive of material modifying μετάλλωνἀργύριον: 'silver'; one of the principal precious metals driving imperial acquisition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: links the two metals named in the mines.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle with χρυσίουὁ: article specifying the second metal.
χρυσίουgoldN2N GSN · χρυσίονgenitive of material modifying μετάλλωνχρυσίον: 'gold'; paired with silver as the emblem of extractive wealth.
τοῦthereRA GSN · ὁarticle with the adverbial ἐκεῖ in the local expressionὁ: article used before ἐκεῖ in the fixed expression identifying the resources located there.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverb modifying the mining phraseἐκεῖ: 'there'; points to the Spanish locale just named.
4
καὶ κατεκράτησαν τοῦ τόπου παντὸς τῇ βουλῇ αὐτῶν καὶ τῇ μακροθυμίᾳ καὶ ὁ τόπος ἦν ἀπέχων μακρὰν ἀπ' αὐτῶν σφόδρα καὶ τῶν βασιλέων τῶν ἐπελθόντων ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἀπ' ἄκρου τῆς γῆς ἕως συνέτριψαν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐπάταξαν ἐν αὐτοῖς πληγὴν μεγάλην καὶ οἱ ἐπίλοιποι διδόασιν αὐτοῖς φόρον κατ' ἐνιαυτόν
and they gained mastery over the whole region by their counsel and patience, though the place was very far away from them; and as for the kings who came against them from the ends of the earth, they crushed them and struck them with a great blow, and the rest give them tribute year by year.
The narrator explains both how Rome wins and what follows from victory. Prudence and endurance are paired as political virtues, while the long clause on distant kings magnifies Rome's reach and the annual tribute that consolidates it.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: continues the accumulating catalogue of Roman achievements.
κατεκράτησανthey gained mastery overVAI AAI3P · κρατέω + καταmain verb of the opening clause→ effective aoristκατακρατέω: 'gain control over, overpower'; portrays decisive dominion.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle with τόπουὁ: article marking the governed region as a defined whole.
τόπουregionN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive object with κατεκράτησαντόπος: 'place, region, territory'; here the domain brought under Roman control.
παντὸςwholeA3 GSM · πᾶςattributive adjective modifying τόπουπᾶς: 'whole, entire'; stresses the completeness of the conquest.
τῇby theRA DSF · ὁarticle with instrumental dativeὁ: article introducing the first instrumental dative.
βουλῇcounselN1 DSF · βουλήdative of means or instrumentβουλή: 'counsel, strategy, deliberation'; Rome's success is attributed not only to force but to policy.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the Romans.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins a second means to the first.
τῇby theRA DSF · ὁarticle with instrumental dativeὁ: article introducing the second instrumental dative.
μακροθυμίᾳpatienceN1A DSF · μακροθυμίαdative of means coordinated with βουλῇμακροθυμία: 'patience, endurance, long-suffering'; depicts sustained resolve in statecraft and war.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing a circumstantial commentκαί: advances to a remark that heightens the achievement.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with τόποςὁ: article marking the subject of the clause.
τόποςregionN2 NSM · τόποςsubject of ἦν ἀπέχωντόπος: 'place, region'; now viewed in relation to Rome's distance from it.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb with participial predicate→ imperfect of descriptionεἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect sets the territorial distance as a standing circumstance.
ἀπέχωνbeing distantV1 · παπνσμ ἔχω + ἀποpredicate participle with ἦν→ progressive present participleἀπέχω: 'be far off, be distant'; stresses the logistical challenge of Roman conquest.
μακρὰνfarA1A ASF · μακρόςadverbial accusative of extent or distanceμακράν: adverbial accusative meaning 'far'; intensifies the note of remoteness.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the genitiveἀπό: 'from'; marks separation or distance.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive object of ἀπ'αὐτός: pronoun referring back to the Romans.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverb intensifying ἀπέχων / μακρὰνσφόδρα: 'very, exceedingly'; heightens the remoteness.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing another clause of Roman successκαί: shifts from distance to victories over attackers.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle with βασιλέωνὁ: article introducing the kings who attacked.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςgenitive related to the subsequent participle and prepositional phraseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the adversaries are framed as rulers from across the world.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with ἐπελθόντωνὁ: article substantivizing the participle.
ἐπελθόντωνhaving comeVB · ααπγπμ ἔρχομαι + ἐπιsubstantival participle describing the kings→ constative aorist participleἐπέρχομαι: 'come upon, attack'; denotes hostile advance against Rome.
ἐπ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusativeἐπί: with accusative, 'against'; marks hostile direction.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of ἐπ'αὐτός: pronoun referring to Rome as the attacked party.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the genitive phraseἀπό: 'from'; introduces the source range of the attackers.
ἄκρουthe endsA1A GSM · ἄκροςgenitive object of ἀπ'ἄκρος: 'extreme point, end'; here in the phrase 'from the ends of the earth.'
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle with γῆςὁ: article introducing the world-range phrase.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive dependent on ἄκρουγῆ: 'earth, land'; gives universal sweep to the claim.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςsubordinating conjunction introducing the result clauseἕως: 'until'; marks the point reached in the sequence of conflict.
συνέτριψανthey crushedVAI AAI3P · τρίβω + συνmain verb of the result clause→ constative aoristσυντρίβω: 'crush, shatter'; here of defeating hostile kings.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of συνέτριψαναὐτός: pronoun referring to the attacking kings.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: pairs crushing defeat with the infliction of a major blow.
ἐπάταξανthey struckVAI AAI3P · πατάσσωcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike, smite'; marks a decisive military blow.
ἐνonP · ἐνpreposition governing the dativeἐν: here idiomatic with πατάσσω to mark the sphere on which the blow falls.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςdative complement with ἐναὐτός: pronoun referring again to the defeated kings.
πληγὴνa blowN1 ASF · πληγήdirect object of ἐπάταξανπληγή: 'blow, stroke, plague'; here a severe military strike.
μεγάληνgreatA1 ASF · μέγαςattributive adjective modifying πληγὴνμέγας: 'great'; intensifies the severity of the blow.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing the continuing consequenceκαί: moves from conquest to its lasting political result.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle with ἐπίλοιποιὁ: article introducing the remaining nations or rulers.
ἐπίλοιποιrestA1B NPM · ἐπίλοιποςsubject of διδόασινἐπίλοιπος: 'remaining, the rest'; the survivors or others not annihilated become tributaries.
διδόασινgiveV8 PAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of continuing consequence→ customary presentδίδωμι: 'give, pay'; the present depicts ongoing tributary obligation.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative indirect objectαὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as tribute recipients.
φόρονtributeN2 ASM · φόροςdirect object of διδόασινφόρος: 'tribute, tax'; the standard sign of subordination to imperial rule.
κατ'year byP · κατάpreposition with accusative expressing distributive timeκατά: with accusative, 'according to, by'; here distributive, 'year by year.'
ἐνιαυτόνyearN2 ASM · ἐνιαυτόςaccusative of distributive time with κατ'ἐνιαυτός: 'year'; completes the distributive phrase of recurring tribute.
5
καὶ τὸν Φίλιππον καὶ τὸν Περσέα Κιτιέων βασιλέα καὶ τοὺς ἐπηρμένους ἐπ' αὐτοὺς συνέτριψαν αὐτοὺς ἐν πολέμῳ καὶ κατεκράτησαν αὐτῶν
And Philip and Perseus, king of the Citieans, and those who had risen up against them, they crushed in war and gained mastery over them.
The general claim about hostile kings is now anchored in named examples. The verse compresses several enemies into a single sentence to reinforce the pattern of Roman military supremacy.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: introduces another item in the list of Roman victories.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with Φίλιππονὁ: article marking the named king as a specific object.
ΦίλιππονPhilipN2 ASM · Φίλιπποςfirst direct object of συνέτριψαν / κατεκράτησανΦίλιππος: Philip V of Macedon, one of the Hellenistic rulers invoked as evidence of Roman power.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the second named ruler to the first.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with Περσέαὁ: article introducing the next named king.
ΠερσέαPerseusN ASM · Περσέαdirect object in apposition with βασιλέαΠερσεύς: Perseus of Macedon, another emblematic royal foe subdued by Rome.
Κιτιέωνof the CitieansN GP · Κιτιεῖςgenitive ethnic modifier with βασιλέαΚιτιεῖς: ethnic term traditionally linked with Kition/Citium; here part of the royal designation.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative in apposition to Περσέαβασιλεύς: 'king'; identifies Perseus by royal office.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds unnamed opponents to the named kings.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participleὁ: article turning the participle into a substantive group.
ἐπηρμένουςhaving risen upV1 · πμπαπμ αἴρω + ἐπιsubstantival participle describing hostile opponents→ perfective participial ideaἐπαίρω: 'rise up against, be lifted up against'; depicts insurgent or aggressive opposition.
ἐπ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusativeἐπί: with accusative, 'against'; signals hostile orientation.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of ἐπ'αὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans.
συνέτριψανthey crushedVAI AAI3P · τρίβω + συνmain verb of the clause→ constative aoristσυντρίβω: 'crush, shatter'; here of decisive military defeat.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of συνέτριψαναὐτός: pronoun referring to the named and unnamed enemies.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the dativeἐν: 'in'; marks the sphere of conflict.
πολέμῳwarN2 DSM · πόλεμοςdative object of ἐνπόλεμος: 'war, battle'; names the field in which Rome prevails.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: pairs battlefield defeat with political domination.
κατεκράτησανgained mastery overVAI AAI3P · κρατέω + καταcoordinated main verb→ effective aoristκατακρατέω: 'gain mastery over, overpower'; emphasizes the lasting result of victory.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive object with κατεκράτησαναὐτός: pronoun referring to the defeated kings and their allies.
6
καὶ Ἀντίοχον τὸν μέγαν βασιλέα τῆς Ἀσίας τὸν πορευθέντα ἐπ' αὐτοὺς εἰς πόλεμον ἔχοντα ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι ἐλέφαντας καὶ ἵππον καὶ ἅρματα καὶ δύναμιν πολλὴν σφόδρα καὶ συνετρίβη ὑπ' αὐτῶν
And Antiochus the Great, king of Asia, who came against them for war, having one hundred twenty elephants and cavalry and chariots and a very great force, was crushed by them.
The verse lingers over Antiochus' massive military resources before abruptly reversing expectations with συνετρίβη. The buildup of elephants, cavalry, chariots, and force serves to magnify the Roman victory.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: continues the sequence of named defeats.
ἈντίοχονAntiochusN2 ASM · Ἀντίοχοςdirect object/fronted topic of the clauseἈντίοχος: Antiochus III 'the Great,' another benchmark opponent in Roman memory.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with μέγαν / βασιλέαὁ: article introducing the appositional royal title.
μέγανgreatA1P ASM · μέγαςattributive adjective modifying βασιλέαμέγας: 'great'; part of Antiochus' royal epithet.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative in apposition to Ἀντίοχονβασιλεύς: 'king'; identifies Antiochus' rank.
τῆςofRA GSF · ὁarticle with Ἀσίαςὁ: article linking the royal title to its territorial genitive.
ἈσίαςAsiaN1A GSF · Ἀσίαgenitive dependent on βασιλέαἈσία: 'Asia'; here the Seleucid realm associated with Antiochus.
τὸνthe oneRA ASM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participleὁ: article introducing the participial description of Antiochus.
πορευθένταhaving comeVC · αππασμ πορεύομαιattributive participle modifying Ἀντίοχον→ constative aorist participleπορεύομαι: 'go, march'; here of Antiochus' military advance.
ἐπ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusativeἐπί: with accusative, 'against'; marks hostile movement.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of ἐπ'αὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition governing the accusativeεἰς: 'for, into'; here introducing the purpose of warfare.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςobject of εἰςπόλεμος: 'war'; specifies the aggressive purpose of the march.
ἔχονταhavingV1 · παπασμ ἔχωcircumstantial participle modifying Ἀντίοχον→ progressive present participleἔχω: 'have, possess'; introduces Antiochus' military resources.
ἑκατὸνone hundredM · ἑκατόνindeclinable numeral modifying ἐλέφανταςἑκατόν: 'one hundred'; first element of the numerical total.
εἴκοσιtwentyM · εἴκοσιindeclinable numeral completing the countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; with ἑκατόν gives the total of 120 elephants.
ἐλέφανταςelephantsN3T APM · ἐλέφανταςdirect object of ἔχοντα within the resource listἐλέφας: 'elephant'; war elephants symbolize Hellenistic imperial military power.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: links the listed military assets.
ἵππονcavalryN2 ASF · ἵπποςdirect object within the resource listἵππος: literally 'horse'; in military lists it can stand for cavalry forces.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds the next arm of the army.
ἅρματαchariotsN3M APN · ἅρμαdirect object within the resource listἅρμα: 'chariot'; another emblem of heavy military equipment.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the final resource item.
δύναμινforceN3I ASF · δύναμιςdirect object within the resource listδύναμις: 'force, army, power'; summarizes the overall strength of Antiochus' host.
πολλὴνgreatA1 ASF · πολύςattributive adjective modifying δύναμινπολύς: 'much, great'; intensifies the size of the force.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverb intensifying πολλὴνσφόδρα: 'very, exceedingly'; further amplifies the scale of Antiochus' army.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing the reversalκαί: after the buildup of strength, it introduces the surprising outcome.
συνετρίβηwas crushedVDI API3S · τρίβω + συνmain verb of the clause→ constative aorist passiveσυντρίβω: 'be crushed, be shattered'; despite his resources, Antiochus is decisively broken.
ὑπ'byP · ὑπόpreposition introducing the agentὑπό: with genitive, marks the personal agent in the passive construction.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive agent with συνετρίβηαὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as the victorious agent.
7
καὶ ἔλαβον αὐτὸν ζῶντα καὶ ἔστησαν αὐτοῖς διδόναι αὐτόν τε καὶ τοὺς βασιλεύοντας μετ' αὐτὸν φόρον μέγαν καὶ διδόναι ὅμηρα καὶ διαστολὴν
And they took him alive and imposed on him and on those reigning after him the payment of a heavy tribute, and the giving of hostages and a cession of territory.
The verse moves from battlefield defeat to treaty terms. Capture alive heightens Roman supremacy, and the infinitives spell out the concrete obligations laid on the defeated dynasty: tribute, hostages, and territorial surrender.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: advances from defeat in battle to the terms imposed afterward.
ἔλαβονthey tookVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωmain verb of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take, seize'; here of capturing a defeated king.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἔλαβοναὐτός: pronoun referring to Antiochus.
ζῶνταaliveV3 · παπασμ ζάωpredicate participle modifying αὐτὸν→ progressive present participleζάω: 'live'; the participle stresses that he was captured alive, not killed.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins capture to the treaty obligations imposed.
ἔστησανthey imposedVAI AAI3P · ἵστημιmain verb introducing the infinitival obligations→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'set, establish, impose'; here in the sense of fixing obligations upon the defeated.
αὐτοῖςon themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative of disadvantage or recipient of the imposed termsαὐτός: pronoun referring to Antiochus and his successors as those burdened by the settlement.
διδόναιto giveV8 PAN · δίδωμιinfinitive of content after ἔστησαν→ present infinitive of ongoing obligationδίδωμι: 'give, pay'; the infinitive states a standing treaty requirement.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object in the correlative phrase αὐτόν τε καὶ...αὐτός: points first to Antiochus himself within the imposed obligation.
τεbothX TEenclitic correlative particle with καὶτε: enclitic particle pairing the first and second objects in a correlative construction.
καὶandC · καίcorrelative conjunction with τεκαί: completes the τε ... καί correlation, 'both ... and.'
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participleὁ: article turning the participle into a substantive expression.
βασιλεύονταςreigningV1 · παπαπμ βασιλεύωsubstantival participle coordinated with αὐτόν→ progressive present participleβασιλεύω: 'reign'; the participle identifies the rulers who succeed Antiochus.
μετ'afterP · μετάpreposition governing the accusativeμετά: with accusative, 'after'; marks succession in time.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςobject of μετ'αὐτός: pronoun referring again to Antiochus as the dynastic point of reference.
φόρονtributeN2 ASM · φόροςdirect object of διδόναιφόρος: 'tribute, tax'; the standard payment demanded from the defeated.
μέγανheavyA1P ASM · μέγαςattributive adjective modifying φόρονμέγας: 'great'; here 'heavy' in the sense of burdensome magnitude.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds another required concession.
διδόναιto giveV8 PAN · δίδωμιsecond infinitive of content after ἔστησαν→ present infinitive of ongoing obligationδίδωμι: 'give'; repeated for a second standing obligation in the treaty.
ὅμηραhostagesA1B APN · ὅμηροςdirect object of διδόναιὅμηρος: 'hostage'; hostages guarantee compliance with the settlement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: links the final concession to the previous obligations.
διαστολὴνcessionN1 ASF · διαστολήthird coordinated object dependent on the imposed obligationsδιαστολή: 'division, separation, cession'; here likely the surrender or allotment of territory as part of the settlement.
8
καὶ χώραν τὴν Ἰνδικὴν καὶ Μηδίαν καὶ Λυδίαν ἀπὸ τῶν καλλίστων χωρῶν αὐτῶν καὶ λαβόντες αὐτὰς παρ' αὐτοῦ ἔδωκαν αὐτὰς Εὐμένει τῷ βασιλεῖ
And they took the land of India and Media and Lydia, some of the finest of their provinces, and after taking them from him they gave them to King Eumenes.
The previous verse's διαστολή is here unpacked concretely. The narrative names valuable provinces removed from the defeated king and transferred to another ruler, displaying Rome's authority to redistribute kingdoms.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: moves from general treaty terms to the specific lands ceded.
χώρανlandN1A ASF · χώραfronted object resumed by αὐτάςχώρα: 'land, province, territory'; the territorial asset being redistributed.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with the first named provinceὁ: article introducing the first land named.
ἸνδικὴνIndianN1 ASF · Ἰνδικήappositional designation of χώρανἸνδική: 'India' or the Indian territory; the first of the ceded regions listed.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the provinces in the list.
ΜηδίανMediaN1A ASF · Μηδίαsecond appositional province nameΜηδία: 'Media'; another eastern province named among the ceded lands.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds the final province in the sequence.
ΛυδίανLydiaN1A ASF · Λυδίαthird appositional province nameΛυδία: 'Lydia'; the western Anatolian region completing the list.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the genitive phraseἀπό: 'from'; introduces the larger set from which these provinces are taken.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle with χωρῶνὁ: article introducing the class of provinces.
καλλίστωνfinestA1 GPFS · καλόςsuperlative adjective modifying χωρῶνκαλός: 'beautiful, fine, excellent'; in the superlative it marks these provinces as especially valuable.
χωρῶνprovincesN1A GPF · χώραpartitive genitive after ἀπὸχώρα: 'province, territory'; here plural for the king's larger holdings.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to Antiochus and his realm.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing the participial actionκαί: links the identification of the lands with their transfer.
λαβόντεςhaving takenVB · ααπνπμ λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle modifying the Roman subject→ constative aorist participleλαμβάνω: 'take'; the participle marks seizure as prior to transfer.
αὐτὰςthemRD APF · αὐτόςdirect object of λαβόντεςαὐτός: pronoun referring to the listed provinces.
παρ'fromP · παράpreposition governing the genitiveπαρά: with genitive, 'from the hand of'; marks removal from the defeated king.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςobject of παρ'αὐτός: pronoun referring to Antiochus as the dispossessed ruler.
ἔδωκανthey gaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give, hand over'; Rome redistributes the provinces at will.
αὐτὰςthemRD APF · αὐτόςdirect object of ἔδωκαναὐτός: pronoun again referring to the provinces transferred.
Εὐμένειto EumenesN1M DSM · Εὐμενήςdative indirect objectΕὐμένης: Eumenes, beneficiary of Rome's redistribution of conquered territory.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle with βασιλεῖὁ: article introducing Eumenes' royal title.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative in apposition to Εὐμένειβασιλεύς: 'king'; marks Eumenes' status as recipient ruler.
9
καὶ ὅτι οἱ ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἐβουλεύσαντο ἐλθεῖν καὶ ἐξᾶραι αὐτούς
And that those from Greece planned to come and destroy them,
The dossier turns from successes already achieved to a planned threat from Greece. The verse is syntactically incomplete by itself and flows directly into verse 10, which narrates how Rome answered the plot.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: adds another report item to the Roman dossier.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιcontent conjunction introducing reported matterὅτι: introduces yet another fact reported to Judas.
οἱthe onesRA NPM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following phraseὁ: article turning the prepositional phrase into a substantive group.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the genitiveἐκ: 'from, out of'; marks geographic origin.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with Ἑλλάδοςὁ: article introducing Greece as the place of origin.
ἙλλάδοςGreeceN3D GSF · Ἑλλάςobject of ἐκἙλλάς: 'Greece'; the source of the hostile plan described next.
ἐβουλεύσαντοplannedVAI AMI3P · βουλεύωmain verb of the reported clause→ constative aorist middleβουλεύω: 'plan, deliberate, resolve'; the middle voice highlights purposeful plotting.
ἐλθεῖνto comeVB AAN · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive after ἐβουλεύσαντο→ aorist infinitiveἔρχομαι: 'come'; the infinitive gives the first element of the hostile design.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction joining infinitivesκαί: links arrival with the intended act of destruction.
ἐξᾶραιdestroyVA AAN · αἴρω + ἐκsecond complementary infinitive after ἐβουλεύσαντο→ aorist infinitiveἐξαίρω: 'remove, destroy, wipe out'; here it denotes eliminating Rome as a power.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἐξᾶραιαὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as the intended victims of the plan.
10
καὶ ἐγνώσθη ὁ λόγος αὐτοῖς καὶ ἀπέστειλαν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς στρατηγὸν ἕνα καὶ ἐπολέμησαν πρὸς αὐτούς καὶ ἔπεσον ἐξ αὐτῶν τραυματίαι πολλοί καὶ ᾐχμαλώτισαν τὰς γυναῖκας αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπρονόμευσαν αὐτοὺς καὶ κατεκράτησαν τῆς γῆς καὶ καθεῖλον τὰ ὀχυρώματα αὐτῶν καὶ κατεδουλώσαντο αὐτοὺς ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης
and the matter became known to them, and they sent one commander against them and fought against them, and many of them fell wounded, and they captured their wives and their children and plundered them and gained control of their land and tore down their strongholds and reduced them to slavery to this day.
The threatened attack of verse 9 is answered decisively. A rapid chain of aorists narrates intelligence, deployment, battle, casualties, captivity, plunder, territorial control, demolition of fortresses, and enduring subjugation.
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: carries the report from the hostile plan to Rome's successful response.
ἐγνώσθηbecame knownVSI API3S · γιγνώσκωmain verb of the clause→ ingressive aorist passiveγιγνώσκω: 'become known'; the passive marks the plot's disclosure to the Romans.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with λόγοςὁ: article marking the reported matter as a specific plot.
λόγοςmatterN2 NSM · λόγοςsubject of ἐγνώσθηλόγος: 'word, report, matter'; here the news of the Greek plan.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative of indirect object with ἐγνώσθηαὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as recipients of the intelligence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: links disclosure of the threat with the Roman response.
ἀπέστειλανthey sentVAI AAI3P · στέλλω + ἀποmain verb of the next action→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the Romans respond by dispatching a military leader.
ἐπ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the accusativeἐπί: with accusative, 'against'; marks hostile direction.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of ἐπ'αὐτός: pronoun referring to the Greeks who plotted against Rome.
στρατηγὸνcommanderN2 ASM · στρατηγόςdirect object of ἀπέστειλανστρατηγός: 'general, commander'; the appointed military leader sent to suppress the threat.
ἕναoneA3 ASM · εἷςattributive numeral modifying στρατηγὸνεἷς: 'one'; a single commander is dispatched for the campaign.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins deployment to engagement in battle.
ἐπολέμησανthey foughtVAI AAI3P · πολεμέωmain verb of battle action→ constative aoristπολεμέω: 'fight, wage war'; describes the military confrontation itself.
πρὸςagainstP · πρόςpreposition governing the accusativeπρός: with accusative, 'against'; marks opposition in combat.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of πρὸςαὐτός: pronoun referring to the enemy forces.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: advances from battle to casualties.
ἔπεσονfellVBI AAI3P · πίπτωmain verb of the casualty clause→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; common battle language for collapsing in combat.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the genitiveἐκ: 'from, out of'; marks the group from which casualties come.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςobject of ἐξαὐτός: pronoun referring to the enemy party.
τραυματίαιwounded menN1T NPM · τραυματίαςsubject complement with ἔπεσοντραυματίας: 'wounded man'; describes those falling as battle casualties.
πολλοίmanyA1 NPM · πολύςattributive adjective modifying τραυματίαιπολύς: 'many'; stresses the scale of enemy losses.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: moves from battlefield losses to the aftermath of conquest.
ᾐχμαλώτισανthey capturedVAI AAI3P · αἰͅχμαλωτίζωmain verb of the captivity clause→ constative aoristαἰχμαλωτίζω: 'take captive'; denotes seizure of noncombatants after victory.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with γυναῖκαςὁ: article introducing the first class of captives.
γυναῖκαςwivesN3K APF · γυνήdirect object of ᾐχμαλώτισανγυνή: 'woman, wife'; here the enemy women's captivity signals total defeat.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the enemy men.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins children to wives among the captives.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with τέκναὁ: article introducing the second class of captives.
τέκναchildrenN2N APN · τέκνονsecond direct object of ᾐχμαλώτισαντέκνον: 'child'; the capture of children underscores comprehensive subjugation.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive pronoun again referring to the enemy households.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: carries the narrative into plunder.
ἐπρονόμευσανthey plunderedVAI AAI3P · νομεύω + προmain verb of the plunder clause→ constative aoristπρονομεύω: 'plunder, despoil'; the enemy are stripped of their goods after defeat.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἐπρονόμευσαναὐτός: pronoun referring to the defeated people as those despoiled.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds territorial seizure to plunder.
κατεκράτησανgained control ofVAI AAI3P · κρατέω + καταmain verb of territorial domination→ effective aoristκατακρατέω: 'gain mastery over'; here of taking possession of the enemy land.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with γῆςὁ: article introducing the land subdued.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive object with κατεκράτησανγῆ: 'land'; the territory itself falls under Roman control.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds destruction of defenses to territorial conquest.
καθεῖλονthey tore downVBI AAI3P · αἱρέω + καταmain verb of the demolition clause→ constative aoristκαθαιρέω: 'tear down, demolish'; the enemy's fortified positions are dismantled.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle with ὀχυρώματαὁ: article introducing the fortifications.
ὀχυρώματαstrongholdsN3M APN · ὀχύρωμαdirect object of καθεῖλονὀχύρωμα: 'fortress, stronghold'; the fixed defenses of the conquered land.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the defeated people.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: climactically adds enslavement to military conquest.
κατεδουλώσαντοthey reduced to slaveryVAI AMI3P · δουλόω + καταmain verb of the final result clause→ effective aorist middleκαταδουλόω: 'enslave, bring into subjection'; denotes enduring political and social domination.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of κατεδουλώσαντοαὐτός: pronoun referring to the conquered enemy population.
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςpreposition or improper preposition governing the genitiveἕως: 'until, up to'; here marking duration extending to the present.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with ἡμέραςὁ: article introducing the time expression.
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραobject of ἕως in a temporal expressionἡμέρα: 'day'; part of the idiom extending the result into the narrator's present.
ταύτηςthisRD GSF · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifier of ἡμέραςοὗτος: 'this'; points to the present day of narration.
11
καὶ τὰς ἐπιλοίπους βασιλείας καὶ τὰς νήσους ὅσοι ποτὲ ἀντέστησαν αὐτοῖς κατέφθειραν καὶ ἐδούλωσαν αὐτούς μετὰ δὲ τῶν φίλων αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ἐπαναπαυομένων αὐτοῖς συνετήρησαν φιλίαν
And the remaining kingdoms and the islands, as many as ever resisted them, they ruined and enslaved them; but with their friends and with those who relied on them they maintained friendship.
The verse sharply contrasts Roman severity toward resisters with Roman loyalty toward allies. Destruction and enslavement stand opposite the guarded maintenance of friendship, reinforcing Rome's reputation for both terror and fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: adds a further summary statement about Rome's dealings with other peoples.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with βασιλείαςὁ: article introducing the first group of polities named.
ἐπιλοίπουςremainingA1B APF · ἐπίλοιποςattributive adjective modifying βασιλείαςἐπίλοιπος: 'remaining, rest'; gathers together other kingdoms not already individually named.
βασιλείαςkingdomsN1A APF · βασιλείαfronted object resumed by αὐτούςβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign, royal dominion'; here political entities subject to Rome.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins a second group to the kingdoms.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle with νήσουςὁ: article introducing the islands as a second category.
νήσουςislandsN2 APF · νήσοςsecond fronted object in the clauseνήσος: 'island'; signals Rome's reach over maritime territories as well as continental kingdoms.
ὅσοιas many asA1 NPM · ὅσοςsubstantival relative adjective introducing a generalized clauseὅσος: 'as many as, whoever'; gathers all cases of resistance into a general rule.
ποτὲeverD · ποτέadverb modifying the generalized relative clauseποτέ: 'ever, at any time'; broadens the statement to any instance of resistance.
ἀντέστησανresistedVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + ἀντιverb of the generalized relative clause→ constative aoristἀνθίστημι: 'stand against, resist'; denotes open opposition to Roman power.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςdative complement with ἀντέστησαναὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as the party resisted.
κατέφθειρανthey ruinedVAI AAI3P · φθείρω + καταmain verb of the response clause→ constative aoristκαταφθείρω: 'destroy, ruin, utterly corrupt'; states Rome's devastating response to resistance.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins destruction with enslavement as parallel outcomes.
ἐδούλωσανenslavedVAI AAI3P · δουλόωcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristδουλόω: 'enslave, subject'; military defeat leads to political bondage.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of κατέφθειραν and ἐδούλωσαναὐτός: pronoun referring back to the resisting kingdoms and islands.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the genitiveμετά: with genitive, 'with'; introduces the contrasting sphere of allies.
δὲbutX · δέadversative particleδέ: marks the sharp contrast between Rome's enemies and friends.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with φίλωνὁ: article introducing the first allied group.
φίλωνfriendsA1 GPM · φίλοςobject of μετὰφίλος: 'friend, ally'; in political language, those bound to Rome in amity.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the Romans.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds another class closely attached to Rome.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with ἐπαναπαυομένωνὁ: article substantivizing the participle.
ἐπαναπαυομένωνrelyingV1 · πμπγπμ παύω + ἐπι + ἀναsubstantival participle coordinated with φίλων→ progressive present participleἐπαναπαύομαι: 'rest upon, rely upon'; describes those who place their confidence in Rome.
αὐτοῖςon themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative complement with ἐπαναπαυομένωναὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as the object of trust.
συνετήρησανthey maintainedVAI AAI3P · τηρέω + συνmain verb of the contrasted clause→ constative aoristσυντηρέω: 'keep, preserve, maintain'; Rome is portrayed as faithfully preserving alliances.
φιλίανfriendshipN1A ASF · φιλίαdirect object of συνετήρησανφιλία: 'friendship, alliance'; the diplomatic bond Rome keeps with its allies.
12
καὶ κατεκράτησαν τῶν βασιλέων τῶν ἐγγὺς καὶ τῶν μακράν καὶ ὅσοι ἤκουον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῶν ἐφοβοῦντο ἀπ' αὐτῶν
And they gained mastery over the kings who were near and who were far away, and as many as heard their name were afraid of them.
The verse broadens the scope from specific cases to a general geopolitical impression. Rome dominates kings both near and far, and even its name carries enough weight to inspire fear before any battle begins.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: continues the summary portrait of Roman dominance.
κατεκράτησανgained mastery overVAI AAI3P · κρατέω + καταmain verb of the opening clause→ effective aoristκατακρατέω: 'gain mastery over, overpower'; denotes established domination.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle with βασιλέωνὁ: article introducing the category of kings.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςgenitive object with κατεκράτησανβασιλεύς: 'king'; the rulers brought under Roman supremacy.
τῶνthe onesRA GPM · ὁarticle with ἐγγὺςὁ: article specifying the first subgroup of kings.
ἐγγὺςnearD · ἐγγύςindeclinable modifier of βασιλέωνἐγγύς: 'near'; marks rulers geographically close to Rome.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: balances the paired extremes of near and far.
τῶνthe onesRA GPM · ὁarticle with μακράνὁ: article specifying the second subgroup of kings.
μακράνfar awayD · μακράνindeclinable modifier of βασιλέωνμακράν: 'far away'; the range of Roman influence extends to distant rulers as well.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing the consequence in reputationκαί: turns from direct domination to indirect fear generated by Rome's fame.
ὅσοιas many asA1 NPM · ὅσοςsubstantival relative adjective introducing a generalized clauseὅσος: 'as many as'; opens the general statement about all hearers of Rome's fame.
ἤκουονheardV1I IAI3P · ἀκούωverb of the generalized clause→ imperfect of customary actionἀκούω: 'hear'; the imperfect suggests the repeated effect of hearing Rome's reputation.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with ὄνομαὁ: article introducing the object heard.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαdirect object of ἤκουονὄνομα: 'name, fame, reputation'; here the public renown of Rome.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive dependent on ὄνομααὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the Romans.
ἐφοβοῦντοwere afraidV2I IMI3P · φοβέωmain verb of the consequence clause→ imperfect middle of ongoing reactionφοβέω: 'fear'; the imperfect portrays sustained dread at Rome's reputation.
ἀπ'ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the genitive with a verb of fearἀπό: with verbs of fear, it can mark the source or object of dread.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςobject of ἀπ'αὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as the feared power.
13
οἷς δ' ἂν βούλωνται βοηθεῖν καὶ βασιλεύειν βασιλεύουσιν οὓς δ' ἂν βούλωνται μεθιστῶσιν καὶ ὑψώθησαν σφόδρα
Those whom they wish to help and to make kings, they make kings; and those whom they wish, they remove, and they were exalted greatly.
Rome is portrayed as possessing almost royal prerogative over kingship itself. The parallel clauses emphasize its freedom both to raise rulers up and to remove them, and the concluding passive sums up the prestige flowing from that power.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
οἷςthose whomRR DPM · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the first correlated clauseὅς: relative pronoun referring to persons who may receive Roman favor.
δ'butX · δέdevelopmental or contrastive particleδέ: marks the first member of a balanced statement about Roman power.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctiveἄν: marks contingency or indefiniteness with βούλωνται.
βούλωνταιthey wishV1 PMS3P · βούλομαιverb of the relative clause→ present subjunctive of volitionβούλομαι: 'wish, desire, intend'; Rome's will is the operative principle in the sentence.
βοηθεῖνto helpV2 PAN · βοηθέωcomplementary infinitive after βούλωνται→ present infinitiveβοηθέω: 'help, come to aid'; aid is dispensed according to Roman choice.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction joining infinitivesκαί: joins assistance with the act of installing rulers.
βασιλεύεινto make kingsV1 PAN · βασιλεύωsecond complementary infinitive after βούλωνται→ present infinitiveβασιλεύω: literally 'to reign'; in this context, to cause or allow someone to rule as king.
βασιλεύουσινthey make kingsV1 PAI3P · βασιλεύωmain verb of the first clause→ customary presentβασιλεύω: here the present portrays Rome as regularly establishing rulers.
οὓςthose whomRR APM · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the second correlated clauseὅς: relative pronoun now referring to persons Rome chooses to displace.
δ'butX · δέcontrastive particleδέ: marks the second half of the balanced pair.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctiveἄν: again marks indefinite contingency under Roman will.
βούλωνταιthey wishV1 PMS3P · βούλομαιverb of the second relative clause→ present subjunctive of volitionβούλομαι: repeated to emphasize that removal too depends on Roman choice.
μεθιστῶσινthey removeV6 PAS3P · ἵστημι + μεταmain verb of the second clause→ customary presentμεθίστημι: 'remove, transfer, depose'; Rome can unmake kings as readily as it helps them.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing the summary resultκαί: adds the concluding statement about Rome's exaltation.
ὑψώθησανthey were exaltedVCI API3P · ὑψόωmain verb of the concluding summary→ constative aorist passiveὑψόω: 'raise high, exalt'; the passive sums up Rome's elevated standing in consequence of such power.
σφόδραgreatlyD · σφόδραadverb intensifying ὑψώθησανσφόδρα: 'greatly, exceedingly'; heightens the degree of Rome's exaltation.
14
καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν τούτοις οὐκ ἐπέθεντο αὐτῶν οὐδὲ εἷς διάδημα οὐδὲ περιεβάλοντο πορφύραν ὥστε ἁδρυνθῆναι ἐν αὐτῇ
And in all these things not one of them put on a diadem, nor did they clothe themselves in purple so as to be magnified by it.
After describing Rome's king-making power, the narrator stresses a striking restraint: they do not adopt the visible trappings of monarchy for themselves. The point is political modesty, not lack of power.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: introduces a surprising qualification to Rome's power.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the dativeἐν: 'in'; locates the statement within the whole set of actions just described.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςattributive adjective modifying τούτοιςπᾶς: 'all'; comprehensively gathers the foregoing displays of Roman power.
τούτοιςthese thingsRD DPM · οὗτοςobject of ἐνοὗτος: 'these'; refers back to the actions and honors just recounted.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegation of ἐπέθεντοοὐ: simple negation of the verbal claim that follows.
ἐπέθεντοput onVEI AMI3P · τίθημι + ἐπιmain verb of the first negative clause→ constative aorist middleἐπιτίθημι: 'put on, place upon'; here of assuming a royal emblem.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςpartitive genitive with εἷς understood after the verbαὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans, with the sense 'none of them.'
οὐδὲnot evenC · οὐδέnegative coordinatorοὐδέ: extends the negation to a further specification.
εἷςoneM NSM · εἷςsubstantival numeral in the idiom οὐδὲ εἷςεἷς: 'one'; in the phrase οὐδὲ εἷς, 'not even one.'
διάδημαdiademN3M NSN · διάδημαpredicate or object notion with ἐπέθεντο in the idiomδιάδημα: 'diadem'; the visible sign of Hellenistic kingship.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέnegative coordinator introducing the second denialοὐδέ: carries the negation into a second royal symbol.
περιεβάλοντοclothed themselvesVBI AMI3P · βάλλω + περιmain verb of the second negative clause→ constative aorist middleπεριβάλλω: 'put on, clothe oneself with'; here of adopting royal dress.
πορφύρανpurpleN1A ASF · πορφύραdirect object of περιεβάλοντοπορφύρα: 'purple robe, purple cloth'; a standard marker of royal magnificence.
ὥστεso asC · ὥστεconjunction introducing a result or intended-result infinitiveὥστε: 'so that, so as to'; gives the perceived purpose or result of royal dress.
ἁδρυνθῆναιto be magnifiedVC APN · ἁδρύνωinfinitive of result or intended result after ὥστε→ aorist passive infinitiveἁδρύνω: 'make great, magnify, aggrandize'; the infinitive states the status-enhancing effect they avoid.
ἐνbyP · ἐνpreposition governing the dativeἐν: here instrumental, 'by means of.'
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdative object of ἐναὐτός: pronoun referring to the purple garment as the means of aggrandizement.
15
καὶ βουλευτήριον ἐποίησαν ἑαυτοῖς καὶ καθ' ἡμέραν ἐβουλεύοντο τριακόσιοι καὶ εἴκοσι βουλευόμενοι διὰ παντὸς περὶ τοῦ πλήθους τοῦ εὐκοσμεῖν αὐτούς
And they made for themselves a council chamber, and every day three hundred twenty men would deliberate continually concerning the multitude, in order to govern them well.
The focus shifts from military power to internal political structure. The daily deliberation of a fixed body of 320 counselors portrays Rome as ordered, collective, and administratively disciplined.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: introduces the description of Roman institutions.
βουλευτήριονcouncil chamberN2N ASN · βουλευτήριονdirect object of ἐποίησανβουλευτήριον: 'council chamber, senate-house'; the institutional seat of deliberation.
ἐποίησανthey madeVAI AAI3P · ποιέωmain verb of the first clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, establish'; Rome is said to have established a deliberative body for itself.
ἑαυτοῖςfor themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdative of advantageἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, 'for themselves'; the institution serves their own polity.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: moves from the institution's existence to its regular operation.
καθ'everyP · κατάpreposition in distributive temporal expressionκατά: with accusative in distributive time, 'day by day' or 'every.'
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative of distributive time with καθ'ἡμέρα: 'day'; marks the daily rhythm of deliberation.
ἐβουλεύοντοdeliberatedV1I IMI3P · βουλεύωmain verb of ongoing customary action→ imperfect of customary actionβουλεύω: 'deliberate, take counsel'; the imperfect portrays repeated regular deliberation.
τριακόσιοιthree hundredA1A NPM · τριακόσιοιnumeral modifying the participial subjectτριακόσιοι: 'three hundred'; the first part of the fixed number of counselors.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction within the numberκαί: links the two parts of the number.
εἴκοσιtwentyM · εἴκοσιindeclinable numeral completing the countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; with τριακόσιοι yields the total of 320.
βουλευόμενοιtaking counselV1 · πμπνπμ βουλεύωcircumstantial participle describing the counselors→ progressive present participleβουλεύω: repeated as a participle, 'taking counsel'; depicts the members in the act of deliberation.
διὰcontinuallyP · διάpreposition in idiomatic temporal expressionδιά: in the phrase διὰ παντός, 'continually, constantly.'
παντὸςalwaysA3 GSN · πᾶςgenitive object in the idiom διὰ παντόςπᾶς: in this idiom, 'the whole time, always.'
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition governing the genitiveπερί: 'concerning, about'; introduces the object of deliberation.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle with πλήθουςὁ: article introducing the populace.
πλήθουςmultitudeN3E GSN · πλῆθοςobject of περὶπλῆθος: 'multitude, populace'; the people whose welfare is under discussion.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purposeὁ: article with the infinitive marking purpose or aim.
εὐκοσμεῖνgovern wellV2 PAN · εὐκοσμέωarticular infinitive of purpose→ present infinitiveεὐκοσμέω: 'set in good order, govern well'; the purpose of deliberation is sound civic administration.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of εὐκοσμεῖναὐτός: pronoun referring to the populace just mentioned.
16
καὶ πιστεύουσιν ἑνὶ ἀνθρώπῳ ἄρχειν αὐτῶν κατ' ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ κυριεύειν πάσης τῆς γῆς αὐτῶν καὶ πάντες ἀκούουσιν τοῦ ἑνός καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν φθόνος οὐδὲ ζῆλος ἐν αὐτοῖς
And they entrust to one man to rule over them for a year and to exercise authority over all their land, and all listen to the one, and there is neither envy nor jealousy among them.
Rome's orderly constitution culminates in a yearly single ruler who nonetheless functions within communal obedience and harmony. The final negated pair, envy and jealousy, frames Roman unity as a political virtue.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: adds another institutional feature to the Roman constitution.
πιστεύουσινentrustV1 PAI3P · πιστεύωmain verb of the opening clause→ customary presentπιστεύω: 'entrust, commit to'; here of assigning governing responsibility.
ἑνὶto oneA3 DSM · εἷςdative indirect object with πιστεύουσινεἷς: 'one'; emphasizes the singular annual ruler.
ἀνθρώπῳmanN2 DSM · ἄνθρωποςdative in apposition to ἑνίἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the office is entrusted to a single individual.
ἄρχεινto ruleV1 PAN · ἄρχωinfinitive of content after πιστεύουσιν→ present infinitiveἄρχω: 'rule, govern'; states the assigned function of the annual magistrate.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive object with ἄρχειναὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as those under his rule.
κατ'forP · κατάpreposition with accusative expressing duration by unitκατά: with accusative, 'for' in the sense of per or during the unit named.
ἐνιαυτὸνa yearN2 ASM · ἐνιαυτόςaccusative of duration or distributive tenure with κατ'ἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the office is limited to a yearly term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds a second infinitival description of the office.
κυριεύεινto exercise authority overV1 PAN · κυριεύωsecond infinitive of content after πιστεύουσιν→ present infinitiveκυριεύω: 'exercise lordship over, rule'; expands the scope of the magistrate's authority.
πάσηςallA1S GSF · πᾶςattributive adjective modifying γῆςπᾶς: 'all, whole'; the authority extends over the whole realm.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle with γῆςὁ: article introducing the territory governed.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive object with κυριεύεινγῆ: 'land'; the realm over which authority is exercised.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the Romans.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: moves from the magistrate's office to the people's response.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςsubject of ἀκούουσινπᾶς: 'all'; the whole community shares in obedience.
ἀκούουσινlistenV1 PAI3P · ἀκούωmain verb of the obedience clause→ customary presentἀκούω: 'listen to, heed'; the people obey the single ruler.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle with ἑνόςὁ: article introducing the singular magistrate as the object obeyed.
ἑνόςoneA3 GSM · εἷςgenitive object with ἀκούουσινεἷς: 'one'; again the single annual ruler.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing the final stateκαί: concludes with the social effect of this polity.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegation of ἔστινοὐ: negates the existence of the vices named.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verb of existence→ descriptive presentεἰμί: 'be'; states the present internal condition of the polity.
φθόνοςenvyN2 NSM · φθόνοςsubject complement with ἔστινφθόνος: 'envy'; one of the corrosive passions said to be absent from Rome's polity.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέnegative coordinatorοὐδέ: extends the negation to a second vice.
ζῆλοςjealousyN2 NSM · ζῆλοςsecond subject complement with ἔστινζῆλος: 'jealousy, rivalry'; another destabilizing passion denied of the Roman community.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the dativeἐν: 'in, among'; locates the absence of envy and jealousy within the community.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςobject of ἐναὐτός: pronoun referring to the Romans as the harmonious body politic.
17
καὶ ἐπελέξατο Ιουδας τὸν Εὐπόλεμον υἱὸν Ιωαννου τοῦ Ακκως καὶ Ἰάσονα υἱὸν Ελεαζαρου καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς Ῥώμην στῆσαι φιλίαν καὶ συμμαχίαν
And Judas chose Eupolemus son of John son of Akkos, and Jason son of Eleazar, and sent them to Rome to establish friendship and alliance,
After hearing the Roman dossier, Judas moves from admiration to policy. The verse names the envoys with formal patronymics and frames the mission in explicitly diplomatic terms: friendship and alliance.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: marks the shift from descriptive report to Judas' concrete response.
ἐπελέξατοchoseVAI AMI3S · λέγω + ἐπιmain verb of the narrative clause→ constative aorist middleἐπιλέγομαι: 'choose, select'; Judas deliberately appoints envoys for the Roman mission.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςsubject of ἐπελέξατο and ἀπέστειλενἸούδας: Judas Maccabaeus, now acting not as battlefield commander only but as diplomat and statesman.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with Εὐπόλεμονὁ: article introducing the first envoy named.
ΕὐπόλεμονEupolemusN2 ASM · Εὐπόλεμοςfirst direct object of ἐπελέξατοΕὐπόλεμος: Eupolemus, one of the accredited envoys sent to negotiate with Rome.
υἱὸνsonN2 ASM · υἱόςaccusative in apposition to Εὐπόλεμονυἱός: 'son'; part of the formal patronymic identification of the envoy.
Ιωαννουof JohnN1M GSM · Ιωαννηςgenitive dependent on υἱὸνΙωάννης: John, father of Eupolemus in the formal lineage notice.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle with Ακκωςὁ: article introducing the grandfather in the patronymic chain.
ΑκκωςAkkosN GSM · Ακκωςgenitive proper name dependent on ΙωαννουΑκκως: Akkos, the ancestor completing Eupolemus' formal identification.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the second envoy to the first.
ἸάσοναJasonN3W ASM · Ἰάσωνsecond direct object of ἐπελέξατοἸάσων: Jason, the second envoy named for the Roman embassy.
υἱὸνsonN2 ASM · υἱόςaccusative in apposition to Ἰάσοναυἱός: 'son'; again part of a formal identifying patronymic.
Ελεαζαρουof EleazarN2 GSM · Ελεαζαροςgenitive dependent on υἱὸνἘλεάζαρος: Eleazar, father of Jason in the embassy notice.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: advances from selection to dispatch.
ἀπέστειλενsentVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Judas formally commissions the envoys on their mission.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἀπέστειλεναὐτός: pronoun referring to Eupolemus and Jason.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition governing the accusativeεἰς: 'to'; marks the destination of the diplomatic journey.
ῬώμηνRomeN1 ASF · Ῥώμηobject of εἰςῬώμη: Rome, the western power now sought as ally.
στῆσαιto establishVA AAN · ἵστημιinfinitive of purpose after ἀπέστειλεν→ constative aorist infinitiveἵστημι: 'establish, set up'; in diplomatic idiom, to establish a formal relationship.
φιλίανfriendshipN1A ASF · φιλίαdirect object of στῆσαιφιλία: 'friendship, treaty friendship'; a formal bond in Hellenistic diplomacy.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the two diplomatic terms.
συμμαχίανallianceN1A ASF · συμμαχίαsecond direct object of στῆσαισυμμαχία: 'alliance'; the military-political counterpart to friendship.
18
καὶ τοῦ ἆραι τὸν ζυγὸν ἀπ' αὐτῶν ὅτι εἶδον τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων καταδουλουμένους τὸν Ισραηλ δουλείᾳ
and to remove the yoke from them, because they saw the kingdom of the Greeks enslaving Israel with slavery.
The mission is not merely honorary; it seeks relief from domination. The explanatory ὅτι clause grounds the embassy in a clear political grievance: the Greek kingdom is seen actively reducing Israel to servitude.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction continuing the mission purposeκαί: adds a second goal to the embassy beyond alliance itself.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitive of purposeὁ: article with infinitive marking purpose or intended result.
ἆραιremoveVA AAN · αἴρωarticular infinitive of purpose→ constative aorist infinitiveαἴρω: 'lift, remove, take away'; the embassy aims at lifting oppressive domination.
τὸνtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with ζυγὸνὁ: article introducing the image of the yoke.
ζυγὸνyokeN2 ASN · ζυγόςdirect object of ἆραιζυγός: 'yoke'; a common metaphor for oppressive foreign domination.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the genitiveἀπό: 'from'; marks the removal of the burden away from its sufferers.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςobject of ἀπ'αὐτός: pronoun referring to the Jewish people as those bearing the yoke.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιcausal conjunctionὅτι: introduces the reason motivating the embassy.
εἶδονthey sawVBI AAI3P · ὁράωmain verb of the causal clause→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive'; the motivation is grounded in observed political reality.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle with βασιλείανὁ: article introducing the ruling power named.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαsubject accusative of the participial construction after εἶδονβασιλεία: 'kingdom, royal power'; here the Greek imperial regime.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle with Ἑλλήνωνὁ: article introducing the ethnic genitive.
ἙλλήνωνGreeksN2 GPM · Ἕλληνgenitive dependent on βασιλείανἝλλην: 'Greek'; here the Hellenistic ruling power oppressing Israel.
καταδουλουμένουςenslavingV4 · πμπαπμ δουλόω + καταparticiple describing the action of the kingdom toward Israel→ progressive present participleκαταδουλόω: 'enslave, bring into subjection'; the participle portrays ongoing oppression.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle with Ισραηλὁ: article marking Israel as the specific people oppressed.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλdirect object of καταδουλουμένουςἸσραήλ: Israel, the covenant people represented here as politically oppressed.
δουλείᾳwith slaveryN1A DSF · δουλείαdative of state or mannerδουλεία: 'slavery, bondage'; intensifies the description of subjugation.
19
καὶ ἐπορεύθησαν εἰς Ῥώμην καὶ ἡ ὁδὸς πολλὴ σφόδρα καὶ εἰσήλθοσαν εἰς τὸ βουλευτήριον καὶ ἀπεκρίθησαν καὶ εἶπον
And they traveled to Rome, and the road was very long, and they entered the council chamber and answered and said,
The verse moves briskly through journey, hardship, arrival, and formal speech setting. The note that the road was very long underlines the seriousness of the mission and the geographic reach of Judean diplomacy.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: advances the narrative from commission to execution.
ἐπορεύθησανthey traveledVCI API3P · πορεύομαιmain verb of the travel clause→ constative aorist passive-form deponentπορεύομαι: 'travel, go on a journey'; the envoys undertake the embassy route to Rome.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition governing the accusativeεἰς: 'to'; marks Rome as the destination.
ῬώμηνRomeN1 ASF · Ῥώμηobject of εἰςῬώμη: Rome, seat of the senate the envoys seek.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: inserts a comment about the journey itself.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle with ὁδὸςὁ: article introducing the subject of the travel comment.
ὁδὸςroadN2 NSF · ὁδόςsubject of the nominal clauseὁδός: 'road, way, journey'; here shorthand for the route undertaken by the envoys.
πολλὴlongA1 NSF · πολύςpredicate adjective with ὁδὸςπολύς: literally 'much'; with ὁδός it conveys length or extent.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverb intensifying πολλὴσφόδρα: 'very, exceedingly'; emphasizes the arduous distance.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: moves from the journey to the embassy's audience.
εἰσήλθοσανthey enteredVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + εἰςmain verb of arrival at the council→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; the envoys are admitted into the Roman deliberative body.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the accusativeεἰς: 'into'; marks entry into the senate-house.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with βουλευτήριονὁ: article introducing the chamber entered.
βουλευτήριονcouncil chamberN2N ASN · βουλευτήριονobject of εἰςβουλευτήριον: 'council chamber, senate-house'; the formal place of Roman deliberation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: moves from entry to speech.
ἀπεκρίθησανansweredVCI API3P · κρίνω + ἀποmain verb introducing formal reply or address→ constative aorist passive-form deponentἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply'; a conventional speech-introduction verb.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the formal introductory verb to the content verb of speech.
εἶπονsaidVBI AAI3P · εἶπονspeech verb introducing the embassy statement→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον: 'say'; marks the beginning of the formal petition.
20
Ιουδας ὁ καὶ Μακκαβαῖος καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Ιουδαίων ἀπέστειλαν ἡμᾶς πρὸς ὑμᾶς στῆσαι μεθ' ὑμῶν συμμαχίαν καὶ εἰρήνην καὶ γραφῆναι ἡμᾶς συμμάχους καὶ φίλους ὑμῶν
Judas, who is also called Maccabaeus, and his brothers and the multitude of the Jews sent us to you to establish with you alliance and peace, and that we might be enrolled as your allies and friends.
The envoys identify their senders with full representative weight: Judas, his brothers, and the Jewish people. The request is framed in formal treaty language, combining alliance, peace, and recognized status as allies and friends.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςsubject of ἀπέστειλανἸούδας: Judas Maccabaeus, named first as principal sender of the embassy.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the appellative phraseὁ: article setting up the identifying title that follows.
καὶalsoD · καίadverbial use modifying Μακκαβαῖοςκαί: here adverbial, 'also' or 'even,' in the identifying epithet.
ΜακκαβαῖοςMaccabaeusN2 NSM · Μακκαβαῖοςappositional title identifying JudasΜακκαβαῖος: Maccabaeus, the sobriquet by which Judas is publicly known.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds the wider representative body to Judas himself.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle with ἀδελφοὶὁ: article introducing the second subject group.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςsecond subject coordinated with Ιουδαςἀδελφός: 'brother'; here Judas' brothers as fellow leaders in the revolt.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive of possessionαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to Judas.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: adds the people as the third and widest subject.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle with πλῆθοςὁ: article introducing the collective populace.
πλῆθοςmultitudeN3E NSN · πλῆθοςthird subject coordinated with Judas and his brothersπλῆθος: 'multitude, mass'; the broader Jewish community represented by the embassy.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle with Ιουδαίωνὁ: article introducing the ethnic designation.
ΙουδαίωνJewsN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive dependent on πλῆθοςἸουδαῖος: 'Jew'; identifies the people whose multitude is represented.
ἀπέστειλανsentVAI AAI3P · στέλλω + ἀποmain verb of the statement→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the embassy's authority comes from the whole Judean leadership and people.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώdirect object of ἀπέστειλανἐγώ: first-person pronoun referring to the envoys speaking before the senate.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing the accusativeπρός: 'to, toward'; marks the Roman audience addressed.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύobject of πρὸςσύ: second-person pronoun referring to the Romans addressed directly.
στῆσαιto establishVA AAN · ἵστημιinfinitive of purpose after ἀπέστειλαν→ constative aorist infinitiveἵστημι: 'establish'; again the technical diplomatic term for instituting a formal relationship.
μεθ'withP · μετάpreposition governing the genitiveμετά: with genitive, 'with'; expresses mutual treaty relationship.
ὑμῶνyouRP GP · σύobject of μεθ'σύ: second-person pronoun referring to the Romans as treaty partners.
συμμαχίανallianceN1A ASF · συμμαχίαfirst direct object of στῆσαισυμμαχία: 'alliance'; the formal political-military bond requested.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: pairs alliance with peace.
εἰρήνηνpeaceN1 ASF · εἰρήνηsecond direct object of στῆσαιεἰρήνη: 'peace'; treaty peace accompanying alliance.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction introducing an additional requestκαί: adds a request for formal recognition alongside the treaty itself.
γραφῆναιto be enrolledVD APN · γράφωinfinitive of further purpose or requested result→ aorist passive infinitiveγράφω: in passive infinitive, 'to be written down, enrolled, registered'; asks for official recognition in Roman records.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώaccusative subject of γραφῆναιἐγώ: the envoys speak representatively for the Jewish side in the treaty request.
συμμάχουςalliesN2 APM · σύμμαχοςpredicate accusative with γραφῆναισύμμαχος: 'ally'; the formal status sought from Rome.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the paired treaty statuses.
φίλουςfriendsA1 APM · φίλοςsecond predicate accusative with γραφῆναιφίλος: 'friend'; the diplomatic language of amity paired with alliance.
ὑμῶνof youRP GP · σύgenitive dependent on συμμάχους and φίλουςσύ: second-person pronoun identifying the Romans as the party whose allies and friends the Jews seek to be recognized as.
21
καὶ ἤρεσεν ὁ λόγος ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν
And the proposal pleased them.
The Roman reception is compressed into a brief approval formula. The short verse functions as a hinge between petition and the formal documentary reply that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: marks the Roman response to the embassy speech.
ἤρεσενpleasedVAI AAI3S · ἀρέσκωmain verb of the approval formula→ constative aoristἀρέσκω: 'please, be acceptable'; the proposal meets with Roman approval.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle with λόγοςὁ: article introducing the proposal under consideration.
λόγοςproposalN2 NSM · λόγοςsubject of ἤρεσενλόγος: 'word, proposal, matter'; here the embassy's request as a diplomatic proposition.
ἐνώπιονbeforeD · ἐνώπιονimproper preposition governing the genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of'; an approval formula locating judgment in the Roman assembly.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςobject of ἐνώπιοναὐτός: pronoun referring to the Roman deliberative body.
22
καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἀντίγραφον τῆς ἐπιστολῆς ἧς ἀντέγραψαν ἐπὶ δέλτοις χαλκαῖς καὶ ἀπέστειλαν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ εἶναι παρ' αὐτοῖς ἐκεῖ μνημόσυνον εἰρήνης καὶ συμμαχίας
And this is the copy of the letter which they copied on bronze tablets and sent to Jerusalem to be there with them as a memorial of peace and alliance:
The narrative pauses to mark the transition from story to document. The mention of bronze tablets underlines permanence and public authority, while the memorial purpose frames the treaty as a durable witness of peace and alliance.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective coordinating particleκαί: introduces the formal documentary section that follows.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςdemonstrative subject of the nominal clauseοὗτος: 'this'; points forward to the documentary text now to be quoted.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle with ἀντίγραφονὁ: article introducing the documentary noun.
ἀντίγραφονcopyN2N NSN · ἀντίγραφονpredicate nominative with τοῦτοἀντίγραφον: 'copy, transcript'; marks the following section as a reproduced document.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle with ἐπιστολῆςὁ: article introducing the source document.
ἐπιστολῆςletterN1 GSF · ἐπιστολήgenitive dependent on ἀντίγραφονἐπιστολή: 'letter'; the official communication copied below.
ἧςwhichRR GSF · ὅςrelative pronoun referring to ἐπιστολῆςὅς: relative pronoun linking the copy to the letter actually inscribed and sent.
ἀντέγραψανthey copiedVAI AAI3P · γράφω + ἀντιmain verb of the relative clause→ constative aoristἀντιγράφω: 'copy, transcribe'; states the act of reproducing the treaty text.
ἐπὶonP · ἐπίpreposition governing the dativeἐπί: with dative, 'on'; marks the material surface of inscription.
δέλτοιςtabletsN2 DPF · δέλτοςobject of ἐπὶδέλτος: 'tablet'; the medium on which the treaty copy is inscribed.
χαλκαῖςbronzeA1C DPF · χαλκοῦςattributive adjective modifying δέλτοιςχαλκοῦς: 'bronze'; emphasizes durability and official permanence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins inscription with dispatch to Jerusalem.
ἀπέστειλανthey sentVAI AAI3P · στέλλω + ἀποcoordinated main verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the treaty copy is formally transmitted to Jerusalem.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition governing the accusativeεἰς: 'to'; marks Jerusalem as the destination of the copy.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμobject of εἰςἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem, where the memorial copy will be kept.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive of purpose or result after ἀπέστειλαν→ present infinitiveεἰμί: 'be'; the infinitive states the intended continuing presence of the document.
παρ'withP · παράpreposition governing the dativeπαρά: with dative, 'with, beside'; marks the document's place among the Jews.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςobject of παρ'αὐτός: pronoun referring to the Jewish recipients who will keep the memorial copy.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverb modifying εἶναιἐκεῖ: 'there'; points to Jerusalem as the place of deposit.
μνημόσυνονmemorialN2N NSN · μνημόσυνονpredicate nominative with the infinitive ideaμνημόσυνον: 'memorial, remembrance'; the document serves as enduring witness.
εἰρήνηςof peaceN1 GSF · εἰρήνηgenitive dependent on μνημόσυνονεἰρήνη: 'peace'; the memorial testifies to the peace established.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunctionκαί: joins the two treaty goods remembered by the document.
συμμαχίαςof allianceN1A GSF · συμμαχίαsecond genitive dependent on μνημόσυνονσυμμαχία: 'alliance'; the formal political bond memorialized in the bronze copy.
23
καλῶς γένοιτο Ῥωμαίοις καὶ τῷ ἔθνει Ιουδαίων ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ξηρᾶς εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ ῥομφαία καὶ ἐχθρὸς μακρυνθείη ἀπ' αὐτῶν
May it go well for the Romans and for the nation of the Jews on sea and on land forever, and may sword and enemy be far removed from them.
The treaty opens with a formal benediction wishing enduring well-being and security to both parties.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καλῶςwellD · καλῶςadverb qualifying the optative wish formulaκαλῶς: well, favorably.
γένοιτοmay it beVB AMO3S · γίγνομαιoptative main verb expressing the treaty blessingγίγνομαι: become, happen, be.
Ῥωμαίοιςfor RomansN2 DPM · Ῥωμαῖοςdative of advantage naming the first treaty partnerῬωμαῖος: Roman.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the two covenant partnersκαί: and, also, even.
τῷfor theRA DSN · ὁarticle introducing the second party to the blessingὁ: the definite article.
ἔθνειnationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςdative noun naming the Jewish people as a treaty bodyἔθνος: nation, people, ethnic body.
Ιουδαίωνof JewsN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive noun specifying which nation is meantἸουδαῖος: Jew, Judean.
ἐνonP · ἐνpreposition introducing the first sphere of safetyἐν: in, on, among.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the sea realmὁ: the definite article.
θαλάσσῃseaN1S DSF · θάλασσαdative noun marking one sphere of operation or safetyθάλασσα: sea.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining sea and landκαί: and, also, even.
ἐπὶonP · ἐπίpreposition introducing the second sphere of safetyἐπί: on, upon, over.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the dry landὁ: the definite article.
ξηρᾶςdry landA1A GSF · ξηρόςgenitive noun with ἐπί marking the landward sphereξηρά: dry land, firm ground.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the duration of the blessingεἰς: into, for, unto.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the age-long durationὁ: the definite article.
αἰῶναageN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative noun expressing perpetual durationαἰών: age, eternity, forever.
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing the negative counterpart to the blessingκαί: and, also, even.
ῥομφαίαswordN1A NSF · ῥομφαίαfirst nominative subject of the wish for removalῥομφαία: sword.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the two threats to be removedκαί: and, also, even.
ἐχθρὸςenemyA1A NSM · ἐχθρόςsecond nominative subject paired with swordἐχθρός: enemy, hostile one.
μακρυνθείηmay be far removedVA APO3S · μακρύνωoptative verb expressing the wish that war and enemies stay distantμακρύνω: remove far away, keep distant.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing those protected by the treaty wishἀπό: from, away from.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun referring jointly to Romans and Jewsαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
24
ἐὰν δὲ ἐνστῇ πόλεμος Ῥώμῃ προτέρᾳ ἢ πᾶσιν τοῖς συμμάχοις αὐτῶν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ κυριείᾳ αὐτῶν
But if war should first arise against Rome or against any of their allies anywhere within their dominion,
The treaty turns to a conditional defense clause covering attacks on Rome or any ally under Roman rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconditional particle opening the treaty contingencyἐάν: if, whenever.
δὲbutX · δέmild adversative marking transition from blessing to stipulationδέ: but, and, now.
ἐνστῇshould ariseVH AAS3S · ἵστημι + ἐνaorist subjunctive verb heading the conditional clauseἐνίστημι: arise, set in, come upon.
πόλεμοςwarN2 NSM · πόλεμοςsubject of the conditional verbπόλεμος: war, battle, conflict.
Ῥώμῃagainst RomeN1 DSF · Ῥώμηdative of disadvantage marking the threatened partyῬώμη: Rome.
προτέρᾳfirstA1 DSF · πρότεροςadverbial adjective emphasizing Rome as the first case consideredπρότερος: former, first.
ἢorC · ἤdisjunctive conjunction extending the clause to alliesἤ: or.
πᾶσινagainst allA3 DPM · πᾶςadjective broadening the protection to any allied groupπᾶς: all, every, whole.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle introducing the allied partiesὁ: the definite article.
συμμάχοιςalliesN2 DPM · συμμάχοςdative noun naming the associated states protected by the clauseσυμμάχος: ally, confederate.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun marking Roman possession of the alliance networkαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the territorial extent of the clauseἐν: in, on, among.
πάσῃeveryA1S DSF · πᾶςadjective qualifying the whole domain under considerationπᾶς: all, every, whole.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the noun for dominionὁ: the definite article.
κυριείᾳdominionN1A DSF · κυριείαdative noun marking the sphere within which the clause appliesκυριεία: dominion, authority, rule.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun referring to Roman dominionαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
25
συμμαχήσει τὸ ἔθνος τῶν Ιουδαίων ὡς ἂν ὁ καιρὸς ὑπογράφῃ αὐτοῖς καρδίᾳ πλήρει
the nation of the Jews shall fight alongside them, as the occasion may prescribe to them, with a whole heart.
The apodosis states the Jewish obligation: wholehearted military support for Rome when circumstances require it.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
συμμαχήσειshall fight alongsideVF FAI3S · συμμαχέωfuture main verb expressing the promised allied responseσυμμαχέω: fight with, assist as an ally.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle introducing the Jewish polity as subjectὁ: the definite article.
ἔθνοςnationN3E NSN · ἔθνοςsubject noun naming the Jewish people as treaty partnerἔθνος: nation, people, ethnic body.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing the identifying genitiveὁ: the definite article.
ΙουδαίωνJewsN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive noun specifying which nation is intendedἸουδαῖος: Jew, Judean.
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative-conjunctive marker introducing the manner clauseὡς: as, just as, according as.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive making the clause contingentἄν: modal particle marking contingency.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the deciding circumstanceὁ: the definite article.
καιρὸςoccasionN2 NSM · καιρόςsubject of the subordinated verb prescribing the responseκαιρός: season, occasion, opportune circumstance.
ὑπογράφῃmay prescribeVD APS3S · γράφω + ὑποsubjunctive verb describing what the situation calls forὑπογράφω: indicate, prescribe, set forth.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative indirect object referring to the Jews receiving the directiveαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
καρδίᾳwith heartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative of manner expressing the disposition of their aidκαρδία: heart.
πλήρειfullA3H DSF · πλήρηςadjective modifying heart to indicate total commitmentπλήρης: full, complete.
26
καὶ τοῖς πολεμοῦσιν οὐ δώσουσιν οὐδὲ ἐπαρκέσουσιν σῖτον ὅπλα ἀργύριον πλοῖα ὡς ἔδοξεν Ῥώμῃ καὶ φυλάξονται τὰ φυλάγματα αὐτῶν οὐθὲν λαβόντες
And to those who are waging war against them they shall not give or supply grain, weapons, silver, or ships, as it seemed good to Rome, and they shall keep their obligations, taking nothing.
The treaty further forbids aid to Rome's enemies and binds the Jews to keep the agreement without seeking payment.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconjunction continuing the apodosis with a negative obligationκαί: and, also, even.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle introducing the hostile group denied assistanceὁ: the definite article.
πολεμοῦσινthose waging warV2 · παπδπμ πολεμέωsubstantival participle naming the enemy forcesπολεμέω: wage war, fight.
οὐnotD · οὐnegation attached to the first future verbοὐ: not.
δώσουσινshall they giveVF FAI3P · δίδωμιfuture main verb forbidding direct aidδίδωμι: give.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέnegative conjunction linking the second prohibitionοὐδέ: nor, and not.
ἐπαρκέσουσινshall they supplyVF FAI3P · ἀρκέω + ἐπιfuture main verb forbidding material supportἐπαρκέω: give assistance, furnish support, supply.
σῖτονgrainN2 ASM · σῖτοςfirst accusative object in the list of prohibited aidσῖτος: grain, food supply.
ὅπλαweaponsN2N APN · ὅπλονsecond accusative object in the list of prohibited aidὅπλον: weapon, arms.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονthird accusative object in the list of prohibited aidἀργύριον: silver, money.
πλοῖαshipsN2N APN · πλοῖονfourth accusative object completing the list of prohibited aidπλοῖον: ship, vessel.
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative conjunction introducing the Roman standard for the stipulationὡς: as, according as.
ἔδοξενit seemed goodVAI AAI3S · δοκέωimpersonal verb grounding the clause in Roman decisionδοκέω: seem, seem good, be decided.
Ῥώμῃto RomeN1 DSF · Ῥώμηdative of reference naming the deciding authorityῬώμη: Rome.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the prohibition with the duty of observanceκαί: and, also, even.
φυλάξονταιshall they keepVF FMI3P · φυλάσσωfuture main verb expressing faithful observance of the pactφυλάσσω: guard, keep, observe.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the obligations to be observedὁ: the definite article.
φυλάγματαobligationsN3M APN · φύλαγμαdirect object naming the treaty duties to be keptφύλαγμα: charge, ordinance, obligation to keep.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun referring to the obligations belonging to the treaty partnersαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
οὐθὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative object of the participle indicating absence of compensationοὐδείς: no one, nothing.
λαβόντεςhaving takenVB · ααπνπμ λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle stating that no payment is to be acceptedλαμβάνω: take, receive.
27
κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ ἐὰν ἔθνει Ιουδαίων συμβῇ προτέροις πόλεμος συμμαχήσουσιν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι ἐκ ψυχῆς ὡς ἂν αὐτοῖς ὁ καιρὸς ὑπογράφῃ
But in the same way, if war should first befall the nation of the Jews, the Romans shall fight alongside them from the heart, as the occasion may prescribe to them.
The treaty mirrors the previous clause by promising wholehearted Roman assistance if the Jews are attacked first.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition introducing the reciprocal standard for the clauseκατά: according to, in accordance with.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the reciprocal formulaὁ: the definite article.
αὐτὰsame thingsRD APN · αὐτόςaccusative pronoun expressing reciprocal equivalenceαὐτός: same, self.
δὲbutX · δέadversative particle shifting to the reciprocal obligationδέ: but, and, now.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconditional particle opening the reciprocal contingencyἐάν: if, whenever.
ἔθνειto a nationN3E DSN · ἔθνοςdative of disadvantage naming the threatened peopleἔθνος: nation, people, ethnic body.
Ιουδαίωνof JewsN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive noun specifying which nation is meantἸουδαῖος: Jew, Judean.
συμβῇshould befallVZ AAS3S · βαίνω + συνaorist subjunctive verb heading the conditional clauseσυμβαίνω: happen, befall, occur.
προτέροιςfirstA1 DPM · πρότεροςdative adjective qualifying the Jews as the first attacked partyπρότερος: former, prior, first.
πόλεμοςwarN2 NSM · πόλεμοςsubject of the conditional verbπόλεμος: war, battle, conflict.
συμμαχήσουσινshall fight alongsideVF FAI3P · συμμαχέωfuture main verb promising Roman allied supportσυμμαχέω: fight with, assist as an ally.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the Roman subjectὁ: the definite article.
ῬωμαῖοιRomansN2 NPM · Ῥωμαῖοςsubject noun naming the assisting treaty partnerῬωμαῖος: Roman.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing the idiom of wholehearted supportἐκ: from, out of.
ψυχῆςheartN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive noun in idiom meaning sincerely or wholeheartedlyψυχή: soul, life, inner self, heart.
ὡςasC · ὡςconjunction introducing the manner clauseὡς: as, just as, according as.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle marking contingency with the subjunctiveἄν: modal particle marking contingency.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative indirect object referring to the Romans as recipients of the situation's demandαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the deciding circumstanceὁ: the definite article.
καιρὸςoccasionN2 NSM · καιρόςsubject of the subordinate verb prescribing the responseκαιρός: season, occasion, opportune circumstance.
ὑπογράφῃmay prescribeVD APS3S · γράφω + ὑποsubjunctive verb stating what the situation requiresὑπογράφω: indicate, prescribe, set forth.
28
καὶ τοῖς συμμαχοῦσιν οὐ δοθήσεται σῖτος ὅπλα ἀργύριον πλοῖα ὡς ἔδοξεν Ῥώμῃ καὶ φυλάξονται τὰ φυλάγματα ταῦτα καὶ οὐ μετὰ δόλου
And to those allied with them there shall not be given grain, weapons, silver, or ships, as it seemed good to Rome, and they shall keep these obligations, and not with deceit.
The reciprocal treaty clause forbids support for the enemies of the Jews and insists that these obligations be observed without treachery.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconjunction continuing the reciprocal stipulationκαί: and, also, even.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle introducing the hostile party associated with the attackersὁ: the definite article.
συμμαχοῦσινallied onesN2 DPM · συμμαχόςdative substantive naming those aligned with the enemy sideσύμμαχος: ally, confederate.
οὐnotD · οὐnegation attached to the passive futureοὐ: not.
δοθήσεταιshall be givenVC FPI3S · δίδωμιfuture passive main verb forbidding provision of suppliesδίδωμι: give.
σῖτοςgrainN2 NSM · σῖτοςfirst nominative item in the list of prohibited provisionsσῖτος: grain, food supply.
ὅπλαweaponsN2N NPN · ὅπλονsecond nominative item in the list of prohibited provisionsὅπλον: weapon, arms.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N NSN · ἀργύριονthird nominative item in the list of prohibited provisionsἀργύριον: silver, money.
πλοῖαshipsN2N NPN · πλοῖονfourth nominative item completing the list of prohibited provisionsπλοῖον: ship, vessel.
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative conjunction grounding the clause in Roman decisionὡς: as, according as.
ἔδοξενit seemed goodVAI AAI3S · δοκέωimpersonal verb appealing to Roman judgmentδοκέω: seem, seem good, be decided.
Ῥώμῃto RomeN1 DSF · Ῥώμηdative of reference naming the deciding authorityῬώμη: Rome.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking prohibition with faithful observanceκαί: and, also, even.
φυλάξονταιshall they keepVF FMI3P · φυλάσσωfuture main verb expressing adherence to the stated termsφυλάσσω: guard, keep, observe.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the obligations to be observedὁ: the definite article.
φυλάγματαobligationsN3M APN · φύλαγμαdirect object naming the treaty charges to be keptφύλαγμα: charge, ordinance, obligation to keep.
ταῦταtheseRD APN · οὗτοςdemonstrative specifying the immediately stated treaty termsοὗτος: this, these.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding the manner of observanceκαί: and, also, even.
οὐnotD · οὐnegation attached to the following prepositional phraseοὐ: not.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition introducing the excluded mannerμετά: with.
δόλουdeceitN2 GSM · δόλοςgenitive noun naming the treachery excluded from treaty observanceδόλος: deceit, guile, treachery.
29
κατὰ τοὺς λόγους τούτους οὕτως ἔστησαν Ῥωμαῖοι τῷ δήμῳ τῶν Ιουδαίων
According to these words the Romans thus established an agreement with the people of the Jews.
The narrator closes the section by summarizing the treaty as formally established between Rome and the Jewish people.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition introducing conformity with the treaty wordingκατά: according to, in accordance with.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the specific treaty terms just citedὁ: the definite article.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative noun naming the treaty wording as the governing standardλόγος: word, statement, matter, term.
τούτουςtheseRD APM · οὗτοςdemonstrative adjective pointing to the immediately preceding treaty clausesοὗτος: this, these.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverb marking the manner in which the agreement was set in placeοὕτως: thus, in this way.
ἔστησανestablishedVAI AAI3P · ἵστημιmain verb summarizing the formal setting of the treatyἵστημι: set, establish, put in place.
ῬωμαῖοιRomansN2 NPM · Ῥωμαῖοςsubject noun naming the first party that ratified the agreementῬωμαῖος: Roman.
τῷwith theRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing the dative counterpart in the agreementὁ: the definite article.
δήμῳpeopleN2 DSM · δῆμοςdative noun naming the civic body with whom the agreement was establishedδῆμος: people, populace, civic body.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing the identifying genitiveὁ: the definite article.
ΙουδαίωνJewsN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςgenitive noun specifying which people are in viewἸουδαῖος: Jew, Judean.
30
ἐὰν δὲ μετὰ τοὺς λόγους τούτους βουλεύσωνται οὗτοι καὶ οὗτοι προσθεῖναι ἢ ἀφελεῖν ποιήσονται ἐξ αἱρέσεως αὐτῶν καὶ ὃ ἂν προσθῶσιν ἢ ἀφέλωσιν ἔσται κύρια
But if after these terms these and those should resolve to add or remove anything, they shall do so by their own decision, and whatever they may add or take away shall be valid.
The treaty includes an amendment clause: either side may alter the terms by mutual decision, and such changes will be legally binding.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconditional particle opening the amendment clauseἐάν: if, whenever.
δὲbutX · δέparticle marking transition to a supplementary provisionδέ: but, and, now.
μετὰafterP · μετάpreposition introducing the temporal point following the stated termsμετά: after, with.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the treaty terms already statedὁ: the definite article.
λόγουςtermsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative noun naming the treaty language that may later be amendedλόγος: word, statement, term, matter.
τούτουςtheseRD APM · οὗτοςdemonstrative adjective pointing to the immediately preceding treaty clausesοὗτος: this, these.
βουλεύσωνταιshould resolveVA AMS3P · βουλεύωaorist middle subjunctive verb heading the conditional clause of deliberationβουλεύω: deliberate, resolve, plan.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςfirst demonstrative subject referring to one treaty partyοὗτος: this, these.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the two parties jointly considering amendmentκαί: and, also, even.
οὗτοιthoseRD NPM · οὗτοςsecond demonstrative subject referring to the other treaty partyοὗτος: this, these.
προσθεῖναιto addVE AAN · τίθημι + προςfirst infinitive complement naming one possible amendment actionπροστίθημι: add, append.
ἢorC · ἤdisjunctive conjunction pairing the two amendment optionsἤ: or.
ἀφελεῖνto removeVB AAN · αἱρέω + ἀποsecond infinitive complement naming the alternative amendment actionἀφαιρέω: remove, take away.
ποιήσονταιthey shall doVF FMI3P · ποιέωfuture main verb expressing enactment of the amendmentποιέω: do, make, carry out.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing the source in their own choiceἐκ: from, out of.
αἱρέσεωςchoiceN3I GSF · αἵρεσιςgenitive noun expressing deliberate decision or electionαἵρεσις: choice, decision, deliberate preference.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun marking the decision as belonging to the treaty parties themselvesαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the amendment process with its legal consequenceκαί: and, also, even.
ὃwhateverRR ASN · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the content of any amendmentὅς: who, which, whatever.
ἂνeverX · ἄνmodal particle with the subjunctive generalizing the relative clauseἄν: modal particle marking contingency.
προσθῶσινthey may addV2 PAS3P · θέω + προςsubjunctive verb describing one possible type of amendmentπροστίθημι: add, append.
ἢorC · ἤdisjunctive conjunction pairing the two kinds of amendmentἤ: or.
ἀφέλωσινthey may removeVB AAS3P · αἱρέω + ἀποsubjunctive verb describing subtraction from the treatyἀφαιρέω: remove, take away.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfuture copula stating the legal status of any amendmentεἰμί: be.
κύριαvalidA1A APN · κύριοςpredicate adjective declaring the amendment authoritativeκύριος: authoritative, valid, binding.
31
καὶ περὶ τῶν κακῶν ὧν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δημήτριος συντελεῖται εἰς αὐτούς ἐγράψαμεν αὐτῷ λέγοντες διὰ τί ἐβάρυνας τὸν ζυγόν σου ἐπὶ τοὺς φίλους ἡμῶν τοὺς συμμάχους Ιουδαίους
And concerning the wrongs that King Demetrius is inflicting on them, we have written to him, saying, Why have you made your yoke heavy upon our friends and allies, the Jews?
The Romans report that they have already written to Demetrius in defense of the Jews, protesting his oppressive treatment of their allies.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing a further action taken on behalf of the Jewsκαί: and, also, even.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition introducing the subject matter of the Roman letterπερί: concerning, about.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing the wrongs under discussionὁ: the definite article.
κακῶνwrongsA1 GPN · κακόςsubstantivized adjective naming the harmful acts done to the Jewsκακός: bad, evil, harmful; in the plural, wrongs or evils.
ὧνwhichRR GPN · ὅςrelative pronoun linking the wrongs to Demetrius's actionsὅς: who, which, that.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing Demetrius's royal titleὁ: the definite article.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςsubject noun identifying the agent of oppressionβασιλεύς: king.
ΔημήτριοςDemetriusN2 NSM · Δημήτριοςproper name in apposition specifying which king is meantΔημήτριος: Demetrius.
συντελεῖταιis inflictingV2 PMI3S · τελέω + συνmain verb of the relative clause describing ongoing oppressive actionσυντελέω: bring about, carry out, inflict.
εἰςuponP · εἰςpreposition introducing those affected by Demetrius's actionεἰς: into, toward, upon.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of the preposition referring to the Jewsαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
ἐγράψαμενwe wroteVAI AAI1P · γράφωmain verb of the Roman reportγράφω: write.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative indirect object referring to Demetrius as recipient of the letterαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωcircumstantial participle introducing the quoted content of the letterλέγω: say, speak.
διὰwhyP · διάpreposition plus interrogative introducing the reason questionδιά τί: why, for what reason.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςinterrogative pronoun completing the idiom 'why'τίς: who? what? why? in idiomatic combinations.
ἐβάρυναςhave you made heavyVAI AAI2S · βαρύνωsecond-person verb in the quoted rebuke to Demetriusβαρύνω: make heavy, burden, oppress.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the metaphorical burdenὁ: the definite article.
ζυγόνyokeN2 ASM · ζυγόςdirect object naming Demetrius's oppressive ruleζυγός: yoke, burden of subjection.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronoun qualifying the yoke as Demetrius's own ruleσύ: you.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing those burdened by the yokeἐπί: on, upon, against.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the first designation of the Jewsὁ: the definite article.
φίλουςfriendsA1 APM · φίλοςaccusative substantive naming the Jews as Roman friendsφίλος: friend, ally.
ἡμῶνof usRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun marking Roman relationship to the Jewsἐγώ: I, we.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the second designation of the Jewsὁ: the definite article.
συμμάχουςalliesN2 APM · συμμάχοςaccusative substantive appositional to friendsσύμμαχος: ally, confederate.
ΙουδαίουςJewsN2 APM · Ἰουδαῖοςfinal accusative apposition explicitly identifying the alliesἸουδαῖος: Jew, Judean.
32
ἐὰν οὖν ἔτι ἐντύχωσιν κατὰ σοῦ ποιήσομεν αὐτοῖς τὴν κρίσιν καὶ πολεμήσομέν σε διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ διὰ τῆς ξηρᾶς
If then they should still move against you, we will give them judgment and will make war on you by sea and by land.
The Roman letter warns Demetrius that continued aggression against the Jews will bring Roman intervention and war.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconditional particle opening the warning clauseἐάν: if, whenever.
οὖνthenX · οὖνinferential particle drawing the consequence from the prior rebukeοὖν: therefore, then.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverb emphasizing continued hostile actionἔτι: still, yet, further.
ἐντύχωσινshould move againstVB AAS3P · τυγχάνω + ἐνaorist subjunctive verb describing renewed hostile action or appealἐντυγχάνω: approach, address, move against, petition.
κατὰagainstP · κατάpreposition introducing the target of the aggressionκατά: against.
σοῦyouRP GS · σύgenitive pronoun referring to Demetrius as the warned kingσύ: you.
ποιήσομενwe will makeVF FAI1P · ποιέωfuture main verb introducing the Roman responseποιέω: do, make, carry out.
αὐτοῖςto themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative indirect object referring to the Jewish alliesαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the judicial actionὁ: the definite article.
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςdirect object expressing the judicial or decisive intervention to be renderedκρίσις: judgment, decision, verdict.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking judicial action with military actionκαί: and, also, even.
πολεμήσομένwe will make war onVF FAI1P · πολεμέωfuture main verb of direct military threatπολεμέω: wage war, fight.
σεyouRP AS · σύdirect object naming Demetrius as the target of Roman warσύ: you.
διὰbyP · διάpreposition introducing the first theater of warδιά: through, by way of.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the sea as military routeὁ: the definite article.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive noun naming the maritime theaterθάλασσα: sea.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the two theaters of warκαί: and, also, even.
διὰbyP · διάpreposition introducing the second theater of warδιά: through, by way of.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the landward routeὁ: the definite article.
ξηρᾶςlandA1A GSF · ξηρόςgenitive noun naming the land theater of warξηρά: dry land, land.