καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπὰ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest of the acts')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ('the rest of the acts/words') is the fixed opening of the Deuteronomistic citation-formula (cf. 3 Kgdms 11:41).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / words / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive ('the rest of the acts')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / deed'; in the citation-formula τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων, λόγοι renders Hebrew דִּבְרֵי ('the acts/affairs of'), idiomatic for a king's recorded deeds (hence 'Chronicles' = דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים).
Οχοζιουof AhaziahGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying λόγων)→ relational specificationΟχοζιας (gen. Οχοζιου): the declined genitive; 'the acts of Ahaziah'; closing his brief reign.
ὅσαall that / whateverAccusativerelative/correlative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν: 'all that he did')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / all that'; the neuter plural ὅσα ('all that') sums up the king's deeds; renders Hebrew אֲשֶׁר / כָּל־אֲשֶׁר.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('all that he did')→ constative aorist (summary of the reign's deeds)ποιέω: 'do / make'; summarizes the deeds referred to the chronicle.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical-question marker: 'are they not…?')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): here introduces the rhetorical question of the citation-formula ('are they not written?'), expecting the answer 'yes, they are.'
ἰδοὺbeholdInterjection · ἰδούpresentative interjection (within the citation-formula)→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה / הֲלֹא; here οὐκ ἰδού ('behold, are they not…?') is the LXX's rendering of the formulaic הֲלֹא־הֵם כְּתוּבִים ('are they not written?').
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative subject (of the implied 'are written')→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'these (things)'; refers to the king's deeds, declared to be recorded in the royal chronicle.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · γράφωperfect participle (periphrastic predicate: 'are written')→ stative perfect participle (a settled, recorded state)γράφω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'write'; the perfect γεγραμμένα ('having been written / on record') denotes a permanent inscribed state; the citation-formula points to an external royal annal.
ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + genitive (location of writing: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'upon / in'; of the writing surface — 'on the book/scroll.'
βιβλίουbook / scrollGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί ('in the book')→ relational specificationβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; the official royal annal.
λόγωνof the acts / chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (modifying βιβλίου: 'book of the acts')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'matter / act'; βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('book of the acts of the days') renders סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, 'the book of the chronicles' of the kings.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the acts of the days' = chronicles)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('acts of the days') is the calque of דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים — i.e. the annals/chronicles.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of possession/reference ('belonging to / of the kings of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): 'king'; the dative renders the Hebrew possessive 'of the kings of Israel' (the annal pertaining to them).
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitival modifier (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'the kings of Israel' (the northern kingdom).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the succession notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωραμJoramsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹרָם / יוֹרָם ('Joram / Jehoram'); indeclinable; son of Ahab and brother of the childless Ahaziah, whom he succeeds as king of Israel.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωραμ ('son of Ahab')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Joram's parentage (and thus his place in the doomed Omride dynasty).
Αχααβof Ahabgenitival modifier (indeclinable: 'son of Ahab')→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; Ahab, the dynastic father whose house is under judgment.
βασιλεύειreigns / began to reignPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (the accession notice)→ historic present (the accession narrated vividly)βασιλεύω: 'reign / be king'; the present βασιλεύει (a historic/annalistic present) introduces Joram's reign; renders the Hebrew מָלַךְ of the regnal formula.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over: 'over Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; of royal rule over a people.
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐπί (indeclinable: 'over Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom over which Joram reigns.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (locative: 'in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): the declined form; the capital from which Joram rules.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('twelve years')→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; accusative of duration; the length of Joram's reign.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral (with δύο: 'twelve')→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable; with δύο forms 'twelve' (δέκα δύο), Joram's regnal length.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with δέκα: 'twelve')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable here; δέκα δύο = 'twelve years.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the … year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the … year').
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (the synchronism: 'in the eighteenth year')→ sphere or referenceἔτος (dat. ἔτει): 'year'; the dative for the synchronistic dating of Joram's accession to a Judahite regnal year.
ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳeighteenthDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἔτει: 'eighteenth year')→ sphere or referenceὀκτωκαιδέκατος: 'eighteenth' (ὀκτώ + καί + δέκατος); the ordinal dating the accession to the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat of Judah, the standard cross-kingdom synchronism of Kings.
Ιωσαφατof Jehoshaphatgenitival modifier (indeclinable: 'of Jehoshaphat')→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט ('Jehoshaphat'); indeclinable; the contemporary king of Judah by whose regnal year the accession is dated.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωσαφατ ('king of Judah')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Jehoshaphat titled 'king of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahgenitival modifier (indeclinable: 'of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה ('Judah'); indeclinable; the southern kingdom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the cultic evaluation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the regnal evaluation formula)→ constative aorist (summary verdict on the reign)ποιέω: 'do'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν ('he did the evil') is the standard Deuteronomistic evaluation formula for the northern kings.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πονηρὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; τὸ πονηρόν ('the evil') renders הָרַע; the object of the evaluative formula ('he did what was evil in the LORD's sight').
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); the standard locus of the king's evaluation.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον ('before the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: = the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD in whose sight the evil is reckoned.
πλὴνonly / exceptadverb/conjunction (qualifying the verdict: 'only')→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'only / except / nevertheless'; renders רַק; introduces the qualification that Joram's evil was less than his parents' — a relative mitigation.
οὐχnotnegative particle (with ὡς: 'not like')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐχ before rough breathing): negates the comparison ('not like his brothers').
ὡςas / likecomparative particle ('like his brothers')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison qualifying his evil.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativenominative of comparison ('like his brothers')→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; here Joram's kin in the house of Ahab (Ahaziah and others), whose idolatry was worse than his.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction ('nor like his mother')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; extends the negative comparison to his mother.
ὡςas / likecomparative particle ('like his mother')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'like'; second member of the comparison.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with μήτηρ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μήτηρmotherNominativenominative of comparison ('like his mother')→ participant prominenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; Jezebel, the notorious patroness of Baal-worship, against whose extreme idolatry Joram's is measured as less.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the partial reform)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστησενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (the partial reform: removing the pillars)→ constative aorist (completed removal)ἀφίστημι: 'remove / set away'; transitive aorist here; Joram's removal of the Baal-pillars is the substance of his partial reform — a mitigating act distinguishing him from his parents.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with στήλας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήλαςpillars / stelesAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστησεν (the cultic pillars)→ object specificationστήλη: 'pillar / standing-stone / stele'; renders מַצֵּבָה; the cultic standing-stones of Baal erected by Ahab (3 Kgdms 16:32–33), which Joram removed.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaalgenitival modifier (indeclinable: 'of Baal')→ participant identificationΒααλ: indeclinable; here with the masculine article (τοῦ Βααλ), 'the pillars of Baal' — the Canaanite deity whose cult Ahab had established.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν: 'which his father made')→ participant referenceὅς (f. pl. ἃς): feminine accusative relative agreeing with στήλας.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause ('which his father made')→ constative aorist (the father's completed act)ποιέω: 'make'; of Ahab's making of the Baal-pillars.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with πατὴρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν ('his father')→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Ahab, who had made the pillars Joram now removes.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέτριψενshattered / broke in piecesAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb (destruction of the pillars)→ constative aorist (completed destruction)συντρίβω: 'shatter / crush / break in pieces'; renders שָׁבַר; intensifies the reform — Joram not only removed but smashed the Baal-pillars.
αὐτάςthemAccusativedirect object of συνέτριψεν (the pillars)→ participant referenceαὐτάς: feminine, = τὰς στήλας ('the pillars').
πλὴνonly / neverthelessadverb/conjunction (qualifying the reform: 'only / yet')→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'only / nevertheless'; renders רַק; the second πλήν qualifies the reform — for all his removal of Baal's pillars, Joram clung to the deeper sin of Jeroboam (the golden calves).
ἐνto / inpreposition + dative (with ἐκολλήθη: 'clung to')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here with κολλάομαι ('cling to'); 'he clung to the sins…'
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative with ἐκολλήθη ('clung to the sins')→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; 'the sins of the house of Jeroboam' = the calf-worship at Bethel and Dan, the paradigmatic sin of the northern kingdom.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἁμαρτίαις)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; 'the house of Jeroboam' = the dynastic line and cult-establishment of Jeroboam I.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitival modifier (indeclinable: 'of Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם ('Jeroboam'); indeclinable; Jeroboam I, founder of the northern kingdom's calf-cult, the archetype of Israelite apostasy.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν: 'who made Israel sin')→ participant referenceὅς: masculine nominative relative referring to Jeroboam.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative: 'who caused Israel to sin')→ constative aorist (Jeroboam's enduring corrupting act)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin / lead into sin'; the causative compound renders the Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא ('made to sin'); the fixed formula ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('who made Israel to sin') is the standing indictment of Jeroboam throughout Kings.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Ισραηλ, marking it accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτόν: the accusative article marks the indeclinable Ισραηλ as the direct object of ἐξήμαρτεν.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable, marked accusative by τὸν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the people whom Jeroboam led into sin.
ἐκολλήθηhe clungAor Pass(dep) Indic 3 Sg · κολλάομαιmain verb (Joram's persistence in Jeroboam's sins)→ constative aorist (settled adherence)κολλάομαι: 'cling / join oneself to / adhere'; renders דָּבַק; Joram 'clung' to Jeroboam's sins — for all his anti-Baal reform, he never broke with the foundational apostasy of the northern cult.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀπέστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negates ἀπέστη ('he did not depart').
ἀπέστηhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb ('he did not depart from them')→ constative aorist (the failure to turn away)ἀφίστημι (intrans. aor.): 'depart / turn away / stand off'; the intransitive aorist ἀπέστη here contrasts with the transitive ἀπέστησεν above (he removed the pillars but did not himself turn away from Jeroboam's sins).
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό (ἀπ᾿): 'from'; 'depart from them' (the sins of Jeroboam).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπ᾿ (the sins of Jeroboam)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: 'them' = the sins of Jeroboam, from which Joram did not depart.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the closing verdict)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμώθηwas angered / kindled with wrathAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θυμόωmain verb (the LORD's wrath kindled)→ ingressive aorist (the kindling of divine anger)θυμόω (pass. 'be angry'): 'become enraged / be kindled with wrath'; with the cognate dative ὀργῇ ('with anger') it intensifies — 'the LORD was kindled with anger'; anticipates the destruction of the house of Ahab under Jehu (4 Kgdms 9–10).
ὀργῇwith anger / wrathDativedative of manner/cognate (intensifying ἐθυμώθη)→ sphere or referenceὀργή: 'anger / wrath'; the cognate/instrumental dative ὀργῇ with ἐθυμώθη ('was angered with anger') is a Hebraizing intensification (cf. חָרָה אַף), expressing the heat of divine wrath.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (the LORD whose wrath is kindled)→ participant prominenceκύριος: = the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD whose anger against the Omride dynasty closes the chapter.
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (direction of wrath: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here 'against' (hostile direction); 'the LORD was angered against the house of Ahab.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the object of wrath)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; 'the house of Ahab' = the Omride dynasty, doomed to be cut off (cf. 3 Kgdms 21:21–24).
Αχααβof Ahabgenitival modifier (indeclinable: 'of Ahab')→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; Ahab, the dynastic head whose house the LORD's wrath now targets — the note on which the chapter closes.