Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Second Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 21ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Β′ ΚΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Famine, atonement, and battles with Philistine giants show both the weight of Saul's bloodguilt and the Lord's deliverance.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 2 Kingdoms 21 (= 2 Samuel 21 MT) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is one of the so-called 'appendices' to the books of Samuel and falls outside the kaige recension's main span, preserving a relatively Old-Greek character marked by transliterated names and heavy καί-parataxis. It opens with a three-year famine attributed to the bloodguilt of Saul's house against the GIBEONITES (Γαβαωνῖται, vv. 1–2), a people spared by Israel's ancient oath (Josh 9). David's expiation-inquiry (ἐν τίνι ἐξιλάσομαι, v. 3) yields the Gibeonites' demand for seven of Saul's male descendants, whom they 'sun' / impale before the LORD at Gibeah; the distinctive LXX verb ἐξηλιάζω / ἐξηλιάσωμεν (vv. 6, 9; cf. ἐξηλιασμένων v. 13, ἡλιασθέντων v. 14) renders Hebrew יָקַע ('expose / impale in the sun'). David spares Mephibosheth (Μεμφιβοσθε) for the oath sworn between him and Jonathan (v. 7). The pathos of the chapter centers on RIZPAH daughter of Aiah (Ρεσφα θυγάτηρ Αια), who spreads sackcloth on the rock and keeps vigil over the exposed bodies from the barley harvest until the rains, driving off the birds of heaven by day and the beasts of the field by night (v. 10). David then gathers the bones of Saul and Jonathan from Jabesh-gilead and buries them with the seven in the tomb of Kish (vv. 12–14), 'and after these things God heeded the land.' The chapter closes with four exploits against the Philistine GIANTS, the offspring of Rapha (ἐκγόνων / ἀπογόνων τοῦ Ραφα): the rescue of an exhausted David from Ishbi (Ιεσβι) by Abishai, with the army's vow that David go out to battle no more 'lest you quench the lamp of Israel' (οὐ μὴ σβέσῃς τὸν λύχνον Ισραηλ, v. 17), and the felling of Saph, of Goliath the Gittite (whose spear-shaft is 'like a weaver's beam'), and of the man of Madon with six fingers and toes on each hand and foot.

1

καὶ ἐγένετο λιμὸς ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Δαυιδ τρία ἔτη ἐνιαυτὸς ἐχόμενος ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἐζήτησεν Δαυιδ τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ κυρίου καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ἐπὶ Σαουλ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἀδικία διὰ τὸ αὐτὸν θανάτῳ αἱμάτων περὶ οὗ ἐθανάτωσεν τοὺς Γαβαωνίτας

And there was a famine in the days of David for three years, year after year, and David sought the face of the LORD; and the LORD said, 'Upon Saul and upon his house is injustice, because of his putting to death with bloodshed, in that he put the Gibeonites to death.'

Narrative opening (new episode within the Samuel appendices)καὶ ἐγένετο λιμὸς
The καὶ ἐγένετο formula (rendering וַיְהִי) opens a fresh narrative unit; the three-year famine is the divine signal that unatoned bloodguilt rests on the land. David's act of 'seeking the face of the LORD' (ἐζήτησεν τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ κυρίου) is the standard idiom for oracular inquiry, and the LORD's direct verdict — ἀδικία upon Saul's house — supplies the legal premise for the whole chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοthere was / came to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (existential / event-introducing)→ constative aorist (event-onset)γίνομαι: 'become / come to pass'; the formula καὶ ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew narrative marker וַיְהִי, signalling the onset of a new episode; with λιμὸς as subject it is existential ('there came to be a famine').
λιμὸςfamineNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceλιμός: 'famine / hunger'; renders רָעָב; in the Deuteronomistic schema famine is a covenant-curse and here a diagnostic sign of unexpiated bloodguilt on the land.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (temporal: 'in the days')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the idiom ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τινός ('in the days of someone') renders בִּימֵי, a Hebraic temporal marker dating the event to David's reign.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX of Kingdoms; here a genitive ('in the days of David') though the form is invariable.
τρίαthreeAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; the neuter τρία agrees with ἔτη; accusative of extent of time ('for three years').
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for three years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the neuter plural ἔτη in the accusative expresses the duration of the famine.
ἐνιαυτὸςa yearNominativenominative in a distributive appositional phrase ('year following year')→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: 'year (as a cycle)'; the phrase ἐνιαυτὸς ἐχόμενος ἐνιαυτοῦ ('a year next to a year') is a Hebraism rendering שָׁנָה אַחֲרֵי שָׁנָה, conveying the unbroken succession of the three famine-years.
ἐχόμενοςfollowing / next toPres Mid Part Nom Masc Sg · ἔχωattributive participle (with ἐνιαυτὸς: 'a year adjoining')→ stative present participle (settled position)ἔχω (mid. ptc. ἐχόμενος): in the middle 'cling to / be next to / adjoin'; the participle with genitive (ἐχόμενος ἐνιαυτοῦ) means 'adjoining the (next) year', expressing temporal contiguity — one year hard upon another.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive governed by ἐχόμενος ('adjoining a year')→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός (gen.): the genitive completes the adjoining-participle, sealing the distributive idiom 'year after year'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐζήτησενsoughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (David's oracular inquiry)→ ingressive aorist (David set himself to seek)ζητέω: 'seek / inquire of'; renders בִּקֵּשׁ; the idiom ζητέω τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ κυρίου ('seek the face of the LORD') denotes formal oracular consultation in distress (cf. 2 Sam 12:16; Ps 26:8 LXX).
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of ἐζήτησεν→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; renders פָּנִים; 'to seek the face of the LORD' is an idiom for entreating an oracle or favorable presence; here it introduces the divine response that follows.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πρόσωπον)→ relational specificationκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive τοῦ κυρίου marks the divine presence David consults.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (the oracular verdict)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces the LORD's answer to the inquiry — a juridical pronouncement of guilt.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the LORD himself names the cause of the famine — the unexpiated bloodguilt of Saul's house.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (the locus of the guilt)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (the locus of the guilt).
ΣαουλSaulaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliteration of Hebrew שָׁאוּל; indeclinable in the LXX; the guilt is named upon Saul personally and upon his household.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (parallel extension)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (parallel extension).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('upon his house')→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; renders בַּיִת; here the collective bloodguilt extends to Saul's whole lineage, grounding the demand for seven of his descendants.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's house)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's house).
ἀδικίαinjustice / guiltNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause: '[there is] guilt upon Saul')→ participant prominenceἀδικία: 'injustice / wrongdoing / guilt'; renders here the Hebrew sense of incurred bloodguilt (cf. דָּמִים); the verbless predication ('upon Saul ... [is] guilt') names the legal liability that the famine has exposed.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'on account of'; introduces the causal articular-infinitive construction διὰ τὸ αὐτὸν θανάτῳ ('because of his [acting] with death').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the causal construction)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸνhe / hisAccusativeaccusative subject of the implied articular construction ('that he ...')→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative subject of the causal articular phrase; refers to Saul, whose own act of bloodshed grounds the guilt.
θανάτῳwith death / by putting to deathDativedative of means / manner (within the causal phrase)→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: 'death'; the dative θανάτῳ αἱμάτων ('with a death of bloodshed') is a compressed Hebraizing idiom for capital bloodguilt — Saul's lethal violence against the Gibeonites.
αἱμάτωνof bloodshedGenitivegenitive of quality (with θανάτῳ: 'a death of bloods')→ relational specificationαἷμα (pl. αἵματα): 'blood'; the plural αἵματα regularly renders Hebrew דָּמִים ('bloods'), the technical term for bloodguilt incurred by unlawful killing.
περὶconcerning / forpreposition + genitive (relative: 'for which / in that')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning'; with the relative οὗ it forms a causal-relative link ('concerning which / inasmuch as he').
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive object of περί)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; περὶ οὗ ('concerning which') introduces the specific deed — the killing of the Gibeonites — that constitutes the bloodguilt.
ἐθανάτωσενhe put to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωverb of the relative clause (Saul's lethal act)→ constative aorist (the completed slaughter)θανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; the verb names the concrete offense — Saul's massacre of the Gibeonites — that grounds the guilt upon his house.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαβαωνίταςGibeonitesAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσεν→ object specificationΓαβαωνίτης: 'Gibeonite'; gentilic noun from Γαβαων (Gibeon); the accusative plural names the victims of Saul's slaughter — the Hivite/Amorite remnant Israel had sworn to spare (Josh 9:3–27).
2

καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ τοὺς Γαβαωνίτας καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς καὶ οἱ Γαβαωνῖται οὐχ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ εἰσίν ὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ἐκ τοῦ λείμματος τοῦ Αμορραίου καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ὤμοσαν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐζήτησεν Σαουλ πατάξαι αὐτοὺς ἐν τῷ ζηλῶσαι αὐτὸν τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ καὶ Ιουδα

And King David called the Gibeonites and spoke to them — now the Gibeonites are not of the sons of Israel, but rather of the remnant of the Amorite, and the sons of Israel had sworn an oath to them, yet Saul sought to strike them in his zeal for the sons of Israel and Judah —

Narrative advance with explanatory aside (the Gibeonites' identity)καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς
David summons the Gibeonites; the narrator then inserts a parenthetical (οἱ Γαβαωνῖται οὐχ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ εἰσίν ...) explaining who they are — not Israelites but the Amorite remnant protected by Israel's oath (Josh 9) — and why their grievance is just: Saul violated that oath in misguided 'zeal'. The aside supplies the moral logic for the expiation that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / summonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (David convenes the Gibeonites)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; renders קָרָא; David takes the initiative to convene the wronged party for negotiation of redress.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεὺς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition with Δαυιδ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the title underscores that David acts in his royal-judicial capacity to remove bloodguilt from the realm.
ΔαυιδDavidappositional to ὁ βασιλεὺς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as appositional to ὁ βασιλεὺς (indeclinable).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαβαωνίταςGibeonitesAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationΓαβαωνίτης (acc. pl.): the wronged party summoned to state the terms of expiation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces David's address to the Gibeonites, whose content is deferred until v. 3 by the parenthetical.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
καὶnowexplanatory conjunction (introducing parenthetical aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces a narratorial aside ('now the Gibeonites ...'), a parenthesis that interrupts the speech-frame to explain the Gibeonites' identity.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαβαωνῖταιGibeonitesNominativesubject of εἰσίν (in the aside)→ participant prominenceΓαβαωνίτης (nom. pl.): the subject of the explanatory clause defining their non-Israelite origin.
οὐχnotnegative particle (with εἰσίν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐχ before rough breathing): negates the predicate 'sons of Israel'.
υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative ('[not] sons of Israel')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the idiom υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('sons of Israel') is the standard LXX designation of the covenant people; the Gibeonites are explicitly excluded from it.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; functions as a genitive defining the people from whom the Gibeonites are distinguished.
εἰσίνarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula of the explanatory clause→ stative present (timeless identity)εἰμί: 'be'; the present copula in the narrator's aside states a standing fact about the Gibeonites' ethnic identity.
ὅτιbecause / forconjunction (introducing ground, here with ἀλλ᾿ ἢ)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that / because'; in the combination ὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἢ it strengthens the exceptive contrast ('but rather').
ἀλλ᾿butadversative particle (elided ἀλλά before ἤ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but'; the cluster ἀλλ᾿ ἢ is a fixed exceptive idiom ('except / but rather'), rendering the Hebrew כִּי אִם.
than / ratherexceptive particle (with ἀλλά)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'than / or'; in ἀλλ᾿ ἢ it completes the exceptive sense 'but only / but rather of'.
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λείμματοςremnantGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'of the remnant')→ relational specificationλεῖμμα: 'remnant / remainder'; renders יֶתֶר / שְׁאֵרִית; the Gibeonites are the surviving remnant of the pre-Israelite Amorite population, spared under the Joshua-oath.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίουAmoriteGenitivegenitive (defining λείμματος: 'remnant of the Amorite')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; gentilic; the LXX classifies the Gibeonites under the broad term 'Amorite' for the indigenous Canaanite peoples (cf. Josh 9:7, where MT has 'Hivite').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ὤμοσαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ here are the Israelites who under Joshua swore the protective oath to the Gibeonites.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
ὤμοσανsworeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὀμνύωmain verb of the aside (the protective oath)→ constative aorist (the historic oath of Josh 9)ὀμνύω: 'swear (an oath)'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; the oath Israel swore to the Gibeonites (Josh 9:15) is the legal bond Saul violated, generating the bloodguilt.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative (indirect object: the recipients of the oath)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (indirect object: the recipients of the oath).
καὶyet / andconjunction (adversative in context: 'yet')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here carries adversative force ('yet'), contrasting the binding oath with Saul's violation of it.
ἐζήτησενsoughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (Saul's attempt to destroy them)→ conative aorist (Saul sought / attempted)ζητέω: 'seek / try'; with the infinitive πατάξαι it is conative ('sought to strike'), naming Saul's effort to annihilate the Gibeonites in violation of the oath.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πατάξαιto strike / to killAor Act Inf · πατάσσωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐζήτησεν)→ telic aorist infinitive (the hoped-for blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite (fatally)'; renders הִכָּה / נָכָה; the infinitive names Saul's intended lethal action against the Gibeonites.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of πατάξαι→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of πατάξαι.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (with articular infinitive: temporal/causal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive (ἐν τῷ ζηλῶσαι): a Hebraizing temporal-causal construction ('in / by his being zealous'), rendering the Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive ζηλῶσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζηλῶσαιbeing zealousAor Act Inf · ζηλόωarticular infinitive (causal: 'in his zeal')→ verbal action or stateζηλόω: 'be zealous / jealous'; renders קִנֵּא; the construction explains Saul's motive — a misguided nationalistic zeal 'for the sons of Israel and Judah' that led him to violate the sworn protection.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive (ζηλῶσαι)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative subject of ζηλῶσαι (Saul), per the regular syntax of the articular infinitive.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative of respect / object of zeal ('zealous for the sons')→ object specificationυἱός: the object of Saul's zeal — the sons of Israel and Judah, on whose behalf he claimed to act.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'and Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה; indeclinable; the pairing 'Israel and Judah' reflects the Samuel narrative's awareness of the two constituencies of the united kingdom.
3

καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ πρὸς τοὺς Γαβαωνίτας τί ποιήσω ὑμῖν καὶ ἐν τίνι ἐξιλάσομαι καὶ εὐλογήσετε τὴν κληρονομίαν κυρίου

And David said to the Gibeonites, 'What shall I do for you, and with what shall I make atonement, that you may bless the inheritance of the LORD?'

Resumption of David's speech (deferred from v. 2) — the expiation questionκαὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ
After the aside, the narrative resumes David's address. His double question (τί ποιήσω ... ἐν τίνι ἐξιλάσομαι) frames the issue cultically: the offense requires כֹּפֶר / expiation. The purpose-clause καὶ εὐλογήσετε ('that you may bless') makes the Gibeonites' blessing of the LORD's inheritance — the land and people — the goal of the redress.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming the speech-frame)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: resumes David's address after the parenthetical of v. 2.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαβαωνίταςGibeonitesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΓαβαωνίτης (acc. pl.): David's interlocutors in the expiation negotiation.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ποιήσω)→ participant referenceτίς, τί: interrogative pronoun; τί ποιήσω ὑμῖν ('what shall I do for you?') opens the deliberative inquiry into the form of redress.
ποιήσωshall I doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive (main verb of the question)→ deliberative subjunctive ('what am I to do?')ποιέω: 'do / make'; the aorist subjunctive ποιήσω in a question is deliberative — David asks what action will satisfy the wrong.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage ('for / to you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage ('for / to you').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the parallel question)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (means of expiation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means of expiation).
τίνιwhatDativeinterrogative pronoun (dative of means with ἐξιλάσομαι)→ participant reference or interestτίς (dat. τίνι): 'with what?'; ἐν τίνι ἐξιλάσομαι asks by what means atonement may be effected — anticipating a כֹּפֶר (ransom/expiation).
ἐξιλάσομαιshall I make atonementFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (deliberative future of the second question)→ deliberative future ('how am I to atone?')ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate / expiate'; the standard LXX cultic verb rendering כִּפֶּר; here applied to the removal of bloodguilt so that the famine may lift and the Gibeonites bless the land.
καὶthat / andcoordinating conjunction with consecutive force ('so that')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces a result/purpose ('and so you may bless'), the goal of the expiation.
εὐλογήσετεyou may blessFut Act Indic 2 Pl · εὐλογέωmain verb (purpose/result of the atonement)→ future of intended resultεὐλογέω: 'bless / speak well of'; renders בֵּרַךְ; the Gibeonites' blessing of the LORD's inheritance is the desired outcome — reconciliation that turns curse (famine) into blessing.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίανinheritanceAccusativedirect object of εὐλογήσετε→ object specificationκληρονομία: 'inheritance / heritage'; renders נַחֲלָה; the LORD's inheritance is Israel as land-and-people (cf. Deut 9:26; Ps 27:9 LXX), here suffering under the famine-curse.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with κληρονομίαν)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the genitive marks Israel as the LORD's own possession, whose welfare is bound up with the removal of the bloodguilt.
4

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ οἱ Γαβαωνῖται οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον μετὰ Σαουλ καὶ μετὰ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν ἀνὴρ θανατῶσαι ἐν Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν τί ὑμεῖς λέγετε καὶ ποιήσω ὑμῖν

And the Gibeonites said to him, 'There is no silver and gold for us with Saul and with his house, nor is there for us a man to put to death in Israel.' And he said, 'What do you say, that I should do for you?'

Response of the Gibeonites and David's counter-questionκαὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ
The Gibeonites disclaim a monetary settlement (ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον) and disclaim any right to execute an Israelite on their own authority (οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν ἀνὴρ θανατῶσαι ἐν Ισραηλ). Their refusal of ransom signals that only blood will expiate blood. David's terse counter-question (τί ὑμεῖς λέγετε) presses them to name their terms, setting up the demand of v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (Koine 3 pl. εἶπαν, alpha-aorist): introduces the Gibeonites' collective reply.
αὐτῷto himDativedative (indirect object: to David)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (indirect object: to David).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαβαωνῖταιGibeonitesNominativesubject of εἶπαν→ participant prominenceΓαβαωνίτης (nom. pl.): the respondents who name the terms of expiation.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb ('there is [not] for us')→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be / exist'; the construction οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν ('there is not to us') is a Hebraizing possessive idiom (אֵין לָנוּ) denying that money is the issue between them and Saul's house.
ἡμῖνfor usDativedative of possession ('to/for us')→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'for us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession ('to/for us').
ἀργύριονsilverNominativesubject of ἔστιν (the disclaimed ransom)→ participant prominenceἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; the Gibeonites reject a monetary blood-price, refusing the ordinary כֹּפֶר settlement.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίονgoldNominativesubject of ἔστιν (coordinate with ἀργύριον)→ participant prominenceχρυσίον: 'gold'; renders זָהָב; the silver-and-gold pairing is the standard merism for monetary compensation, here explicitly refused.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (relational: 'the dispute with Saul')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; here in the sense of an account or quarrel 'with Saul and his house' — there is no monetary reckoning to be had with them.
ΣαουλSaulgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (parallel)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (parallel).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; the genitive extends the disclaimer to Saul's whole dynasty — the matter cannot be settled with silver.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second disclaimer)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (second disclaimer)→ stative presentεἰμί: the second οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν disclaims any right of the Gibeonites to execute an Israelite on their own authority.
ἡμῖνfor usDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'for us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject of ἔστιν ('there is no man for us to put to death')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אִישׁ; the clause disclaims that the Gibeonites have, of themselves, any man (i.e. legal standing) to put anyone to death within Israel.
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωepexegetic infinitive (with ἀνήρ: 'a man to put to death')→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death'; the infinitive is epexegetic, defining the kind of authority the Gibeonites disclaim — they cannot lawfully execute on their own.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'within Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'within Israel').
ΙσραηλIsraeldative-equivalent object of ἐν (indeclinable: sphere)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'in Israel' marks the jurisdictional sphere in which the Gibeonites disclaim independent power of execution.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (David replies)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (David's counter-question)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces David's pressing counter-question, inviting the Gibeonites to state their actual demand.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of λέγετε)→ participant referenceτίς, τί: 'what?'; τί ὑμεῖς λέγετε presses the Gibeonites to articulate their terms.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with λέγετε)→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic 'you' throws the decision onto the Gibeonites — let them name the redress.
λέγετεsayPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb of the question→ progressive present (what is it you are saying?)λέγω: the present asks for their present, definitive statement of terms.
καὶthat / andcoordinating conjunction with result force ('and I will do')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (David's promise to act on their terms)→ future of commitment ('I will do it for you')ποιέω: 'do'; David pledges in advance to act on whatever they name, committing himself to the redress.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
5

καὶ εἶπαν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα ὁ ἀνὴρ συνετέλεσεν ἐφ᾿ ἡμᾶς καὶ ἐδίωξεν ἡμᾶς ὃς παρελογίσατο ἐξολεθρεῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀφανίσωμεν αὐτὸν τοῦ μὴ ἑστάναι αὐτὸν ἐν παντὶ ὁρίῳ Ισραηλ

And they said to the king, 'The man who consumed us and pursued us, who plotted to destroy us utterly — let us wipe him out, so that he should not stand in any territory of Israel.'

The Gibeonites state their case against Saul (ground for the demand)καὶ εἶπαν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα
The Gibeonites characterize Saul as the aggressor (ὁ ἀνὴρ συνετέλεσεν ... ἐδίωξεν ... παρελογίσατο ἐξολεθρεῦσαι) — a relentless persecutor who plotted their annihilation. Their cohortative ἀφανίσωμεν ('let us wipe out') with the purpose clause τοῦ μὴ ἑστάναι ('so that he have no footing') signals that the redress will fall on Saul's line, eradicating his presence from Israelite soil.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (3 pl. εἶπαν): the Gibeonites now state their indictment of Saul.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): David in his judicial role as the one who can authorize the redress.
theNominativearticle (with ἀνὴρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubject of συνετέλεσεν (= Saul, named obliquely)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; ὁ ἀνήρ ('the man') designates Saul without naming him — a distancing reference to the persecutor.
συνετέλεσενconsumed / finished offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντελέωmain verb (Saul's destructive action)→ constative aoristσυντελέω: 'complete / consume / make an end of'; renders כִּלָּה; here in the sense of wearing down or exterminating — Saul 'made an end of us', i.e. nearly annihilated the Gibeonites.
ἐφ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction, elided ἐπί)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'against / upon'; the hostile sense ('consumed us / brought it upon us').
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of ἐφ᾿→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐφ᾿.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδίωξενpursuedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διώκωmain verb (coordinate with συνετέλεσεν)→ constative aoristδιώκω: 'pursue / persecute'; renders רָדַף; intensifies the portrait of Saul as relentless aggressor against the Gibeonites.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐδίωξεν→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐδίωξεν.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of παρελογίσατο)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing a further description of Saul's intent.
παρελογίσατοplotted / schemedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραλογίζομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristπαραλογίζομαι: 'reason falsely / deceive / scheme'; here 'devised / plotted' against the Gibeonites — Saul's deliberate intent to exterminate them.
ἐξολεθρεῦσαιto destroy utterlyAor Act Inf · ἐξολεθρεύωcomplementary infinitive (with παρελογίσατο)→ aorist infinitive (the intended destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy / exterminate / root out'; renders הִשְׁמִיד / הִכְרִית; the strong compound underscores that Saul aimed at the Gibeonites' total annihilation.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐξολεθρεῦσαι→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξολεθρεῦσαι.
ἀφανίσωμενlet us wipe outAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἀφανίζωhortatory subjunctive (the demand proper)→ hortatory subjunctive ('let us destroy him')ἀφανίζω: 'make disappear / destroy / blot out'; renders הִשְׁמִיד / הֶחֱרִים; the cohortative voices the Gibeonites' demand to eradicate Saul's line in lex-talionis retribution.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀφανίσωμεν (Saul, in his descendants)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'; refers to Saul, but realized in the destruction of his male descendants (vv. 6, 8–9).
τοῦso thatarticle introducing genitive articular infinitive (purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ + infinitive: a purpose/result construction ('so that he not stand'), common in the LXX rendering Hebrew לְבִלְתִּי.
μὴnotnegative particle (with the infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑστάναιto stand / remainPerf Act Inf · ἵστημιinfinitive of purpose (with τοῦ μὴ)→ perfect infinitive (resultant state: standing as ongoing posture)ἵστημι (perf. inf. ἑστάναι): the intransitive perfect 'to stand / be established'; the purpose is that Saul's house should have no standing or foothold anywhere in Israel's land.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἑστάναι→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative subject of ἑστάναι (Saul / his line).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
παντὶany / everyDativeattributive adjective (with ὁρίῳ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / every / any'; with the negative, 'in any territory at all'.
ὁρίῳterritory / borderDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'in any territory')→ sphere or referenceὅριον: 'boundary / territory'; renders גְּבוּל; 'in all the territory of Israel' marks the total geographic eradication of Saul's house demanded.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
6

δότω ἡμῖν ἑπτὰ ἄνδρας ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξηλιάσωμεν αὐτοὺς τῷ κυρίῳ ἐν Γαβαων Σαουλ ἐκλεκτοὺς κυρίου καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς ἐγὼ δώσω

'Let seven men of his sons be given to us, and we will impale them before the LORD in Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of the LORD.' And the king said, 'I will give them.'

The explicit demand and David's assentδότω ἡμῖν
The Gibeonites name their terms: seven of Saul's male descendants to be 'sunned' (ἐξηλιάσωμεν, the distinctive LXX rendering of יָקַע, impalement/exposure) before the LORD at Gibeah. The phrase Σαουλ ἐκλεκτοὺς κυρίου ('Saul, the chosen of the LORD') is bitterly ironic — the once-elect king's own line is the price. David's two-word assent ἐγὼ δώσω ('I will give') seals the demand.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
δότωlet (him) giveAor Act Impv 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (third-person imperative: the demand)→ imperatival aorist (formal demand)δίδωμι (aor. impv. δότω): 'let (him/it) be given'; the third-person imperative addressed to the king frames the demand deferentially — 'let seven men be handed over to us'.
ἡμῖνto usDativedative (indirect object: the Gibeonites as recipients)→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (indirect object: the Gibeonites as recipients).
ἑπτὰsevenattributive numeral (indeclinable, with ἄνδρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; the number carries connotations of completeness — a full, sufficient expiation for the bloodguilt.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativeaccusative object of δότω→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): the seven male descendants of Saul to be surrendered.
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivepartitive genitive ('from among his sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son / descendant'; the partitive genitive specifies that the seven are to be drawn from Saul's own male line.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's sons).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (purpose-result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξηλιάσωμενlet us impale / exposeAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἐξηλιάζωhortatory subjunctive (the intended execution)→ hortatory subjunctiveἐξηλιάζω: a rare LXX verb ('expose to the sun / impale in the sun'), formed on ἥλιος ('sun'); it renders Hebrew יָקַע ('expose / impale / hang up'), the technical term for the public, sun-exposed display of the executed; recurs at v. 9 (ἐξηλίασαν) and as participles in vv. 13–14.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξηλιάσωμεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξηλιάσωμεν.
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of reference / advantage ('before / for the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the impalement is performed τῷ κυρίῳ ('for / before the LORD'), framing it as a sacral act of expiation, not mere vengeance.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΓαβαωνGibeah / Gibeonlocative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαβαων: transliteration of the place-name (MT here גִּבְעַת שָׁאוּל, 'Gibeah of Saul'); indeclinable; the site of Saul's home-town gives the execution a pointed, retributive locale.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Gibeah of Saul')→ participant identificationΣαουλ: indeclinable; 'Gibeah of Saul' specifies the town as Saul's own seat, sharpening the irony of his line being executed there.
ἐκλεκτοὺςchosenAccusativeadjective in apposition (with the seven, or with Saul: 'chosen of the LORD')→ object specificationἐκλεκτός: 'chosen / elect'; renders בְּחִיר; the phrase Σαουλ ἐκλεκτοὺς κυρίου ('Saul, chosen of the LORD') is heavy with irony — the LORD's former elect king now sees his line surrendered; the syntax is rough, reflecting a difficult Hebrew Vorlage.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (with ἐκλεκτοὺς: 'chosen of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the genitive recalls Saul's original divine election (1 Kgdms 10:24), now tragically undone.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (David's reply)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces David's brief, decisive assent.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; David acts in his sovereign capacity to grant the demand.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with δώσω)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' personalizes David's commitment — he himself will deliver the men.
δώσωwill giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (David's assent)→ future of commitmentδίδωμι: 'give'; ἐγὼ δώσω ('I will give') is David's formal, binding consent to surrender the seven, answering the δότω of the demand.
7

καὶ ἐφείσατο ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ Μεμφιβοσθε υἱὸν Ιωναθαν υἱοῦ Σαουλ διὰ τὸν ὅρκον κυρίου τὸν ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτῶν ἀνὰ μέσον Δαυιδ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Ιωναθαν υἱοῦ Σαουλ

But the king spared Mephibosheth son of Jonathan son of Saul, because of the oath of the LORD that was between them, between David and Jonathan son of Saul.

Exception clause: David's covenant-loyalty protects Mephiboshethκαὶ ἐφείσατο ὁ βασιλεὺς
Against the sweeping demand, the narrative marks an exception: David spares Mephibosheth, Jonathan's son, διὰ τὸν ὅρκον κυρίου ('because of the oath of the LORD'). The triple ἀνὰ μέσον ('between ... between ... between') solemnly recalls the covenant of 1 Kgdms 20:42, showing David's חֶסֶד-fidelity restraining even the demand for blood.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here carries contrastive force ('but'), marking the exception to the general surrender of Saul's line.
ἐφείσατοsparedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · φείδομαιmain verb (David's act of clemency)→ constative aoristφείδομαι: 'spare / refrain from harming'; renders חָמַל / חָס; with ἐπί + accusative it governs the one spared — David exempts Mephibosheth from the seven.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεὺς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἐφείσατο→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: David acting with royal discretion, honoring his prior covenant.
ἐπὶupon / towardpreposition + accusative (governing the object of φείδομαι)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: with φείδομαι, marks the person spared ('spared Mephibosheth').
ΜεμφιβοσθεMephiboshethaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΜεμφιβοσθε: transliteration of Hebrew מְפִיבֹשֶׁת; indeclinable; Jonathan's lame son, beneficiary of David's covenant-loyalty (cf. 2 Kgdms 9); spared from the seven.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Μεμφιβοσθε→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; identifies Mephibosheth's lineage — Jonathan's son, hence Saul's grandson.
Ιωναθανof Jonathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹנָתָן / יוֹנָתָן; indeclinable; David's covenant-friend, whose son is thereby protected.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ relational specificationυἱός (gen.): traces the line further — Jonathan, son of Saul.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'on account of'; introduces the ground of David's clemency — the sworn oath.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ὅρκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρκονoathAccusativeaccusative object of διά→ object specificationὅρκος: 'oath'; renders שְׁבוּעָה; the oath of the LORD between David and Jonathan (1 Kgdms 20:42) — a sacred bond David will not violate even under the Gibeonites' demand.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (defining ὅρκον: 'oath of the LORD' = sworn in the LORD's name)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; 'the oath of the LORD' is one sworn invoking the divine name, hence inviolable.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive, with ἀνὰ μέσον phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνὰbetween (distributive)preposition in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed idiom ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between'), rendering Hebrew בֵּין; here the mutual oath 'between them'.
μέσονbetween / midstAccusativepart of the prepositional idiom ἀνὰ μέσον→ spatial or relational framingμέσος: 'middle'; ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτῶν = 'between them', defining the parties to the oath.
αὐτῶνof themGenitivegenitive governed by ἀνὰ μέσον→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'of them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive governed by ἀνὰ μέσον.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (idiom, second occurrence)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (idiom, second occurrence).
μέσονbetweenAccusativeidiom ἀνὰ μέσον (specifying David)→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'between'; it serves as idiom ἀνὰ μέσον (specifying David).
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive-equivalent governed by ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive-equivalent governed by ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (idiom, third occurrence)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: the threefold ἀνὰ μέσον ('between them ... between David ... between Jonathan') is a solemn Hebraizing repetition emphasizing the binding mutuality of the covenant.
μέσονbetweenAccusativeidiom ἀνὰ μέσον (specifying Jonathan)→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'between'; it serves as idiom ἀνὰ μέσον (specifying Jonathan).
ΙωναθανJonathangoverned by ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as governed by ἀνὰ μέσον (indeclinable).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ relational specificationυἱός (gen.): 'son of Saul', closing the genealogical identification of Jonathan.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
8

καὶ ἔλαβεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τοὺς δύο υἱοὺς Ρεσφα θυγατρὸς Αια οὓς ἔτεκεν τῷ Σαουλ τὸν Ερμωνι καὶ τὸν Μεμφιβοσθε καὶ τοὺς πέντε υἱοὺς Μιχολ θυγατρὸς Σαουλ οὓς ἔτεκεν τῷ Εσριηλ υἱῷ Βερζελλι τῷ Μοουλαθι

And the king took the two sons of Rizpah daughter of Aiah whom she bore to Saul, Hermoni and Mephibosheth, and the five sons of Michal daughter of Saul whom she bore to Esriel son of Barzillai the Meholathite.

Selection of the seven victims (enumeration)καὶ ἔλαβεν ὁ βασιλεὺς
The narrator enumerates the seven: two sons of Saul by his concubine Rizpah (Hermoni and a second Mephibosheth, distinct from Jonathan's son spared in v. 7), and five grandsons through Saul's daughter (here Michal, though the reckoning is textually difficult; MT tradition reads Merab) by Esriel son of Barzillai the Meholathite. The dense genealogical detail underscores that the expiation strikes Saul's whole house.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (David selects the seven)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; renders לָקַח; David takes custody of the seven designated descendants to hand over to the Gibeonites.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεὺς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἔλαβεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: David, acting by royal authority to fulfill his word.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoattributive numeral (indeclinable, with υἱοὺς)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; the first pair of victims — Saul's sons by Rizpah.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the two sons of Saul by his concubine.
Ρεσφαof Rizpahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Rizpah')→ participant identificationΡεσφα: transliteration of Hebrew רִצְפָּה; indeclinable; Saul's concubine, daughter of Aiah, whose vigil dominates vv. 10–11.
θυγατρὸςdaughterGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ρεσφα→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ (gen. θυγατρός): 'daughter'; identifies Rizpah as daughter of Aiah.
Αιαof Aiahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑια: transliteration of Hebrew אַיָּה; indeclinable; Rizpah's father.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔτεκεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; refers back to the two sons.
ἔτεκενshe boreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear / give birth to'; renders יָלַד; specifies that Rizpah bore these two to Saul.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Σαουλ, dative of relationship)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαουλSauldative (indeclinable: 'to Saul', i.e. fathered by Saul)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: indeclinable, here with article τῷ marking it as dative — the children were borne 'to Saul'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ερμωνι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕρμωνιHermoni / Armoniaccusative in apposition (one of the two sons; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕρμωνι: transliteration of Hebrew אַרְמֹנִי; indeclinable; the first of Rizpah's two sons by Saul.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Μεμφιβοσθε)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜεμφιβοσθεMephiboshethaccusative in apposition (the second son; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜεμφιβοσθε: here a second bearer of the name (Hebrew מְפִבֹשֶׁת), Saul's son by Rizpah — distinct from Jonathan's son spared in v. 7; the name-coincidence is noted by the narrator without comment.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the five grandsons)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέντεfiveattributive numeral (indeclinable, with υἱοὺς)→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable; together with the two of Rizpah these make up the seven.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (coordinate with τοὺς δύο υἱοὺς)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the five grandsons of Saul through his daughter.
Μιχολof Michalgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜιχολ: transliteration of Hebrew מִיכַל; indeclinable; named here as the mother, though the parallel tradition (MT) reads Merab — a recognized crux, since Michal is elsewhere said to be childless (2 Kgdms 6:23).
θυγατρὸςdaughterGenitivegenitive in apposition to Μιχολ→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ (gen.): identifies her as Saul's daughter.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔτεκεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun referring to the five sons.
ἔτεκενshe boreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear'; specifies the maternity of the five grandsons.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Εσριηλ, dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕσριηλEsriel / Adrieldative (indeclinable: 'to Esriel', the father)→ participant identificationΕσριηλ: transliteration of Hebrew עַדְרִיאֵל (Adriel); indeclinable; with article τῷ in the dative ('borne to Esriel'), the father of the five.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Εσριηλ→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. υἱῷ): identifies Esriel as son of Barzillai.
Βερζελλιof Barzillaigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒερζελλι: transliteration of Hebrew בַּרְזִלַּי; indeclinable; Esriel's father.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the gentilic Μοουλαθι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Μοουλαθιthe Meholathitegentilic in apposition (indeclinable: 'the Meholathite')→ participant identificationΜοουλαθι: transliteration of the gentilic מְחֹלָתִי ('the Meholathite', from Abel-Meholah); indeclinable; locates Barzillai's family by town of origin.
9

καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοὺς ἐν χειρὶ τῶν Γαβαωνιτῶν καὶ ἐξηλίασαν αὐτοὺς ἐν τῷ ὄρει ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ ἔπεσαν οἱ ἑπτὰ αὐτοὶ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό καὶ αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐθανατώθησαν ἐν ἡμέραις θερισμοῦ ἐν πρώτοις ἐν ἀρχῇ θερισμοῦ κριθῶν

And he gave them into the hand of the Gibeonites, and they impaled them on the mountain before the LORD; and the seven of them fell together, and they were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, at the beginning of the barley harvest.

Execution of the seven (fulfillment of vv. 6, 8)καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοὺς
The handover (ἔδωκεν ... ἐν χειρὶ) and the impalement (ἐξηλίασαν ... ἔναντι κυρίου) execute the demand. The note that the seven 'fell together' (ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό) and died at the beginning of the barley harvest fixes the chronological frame for Rizpah's long vigil (v. 10) — from harvest until the rains, the season of agricultural anxiety amid the famine.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgave / handed overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (David delivers the seven)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / deliver'; the idiom δίδωμι ἐν χειρί ('give into the hand of') renders נָתַן בְּיַד, a Hebraism for handing over to another's power.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔδωκεν.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (idiomatic: 'into the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiomatic: 'into the hand of').
χειρὶhandDativedative (with ἐν: idiom 'into the hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρί = 'into the power / control of'; renders בְּיַד.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαβαωνιτῶνGibeonitesGenitivegenitive (with χειρί: 'the hand of the Gibeonites')→ relational specificationΓαβαωνίτης (gen. pl.): the wronged party, now the executors of the redress.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξηλίασανthey impaled / exposedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξηλιάζωmain verb (the Gibeonites execute the seven)→ constative aoristἐξηλιάζω: 'expose to the sun / impale'; renders יָקַע; the public sun-exposure of the executed bodies — the same act demanded with ἐξηλιάσωμεν in v. 6.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξηλίασαν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξηλίασαν.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'on the mountain')→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain / hill'; renders הַר; the elevated, exposed place of execution, fittingly 'before the LORD'.
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; marks the impalement as a sacral act performed in the LORD's sight, an expiation rather than private vengeance.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the bodies are displayed 'before the LORD', sealing the expiatory character of the act.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσανfellAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb (the seven die)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; renders נָפַל; here 'fell' as a euphemism for being slain — the seven perished together.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἑπτὰ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑπτὰsevensubstantivized numeral (subject: 'the seven'; indeclinable)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the full number demanded, now executed together.
αὐτοὶthey (themselves)Nominativeintensive pronoun (in apposition to οἱ ἑπτά)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'they themselves', emphasizing that all seven without exception perished.
ἐπὶat / uponpreposition + accusative (in idiom ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: in the idiom ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό ('together / in the same place'), denoting simultaneity and unity of fate.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (in idiom ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτόsameAccusativepart of the idiom ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό ('together')→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'the same'; ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό = 'together / at once', stressing that the seven fell in a single event.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject pronoun (resumptive: the seven)→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'they'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject pronoun (resumptive: the seven).
δὲand / nowpost-positive continuative→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; here continuative, adding the temporal note about when they died.
ἐθανατώθησανwere put to deathAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · θανατόωmain verb (passive: the seven were executed)→ constative aorist passiveθανατόω (aor. pass.): 'be put to death'; the passive restates the execution and supplies its precise season.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'in the days')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ἡμέραις θερισμοῦ ('in the days of harvest') sets the seasonal frame.
θερισμοῦof harvestGenitivegenitive (defining ἡμέραις: 'days of harvest')→ relational specificationθερισμός: 'harvest / reaping'; renders קָצִיר; the harvest season — here specifically the barley harvest (late spring) — anchors the chronology of Rizpah's vigil.
ἐνin / amongpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the first [days]')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the first [days]').
πρώτοιςfirstDativesubstantivized adjective (dative: 'among the first [days]')→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; ἐν πρώτοις = 'at the first / in the early [days]', specifying the very onset of the harvest.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἀρχῇbeginningDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'at the beginning')→ sphere or referenceἀρχή: 'beginning'; ἐν ἀρχῇ θερισμοῦ κριθῶν ('at the beginning of the barley harvest') precisely dates the execution and the start of Rizpah's watch.
θερισμοῦof harvestGenitivegenitive (with ἀρχῇ: 'beginning of harvest')→ relational specificationθερισμός: repeated to specify which harvest — that of barley.
κριθῶνof barleyGenitivegenitive (defining θερισμοῦ: 'barley harvest')→ relational specificationκριθή (gen. pl. κριθῶν): 'barley'; renders שְׂעֹרִים; the barley harvest (about April) is the earliest grain harvest, marking the season's start.
10

καὶ ἔλαβεν Ρεσφα θυγάτηρ Αια τὸν σάκκον καὶ ἔπηξεν αὑτῇ πρὸς τὴν πέτραν ἐν ἀρχῇ θερισμοῦ κριθῶν ἕως ἔσταξεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς ὕδωρ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἔδωκεν τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταπαῦσαι ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς ἡμέρας καὶ τὰ θηρία τοῦ ἀγροῦ νυκτός

And Rizpah daughter of Aiah took sackcloth and spread it for herself upon the rock, from the beginning of the barley harvest until water dropped upon them from heaven; and she did not allow the birds of heaven to settle upon them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.

Rizpah's vigil (the emotional center of the chapter)καὶ ἔλαβεν Ρεσφα
The chapter's pathos peaks: Rizpah spreads sackcloth on the rock and keeps a months-long vigil over the exposed bodies, from the barley harvest until the rains (ἕως ἔσταξεν ... ὕδωρ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ) — the rains signaling that the famine-curse is lifting. The day/night antithesis (birds by day, beasts by night) dramatizes her ceaseless maternal guardianship of the dishonored dead.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Rizpah's action)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; Rizpah takes the sackcloth to begin her vigil of mourning and guardianship.
ΡεσφαRizpahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡεσφα: Saul's concubine, mother of two of the slain; her devotion is the chapter's moral high point.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to Ρεσφα→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the patronymic 'daughter of Aiah' is solemnly repeated, dignifying her.
Αιαof Aiahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑια: Rizpah's father; the repeated patronymic marks her as a figure of note.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with σάκκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάκκονsackclothAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationσάκκος: 'sackcloth'; renders שַׂק; the coarse mourning-fabric Rizpah spreads on the rock — both her bed of vigil and a sign of grief.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπηξενspread / pitchedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πήγνυμιmain verb (Rizpah sets up her vigil-place)→ constative aoristπήγνυμι: 'fix / pitch / spread firmly'; here 'spread out / set up' the sackcloth on the rock as her station; the verb suggests she established it firmly for a prolonged stay.
αὑτῇfor herselfDativereflexive dative of advantage ('for herself')→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῦ (dat. αὑτῇ): reflexive 'for herself'; she made the sackcloth her own resting-place for the vigil.
πρὸςupon / againstpreposition + accusative (position: 'on the rock')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'at / upon / against', locating the sackcloth on the rock.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πέτραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέτρανrockAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationπέτρα: 'rock / crag'; renders צוּר; the bare rock near the execution-site, where Rizpah keeps watch beside the bodies.
ἐνfrom / inpreposition + dative (temporal: starting point)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: starting point).
ἀρχῇbeginningDativedative of time ('at the beginning of')→ sphere or referenceἀρχή: 'beginning'; the vigil begins at the barley-harvest's start, picking up the chronology of v. 9.
θερισμοῦof harvestGenitivegenitive (with ἀρχῇ)→ relational specificationθερισμός: 'harvest'; the season-marker of the vigil's onset.
κριθῶνof barleyGenitivegenitive (defining θερισμοῦ)→ relational specificationκριθή: 'barley'; the vigil thus runs from spring (barley harvest) to the early rains of autumn — a span of months.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (terminus: 'until')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; marks the endpoint of the vigil — the coming of the rains, signifying the lifting of the drought/famine.
ἔσταξενdropped / pouredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · στάζωverb of the ἕως-clause→ ingressive aorist (the rains began to fall)στάζω: 'drip / drop / let fall'; renders נָתַךְ / נָגַר; the rain 'dropping from heaven' on the bodies marks the end of the drought and the divine acceptance of the expiation (cf. v. 14, 'God heeded the land').
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided ἐπί)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided ἐπί).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the bodies)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the bodies).
ὕδωρwater / rainNominativesubject of ἔσταξεν→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; here the rain from heaven, whose return ends the drought-famine and the vigil.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οὐρανοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheaven / skyGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from heaven')→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; the rain 'from heaven' signals the LORD's renewed favor on the land.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔδωκεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενallowed / gave leaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (with infinitive: 'did not permit')→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; with a complementary infinitive δίδωμι means 'allow / permit'; οὐκ ἔδωκεν ... καταπαῦσαι = 'she did not allow [them] to settle' — her active protection of the corpses.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with πετεινὰ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πετεινὰbirdsAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive καταπαῦσαι→ object specificationπετεινόν: 'bird / winged creature'; renders עוֹף; the birds of heaven, scavengers she drove off by day to keep the bodies from desecration.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οὐρανοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦof heavenGenitivegenitive (with πετεινὰ: 'birds of heaven')→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven'; τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('birds of the air') is a stock LXX phrase (cf. Gen 1:26).
καταπαῦσαιto settle / restAor Act Inf · καταπαύωcomplementary infinitive (with οὐκ ἔδωκεν)→ constative aorist infinitive (completed act of granting rest)καταπαύω: 'cause to rest / settle down'; here intransitive 'to settle / alight' upon the bodies — what Rizpah prevented.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided ἐπί)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided ἐπί).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the corpses)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the corpses).
ἡμέραςby dayGenitivegenitive of time ('by day / during the daytime')→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. of time ἡμέρας): 'by day'; the genitive marks the time within which the birds were kept off — daylight hours.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel: night)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with θηρία)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίαbeastsAccusativeaccusative (parallel object: 'the beasts', understood with the same construction)→ object specificationθηρίον: 'wild beast'; renders חַיָּה; the beasts of the field, nocturnal scavengers she drove off by night — the day/night merism showing her unceasing watch.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἀγροῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦof the fieldGenitivegenitive (with θηρία: 'beasts of the field')→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / open country'; τὰ θηρία τοῦ ἀγροῦ ('beasts of the field') is a stock phrase for wild predators.
νυκτόςby nightGenitivegenitive of time ('by night')→ relational specificationνύξ (gen. of time νυκτός): 'by night'; balances ἡμέρας ('by day'), completing the picture of round-the-clock guardianship.
11

καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Δαυιδ ὅσα ἐποίησεν Ρεσφα θυγάτηρ Αια παλλακὴ Σαουλ καὶ ἐξελύθησαν καὶ κατέλαβεν αὐτοὺς Δαν υἱὸς Ιωα ἐκ τῶν ἀπογόνων τῶν γιγάντων

And it was reported to David all that Rizpah daughter of Aiah, the concubine of Saul, had done; and they were unbound, and Dan son of Joa, of the descendants of the giants, overtook them.

Report to David (the hinge to the burial action)καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Δαυιδ
Word of Rizpah's devotion reaches David, prompting his gathering of the bones (v. 12). The verse is textually rough: the closing clauses (καὶ ἐξελύθησαν ... κατέλαβεν αὐτοὺς Δαν υἱὸς Ιωα ἐκ τῶν ἀπογόνων τῶν γιγάντων) are obscure in the Greek, apparently a doublet or intrusion anticipating the giant-narratives of vv. 15–22; they are rendered here as literally as the text allows.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηγγέληit was reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal passive: 'it was told')→ constative aorist passiveἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; renders הֻגַּד; the impersonal passive 'it was reported to David' (with ὅσα-clause as subject) brings Rizpah's deed to royal attention.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Δαυιδ, dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDaviddative (indeclinable: 'to David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable, here dative with article τῷ ('to David'), the recipient of the report.
ὅσαall thatNominativerelative pronoun (subject-clause of ἀπηγγέλη)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / all that'; introduces the content-clause reporting all Rizpah's actions.
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the ὅσα-clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; 'all that Rizpah had done' — her sustained vigil over the bodies.
ΡεσφαRizpahsubject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡεσφα: the subject of the report — her devotion is what moves David.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to Ρεσφα→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter (of Aiah)'; the recurring patronymic.
Αιαof Aiahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑια: Rizpah's father.
παλλακὴconcubineNominativenominative in apposition to Ρεσφα→ participant prominenceπαλλακή: 'concubine / secondary wife'; renders פִּילֶגֶשׁ; identifies Rizpah's relation to Saul — a status that gave her sons a claim to the throne and made them targets (cf. 2 Kgdms 3:7).
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (continuing the difficult clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελύθησανthey were loosed / unboundAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐκλύωmain verb (obscure clause)→ constative aorist passiveἐκλύω: 'loose / release / weaken'; in the passive 'be loosed / be exhausted'; the reference is obscure here — possibly the bodies 'were taken down/loosed', or an intrusive note; the same verb describes David's exhaustion in vv. 15, where ἐξελύθη = 'grew faint'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέλαβενovertook / seizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (obscure clause)→ constative aoristκαταλαμβάνω: 'seize / overtake / lay hold of'; the clause καὶ κατέλαβεν αὐτοὺς Δαν υἱὸς Ιωα is textually obscure, apparently an intrusive or corrupt notice anticipating the giant-narratives; rendered literally.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κατέλαβεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κατέλαβεν.
ΔανDansubject of κατέλαβεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαν: a proper name (indeclinable) in this obscure clause; the figure 'Dan son of Joa, of the descendants of the giants' is otherwise unknown and likely reflects textual disturbance.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Δαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Dan as son of Joa.
Ιωαof Joagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωα: a proper name (indeclinable), Dan's father; unattested elsewhere.
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπογόνωνdescendantsGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'of the descendants')→ relational specificationἀπόγονος: 'descendant / offspring'; the same term used of the giants in v. 22 (ἀπόγονοι τῶν γιγάντων); its appearance here links the obscure clause to the giant-cycle of vv. 15–22.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with γιγάντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γιγάντωνgiantsGenitivegenitive (defining ἀπογόνων: 'descendants of the giants')→ relational specificationγίγας (gen. pl. γιγάντων): 'giant'; renders רְפָאִים / the Rapha-clan; the LXX's γίγαντες for the Philistine 'giants' frames vv. 15–22 and intrudes here in the corrupt notice.
12

καὶ ἐπορεύθη Δαυιδ καὶ ἔλαβεν τὰ ὀστᾶ Σαουλ καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ Ιωναθαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ παρὰ τῶν ἀνδρῶν υἱῶν Ιαβις Γαλααδ οἳ ἔκλεψαν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς πλατείας Βαιθσαν ὅτι ἔστησαν αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖ οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ ἐπάταξαν οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι τὸν Σαουλ ἐν Γελβουε

And David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of the sons of Jabesh-gilead, who had stolen them from the square of Beth-shan, where the Philistines had hung them on the day the Philistines struck Saul down at Gilboa.

David retrieves the bones of Saul and Jonathan (parallel honoring of the dead)καὶ ἐπορεύθη Δαυιδ
Moved by Rizpah's example, David acts to honor all the dishonored dead. He recovers the bones of Saul and Jonathan from the men of Jabesh-gilead, who had courageously rescued them (1 Kgdms 31:11–13) from the public square of Beth-shan where the victorious Philistines had displayed them after Gilboa. The retrospective clause anchors the action in the tragic defeat that opened David's path to the throne.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (David sets out)→ constative aorist (deponent)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; renders הָלַךְ; David personally goes to retrieve the bones — an act of royal piety toward his predecessor and his covenant-friend.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (David recovers the bones)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; David takes possession of the bones for honorable reburial.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὀστᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationὀστέον (contr. pl. ὀστᾶ): 'bone'; renders עֲצָמוֹת; the bones of Saul, the object of David's reverent retrieval.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὀστᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationὀστέον: the bones of Jonathan, honored alongside his father's.
Ιωναθανof Jonathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: David's covenant-friend, slain with Saul at Gilboa.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; 'Jonathan his son' — Saul's heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's son)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's son).
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from (the side of)'; marks the men of Jabesh as the source from whom David recovers the bones.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἀνδρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitivegenitive object of παρά→ relational specificationἀνήρ (gen. pl. ἀνδρῶν): 'men'; the men of Jabesh-gilead who had rescued the bodies.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive (defining ἀνδρῶν: 'men of the sons of Jabesh')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ιαβις = 'the inhabitants/citizens of Jabesh', a Hebraic idiom (בְּנֵי) for townsfolk.
Ιαβιςof Jabeshgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙαβις: transliteration of Hebrew יָבֵשׁ (Jabesh); indeclinable; Jabesh-gilead, the town that rescued Saul's body out of gratitude for his deliverance of them (1 Kgdms 11).
ΓαλααδGileadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Jabesh of Gilead')→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּלְעָד; indeclinable; locates Jabesh in the Transjordanian region of Gilead.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔκλεψαν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun referring to the men of Jabesh.
ἔκλεψανstoleAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κλέπτωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristκλέπτω: 'steal / carry off secretly'; renders גָּנַב; the men of Jabesh had stolen the bodies away from the Philistine display in a daring night-rescue (1 Kgdms 31:12).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔκλεψαν (the bodies)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔκλεψαν (the bodies).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with πλατείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλατείαςsquare / open streetGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'from the square')→ relational specificationπλατεῖα: 'broad street / public square'; renders רְחֹב; the open plaza of Beth-shan where the Philistines publicly displayed Saul's body.
ΒαιθσανBeth-shangenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒαιθσαν: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית שָׁן (Beth-shan); indeclinable; the city to whose wall the Philistines fastened Saul's corpse (1 Kgdms 31:10).
ὅτιwhere / becauseconjunction (here explanatory: 'inasmuch as / where')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that / because'; here introduces the explanatory ground — the Philistines had set the bodies up there.
ἔστησανhung / set upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιverb of the ὅτι-clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'set / stand / set up'; here transitive 'set up / hung up' — the Philistines fastened/displayed the bodies in the square as a war-trophy.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔστησαν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔστησαν.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; refers back to the square of Beth-shan.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject of ἔστησαν→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the standard LXX rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines'); used throughout vv. 12–19 for Israel's perennial enemy.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ ('on the day when') dates the display to the immediate aftermath of Gilboa.
on whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, with ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς (dat. fem. ᾗ): relative pronoun; 'the day on which' the Philistines defeated Saul.
ἐπάταξανstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πατάσσωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite (fatally)'; renders הִכָּה; refers to the Philistine victory at Gilboa where Saul fell (1 Kgdms 31).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject of ἐπάταξαν→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines'; the victors at Gilboa.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαουλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαουλSaulaccusative object of ἐπάταξαν (indeclinable, with article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΣαουλ: indeclinable; the article τὸν marks it as the accusative object — Saul, struck down at Gilboa.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΓελβουεGilboalocative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓελβουε: transliteration of Hebrew גִּלְבֹּעַ (Gilboa); indeclinable; the mountain where Saul and his sons died in battle (1 Kgdms 31:1).
13

καὶ ἀνήνεγκεν ἐκεῖθεν τὰ ὀστᾶ Σαουλ καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ Ιωναθαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ συνήγαγεν τὰ ὀστᾶ τῶν ἐξηλιασμένων

And he brought up from there the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son, and gathered the bones of those who had been impaled.

Consolidation of all the remains for burialκαὶ ἀνήνεγκεν ἐκεῖθεν
David brings up the bones of Saul and Jonathan and unites them with the bones of the seven 'impaled' ones (τῶν ἐξηλιασμένων), gathering all the wronged dead of Saul's house into a single act of honorable burial — the climactic reversal of the dishonor inflicted by Philistines (v. 12) and Gibeonites (v. 9) alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήνεγκενbrought upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (David transports the bones)→ constative aoristἀναφέρω: 'carry up / bring up'; renders הֶעֱלָה; David brings the bones up from Jabesh (in the lower Jordan valley) to Benjamin for burial.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; i.e. from Jabesh-gilead, where the men had kept the bones.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὀστᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object of ἀνήνεγκεν→ object specificationὀστέον: 'bone'; the remains of Saul.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὀστᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationὀστέον: the remains of Jonathan.
Ιωναθανof Jonathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; 'Jonathan his son'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήγαγενgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (David collects the remains of the seven)→ constative aoristσυνάγω: 'gather together / collect'; renders אָסַף; David unites the bones of Saul and Jonathan with those of the seven impaled, for a common burial.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὀστᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object of συνήγαγεν→ object specificationὀστέον: the remains of the seven executed descendants of Saul.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with the participle ἐξηλιασμένων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξηλιασμένωνof those impaledPerf Pass Part Gen Masc Pl · ἐξηλιάζωsubstantivized participle (genitive: 'of the impaled ones')→ verbal action or stateἐξηλιάζω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'those who have been impaled/sun-exposed'; the perfect participle denotes the abiding result-state of the seven's execution (v. 9); substantivized, 'the impaled ones'.
14

καὶ ἔθαψαν τὰ ὀστᾶ Σαουλ καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ Ιωναθαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἡλιασθέντων ἐν γῇ Βενιαμιν ἐν τῇ πλευρᾷ ἐν τῷ τάφῳ Κις τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐποίησαν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεύς καὶ ἐπήκουσεν ὁ θεὸς τῇ γῇ μετὰ ταῦτα

And they buried the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son, and of those who had been impaled, in the land of Benjamin, on the hillside, in the tomb of Kish his father; and they did all that the king commanded; and after these things God heeded the land.

Resolution: honorable burial and the lifting of the famineκαὶ ἔθαψαν
The burial in the ancestral tomb of Kish completes the restoration of Saul's house's honor. The summary 'they did all that the king commanded' affirms David's righteous administration of the whole affair, and the climactic καὶ ἐπήκουσεν ὁ θεὸς τῇ γῇ ('God heeded the land') signals that the bloodguilt is expiated and the famine of v. 1 is over — closing the chapter's first movement.
Word-by-word analysis· 43 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανthey buriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (the burial)→ constative aoristθάπτω: 'bury / inter'; renders קָבַר; the honorable burial of all the remains in the ancestral tomb — the act that restores the dishonored dead and concludes the expiation.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὀστᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object of ἔθαψαν→ object specificationὀστέον: the bones of Saul.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὀστᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationὀστέον: the bones of Jonathan.
Ιωναθανof Jonathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the seven)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle (with the participle ἡλιασθέντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡλιασθέντωνwho had been impaledAor Pass Part Gen Masc Pl · ἡλιάζωsubstantivized participle (genitive: 'of the impaled ones')→ verbal action or stateἡλιάζω (aor. pass. ptc.): 'those who were sun-exposed/impaled'; a by-form of ἐξηλιάζω (vv. 6, 9, 13); the aorist participle here names the seven by the manner of their death, gathered for burial with Saul and Jonathan.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; ἐν γῇ Βενιαμιν ('in the land of Benjamin') — Saul's own tribal territory, the fitting place of his burial.
Βενιαμινof Benjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliteration of Hebrew בִּנְיָמִן; indeclinable; Saul's tribe, in whose territory the family tomb lay.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with πλευρᾷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλευρᾷside / hillsideDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'on the side/slope')→ sphere or referenceπλευρά: 'side / flank / hillside'; here probably the slope or side of the locale (MT בְּצֵלָע, the place-name 'Zela'); the LXX construes it as a common noun 'on the hillside'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with τάφῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφῳtombDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'in the tomb')→ sphere or referenceτάφος: 'tomb / grave'; renders קֶבֶר; the ancestral sepulchre of Kish, Saul's father — burial in the family tomb being the fullest honor for the dead.
Κιςof Kishgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΚις: transliteration of Hebrew קִישׁ; indeclinable; Saul's father (1 Kgdms 9:1), whose tomb receives the remains.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρὸς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Κις→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; identifies Kish as Saul's father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's father)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's father).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey didAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (compliance summary)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the formula 'they did all that the king commanded' affirms full execution of David's just orders.
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of David's commands carried out.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐνετείλατο)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; introduces the relative clause specifying the king's commands.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (deponent)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / give orders'; renders צִוָּה; the king's authoritative directives concerning the burial.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: David, whose just commands are fully obeyed.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (climactic)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπήκουσενheeded / heard favorablyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (the divine response)→ constative aorist (the resolution)ἐπακούω: 'listen to / heed / answer favorably'; renders עָתַר (Niphal, 'be entreated'); 'God heeded the land' announces that the expiation is accepted and the famine of v. 1 is ended — the chapter's theological resolution.
theNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of ἐπήκουσεν→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; here the answer to the famine — God 'heeds' the land once the bloodguilt is expiated and the dead honored.
τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative object of ἐπήκουσεν ('heeded the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; the land that had suffered the famine now receives God's favorable attention — the curse lifted.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετὰ ταῦτα ('after these things') marks the temporal sequel — the divine favor follows the completed expiation.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ object specificationοὗτος (acc. pl. n. ταῦτα): 'these things'; refers to the whole sequence of expiation and burial, after which God answered.
15

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἔτι πόλεμος τοῖς ἀλλοφύλοις μετὰ Ισραηλ καὶ κατέβη Δαυιδ καὶ οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπολέμησαν μετὰ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ἐξελύθη Δαυιδ

And there was war yet again between the Philistines and Israel; and David went down, and his servants with him, and they fought against the Philistines; and David grew faint.

New section: the giant-exploits begin (renewed Philistine war)καὶ ἐγενήθη ἔτι πόλεμος
A fresh movement opens the appendix of giant-exploits (vv. 15–22). The recurring frame ἐγενήθη ἔτι πόλεμος ('there was war yet again') marks each of the four episodes. The notice that David ἐξελύθη ('grew faint / exhausted') sets up the peril of v. 16 and the army's protective vow of v. 17 — the aging king is no longer invincible in battle.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηthere was / aroseAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (existential: 'war arose')→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'become / come to be'; the formula ἐγενήθη ἔτι πόλεμος ('war arose again') introduces each of the four giant-episodes.
ἔτιyet againadverb (temporal: 'still / again')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet / again'; signals the renewal of Philistine hostilities — the recurring battle-frame.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἐγενήθη→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the perennial Philistine conflict, here resumed.
τοῖςthe / with theDativearticle (with ἀλλοφύλοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλοιςPhilistinesDativedative (one party of the war: 'for/to the Philistines')→ sphere or referenceἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine'; the dative names one of the warring parties (the war 'belonging to / involving the Philistines').
μετὰwith / againstpreposition + genitive (the other party)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; here in the hostile sense 'against / in conflict with Israel'.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the other party to the war.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (David enters the battle)→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go down'; renders יָרַד; David 'goes down' (from the highlands) to engage the Philistines in the lowlands.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with παῖδες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativesubject (coordinate with Δαυιδ)→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / soldier'; renders עֶבֶד; David's loyal warriors who accompany him into battle.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; 'his servants with him'.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετ᾿.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπολέμησανthey foughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb (the engagement)→ constative aoristπολεμέω: 'make war / fight'; renders נִלְחַם; the battle against the Philistines in which David is endangered.
μετὰagainstpreposition + genitive (hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: here hostile, 'against the Philistines'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl.): the Philistine enemy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελύθηgrew faint / was exhaustedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλύωmain verb (David's exhaustion)→ ingressive aorist (David became faint)ἐκλύω (aor. pass. ἐξελύθη): 'be unstrung / grow weary / faint'; renders עָיֵף; David's battle-fatigue exposes him to the giant's attack and motivates the army's later vow that he fight no more.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
16

καὶ Ιεσβι ὃς ἦν ἐν τοῖς ἐκγόνοις τοῦ Ραφα καὶ ὁ σταθμὸς τοῦ δόρατος αὐτοῦ τριακοσίων σίκλων ὁλκὴ χαλκοῦ καὶ αὐτὸς περιεζωσμένος κορύνην καὶ διενοεῖτο πατάξαι τὸν Δαυιδ

And Ishbi, who was among the descendants of Rapha — and the weight of his spear was three hundred shekels' weight of bronze, and he was girded with a club — purposed to strike David down.

First exploit: the threat from Ishbi the giantκαὶ Ιεσβι
The first named giant, Ishbi of the Rapha-clan, is introduced with the formulaic note of monstrous weaponry (spear of 300 bronze shekels, recalling Goliath's in 1 Kgdms 17:7) and his intent to kill the faltering David (διενοεῖτο πατάξαι τὸν Δαυιδ). The suspense — David's life in danger — sets up Abishai's rescue in v. 17.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙεσβιIshbisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεσβι: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׁבּוֹ (Ishbi-benob); indeclinable; the first of the four Philistine giants, who nearly kills David.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing Ishbi's pedigree among the giants.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of the relative clause→ stative imperfectεἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; locates Ishbi among the descendants of Rapha.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (membership)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (membership).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἐκγόνοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκγόνοιςdescendants / offspringDativedative (with ἐν: 'among the descendants')→ sphere or referenceἔκγονος: 'descendant / offspring'; renders יְלִידֵי ('those born of'); the Rapha-clan, the legendary giants of Philistia (cf. vv. 18, 20, 22).
τοῦthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Ραφα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ραφαof Raphagenitive of relationship (indeclinable, with article τοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingΡαφα: transliteration of Hebrew רָפָה; indeclinable (the article τοῦ supplies the case); the eponymous ancestor of the Rephaim giants of Gath (cf. 1 Chr 20:4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parenthetical description)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with σταθμὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σταθμὸςweightNominativesubject of the parenthetical verbless clause→ participant prominenceσταθμός: 'weight / standard weight'; renders מִשְׁקָל; introduces the giant's massive spear, echoing the description of Goliath's weaponry (1 Kgdms 17:7).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δόρατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρατοςspearGenitivegenitive (with σταθμὸς: 'weight of his spear')→ relational specificationδόρυ (gen. δόρατος): 'spear'; renders חֲנִית / קַיִן; the giant's spear, whose bronze weight signals his superhuman strength.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τριακοσίωνthree hundredGenitivegenitive numeral (with σίκλων: 'three hundred shekels')→ relational specificationτριακόσιοι: 'three hundred'; the spear weighs 300 shekels of bronze — twice the iron of Goliath's spearhead (150 in 1 Kgdms 17:7), magnifying the menace.
σίκλωνshekelsGenitivegenitive of measure (with ὁλκὴ)→ relational specificationσίκλος: 'shekel'; transliterates Hebrew שֶׁקֶל; a standard weight-unit; the genitive of measure quantifies the spear's bronze.
ὁλκὴweightNominativenominative in apposition (with σταθμὸς: 'a weight of bronze')→ participant prominenceὁλκή: 'weight / the drawing-down (of a balance)'; a near-synonym of σταθμός, here specifying the total bronze mass of the spear.
χαλκοῦof bronzeGenitivegenitive of material (with ὁλκὴ)→ relational specificationχαλκός: 'bronze / copper'; renders נְחֹשֶׁת; the spear's material, again recalling Goliath's bronze armament.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject pronoun (intensive, with περιεζωσμένος)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he himself'; emphasizes the giant as the bearer of the new weaponry.
περιεζωσμένοςgirdedPerf Mid Part Nom Masc Sg · περιζώννυμιpredicate participle (periphrastic with implied ἦν: 'was girded')→ verbal action or stateπεριζώννυμι (perf. mid. ptc.): 'gird oneself / be girded about'; the perfect denotes the settled state of being armed; the giant is 'girded with a club' (κορύνην), a fresh, formidable weapon.
κορύνηνa clubAccusativeaccusative of respect / instrument (with περιεζωσμένος)→ object specificationκορύνη: 'club / mace'; a rare term; the giant is equipped with a club (perhaps 'a new sword' in the Hebrew, חֲדָשָׁה); the accusative specifies what he was girded with.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming the main clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διενοεῖτοintended / purposedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διανοέομαιmain verb (the giant's deadly intent)→ conative imperfect (was trying / intending)διανοέομαι: 'intend / purpose / plot'; the imperfect is conative — the giant 'was intending / set about' to kill David, his purpose thwarted only by Abishai.
πατάξαιto strike downAor Act Inf · πατάσσωcomplementary infinitive (with διενοεῖτο)→ telic aorist infinitive (the hoped-for blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite (fatally)'; the giant's intended lethal blow against the exhausted David.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative object of πατάξαι (indeclinable, with article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the article τὸν marks the accusative — David, the giant's intended victim.
17

καὶ ἐβοήθησεν αὐτῷ Αβεσσα υἱὸς Σαρουιας καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸν ἀλλόφυλον καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτόν τότε ὤμοσαν οἱ ἄνδρες Δαυιδ λέγοντες οὐκ ἐξελεύσῃ ἔτι μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν εἰς πόλεμον καὶ οὐ μὴ σβέσῃς τὸν λύχνον Ισραηλ

But Abishai son of Zeruiah helped him, and struck the Philistine and put him to death. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, 'You shall not go out with us to battle anymore, lest you quench the lamp of Israel.'

Rescue of David and the protective vowκαὶ ἐβοήθησεν αὐτῷ Αβεσσα
Abishai's timely aid (ἐβοήθησεν) saves David and kills the giant. The army's oath (οὐκ ἐξελεύσῃ ... οὐ μὴ σβέσῃς τὸν λύχνον Ισραηλ) honors David as the 'lamp of Israel' — a royal metaphor for the king as the people's life and continuity (cf. 1 Kgdms 21:17 MT; 2 Sam 22:29). The emphatic double negative οὐ μὴ σβέσῃς underscores the dread of extinguishing that lamp.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβοήθησενhelped / came to aidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοηθέωmain verb (Abishai's rescue)→ constative aoristβοηθέω: 'help / come to the aid of'; renders עָזַר; takes the dative (αὐτῷ); Abishai's intervention rescues David from the giant.
αὐτῷhimDativedative (object of βοηθέω: 'helped him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (object of βοηθέω: 'helped him').
ΑβεσσαAbishaisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσα: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִישַׁי (Abishai); indeclinable; David's nephew and warrior, Joab's brother, David's rescuer.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αβεσσα→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Abishai as son of Zeruiah, David's sister.
Σαρουιαςof ZeruiahGenitivegenitive of relationship (declinable name: 'son of Zeruiah')→ relational specificationΣαρουια (gen. Σαρουιας): transliteration of Hebrew צְרוּיָה (Zeruiah), David's sister; here inflected as a first-declension genitive, hence a declinable name; mother of Abishai, Joab, and Asahel.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Abishai strikes the giant)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; Abishai strikes down the Philistine giant, turning the peril into victory.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλονPhilistineAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistine'; here the giant Ishbi, the foe Abishai kills.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενput to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (coordinate with ἐπάταξεν)→ constative aoristθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; confirms the giant's death at Abishai's hand.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσεν→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐθανάτωσεν.
τότεthenadverb (temporal: 'then / at that time')→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; marks the consequence — after the near-loss of David, the men resolve to protect him.
ὤμοσανsworeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὀμνύωmain verb (the army's oath)→ constative aoristὀμνύω: 'swear'; the men of David bind themselves by oath to keep the king out of battle henceforth.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄνδρες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of ὤμοσαν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (nom. pl. ἄνδρες): 'men'; οἱ ἄνδρες Δαυιδ = 'David's men', his warriors who swear to safeguard him.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the oath's content)→ present participle (speech accompanying the objecting)λέγω (pres. ptc. λέγοντες): the participle of saying introduces direct speech, a Hebraizing redundancy (לֵאמֹר).
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐξελεύσῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελεύσῃyou shall go outFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb of the oath (prohibitive future)→ imperatival/prohibitive future ('you shall not go out')ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / go forth (to battle)'; the future with οὐκ functions as a solemn prohibition — David is forbidden to march out to war again.
ἔτιanymoreadverb (temporal: 'any longer')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / anymore'; 'no longer' go out to battle — David's fighting days are over.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; 'with us', the soldiers.
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μεθ᾿→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μεθ᾿.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (purpose/goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/goal).
πόλεμονbattleAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('to battle')→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; the arena David is barred from entering.
καὶlest / andconjunction (introducing the negative purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces the negative purpose ('and so that you not ...'), giving the reason for the prohibition.
οὐnotnegative particle (part of emphatic οὐ μὴ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive: emphatic negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ μή + subjunctive: the strongest form of Greek negation; here 'so that you may by no means quench' — the dread of the king's death made absolute.
σβέσῃςyou quenchAor Act Subj 2 Sg · σβέννυμιsubjunctive of negative purpose (with οὐ μὴ)→ verbal action or stateσβέννυμι: 'extinguish / quench'; renders כָּבָה; the metaphor of quenching the 'lamp of Israel' equates David's death with the snuffing out of the nation's hope and dynastic continuity.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λύχνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λύχνονlampAccusativedirect object of σβέσῃς→ object specificationλύχνος: 'lamp'; renders נֵר; 'the lamp of Israel' is a royal metaphor for David as the people's living light and the continuity of his house (cf. the Davidic 'lamp' in 3 Kgdms 11:36; 15:4).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
18

καὶ ἐγενήθη μετὰ ταῦτα ἔτι πόλεμος ἐν Γεθ μετὰ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων τότε ἐπάταξεν Σεβοχα ὁ Αστατωθι τὸν Σεφ τὸν ἐν τοῖς ἐκγόνοις τοῦ Ραφα

And it happened after these things that there was again war at Gath with the Philistines; then Sebocha the Hushathite struck down Saph, who was among the descendants of Rapha.

Second exploit: Sebocha kills Saph (battle-frame repeated)καὶ ἐγενήθη μετὰ ταῦτα ἔτι πόλεμος
The second giant-episode reuses the battle-frame (ἐγενήθη ... ἔτι πόλεμος). Sebocha the Hushathite (a Davidic hero, cf. 2 Kgdms 23:27) strikes down Saph, another of the Rapha-clan, at Gath. The repeated ἐν τοῖς ἐκγόνοις τοῦ Ραφα formula ties each victim to the giant lineage.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηthere was / happenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (battle-frame formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass.): the recurring frame introducing the second exploit.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετὰ ταῦτα ('after these things') links the episodes in sequence.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ object specificationοὗτος (acc. pl. n.): 'these things'; the prior exploit.
ἔτιagainadverb (temporal: 'still / again')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'again'; the renewed Philistine war.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἐγενήθη→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΓεθGathlocative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓεθ: transliteration of Hebrew גַּת (Gath); indeclinable; a Philistine city, home of the giants (Goliath's town, 1 Kgdms 17:4).
μετὰwith / againstpreposition + genitive (hostile)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / against'; the engagement with the Philistines.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl.): the Philistine enemy.
τότεthenadverb (temporal)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; introduces the decisive blow.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Sebocha kills Saph)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite (fatally)'; Sebocha's victory over the giant Saph.
ΣεβοχαSebocha / Sibbecaisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣεβοχα: transliteration of Hebrew סִבְּכַי (Sibbecai); indeclinable; one of David's mighty men (2 Kgdms 23:27, where the form differs).
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αστατωθι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αστατωθιthe Hushathitegentilic in apposition (indeclinable: 'the Hushathite')→ participant identificationΑστατωθι: transliteration of the gentilic הַחֻשָׁתִי ('the Hushathite', from Hushah); indeclinable; identifies Sebocha's clan.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σεφ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣεφSaphaccusative object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable, with article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΣεφ: transliteration of Hebrew סַף (Saph); indeclinable; the second giant slain, of the Rapha-clan.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive, with the ἐν-phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (membership)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (membership).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἐκγόνοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκγόνοιςdescendantsDativedative (with ἐν: 'among the descendants')→ sphere or referenceἔκγονος: 'descendant'; Saph too belongs to the Rapha-clan of giants.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ραφα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ραφαof Raphagenitive of relationship (indeclinable, with article τοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingΡαφα: indeclinable; the giant-ancestor, recurring as the lineage of each foe (vv. 16, 20, 22).
19

καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ πόλεμος ἐν Γοβ μετὰ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ἐπάταξεν Ελεαναν υἱὸς Αριωργιμ ὁ Βαιθλεεμίτης τὸν Γολιαθ τὸν Γεθθαῖον καὶ τὸ ξύλον τοῦ δόρατος αὐτοῦ ὡς ἀντίον ὑφαινόντων

And there was the war at Gob with the Philistines; and Elhanan son of Ariorgim the Bethlehemite struck down Goliath the Gittite, the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver's beam.

Third exploit: Elhanan kills Goliath the Gittiteκαὶ ἐγένετο ὁ πόλεμος ἐν Γοβ
The third episode, at Gob, has Elhanan the Bethlehemite strike down 'Goliath the Gittite' — a famous crux, since 1 Kgdms 17 credits David with Goliath's death (the Chronicler harmonizes at 1 Chr 20:5: 'Lahmi the brother of Goliath'). The signature simile τὸ ξύλον τοῦ δόρατος ... ὡς ἀντίον ὑφαινόντων ('the spear-shaft like a weaver's beam') is verbatim the description of Goliath's spear in 1 Kgdms 17:7.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοthere wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (battle-frame)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: the battle-frame, here with the middle ἐγένετο and the article ὁ πόλεμος ('the war').
theNominativearticle (with πόλεμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; the article perhaps points back to the continuing Philistine conflict.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΓοβGoblocative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓοβ: transliteration of Hebrew גּוֹב (Gob); indeclinable; the site of the third giant-battle.
μετὰwith / againstpreposition + genitive (hostile)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / against the Philistines'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl.): the Philistine enemy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Elhanan kills Goliath)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite (fatally)'; Elhanan's killing of Goliath the Gittite.
ΕλεανανElhanansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλεαναν: transliteration of Hebrew אֶלְחָנָן (Elhanan); indeclinable; the Bethlehemite warrior credited here with Goliath's death.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ελεαναν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Elhanan's father.
Αριωργιμof Ariorgim / Jairgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑριωργιμ: transliteration reflecting Hebrew יַעְרֵי אֹרְגִים (Jaare-oregim), a textually disturbed name (probably conflating 'Jair' with 'oregim', 'weavers', dittographed from the weaver's-beam simile); indeclinable; Elhanan's father.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Βαιθλεεμίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Βαιθλεεμίτηςthe BethlehemiteNominativegentilic in apposition (nominative: 'the Bethlehemite')→ participant prominenceΒαιθλεεμίτης: 'Bethlehemite'; gentilic from Βαιθλεεμ (Bethlehem); marks Elhanan, like David, as a man of Bethlehem — a detail that has fueled the harmonizing tradition.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Γολιαθ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓολιαθGoliathaccusative object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable, with article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΓολιαθ: transliteration of Hebrew גָּלְיָת (Goliath); indeclinable; the famous Philistine champion (1 Kgdms 17) — here, in a celebrated crux, slain by Elhanan rather than David.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the gentilic Γεθθαῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Γεθθαῖονthe GittiteAccusativegentilic in apposition (accusative: 'the Gittite')→ object specificationΓεθθαῖος: 'Gittite', man of Gath; gentilic identifying Goliath's city — the giant-stronghold (cf. v. 18).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parenthetical description)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ξύλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλονwood / shaftNominativesubject of the verbless simile-clause→ participant prominenceξύλον: 'wood / shaft'; renders עֵץ; the wooden shaft of Goliath's spear, whose size is conveyed by the weaver's-beam simile.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with δόρατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρατοςspearGenitivegenitive (with ξύλον: 'shaft of his spear')→ relational specificationδόρυ (gen. δόρατος): 'spear'; the giant's spear, its shaft compared to a weaver's beam.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle (introducing simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the simile rendering Hebrew כִּמְנוֹר ('like a beam').
ἀντίονweaver's beamNominativepredicate of comparison ('like a beam')→ participant prominenceἀντίον: 'weaver's beam / the beam of a loom'; renders מָנוֹר; the standard simile (verbatim from 1 Kgdms 17:7) for the enormous thickness of the giant's spear-shaft.
ὑφαινόντωνof weaversPres Act Part Gen Masc Pl · ὑφαίνωsubstantivized participle (genitive: 'of those who weave')→ verbal action or stateὑφαίνω (pres. ptc. ὑφαινόντων): 'weave'; the substantivized participle 'of weavers' completes the simile — the spear-shaft as thick as a loom-beam used by weavers.
20

καὶ ἐγένετο ἔτι πόλεμος ἐν Γεθ καὶ ἦν ἀνὴρ Μαδων καὶ οἱ δάκτυλοι τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ δάκτυλοι τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ ἓξ καὶ ἕξ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες ἀριθμῷ καί γε αὐτὸς ἐτέχθη τῷ Ραφα

And there was war yet again at Gath; and there was a man of Madon, and the fingers of his hands and the toes of his feet were six and six — twenty-four in number; and he too was born to Rapha.

Fourth exploit: the six-fingered giant of Gathκαὶ ἐγένετο ἔτι πόλεμος ἐν Γεθ
The fourth episode introduces a polydactyl giant — six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in total — 'a man of Madon' (the LXX construing Hebrew מָדוֹן/מִדָּה, 'of great stature', as a place/name). The detail emphasizes his monstrous abnormality. The closing καί γε αὐτὸς ἐτέχθη τῷ Ραφα ('he too was born to Rapha') ties him to the giant-clan.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοthere wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (battle-frame)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: the recurring battle-frame for the fourth and final exploit.
ἔτιyet againadverb (temporal)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'again'; the renewed war at Gath.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΓεθGathlocative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓεθ: Gath, again the locale of the giant-battle.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb ('there was a man')→ stative imperfectεἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; introduces the description of the polydactyl giant.
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; the fourth giant, here characterized by his abnormal stature and digits.
Μαδωνof Madon / of staturegenitive of quality/origin (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαδων: transliteration of Hebrew מָדוֹן (here for מִדָּה, 'measure / stature'); the LXX treats it as an indeclinable name; 'a man of Madon' = 'a man of [great] stature', i.e. a giant.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (describing his digits)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with δάκτυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάκτυλοιfingersNominativesubject of the verbless clause→ participant prominenceδάκτυλος: 'finger / toe'; renders אֶצְבַּע; here the fingers of his hands — the first set of the polydactyly.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with χειρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive (with δάκτυλοι: 'fingers of his hands')→ relational specificationχείρ (gen. pl. χειρῶν): 'hand'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with δάκτυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δάκτυλοιtoesNominativesubject (coordinate: 'toes')→ participant prominenceδάκτυλος: here 'toes' (same word as for fingers); the second set of the polydactyly.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ποδῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδῶνfeetGenitivegenitive (with δάκτυλοι: 'toes of his feet')→ relational specificationπούς (gen. pl. ποδῶν): 'foot'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἓξsixpredicate numeral (indeclinable: 'six [on each hand]')→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; indeclinable; six fingers per hand.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕξsixpredicate numeral (indeclinable: 'six [on each foot]')→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; six toes per foot — 'six and six' on hands and feet alike.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (indeclinable, with τέσσαρες: 'twenty-four')→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable; part of the total count.
τέσσαρεςfourNominativenumeral (with εἴκοσι: 'twenty-four')→ measure or countτέσσαρες: 'four'; εἴκοσι τέσσαρες = 'twenty-four', the sum of his digits (4 × 6).
ἀριθμῷin numberDativedative of respect ('in number / by count')→ sphere or referenceἀριθμός: 'number'; the dative of respect specifies that twenty-four is the total count of his fingers and toes.
καίandconjunction (in the emphatic combination καί γε)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: in the combination καί γε ('and indeed / even'), a kaige-style rendering of Hebrew וְגַם.
γεindeedemphatic particle (with καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: emphatic enclitic; καί γε ('and indeed / he too') is a characteristic kaige-recension rendering of Hebrew גַּם, emphasizing that this giant too belonged to Rapha's line.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject pronoun (intensive: 'he himself / he too')→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he himself'; with καί γε, 'he too' — another scion of Rapha.
ἐτέχθηwas bornAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (his descent from Rapha)→ constative aorist passiveτίκτω (aor. pass. ἐτέχθη): 'be born'; renders יֻלַּד; 'was born to Rapha', i.e. a member of the giant-clan (cf. v. 22).
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ραφα, dative of relationship)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαφαRaphadative of relationship (indeclinable: 'born to Rapha')→ participant identificationΡαφα: indeclinable, here dative with article τῷ ('to Rapha') — the giant-ancestor to whom he was born.
21

καὶ ὠνείδισεν τὸν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν Ιωναθαν υἱὸς Σεμεϊ ἀδελφοῦ Δαυιδ

And he reproached Israel, and Jonathan son of Shimei, David's brother, struck him down.

The giant's taunt and his deathκαὶ ὠνείδισεν τὸν Ισραηλ
The polydactyl giant 'reproached Israel' (ὠνείδισεν), echoing Goliath's defiance (1 Kgdms 17:10, 25), and is struck down by Jonathan son of Shimei, David's brother (or nephew). The pattern — Philistine taunt answered by a Davidic champion — replays the Goliath archetype, rounding out the four exploits.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠνείδισενreproached / tauntedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀνειδίζωmain verb (the giant's defiance)→ constative aoristὀνειδίζω: 'reproach / revile / taunt'; renders חֵרֵף; the giant's defiance of Israel echoes Goliath's challenge (1 Kgdms 17:10), marking him as a blasphemer against the LORD's people.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ὠνείδισεν (indeclinable, with article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the article τὸν marks the accusative — Israel, the object of the giant's taunt.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Jonathan kills the giant)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite (fatally)'; the answer to the taunt — the giant is slain.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπάταξεν.
ΙωναθανJonathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: indeclinable; here a different Jonathan — son of Shimei, David's brother/kinsman — who slays the fourth giant.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies this Jonathan's father.
Σεμεϊof Shimeigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: transliteration of Hebrew שִׁמְעָה / שִׁמְעִי (Shimei/Shimeah); indeclinable; David's brother (cf. 1 Kgdms 16:9), so Jonathan is David's nephew.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σεμεϊ ('brother of David')→ relational specificationἀδελφός (gen. ἀδελφοῦ): 'brother'; identifies Shimei as David's brother, making Jonathan David's nephew — the family connection underscores that the giants fell to David's own kin.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
22

οἱ τέσσαρες οὗτοι ἐτέχθησαν ἀπόγονοι τῶν γιγάντων ἐν Γεθ τῷ Ραφα οἶκος καὶ ἔπεσαν ἐν χειρὶ Δαυιδ καὶ ἐν χειρὶ τῶν δούλων αὐτοῦ

These four were born descendants of the giants in Gath, the house of Rapha; and they fell by the hand of David and by the hand of his servants.

Summary conclusion of the giant-exploits (and of the chapter)οἱ τέσσαρες οὗτοι
The closing summary gathers the four exploits: all four giants were of the Rapha-clan of Gath and fell 'by the hand of David and his servants'. Though David himself was rescued rather than victorious in the first encounter, the formula credits the whole victory to him and his men, sealing the chapter's portrait of the LORD's deliverance of the king and people from the legendary giants of Philistia.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
οἱtheNominativearticle (with τέσσαρες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαρεςfourNominativesubstantivized numeral (subject: 'the four')→ measure or countτέσσαρες: 'four'; the four giants of the preceding episodes (Ishbi, Saph, Goliath, the man of Madon).
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative (with οἱ τέσσαρες: 'these four')→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'this / these'; the demonstrative gathers the four named foes into a single summary.
ἐτέχθησανwere bornAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · τίκτωmain verb (their common descent)→ constative aorist passiveτίκτω (aor. pass.): 'be born'; renders יֻלְּדוּ; all four 'were born' as descendants of the giants — a shared pedigree.
ἀπόγονοιdescendantsNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐτέχθησαν: 'born descendants')→ participant prominenceἀπόγονος: 'descendant / offspring'; the same term as in v. 11; classes the four as scions of the giant-line.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with γιγάντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γιγάντωνgiantsGenitivegenitive (with ἀπόγονοι: 'descendants of the giants')→ relational specificationγίγας (gen. pl. γιγάντων): 'giant'; the LXX's rendering of the Rephaim, the legendary giant-stock of Gath.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΓεθGathlocative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓεθ: Gath, the giants' home city.
τῷto / ofDativearticle (with Ραφα)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ραφαto Raphadative of relationship (indeclinable: 'to/of Rapha')→ participant identificationΡαφα: indeclinable, with article τῷ; 'the house of Rapha' — the giant-ancestor whose lineage the four belonged to.
οἶκοςhouseNominativenominative in apposition (loosely: 'the house [of Rapha]')→ participant prominenceοἶκος: 'house / household / clan'; the loose syntax (τῷ Ραφα οἶκος) reflects a difficult Hebrew Vorlage — 'born to Rapha (as) a house/family in Gath'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσανfellAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb (their death)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; renders נָפַל; 'they fell' — were slain — by David and his men, the chapter's victorious conclusion.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'by the hand of').
χειρὶhandDativedative (idiom 'by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρί ('by the hand of') is a Hebraism (בְּיַד) for agency — the giants fell through David and his men.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the king to whom the whole victory is credited, even where his servants struck the blows.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental).
χειρὶhandDativedative (idiom 'by the hand of', parallel)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; the parallel 'by the hand of his servants' shares the credit with David's warriors (Abishai, Sebocha, Elhanan, Jonathan).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with δούλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλωνservantsGenitivegenitive (with χειρὶ: 'the hand of his servants')→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; renders עֶבֶד; here David's loyal warriors, the human agents of the LORD's deliverance from the giants.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (David's servants)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (David's servants).