On the Greek text. The Greek follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint (Rahlfs-Hanhart in its main wording, itself an ancient, public-domain text); the distinctively copyrighted critical apparatus is not reproduced. Versification follows the LXX.

The Fourth Book of Maccabees (LXX) — Interlinear: Themes, Outlines & Translation Notes

A consolidated companion to the 4 Maccabees data set: every chapter of LXX 4 Maccabees (1–18) rendered as a six-tier Greek reverse-interlinear (Greek · gloss · parsing/case · syntax · semantic force · lexical note), with per-verse discourse analysis and a chapter argument-outline.

This document gathers the theme, the argument outline (the outline movements authored into each data file), and the translation / textual / exegetical notes (the text_note of each file, reproduced verbatim) — followed by a summary of the major translation and interpretive cruxes that were deliberately annotated rather than silently resolved. 4 Maccabees is the philosophical-martyr treatise that argues for the sovereignty of pious reason over the passions by expounding the sufferings of Eleazar, the seven brothers, and their mother under Antiochus. It is original Greek rather than a translation witness, blending rhetorical philosophy, biblical exempla, and martyr theology into one sustained demonstration of reason, law, and immortal reward. The Greek follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint (Rahlfs–Hanhart in its main wording, itself an ancient public-domain text); the distinctively copyrighted apparatus is not reproduced, and versification follows the LXX.

Scope

Each annotated word carries Greek, a working gloss, color-coded grammatical case, parsing (Tense·Voice·Mood·Person·Number + lemma), a Wallace-style syntactic-function label, an aspectual semantic-force label (verbal forms), and a condensed lexical note. As translation Greek, the annotation additionally flags Hebraisms and the underlying Hebrew idiom where it illuminates the rendering.

The argument of the book

The macro-structure of the whole book — its major movements — under which the chapter-by-chapter detail below unfolds. 4 Maccabees is an oratorical and philosophical composition that turns the martyr tradition into an argument about virtue, passion, and Torah-shaped rational mastery. The annotation tracks its conceptual vocabulary, speeches, and the deliberate movement from thesis to exemplum to exhortation. (Section divisions are interpretive; the more common analysis is generally followed.)

• I · 1–3 — Thesis, definitions, and the training of pious reason. The discourse announces its claim, defines reason and the passions, and argues that the law schools the soul into philosophical mastery.
• II · 4–7 — Eleazar as the first proof. The aged scribe resists coercion, rejects deceitful compromise, and dies as the opening demonstration that reason can rule bodily pain and fear.
• III · 8–17 — The seven brothers and their mother as climactic exempla. Successive tortures produce speeches of resurrection hope, covenant fidelity, and contempt for the tyrant's passing power, culminating in the mother's victory over natural grief.
• IV · 18 — Exhortation and doxological close. The work ends by addressing Israel directly, recalling scriptural formation, and sealing martyrdom as victory, purification, and witness.

Chapter-by-chapter

4 Maccabees 1 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Α′

Theme. The book opens by arguing that pious reason rules the passions, defines reason, wisdom, and virtue in relation to the law, and identifies the coming martyr narratives as the decisive proof of that claim.

Outline.

• A · 1:1-4 — The thesis is announced. The speaker opens with the philosophical claim that pious reason proves master over the passions that oppose virtue.
• B · 1:5-12 — The martyr tradition is named as the chief proof. After answering an objection, the proem points to Eleazar, the seven brothers, and their mother as the decisive historical demonstration.
• C · 1:13-19 — Reason, wisdom, and virtue are defined. The argument pauses to define reason and wisdom, to identify the law as wisdom’s schooling, and to rank prudence as the leading virtue.
• D · 1:20-29 — The passions are classified and compared to growths. Pleasure and pain are presented as the two broad roots of passion, with their many derivatives likened to shoots that reason cultivates and prunes.
• E · 1:30-35 — Dietary restraint becomes the first proof. The chapter concludes by showing from Jewish food laws that reason can check bodily appetite and hold desire in obedience.

Translation & textual notes. The programmatic proem to the whole work appears here. It states the governing thesis that pious reason rules the passions, introduces the martyr narratives as the supreme proof of that claim, and then lays out the book's conceptual vocabulary by defining reason, wisdom, virtue, and the principal families of passion before turning to the first practical test case in the dietary discipline of the law.

4 Maccabees 2 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Β′

Theme. The law is shown actively disciplining desire, greed, family affection, friendship, and anger, so that reason appears not as abstraction but as practical mastery over ordinary human impulses.

Outline.

• A · 2:1-6 — Joseph and the command against coveting illustrate mastery of desire. The chapter begins with Joseph and the Decalogue to show that disciplined reason can restrain erotic and acquisitive longing.
• B · 2:7-14 — The law reshapes economic and social instincts. Examples from lending, gleaning, family ties, friendship, and treatment of enemies display reason’s rule in ordinary communal life.
• C · 2:15-20 — Even anger comes under rational judgment. The author turns to the harsher passions and appeals to Moses and Jacob to prove that righteous reasoning can govern wrath.
• D · 2:21-24 — Human nature is ordered for lawful rule. The chapter closes with an anthropological claim: God planted the passions in humanity but enthroned the mind over them under the law.

Translation & textual notes. The book's first thesis is developed here by showing how the law trains desire, greed, family affection, friendship, and anger into obedience. The chapter moves from Joseph and the commandment against coveting into practical cases from daily life and Israel's ancestral history, arguing that reason does not merely theorize about virtue but actively disciplines the most powerful social and bodily attachments.

4 Maccabees 3 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Γ′

Theme. Reason does not destroy the passions but governs them, and David's refusal of the life-risking water becomes the key illustration before the narrative turns toward the Seleucid crisis.

Outline.

• A · 3:1-5 — Reason is an antagonist to passion, not an eradicator. The chapter opens by distinguishing mastery from annihilation: reason does not uproot desire or anger but keeps them from enslaving the person.
• B · 3:6-18 — David’s thirst proves that reason can defeat urgent bodily desire. David’s dangerous craving for enemy water is answered by a rational act of libation, turning appetite into worship and proving reason’s superiority.
• C · 3:19-21 — The argument turns from example to the Seleucid setting. Having illustrated its thesis, the work transitions into the peaceful background and emerging disturbances that will lead into the martyr history.

Translation & textual notes. The book's thesis is sharpened here by clarifying that reason does not eradicate the passions but resists and governs them. The author proves the point first from David's refusal to drink the water won at mortal risk and then moves from that anecdote into the peaceful high-priestly world before the crisis under Seleucid rule, preparing the historical narrative that will dominate the rest of the book.

4 Maccabees 4 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Δ′

Theme. Jerusalem's crisis is traced from Simon's betrayal and sacrilegious intrigue through Jason's corruption and Antiochus' Hellenizing tyranny, setting the stage for the martyrs' test of pious reason.

Outline.

• A · 4:1-6 — Simon’s intrigue targets Onias and the temple treasury. Simon fails to injure Onias directly, betrays the homeland, and reports Jerusalem’s treasury to royal officials as though it were available for confiscation.
• B · 4:7-14 — Apollonius attempts sacrilege and is checked by heavenly intervention. The people protest, priests and families pray, angels strike terror into the invading force, and Onias intercedes so that the chastened Apollonius departs alive to report what happened.
• C · 4:15-20 — Antiochus and Jason institutionalize corruption. After Seleucus dies, Antiochus installs Jason as high priest for payment, and Jason reshapes the nation toward unlawful Hellenizing policies.
• D · 4:21-26 — Persecution intensifies into coercive apostasy. Divine justice turns Antiochus against Jerusalem; when decrees fail to break Jewish observance, he resorts to direct torture and forces people to renounce Judaism.

Translation & textual notes. The shift from philosophical proem to the historical crisis that produced the Maccabean martyrs occurs here. It traces the descent from Simon's intrigue against the high priest Onias, through the attempted plundering of the temple and the heavenly humiliation of Apollonius, into the deeper corruption of Jerusalem under Jason and Antiochus Epiphanes, showing how civic ambition, sacrilege, and forced apostasy prepared the setting in which pious reason would soon be tested by torture.

4 Maccabees 5 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Ε′

Theme. Eleazar stands before Antiochus and answers the tyrant's appeal to expediency by presenting obedience to the law as the truest philosophy and the surest mastery over appetite, fear, and honor.

Outline.

• A · 5:1-5 — Antiochus convenes judgment and brings Eleazar forward. The tyrant sits in public state, orders each Jew to be compelled to eat defiled meat, and summons the aged priest Eleazar before him.
• B · 5:6-13 — The tyrant counsels compromise for the sake of survival. Antiochus urges Eleazar to save himself, mocking Jewish piety as irrational and suggesting that compelled transgression would be pardonable.
• C · 5:14-24 — Eleazar defines obedience to the law as true philosophy. Receiving permission to speak, Eleazar argues that no necessity outweighs obedience and that the law trains self-control, courage, justice, and piety.
• D · 5:25-27 — The dietary law is defended as rational and creational. Eleazar claims that the Creator legislated sympathetically with human nature, permitting what suits the soul and forbidding what corrupts it.
• E · 5:28-38 — Eleazar rejects shame, mockery, and coercion. He refuses to disgrace the law, old age, priesthood, and ancestral oaths, declaring that Antiochus may tyrannize over bodies but not over reasoning devoted to piety.

Translation & textual notes. The philosophical and political confrontation between Antiochus and Eleazar is staged here. The tyrant's appeal to expediency, nature, and self-preservation is answered by a sustained defense of the divine law, in which Eleazar argues that pious reason governs appetite, pain, civic honor, and even old age itself.

4 Maccabees 6 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Ϛ′

Theme. Eleazar's torture, refusal of pious pretense, and final prayer prove that pious reason can master pain and death no less than pleasure, making his martyrdom an atoning witness for the nation.

Outline.

• A · 6:1-11 — Eleazar is scourged and proves stronger than his torturers. After refuting the tyrant, Eleazar is dragged to torture, stripped, beaten, and bloodied, yet he remains inwardly unshaken and amazes even his tormentors.
• B · 6:12-23 — He rejects the offer of a pious pretense. Onlookers urge him to save himself by pretending to eat lawful food, but Eleazar refuses to become a model of apostasy or cowardice.
• C · 6:24-30 — Eleazar dies in fire as an atoning witness. Led to the flames, he prays that his death be accepted on behalf of the nation and dies nobly under torture.
• D · 6:31-35 — The narrator draws the philosophical conclusion. The author concludes that pious reason truly masters the passions, since it has prevailed not only over pain but also over pleasure.

Translation & textual notes. Eleazar's torture, his refusal of a compassionate deception, his final prayer, and the author's explicit conclusion that pious reason rules the passions are narrated here. The chapter presses the argument from discourse into bodily extremity, showing that reason governed by the law masters not only pleasure but also pain, fear, and the approach of death itself.

4 Maccabees 7 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Ζ′

Theme. Eleazar's death is interpreted through images of seamanship, siege, priesthood, and patriarchal fidelity as a luminous demonstration that pious reason holds firm amid suffering.

Outline.

• A · 7:1-5 — Eleazar is praised through nautical and siege imagery. The author compares Eleazar's reason to a helmsman, a besieged city, and a cliff breaking waves in order to depict his unshaken endurance.
• B · 7:6-10 — The elder priest is acclaimed for undefiled fidelity. Eleazar is celebrated as a priest who preserved bodily purity and embodied the law through courageous suffering.
• C · 7:11-15 — Typological praise links Eleazar to Aaron and Isaac. Aaronic and patriarchal comparisons present Eleazar's martyrdom as a sacred, exemplary completion of a lawful life.
• D · 7:16-19 — Eleazar's death grounds the claim that pious reason rules the passions. From the elder's example the discourse argues that wholehearted piety enables mastery over bodily suffering and rests on confidence that the righteous live to God.
• E · 7:20-23 — The chapter closes with a philosophical maxim. Apparent failures are attributed to weak reason, and the author concludes that the wise and courageous person alone is lord of the passions.

Translation & textual notes. The narrative of Eleazar's martyrdom gives way here to a sustained encomium interpreting his death as proof that pious reason can hold the helm amid suffering. By means of nautical, military, priestly, and patriarchal imagery, the chapter presents Eleazar's endurance as both a vindication of the law and a transition to the broader claim that those who trust God and live in hope with the patriarchs can master bodily passions.

4 Maccabees 8 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Η′

Theme. The seven brothers and their mother are brought before Antiochus, whose flattery, threats, and torture devices only sharpen the contrast between tyrannical power and the brothers' reasoned resolve.

Outline.

• A · 8:1-4 — The seven brothers are brought before the tyrant. After Eleazar's victory, the tyrant summons seven noble brothers with their aged mother and admires their beauty and bearing.
• B · 8:5-10 — The king offers favor and advancement for apostasy. Antiochus flatters the brothers, promises friendship and office, and urges them to abandon the ancestral law for Greek ways.
• C · 8:11-15 — Threats and torture devices accompany the king's appeal. The king displays fearful instruments and reframes transgression as excusable necessity, but the brothers remain unmoved.
• D · 8:16-26 — A hypothetical cowardly speech is exposed and rejected. The narrator imagines what timid youths might have said, only to show by contrast how far the brothers stand above fear, self-pity, and compromise.
• E · 8:27-29 — The brothers answer in one soul. Rejecting every cowardly calculation, the seven brothers speak together as one, ready for the ordeal ahead.

Translation & textual notes. The book shifts here from Eleazar to the seven brothers and their mother, narrating the tyrant's calculated attempt to win or terrify the youths into apostasy. The chapter heightens the philosophical argument by contrasting the king's seductive rhetoric and elaborate instruments of torture with the brothers' unified, reasoned refusal, thereby presenting youthful courage as another arena in which pious reason rules fear and pain.

4 Maccabees 9 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Θ′

Theme. The brothers' collective reply and the deaths of the first martyrs turn the courtroom of Antiochus into a reversal in which the tyrant stands condemned and steadfast obedience is crowned with immortal hope.

Outline.

• A · 9:1-10 — The brothers answer the tyrant with a theology of martyrdom. The brothers declare themselves ready to die rather than transgress the ancestral commandments, promise reward from God, and warn the tyrant of eternal punishment.
• B · 9:11-18 — The first brother is bound and defies his torturers. The eldest brother is stripped, bound, and racked, yet he denounces the tyrant and dares the executioners to intensify their assault.
• C · 9:19-25 — The first brother dies exhorting his companions. As the torture worsens, the first brother remains unconquered, urges his brothers on in a sacred campaign, and dies as a witness against the tyrant.
• D · 9:26-32 — The second brother endures mutilation and rebukes the tyrant. The second brother is fastened to instruments, flayed, and taunts the tyrant with the claim that divine justice will outlast every threat.

Translation & textual notes. The brothers' collective reply opens the chapter and then gives way to detailed narration of the deaths of the first two martyrs. Their speeches under torture turn the scene into a forensic reversal: the tyrant imagines himself judging rebels, but the brothers expose him as the condemned lawbreaker while their sufferings become testimony to immortal reward, fidelity to the fathers, and the certainty of divine vengeance.

4 Maccabees 10 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ Ι′

Theme. The third and fourth brothers meet mutilation and death with familial solidarity and eschatological confidence, showing that pious reason can transform torture itself into witness against the tyrant.

Outline.

• A · 10:1-3 — The third brother rejects rescue and identifies with the condemned family. Led forward after his brother’s death, the third brother refuses compromise and declares that he shares the same parentage, upbringing, and resolve as those already dying.
• B · 10:5-11 — The third brother is dismembered and pronounces judgment on the tyrant. His limbs are torn apart with escalating cruelty, yet in death he interprets the martyrs’ pain as discipline from God and foretells unending torment for Antiochus.
• C · 10:12-16 — The fourth brother answers the summons with defiant solidarity. When the fourth is urged to save himself, he refuses cowardice, swears loyalty to the brotherhood, and challenges the tyrant to invent new torments.
• D · 10:17-21 — The fourth brother offers even his tongue for God and warns of divine vengeance. Antiochus orders the tongue cut out, but the brother insists that even silence cannot hide him from God and that the tyrant will soon answer for mutilating a tongue made for divine hymnody.

Translation & textual notes. The martyr sequence continues here with the death of the third brother and the interrogation and mutilation of the fourth. The chapter is shaped by speeches of familial solidarity and eschatological reversal: the brothers interpret torture as schooling in godliness, refuse to break the noble kinship of their witness, and announce that the tyrant's violence stores up divine judgment for himself while their own suffering becomes a testimony of pious reason's mastery.

4 Maccabees 11 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΑ′

Theme. The fifth and sixth brothers continue the martyr contest, exposing Antiochus as already judged by God while proving that disciplined reason remains stronger than contrived pain.

Outline.

• A · Untitled movement.
• B · Untitled movement.
• C · Untitled movement.
• D · Untitled movement.
• E · Untitled movement.

Translation & textual notes. The witness of the fifth and sixth brothers is presented here. Their speeches sharpen the book's argument that reasoned piety cannot be conquered by engineered pain, and they increasingly portray Antiochus as the one whose power is already collapsing under divine judgment.

4 Maccabees 12 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΒ′

Theme. The youngest brother rejects both pity and royal favor, denounces Antiochus with prophetic sharpness, and dies in prayer, bringing the brothers' witness to its fiercest climax.

Outline.

• A · Untitled movement.
• B · Untitled movement.
• C · Untitled movement.
• D · Untitled movement.

Translation & textual notes. The brothers' witness reaches its climax here in the youngest martyr. Antiochus shifts briefly from menace to persuasion, even recruiting the mother, but the boy transforms both pity and promise into one of the sharpest denunciations of tyranny in the book before dying in prayer for the nation.

4 Maccabees 13 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΓ′

Theme. The seven brothers' endurance is explicitly interpreted as proof that devout reason rules pain and affection alike, with their mutual exhortation revealing martyrdom as a shared victory of piety.

Outline.

• A · 13:1-5 — The brothers prove the mastery of devout reason. The narrator states the chapter's claim: because the seven brothers despised death and pain, devout reason is shown to rule the passions.
• B · 13:6-8 — Harbor and fortress imagery interpret their victory. The brothers' rational steadfastness is compared to towers and a harbor that check destructive waves and secure the haven of piety.
• C · 13:9-17 — The brothers exhort one another to die for the law. They urge one another to imitate Israel's faithful predecessors, consecrate themselves to God, and embrace death rather than transgression.
• D · 13:18-22 — The narrator reflects on the natural bonds of brotherhood. Shared womb, blood, nurture, education, and daily companionship are described as powerful grounds of mutual affection.
• E · 13:23-27 — Piety proves stronger than intensified fraternal love. Though nature, habit, and virtue deepened the brothers' love for one another, they endured seeing their siblings tortured because piety remained supreme.

Translation & textual notes. This chapter argues that the seven brothers' endurance under torture demonstrates the sovereignty of devout reason over pain and passion. Through maritime imagery, mutual exhortation, and reflection on the bonds of brotherhood, the narrator shows that even the strongest natural affections were subordinated to fidelity to the law.

4 Maccabees 14 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΔ′

Theme. The brothers' harmony is praised through cosmic and bodily analogies, and the marvel of their unity prepares the reader for the even greater steadfastness of their mother.

Outline.

• A · 14:1-6 — The brothers master pain and brotherly affection alike. The narrator praises the brothers as more kingly than kings because they despised torments and freely embraced death for piety.
• B · 14:7-10 — Cosmic and bodily comparisons magnify their harmony. Their unity is likened to the sevenfold structure of creation and to the coordinated obedience of limbs to the soul.
• C · 14:11-13 — The mother's suffering makes their endurance even more astonishing. The argument shifts toward the mother, whose inward anguish under her sons' tortures becomes a second level of endurance.
• D · 14:14-19 — Birds and bees display instinctive defense of offspring. Examples from animal life show how deeply nature protects its young and thereby sharpen the contrast with the mother's resolve.
• E · 14:20 — The Abraham-like mother remains unmoved by natural sympathy. The chapter ends by declaring that not even such powerful natural affections overcame the mother of the youths.

Translation & textual notes. This chapter continues the praise of the seven brothers by celebrating their unanimity, comparing their harmony to the ordered world and to the coordinated motions of the body. It then heightens the marvel of their endurance by surveying the fierce parental instincts of birds and bees, thereby preparing for the still greater steadfastness of their mother.

4 Maccabees 15 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΕ′

Theme. The mother of the seven is extolled as the supreme human exemplar of piety, choosing fidelity to God over her children's temporal safety and enduring the spectacle of all their deaths without collapse.

Outline.

• A · 15:1-10 — The mother prefers piety to her sons' temporary rescue. The chapter opens by praising piety as dearer to the mother than her children and by emphasizing both her deep affection and her sons' virtue.
• B · 15:11-17 — Neither manifold tortures nor maternal instincts bend her resolve. Her reason remains unturned even as she sees each son tortured, and the narrator marvels at her as the one woman who brought piety to full birth.
• C · 15:18-24 — She endures the spectacle of all seven deaths without collapse. The narrator catalogs the sons' visible mutilations and insists that the noble mother released her hold on them through faith in God.
• D · 15:25-28 — An inward council chooses Abrahamic endurance over temporary safety. Nature, kinship, and love of children contend within her, but she remembers Abraham's steadfastness and rejects short-lived rescue.
• E · 15:29-32 — The mother is praised as defender of law and compared to Noah's ark. A final hymn celebrates her as champion of the nation and likens her endurance amid her sons' sufferings to Noah's ark weathering the flood.

Translation & textual notes. This chapter offers an extended encomium on the mother of the seven brothers, praising her for choosing piety over her children's temporary safety. Through graphic recollection of the tortures, an account of her inward deliberation, and the final comparison to Noah's ark in the flood, the chapter presents her as the supreme human example of reason strengthened by reverence for God.

4 Maccabees 16 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙϚ′

Theme. The mother's steadfast exhortation is held forth as the climactic proof that devout reason can rule even the most powerful maternal grief, pain, and fear.

Outline.

• A · The Mother Proves the Sovereignty of Pious Reason.
• B · A Hypothetical Maternal Lament Is Imagined and Rejected.
• C · The Mother Is Praised as Stronger Than a Tyrant.
• D · Her Speech Urges the Sons Toward Noble Endurance.
• E · Her Exhortation Sends the Sons to Faithful Death and Life with God.

Translation & textual notes. The book turns here from narration to explicit interpretation, presenting the mother of the seven brothers as the climactic proof that devout reason rules even the fiercest natural passions. The chapter contrasts a merely natural maternal lament with the mother's actual exhortation, thereby framing her speech as the victory of covenantal piety over grief, pain, and death.

4 Maccabees 17 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΖ′

Theme. The martyrs are praised through epitaph, architecture, and athletic imagery, and their deaths are interpreted as both heavenly victory and atoning defense of the nation.

Outline.

• A · Tradition Praises the Mother’s Final Courage.
• B · The Narrator Imagines an Epitaph for the Martyrs.
• C · The Martyrdom Is Cast as a Divine Athletic Contest.
• D · Scripture and Theology Interpret Their Reward.
• E · Even Antiochus Is Forced to Witness Their Example.

Translation & textual notes. A formal encomium on the mother and her sons is developed here, recasting their deaths through images of architecture, athletics, epitaph, and heavenly reward. The chapter also makes the book's corporate theology explicit: their endurance becomes an atoning defense of the nation and a public pattern of courage even for enemies to admire.

4 Maccabees 18 — ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΗ′

Theme. The book closes by exhorting Israel to honor the martyrs, recalling the mother's scriptural catechesis of her sons, and sealing the whole argument with divine justice, covenant memory, and doxology.

Outline.

• A · Israel Is Exhorted to Obey the Law and Honor the Martyrs.
• B · The Mother’s Own Testimony of Chastity and Family Life.
• C · Her Sons Are Reared on the Scriptural Exempla of the Fathers.
• D · The Tyrant’s Cruelty Is Recalled and Judged.
• E · The Sons Join the Fathers and the Book Ends in Doxology.

Translation & textual notes. Direct exhortation to Israel, a retrospective account of the mother's scriptural catechesis, and a final declaration of divine justice against the tyrant bring the book to its close here. By ending with remembered biblical examples and a doxology, the chapter binds martyrdom, covenant instruction, and eschatological reward into the book's final appeal.

How the data set is organized

• lxx-interlinear/data/4maccabees{1..18}.json — the durable scholarly content: one JSON object per chapter (reference, titles, text-note, outline, and verses with per-word annotation and per-verse discourse notes). The data set shares the nt-interlinear toolkit and schema with the New Testament volumes.
• lxx-interlinear/ — the LXX data home and index builder; rendering reuses the chapter-agnostic nt-interlinear toolkit (stdlib-only HTML; headless-Chromium PDF). Adding a chapter (or a book) requires no code changes.
• Rendered artifacts — 4Maccabees{1..18}.html and .pdf under lxxsite/4Maccabees/, linked from its index.html in the Septuagint site root.

The interpretive tiers (syntactic function, semantic force, discourse structure, and the proposed argument outlines) are interpretive by nature; where readings legitimately differ, the more common analysis was generally chosen, and the lexical notes are condensed orientation rather than a substitute for a lexicon (e.g. LEH / Muraoka) or a full commentary.