Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Second Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 8ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Β΄ Η΄

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

David's victories and just rule show the Lord establishing his kingdom over surrounding nations.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 2 Kingdoms 8 (= 2 Samuel 8 in the Hebrew/English numbering) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is a compact résumé of David's wars, framed as a catalogue of subjugated peoples (vv. 1–14) capped by the regnal-summary roster of officials (vv. 15–18). The recurring verb ἐπάταξεν ('he struck', vv. 1, 2, 3, 9, 13) drums out the rhythm of conquest, and the refrain καὶ ἔσωσεν κύριος τὸν Δαυιδ ἐν πᾶσιν οἷς ἐπορεύετο ('and the LORD preserved David wherever he went', vv. 6, 14) twice attributes the victories to YHWH rather than to David's prowess. The LXX renders the Philistines by ἀλλόφυλοι ('foreigners', vv. 1, 12), its standard equivalent for פְּלִשְׁתִּים; Moab is 'measured with a line' (διεμέτρησεν … ἐν σχοινίοις, v. 2) in a grim allotment of life and death. The Aramean king Hadadezer appears as Αδρααζαρ (the LXX's metathesized transliteration of הֲדַדְעֶזֶר), king of Σουβα (Zobah); Συρία Δαμασκοῦ ('Syria of Damascus', v. 5) is subdued and garrisoned (φρουρά, vv. 6, 14). The dedicated metals (vv. 7–8, 10–12) — gold armlets (χλιδῶνας τοὺς χρυσοῦς), great bronze (χαλκὸν πολὺν σφόδρα), and silver, gold, and bronze vessels — are consecrated (ἡγίασεν, v. 11) to YHWH, anticipating Solomon's Temple furniture, which v. 8 explicitly foretells (ἐν αὐτῷ ἐποίησεν Σαλωμων τὴν θάλασσαν τὴν χαλκῆν). The closing roster (vv. 16–18) names Joab over the army, Jehoshaphat the recorder, Zadok and Ahimelech the priests, the scribe, and Benaiah over the foreign royal guard (the Cherethites and Pelethites, here Χελεθθι and Φελεττι), sealing David's just administration (κρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην, v. 15).

1

καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐπάταξεν Δαυιδ τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους καὶ ἐτροπώσατο αὐτούς καὶ ἔλαβεν Δαυιδ τὴν ἀφωρισμένην ἐκ χειρὸς τῶν ἀλλοφύλων

And it came to pass after these things that David struck the Philistines and put them to flight, and David took the tribute set apart out of the hand of the Philistines.

New narrative section (war-catalogue) opened by the temporal formulaκαὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ ταῦτα
The formula καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ ταῦτα ('and it came to pass after these things') is the standard LXX rendering of וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי־כֵן, a paratactic narrative-opener marking a new episode after the dynastic-oracle of ch. 7. The doubled καί (καὶ ἐγένετο … καὶ ἐπάταξεν) is a Hebraism reproducing the Hebrew apodosis-waw. The verse sets the rhythm of the chapter with the first of five occurrences of ἐπάταξεν ('he struck').
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal narrative-opener)→ constative aorist (transitional formula)γίνομαι: 'become / come to pass'; the impersonal ἐγένετο renders Hebrew וַיְהִי, the formulaic opener of a new narrative unit; the construction καὶ ἐγένετο … καί reproduces the Hebrew temporal protasis–apodosis with a redundant connective.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal).
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (temporal)→ object specificationοὗτος: the demonstrative ταῦτα refers back to the events of ch. 7 (the Davidic covenant and David's prayer); μετὰ ταῦτα is a standard LXX formula of narrative succession.
καὶandapodotic conjunction (Hebraism after temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodotic καί following καὶ ἐγένετο is a Hebraism calquing the Hebrew waw of the apodosis; it is left untranslated in idiomatic English.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (act of conquest)→ constative aorist (decisive defeat)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat'; renders Hebrew נָכָה (Hiphil); the verb is the leitmotif of the chapter (vv. 1, 2, 3, 9, 13), each occurrence registering a new conquest in David's war-catalogue.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX; the protagonist of the chapter, named some sixteen times across the eighteen verses.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλουςPhilistines / foreignersAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationἀλλόφυλος: lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the LXX's standard rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines'), Israel's chronic coastal adversaries; the substantivized adjective frames them as the archetypal alien enemy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτροπώσατοput to flightAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τροπόομαιmain verb (coordinate with ἐπάταξεν)→ constative aorist (rout achieved)τροπόομαι / τροπόω: 'put to flight / rout'; from τροπή ('a turning, rout'); the middle here denotes David's decisive routing of the enemy, the military consequence of the striking.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object (resuming the Philistines)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (resuming the Philistines).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (seizure of tribute)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / receive / seize'; here of taking the controlling tribute or authority from the Philistines' hand.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with substantivized participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀφωρισμένηνset-apart portion / tributePerf Mid/Pass Ptcp Fem Acc Sg · ἀφορίζωsubstantivized participle (object of ἔλαβεν: 'the thing set apart')→ resultative perfect (settled status: the apportioned tribute)ἀφορίζω: 'mark off / set apart / dedicate'; the perfect passive participle τὴν ἀφωρισμένην (sc. portion/control) renders Hebrew מֶתֶג הָאַמָּה ('the bridle/control of the mother-city', cf. 1 Chr 18:1 'Gath and her towns'); the LXX reads it as the designated tribute or authority wrested from Philistine control.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive of source (idiomatic: 'out of the hand of')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the idiom ἐκ χειρός ('out of the hand of') renders מִיַּד, a Hebraism denoting power or control; David takes the tribute from Philistine dominion.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρός)→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: see above; the genitive plural completes the idiom ἐκ χειρὸς τῶν ἀλλοφύλων ('from the hand of the Philistines').
2

καὶ ἐπάταξεν Δαυιδ τὴν Μωαβ καὶ διεμέτρησεν αὐτοὺς ἐν σχοινίοις κοιμίσας αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐγένετο τὰ δύο σχοινίσματα τοῦ θανατῶσαι καὶ τὰ δύο σχοινίσματα ἐζώγρησεν καὶ ἐγένετο Μωαβ τῷ Δαυιδ εἰς δούλους φέροντας ξένια

And David struck Moab and measured them out with lines, laying them down on the ground; and two lengths of line were for putting to death and two lengths of line he kept alive; and Moab became servants to David, bearing tribute.

Next conquest in the catalogue (paratactic continuation)καὶ ἐπάταξεν Δαυιδ
The grim measuring-rite (διεμέτρησεν … ἐν σχοινίοις) apportions the prostrate Moabites by the measuring-line: two portions to death, one to life. The closing clause καὶ ἐγένετο Μωαβ … εἰς δούλους φέροντας ξένια ('Moab became tribute-bearing servants') states the political result and parallels v. 6 (Aram) with the same φέροντας ξένια formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (act of conquest)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: see v. 1; the second occurrence of the chapter's leitmotif, now against Moab.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with indeclinable Μωαβ, supplying gender/case)→ noun-phrase markingThe feminine article τήν before the indeclinable Μωαβ marks the noun as accusative object and personifies the nation as a feminine collective (ἡ Μωαβ), a common LXX device for indeclinable place-names.
ΜωαβMoabdirect object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew מוֹאָב; indeclinable in the LXX, its case signalled by the article; Moab lay east of the Dead Sea and was a traditional rival of Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεμέτρησενmeasured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαμετρέωmain verb (measuring-rite)→ constative aoristδιαμετρέω: 'measure out / apportion by measure'; renders Hebrew מָדַד; the compound δια- stresses the dividing-up of the captives by the measuring-line, a ritualized decimation.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the Moabites)→ participant referenceThe masculine plural αὐτούς resumes Μωαβ as a plurality of persons (the Moabite captives), shifting from the feminine collective ἡ Μωαβ to the individuals composing it.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental).
σχοινίοιςlines / cordsDativedative of instrument ('with measuring-lines')→ sphere or referenceσχοινίον: 'small cord / measuring-line'; renders Hebrew חֶבֶל; the measuring-line is here an instrument of life-and-death allotment, a sinister inversion of the line that elsewhere apportions inheritance (cf. Ps 78:55).
κοιμίσαςhaving laid downAor Act Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · κοιμίζωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'making them lie down')→ antecedent aorist participle (action prior to the measuring)κοιμίζω: 'cause to lie down / put to sleep'; causative of κοιμάομαι; the captives are made to lie prostrate on the ground so that they can be measured by the line — a posture of total subjugation.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κοιμίσας→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κοιμίσας.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction onto).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (position onto the ground)→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground'; here the bare ground on which the captives are laid to be measured.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοthere wereAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal: 'it came to be')→ constative aoristγίνομαι: here 'turn out to be / amount to'; the singular ἐγένετο with the neuter-plural subject τὰ δύο σχοινίσματα follows the Greek rule of neuter-plural with singular verb.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwonumeral (modifying σχοινίσματα; indeclinable)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable in most cases; here counts two of the measured lengths, set apart for death.
σχοινίσματαlengths of lineNominativesubject (the measured portions)→ participant prominenceσχοίνισμα: 'a measured-off portion / measured length'; from σχοινίζω; the cognate of σχοινίον (the line itself), here the portions of the population marked off by the line — two parts to death, one part spared.
τοῦfor theGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ + inf.)→ purpose / destined-result infinitiveθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ θανατῶσαι expresses purpose or designation — two lengths were 'for putting to death'; this τοῦ + infinitive of purpose is a frequent LXX Hebraism for לְ + infinitive construct.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (object of ἐζώγρησεν)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwonumeral (indeclinable; modifying σχοινίσματα)→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
σχοινίσματαlengths of lineAccusativedirect object of ἐζώγρησεν (the spared portion)→ object specificationσχοίνισμα: here in the accusative as object of ἐζώγρησεν; the second 'two lengths' (the surviving remnant) are kept alive — the LXX's arithmetic of thirds (two parts dead, one alive) renders the Hebrew 'two lines to put to death, and one full line to keep alive.'
ἐζώγρησενhe kept aliveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζωγρέωmain verb (sparing of the remnant)→ constative aoristζωγρέω: 'take alive / spare alive'; from ζωός + ἀγρέω ('catch alive'); David spares one portion of the Moabites, who become his tributaries.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (result: 'Moab became')→ constative aorist (resultant political status)γίνομαι: here 'become'; the construction ἐγένετο … εἰς δούλους ('became servants') is a Hebraism rendering הָיָה לְ ('became as'), the εἰς + accusative standing for the Hebrew predicate-lamed.
ΜωαβMoabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: see above; here nominative subject of ἐγένετο.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Δαυιδ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingThe dative article τῷ marks the indeclinable Δαυιδ as the dative of advantage: Moab became servants 'for David.'
ΔαυιδDaviddative of advantage (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (indeclinable; case shown by article).
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicate, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: the predicate-εἰς ('became as servants') calques the Hebrew הָיָה לְעֲבָדִים; a standard LXX Hebraism for change of status.
δούλουςservantsAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς)→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders Hebrew עֶבֶד; Moab's reduction to vassalage parallels Aram's in v. 6 and Edom's in v. 14.
φέρονταςbearingPres Act Ptcp Masc Acc Pl · φέρωattributive participle (modifying δούλους: 'tribute-bearing servants')→ customary present participle (ongoing tributary obligation)φέρω: 'carry / bring'; the present participle φέροντας ξένια ('bringing tribute') describes the ongoing vassal-duty of the conquered; the same phrase recurs verbatim at v. 6 of Aram.
ξένιαtribute / giftsAccusativedirect object of φέροντας→ object specificationξένιον (pl. ξένια): 'guest-gift / present / tribute'; here the obligatory tribute of a subject people; the term softens vassalage into the language of gift-bearing while retaining its coercive reality.
3

καὶ ἐπάταξεν Δαυιδ τὸν Αδρααζαρ υἱὸν Ρααβ βασιλέα Σουβα πορευομένου αὐτοῦ ἐπιστῆσαι τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμὸν Εὐφράτην

And David struck Hadadezer son of Rehob, king of Zobah, as he was going to establish his hand over the river Euphrates.

Next conquest (Hadadezer of Zobah)καὶ ἐπάταξεν Δαυιδ
The third ἐπάταξεν introduces the chief Aramean adversary, Αδρααζαρ (Hadadezer) of Σουβα (Zobah). The genitive absolute πορευομένου αὐτοῦ ('as he was going') sets the occasion: Hadadezer's bid to extend his power to the Euphrates (ἐπιστῆσαι τὴν χεῖρα … ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν) is cut short by David.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (conquest)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: see v. 1; the third occurrence, against Hadadezer.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with indeclinable Αδρααζαρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδρααζαρHadadezerdirect object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: the LXX's transliteration of Hebrew הֲדַדְעֶזֶר ('Hadad is help'), with metathesis/assimilation of the divine element; indeclinable, its case shown by the article τόν; he is the dominant Aramean king of the chapter, named seven times.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αδρααζαρ→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱὸν Ρααβ ('son of Rehob') identifies Hadadezer's lineage; appositional accusative agreeing with the object.
ΡααβRehobgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Rehob')→ participant identificationΡααβ: transliteration of Hebrew רְחֹב (Rehob); indeclinable; here the father of Hadadezer (distinct from the Rahab of Joshua, which the LXX spells differently).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αδρααζαρ→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; appositional title βασιλέα Σουβα ('king of Zobah') specifying Hadadezer's realm.
ΣουβαZobahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Zobah')→ participant identificationΣουβα: transliteration of Hebrew צוֹבָה (Zobah), an Aramean kingdom north of Damascus; indeclinable; recurs at vv. 3, 5, 12 as Hadadezer's domain.
πορευομένου(as) he was goingPres Mid Ptcp Masc Gen Sg · πορεύομαιgenitive absolute (temporal/circumstantial)→ contemporaneous present participle (action ongoing at the time of the striking)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; the genitive absolute πορευομένου αὐτοῦ ('while he was going') sets the temporal circumstance — David struck Hadadezer as the latter was campaigning toward the Euphrates.
αὐτοῦhe / hisGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute participle→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive subject of the absolute participle.
ἐπιστῆσαιto establish / setAor Act Inf · ἐφίστημιinfinitive of purpose (with πορευομένου: 'going to establish')→ purpose infinitiveἐφίστημι: 'set upon / station / establish'; the idiom ἐπιστῆσαι τὴν χεῖρα … ἐπί ('to set his hand over') renders Hebrew לְהָשִׁיב יָדוֹ ('to restore/extend his power'), denoting an attempt to assert dominion as far as the Euphrates.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπιστῆσαι (idiom for power)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; here metonymic for power/control; 'to set his hand over the river' = to extend his dominion to the Euphrates.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Hadadezer's hand)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Hadadezer's hand).
ἐπὶover / uponpreposition + accusative (extent of dominion)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent of dominion).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμὸνriverAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationποταμός: 'river'; with Εὐφράτην in apposition; 'the River' is the standard biblical designation of the Euphrates as the northern ideal boundary of Israelite dominion (cf. Gen 15:18).
ΕὐφράτηνEuphratesAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ποταμόν→ object specificationΕὐφράτης: the Greek name of the Euphrates (Hebrew פְּרָת); a Hellenized first-declension noun (gen. -ου, acc. -ην), hence declinable and marked for case; the river marks the theoretical northern limit of the promised land.
4

καὶ προκατελάβετο Δαυιδ τῶν αὐτοῦ χίλια ἅρματα καὶ ἑπτὰ χιλιάδας ἱππέων καὶ εἴκοσι χιλιάδας ἀνδρῶν πεζῶν καὶ παρέλυσεν Δαυιδ πάντα τὰ ἅρματα καὶ ὑπελίπετο ἐξ αὐτῶν ἑκατὸν ἅρματα

And David captured beforehand a thousand of his chariots and seven thousand horsemen and twenty thousand foot-soldiers; and David hamstrung all the chariot-horses, but left of them a hundred chariots.

Result of v. 3: the spoils and disabling of Hadadezer's forcesκαὶ προκατελάβετο Δαυιδ
The verse tallies the captured Aramean force — chariots, horsemen, and infantry — and records David's deliberate disabling of the chariotry (παρέλυσεν, 'he hamstrung'), reserving only a hundred chariots. The numbers (χίλια … ἑπτὰ χιλιάδας … εἴκοσι χιλιάδας) underline the scale of the victory; the hamstringing reflects an Israelite reluctance to rely on chariot-cavalry (cf. Josh 11:6; Deut 17:16).
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προκατελάβετοcaptured beforehandAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προκαταλαμβάνωmain verb (seizure of spoils)→ constative aoristπροκαταλαμβάνω: 'seize in advance / capture first'; the double compound (προ- + κατα- + λαμβάνω) stresses David's pre-emptive seizure of Hadadezer's forces before they could deploy; renders Hebrew לָכַד ('captured').
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τῶνof theGenitivepartitive article (with αὐτοῦ: 'of his')→ noun-phrase markingThe genitive plural article τῶν with αὐτοῦ forms a partitive expression ('of his [forces]'), out of which David takes the chariots, horsemen, and infantry.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Hadadezer's forces, partitive)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Hadadezer's forces, partitive).
χίλιαa thousandAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying ἅρματα)→ object specificationχίλιοι, -αι, -α: 'a thousand'; the neuter plural χίλια agrees with ἅρματα; declinable numeral (in contrast to the indeclinable ἑπτά, εἴκοσι below).
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativedirect object of προκατελάβετο→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; renders Hebrew רֶכֶב; the chariot was the elite arm of ancient Near Eastern warfare; David captures a thousand.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (indeclinable; modifying χιλιάδας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; with χιλιάδας = 'seven thousand horsemen.'
χιλιάδαςthousandAccusativeaccusative object (numeric noun governing ἱππέων)→ object specificationχιλιάς: 'a thousand (as a group/unit)'; a feminine noun (distinct from the adjective χίλιοι), governing a partitive genitive (ἱππέων); 'seven thousands of horsemen.'
ἱππέωνhorsemenGenitivepartitive genitive (with χιλιάδας)→ relational specificationἱππεύς: 'horseman / cavalryman'; renders Hebrew פָּרָשׁ; the genitive plural is governed by χιλιάδας.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (indeclinable; modifying χιλιάδας)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; with χιλιάδας = 'twenty thousand foot-soldiers.'
χιλιάδαςthousandAccusativeaccusative object (numeric noun governing ἀνδρῶν)→ object specificationχιλιάς: see above; 'twenty thousands of men.'
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitivepartitive genitive (with χιλιάδας)→ relational specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; renders Hebrew אִישׁ; the genitive plural is governed by χιλιάδας and qualified by πεζῶν.
πεζῶνon footGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἀνδρῶν: 'foot-soldiers')→ relational specificationπεζός: 'on foot / infantryman'; renders Hebrew רַגְלִי; the phrase ἀνδρῶν πεζῶν distinguishes the infantry from the chariotry and cavalry.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέλυσενhamstrung / disabledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραλύωmain verb (disabling the chariot-teams)→ constative aoristπαραλύω: 'loosen / disable / hamstring'; renders Hebrew עִקֵּר ('hamstring'), to cut the hock-tendons of the chariot-horses, rendering them useless for war; the act reflects the Deuteronomic suspicion of accumulating horses (Deut 17:16).
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (modifying τὰ ἅρματα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the neuter plural πάντα agrees with ἅρματα; David disables the entire captured chariot-force save the reserved hundred.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativedirect object of παρέλυσεν→ object specificationἅρμα: here the chariot-teams whose horses are hamstrung.
καὶbutadversative-coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here mildly adversative ('but'), contrasting the wholesale disabling with the small reserved remnant.
ὑπελίπετοleft / reservedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὑπολείπωmain verb (reservation of a remnant)→ constative aoristὑπολείπω: 'leave behind / reserve'; the middle ὑπελίπετο ('he left for himself') indicates David retained a hundred chariots for his own use; renders Hebrew הוֹתִיר.
ἐξof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἐξ: 'of them')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive (with ἐξ: 'of them').
ἑκατὸνa hundrednumeral (indeclinable; modifying ἅρματα)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'a hundred'; indeclinable cardinal; the reserved remnant of chariots.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativedirect object of ὑπελίπετο→ object specificationἅρμα: the hundred chariots David keeps, a token force consistent with limited reliance on chariotry.
5

καὶ παραγίνεται Συρία Δαμασκοῦ βοηθῆσαι τῷ Αδρααζαρ βασιλεῖ Σουβα καὶ ἐπάταξεν Δαυιδ ἐν τῷ Σύρῳ εἴκοσι δύο χιλιάδας ἀνδρῶν

And Syria of Damascus came to help Hadadezer king of Zobah; and David struck down among the Arameans twenty-two thousand men.

Escalation: Aram intervenes on Hadadezer's behalfκαὶ παραγίνεται Συρία Δαμασκοῦ
The historic present παραγίνεται ('comes') vividly stages Aram-Damascus' intervention to relieve Hadadezer; David's response is told in the aorist (ἐπάταξεν), a tense-shift typical of LXX narrative. The casualty figure (εἴκοσι δύο χιλιάδας) measures the scale of the Aramean defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραγίνεταιcomes / arrivesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραγίνομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid narrative immediacy)παραγίνομαι: 'come / arrive / be present'; the historic present heightens the drama of Aram's arrival on the battlefield; renders Hebrew בּוֹא.
ΣυρίαSyria / AramNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΣυρία: the Greek name for Aram (Hebrew אֲרָם); a declinable first-declension noun marked nominative; Συρία Δαμασκοῦ ('Syria of Damascus') designates the Aramean state centered on Damascus.
Δαμασκοῦof DamascusGenitivegenitive of definition (specifying which Aram)→ relational specificationΔαμασκός: 'Damascus'; declinable second-declension noun, genitive here; the chief city of Aram, whose kingdom David will garrison (v. 6).
βοηθῆσαιto helpAor Act Inf · βοηθέωinfinitive of purpose (with παραγίνεται)→ purpose infinitiveβοηθέω: 'help / come to the aid of'; takes the dative (τῷ Αδρααζαρ); the purpose-infinitive states Aram's motive for entering the war.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Αδρααζαρ, dative complement of βοηθῆσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδρααζαρHadadezerdative complement of βοηθῆσαι (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: see v. 3; the one to whose aid Aram comes.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Αδρααζαρ→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; appositional dative βασιλεῖ Σουβα ('king of Zobah') agreeing with τῷ Αδρααζαρ.
ΣουβαZobahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Zobah')→ participant identificationΣουβα: see v. 3.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (defeat of Aram)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: see v. 1; here the striking is constructed with ἐν τῷ Σύρῳ ('among the Arameans'), a Hebraizing use of ἐν after a verb of smiting (rendering נָכָה בְּ).
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐνamong / againstpreposition + dative (Hebraizing object of smiting)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: the construction ἐπάταξεν ἐν τῷ Σύρῳ ('struck among the Aramean') calques the Hebrew נָכָה בְּ ('smite against/among'); the ἐν is partitive/locative rather than instrumental.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣύρῳAramean / SyrianDativedative object of ἐν (collective singular)→ sphere or referenceΣύρος: 'a Syrian / Aramean'; declinable second-declension noun; the collective singular ὁ Σύρος stands for the Aramean army as a whole, as in v. 6.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (indeclinable; with δύο, modifying χιλιάδας)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; with δύο = 'twenty-two thousand.'
δύοtwonumeral (indeclinable; with εἴκοσι)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; combined with εἴκοσι in the compound numeral.
χιλιάδαςthousandAccusativeaccusative of measure (extent of casualties)→ object specificationχιλιάς: see v. 4; 'twenty-two thousands of men' as the Aramean dead.
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitivepartitive genitive (with χιλιάδας)→ relational specificationἀνήρ: see v. 4.
6

καὶ ἔθετο Δαυιδ φρουρὰν ἐν Συρίᾳ τῇ κατὰ Δαμασκόν καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ Σύρος τῷ Δαυιδ εἰς δούλους φέροντας ξένια καὶ ἔσωσεν κύριος τὸν Δαυιδ ἐν πᾶσιν οἷς ἐπορεύετο

And David set a garrison in Syria around Damascus, and the Arameans became servants to David, bearing tribute; and the LORD preserved David wherever he went.

Consolidation of the Aramean conquest; first occurrence of the theological refrainκαὶ ἔθετο Δαυιδ φρουράν
David garrisons Aram-Damascus (φρουράν) and reduces it to tribute-bearing vassalage, the same φέροντας ξένια formula applied to Moab in v. 2. The verse closes with the chapter's key theological refrain, καὶ ἔσωσεν κύριος τὸν Δαυιδ ἐν πᾶσιν οἷς ἐπορεύετο ('and the LORD preserved David wherever he went'), repeated verbatim at v. 14, framing the war-catalogue as YHWH's saving act.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοset / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (establishing a garrison)→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'put / place / set'; the middle ἔθετο ('set for himself') of stationing a garrison; renders Hebrew שׂוּם / נָתַן; the same verb recurs at v. 14 of the Edomite garrison.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
φρουρὰνgarrisonAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο→ object specificationφρουρά: 'garrison / guard-post'; renders Hebrew נְצִיב ('garrison / officer'); a standing military presence to enforce vassalage over conquered Aram.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣυρίᾳSyria / AramDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceΣυρία: see v. 5; the dative locates the garrison within Aramean territory.
τῇthe (one)Dativearticle (with κατὰ Δαμασκόν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingThe article τῇ + prepositional phrase (τῇ κατὰ Δαμασκόν, 'the [Syria] around Damascus') forms an attributive specifying which part of Aram is meant.
κατὰaround / bypreposition + accusative (in the region of)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: here 'in the region of / around'; τῇ κατὰ Δαμασκόν designates the Damascene district of Aram.
ΔαμασκόνDamascusAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationΔαμασκός: see v. 5; here accusative governed by κατά.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (resultant status)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; with εἰς δούλους a Hebraism (הָיָה לְ) for change of status, as in v. 2.
theNominativearticle (with collective Σύρος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σύροςthe ArameansNominativesubject (collective singular)→ participant prominenceΣύρος: see v. 5; the collective singular ὁ Σύρος ('the Aramean' = the Aramean people) as subject of ἐγένετο, parallel to ἡ Μωαβ in v. 2.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Δαυιδ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDaviddative of advantage (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (indeclinable; case shown by article).
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicate, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: predicate-εἰς ('became as servants'), as in v. 2.
δούλουςservantsAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς)→ object specificationδοῦλος: see v. 2; Aram's vassalage parallels Moab's.
φέρονταςbearingPres Act Ptcp Masc Acc Pl · φέρωattributive participle (modifying δούλους)→ customary present participle (ongoing tributary duty)φέρω: see v. 2; the verbatim repetition of φέροντας ξένια links Aram's subjugation to Moab's (v. 2).
ξένιαtribute / giftsAccusativedirect object of φέροντας→ object specificationξένιον: see v. 2.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσωσενpreserved / savedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb of the theological refrain→ constative aorist (summary of YHWH's preserving act)σῴζω: 'save / deliver / preserve'; renders Hebrew יָשַׁע (Hiphil); the refrain ἔσωσεν κύριος τὸν Δαυιδ ('the LORD preserved David') attributes David's victories to YHWH, not to military skill; repeated at v. 14.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (divine agent of preservation)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject names YHWH as the true author of David's success — the theological heart of the chapter.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαυιδ, object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDaviddirect object of ἔσωσεν (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἔσωσεν (indeclinable; case shown by article).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (comprehensive: 'in everything')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (comprehensive: 'in everything').
πᾶσινall things / everywhereDativesubstantival adjective (antecedent of οἷς)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the neuter dative plural ἐν πᾶσιν ('in all [places/things]') with the relative clause οἷς ἐπορεύετο = 'wherever he went.'
οἷςwhere / whichDativerelative pronoun (dative, attracted to πᾶσιν)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative οἷς (attracted to the case of πᾶσιν) introduces the clause 'wherever he went'; a Hebraizing rendering of בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר.
ἐπορεύετοhe wentImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of relative clause (iterative)→ iterative imperfect (customary: 'used to go / wherever he went')πορεύομαι: 'go / travel / march'; the imperfect ἐπορεύετο expresses repeated or habitual action — YHWH's preservation accompanied David on every campaign.
7

καὶ ἔλαβεν Δαυιδ τοὺς χλιδῶνας τοὺς χρυσοῦς οἳ ἦσαν ἐπὶ τῶν παίδων τῶν Αδρααζαρ βασιλέως Σουβα καὶ ἤνεγκεν αὐτὰ εἰς Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἔλαβεν αὐτὰ Σουσακιμ βασιλεὺς Αἰγύπτου ἐν τῷ ἀναβῆναι αὐτὸν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ ἐν ἡμέραις Ροβοαμ υἱοῦ Σολομῶντος

And David took the gold armlets that were on the servants of Hadadezer king of Zobah, and brought them to Jerusalem; and Shishak king of Egypt took them when he came up to Jerusalem in the days of Rehoboam son of Solomon.

Spoils of the Aramean war; proleptic gloss on their later lossκαὶ ἔλαβεν Δαυιδ τοὺς χλιδῶνας
David seizes the gold armlets of Hadadezer's retainers for Jerusalem. The LXX (uniquely against the MT) appends a proleptic notice that Shishak (Σουσακιμ) of Egypt would later carry off these very treasures in Rehoboam's reign (cf. 3 Kingdoms 14:25–26), a narratorial flash-forward that frames David's gains as ultimately transient.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (seizure of spoils)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: see v. 1; here of taking the gold armlets as spoil.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χλιδῶναςarmlets / braceletsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationχλιδών: 'armlet / bracelet / ornament'; renders Hebrew שֶׁלֶט ('shield / quiver / golden ornament'); the LXX understands the captured gold items as ornamental armlets worn by Hadadezer's guard.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (attributive, repeating before adjective)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσοῦςgoldenAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χλιδῶνας)→ object specificationχρυσοῦς: 'made of gold'; the second-attributive position (τοὺς χλιδῶνας τοὺς χρυσοῦς) is a Hebraizing article-repetition; the armlets are of gold, hence their value as plunder.
οἳwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦσαν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, nominative masculine plural agreeing with χλιδῶνας; introduces the descriptive clause locating the armlets on Hadadezer's servants.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of relative clause (descriptive)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦσαν describes the customary state — the armlets were habitually worn by the servants.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + genitive (place: 'on the servants')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place: 'on the servants').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservantsGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / boy'; renders Hebrew עֶבֶד; here Hadadezer's retainers or guard who wore the gold armlets.
τῶνofGenitivearticle (with Αδρααζαρ, genitive of possession)→ noun-phrase markingThe genitive article τῶν before indeclinable Αδρααζαρ marks 'of Hadadezer' (possessive).
ΑδρααζαρHadadezergenitive of possession (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: see v. 3.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αδρααζαρ→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; appositional genitive βασιλέως Σουβα.
ΣουβαZobahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣουβα: see v. 3.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤνεγκενbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb (transport to Jerusalem)→ constative aoristφέρω (aor. ἤνεγκεν): 'bring / carry'; David conveys the gold armlets to his capital.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (neuter plural, resuming the armlets)→ participant referenceThe neuter plural αὐτά resumes the armlets construed as neuter objects (sc. σκεύη / ornaments), a common Greek constructio ad sensum.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative of direction (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלִַם; the indeclinable Semitic form (as against the Hellenized Ἱεροσόλυμα); David's capital and the destination of the spoils.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the proleptic gloss)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Shishak's later plunder)→ constative aorist (proleptic flash-forward)λαμβάνω: here in the proleptic notice — Shishak would later seize these same treasures; the LXX expansion ties David's gain to its eventual loss under Rehoboam.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (the same treasures)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the same treasures).
ΣουσακιμShishaksubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣουσακιμ: transliteration of Hebrew שִׁישַׁק (Shishak/Sheshonq I of Egypt); indeclinable; his plunder of Jerusalem in Rehoboam's fifth year is recounted at 3 Kingdoms 14:25–26.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Σουσακιμ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; appositional title βασιλεὺς Αἰγύπτου.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt' (Hebrew מִצְרַיִם); declinable second-declension noun, genitive here.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (with articular infinitive, temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: the construction ἐν τῷ ἀναβῆναι ('when he came up') is a temporal Hebraism rendering בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναβῆναιcoming up / to come upAor Act Inf · ἀναβαίνωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he came up')→ temporal infinitiveἀναβαίνω: 'go up / come up'; standard verb for marching up against Jerusalem (which sits on high ground); the articular infinitive with ἐν gives the time of Shishak's invasion.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive (Shishak)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive (Shishak).
εἰςto / againstpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative of direction (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: see above.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (idiomatic: 'in the days of')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the idiom ἐν ἡμέραις ('in the days of') renders Hebrew בִּימֵי, a standard temporal-genitive locating an event within a reign.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'days of Rehoboam')→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew רְחַבְעָם (Rehoboam); indeclinable; Solomon's son and successor, in whose reign the kingdom divided and Shishak invaded.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; appositional genitive υἱοῦ Σολομῶντος ('son of Solomon').
ΣολομῶντοςSolomonGenitivegenitive of relationship (declined third-declension name)→ relational specificationΣολομών (gen. Σολομῶντος): the Hellenized, fully-declined third-declension form of Solomon's name (contrast the indeclinable Σαλωμων at v. 8); the genitive marks 'of Solomon.'
8

καὶ ἐκ τῆς Μασβακ ἐκ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν πόλεων τοῦ Αδρααζαρ ἔλαβεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ χαλκὸν πολὺν σφόδρα ἐν αὐτῷ ἐποίησεν Σαλωμων τὴν θάλασσαν τὴν χαλκῆν καὶ τοὺς στύλους καὶ τοὺς λουτῆρας καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη

And from Masbak, from the choice cities of Hadadezer, King David took very much bronze; out of it Solomon made the bronze Sea and the pillars and the lavers and all the vessels.

Further spoils (bronze) with proleptic gloss on the Temple furnishingsκαὶ ἐκ τῆς Μασβακ
The fronted prepositional phrases (ἐκ τῆς Μασβακ … ἐκ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν πόλεων) emphasize the source of the vast bronze. A second proleptic gloss (ἐν αὐτῷ ἐποίησεν Σαλωμων …) ties David's spoils to the bronze Sea, pillars, and lavers of Solomon's Temple (cf. 3 Kingdoms 7), making David's wars the material foundation of the sanctuary.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source, fronted)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source, fronted).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with indeclinable Μασβακ)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜασβακMasbak / Betahgenitive of source (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΜασβακ: the LXX's transliteration of a place-name in Hadadezer's realm (Hebrew בֶּטַח / Berothai, cf. the parallel 1 Chr 18:8 Tibhath/Cun); indeclinable, case shown by the article τῆς; the source of the captured bronze.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (apposition: 'from the choice cities')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (apposition: 'from the choice cities').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκλεκτῶνchoice / selectGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying πόλεων)→ relational specificationἐκλεκτός: 'chosen / choice / select'; renders Hebrew מִבְחַר; the 'choice cities' are Hadadezer's principal towns, rich in bronze.
πόλεωνcitiesGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; the genitive plural specifies the source-cities of the bronze.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Αδρααζαρ, possessive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδρααζαρHadadezergenitive of possession (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: see v. 3.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (seizure of bronze)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: see v. 1; here of taking the great quantity of bronze.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Δαυιδ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ ('King David') with the article foregrounds David's royal status as he amasses the Temple-bronze.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς; indeclinable).
χαλκὸνbronzeAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationχαλκός: 'bronze / copper'; renders Hebrew נְחֹשֶׁת; the captured bronze becomes the raw material of the Temple's bronze furnishings.
πολὺνmuchAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χαλκόν)→ object specificationπολύς: 'much / great'; with σφόδρα ('exceedingly') emphasizes the vast quantity of bronze.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying πολύν)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; standard LXX rendering of מְאֹד; χαλκὸν πολὺν σφόδρα = 'very much bronze.'
ἐνwith / out ofpreposition + dative (material/instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here 'out of / with' (instrumental-material), introducing the proleptic note on the use of the bronze.
αὐτῷitDativedative of material (with ἐν: 'out of it')→ participant reference or interestThe dative αὐτῷ resumes χαλκόν: 'out of this bronze Solomon made...'
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (proleptic: Solomon's Temple-work)→ constative aorist (proleptic flash-forward)ποιέω: 'make / do'; the proleptic notice that Solomon fashioned the Temple bronzework from David's spoils anchors the sanctuary's furnishings in David's wars (cf. 3 Kingdoms 7:23–45).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable form of the name)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: the indeclinable transliteration of Solomon's name (Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה), contrasting with the declined Σολομῶντος at v. 7; here nominative subject of ἐποίησεν.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσανSea (basin)Accusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; here the great bronze laver of the Temple called 'the Sea' (Hebrew הַיָּם), a vast cast-bronze basin for priestly washing (3 Kingdoms 7:23–26).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, repeated before adjective)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χαλκῆνbronzeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θάλασσαν)→ object specificationχαλκοῦς (fem. χαλκῆ): 'made of bronze'; τὴν θάλασσαν τὴν χαλκῆν ('the bronze Sea') in second-attributive position, naming the famous Temple basin.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στύλουςpillarsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with θάλασσαν)→ object specificationστῦλος: 'pillar / column'; the two bronze pillars (Jachin and Boaz) flanking the Temple porch (3 Kingdoms 7:15–22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λουτῆραςlavers / basinsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationλουτήρ: 'laver / wash-basin'; the bronze basins on wheeled stands for the Temple service (3 Kingdoms 7:38).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (modifying τὰ σκεύη)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; summative πάντα τὰ σκεύη ('all the vessels') gathers the remaining bronze furnishings.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvesselsAccusativedirect object (coordinate, summative)→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement'; renders Hebrew כֵּלִים; the full inventory of bronze Temple utensils derived from David's spoils.
9

καὶ ἤκουσεν Θοου ὁ βασιλεὺς Ημαθ ὅτι ἐπάταξεν Δαυιδ πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν Αδρααζαρ

And Toi king of Hamath heard that David had struck all the army of Hadadezer.

Reaction of a third party (Toi of Hamath) to David's victoryκαὶ ἤκουσεν Θοου
The report of Hadadezer's total defeat (πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν) reaches Toi of Hamath, Hadadezer's rival to the north, motivating the embassy of v. 10. The fourth ἐπάταξεν appears here within an indirect-discourse ὅτι-clause, reporting David's deed from Toi's perspective.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (perception introducing ὅτι-clause)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear / learn of'; the report of David's victory reaches a distant king; renders Hebrew שָׁמַע.
ΘοουToisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘοου: transliteration of Hebrew תֹּעִי (Toi/Tou); indeclinable; king of Hamath and rival of Hadadezer, who sends tribute to David.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Θοου→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; appositional title ὁ βασιλεὺς Ημαθ ('the king of Hamath').
ΗμαθHamathgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Hamath')→ participant identificationΗμαθ: transliteration of Hebrew חֲמָת (Hamath), a city-kingdom on the Orontes north of Aram-Zobah; indeclinable; Toi's realm.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing indirect discourse)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of what Toi heard (indirect discourse) — that David had defeated Hadadezer's whole force.
ἐπάταξενhad struckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωverb of indirect-discourse clause→ constative aorist (reported as completed fact)πατάσσω: see v. 1; the fourth occurrence, now embedded in the ὅτι-clause reporting David's victory to Toi.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of the ὅτι-clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of the ὅτι-clause (indeclinable).
πᾶσανallAccusativeadjective (modifying δύναμιν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the feminine accusative πᾶσαν agrees with δύναμιν; stresses the totality of Hadadezer's defeat.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύναμινarmy / forceAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationδύναμις: 'power / military force / army'; renders Hebrew חַיִל ('army'); here Hadadezer's entire fighting strength, which David annihilated.
ΑδρααζαρHadadezergenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'army of Hadadezer')→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: see v. 3; here without an article, the indeclinable name standing in the genitive ('of Hadadezer').
10

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Θοου Ιεδδουραν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ πρὸς βασιλέα Δαυιδ ἐρωτῆσαι αὐτὸν τὰ εἰς εἰρήνην καὶ εὐλογῆσαι αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ οὗ ἐπολέμησεν τὸν Αδρααζαρ καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτόν ὅτι ἀντικείμενος ἦν τῷ Αδρααζαρ καὶ ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ ἦσαν σκεύη ἀργυρᾶ καὶ σκεύη χρυσᾶ καὶ σκεύη χαλκᾶ

And Toi sent Jeddouran his son to King David to greet him with peace and to congratulate him because he had warred against Hadadezer and struck him — for Hadadezer was an adversary of Toi — and in his hands were vessels of silver and vessels of gold and vessels of bronze.

Toi's embassy and tribute (consequence of v. 9)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Θοου
Toi sends his son with a peace-greeting and congratulations, since Hadadezer was Toi's own enemy (ἀντικείμενος ἦν). The double infinitive (ἐρωτῆσαι … εὐλογῆσαι) states the embassy's diplomatic purpose, and the closing clause inventories the gifts of silver, gold, and bronze vessels — the tribute David will consecrate in v. 11.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of the embassy)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch (with a commission)'; renders Hebrew שָׁלַח; the verb of formal embassy.
ΘοουToisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘοου: see v. 9.
ΙεδδουρανJeddourandirect object of ἀπέστειλεν (indeclinable transliterated name)→ participant identificationΙεδδουραν: the LXX's transliteration of the name of Toi's son (Hebrew הֲדוֹרָם / יוֹרָם, Joram/Hadoram, cf. 1 Chr 18:10); treated as an indeclinable transliterated name, its accusative role marked by the appositive τὸν υἱόν.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with υἱόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιεδδουραν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the appositive τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ('his son') identifies Jeddouran and marks the accusative case.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Toi's son)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Toi's son).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (with Δαυιδ)→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; βασιλέα Δαυιδ ('King David') as the destination of the embassy.
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable).
ἐρωτῆσαιto greet / to askAor Act Inf · ἐρωτάωinfinitive of purpose (with ἀπέστειλεν)→ purpose infinitiveἐρωτάω: 'ask / inquire / greet'; the idiom ἐρωτῆσαι … τὰ εἰς εἰρήνην ('to ask after his welfare / greet with peace') renders Hebrew שָׁאַל לְשָׁלוֹם, a formula of diplomatic salutation.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐρωτῆσαι (David)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐρωτῆσαι (David).
τὰthe thingsAccusativesubstantival article (with εἰς εἰρήνην: 'the things pertaining to peace')→ noun-phrase markingThe neuter plural article τά + prepositional phrase (τὰ εἰς εἰρήνην, 'the matters of peace / one's welfare') is an idiom of greeting; the king is asked after his peace/well-being.
εἰςfor / pertaining topreposition + accusative (reference)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (reference).
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom of greeting)→ object specificationεἰρήνη: 'peace / welfare'; renders Hebrew שָׁלוֹם; τὰ εἰς εἰρήνην is the polite inquiry after David's well-being and a gesture of friendly relations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two purpose-infinitives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλογῆσαιto congratulate / blessAor Act Inf · εὐλογέωinfinitive of purpose (coordinate with ἐρωτῆσαι)→ purpose infinitiveεὐλογέω: 'bless / speak well of / congratulate'; renders Hebrew בֵּרֵךְ; here in the sense of offering felicitations on David's victory.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of εὐλογῆσαι (David)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εὐλογῆσαι (David).
ὑπὲρbecause / on account ofpreposition + genitive (causal, with relative οὗ)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + genitive: here causal ('because of the fact that'); the phrase ὑπὲρ οὗ ('because') introduces the reason for Toi's congratulations.
οὗ(the fact) thatGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, with ὑπέρ: causal connective)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅς: relative pronoun; ὑπὲρ οὗ functions as a causal conjunction ('because'), introducing the ground of the congratulation.
ἐπολέμησενhad warredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωverb of the causal clause→ constative aoristπολεμέω: 'make war / fight against'; renders Hebrew לָחַם; here with accusative object (τὸν Αδρααζαρ), 'warred against Hadadezer.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Αδρααζαρ, object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδρααζαρHadadezerdirect object of ἐπολέμησεν (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: see v. 3.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωverb of the causal clause (coordinate with ἐπολέμησεν)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: see v. 1; the fifth and final occurrence of the verb in the war-catalogue (apart from v. 13), here in Toi's-cause clause.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (Hadadezer)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπάταξεν (Hadadezer).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (parenthetical explanation)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here causal ('for / because'); introduces the narrator's parenthetical explaining why Toi welcomed Hadadezer's defeat.
ἀντικείμενοςan adversary / opposingPres Mid Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · ἀντίκειμαιpredicate participle (with ἦν: periphrastic 'was opposing')→ ongoing present participle (a settled state of enmity)ἀντίκειμαι: 'be set against / be an adversary'; the participle with ἦν forms a periphrastic imperfect ('was an adversary'); Hadadezer and Toi were long-standing rivals, so Toi rejoices at his enemy's fall.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (periphrastic with ἀντικείμενος)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦν combines with the participle for a periphrastic imperfect expressing Hadadezer's continuing enmity toward Toi.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Αδρααζαρ, dative complement)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδρααζαρHadadezerdative complement of ἀντικείμενος (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: ἀντίκειμαι takes a dative; 'an adversary to/of Hadadezer.' (The sense is that Hadadezer and Toi were mutual enemies.)
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the inventory of gifts)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in his hands')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in his hands').
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of place (idiom: 'in his hands' = he brought)→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. pl. χερσίν): 'hand'; the idiom ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ ἦσαν ('in his hands were') means the envoy brought the gifts in hand — the tribute Toi sent with his son.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the envoy's hands)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the envoy's hands).
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there were')→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the existential ἦσαν introduces the inventory of vessels brought as tribute.
σκεύηvesselsNominativesubject (with predicate adjective ἀργυρᾶ)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / article'; the threefold σκεύη … σκεύη … σκεύη lists the precious-metal gifts of silver, gold, and bronze.
ἀργυρᾶof silverNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύη)→ participant prominenceἀργυροῦς (neut. pl. ἀργυρᾶ): 'made of silver'; renders Hebrew כֶּסֶף; the first category of Toi's tribute.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεύηvesselsNominativesubject (second category)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: see above.
χρυσᾶof goldNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύη)→ participant prominenceχρυσοῦς (neut. pl. χρυσᾶ): 'made of gold'; renders Hebrew זָהָב; the second category of tribute.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεύηvesselsNominativesubject (third category)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος: see above.
χαλκᾶof bronzeNominativeattributive adjective (modifying σκεύη)→ participant prominenceχαλκοῦς (neut. pl. χαλκᾶ): 'made of bronze'; renders Hebrew נְחֹשֶׁת; the third category of Toi's tribute, completing the silver-gold-bronze triad.
11

καὶ ταῦτα ἡγίασεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ τῷ κυρίῳ μετὰ τοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ μετὰ τοῦ χρυσίου οὗ ἡγίασεν ἐκ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων ὧν κατεδυνάστευσεν

And these too King David consecrated to the LORD, together with the silver and the gold that he had consecrated from all the cities he had subdued.

David's consecration of all the spoils to YHWHκαὶ ταῦτα ἡγίασεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ
The fronted ταῦτα ('these too') gathers Toi's gifts into the larger fund of dedicated metal. The repeated ἡγίασεν ('consecrated') stamps the whole treasury as YHWH's, drawn from all the subdued cities (ἐκ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων ὧν κατεδυνάστευσεν), and prepares for the catalogue of source-nations in v. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ἡγίασεν (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationοὗτος: the demonstrative ταῦτα ('these too') refers to Toi's gifts of v. 10, fronted to emphasize their incorporation into the dedicated treasure.
ἡγίασενconsecratedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωmain verb (act of dedication)→ constative aoristἁγιάζω: 'make holy / consecrate / dedicate'; renders Hebrew הִקְדִּישׁ; David devotes the spoils to YHWH (and ultimately the Temple treasury), a recurring Davidic theme (cf. 1 Chr 18:11).
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Δαυιδ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ ('King David') again with the title (as in v. 8), foregrounding his royal-cultic role.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς; indeclinable).
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient (the one to whom the spoils are consecrated)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative τῷ κυρίῳ names YHWH as the recipient of the consecrated treasure — the spoils of war become the LORD's portion.
μετὰtogether withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'together with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργυρίουsilverGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / silver-money'; renders Hebrew כֶּסֶף; part of the larger dedicated fund accompanying Toi's vessels.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰtogether withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'together with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; renders Hebrew זָהָב; with the silver, the bullion that David consecrated alongside the vessels.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of second ἡγίασεν; attracted to genitive)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive οὗ (attracted to the case of its antecedent χρυσίου/ἀργυρίου) introduces the clause specifying the source of the dedicated metal.
ἡγίασενhe had consecratedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (anterior to the main act)ἁγιάζω: see above; the repetition stresses the cumulative dedication of all David's spoils.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
πασῶνallGenitiveadjective (modifying πόλεων)→ relational specificationπᾶς (fem. gen. pl. πασῶν): 'all'; ἐκ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων ('from all the cities') stresses the comprehensive sourcing of the dedicated wealth.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωνcitiesGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; the conquered cities from which the dedicated metal was drawn.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of κατεδυνάστευσεν, attracted to genitive)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive plural ὧν (attracted to πόλεων) introduces the clause 'which he subdued.'
κατεδυνάστευσενhe subdued / overpoweredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταδυναστεύωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristκαταδυναστεύω: 'overpower / subdue / dominate'; the compound κατα- intensifies δυναστεύω ('exercise power'); the cities David forcibly subjugated, whence the dedicated spoils.
12

ἐκ τῆς Ιδουμαίας καὶ ἐκ τῆς γῆς Μωαβ καὶ ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν Αμμων καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ἐξ Αμαληκ καὶ ἐκ τῶν σκύλων Αδρααζαρ υἱοῦ Ρααβ βασιλέως Σουβα

from Edom and from the land of Moab and from the sons of Ammon and from the Philistines and from Amalek and from the spoils of Hadadezer son of Rehob, king of Zobah.

Catalogue of the source-nations of the dedicated spoils (apposition to v. 11)ἐκ τῆς Ιδουμαίας
An asyndetic-but-coordinated catalogue of six sources (Edom, Moab, Ammon, Philistia, Amalek, Hadadezer's spoils), all governed by the ἡγίασεν of v. 11. The list functions as a roll of David's subdued enemies, framing his dedicated treasury as the tribute of the whole surrounding world to YHWH.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίαςEdom / IdumeaGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationΙδουμαία: the Greek name for Edom (Hebrew אֱדוֹם); a declinable first-declension noun; the descendants of Esau, south-east of Judah, whom David subdues (vv. 13–14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ; construct with Μωαβ)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; γῆς Μωαβ ('the land of Moab') is a construct-type genitive chain (Hebraism).
ΜωαβMoabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'land of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: see v. 2.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of source (construct with Αμμων)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων ('the sons of Ammon' = the Ammonites) is the standard LXX rendering of בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן.
ΑμμωνAmmongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Ammon')→ participant identificationΑμμων: transliteration of Hebrew עַמּוֹן (Ammon); indeclinable; the Transjordanian people east of the Jordan, descendants of Lot.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistinesGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: see v. 1; the Philistines reappear in the catalogue of subdued nations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source; elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (here ἐξ before a vowel): 'from'; the form ἐξ Αμαληκ.
ΑμαληκAmalekgenitive of source (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲמָלֵק (Amalek); indeclinable; Israel's archetypal desert enemy (Exod 17), whose spoils swell David's dedicated treasury (cf. 1 Sam 30).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκύλωνspoilsGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationσκῦλον (pl. σκῦλα): 'spoil / plunder (stripped from the slain)'; renders Hebrew שָׁלָל; the booty of Hadadezer caps the catalogue of dedicated wealth.
ΑδρααζαρHadadezergenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'spoils of Hadadezer')→ participant identificationΑδρααζαρ: see v. 3; the genitive completes 'the spoils of Hadadezer.'
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αδρααζαρ→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; appositional genitive υἱοῦ Ρααβ ('son of Rehob'), repeating the full identification of v. 3.
ΡααβRehobgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡααβ: see v. 3.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αδρααζαρ→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: appositional genitive βασιλέως Σουβα ('king of Zobah').
ΣουβαZobahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣουβα: see v. 3; the full title closes the source-catalogue with the chapter's principal vanquished king.
13

καὶ ἐποίησεν Δαυιδ ὄνομα καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀνακάμπτειν αὐτὸν ἐπάταξεν τὴν Ιδουμαίαν ἐν Γαιμελε εἰς ὀκτωκαίδεκα χιλιάδας

And David made a name for himself; and on his return he struck Edom in Gaimele — eighteen thousand.

Climax of the conquests: David's renown and the defeat of Edomκαὶ ἐποίησεν Δαυιδ ὄνομα
The idiom ἐποίησεν … ὄνομα ('made a name') marks the apex of David's fame. The temporal ἐν τῷ ἀνακάμπτειν ('on returning') sets the occasion for the sixth and final ἐπάταξεν, the defeat of Edom at Gaimele (the 'Valley of Salt' of the Hebrew) with eighteen thousand casualties.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (idiom: 'made a name')→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / do'; the idiom ἐποίησεν ὄνομα ('made a name for himself / won renown') renders Hebrew עָשָׂה שֵׁם; it marks David's achievement of lasting fame through his victories.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ὄνομαa name / renownAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name / reputation / renown'; renders Hebrew שֵׁם; here in the idiomatic sense of fame won by conquest (cf. the contrast with the tower-builders' vain bid for a 'name' at Gen 11:4).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwhen / onpreposition + dative (with articular infinitive, temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: the temporal idiom ἐν τῷ ἀνακάμπτειν ('on returning / when he came back') renders Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνακάμπτεινreturningPres Act Inf · ἀνακάμπτωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'on his return')→ temporal infinitive (contemporaneous)ἀνακάμπτω: 'turn back / return'; the present articular infinitive with ἐν gives the time of the Edomite campaign — as David was returning (from the northern wars).
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive (David)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive (David).
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (defeat of Edom)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: see v. 1; the sixth occurrence, capping the war-catalogue with the conquest of Edom.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιδουμαίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίανEdom / IdumeaAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationΙδουμαία: see v. 12; here the accusative object of the striking (the parallels at Ps 60 title and 1 Chr 18:12 vary between Edom and Aram, reflecting the easy confusion of אֲרָם/אֱדוֹם).
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (place of battle)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of battle).
ΓαιμελεGaimele (Valley of Salt)dative of place (indeclinable place-name; case shown by ἐν)→ participant identificationΓαιμελε: the LXX's transliteration of Hebrew גֵּיא־מֶלַח ('Valley of Salt'), apparently read as a single place-name; indeclinable; the site (south of the Dead Sea) of David's victory over Edom (cf. 4 Kingdoms 14:7).
εἰςto (the number of)preposition + accusative (numerical extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: here of numerical result/extent ('to the amount of'), introducing the casualty figure.
ὀκτωκαίδεκαeighteennumeral (indeclinable; modifying χιλιάδας)→ clausal contributionὀκτωκαίδεκα: 'eighteen'; indeclinable cardinal; with χιλιάδας = 'eighteen thousand' Edomite dead.
χιλιάδαςthousandAccusativeaccusative of measure (extent of casualties)→ object specificationχιλιάς: see v. 4; 'eighteen thousands' as the measure of Edom's defeat.
14

καὶ ἔθετο ἐν τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ φρουράν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ καὶ ἐγένοντο πάντες οἱ Ιδουμαῖοι δοῦλοι τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ ἔσωσεν κύριος τὸν Δαυιδ ἐν πᾶσιν οἷς ἐπορεύετο

And he set a garrison in Edom — in all Edom — and all the Edomites became servants to the king; and the LORD preserved David wherever he went.

Consolidation of Edom; closing recurrence of the theological refrainκαὶ ἔθετο ἐν τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ φρουράν
David garrisons all Edom (the emphatic ἐν πάσῃ τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ) and reduces the Edomites to vassalage, paralleling the Aramean settlement of v. 6. The chapter's war-catalogue closes with the verbatim refrain καὶ ἔσωσεν κύριος τὸν Δαυιδ ἐν πᾶσιν οἷς ἐπορεύετο, bracketing vv. 1–14 with the theological claim of v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοset / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (establishing a garrison)→ constative aoristτίθημι: see v. 6; David garrisons Edom as he did Aram-Damascus.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίᾳEdom / IdumeaDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceΙδουμαία: see v. 12; here dative locating the garrison.
φρουράνgarrisonAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο→ object specificationφρουρά: see v. 6; the standing garrison enforcing Edom's subjection.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, emphatic restatement)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, emphatic restatement).
πάσῃallDativeadjective (modifying Ιδουμαίᾳ: 'in all Edom')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς (fem. dat. sg. πάσῃ): 'all / whole'; the emphatic restatement ἐν πάσῃ τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ ('throughout all Edom') stresses the totality of David's control.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίᾳEdom / IdumeaDativedative of place (emphatic restatement)→ sphere or referenceΙδουμαία: see v. 12; the repetition (ἐν τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ … ἐν πάσῃ τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ) underscores the comprehensive garrisoning.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένοντοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (resultant status: plural)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; the plural ἐγένοντο agrees with the plural subject οἱ Ιδουμαῖοι; 'all the Edomites became servants.'
πάντεςallNominativeadjective (modifying οἱ Ιδουμαῖοι)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (masc. nom. pl. πάντες): 'all'; reinforces the universality of Edom's subjugation.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαῖοιEdomitesNominativesubject (the people of Edom)→ participant prominenceΙδουμαῖος: 'Edomite'; the gentilic of Ιδουμαία; declinable (nom. pl. -οι); the descendants of Esau now reduced to Davidic servitude.
δοῦλοιservantsNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐγένοντο)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: see v. 2; the Edomites' vassalage parallels Moab's (v. 2) and Aram's (v. 6), completing the pattern of subjection.
τῷto theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of advantage ('servants to the king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dative τῷ βασιλεῖ ('to the king', i.e. David) marks whom the Edomites serve; the title rather than the name foregrounds David's royal sovereignty.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσωσενpreserved / savedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb of the theological refrain→ constative aorist (summary of YHWH's preserving act)σῴζω: see v. 6; the verbatim repetition of the refrain closes the war-catalogue (vv. 1–14), attributing the whole sequence of victories to YHWH's preservation.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (divine agent of preservation)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the second occurrence of the refrain seals the theological reading of David's conquests.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαυιδ, object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDaviddirect object of ἔσωσεν (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἔσωσεν (indeclinable; case shown by article).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (comprehensive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (comprehensive).
πᾶσινall things / everywhereDativesubstantival adjective (antecedent of οἷς)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: see v. 6; ἐν πᾶσιν οἷς ἐπορεύετο = 'wherever he went.'
οἷςwhere / whichDativerelative pronoun (dative, attracted to πᾶσιν)→ participant reference or interestὅς: see v. 6.
ἐπορεύετοhe wentImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of relative clause (iterative)→ iterative imperfect (customary: 'wherever he went')πορεύομαι: see v. 6; the iterative imperfect closes the refrain identically to v. 6.
15

καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Δαυιδ ἐπὶ Ισραηλ καὶ ἦν Δαυιδ ποιῶν κρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην ἐπὶ πάντα τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ

And David reigned over Israel, and David was executing judgment and righteousness for all his people.

Regnal summary: David's just rule (transition to the officials-roster)καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Δαυιδ ἐπὶ Ισραηλ
The verse turns from war to governance: David reigns over all Israel and administers κρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην ('judgment and righteousness'), the paired ideal of righteous kingship (cf. Gen 18:19; Jer 23:5). The periphrastic ἦν … ποιῶν ('was doing / continually did') stresses the habitual character of David's just rule, setting up the administrative roster of vv. 16–18.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sectional transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (regnal summary)→ constative/ingressive aorist (David's established reign)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders Hebrew מָלַךְ; with ἐπί + accusative ('reign over'), the standard formula introducing a regnal summary.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (of rule)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; the standard construction with βασιλεύω for the realm ruled.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the united people over whom David reigns.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (periphrastic with ποιῶν)→ descriptive imperfect (habitual rule)εἰμί: 'be'; combined with the participle ποιῶν forms a periphrastic imperfect ('was doing / used to do') expressing David's continual, characteristic administration of justice.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ποιῶνdoing / executingPres Act Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · ποιέωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν)→ ongoing present participle (continual action)ποιέω: 'do / make / execute'; the participle ποιῶν κρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην ('doing judgment and righteousness') renders the Hebrew עֹשֶׂה מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה, the hallmark of the just king.
κρίμαjudgment / justiceAccusativedirect object of ποιῶν→ object specificationκρίμα: 'judgment / justice / legal decision'; renders Hebrew מִשְׁפָּט; paired with δικαιοσύνη as the twin virtue of righteous governance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαιοσύνηνrighteousnessAccusativedirect object of ποιῶν (coordinate with κρίμα)→ object specificationδικαιοσύνη: 'righteousness / justice'; renders Hebrew צְדָקָה; the word-pair κρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνη ('justice and righteousness') is the classic biblical formula for the ideal of just rule (cf. Ps 89:14; Jer 23:5).
ἐπὶfor / overpreposition + accusative (extent: 'for all the people')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here 'for / toward / over'; David's justice extends to the whole people.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (modifying τὸν λαόν)→ object specificationπᾶς (masc. acc. sg. πάντα): 'all / whole'; David's just administration embraces the entire nation without partiality.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; the standard LXX term for Israel as covenant community (rendering עַם); the beneficiary of David's just rule.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (David's people)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (David's people).
16

καὶ Ιωαβ υἱὸς Σαρουιας ἐπὶ τῆς στρατιᾶς καὶ Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Αχια ἐπὶ τῶν ὑπομνημάτων

And Joab son of Zeruiah was over the army, and Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud was over the records.

Officials-roster (verbless catalogue of David's administration)καὶ Ιωαβ υἱὸς Σαρουιας
The roster (vv. 16–18) is a series of verbless naming-clauses (name + patronymic + ἐπί-phrase of office), a standard administrative list-form. Joab commands the army (ἐπὶ τῆς στρατιᾶς) and Jehoshaphat is the royal recorder/secretary (ἐπὶ τῶν ὑπομνημάτων, 'over the memoranda').
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the roster)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωαβJoabsubject of verbless clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָב (Joab); indeclinable; David's nephew and commander-in-chief throughout the reign.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαβ (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱὸς Σαρουιας ('son of Zeruiah'), naming Joab's mother, David's sister.
ΣαρουιαςZeruiahgenitive of relationship (transliterated name: 'son of Zeruiah')→ participant identificationΣαρουιας: the LXX's transliteration of Hebrew צְרוּיָה (Zeruiah), David's sister and mother of Joab, Abishai, and Asahel; treated as an indeclinable transliterated name in the genitive.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (of office: 'in charge of')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'over / in charge of'; the standard idiom of administrative appointment (ἐπὶ τῆς στρατιᾶς = 'over the army').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατιᾶςarmyGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (Joab's office)→ relational specificationστρατιά: 'army / host'; renders Hebrew צָבָא; Joab's office as commander of Israel's army.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (next roster entry)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject of verbless clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט (Jehoshaphat); indeclinable; the royal recorder, not to be confused with the later king of Judah of the same name.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωσαφατ (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱὸς Αχια ('son of Ahilud').
ΑχιαAhiludgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Ahilud')→ participant identificationΑχια: the LXX's transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִילוּד (Ahilud), father of the recorder Jehoshaphat; indeclinable.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (of office)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: see above; ἐπὶ τῶν ὑπομνημάτων = 'over the records' (the office of recorder/herald).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπομνημάτωνrecords / memorandaGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (Jehoshaphat's office)→ relational specificationὑπόμνημα (pl. ὑπομνήματα): 'memorandum / record / chronicle'; renders Hebrew מַזְכִּיר ('recorder / remembrancer'); the office of keeping the royal annals and acting as state herald.
17

καὶ Σαδδουκ υἱὸς Αχιτωβ καὶ Αχιμελεχ υἱὸς Αβιαθαρ ἱερεῖς καὶ Ασα ὁ γραμματεύς

And Zadok son of Ahitub and Ahimelech son of Abiathar were priests, and Asa was the scribe.

Continuation of the officials-roster (priests and scribe)καὶ Σαδδουκ υἱὸς Αχιτωβ
The roster continues with the dual priesthood — Zadok son of Ahitub and Ahimelech son of Abiathar (the LXX reverses the MT's 'Ahimelech son of Abiathar', preserving the priestly line). Asa (a variant of the expected Seraiah/Shavsha) is named the scribe (ὁ γραμματεύς), the chief royal secretary.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (next roster entry)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαδδουκZadoksubject of verbless clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδδουκ: transliteration of Hebrew צָדוֹק (Zadok); indeclinable; the priest whose line would become the dominant Jerusalem priesthood (cf. Ezek 44:15).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σαδδουκ (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς Αχιτωβ ('son of Ahitub').
ΑχιτωβAhitubgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Ahitub')→ participant identificationΑχιτωβ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִיטוּב (Ahitub); indeclinable; Zadok's father.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑχιμελεχAhimelechsubject of verbless clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχιμελεχ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲחִימֶלֶךְ (Ahimelech); indeclinable; the second priest; the LXX (with the MT here) reads 'Ahimelech son of Abiathar', the reverse of the more familiar Abiathar son of Ahimelech (1 Sam 22:20).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αχιμελεχ (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς Αβιαθαρ ('son of Abiathar').
ΑβιαθαρAbiathargenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Abiathar')→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶבְיָתָר (Abiathar); indeclinable; the priest who fled to David (1 Sam 22) and shared the priesthood with Zadok.
ἱερεῖςpriestsNominativepredicate nominative (of both Zadok and Ahimelech)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς (pl. ἱερεῖς): 'priest'; renders Hebrew כֹּהֵן; the plural names the dual priesthood serving under David.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (next roster entry)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑσαAsasubject of verbless clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑσα: the LXX's transliteration of the name of David's scribe (Hebrew שְׂרָיָה / Seraiah, with variants Sheva/Shavsha in the parallels); indeclinable; the chief royal secretary.
theNominativearticle (with γραμματεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμματεύςscribe / secretaryNominativepredicate nominative (Asa's office)→ participant prominenceγραμματεύς: 'scribe / secretary'; renders Hebrew סוֹפֵר; the chief secretary of state who drafted royal correspondence and documents.
18

καὶ Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε σύμβουλος καὶ ὁ Χελεθθι καὶ ὁ Φελεττι καὶ υἱοὶ Δαυιδ αὐλάρχαι ἦσαν

And Benaiah son of Jehoiada was counselor, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites, and David's sons were chief court-officers.

Conclusion of the officials-roster (the guard and the royal sons)καὶ Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε
The roster closes with Benaiah son of Jehoiada — here titled σύμβουλος ('counselor'; the MT has him over the Cherethites and Pelethites) — followed by the foreign royal guard (ὁ Χελεθθι … ὁ Φελεττι, the Cherethites and Pelethites) and David's sons as αὐλάρχαι ('chief court-officers'; the MT reads כֹּהֲנִים, 'priests'). The single finite verb ἦσαν ('they were'), held to the very end, governs the whole verbless roster.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (final roster entries)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιαςBenaiahsubject of verbless clause (transliterated proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαναιας: transliteration of Hebrew בְּנָיָהוּ (Benaiah); the commander of David's bodyguard who later supported Solomon (3 Kingdoms 1–2); treated as a transliterated name.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαναιας (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς Ιωδαε ('son of Jehoiada').
ΙωδαεJehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Jehoiada')→ participant identificationΙωδαε: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹיָדָע (Jehoiada); indeclinable; Benaiah's father, himself a priest (1 Chr 27:5).
σύμβουλοςcounselorNominativepredicate nominative (Benaiah's office)→ participant prominenceσύμβουλος: 'counselor / adviser'; the LXX here renders Benaiah's office as 'counselor' (against the MT's 'over the Cherethites and Pelethites'); the title marks his place among David's inner circle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with Χελεθθι, collective)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧελεθθιCherethitessubject (indeclinable collective; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΧελεθθι: transliteration of Hebrew כְּרֵתִי (Cherethites); indeclinable; a contingent of David's foreign bodyguard (probably of Cretan/Philistine origin), here treated as a collective with the singular article ὁ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with Φελεττι, collective)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦελεττιPelethitessubject (indeclinable collective; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΦελεττι: transliteration of Hebrew פְּלֵתִי (Pelethites); indeclinable; the other contingent of David's foreign guard, regularly paired with the Cherethites (cf. 2 Kgdms 15:18; 20:7).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (David's sons)→ participant prominenceυἱός (nom. pl. υἱοί): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Δαυιδ ('the sons of David') hold the office of αὐλάρχαι; the MT here reads כֹּהֲנִים ('priests'), a celebrated text-critical divergence.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: see v. 1; the chapter that opened with David striking the Philistines closes with David's sons among the court-officials.
αὐλάρχαιchief court-officersNominativepredicate nominative (the sons' office)→ participant prominenceαὐλάρχης (pl. αὐλάρχαι): 'chief of the court / palace-official'; from αὐλή ('court') + ἄρχω ('rule'); the LXX's rendering for David's sons' role, where the MT reads 'priests' — the Greek translator interprets their function as leading courtiers rather than cultic priests.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (governing the whole verbless roster, held to the end)→ descriptive imperfect (settled administrative arrangement)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦσαν ('they were'), positioned last, supplies the copula for the entire officials-roster (vv. 16–18), retrospectively governing each naming-clause; it seals the chapter's portrait of David's ordered, just administration.