Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Second Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 23ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Β′ ΚΓ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

David's last words and the deeds of his mighty men frame the kingdom in promise, loyalty, and blood-forged service.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 2 Kingdoms 23 (= 2 Samuel 23) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter falls into two sharply contrasting halves. Verses 1–7 preserve 'the last words of David' (οἱ λόγοι Δαυιδ οἱ ἔσχατοι), a dense, archaic poetic oracle of self-presentation: David is the man raised on high (ὃν ἀνέστησεν κύριος), the anointed of the God of Jacob (χριστὸν θεοῦ Ιακωβ), and the sweet psalmist of Israel (εὐπρεπεῖς ψαλμοὶ Ισραηλ); the Spirit of the LORD speaks by him (πνεῦμα κυρίου ἐλάλησεν ἐν ἐμοί), and the just ruler is likened to the morning light at sunrise (φωτὶ πρωίας). The oracle is notoriously difficult in both Hebrew and Greek, and the LXX of vv. 4–7 is in places obscure, reproducing the compression of its Vorlage rather than smoothing it. Verse 5 invokes the everlasting covenant (διαθήκην αἰώνιον) that YHWH has 'set in order' for David's house, while v. 6 dismisses the lawless (ὁ παράνομος) as thorns to be burnt. Verses 8–39 are an entirely different genre: the roll of David's mighty men (τῶν δυνατῶν Δαυιδ). The Three are named first (vv. 8–12) — Iebosthe/Adino, who slew eight hundred at one stroke; Eleazar, whose hand clave to the sword (προσεκολλήθη ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὴν μάχαιραν); and Samaia, who held the plot of lentils. The exploit of the water drawn from the well of Bethlehem and poured out to the LORD (ἔσπεισεν αὐτὸ τῷ κυρίῳ, vv. 13–17) crowns the section. Then come Abessa and Banaias (vv. 18–23), the latter killing two sons of Ariel of Moab and a lion in a pit on a snowy day, and finally the long list of the Thirty (vv. 24–39), a catalogue of names and gentilics that is heavily transliterated and textually unstable, closing with Ourias the Hittite (Ουριας ὁ Χετταῖος) and the summary tally 'thirty-seven in all.' In the names list the LXX simply transcribes the Hebrew proper nouns and clan-gentilics; most are indeclinable and are treated here as kind 'x' with no case.

1

καὶ οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι Δαυιδ οἱ ἔσχατοι πιστὸς Δαυιδ υἱὸς Ιεσσαι καὶ πιστὸς ἀνήρ ὃν ἀνέστησεν κύριος ἐπὶ χριστὸν θεοῦ Ιακωβ καὶ εὐπρεπεῖς ψαλμοὶ Ισραηλ

And these are the last words of David: faithful is David son of Jesse, and faithful the man whom the LORD raised up to be the anointed of the God of Jacob, and lovely are the psalms of Israel.

Superscription introducing the oracle (poetic unit set off from preceding narrative)καὶ οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι Δαυιδ οἱ ἔσχατοι
The heading οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι Δαυιδ οἱ ἔσχατοι ('these are the last words of David') frames vv. 1–7 as a deliberate counterpart to the song of ch. 22, marking this as David's final testamentary oracle. The fourfold self-presentation (son of Jesse / man raised up / anointed of the God of Jacob / psalmist of Israel) is built on a chain of nominal clauses with no finite verb until ἀνέστησεν, in the manner of archaic Hebrew poetry.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis linking to ch. 22)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this / these'; the masculine plural agrees with λόγοι; the cataphoric demonstrative points forward to the oracle that follows, a standard heading-formula (cf. ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα at v. 8).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with λόγοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοιwordsNominativepredicate nominative (nominal clause: 'these are the words')→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / saying'; renders דָּבָר; οἱ λόγοι … οἱ ἔσχατοι ('the last words') marks the oracle as a final, weighty testamentary utterance comparable to the deathbed blessings of Jacob (Gen 49) and Moses (Deut 33).
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of possession (indeclinable proper noun: 'words of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX of Kingdoms; here possessive ('David's words').
οἱtheNominativearticle (second article in attributive position with ἔσχατοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔσχατοιlastNominativeattributive adjective (second-attributive position: 'the words, the last ones')→ participant prominenceἔσχατος: 'last / final'; renders אַחֲרוֹן; the second-attributive construction οἱ λόγοι … οἱ ἔσχατοι reproduces Hebrew word-order and emphasises finality — these are David's concluding words.
πιστὸςfaithfulNominativepredicate adjective (nominal clause: 'faithful is David')→ participant prominenceπιστός: 'faithful / trustworthy'; here the LXX renders a difficult Hebrew text (נְאֻם, 'oracle of'), apparently reading a form of אמן ('be faithful'); the resulting Greek presents David himself as πιστός, opening the oracle with a declaration of his trustworthiness.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of nominal clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: here nominative in sense (subject of πιστός), though formally indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Δαυιδ ('David, son of Jesse')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; the patronymic υἱὸς Ιεσσαι identifies David by lineage, the standard epic mode of naming a hero.
Ιεσσαιof Jessegenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Jesse')→ participant identificationΙεσσαι: transliteration of Hebrew יִשַׁי (Jesse); indeclinable; David's father, of Bethlehem (cf. 1 Kingdoms 16).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking parallel nominal clauses)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πιστὸςfaithfulNominativepredicate adjective (second nominal clause, parallel to first πιστός)→ participant prominenceπιστός (repeated): the anaphoric repetition reinforces the oracle's opening self-characterisation; David is twice declared 'faithful', as son of Jesse and as the man raised up by God.
ἀνήρmanNominativesubject of second nominal clause ('faithful the man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; renders גֶּבֶר ('the man'), the elevated term that opens the parallel Hebrew oracle of Balaam (Num 24:3, 15); the choice of ἀνήρ marks David's heroic stature.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative object of ἀνέστησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the accusative ὅν introduces the only finite verb of the verse, attaching the relative clause to ἀνήρ.
ἀνέστησενraised upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιverb of relative clause (divine elevation of David)→ constative aorist (the decisive act of David's exaltation)ἀνίστημι: 'raise up / set up / establish'; renders הֵקִים; transitive aorist ('raised up'); the LXX reads the difficult Hebrew הֻקַם עָל ('raised on high') as God's act of raising David to be his anointed — the same verb used of God's raising up of judges and kings (cf. Judg 2:16, 18).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἀνέστησεν (divine agent)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the agent of David's exaltation; the nominative subject grounds David's royal status in divine election, not human achievement.
ἐπὶto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose/result: appointment as anointed)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here marking appointment 'to' an office ('raised him up to be the anointed'); renders the Hebrew construction of elevation to status.
χριστὸνanointed oneAccusativeaccusative of office/predicate (the role to which David is raised)→ object specificationχριστός: 'anointed one'; renders מָשִׁיחַ (messiah); the title χριστὸς θεοῦ Ιακωβ ('the anointed of the God of Jacob') marks David's kingship as a sacral, covenant office and is foundational for later messianic reading of the Davidic line.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship (with χριστόν: 'anointed of God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהֵי; the genitive θεοῦ Ιακωβ binds David's anointing to the ancestral covenant God.
Ιακωβof Jacobgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Jacob')→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliteration of Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Jacob); indeclinable; 'the God of Jacob' is a venerable patriarchal title (cf. Ps 19:1 LXX) linking David to the covenant founders.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing fourth self-description)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐπρεπεῖςlovely / fittingNominativepredicate adjective (nominal clause: 'lovely are the psalms')→ participant prominenceεὐπρεπής: 'comely / seemly / pleasant'; renders נְעִים ('pleasant / sweet'); applied to ψαλμοί it yields 'the lovely psalms of Israel', the LXX's rendering of 'the sweet psalmist of Israel' — reading the Hebrew of praise-song rather than of a singer.
ψαλμοὶpsalmsNominativesubject of nominal clause ('the psalms of Israel are lovely')→ participant prominenceψαλμός: 'psalm / song sung to the harp'; renders זְמִרוֹת ('songs'); the LXX construes the Hebrew as 'the lovely songs of Israel' (collective) rather than the personal 'sweet psalmist', associating David with the whole psalmody of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'psalms of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; here possessive/objective genitive marking the psalms as Israel's.
2

πνεῦμα κυρίου ἐλάλησεν ἐν ἐμοί καὶ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ γλώσσης μου

The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me, and his word was upon my tongue.

Prophetic self-authentication (grounds the oracle's authority)πνεῦμα κυρίου ἐλάλησεν
v. 2 grounds the oracle in inspiration: the Spirit of the LORD speaks 'in/by me' (ἐν ἐμοί) and his word is upon David's tongue, the classic prophetic claim that the utterance is YHWH's own. The two cola (πνεῦμα … ἐλάλησεν / ὁ λόγος … ἐπὶ γλώσσης) are synonymous parallelism, the second clause verbless in the manner of Hebrew poetry.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'spirit / breath / wind'; renders רוּחַ; πνεῦμα κυρίου ('the Spirit of the LORD') is the agent of prophetic and charismatic empowerment throughout Kingdoms (cf. 1 Kingdoms 16:13, where the Spirit rushes on David at his anointing).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with πνεῦμα: 'Spirit of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive identifies the Spirit as YHWH's own.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the Spirit's act of speaking)→ constative aorist (the inspired utterance as a completed event)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the aorist ἐλάλησεν ἐν ἐμοί ('spoke in/by me') presents David as the mouthpiece through whom the Spirit speaks — the foundational claim of prophetic inspiration.
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (instrumental/locative: 'in/by me')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here the instrumental-locative ἐν ἐμοί renders Hebrew בִּי ('in me / by me'), the idiom for prophetic mediation — the Spirit speaks through the prophet.
ἐμοίmeDativeobject of ἐν (first-person pronoun: the prophet as medium)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): emphatic first-person pronoun; David identifies himself as the locus of the Spirit's speech.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking parallel cola)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with λόγος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςwordNominativesubject of verbless clause ('his word is upon my tongue')→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word'; renders מִלָּה ('word / utterance'); ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ ('his word', i.e. YHWH's) on David's tongue is the parallel to the Spirit speaking in him — divine word and human organ united.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with λόγος: 'his word', referring to YHWH)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): refers back to κύριος; the word is YHWH's, not David's own.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (location: 'upon my tongue')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon / on'; ἐπὶ γλώσσης μου ('upon my tongue') renders עַל לְשׁוֹנִי, the idiom for words ready to be spoken — the divine message poised on the speaker's tongue.
γλώσσηςtongueGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the organ of speech)→ relational specificationγλῶσσα: 'tongue / language'; renders לָשׁוֹן; the tongue as the instrument on which the divine word rests completes the image of inspired speech.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with γλώσσης: 'my tongue')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): first-person possessive; the tongue is David's, but the word upon it is God's.
3

λέγει ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ἐμοὶ ἐλάλησεν φύλαξ Ισραηλ παραβολὴν εἰπόν ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ πῶς κραταιώσητε φόβον θεοῦ

The God of Israel speaks; to me the guardian of Israel spoke a parable: 'Speak concerning a man: how will you make strong the fear of God?'

Introduction of the divine oracle proper (quoted speech within the oracle)λέγει ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ
v. 3 introduces the content of the oracle as direct divine speech: the God of Israel, named also φύλαξ Ισραηλ ('the guardian of Israel'), speaks a παραβολή to David. The LXX of the quoted oracle is compressed and obscure; εἰπόν … πῶς κραταιώσητε φόβον θεοῦ renders a difficult Hebrew text about the just ruler, here phrased as an exhortation/question about establishing the fear of God among men.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction, historic present)→ historic present (vivid immediacy of the divine word)λέγω: 'say'; the present λέγει gives the divine utterance ongoing force, as in the prophetic formula τάδε λέγει κύριος; here it introduces the speech of the God of Israel.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהֵי; ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ('the God of Israel') is the speaker of the oracle's core, paralleled in the next colon by φύλαξ Ισραηλ.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; 'the God of Israel' designates YHWH as the covenant deity who addresses David.
ἐμοὶto meDativedative of indirect object (recipient of the divine speech)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): emphatic; fronted for emphasis — 'to me' (David) the guardian of Israel spoke.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the act of divine address to David)→ constative aorist (the oracle as a completed utterance)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the aorist ἐλάλησεν parallels v. 2, reinforcing that the παραβολή David relays was genuinely spoken to him by God.
φύλαξguardianNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν (divine title in apposition to ὁ θεός)→ participant prominenceφύλαξ: 'guard / watchman / keeper'; renders צוּר ('Rock') in some witnesses but here apparently a text reading 'guardian/keeper of Israel'; the title φύλαξ Ισραηλ echoes the protective imagery of Ps 120:4 LXX (ὁ φυλάσσων τὸν Ισραηλ).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'guardian of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the genitive marks God as Israel's protector.
παραβολὴνparableAccusativedirect object of ἐλάλησεν (the content spoken)→ object specificationπαραβολή: 'parable / proverb / figured saying'; renders מָשָׁל; here it labels the following compressed, riddling oracle about the just ruler as a wisdom-saying.
εἰπόνspeak / sayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωimperative opening the quoted oracle ('speak concerning a man')→ aorist imperative (command introducing the riddle)λέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'speak / say'; the irregular aorist imperative εἰπόν (= εἰπέ) opens the quoted divine saying; the LXX renders an obscure Hebrew clause, construing it as a command to speak/declare concerning the human ruler.
ἐνconcerning / amongpreposition + dative (reference: 'concerning a man')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here with reference/sphere sense ('concerning / in the case of a man'); the LXX renders a difficult Hebrew text about the one who rules over men (מוֹשֵׁל בָּאָדָם).
ἀνθρώπῳa manDativeobject of ἐν (the human subject of the saying)→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / human being'; renders אָדָם; in the Hebrew the ruler rules 'over men'; the LXX's ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ keeps the focus on humankind as the sphere of just rule and the fear of God.
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (introducing the oracle's question)→ clausal contributionπῶς: 'how?'; the interrogative frames the saying as a question — how the fear of God is to be made strong — reflecting the LXX's attempt to render a syntactically dense Hebrew clause.
κραταιώσητεyou will make strongAor Act Subj 2 Pl · κραταιόωdeliberative subjunctive (verb of the oracle's question)→ deliberative aorist subjunctive (how the fear of God is to be established)κραταιόω: 'strengthen / make strong / take firm hold of'; renders חָזַק; the deliberative subjunctive with πῶς ('how will/should you strengthen') makes the fear of God the object to be firmly established by the just ruler.
φόβονfearAccusativedirect object of κραταιώσητε ('make strong the fear')→ object specificationφόβος: 'fear / reverence'; renders יִרְאָה; φόβος θεοῦ ('the fear of God') is the wisdom-tradition's term for true piety (cf. Prov 1:7), here the goal of the just ruler's governance.
θεοῦof GodGenitiveobjective genitive (with φόβον: 'the fear of God')→ relational specificationθεός (gen. θεοῦ): the genitive marks God as the object of the reverent fear that the just ruler is to strengthen.
4

καὶ ἐν θεῷ φωτὶ πρωίας ἀνατείλαι ἥλιος τὸ πρωὶ οὐ παρῆλθεν ἐκ φέγγους καὶ ὡς ἐξ ὑετοῦ χλόης ἀπὸ γῆς

and in God, like the light of morning when the sun rises; the morning did not pass away from its brightness, and it is as the green grass that springs from the earth after rain.

Continuation of the oracle: simile of the just ruler as morning lightκαὶ ἐν θεῷ φωτὶ πρωίας
v. 4 develops the oracle's central simile: the just ruler who governs in the fear of God is like the light of dawn at sunrise and like grass sprouting after rain — images of life-giving radiance and freshness. The LXX is notably obscure here, rendering a compressed and textually difficult Hebrew couplet about morning light, unclouded sun, and rain on the grass; the syntax (with the infinitive ἀνατείλαι) is loose, mirroring the poetry's compression.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in God')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'in'; ἐν θεῷ ('in God') continues from v. 3 — the ruler governs 'in the fear of God' / 'in God', the sphere of the simile that follows.
θεῷGodDativeobject of ἐν ('in God')→ sphere or referenceθεός (dat. θεῷ): the just ruler acts 'in God'; the dative continues the sphere of godly governance into the dawn-simile.
φωτὶlightDativedative of comparison (like 'the light of morning')→ sphere or referenceφῶς (dat. φωτί): 'light'; renders אוֹר; the dative φωτὶ πρωίας ('the light of morning') begins the central simile — the just ruler is like the radiance of dawn.
πρωίαςof morningGenitivegenitive of relationship (with φωτί: 'light of morning')→ relational specificationπρωΐα: 'morning / early hour'; renders בֹּקֶר; the morning light is the image of fresh, life-giving rule.
ἀνατείλαιwhen the sun rises / at the risingAor Act Inf · ἀνατέλλωinfinitive (temporal/epexegetical: 'when the sun rises')→ aorist infinitive (the moment of sunrise)ἀνατέλλω: 'rise / spring up (of the sun, plants)'; renders זָרַח; the aorist infinitive ἀνατείλαι ('to rise / at the rising'), construed loosely with ἥλιος, renders the Hebrew image of the sun rising on a cloudless morning.
ἥλιοςsunNominativesubject (of the rising: 'the sun')→ participant prominenceἥλιος: 'sun'; renders שֶׁמֶשׁ; the rising sun (ἥλιος ἀνατείλαι) completes the dawn-image of radiant, just rule.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρωί, adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωὶmorningAccusativeadverbial accusative of time ('in the morning')→ object specificationπρωί: 'early / morning'; the substantivised τὸ πρωί functions adverbially ('in the morning'); the LXX repeats the morning-motif, intensifying the dawn-imagery of the simile.
οὐnotnegative particle (with παρῆλθεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negative; here negates παρῆλθεν — the morning light 'did not pass away from its brightness', i.e. the dawn remains undimmed.
παρῆλθενpassed awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb (negated: 'did not pass away')→ constative aorist (the cloudless persistence of the dawn-light)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by / pass away'; renders עָבַר; οὐ παρῆλθεν ἐκ φέγγους ('did not pass from brightness') renders the Hebrew of a cloudless morning whose light is not dimmed — the unobscured radiance of righteous rule.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from brightness')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'out of / from'; here separation — the light does not depart 'from' its brightness.
φέγγουςbrightnessGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from brightness')→ relational specificationφέγγος: 'radiance / brightness'; renders נֹגַהּ; the cloudless brightness of dawn images the clarity and life-giving power of just government.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing second simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςas / likecomparative particle (introducing rain-and-grass simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the second simile — the just rule is like the grass that springs from the earth after rain.
ἐξfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source: 'from rain', elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ + genitive: 'out of / from'; ἐξ ὑετοῦ ('from rain') marks the rain as the source that brings forth the green grass.
ὑετοῦrainGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ ('from rain')→ relational specificationὑετός: 'rain / shower'; renders מָטָר; the rain that produces fresh growth completes the agricultural image of life-giving rule.
χλόηςof green grassGenitivegenitive (the tender grass that springs up)→ relational specificationχλόη: 'young verdure / green grass / tender shoot'; renders דֶּשֶׁא; the χλόη ἀπὸ γῆς ('grass from the earth') after rain images vitality and renewal — the fruit of righteous, God-fearing governance.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the earth')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + genitive: 'from'; ἀπὸ γῆς ('from the earth') marks the ground from which the rain-fed grass springs.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('from the earth')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground / land'; renders אֶרֶץ; the earth as the source of the rain-quickened grass closes the double simile of the just ruler's life-giving rule.
5

οὐ γὰρ οὕτως ὁ οἶκός μου μετὰ ἰσχυροῦ διαθήκην γὰρ αἰώνιον ἔθετό μοι ἑτοίμην ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ πεφυλαγμένην ὅτι πᾶσα σωτηρία μου καὶ πᾶν θέλημα ὅτι οὐ μὴ βλαστήσῃ ὁ παράνομος

For is not my house so with the Mighty One? For he has made with me an everlasting covenant, ready in every season and well-guarded; for it is all my salvation and all my desire, that the lawless one shall surely not spring up.

Application: the everlasting covenant with David's house (ground of the oracle)οὐ γὰρ οὕτως ὁ οἶκός μου
v. 5 turns from simile to David's own house: the LXX renders a difficult Hebrew text, here construed as a rhetorical question ('is not my house so with God?') grounding everything in the διαθήκη αἰώνιος ('everlasting covenant') YHWH has 'set in order' for David (cf. 2 Kingdoms 7; Ps 88:4 LXX). The covenant is ἑτοίμη ('ready') and πεφυλαγμένη ('guarded'), the whole of David's salvation and desire, guaranteeing that the lawless one will not flourish.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
οὐnotnegative particle (opening the rhetorical question)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negative; with γάρ … οὕτως it opens a rhetorical question ('for is not my house thus...?') expecting an affirmative answer.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the preceding simile in the reality of David's covenant house.
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner ('so / in this way')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; here resumptive — David's house stands 'thus' (i.e. secure) before God; the LXX renders an obscure Hebrew construction (כִּי לֹא כֵן).
theNominativearticle (with οἶκος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόςhouseNominativesubject ('my house')→ participant prominenceοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; renders בַּיִת; ὁ οἶκός μου ('my house') is the Davidic dynasty, the object of the everlasting covenant of 2 Kingdoms 7.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκος: 'my house')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): possessive; the house is David's dynasty.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association: 'with the Mighty One')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; μετὰ ἰσχυροῦ ('with the Mighty One') marks the covenant partner — God himself.
ἰσχυροῦthe Mighty OneGenitivegenitive object of μετά (divine title: 'the Strong/Mighty One')→ relational specificationἰσχυρός: 'strong / mighty'; substantivised as a divine title ('the Mighty One') rendering אֵל / a Hebrew word for God; the LXX construes David's house as standing secure 'with the Mighty One.'
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο ('made a covenant')→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament'; renders בְּרִית; διαθήκη αἰώνιος ('everlasting covenant') is the technical term for the unconditional Davidic covenant (cf. 2 Kingdoms 7:16; Ps 88:29, 35 LXX).
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the ground of the house's security — the everlasting covenant.
αἰώνιονeverlastingAccusativeattributive adjective (with διαθήκην: 'everlasting covenant')→ object specificationαἰώνιος: 'eternal / everlasting'; renders עוֹלָם; marks the Davidic covenant as perpetual and irrevocable.
ἔθετόhe set / madeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (the establishing of the covenant)→ constative aorist (the decisive covenant-making)τίθημι (aor. mid. ἔθετο): 'set / place / establish'; renders שׂוּם / כָּרַת; the middle ἔθετό μοι ('he established for me') with διαθήκην is the idiom for covenant-making, here God's perpetual ordering of David's dynasty.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage (the covenant made 'for me')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): dative of advantage — the covenant is established to David's benefit.
ἑτοίμηνreadyAccusativepredicate/attributive adjective (with διαθήκην: 'ready')→ object specificationἕτοιμος: 'ready / prepared'; renders עֲרוּכָה ('set in order'); the covenant is 'ready' and reliably in place at all times.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in every season')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: temporal; ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ('at every time') stresses the covenant's perpetual availability.
παντὶeveryDativeattributive adjective (with καιρῷ: 'every season')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς (dat. παντί): 'every / all'; with καιρῷ marks the covenant as ready in every circumstance.
καιρῷseason / timeDativeobject of ἐν (temporal: 'in every season')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'appointed time / season'; renders עֵת; the covenant is dependable at every appointed moment.
πεφυλαγμένηνguarded / kept securePerf Pass Ptcp Acc Sg Fem · φυλάσσωperfect participle (attributive with διαθήκην: 'well-guarded')→ resultative perfect (a settled, abiding state of preservation)φυλάσσω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'guard / keep / preserve'; renders שָׁמַר / שָׁמוּר; the perfect passive participle πεφυλαγμένην stresses the covenant's secure, maintained state — kept safe by God himself.
ὅτιbecause / thatcausal/explanatory conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / that'; introduces the ground — the covenant is the whole of David's salvation and desire.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with σωτηρία: 'all my salvation')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (fem. πᾶσα): 'all / whole'; emphasises that the covenant is the entirety of David's deliverance.
σωτηρίαsalvationNominativepredicate nominative ('it is all my salvation')→ participant prominenceσωτηρία: 'salvation / deliverance'; renders יֵשַׁע; the covenant constitutes the sum of David's security and rescue.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with σωτηρία: 'my salvation')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): possessive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνallNominativeattributive adjective (with θέλημα: 'all my desire')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (neut. πᾶν): 'all'; with θέλημα marks the covenant as the totality of David's longing.
θέλημαdesire / willNominativepredicate nominative ('and all my desire')→ participant prominenceθέλημα: 'will / desire / good pleasure'; renders חֵפֶץ ('delight / desire'); the covenant is the object of David's whole will and delight.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing the covenant's assurance)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the guaranteed outcome — the lawless one will not spring up.
οὐnotnegative particle (with μή, emphatic negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: with μή forms the emphatic double negative οὐ μή ('surely not').
μὴnotnegative particle (οὐ μή + subjunctive: emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with οὐ and the aorist subjunctive βλαστήσῃ expresses strong assurance that the lawless one will never flourish.
βλαστήσῃshall spring upAor Act Subj 3 Sg · βλαστάνωaorist subjunctive (with οὐ μή: emphatic future denial)→ emphatic future negation (the lawless will certainly not sprout)βλαστάνω: 'sprout / spring up / put forth'; renders צָמַח; the agricultural verb (echoing the χλόη of v. 4) is here negated — unlike the just ruler's life-giving growth, the lawless one will not spring up to flourish.
theNominativearticle (with παράνομος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παράνομοςlawless oneNominativesubject of βλαστήσῃ ('the lawless one')→ participant prominenceπαράνομος: 'lawless / transgressor'; renders בְּלִיַּעַל ('worthlessness / wickedness'); ὁ παράνομος ('the lawless one') is the antithesis of the just ruler — the wicked man who, unlike David's covenant house, will not endure (developed in vv. 6–7).
6

ὥσπερ ἄκανθα ἐξωσμένη πάντες αὐτοί ὅτι οὐ χειρὶ λημφθήσονται

Like a thorn thrust away are all of them, for they shall not be taken with the hand;

Simile of judgment on the lawless (counterpart to the dawn-simile)ὥσπερ ἄκανθα ἐξωσμένη
vv. 6–7 close the oracle with a counter-simile: the lawless are like thorns flung aside, too dangerous to grasp by hand, fit only to be burnt. The image inverts the life-giving grass of v. 4 — the wicked produce nothing but useless, painful brambles destined for the fire.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὥσπερlike / just ascomparative particle (introducing the thorn-simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: 'just as / like'; introduces the simile of the lawless as discarded thorns.
ἄκανθαthornNominativepredicate nominative (the image to which 'all of them' are compared)→ participant prominenceἄκανθα: 'thorn / thornbush'; renders קוֹץ; the thorn is a stock image of the worthless and dangerous wicked (cf. the burning thorns of judgment).
ἐξωσμένηthrust awayPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · ἐξωθέωperfect participle (attributive with ἄκανθα: 'a thorn thrust aside')→ resultative perfect (a thorn in its cast-off state)ἐξωθέω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'thrust out / push away / cast aside'; renders מֻנָד ('thrust away'); the perfect passive ἐξωσμένη depicts the thorn as already flung aside — the lawless are rejected and discarded.
πάντεςallNominativesubject ('all of them', the lawless)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (masc. pl. πάντες): 'all'; πάντες αὐτοί ('all of them') refers back to the lawless of v. 5, here likened collectively to discarded thorns.
αὐτοίthey / themNominativeintensive pronoun (in apposition to πάντες)→ participant referenceαὐτός (nom. pl. αὐτοί): intensive/personal pronoun; reinforces πάντες ('they, all of them').
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason — the thorns/lawless cannot be grasped by hand.
οὐnotnegative particle (with λημφθήσονται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negative; the thorns are 'not' taken with the bare hand.
χειρὶwith the handDativedative of instrument ('with the hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. χειρί): 'hand'; renders יָד; the instrumental dative — thorns are too sharp to be seized by bare hand, an image of the dangerous wicked who must be dealt with by tools (iron and fire, v. 7).
λημφθήσονταιthey shall be takenFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (negated: 'shall not be taken')→ predictive future (gnomic certainty about the lawless)λαμβάνω (fut. pass. λημφθήσονται): 'take / seize / grasp'; renders לָקַח; the future passive (with the LXX's characteristic μφ spelling) states that the thorny wicked cannot be handled directly — they require the iron and fire of v. 7.
7

καὶ ἀνὴρ οὐ κοπιάσει ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ πλῆρες σιδήρου καὶ ξύλον δόρατος καὶ ἐν πυρὶ καύσει καυθήσονται αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν

and a man shall not toil among them, but they are full of iron and the shaft of a spear, and they shall be utterly burned with fire in their shame.

Conclusion of the oracle: the lawless burnt to nothingκαὶ ἀνὴρ οὐ κοπιάσει
v. 7 completes the thorn-simile and the oracle: no one toils to gather such thorns by hand; they require iron implements and a spear-shaft, and in the end are wholly consumed by fire 'in their shame.' The LXX renders an obscure Hebrew couplet about handling thorns with iron and burning them on the spot; the picture of total combustion seals the contrast between the perpetual Davidic house and the perishing lawless.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject of κοπιάσει ('a man shall not toil')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אִישׁ; here the generic man who would handle thorns — but no one labours to gather them by hand.
οὐnotnegative particle (with κοπιάσει)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negative; no man toils to handle the thorns directly.
κοπιάσειshall toilFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπιάωmain verb (negated: 'shall not labour')→ predictive future (gnomic)κοπιάω: 'toil / grow weary / labour'; renders יָגַע; one does not weary oneself handling thorns by hand — they are dealt with by tools and fire (echoes the ἐκοπίασεν of v. 10, but here negated).
ἐνamong / withpreposition + dative (sphere: 'among them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'among / in dealing with'; ἐν αὐτοῖς ('among them') = in handling the thorns.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν (the thorns/lawless)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): refers to the thorns/lawless of v. 6.
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλῆρεςfullNominativepredicate adjective (the tools needed: 'full of iron')→ participant prominenceπλήρης (neut. πλῆρες): 'full'; the LXX renders an obscure Hebrew clause about handling thorns with iron — one is 'filled with' (armed with) iron and a spear-shaft to deal with them.
σιδήρουof ironGenitivegenitive of content (with πλῆρες: 'full of iron')→ relational specificationσίδηρος: 'iron / iron tool'; renders בַּרְזֶל; iron implements are required to handle the thorny wicked, who cannot be grasped by hand.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξύλονshaft / woodNominativenominative (coordinate with πλῆρες: 'and a spear-shaft')→ participant prominenceξύλον: 'wood / shaft / staff'; renders עֵץ; ξύλον δόρατος ('the wood/shaft of a spear') is the wooden handle of a spear — another implement for dealing with the thorns at arm's length.
δόρατοςof a spearGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ξύλον: 'shaft of a spear')→ relational specificationδόρυ (gen. δόρατος): 'spear'; renders חֲנִית; the spear-shaft completes the imagery of handling the dangerous thorns/wicked only with weapons, never by hand.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the burning)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrument: 'with fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: instrumental; ἐν πυρί ('with fire') marks the means of the thorns' destruction.
πυρὶfireDativedative of instrument ('with fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; fire is the appointed end of the thorny wicked — burnt up where they lie.
καύσειwith burningDativedative of manner (cognate with καυθήσονται: 'burned with burning')→ sphere or referenceκαῦσις: 'a burning / combustion'; the cognate dative καύσει καυθήσονται ('they shall be burned with burning') is a Hebraism intensifying the verb — they will be utterly consumed.
καυθήσονταιthey shall be burnedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · καίωmain verb (the destruction of the lawless by fire)→ predictive future (the certain fate of the wicked)καίω (fut. pass. καυθήσονται): 'burn / consume by fire'; renders שָׂרַף; with the cognate καύσει it expresses total incineration — the lawless are burnt to nothing, the final image of the oracle.
αἰσχύνῃin shameDativedative of manner/attendant circumstance ('in their shame')→ sphere or referenceαἰσχύνη: 'shame / disgrace'; renders בֹּשֶׁת; the lawless are consumed 'in their shame' — their end is both destruction and disgrace, the opposite of the honoured Davidic house.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with αἰσχύνῃ: 'their shame')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): refers to the lawless; their burning is their shame.
8

ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν δυνατῶν Δαυιδ Ιεβοσθε ὁ Χαναναῖος ἄρχων τοῦ τρίτου ἐστίν Αδινων ὁ Ασωναῖος οὗτος ἐσπάσατο τὴν ῥομφαίαν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ ὀκτακοσίους τραυματίας εἰς ἅπαξ

These are the names of the mighty men of David: Iebosthe the Chananite, chief of the Third; he is Adinon the Asonite. He drew his sword against eight hundred slain at one stroke.

Superscription opening the roll of the mighty men (genre shift to catalogue)ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν δυνατῶν Δαυιδ
v. 8 marks a sharp genre shift from poetic oracle to military catalogue. The heading ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν δυνατῶν Δαυιδ ('these are the names of David's mighty men') introduces the roll of heroes. The first named is the chief of the Three, here Ιεβοσθε/Αδινων (a heavily corrupted name in the textual tradition, corresponding to Josheb-basshebeth/Adino), who killed eight hundred at one stroke. The names that follow are predominantly transliterated Hebrew and indeclinable.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these'; the cataphoric demonstrative heads the catalogue, pointing forward to the list of names (cf. the same heading repeated at v. 24).
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ὀνόματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματαnamesNominativepredicate nominative ('these are the names')→ participant prominenceὄνομα (pl. ὀνόματα): 'name'; renders שֵׁמוֹת; ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα ('these are the names') is the standard LXX heading-formula for a list or census.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with δυνατῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνατῶνmighty menGenitivegenitive (substantival adjective: 'of the mighty men')→ relational specificationδυνατός: 'mighty / powerful'; substantivised οἱ δυνατοί ('the mighty men') renders הַגִּבֹּרִים, the technical term for David's elite warriors; the genitive heads the whole catalogue.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'David's mighty men')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; possessive genitive — the heroes belong to David's service.
ΙεβοσθεIebosthesubject in apposition (indeclinable proper noun: first of the Three)→ participant identificationΙεβοσθε: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew יֹשֵׁב בַּשֶּׁבֶת (Josheb-basshebeth), the chief of David's Three; the name is corrupted in the textual tradition (cf. 'Adino' below); indeclinable.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Χαναναῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Χαναναῖοςthe ChananiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Chananite/Hachmonite')→ participant prominenceΧαναναῖος: gentilic 'Canaanite/Chananite'; here rendering Hebrew הַתַּחְכְּמֹנִי (the Tahchemonite/Hachmonite); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case; the clan-designation of the chief warrior.
ἄρχωνchief / rulerNominativeapposition (the office: 'chief of the Third')→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler / chief / commander'; renders רֹאשׁ; ἄρχων τοῦ τρίτου ('chief of the Third/the third [division]') marks him as head of the elite triad of David's warriors.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with τρίτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτουthird / the ThreeGenitivegenitive (substantival ordinal: 'of the third [rank/division]')→ relational specificationτρίτος: 'third'; renders the Hebrew הַשָּׁלִשִׁי, the term for the elite officer-corps (the 'Three' / 'thirty' chariot-warriors); the genitive marks him as chief of this corps.
ἐστίνhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (equating Iebosthe with Adinon)→ stative present (identity statement)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula ἐστίν introduces the alternative/equating name — 'he is Adinon the Asonite', reflecting the doubled naming-tradition of this warrior.
ΑδινωνAdinonpredicate of ἐστίν (indeclinable proper noun: alternative name)→ participant identificationΑδινων: transliteration corresponding to Hebrew עֲדִינוֹ (Adino the Eznite); the LXX preserves a variant naming-tradition equating Iebosthe with Adinon; indeclinable.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Ασωναῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ασωναῖοςthe AsoniteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Asonite/Eznite')→ participant prominenceΑσωναῖος: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הָעֶצְנִי ('the Eznite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case; the clan-designation attached to the name Adinon.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of ἐσπάσατο)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one / he'; resumptive demonstrative introducing the warrior's signature exploit, a recurring catalogue device (cf. vv. 9, 18, 21, 23).
ἐσπάσατοdrewAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · σπάωmain verb (the warrior's exploit: drawing his sword)→ constative aorist (the single feat of arms)σπάω (aor. mid. ἐσπάσατο): 'draw / pull (a sword)'; renders the idiom for drawing a weapon; the middle ἐσπάσατο τὴν ῥομφαίαν ('drew his sword') is the standard expression for unsheathing in battle.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ῥομφαίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥομφαίανswordAccusativedirect object of ἐσπάσατο ('his sword')→ object specificationῥομφαία: 'great sword / broadsword'; renders חֲנִית/חֶרֶב; the large slashing sword wielded in the warrior's single devastating feat.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ῥομφαίαν: 'his sword')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): possessive; the sword is the warrior's own.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against eight hundred')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'against'; marks the eight hundred slain as the objects of the warrior's assault.
ὀκτακοσίουςeight hundredAccusativenumeral (modifying τραυματίας: 'eight hundred slain')→ object specificationὀκτακόσιοι: 'eight hundred'; renders שְׁמֹנֶה מֵאוֹת; the hyperbolic tally (cf. 'three hundred' in the parallel 1 Chron 11:11) magnifies the chief warrior's prowess.
τραυματίαςslain / woundedAccusativedirect object/accusative of result ('eight hundred slain')→ object specificationτραυματίας: 'wounded / slain (in battle)'; renders חָלָל ('pierced / slain'); the eight hundred fall as battle-casualties in a single engagement.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'at one [time]')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: here in the temporal idiom εἰς ἅπαξ ('at one stroke / on a single occasion').
ἅπαξonce / one strokeadverb (with εἰς: 'at one time / one stroke')→ clausal contributionἅπαξ: 'once / one time'; the phrase εἰς ἅπαξ ('at one stroke') renders Hebrew בְּפַעַם אַחַת, underscoring that all eight hundred fell in a single onslaught.
9

καὶ μετ᾿ αὐτὸν Ελεαζαρ υἱὸς πατραδέλφου αὐτοῦ υἱὸς Σουσίτου ἐν τοῖς τρισὶν δυνατοῖς οὗτος ἦν μετὰ Δαυιδ ἐν Σερραν καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀνειδίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἀλλοφύλοις συνήχθησαν ἐκεῖ εἰς πόλεμον καὶ ἀνέβησαν ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ

And after him, Eleazar son of his uncle, son of Sousites, among the three mighty men; he was with David at Serran, and when he defied the Philistines, they were gathered there for battle, and the men of Israel went up.

Second of the Three (catalogue continuation by μετ᾿ αὐτόν formula)καὶ μετ᾿ αὐτὸν Ελεαζαρ
v. 9 introduces the second of the Three by the catalogue-formula μετ᾿ αὐτόν ('after him'), repeated at v. 11 and v. 24. Eleazar, identified by patronymic, stands with David against the Philistines who muster for battle; the verse sets the scene for his solo exploit in v. 10. The Greek is somewhat rough (ἀνέβησαν ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ mixes plural verb with singular collective).
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (catalogue link)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (sequence: 'after him', elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + accusative: 'after'; the formula μετ᾿ αὐτόν ('after him') ranks each warrior in the roll after the previous one.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of μετά (the preceding warrior)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): refers to Iebosthe of v. 8; 'after him' = next in rank.
ΕλεαζαρEleazarsubject (indeclinable proper noun: second of the Three)→ participant identificationΕλεαζαρ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶלְעָזָר (Eleazar, 'God has helped'); the second of David's Three; indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Ελεαζαρ ('son of his uncle')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic identifies Eleazar's lineage; here υἱὸς πατραδέλφου ('son of his father's brother') renders the Hebrew patronymic (Dodai/Dodo).
πατραδέλφουof his uncleGenitivegenitive of relationship ('son of the uncle')→ relational specificationπατράδελφος: 'father's brother / paternal uncle'; here the LXX renders the Hebrew name דֹּדוֹ/דֹּדַי (Dodo/Dodai) as a common noun 'uncle', taking it as a kinship term rather than a name.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατραδέλφου: 'his uncle')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): possessive; the uncle is Eleazar's own.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition (second patronymic: 'son of Sousites')→ participant prominenceυἱός (repeated): a second patronymic follows, reflecting the layered genealogical notices typical of the warrior-roll.
Σουσίτουof SousitesGenitivegenitive of relationship (declined patronymic: 'son of Sousites')→ relational specificationΣουσίτης (gen. Σουσίτου): patronymic/gentilic corresponding to the Hebrew הָאֲחֹחִי ('the Ahohite'); declined as a Greek noun, hence given a case.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (membership: 'among the three')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'among'; ἐν τοῖς τρισὶν δυνατοῖς ('among the three mighty men') marks Eleazar's membership in the elite triad.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with τρισίν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρισὶνthreeDativenumeral (with δυνατοῖς: 'the three mighty men')→ sphere or referenceτρεῖς (dat. τρισίν): 'three'; renders הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה; the Three are David's topmost rank of warriors, distinct from the Thirty.
δυνατοῖςmighty menDativesubstantival adjective (with τρισίν: 'the three mighty men')→ sphere or referenceδυνατός: 'mighty'; substantival; the Three δυνατοί are the supreme echelon of David's heroes.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of ἦν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: resumptive 'he', introducing Eleazar's exploit-narrative (the same catalogue device as v. 8).
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (locating Eleazar with David)→ stative imperfect (ongoing presence at the battle)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; ἦν μετὰ Δαυιδ ('was with David') sets the scene — Eleazar accompanied David at Serran.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with David')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; Eleazar's stand was 'with David.'
ΔαυιδDavidobject of μετά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the king with whom Eleazar fought.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (place: 'at Serran')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative; marks the place of battle.
ΣερρανSerranplace name (indeclinable: the battle-site)→ participant identificationΣερραν: place-name corresponding to the Hebrew of the locale (cf. Pas-dammim/Ephes-dammim, 1 Chron 11:13); transliterated and indeclinable; the site of Eleazar's stand against the Philistines.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal: 'when he defied')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: the construction ἐν τῷ + infinitive is a temporal Hebraism ('when / while'), rendering Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the infinitive ὀνειδίσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνειδίσαιto defy / reproachAor Act Inf · ὀνειδίζωarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'when he defied')→ aorist infinitive (the act of taunting/defying)ὀνειδίζω: 'reproach / taunt / defy'; renders חָרַף; ἐν τῷ ὀνειδίσαι αὐτόν ('when he defied [them]') describes Eleazar's provocation of the Philistines (or theirs of Israel), precipitating the battle.
αὐτὸνhim / heAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive (Eleazar)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): the accusative subject of the articular infinitive — Eleazar is the one who defied.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative ('among the Philistines')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here 'among / against'; ἐν τοῖς ἀλλοφύλοις with the verb of defiance.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἀλλοφύλοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλοιςPhilistinesDativeobject of ἐν ('the Philistines')→ sphere or referenceἀλλόφυλος: lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the standard LXX rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines') in Kingdoms; David's perennial enemies.
συνήχθησανthey were gatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb (the Philistines muster for battle)→ constative aorist (the mustering of forces)συνάγω (aor. pass. συνήχθησαν): 'gather / assemble'; renders אָסַף/קָבַץ; the Philistines 'were gathered' (mustered) for war — standard idiom for assembling an army.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place ('there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; locates the mustering at the battle-site of Serran.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for battle')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: purpose; εἰς πόλεμον ('for battle / for war').
πόλεμονbattle / warAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose of the mustering)→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the Philistines assembled specifically for combat.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβησανwent upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (Israel's withdrawal/advance)→ constative aorist (the movement of Israel's men)ἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβησαν): 'go up / withdraw'; renders עָלָה; here the men of Israel 'went up' (advanced or retreated) — the plural verb with the collective singular ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ reflects Hebraistic agreement; in the parallel the men of Israel retreat, leaving Eleazar to fight alone (v. 10).
ἀνὴρthe men / each manNominativecollective subject of ἀνέβησαν ('the men of Israel')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; collective singular ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ ('the men of Israel') renders אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל, a Hebraism for the Israelite soldiery as a body.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; defines the soldiery as Israel's.
10

αὐτὸς ἀνέστη καὶ ἐπάταξεν ἐν τοῖς ἀλλοφύλοις ἕως οὗ ἐκοπίασεν ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ καὶ προσεκολλήθη ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὴν μάχαιραν καὶ ἐποίησεν κύριος σωτηρίαν μεγάλην ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ καὶ ὁ λαὸς ἐκάθητο ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ πλὴν ἐκδιδύσκειν

He arose and struck down the Philistines until his hand grew weary and his hand clave to the sword; and the LORD wrought a great deliverance on that day, and the people sat behind him only to strip the slain.

Eleazar's solo exploit (climax of the second hero-notice)αὐτὸς ἀνέστη καὶ ἐπάταξεν
v. 10 narrates Eleazar's heroic stand: he fights on alone until his hand cramps and sticks to his sword-hilt, and the LORD grants a great victory (ἐποίησεν κύριος σωτηρίαν μεγάλην — the refrain repeated at v. 12). The people return only afterward, to strip the slain. The vivid detail of the hand cleaving to the sword is one of the catalogue's most memorable images.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject: 'he himself')→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself'; stresses that Eleazar stood and fought alone after Israel withdrew.
ἀνέστηarose / stoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (Eleazar takes his stand)→ ingressive aorist (rising to fight)ἀνίστημι (aor. intrans. ἀνέστη): 'rise / stand up'; here intransitive 'he arose / took his stand' to fight the Philistines single-handed.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Eleazar's slaughter of the Philistines)→ constative aorist (the act of smiting)πατάσσω (aor. ἐπάταξεν): 'strike / smite / kill'; renders הִכָּה; the standard battle-verb of the catalogue (cf. vv. 12, 20, 21) for slaying the enemy.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative ('among the Philistines')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'among / against'; ἐπάταξεν ἐν τοῖς ἀλλοφύλοις = struck down among the Philistines.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἀλλοφύλοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλοιςPhilistinesDativeobject of ἐν ('the Philistines')→ sphere or referenceἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines'; the enemy Eleazar slew.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (with οὗ: 'until')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; ἕως οὗ ('until the point that') introduces the temporal limit of his fighting.
οὗwhich / thatGenitiverelative pronoun (with ἕως: 'until')→ relational specificationὅς (gen. οὗ): in the fixed phrase ἕως οὗ ('until'), the genitive relative completes the temporal conjunction.
ἐκοπίασενgrew wearyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπιάωverb of temporal clause ('until his hand grew weary')→ ingressive aorist (the onset of fatigue)κοπιάω (aor. ἐκοπίασεν): 'grow weary / toil to exhaustion'; renders יָגַע; Eleazar's hand grew weary from unceasing combat — the physical cost of his lone stand.
theNominativearticle (with χείρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of ἐκοπίασεν ('his hand')→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; the hand that wields the sword grows weary — the focus of the verse's vivid image.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with χείρ: 'his hand')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): possessive; Eleazar's hand.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκολλήθηclave / stuck fastAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · προσκολλάωmain verb (the hand cleaves to the sword)→ constative aorist (the cramping of the hand to the hilt)προσκολλάω (aor. pass. προσεκολλήθη): 'glue/cleave to / be joined fast'; renders דָּבַק; the cramped hand 'clave to the sword' — a striking image of exertion so total that the warrior could not let go of his weapon.
theNominativearticle (with χείρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of προσεκολλήθη ('his hand')→ participant prominenceχείρ (repeated): the anaphoric repetition of ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ heightens the focus on the weary, cramped hand.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with χείρ: 'his hand')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): possessive.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (attachment: 'to the sword')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to / against'; here marking the object to which the hand clings.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μάχαιραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάχαιρανswordAccusativeobject of πρός ('to the sword')→ object specificationμάχαιρα: 'sword / short sword / dagger'; renders חֶרֶב; the hilt to which Eleazar's hand stuck fast in the heat of battle.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the victory-refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενwrought / madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the LORD's act of deliverance)→ constative aorist (the granting of victory)ποιέω (aor. ἐποίησεν): 'do / make / work'; ἐποίησεν κύριος σωτηρίαν μεγάλην ('the LORD wrought a great deliverance') is the catalogue's theological refrain (repeated v. 12), crediting the victory to YHWH, not the warrior alone.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν (divine agent of victory)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the true author of the deliverance won through Eleazar's hand.
σωτηρίανdeliveranceAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν ('a great deliverance')→ object specificationσωτηρία: 'deliverance / salvation / victory'; renders תְּשׁוּעָה; here a battlefield victory wrought by YHWH.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (with σωτηρίαν: 'great deliverance')→ object specificationμέγας (fem. acc. μεγάλην): 'great'; renders גְּדוֹלָה; magnifies the scale of the victory.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on that day')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: temporal; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that day') dates the victory.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativeobject of ἐν (temporal: 'on that day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the day of Eleazar's exploit and YHWH's victory.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'that day')→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος (dat. ἐκείνῃ): 'that'; the demonstrative fixes the day of the deliverance.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeople / troopsNominativesubject of ἐκάθητο ('the people sat')→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people / host / troops'; renders עָם; here the Israelite soldiery who had withdrawn and only returned 'behind him' to plunder after the victory.
ἐκάθητοsat / remainedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb (the people's passive role)→ durative imperfect (the people's continued sitting/following)κάθημαι (impf. ἐκάθητο): 'sit / remain'; the people 'sat / kept behind him' — they took no part in the fighting, only following to strip the slain; the imperfect stresses their passivity contrasted with Eleazar's lone exertion.
ὀπίσωbehindpreposition + genitive (position: 'behind him')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω + genitive: 'behind / after'; ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ('behind him') marks the people following in Eleazar's wake only to gather spoil.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ὀπίσω ('behind him')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): refers to Eleazar.
πλὴνonly / exceptadverb/conjunction (restrictive: 'only')→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'only / except'; here restrictive — the people came back 'only' to strip the dead, not to fight.
ἐκδιδύσκεινto stripPres Act Inf · ἐκδιδύσκωinfinitive of purpose ('only to strip the slain')→ present infinitive (the action of plundering)ἐκδιδύσκω: 'strip off / despoil'; renders פָּשַׁט ('strip the slain'); the infinitive of purpose — the people returned merely to plunder the corpses, underscoring that the victory was Eleazar's (and YHWH's) alone.
11

καὶ μετ᾿ αὐτὸν Σαμαια υἱὸς Ασα ὁ Αρουχαῖος καὶ συνήχθησαν οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι εἰς Θηρία καὶ ἦν ἐκεῖ μερὶς τοῦ ἀγροῦ πλήρης φακοῦ καὶ ὁ λαὸς ἔφυγεν ἐκ προσώπου ἀλλοφύλων

And after him, Samaia son of Asa the Aruchite; and the Philistines were gathered at Theria, and there was there a plot of the field full of lentils, and the people fled from before the Philistines.

Third of the Three (μετ᾿ αὐτόν formula continues the roll)καὶ μετ᾿ αὐτὸν Σαμαια
v. 11 introduces the third hero, Samaia (Shammah), again by the formula μετ᾿ αὐτόν. The Philistines muster at Theria; a field plot full of lentils becomes the scene of his stand when the Israelite troops flee. The verse sets up the exploit narrated in v. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (catalogue link)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (sequence: 'after him', elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + accusative: 'after'; the ranking formula μετ᾿ αὐτόν continues the roll of the Three.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of μετά (the preceding warrior, Eleazar)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): refers to Eleazar of vv. 9–10.
ΣαμαιαSamaiasubject (indeclinable proper noun: third of the Three)→ participant identificationΣαμαια: transliteration of Hebrew שַׁמָּה (Shammah), the third of David's Three; indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Σαμαια ('son of Asa')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic identifying Samaia's father.
Ασαof Asagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Asa')→ participant identificationΑσα: transliteration of Hebrew אָגֵא (Agee); indeclinable; Samaia's father.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αρουχαῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αρουχαῖοςthe AruchiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Hararite')→ participant prominenceΑρουχαῖος: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הָרָרִי ('the Hararite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case; the clan-designation of Samaia.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήχθησανwere gatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb (the Philistines muster)→ constative aorist (the mustering of forces)συνάγω (aor. pass. συνήχθησαν): 'gather / assemble'; the Philistines mustered at Theria for battle (same idiom as v. 9).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject of συνήχθησαν ('the Philistines')→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines'; the assembling enemy.
εἰςat / topreposition + accusative (place of mustering: 'at Theria')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: here of place where they gathered.
ΘηρίαTheriaplace name (indeclinable: site of mustering)→ participant identificationΘηρία: place-name corresponding to the Hebrew of the locale (the parallel has the Philistines gathering 'into a troop', לַחַיָּה); transliterated and treated as indeclinable here.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb ('there was a plot')→ stative imperfect (describing the setting)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; existential ('there was there...') introducing the lentil-field that becomes the scene of Samaia's stand.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place ('there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; locates the lentil-field at the site of the mustering.
μερὶςplot / portionNominativesubject of ἦν ('a plot of field')→ participant prominenceμερίς: 'portion / plot / share'; renders חֶלְקָה ('plot of ground'); μερὶς τοῦ ἀγροῦ ('a plot of the field') is the patch of land Samaia defends.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἀγροῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive of relationship (with μερίς: 'plot of the field')→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / farmland'; renders שָׂדֶה; the cultivated field of which the plot is a portion.
πλήρηςfullNominativeattributive adjective (with μερίς: 'full of lentils')→ participant prominenceπλήρης: 'full'; renders מְלֵאָה; the plot was 'full of lentils' — a crop worth defending.
φακοῦof lentilsGenitivegenitive of content (with πλήρης: 'full of lentils')→ relational specificationφακός: 'lentil(s)'; renders עֲדָשִׁים; the lentil-crop that Samaia held against the Philistines (in the Chronicles parallel, barley).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeople / troopsNominativesubject of ἔφυγεν ('the people fled')→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people / troops'; the Israelite soldiery who fled from the Philistines, leaving Samaia to stand alone.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (the people's flight)→ constative aorist (the act of fleeing)φεύγω (aor. ἔφυγεν): 'flee'; renders נָס; the troops fled before the Philistines — the foil to Samaia's solitary courage in v. 12.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (with προσώπου: 'from before')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'from'; in the idiom ἐκ προσώπου ('from before / from the presence of').
προσώπουbefore / faceGenitiveobject of ἐκ (idiomatic: 'from before')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἐκ προσώπου ('from before') is a Hebraism rendering מִפְּנֵי ('from the face of'), the idiom for fleeing an enemy's advance.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the PhilistinesGenitivegenitive (with προσώπου: 'before the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl. ἀλλοφύλων): 'Philistines'; the enemy from whose advance the troops fled.
12

καὶ ἐστηλώθη ἐν μέσῳ τῆς μερίδος καὶ ἐξείλατο αὐτὴν καὶ ἐπάταξεν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους καὶ ἐποίησεν κύριος σωτηρίαν μεγάλην

But he took his stand in the midst of the plot and rescued it, and struck down the Philistines; and the LORD wrought a great deliverance.

Samaia's exploit (climax, with repeated victory-refrain)καὶ ἐστηλώθη ἐν μέσῳ τῆς μερίδος
v. 12 narrates Samaia's exploit: he plants himself like a pillar in the midst of the lentil-plot, delivers it, and strikes down the Philistines; the chapter's victory-refrain ἐποίησεν κύριος σωτηρίαν μεγάλην ('the LORD wrought a great deliverance') closes the notice, exactly as at v. 10. The verb ἐστηλώθη ('he stood firm like a stele/pillar') is a vivid image of immovable resolve.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστηλώθηtook his stand / stood firmAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · στηλόωmain verb (Samaia plants himself in the plot)→ ingressive aorist (taking up an immovable position)στηλόω (aor. pass. ἐστηλώθη): 'set up as a pillar / stand firm like a stele'; from στήλη ('pillar / standing-stone'); the vivid verb depicts Samaia rooting himself immovably in the midst of the plot, in contrast to the fleeing troops.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (position: 'in the midst')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative; ἐν μέσῳ ('in the midst of').
μέσῳmidstDativeobject of ἐν ('in the midst of the plot')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ τῆς μερίδος ('in the midst of the plot') locates Samaia's stand at the very center of the field he defends.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with μερίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδοςplotGenitivegenitive (with μέσῳ: 'the midst of the plot')→ relational specificationμερίς (gen. μερίδος): 'plot / portion'; the lentil-field of v. 11 that Samaia defends.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξείλατοrescued / deliveredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαιρέωmain verb (Samaia delivers the plot)→ constative aorist (the act of rescue)ἐξαιρέω (aor. mid. ἐξείλατο): 'take out / rescue / deliver'; renders הִצִּיל; Samaia 'rescued' the plot from the Philistines — the same verb used of divine deliverance elsewhere, here of a warrior saving a field.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἐξείλατο (the plot)→ participant referenceαὐτός (fem. acc. αὐτήν): refers to ἡ μερίς (the plot); 'he rescued it.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Samaia smites the Philistines)→ constative aorist (the act of slaughter)πατάσσω (aor. ἐπάταξεν): 'strike / smite / kill'; Samaia struck down the Philistines, completing his exploit (same verb as v. 10).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀλλοφύλους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλουςPhilistinesAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν ('the Philistines')→ object specificationἀλλόφυλος (acc. pl. ἀλλοφύλους): 'Philistines'; the enemy Samaia slew.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the victory-refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενwroughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the LORD's act of deliverance)→ constative aorist (the granting of victory)ποιέω (aor. ἐποίησεν): the victory-refrain ἐποίησεν κύριος σωτηρίαν μεγάλην recurs verbatim from v. 10, framing both the Eleazar and Samaia notices and attributing the triumph to YHWH.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν (divine agent of victory)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH, not the warrior, is the author of the great deliverance.
σωτηρίανdeliveranceAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν ('a great deliverance')→ object specificationσωτηρία: 'deliverance / victory'; renders תְּשׁוּעָה; the second occurrence of the victory-refrain.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (with σωτηρίαν: 'great deliverance')→ object specificationμέγας (fem. acc. μεγάλην): 'great'; magnifies the scale of the victory, as at v. 10.
13

καὶ κατέβησαν τρεῖς ἀπὸ τῶν τριάκοντα καὶ ἦλθον εἰς Κασων πρὸς Δαυιδ εἰς τὸ σπήλαιον Οδολλαμ καὶ τάγμα τῶν ἀλλοφύλων παρενέβαλον ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι Ραφαϊμ

And three of the thirty went down and came to Kason, to David, to the cave of Odollam, while a band of the Philistines was encamped in the valley of Raphaim.

Setting of the well-of-Bethlehem episode (new exploit-narrative)καὶ κατέβησαν τρεῖς ἀπὸ τῶν τριάκοντα
vv. 13–17 form a self-contained exploit: three of the Thirty descend to David at the cave of Odollam during harvest, while the Philistines hold the valley of Raphaim. The verse sets the scene for David's longing and the heroic water-fetching to follow. The Three here are distinguished from the named triad of vv. 8–12.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβησανwent downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταβαίνωmain verb (the three descend to David)→ constative aorist (the act of going down)καταβαίνω (aor. κατέβησαν): 'go down / descend'; renders יָרַד; the three warriors went down to the stronghold/cave where David was.
τρεῖςthreeNominativesubject (numeral: 'three of the thirty')→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; renders שְׁלֹשָׁה; here three unnamed men drawn from the larger company of the Thirty.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from the thirty')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + genitive: partitive 'from among'; ἀπὸ τῶν τριάκοντα ('of the thirty').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with τριάκοντα)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (indeclinable: 'the thirty')→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; renders שְׁלֹשִׁים; indeclinable; οἱ τριάκοντα ('the Thirty') is the larger corps of David's elite warriors, catalogued in vv. 24–39.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the three arrive at David)→ constative aorist (the act of coming)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθον): 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; the three came to David at the cave of Odollam.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal: 'to Kason')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: 'to / into'; direction of the journey.
ΚασωνKasonplace name (indeclinable: destination)→ participant identificationΚασων: place-name corresponding to the Hebrew of the locale (probably a rendering of אֶל קָצִיר, 'at harvest-time', misread as a place); transliterated and indeclinable.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward a person: 'to David')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to / toward'; of coming to a person.
ΔαυιδDavidobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the king to whom the three came.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal: 'to the cave')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: 'to / into'; further specifying the destination as the cave.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σπήλαιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπήλαιονcaveAccusativeobject of εἰς ('the cave of Odollam')→ object specificationσπήλαιον: 'cave / cavern'; renders מְעָרָה; the cave of Adullam was David's refuge during his fugitive years (cf. 1 Kingdoms 22:1).
Οδολλαμof Odollamplace name (indeclinable: 'cave of Adullam')→ participant identificationΟδολλαμ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲדֻלָּם (Adullam), a town in the Shephelah; indeclinable; the famous cave-refuge of David.
καὶand / whilenarrative conjunction (circumstantial: 'while')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάγμαband / companyNominativesubject of παρενέβαλον ('a band of the Philistines')→ participant prominenceτάγμα: 'company / detachment / band'; renders חַיַּת ('troop / company'); a Philistine military detachment encamped in the valley.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive (with τάγμα: 'a band of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl. ἀλλοφύλων): 'Philistines'; the enemy occupying the valley.
παρενέβαλονwere encampedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (the Philistine band's encampment)→ constative aorist (the act of encamping; constructed ad sensum with the collective τάγμα)παρεμβάλλω (aor. παρενέβαλον): 'encamp / pitch camp'; renders חָנָה; the standard LXX military verb for an army taking up position; the plural verb agrees ad sensum with the collective τάγμα.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in the valley')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative.
τῇtheDativearticle (with κοιλάδι)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλάδιvalleyDativeobject of ἐν ('in the valley')→ sphere or referenceκοιλάς: 'valley / hollow'; renders עֵמֶק; the valley of Raphaim southwest of Jerusalem, a frequent Philistine staging-ground (cf. 2 Kingdoms 5:18).
Ραφαϊμof Raphaimplace name (indeclinable: 'valley of Rephaim')→ participant identificationΡαφαϊμ: transliteration of Hebrew רְפָאִים (Rephaim); indeclinable; the valley of Rephaim, scene of repeated Philistine encampments against David.
14

καὶ Δαυιδ τότε ἐν τῇ περιοχῇ καὶ τὸ ὑπόστημα τῶν ἀλλοφύλων τότε ἐν Βαιθλεεμ

And David was then in the stronghold, and the garrison of the Philistines was then in Bethlehem.

Scene-setting parenthesis (two verbless clauses framing the contrast)καὶ Δαυιδ τότε ἐν τῇ περιοχῇ
v. 14 is a verbless circumstantial note (καὶ Δαυιδ τότε ἐν τῇ περιοχῇ...) setting up the geographic tension: David is in his stronghold while the Philistine garrison occupies his hometown Bethlehem — the precondition for the daring water-raid. The doubled τότε ('then') marks the simultaneity of the two situations.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of verbless clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; subject of the verbless locative clause ('David [was] then in the stronghold').
τότεthenadverb of time ('at that time')→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; the first of two τότε marking the simultaneity of David's and the Philistines' positions.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in the stronghold')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative.
τῇtheDativearticle (with περιοχῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιοχῇstrongholdDativeobject of ἐν ('in the stronghold')→ sphere or referenceπεριοχή: 'enclosure / fortress / stronghold'; renders מְצוּדָה ('fastness / hold'); David's fortified refuge, here the cave-stronghold of Adullam.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the contrasting clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ὑπόστημα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπόστημαgarrisonNominativesubject of second verbless clause ('the garrison')→ participant prominenceὑπόστημα: 'garrison / outpost / standing-force'; renders מַצָּב/נְצִיב ('garrison'); the Philistine occupying-force stationed in Bethlehem.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive (with ὑπόστημα: 'garrison of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl. ἀλλοφύλων): 'Philistines'; the occupiers of Bethlehem.
τότεthenadverb of time (second occurrence: 'then')→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; the second τότε underscores the simultaneity — at the very time David was in the stronghold, the Philistines held Bethlehem.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in Bethlehem')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative.
ΒαιθλεεμBethlehemplace name (indeclinable: David's hometown)→ participant identificationΒαιθλεεμ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (Bethlehem, 'house of bread'); indeclinable; David's hometown, now under Philistine garrison — the poignant backdrop to his longing for its water.
15

καὶ ἐπεθύμησεν Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν τίς ποτιεῖ με ὕδωρ ἐκ τοῦ λάκκου τοῦ ἐν Βαιθλεεμ τοῦ ἐν τῇ πύλῃ τὸ δὲ σύστημα τῶν ἀλλοφύλων τότε ἐν Βαιθλεεμ

And David longed and said, 'Who will give me water to drink from the well that is in Bethlehem, the one by the gate?' Now the encampment of the Philistines was then in Bethlehem.

David's longing (the wish that motivates the exploit)καὶ ἐπεθύμησεν Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν
v. 15 voices David's wistful longing for water from the well by Bethlehem's gate — a nostalgic craving for home, made impossible by the Philistine garrison. The rhetorical question τίς ποτιεῖ με ('who will give me to drink?') is not a command but a sigh; the three warriors take it as a challenge. The closing note repeats the garrison's presence (cf. v. 14).
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεθύμησενlonged / desiredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιθυμέωmain verb (David's craving)→ ingressive aorist (the welling-up of longing)ἐπιθυμέω (aor. ἐπεθύμησεν): 'desire / long for / crave'; renders הִתְאַוָּה; David's longing for the water of home is a wistful craving, not a royal demand.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the one who longs and speaks.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces David's wistful question.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of ποτιεῖ)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'who?'; the question τίς ποτιεῖ με ('who will give me to drink?') expresses a longing wish rather than a literal command.
ποτιεῖwill give to drinkFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποτίζωmain verb of the question ('who will give me water?')→ deliberative future (a longing wish framed as a question)ποτίζω (fut. ποτιεῖ): 'give to drink / water'; renders הִשְׁקָה; with double accusative (με ... ὕδωρ) 'give me water to drink'; the future in a wish-question voices David's craving.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of ποτιεῖ ('give me to drink')→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): the person to be given drink.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeaccusative of content (second object of ποτιεῖ: 'water')→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; the longed-for water from Bethlehem's well — the object of David's craving and of the warriors' daring.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the well')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'from / out of'; source of the water.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λάκκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λάκκουwell / cisternGenitiveobject of ἐκ ('from the well')→ relational specificationλάκκος: 'pit / cistern / well'; renders בּוֹר; the well/cistern by Bethlehem's gate whose water David craved.
τοῦthe (that is)Genitivearticle (attributive: 'the one in Bethlehem')→ noun-phrase markingthe repeated article τοῦ ἐν Βαιθλεεμ functions as a relative ('the [well] that is in Bethlehem'), a common Greek attributive construction.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in Bethlehem')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative.
ΒαιθλεεμBethlehemplace name (indeclinable: location of the well)→ participant identificationΒαιθλεεμ: indeclinable; David's hometown, where the longed-for well stood.
τοῦthe (that is)Genitivearticle (attributive: 'the one by the gate')→ noun-phrase markingthe repeated article τοῦ ἐν τῇ πύλῃ further specifies the well as the one located at the city gate.
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (place: 'by the gate')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative ('at / by the gate').
τῇtheDativearticle (with πύλῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύλῃgateDativeobject of ἐν ('by the gate')→ sphere or referenceπύλη: 'gate'; renders שַׁעַר; the well stood by Bethlehem's city gate — the precise object of David's longing.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with σύστημα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲnow / butnarrative continuative (post-positive, introducing the parenthetical note)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'now / but'; post-positive; introduces the parenthetical reminder that the Philistines still held Bethlehem, heightening the danger.
σύστημαencampment / companyNominativesubject of verbless clause ('the encampment')→ participant prominenceσύστημα: 'organized body / company / encampment'; here a synonym for the Philistine garrison/host occupying Bethlehem (varying ὑπόστημα of v. 14).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive (with σύστημα: 'company of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl. ἀλλοφύλων): 'Philistines'; the occupying force.
τότεthenadverb of time ('then')→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; repeats the temporal note of v. 14, stressing that the garrison was present at the very moment of David's wish.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in Bethlehem')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative.
ΒαιθλεεμBethlehemplace name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαιθλεεμ: indeclinable; the garrisoned town, making the water-raid a genuine risk of life.
16

καὶ διέρρηξαν οἱ τρεῖς δυνατοὶ ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ὑδρεύσαντο ὕδωρ ἐκ τοῦ λάκκου τοῦ ἐν Βαιθλεεμ τοῦ ἐν τῇ πύλῃ καὶ ἔλαβαν καὶ παρεγένοντο πρὸς Δαυιδ καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν πιεῖν αὐτὸ καὶ ἔσπεισεν αὐτὸ τῷ κυρίῳ

And the three mighty men broke through the camp of the Philistines and drew water from the well that is in Bethlehem, the one by the gate, and took it and came to David; but he would not drink it, and he poured it out to the LORD.

The exploit and David's refusal (climactic action)καὶ διέρρηξαν οἱ τρεῖς δυνατοὶ
v. 16 narrates the daring raid and David's surprising response: the three break through the Philistine camp, draw the water, and bring it back — but David refuses to drink, pouring it out as a libation to the LORD. The gesture transforms a personal craving into an act of worship: water won at the risk of men's lives is too sacred to consume.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέρρηξανbroke throughAor Act Indic 3 Pl · διαρρήγνυμιmain verb (the three breach the camp)→ constative aorist (the act of breaking through)διαρρήγνυμι (aor. διέρρηξαν): 'break/tear through / burst apart'; renders בָּקַע ('cleave / break through'); the three forced their way through the Philistine lines — the daring core of the exploit.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with τρεῖς)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeNominativesubject (numeral: 'the three mighty men')→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; the three warriors of v. 13 who undertook the raid.
δυνατοὶmighty menNominativesubstantival adjective (with τρεῖς: 'the three mighty men')→ participant prominenceδυνατός: 'mighty'; substantival; identifies the three as elite warriors.
ἐνthrough / intopreposition + dative (place of breaching: 'in/through the camp')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here with διέρρηξαν of the place broken into ('through the camp').
τῇtheDativearticle (with παρεμβολῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῇcampDativeobject of ἐν ('through the camp')→ sphere or referenceπαρεμβολή: 'camp / army / battle-array'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the Philistine encampment the three breached.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive (with παρεμβολῇ: 'camp of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl. ἀλλοφύλων): 'Philistines'; the enemy whose camp was breached.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑδρεύσαντοdrew waterAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ὑδρεύομαιmain verb (the three draw the water)→ constative aorist (the act of drawing)ὑδρεύομαι (aor. mid. ὑδρεύσαντο): 'draw / fetch water'; renders שָׁאַב; the warriors drew the water from the gate-well — the object of David's longing now in hand.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of ὑδρεύσαντο ('water')→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the water drawn from Bethlehem's well.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the well')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: source.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λάκκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λάκκουwell / cisternGenitiveobject of ἐκ ('from the well')→ relational specificationλάκκος: 'pit / cistern / well'; the same gate-well of David's longing (v. 15).
τοῦthe (that is)Genitivearticle (attributive: 'the one in Bethlehem')→ noun-phrase markingthe article τοῦ ἐν Βαιθλεεμ ('the [well] in Bethlehem') repeats the attributive construction of v. 15 verbatim.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative.
ΒαιθλεεμBethlehemplace name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαιθλεεμ: indeclinable; the location of the well.
τοῦthe (that is)Genitivearticle (attributive: 'the one by the gate')→ noun-phrase markingthe article τοῦ ἐν τῇ πύλῃ ('the [well] by the gate') again specifies the gate-well, repeating v. 15.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (place: 'by the gate')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative ('by the gate').
τῇtheDativearticle (with πύλῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύλῃgateDativeobject of ἐν ('by the gate')→ sphere or referenceπύλη: 'gate'; the city gate by which the well stood.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβανtookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (the three take the water)→ constative aorist (the act of taking)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβαν, Koine -αν ending): 'take / receive'; the warriors took the drawn water to carry it back to David.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεγένοντοcame / arrivedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb (the three return to David)→ constative aorist (the act of arriving)παραγίνομαι (aor. παρεγένοντο): 'arrive / come / be present'; the three came back through the enemy lines to David with the water.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: 'to David')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to / toward' a person.
ΔαυιδDavidobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the king to whom they brought the water.
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἠθέλησεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negative; David 'would not' drink the water.
ἠθέλησενwas willing / wishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (negated: David's refusal)→ constative aorist (the act of refusal)θέλω (aor. ἠθέλησεν): 'wish / be willing'; οὐκ ἠθέλησεν πιεῖν ('he was unwilling to drink') marks David's surprising refusal of the longed-for water (cf. v. 17).
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησεν: 'to drink')→ aorist infinitive (the act of drinking)πίνω (aor. inf. πιεῖν): 'drink'; the complementary infinitive after ἠθέλησεν; David refused the very water he had craved.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of πιεῖν (the water)→ participant referenceαὐτός (neut. acc. αὐτό): refers to τὸ ὕδωρ ('the water').
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσπεισενpoured out / libatedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σπένδωmain verb (David's libation)→ constative aorist (the act of pouring out)σπένδω (aor. ἔσπεισεν): 'pour out as a libation / make a drink-offering'; renders נָסַךְ; David poured the water out 'to the LORD' as a sacred libation — a gesture of worship that consecrated the costly water rather than consuming it.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of ἔσπεισεν (the water)→ participant referenceαὐτός (neut. acc. αὐτό): the water, now poured out as a libation.
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient (the libation poured 'to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; David offers the water to YHWH, treating life-bought water as belonging to God alone.
17

καὶ εἶπεν ἵλεώς μοι κύριε τοῦ ποιῆσαι τοῦτο εἰ αἷμα τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῶν πορευθέντων ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς αὐτῶν πίομαι καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν πιεῖν αὐτό ταῦτα ἐποίησαν οἱ τρεῖς δυνατοί

And he said, 'May the LORD be merciful to me, that I should do this! Shall I drink the blood of the men who went at the risk of their lives?' And he would not drink it. These things the three mighty men did.

David's oath of refusal (interpreting the gesture) and closing summaryκαὶ εἶπεν ἵλεώς μοι κύριε
v. 17 gives David's words explaining the libation: an oath-formula (ἵλεώς μοι κύριε, 'far be it from me!') and a horror at drinking what is, in effect, the blood of the men who risked their lives. The episode closes with the summary refrain ταῦτα ἐποίησαν οἱ τρεῖς δυνατοί ('these things the three mighty men did'), a catalogue-formula (cf. v. 22).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces David's oath of refusal.
ἵλεώςmerciful / far be itNominativepredicate adjective (oath-formula: 'may [the LORD] be merciful')→ participant prominenceἵλεως: 'gracious / merciful / propitious'; in the formula ἵλεώς μοι ('may [God] be gracious to me' = 'far be it from me!') it renders חָלִילָה לִּי, a strong oath of refusal — David declares it unthinkable to drink the water.
μοιto meDativedative (with ἵλεως: 'gracious to me')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): the person for whom God's mercy/the oath is invoked.
κύριεO LORDVocativevocative (direct address to YHWH)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; David addresses YHWH directly in his oath.
τοῦthe (that I should)Genitivearticle (with the articular infinitive ποιῆσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive (epexegetical: 'that I should do this')→ aorist infinitive (the contemplated act)ποιέω (aor. inf. ποιῆσαι): 'do / make'; the articular infinitive τοῦ ποιῆσαι τοῦτο ('to do this') specifies what would be unthinkable — drinking the water.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαι ('this thing')→ participant referenceοὗτος (neut. acc. τοῦτο): 'this'; the deed of drinking the water won at such cost.
εἰif / shall I?particle introducing an oath-question (Hebraism: 'shall I...?')→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; in oath-contexts the LXX uses εἰ to render the Hebrew אִם of a negative oath ('[may God do so to me] if I drink...' = 'I will surely not drink'); here it frames David's rhetorical refusal.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of πίομαι ('drink the blood')→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; David equates the water with the 'blood' of the men who risked their lives to fetch it — drinking it would be like drinking their lifeblood.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἀνδρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitivegenitive of relationship (with αἷμα: 'blood of the men')→ relational specificationἀνήρ (gen. pl. ἀνδρῶν): 'men'; the three warriors who fetched the water at mortal risk.
τῶνthe (who)Genitivearticle (with the participle πορευθέντων, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευθέντωνwho wentAor Pass Ptcp Gen Pl Masc · πορεύομαιattributive participle (with ἀνδρῶν: 'the men who went')→ aorist participle (the completed act of going)πορεύομαι (aor. ptcp. πορευθέντων): 'go / journey'; the attributive participle describes the men 'who went' on the dangerous errand — they went ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς αὐτῶν, at the hazard of their lives.
ἐνat the risk of / inpreposition + dative (idiomatic: 'at the risk of their lives')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here in the idiom ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς αὐτῶν ('with/at [the cost of] their lives'), rendering בְּנַפְשׁוֹתָם ('at the risk of their lives').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ψυχαῖς)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχαῖςlivesDativeobject of ἐν (idiomatic: 'their lives')→ sphere or referenceψυχή (dat. pl. ψυχαῖς): 'soul / life'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here 'lives' — the men went at the hazard of their very lives, which is why their water is as their blood.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ψυχαῖς: 'their lives')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): refers to the three warriors.
πίομαιshall I drinkFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πίνωmain verb of the oath-question ('shall I drink?')→ deliberative future (in an oath of refusal)πίνω (fut. mid. πίομαι): 'drink'; the first-person future in the oath-question (with εἰ) expresses David's emphatic refusal — he will by no means drink it.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἠθέλησεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negative; reiterates David's refusal.
ἠθέλησενwas willingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (negated: David's continued refusal)→ constative aorist (the act of refusal)θέλω (aor. ἠθέλησεν): 'wish / be willing'; the narrator restates that David οὐκ ἠθέλησεν πιεῖν ('was unwilling to drink'), echoing v. 16.
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησεν)→ aorist infinitiveπίνω (aor. inf. πιεῖν): 'drink'; the complementary infinitive after ἠθέλησεν.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object of πιεῖν (the water)→ participant referenceαὐτός (neut. acc. αὐτό): the water.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησαν (anaphoric summary: 'these things')→ object specificationοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these things'; the summary-formula ταῦτα ἐποίησαν ('these things they did') closes the exploit (cf. v. 22).
ἐποίησανdidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (summary of the exploit)→ constative aorist (summarizing the whole feat)ποιέω (aor. ἐποίησαν): 'do / perform'; the closing summary ascribes the whole exploit to the three mighty men.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with τρεῖς)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν ('the three mighty men')→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; the three warriors of the water-exploit.
δυνατοίmighty menNominativesubstantival adjective (with τρεῖς: 'the three mighty men')→ participant prominenceδυνατός: 'mighty'; substantival; rounds off the episode by naming the agents as the three δυνατοί.
18

καὶ Αβεσσα ἀδελφὸς Ιωαβ υἱὸς Σαρουιας αὐτὸς ἄρχων ἐν τοῖς τρισίν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξήγειρεν τὸ δόρυ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τριακοσίους τραυματίας καὶ αὐτῷ ὄνομα ἐν τοῖς τρισίν

And Abessa the brother of Joab, son of Sarouia, he was chief among the three; and he wielded his spear against three hundred slain, and he had a name among the three.

New hero-notice: Abessa, chief of a second triadκαὶ Αβεσσα ἀδελφὸς Ιωαβ
vv. 18–19 introduce Abessa (Abishai), brother of Joab, as chief of a (second) group of three; like the first triad his signature is a mass-slaying — three hundred with his spear. The notice follows the established pattern (name, lineage, rank, exploit, renown), and vv. 19 evaluates his standing relative to the supreme Three.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (catalogue link)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβεσσαAbessasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσα: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִישַׁי (Abishai), David's nephew and Joab's brother; indeclinable; a leading commander throughout Kingdoms.
ἀδελφὸςbrotherNominativeapposition to Αβεσσα ('brother of Joab')→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; identifies Abessa by his famous brother Joab, David's general.
Ιωαβof Joabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'brother of Joab')→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָב (Joab), David's commander-in-chief; indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition ('son of Sarouia')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the matronymic 'son of Sarouia' (Zeruiah, David's sister) identifies the brothers' descent through their mother — a notable feature of the tradition.
Σαρουιαςof SarouiaGenitivegenitive of relationship (declined: 'son of Sarouia')→ relational specificationΣαρουια (gen. Σαρουιας): transliteration of Hebrew צְרוּיָה (Zeruiah), David's sister and mother of Joab, Abishai, and Asahel; declined as a Greek first-declension noun, hence given a case.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive subject: 'he was chief')→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself'; resumes the subject before stating his rank.
ἄρχωνchief / rulerNominativepredicate noun ('chief among the three')→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'chief / commander'; renders רֹאשׁ; Abessa was head of a triad of warriors (the second-rank Three).
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (membership: 'among the three')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'among'; ἐν τοῖς τρισίν ('among the three').
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with τρισίν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρισίνthreeDativenumeral (substantival: 'the three')→ sphere or referenceτρεῖς (dat. τρισίν): 'three'; here a second triad of which Abessa was chief, distinct from the supreme Three of vv. 8–12 (cf. v. 19).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive subject of ἐξήγειρεν)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive/resumptive 'he'; introduces his signature exploit.
ἐξήγειρενwielded / raised upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξεγείρωmain verb (Abessa's spear-exploit)→ constative aorist (the act of wielding the spear)ἐξεγείρω (aor. ἐξήγειρεν): 'rouse / raise up / brandish'; renders עוֹרֵר ('he brandished/lifted'); ἐξήγειρεν τὸ δόρυ ('he raised/wielded his spear') is the idiom for his deadly feat against three hundred.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δόρυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearAccusativedirect object of ἐξήγειρεν ('his spear')→ object specificationδόρυ: 'spear'; renders חֲנִית; the weapon Abessa wielded against three hundred enemies.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with δόρυ: 'his spear')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): possessive.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against three hundred')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'against'; marks the three hundred as the objects of his assault.
τριακοσίουςthree hundredAccusativenumeral (with τραυματίας: 'three hundred slain')→ object specificationτριακόσιοι: 'three hundred'; renders שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת; the tally of Abessa's slain, parallel to the eight hundred of v. 8.
τραυματίαςslainAccusativedirect object/accusative of result ('three hundred slain')→ object specificationτραυματίας: 'wounded / slain'; renders חָלָל; the three hundred who fell to Abessa's spear.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷto him / he hadDativedative of possession ('he had a name')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. αὐτῷ): dative of possession; αὐτῷ ὄνομα ('he had a name / renown').
ὄνομαname / renownNominativesubject of verbless possessive clause ('a name')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name / reputation'; renders שֵׁם; here 'renown' — Abessa was famous among the elite warriors (cf. v. 22).
ἐνamongpreposition + dative ('among the three')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'among'; his renown was among the triad.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with τρισίν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρισίνthreeDativenumeral (substantival: 'the three')→ sphere or referenceτρεῖς (dat. τρισίν): 'three'; the triad among whom Abessa held renown.
19

ἐκ τῶν τριῶν ἐκείνων ἔνδοξος καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτοῖς εἰς ἄρχοντα καὶ ἕως τῶν τριῶν οὐκ ἦλθεν

Of those three he was the most honored, and he became their commander; but he did not attain to the first three.

Ranking evaluation of Abessa (relative to the supreme Three)ἐκ τῶν τριῶν ἐκείνων ἔνδοξος
v. 19 ranks Abessa: he was the most distinguished of his triad and became its commander, yet he did not attain the rank of the supreme Three. The same evaluative formula (ἔνδοξος ... ἕως τῶν τριῶν οὐκ ἦλθεν) is applied to Banaias at v. 23, marking a clear hierarchy among David's heroes.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of those three')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: partitive 'of / among'; ἐκ τῶν τριῶν ('of the three').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with τριῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριῶνthreeGenitivenumeral (partitive: 'of the three')→ relational specificationτρεῖς (gen. τριῶν): 'three'; the triad to which Abessa belonged.
ἐκείνωνthoseGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with τριῶν: 'those three')→ relational specificationἐκεῖνος (gen. pl. ἐκείνων): 'those'; specifies the particular triad in view.
ἔνδοξοςhonored / distinguishedNominativepredicate adjective ('he was the most honored')→ participant prominenceἔνδοξος: 'honored / glorious / distinguished'; renders נִכְבָּד; Abessa was the most distinguished of his triad — the evaluative term repeated of Banaias (v. 23).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Abessa becomes their commander)→ constative aorist (achieved status)γίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'become'; with εἰς + accusative (a Hebraism for predication) ἐγένετο εἰς ἄρχοντα ('became a commander').
αὐτοῖςfor them / theirDativedative of advantage ('became commander for them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): refers to the triad; Abessa became 'their' commander.
εἰςas / to bepreposition + accusative (Hebraism for predicate: 'as a commander')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: in the Hebraism ἐγένετο εἰς ('became as / became'), rendering הָיָה לְ; predicates the office.
ἄρχονταcommanderAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς: 'a commander')→ object specificationἄρχων (acc. ἄρχοντα): 'ruler / commander'; renders שַׂר; Abessa became commander of his triad.
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςto / up topreposition + genitive (limit: 'to the three')→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'up to / as far as'; ἕως τῶν τριῶν οὐκ ἦλθεν ('he did not attain to the [first] three').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with τριῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριῶνthreeGenitivenumeral (the supreme Three)→ relational specificationτρεῖς (gen. τριῶν): 'three'; here the supreme Three of vv. 8–12, whose rank Abessa did not reach.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦλθεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negative; he did 'not' attain the rank.
ἦλθενattained / cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (negated: 'did not attain to the three')→ constative aorist (the act of attaining)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθεν): 'come / attain'; in the idiom ἕως τῶν τριῶν οὐκ ἦλθεν ('he did not come up to the [first] three'), marking that Abessa, for all his renown, ranked below the supreme triad.
20

καὶ Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε ἀνὴρ αὐτὸς πολλοστὸς ἔργοις ἀπὸ Καβεσεηλ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπάταξεν τοὺς δύο υἱοὺς Αριηλ τοῦ Μωαβ καὶ αὐτὸς κατέβη καὶ ἐπάταξε τὸν λέοντα ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ λάκκου ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς χιόνος

And Banaias son of Iodae, a man — he himself was great in deeds, from Kabeseel; and he struck down the two sons of Ariel of Moab, and he went down and struck the lion in the midst of the pit on the day of snow.

New hero-notice: Banaias and his exploitsκαὶ Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε
vv. 20–23 are devoted to Banaias (Benaiah) son of Jehoiada, a warrior of legendary deeds. v. 20 lists two of his feats: slaying the two sons of Ariel of Moab and killing a lion in a pit on a snowy day. The vivid detail ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς χιόνος ('on the day of snow') makes the lion-feat especially memorable.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (catalogue link)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιαςBanaiasNominativesubject (declined proper noun: the hero)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: transliteration of Hebrew בְּנָיָהוּ (Benaiah), son of Jehoiada, commander of David's bodyguard and later Solomon's general; declined as a Greek first-declension noun, hence given a case.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Βαναιας ('son of Iodae')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic.
Ιωδαεof Iodaegenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Iodae')→ participant identificationΙωδαε: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹיָדָע (Jehoiada); indeclinable; Banaias's father, a priestly figure.
ἀνὴρa manNominativeapposition (descriptive: 'a man [great in deeds]')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אִישׁ; introduces the description of Banaias as a man of mighty deeds.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic: 'he himself')→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself'; emphasises Banaias as the doer of the deeds that follow.
πολλοστὸςgreat / aboundingNominativepredicate adjective ('great in deeds')→ participant prominenceπολλοστός: lit. 'one of many / very great'; here rendering רַב ('great / abundant') in the phrase 'great/mighty in deeds' — Banaias was a man of many valiant exploits.
ἔργοιςin deedsDativedative of respect (with πολλοστός: 'great in deeds')→ sphere or referenceἔργον (dat. pl. ἔργοις): 'work / deed'; renders פְּעָלִים ('deeds / acts'); the dative of respect specifies the sphere of Banaias's greatness — his mighty acts.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin: 'from Kabeseel')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + genitive: 'from'; marks Banaias's hometown.
ΚαβεσεηλKabeseelplace name (indeclinable: Banaias's hometown)→ participant identificationΚαβεσεηλ: transliteration of Hebrew קַבְצְאֵל (Kabzeel), a town in the far south of Judah; indeclinable; Banaias's place of origin.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive subject of ἐπάταξεν)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive/resumptive 'he'; introduces his first feat.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Banaias slays the sons of Ariel)→ constative aorist (the act of slaying)πατάσσω (aor. ἐπάταξεν): 'strike / smite / kill'; Banaias struck down the two sons of Ariel of Moab.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (with υἱούς: 'the two sons')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; renders שְׁנֵי; the two warrior-sons of Ariel whom Banaias slew.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν ('the two sons')→ object specificationυἱός (acc. pl. υἱούς): 'sons'; the sons of Ariel of Moab; the Hebrew אֲרִיאֵל may mean 'lion of God / hero', and some read 'two [sons] of Ariel' or 'two lion-like heroes of Moab.'
Αριηλof Arielgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Ariel')→ participant identificationΑριηλ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲרִיאֵל ('Ariel', lit. 'lion of God / hero'); indeclinable; here a Moabite warrior (or epithet) whose two sons Banaias killed.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with Μωαβ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Μωαβof Moabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew מוֹאָב (Moab); indeclinable; the homeland of Ariel and his sons, Israel's eastern neighbor.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive subject of κατέβη)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive/resumptive 'he'; introduces the lion-feat.
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (Banaias descends into the pit)→ constative aorist (the act of going down)καταβαίνω (aor. κατέβη): 'go down / descend'; Banaias went down into the pit to face the lion — an act of extraordinary daring.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξεstruck / killedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Banaias slays the lion)→ constative aorist (the act of killing the lion)πατάσσω (aor. ἐπάταξε, movable-ν dropped): 'strike / kill'; Banaias killed the lion in the pit — the most celebrated of his feats.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λέοντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέονταlionAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξε ('the lion')→ object specificationλέων (acc. λέοντα): 'lion'; renders אֲרִי; the lion Banaias killed in the pit — note the wordplay with Αριηλ ('lion of God') in the preceding feat.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in the midst of the pit')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative.
μέσῳmidstDativeobject of ἐν ('in the midst of the pit')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ λάκκου ('in the midst of the pit/cistern').
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with λάκκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λάκκουpit / cisternGenitivegenitive (with μέσῳ: 'the midst of the pit')→ relational specificationλάκκος: 'pit / cistern / well'; renders בּוֹר; the pit into which the lion had fallen (or sheltered) and where Banaias killed it.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on the day of snow')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: temporal.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativeobject of ἐν (temporal: 'on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the day of the lion-feat.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with χιόνος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χιόνοςof snowGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'day of snow')→ relational specificationχιών (gen. χιόνος): 'snow'; renders שֶׁלֶג; ἡ ἡμέρα τῆς χιόνος ('the day of snow') is the vivid, memorable detail fixing the lion-feat in a rare snowy day — heightening the danger and the marvel.
21

αὐτὸς ἐπάταξεν τὸν ἄνδρα τὸν Αἰγύπτιον ἄνδρα ὁρατόν ἐν δὲ τῇ χειρὶ τοῦ Αἰγυπτίου δόρυ ὡς ξύλον διαβάθρας καὶ κατέβη πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐν ῥάβδῳ καὶ ἥρπασεν τὸ δόρυ ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς τοῦ Αἰγυπτίου καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ δόρατι αὐτοῦ

He himself struck down the Egyptian man, a man of remarkable size; and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a weaver's beam, but he went down to him with a staff and snatched the spear out of the Egyptian's hand and killed him with his own spear.

Banaias's third exploit: the Egyptian giantαὐτὸς ἐπάταξεν τὸν ἄνδρα τὸν Αἰγύπτιον
v. 21 narrates Banaias's third feat: armed only with a staff, he confronts a formidable Egyptian wielding a spear 'like a weaver's beam' (the epic measure also used of Goliath, 1 Kingdoms 17:7), wrests the spear away, and kills the man with his own weapon — a David-and-Goliath in miniature, underscoring Banaias's heroic stature.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself'; emphasises Banaias as the lone victor over the Egyptian.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (Banaias slays the Egyptian)→ constative aorist (the act of slaying)πατάσσω (aor. ἐπάταξεν): 'strike / smite / kill'; Banaias struck down the Egyptian giant.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄνδρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραmanAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν ('the Egyptian man')→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. ἄνδρα): 'man'; the Egyptian warrior Banaias defeated.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with Αἰγύπτιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιονEgyptianAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἄνδρα: 'the Egyptian man')→ object specificationΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; renders מִצְרִי; the formidable foreign warrior Banaias overcame.
ἄνδραa manAccusativeapposition (descriptive: 'a man of remarkable size')→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. ἄνδρα, repeated): 'man'; the resumptive ἄνδρα ὁρατόν ('a man of imposing appearance') stresses the Egyptian's intimidating stature.
ὁρατόνof remarkable size / impressiveAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἄνδρα: 'a man of striking appearance')→ object specificationὁρατός: 'visible / conspicuous / impressive to behold'; renders the Hebrew אִישׁ מַרְאֶה ('a man of [imposing] appearance'); the Egyptian was a conspicuously large, intimidating figure (cf. 1 Chron 11:23, 'five cubits tall').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in the hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative ('in the hand').
δὲnow / andnarrative continuative (post-positive, introducing descriptive note)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'now / and'; post-positive; introduces the circumstantial description of the Egyptian's spear.
τῇtheDativearticle (with χειρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativeobject of ἐν ('in the hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. χειρί): 'hand'; the Egyptian's hand, which held the great spear.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with Αἰγυπτίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αἰγυπτίουof the EgyptianGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρί: 'the Egyptian's hand')→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτιος (gen. Αἰγυπτίου): 'Egyptian'; possessive — the spear was in his hand.
δόρυspearNominativesubject of verbless clause ('a spear was in his hand')→ participant prominenceδόρυ: 'spear'; renders חֲנִית; the Egyptian's huge spear, likened to a weaver's beam.
ὡςlikecomparative particle ('like a weaver's beam')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'like / as'; introduces the epic simile for the spear's size.
ξύλονbeam / shaftNominativepredicate (in the simile: 'like the beam')→ participant prominenceξύλον: 'wood / beam / pole'; ξύλον διαβάθρας ('a weaver's beam') renders מְנוֹר אֹרְגִים, the same epic measure used of Goliath's spear (1 Kingdoms 17:7), marking the Egyptian as a giant.
διαβάθραςof a weaver's beamGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ξύλον: 'beam of a loom')→ relational specificationδιαβάθρα: 'crossbeam / weaver's beam / loom-beam'; renders אֹרְגִים ('weavers'); the spear was as thick as the great beam of a loom — a proverbial image of an oversized weapon.
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (Banaias advances on the Egyptian)→ constative aorist (the act of advancing)καταβαίνω (aor. κατέβη): 'go down / advance against'; Banaias went down against the Egyptian armed only with a staff.
πρὸςto / againstpreposition + accusative (direction: 'to him')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to / against'; Banaias advanced toward the Egyptian.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός (the Egyptian)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): refers to the Egyptian.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument: 'with a staff')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: instrumental; ἐν ῥάβδῳ ('with a staff/rod') — Banaias's only weapon, against the giant's spear.
ῥάβδῳstaff / rodDativedative of instrument ('with a staff')→ sphere or referenceῥάβδος: 'staff / rod / stick'; renders שֵׁבֶט/מַקֵּל; Banaias faced the spear-wielding giant with only a simple staff, underscoring his courage and skill.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥρπασενsnatchedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁρπάζωmain verb (Banaias seizes the spear)→ constative aorist (the act of snatching)ἁρπάζω (aor. ἥρπασεν): 'snatch / seize / carry off'; renders גָּזַל; Banaias snatched the spear from the Egyptian's hand — the decisive move of the combat.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δόρυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearAccusativedirect object of ἥρπασεν ('the spear')→ object specificationδόρυ: 'spear'; the giant's own spear, now seized by Banaias.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source: 'out of the hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'out of'; the spear snatched 'out of' the Egyptian's hand.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with χειρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὸςhandGenitiveobject of ἐκ ('out of the hand')→ relational specificationχείρ (gen. χειρός): 'hand'; the Egyptian's hand, from which the spear was wrested.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with Αἰγυπτίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αἰγυπτίουof the EgyptianGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρός: 'the Egyptian's hand')→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτιος (gen. Αἰγυπτίου): 'Egyptian'; possessive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέκτεινενkilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (Banaias kills the Egyptian)→ constative aorist (the act of killing)ἀποκτείνω (aor. ἀπέκτεινεν): 'kill / slay'; renders הָרַג; Banaias killed the Egyptian with the man's own spear — the climactic, ironic stroke (cf. David and Goliath, 1 Kingdoms 17:51).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀπέκτεινεν (the Egyptian)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): refers to the Egyptian.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument: 'with his own spear')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: instrumental ('with').
τῷtheDativearticle (with δόρατι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρατιspearDativedative of instrument ('with the spear')→ sphere or referenceδόρυ (dat. δόρατι): 'spear'; the Egyptian's own spear, turned against him.
αὐτοῦhis (own)Genitivegenitive of possession (with δόρατι: 'his own spear', i.e. the Egyptian's)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): 'his own' — the spear belonged to the Egyptian, making his death by his own weapon the ironic climax.
22

ταῦτα ἐποίησεν Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε καὶ αὐτῷ ὄνομα ἐν τοῖς τρισὶν τοῖς δυνατοῖς

These things Banaias son of Iodae did, and he had a name among the three mighty men.

Summary of Banaias's exploits (catalogue-formula)ταῦτα ἐποίησεν Βαναιας
v. 22 closes Banaias's exploit-cycle with the same summary-formula used of the water-exploit (ταῦτα ἐποίησεν, cf. v. 17): his deeds earned him renown among the mighty men. v. 23 then ranks him precisely, as with Abessa.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν (anaphoric: 'these things')→ object specificationοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these things'; the summary-formula ταῦτα ἐποίησεν refers back to Banaias's three feats.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (summary of Banaias's deeds)→ constative aorist (summarizing the exploits)ποιέω (aor. ἐποίησεν): 'do / perform'; sums up Banaias's valiant acts.
ΒαναιαςBanaiasNominativesubject (declined proper noun)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: declined (gen. Βαναιου); the hero whose deeds are summarized.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition ('son of Iodae')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic, repeated from v. 20.
Ιωδαεof Iodaegenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Iodae')→ participant identificationΙωδαε: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹיָדָע (Jehoiada); indeclinable; Banaias's father.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷto him / he hadDativedative of possession ('he had a name')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. αὐτῷ): dative of possession; αὐτῷ ὄνομα ('he had renown'), echoing v. 18.
ὄνομαname / renownNominativesubject of verbless possessive clause ('a name')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name / reputation'; renders שֵׁם; Banaias was renowned among the elite warriors.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative ('among the three mighty men')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'among'.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with τρισίν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρισὶνthreeDativenumeral (with δυνατοῖς: 'the three mighty men')→ sphere or referenceτρεῖς (dat. τρισίν): 'three'; the triad among whom Banaias was famous.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (second-attributive, with δυνατοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνατοῖςmighty menDativesubstantival adjective (second-attributive: 'the three, the mighty men')→ sphere or referenceδυνατός: 'mighty'; the second-attributive construction τοῖς τρισὶν τοῖς δυνατοῖς ('the three, the mighty ones') specifies the elite among whom Banaias held renown.
23

ἐκ τῶν τριῶν ἔνδοξος καὶ πρὸς τοὺς τρεῖς οὐκ ἦλθεν καὶ ἔταξεν αὐτὸν Δαυιδ εἰς τὰς ἀκοὰς αὐτοῦ

Of the three he was honored, but he did not attain to the first three; and David set him over his bodyguard.

Ranking of Banaias and his appointment over the bodyguardἐκ τῶν τριῶν ἔνδοξος
v. 23 ranks Banaias by the same formula as Abessa (v. 19): distinguished among the Thirty, yet not of the supreme Three. The notice adds his appointment: David set him over his personal guard (εἰς τὰς ἀκοὰς αὐτοῦ, 'over his audience/bodyguard'), the role Banaias holds throughout the Solomon narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of the three')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: partitive 'of / among'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with τριῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριῶνthreeGenitivenumeral (partitive: 'of the three/thirty')→ relational specificationτρεῖς (gen. τριῶν): 'three'; here the elite company among whom Banaias was distinguished (the term shifts between the Three and the Thirty).
ἔνδοξοςhonored / distinguishedNominativepredicate adjective ('he was honored')→ participant prominenceἔνδοξος: 'honored / distinguished'; renders נִכְבָּד; Banaias was distinguished among the elite, the same evaluation given Abessa (v. 19).
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative in sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (limit: 'to the three')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: here in the idiom πρὸς τοὺς τρεῖς οὐκ ἦλθεν ('he did not attain to the [supreme] three'), varying ἕως of v. 19.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with τρεῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral (the supreme Three)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; the supreme triad whose rank Banaias did not reach.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦλθεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negative.
ἦλθενattained / cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (negated: 'did not attain to the three')→ constative aorist (the act of attaining)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθεν): 'come / attain'; the same ranking-idiom as v. 19 — Banaias ranked just below the supreme Three.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔταξενappointed / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τάσσωmain verb (David appoints Banaias)→ constative aorist (the act of appointment)τάσσω (aor. ἔταξεν): 'appoint / set in order / station'; renders שָׂם; David set Banaias over his personal guard — the office he holds in 1 Kingdoms/3 Kingdoms.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔταξεν (Banaias)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): refers to Banaias.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of ἔταξεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; David, who appointed Banaias.
εἰςover / topreposition + accusative (appointment: 'over his bodyguard')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: here of appointment to a charge ('over').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀκοάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκοὰςbodyguard / audienceAccusativeobject of εἰς ('over his bodyguard')→ object specificationἀκοή (acc. pl. ἀκοάς): lit. 'hearing / report'; here in the idiom εἰς τὰς ἀκοὰς αὐτοῦ ('over his audience / privy council / bodyguard'), rendering Hebrew מִשְׁמַעַת ('obedient retinue / bodyguard'); David put Banaias in charge of his personal guard.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀκοάς: 'his bodyguard')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): refers to David; the bodyguard is his own.
24

καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν δυνατῶν Δαυιδ βασιλέως Ασαηλ ἀδελφὸς Ιωαβ οὗτος ἐν τοῖς τριάκοντα Ελεαναν υἱὸς Δουδι πατραδέλφου αὐτοῦ ἐν Βαιθλεεμ

And these are the names of the mighty men of David the king: Asael the brother of Joab — he was among the thirty; Eleanan son of Dudi his uncle, in Bethlehem;

Heading of the roll of the Thirty (begins the long catalogue)καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν δυνατῶν Δαυιδ βασιλέως
v. 24 reopens the catalogue with the heading-formula ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν δυνατῶν (cf. v. 8), now expanded with βασιλέως ('of David the king'), introducing the long roll of the Thirty (vv. 24–39). The list proceeds by name + patronymic/gentilic, mostly transliterated and indeclinable. Asael (Joab's brother) heads the list; Eleanan of Bethlehem follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the new catalogue)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject: 'these are the names')→ participant referenceοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these'; the cataphoric heading-formula reopening the roll (cf. v. 8).
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ὀνόματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματαnamesNominativepredicate nominative ('these are the names')→ participant prominenceὄνομα (pl. ὀνόματα): 'name'; the heading-formula ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα introduces the roll of the Thirty.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with δυνατῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνατῶνmighty menGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive: 'of the mighty men')→ relational specificationδυνατός: 'mighty'; substantival οἱ δυνατοί ('the mighty men') = the Thirty, the elite warriors listed below.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the warriors belong to David.
βασιλέωςthe kingGenitiveapposition to Δαυιδ ('David the king')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the added title 'the king' dignifies the heading, marking these as the royal champions.
ΑσαηλAsaelfirst name in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσαηλ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲשָׂהאֵל (Asahel), the third son of Zeruiah, brother of Joab and Abishai, famed for swiftness (cf. 2 Kingdoms 2:18); indeclinable; first of the Thirty.
ἀδελφὸςbrotherNominativeapposition to Ασαηλ ('brother of Joab')→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; identifies Asael as Joab's brother.
Ιωαβof Joabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'brother of Joab')→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָב (Joab); indeclinable; David's general, Asael's brother.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of verbless clause: 'he was among the thirty')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one / he'; resumptive, locating Asael among the Thirty.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (membership: 'among the thirty')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'among'; marks Asael's membership in the Thirty.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with τριάκοντα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (indeclinable: 'the thirty')→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable; οἱ τριάκοντα ('the Thirty') is the corps now being enumerated.
ΕλεανανEleanannext name in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλεαναν: transliteration of Hebrew אֶלְחָנָן (Elhanan); indeclinable; a warrior of Bethlehem, second in the roll.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Ελεαναν ('son of Dudi')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic for Elhanan.
Δουδιof Dudigenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Dudi')→ participant identificationΔουδι: transliteration of Hebrew דֹּדוֹ (Dodo); indeclinable; Elhanan's father.
πατραδέλφουhis uncleGenitiveapposition/genitive ('his uncle')→ relational specificationπατράδελφος (gen. πατραδέλφου): 'father's brother / paternal uncle'; here glossing Dudi/Dodo as 'his uncle', as at v. 9 — the LXX again treats the Hebrew name as a kinship term.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατραδέλφου: 'his uncle')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): refers to Elhanan.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in Bethlehem')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: locative; locates Elhanan's home.
ΒαιθλεεμBethlehemplace name (indeclinable: Elhanan's hometown)→ participant identificationΒαιθλεεμ: indeclinable; Bethlehem, David's own town and Elhanan's home.
25

Σαμαι ὁ Αρουδαῖος Ελικα ὁ Αρωδαῖος

Samai the Arudite; Elika the Arodite;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic pairs)Σαμαι ὁ Αρουδαῖος
v. 25 lists two warriors of the Thirty by name and clan-gentilic in the terse pattern that governs the rest of the catalogue: proper name (indeclinable, transliterated) + article + declined gentilic adjective. Samai and Elika are both designated 'the Harodite' (the variant spellings Αρουδαῖος / Αρωδαῖος reflect the same Hebrew gentilic).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ΣαμαιSamainame in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαμαι: transliteration of Hebrew שַׁמָּה (Shammah the Harodite); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αρουδαῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αρουδαῖοςthe Arudite / HaroditeNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Harodite')→ participant prominenceΑρουδαῖος: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַחֲרֹדִי ('the Harodite', from Harod); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ΕλικαElikaname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλικα: transliteration of Hebrew אֱלִיקָא (Elika); indeclinable; another warrior of the Thirty, also designated a Harodite.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αρωδαῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αρωδαῖοςthe Arodite / HaroditeNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Harodite')→ participant prominenceΑρωδαῖος: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַחֲרֹדִי ('the Harodite'); a spelling-variant of Αρουδαῖος above; declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
26

Ελλης ὁ Φελωθι Ιρας υἱὸς Εκκας ὁ Θεκωίτης

Helles the Pelonite; Iras son of Ekkas the Tekoite;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic / patronymic)Ελλης ὁ Φελωθι
v. 26 continues the catalogue: Helles the Pelonite, and Iras son of Ikkesh the Tekoite (from Tekoa, home of Amos). The pattern alternates between simple name + gentilic and name + patronymic + gentilic.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ΕλληςHellesname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλλης: transliteration of Hebrew חֶלֶץ (Helez); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Φελωθι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Φελωθιthe Pelonitegentilic in apposition (indeclinable transliteration: 'the Pelonite')→ participant identificationΦελωθι: transliteration of Hebrew הַפַּלְטִי / הַפְּלוֹנִי ('the Paltite / Pelonite'); here kept as an indeclinable transliterated form (no Greek adjectival ending), hence kind 'x' with no case.
ΙραςIrasname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙρας: transliteration of Hebrew עִירָא (Ira); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, here son of Ikkesh the Tekoite.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Ιρας ('son of Ekkas')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic for Ira.
Εκκαςof Ekkasgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Ekkas')→ participant identificationΕκκας: transliteration of Hebrew עִקֵּשׁ (Ikkesh); indeclinable; Ira's father.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Θεκωίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Θεκωίτηςthe TekoiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Tekoite')→ participant prominenceΘεκωίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַתְּקוֹעִי ('the Tekoite', from Tekoa, later the home of Amos); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
27

Αβιεζερ ὁ Αναθωθίτης ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Ασωθίτου

Abiezer the Anathothite, of the sons of the Asothite;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic + clan)Αβιεζερ ὁ Αναθωθίτης
v. 27 lists Abiezer the Anathothite (from Anathoth, later home of Jeremiah), further specified as 'of the sons of the Asothite' (a clan-affiliation; the parallel reads 'Mebunnai/Sibbecai the Hushathite').
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ΑβιεζερAbiezername in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβιεζερ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִיעֶזֶר (Abiezer); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αναθωθίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αναθωθίτηςthe AnathothiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Anathothite')→ participant prominenceΑναθωθίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הָעַנְּתֹתִי ('the Anathothite', from Anathoth in Benjamin, later the home of Jeremiah); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (origin: 'of the sons of')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: partitive 'of / from among'; ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν ('of the sons of') marks clan-descent.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('of the sons of the Asothite')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; here 'the sons of' = the clan/descendants of the Asothite.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the gentilic Ασωθίτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ασωθίτουof the AsothiteGenitivegentilic adjective (declined genitive: 'of the Asothite/Hushathite')→ relational specificationΑσωθίτης (gen. Ασωθίτου): gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַחֻשָׁתִי ('the Hushathite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case; the clan to which Abiezer is reckoned.
28

Σελμων ὁ Αωίτης Μοορε ὁ Νετωφαθίτης

Selmon the Aoite; Moore the Netophathite;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic pairs)Σελμων ὁ Αωίτης
v. 28 lists two more: Selmon the Ahohite (Aoite) and Moore the Netophathite (from Netophah near Bethlehem). The terse name + gentilic pattern continues.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ΣελμωνSelmonname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣελμων: transliteration of Hebrew צַלְמוֹן (Zalmon); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αωίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αωίτηςthe Aoite / AhohiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Ahohite')→ participant prominenceΑωίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הָאֲחֹחִי ('the Ahohite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ΜοορεMoorename in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΜοορε: transliteration of Hebrew מַהְרַי (Maharai); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty from Netophah.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Νετωφαθίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Νετωφαθίτηςthe NetophathiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Netophathite')→ participant prominenceΝετωφαθίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַנְּטֹפָתִי ('the Netophathite', from Netophah near Bethlehem); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
29

Ελα υἱὸς Βαανα ὁ Νετωφαθίτης Εθθι υἱὸς Ριβα ἐκ Γαβαεθ υἱὸς Βενιαμιν

Ela son of Baana the Netophathite; Eththi son of Riba, of Gabaeth of the sons of Benjamin;

Continuation of the roll (name + patronymic + gentilic / origin)Ελα υἱὸς Βαανα
v. 29 lists Ela (Heled) son of Baanah the Netophathite, and Ithai (Eththi) son of Ribai from Gibeah of the Benjamites. The notice combines patronymic, gentilic, and tribal origin.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ΕλαElaname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλα: transliteration of Hebrew חֵלֶד (Heled / Heleb); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Ελα ('son of Baana')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic.
Βααναof Baanagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Baana')→ participant identificationΒαανα: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעֲנָה (Baanah); indeclinable; Ela's father.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Νετωφαθίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Νετωφαθίτηςthe NetophathiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Netophathite')→ participant prominenceΝετωφαθίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַנְּטֹפָתִי ('the Netophathite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ΕθθιEththiname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕθθι: transliteration of Hebrew אִתַּי (Ittai); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty from Gibeah of Benjamin.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Εθθι ('son of Riba')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic for Ittai.
Ριβαof Ribagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Riba')→ participant identificationΡιβα: transliteration of Hebrew רִיבַי (Ribai); indeclinable; Ittai's father.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (origin: 'from Gabaeth')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'from'; marks Ittai's hometown.
ΓαβαεθGabaethplace name (indeclinable: Ittai's hometown)→ participant identificationΓαβαεθ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּבְעַת (Gibeah); indeclinable; Gibeah of Benjamin, Saul's hometown, here Ittai's origin.
υἱὸςson / of the sonsNominativeapposition (tribal affiliation: 'of [the sons of] Benjamin')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; here in the idiom υἱὸς Βενιαμιν ('a Benjamite / of the sons of Benjamin'), marking Ittai's tribe (Gibeah being a Benjamite town).
Βενιαμινof Benjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Benjamin')→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliteration of Hebrew בִּנְיָמִן (Benjamin); indeclinable; the tribe to which Ittai's town Gibeah belonged.
30

Βαναιας ὁ Φαραθωνίτης Ουρι ἐκ Ναχαλιγαιας

Banaias the Pirathonite; Ouri of Nachaligaia;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic / origin)Βαναιας ὁ Φαραθωνίτης
v. 30 lists Benaiah the Pirathonite (a different Benaiah from the hero of vv. 20–23) and Hiddai/Hurai (Ouri) from the brooks of Gaash (Nachaligaia transliterates נַחֲלֵי גָעַשׁ).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ΒαναιαςBanaiasNominativename in the list (declined proper noun)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: transliteration of Hebrew בְּנָיָה (Benaiah); declined as a Greek first-declension noun, hence given a case; here a Pirathonite, distinct from Benaiah son of Jehoiada (vv. 20–23).
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Φαραθωνίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Φαραθωνίτηςthe PirathoniteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Pirathonite')→ participant prominenceΦαραθωνίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַפִּרְעָתֹנִי ('the Pirathonite', from Pirathon in Ephraim); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ΟυριOuriname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΟυρι: transliteration of Hebrew הִדַּי / חוּרַי (Hiddai / Hurai); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty from the brooks of Gaash.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (origin: 'from Nachaligaia')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'from'; marks his place of origin.
ΝαχαλιγαιαςNachaligaia / the brooks of Gaashplace name (indeclinable: 'the brooks of Gaash')→ participant identificationΝαχαλιγαιας: transliteration of Hebrew נַחֲלֵי גָעַשׁ ('the brooks/wadis of Gaash'), taken as a single place-name; treated as indeclinable, hence no case.
31

Αβιηλ υἱὸς τοῦ Αραβωθίτου Αζμωθ ὁ Βαρσαμίτης

Abiel son of the Arabothite; Azmoth the Barsamite;

Continuation of the roll (name + clan-gentilic)Αβιηλ υἱὸς τοῦ Αραβωθίτου
v. 31 lists Abi-albon the Arbathite (Abiel son of the Arabothite) and Azmaveth the Barhumite (Azmoth the Barsamite). The first is identified by clan-gentilic rather than personal patronymic.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ΑβιηλAbielname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβιηλ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִי־עַלְבוֹן (Abi-albon); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, the Arbathite.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Αβιηλ ('son of the Arabothite')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; here introducing a clan-gentilic ('son of the Arabothite') rather than a personal father's name.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the gentilic Αραβωθίτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αραβωθίτουof the ArabothiteGenitivegentilic adjective (declined genitive: 'son of the Arabathite')→ relational specificationΑραβωθίτης (gen. Αραβωθίτου): gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הָעַרְבָתִי ('the Arbathite', from Beth-arabah); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ΑζμωθAzmothname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑζμωθ: transliteration of Hebrew עַזְמָוֶת (Azmaveth); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Βαρσαμίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Βαρσαμίτηςthe BarsamiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Barhumite')→ participant prominenceΒαρσαμίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַבַּרְחֻמִי ('the Barhumite' / Baharumite, from Bahurim); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
32

Ελιασου ὁ Σαλαβωνίτης υἱοὶ Ιασαν Ιωναθαν

Eliasou the Salabonite; the sons of Iasan; Ionathan;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic; clan group)Ελιασου ὁ Σαλαβωνίτης
v. 32 lists Eliahba the Shaalbonite (Eliasou the Salabonite), then 'the sons of Jashen' (a clan-group) and Jonathan. The textual tradition of this verse is unstable, and the LXX preserves the awkward sequence of its Vorlage.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ΕλιασουEliasouname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλιασου: transliteration of Hebrew אֶלְיַחְבָּא (Eliahba); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, the Shaalbonite.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Σαλαβωνίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαλαβωνίτηςthe SalaboniteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Shaalbonite')→ participant prominenceΣαλαβωνίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַשַּׁעַלְבֹנִי ('the Shaalbonite', from Shaalbim); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject/heading (clan-group: 'the sons of Iasan')→ participant prominenceυἱός (nom. pl. υἱοί): 'sons'; here 'the sons of Jashen' designates a clan-group rather than a single warrior, rendering Hebrew בְּנֵי יָשֵׁן.
Ιασανof Iasangenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Iasan')→ participant identificationΙασαν: transliteration of Hebrew יָשֵׁן (Jashen); indeclinable; the clan-ancestor of 'the sons of Jashen.'
ΙωναθανIonathanname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹנָתָן (Jonathan); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, listed with the sons of Jashen.
33

Σαμμα ὁ Αρωδίτης Αχιαν υἱὸς Σαραδ ὁ Αραουρίτης

Samma the Arodite; Achian son of Sarad the Araurite;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic / patronymic)Σαμμα ὁ Αρωδίτης
v. 33 lists Shammah the Hararite (Samma the Arodite) and Ahiam son of Sharar/Sacar the Hararite (Achian son of Sarad the Araurite).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ΣαμμαSammaname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαμμα: transliteration of Hebrew שַׁמָּה (Shammah); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, the Hararite.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αρωδίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αρωδίτηςthe Arodite / HarariteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Hararite')→ participant prominenceΑρωδίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַהֲרָרִי ('the Hararite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ΑχιανAchianname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχιαν: transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִיאָם (Ahiam); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Αχιαν ('son of Sarad')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic for Ahiam.
Σαραδof Saradgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Sarad')→ participant identificationΣαραδ: transliteration of Hebrew שָׂרָר / שָׂכָר (Sharar / Sacar); indeclinable; Ahiam's father.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αραουρίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αραουρίτηςthe Araurite / HarariteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Hararite')→ participant prominenceΑραουρίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הָאֲרָרִי ('the Hararite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
34

Αλιφαλεθ υἱὸς τοῦ Ασβίτου υἱὸς τοῦ Μααχατι Ελιαβ υἱὸς Αχιτοφελ τοῦ Γελωνίτου

Aliphaleth son of the Asbite, son of the Maacathite; Eliab son of Ahithophel the Gelonite;

Continuation of the roll (layered patronymic + gentilic)Αλιφαλεθ υἱὸς τοῦ Ασβίτου
v. 34 lists Eliphelet son of Ahasbai the Maacathite (Aliphaleth son of the Asbite, son of the Maacathite) and Eliam son of Ahithophel the Gilonite — the latter notable as the son of David's counselor Ahithophel, who later sided with Absalom.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ΑλιφαλεθAliphalethname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑλιφαλεθ: transliteration of Hebrew אֱלִיפֶלֶט (Eliphelet); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Αλιφαλεθ ('son of the Asbite')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; here introducing a clan-gentilic patronymic.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the gentilic Ασβίτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ασβίτουof the AsbiteGenitivegentilic adjective (declined genitive: 'son of the Asbite')→ relational specificationΑσβίτης (gen. Ασβίτου): gentilic corresponding to Hebrew אֲחַסְבַּי ('Ahasbai'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition (second patronymic: 'son of the Maacathite')→ participant prominenceυἱός (repeated): 'son'; a second, layered patronymic — 'son of the Maacathite.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the gentilic Μααχατι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Μααχατιof the Maacathitegentilic in apposition (indeclinable transliteration: 'the Maacathite')→ participant identificationΜααχατι: transliteration of Hebrew הַמַּעֲכָתִי ('the Maacathite', from Maacah); kept as an indeclinable transliterated form, hence kind 'x' with no case (the article τοῦ carries the case).
ΕλιαβEliabname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλιαβ: transliteration of Hebrew אֱלִיעָם (Eliam); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, son of Ahithophel.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Ελιαβ ('son of Ahithophel')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic for Eliam.
Αχιτοφελof Ahithophelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Ahithophel')→ participant identificationΑχιτοφελ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִיתֹפֶל (Ahithophel); indeclinable; David's wise counselor who later joined Absalom's revolt (2 Kingdoms 15–17); his son served among the Thirty.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with the gentilic Γελωνίτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Γελωνίτουof the GeloniteGenitivegentilic adjective (declined genitive: 'the Gilonite')→ relational specificationΓελωνίτης (gen. Γελωνίτου): gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַגִּלֹנִי ('the Gilonite', from Giloh); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case; Ahithophel's town.
35

Ασαραι ὁ Καρμήλιος Φαραϊ ὁ Ερχι

Asarai the Carmelite; Pharai the Archite;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic pairs)Ασαραι ὁ Καρμήλιος
v. 35 lists Hezro the Carmelite (Asarai the Carmelite, from Carmel of Judah) and Paarai the Arbite (Pharai the Archite).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ΑσαραιAsarainame in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσαραι: transliteration of Hebrew חֶצְרַי / חֶצְרוֹ (Hezro); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty from Carmel.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Καρμήλιος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Καρμήλιοςthe CarmeliteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Carmelite')→ participant prominenceΚαρμήλιος: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַכַּרְמְלִי ('the Carmelite', from Carmel of Judah, not Mt. Carmel); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ΦαραϊPharainame in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΦαραϊ: transliteration of Hebrew פַּעֲרַי (Paarai); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Ερχι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ερχιthe Archite / Arbitegentilic in apposition (indeclinable transliteration: 'the Arbite')→ participant identificationΕρχι: transliteration of Hebrew הָאַרְבִּי ('the Arbite', from Arab in Judah); kept as an indeclinable transliterated form, hence kind 'x' with no case.
36

Ιγααλ υἱὸς Ναθαν ἀπὸ δυνάμεως υἱὸς Γαδδι

Igaal son of Nathan, from the army; a son of Gaddi;

Continuation of the roll (name + patronymic + origin)Ιγααλ υἱὸς Ναθαν
v. 36 lists Igal son of Nathan of Zobah (here 'from the army', ἀπὸ δυνάμεως, rendering the Hebrew מִצֹּבָה / 'the army') and Bani the Gadite (a son of Gaddi). The geographic/clan notice is textually unstable.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ΙγααλIgaalname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙγααλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִגְאָל (Igal); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, son of Nathan.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Ιγααλ ('son of Nathan')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic for Igal.
Ναθανof Nathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Nathan')→ participant identificationΝαθαν: transliteration of Hebrew נָתָן (Nathan); indeclinable; Igal's father (of Zobah).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin: 'from the army')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + genitive: 'from'; here ἀπὸ δυνάμεως ('from the army/host'), the LXX's rendering of the Hebrew מִצֹּבָה ('of Zobah'), apparently read as צָבָא ('army').
δυνάμεωςarmy / hostGenitiveobject of ἀπό ('from the army')→ relational specificationδύναμις (gen. δυνάμεως): 'power / host / army'; renders צָבָא ('army'); the LXX reads the place-name Zobah (צֹבָה) as 'army', yielding 'from the army.'
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition (next warrior: 'a son of Gaddi')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; here introducing the next warrior, Bani the Gadite, as 'a son of Gaddi' (the Gadite clan).
Γαδδιof Gaddigenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Gaddi/the Gadite')→ participant identificationΓαδδι: transliteration of Hebrew הַגָּדִי ('the Gadite') / גָּדִי; indeclinable; the clan-affiliation of Bani, here rendered as a patronymic.
37

Ελιε ὁ Αμμανίτης Γελωραι ὁ Βηρωθαῖος αἴρων τὰ σκεύη Ιωαβ υἱοῦ Σαρουιας

Elie the Ammonite; Gelorai the Berothite, armor-bearer of Joab son of Sarouia;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic; armor-bearer notice)Ελιε ὁ Αμμανίτης
v. 37 lists Zelek the Ammonite (Elie the Ammonite) and Naharai the Beerothite, who is further identified as the armor-bearer (αἴρων τὰ σκεύη, lit. 'the one carrying the weapons') of Joab. The inclusion of a non-Israelite (an Ammonite) among David's heroes is notable, as is Uriah the Hittite at v. 39.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ΕλιεEliename in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλιε: transliteration of Hebrew צֶלֶק (Zelek); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, an Ammonite.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Αμμανίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αμμανίτηςthe AmmoniteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Ammonite')→ participant prominenceΑμμανίτης: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הָעַמֹּנִי ('the Ammonite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case; a foreigner among David's elite.
ΓελωραιGelorainame in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓελωραι: transliteration of Hebrew נַחְרַי (Naharai); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, Joab's armor-bearer.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Βηρωθαῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Βηρωθαῖοςthe BerothiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Beerothite')→ participant prominenceΒηρωθαῖος: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַבְּאֵרֹתִי ('the Beerothite', from Beeroth in Benjamin); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
αἴρωνarmor-bearer / one who carriesPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωsubstantival participle (apposition: 'the bearer of the weapons')→ present participle (his standing role)αἴρω (pres. ptcp. αἴρων): 'lift / carry / bear'; the substantival participle αἴρων τὰ σκεύη ('the one carrying the weapons') is the standard idiom for an armor-bearer (נֹשֵׂא כֵּלִים); Naharai served in this role for Joab.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηweapons / armorAccusativedirect object of αἴρων ('the weapons')→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement / weapon'; renders כֵּלִים; here 'arms / armor', the gear an armor-bearer carried for his commander.
Ιωαβof Joabgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'armor-bearer of Joab')→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָב (Joab); indeclinable; David's commander, whose armor-bearer Naharai was.
υἱοῦsonGenitiveapposition to Ιωαβ (genitive: 'son of Sarouia')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): 'son'; the genitive agrees with Ιωαβ — 'Joab, son of Sarouia.'
Σαρουιαςof SarouiaGenitivegenitive of relationship (declined: 'son of Sarouia')→ relational specificationΣαρουια (gen. Σαρουιας): transliteration of Hebrew צְרוּיָה (Zeruiah), David's sister, mother of Joab; declined as a Greek first-declension noun, hence given a case.
38

Ιρας ὁ Ιεθιραῖος Γαρηβ ὁ Ιεθιραῖος

Iras the Ithrite; Gareb the Ithrite;

Continuation of the roll (name + gentilic pairs)Ιρας ὁ Ιεθιραῖος
v. 38 lists Ira and Gareb, both Ithrites (from the clan of Jattir/Ithra). The penultimate verse of the catalogue before the climactic naming of Uriah.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ΙραςIrasname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙρας: transliteration of Hebrew עִירָא (Ira); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, the Ithrite (distinct from Ira son of Ikkesh, v. 26).
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Ιεθιραῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιεθιραῖοςthe IthriteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Ithrite')→ participant prominenceΙεθιραῖος: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַיִּתְרִי ('the Ithrite', from Jattir/Ithra); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case.
ΓαρηβGarebname in the list (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓαρηβ: transliteration of Hebrew גָּרֵב (Gareb); indeclinable; a warrior of the Thirty, also an Ithrite.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Ιεθιραῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιεθιραῖοςthe IthriteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Ithrite')→ participant prominenceΙεθιραῖος (repeated): gentilic 'the Ithrite'; the same clan-designation applied to both Ira and Gareb.
39

Ουριας ὁ Χετταῖος πάντες τριάκοντα καὶ ἑπτά

Uriah the Hittite — thirty-seven in all.

Final name and summary tally (climactic close of the catalogue)Ουριας ὁ Χετταῖος
v. 39 closes the catalogue — and the chapter — with Uriah the Hittite, the husband of Bathsheba whose loyalty David betrayed and whose murder he engineered (2 Kingdoms 11). His name as the last of the loyal Thirty silently and devastatingly recalls David's gravest sin. The summary tally πάντες τριάκοντα καὶ ἑπτά ('thirty-seven in all') closes the roll, the number reckoning the whole company of named heroes.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ΟυριαςUriahNominativename in the list (declined proper noun: the final hero)→ participant prominenceΟυριας: transliteration of Hebrew אוּרִיָּה (Uriah); declined as a Greek first-declension noun (gen. Ουριου), hence given a case; the Hittite husband of Bathsheba whom David had killed (2 Kingdoms 11) — his name as the last of the Thirty is a silent, damning reminder of David's sin.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Χετταῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Χετταῖοςthe HittiteNominativegentilic adjective in apposition (declined: 'the Hittite')→ participant prominenceΧετταῖος: gentilic corresponding to Hebrew הַחִתִּי ('the Hittite'); declined as a Greek adjective, hence given a case; Uriah, a foreigner, served David loyally — heightening the tragedy of his betrayal.
πάντεςall / in allNominativesubject of verbless summary clause ('all [were]')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (masc. pl. πάντες): 'all'; the summary πάντες τριάκοντα καὶ ἑπτά ('all together thirty-seven') tallies the whole company of David's heroes named in the chapter.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (indeclinable: 'thirty')→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable; the base of the summary tally — the total reckoning of the elite warriors as thirty-seven.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in the compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and'; joins the elements of the compound number 'thirty-seven.'
ἑπτάsevennumeral (indeclinable: 'seven')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; with τριάκοντα yields 'thirty-seven', the total of David's mighty men, closing the chapter.