Daniel 5 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Βαλτασαρ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐποίησεν δεῖπνον μέγα τοῖς μεγιστᾶσιν αὐτοῦ χιλίοις καὶ κατέναντι τῶν χιλίων ὁ οἶνος καὶ πίνων

King Belshazzar made a great feast for a thousand of his great men, and opposite the thousand he was drinking wine.

Narrative opening / royal feastasyndeton

Opens with a massive royal banquet, a public display of security and power that will quickly be exposed as hollow.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

ΒαλτασαρBelshazzarN NSM · Βαλτασαρsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΒαλτασαρ: proper name of Belshazzar, the Babylonian king whose feast and sacrilege lead directly to judgment.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὁ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασιλεὺς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'king' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐποίησεν: verbal form rendered here as 'did' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δεῖπνονδεῖπνονN2N ASN · δεῖπνονaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδεῖπνον: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'δεῖπνον' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μέγαgreatA1P ASN · μέγαςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμέγα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'great' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτοῖς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μεγιστᾶσινmagnateN3 DPM · μεγιστάνdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμεγιστᾶσιν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'magnate' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτοῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'his' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χιλίοιςthousandA1A DPM · χίλιοιdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχιλίοις: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'thousand' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶandC · καίconjunction linking clauses, contrasts, explanations, or sequence within the narrative flow→ discourse-linking force joining clauses, reasons, contrasts, or developmentsκαὶ: conjunction rendered here as 'and', linking the clauses and turns of Daniel 5.

κατέναντιoppositeP · κατέναντιpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceκατέναντι: preposition rendered here as 'opposite', marking the phrase relation required by the sentence in Daniel 5.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτῶν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χιλίωνa thousandA1A GPM · χίλιοιgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχιλίων: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'a thousand' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοἶνος: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wine' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πίνωνpinoV1 · παπνσμ πίνωparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationπίνων: verbal form rendered here as 'pino' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

Βαλτασαρ εἶπεν ἐν τῇ γεύσει τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ ἐνεγκεῖν τὰ σκεύη τὰ χρυσᾶ καὶ τὰ ἀργυρᾶ ἃ ἐξήνεγκεν Ναβουχοδονοσορ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ πιέτωσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ οἱ μεγιστᾶνες αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ παλλακαὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ παράκοιτοι αὐτοῦ

Belshazzar, under the taste of the wine, ordered that the gold and silver vessels which Nebuchadnezzar his father had brought out from the temple in Jerusalem be brought, so that the king and his great men and his concubines and his consorts might drink from them.

Sacrilegious commandΒαλτασαρ

Wine loosens the king into deliberate profanation: the Jerusalem vessels are brought into a pagan feast, turning conquest into blasphemous display.

Word-by-word analysis· 46 words

εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeεἶπεν: verbal form rendered here as 'said' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceἐν: preposition rendered here as 'in', marking the phrase relation required by the sentence in Daniel 5.

τῇtheRA DSF · ὁdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτῇ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γεύσειtasteN3I DSF · γεῦσιςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγεύσει: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'taste' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτοῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οἴνουwineN2 GSM · οἶνοςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοἴνου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wine' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτοῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐνεγκεῖνto bringVB AAN · φέρωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, complement, or verbal idea→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἐνεγκεῖν: verbal form rendered here as 'to bring' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτὰ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσκεύη: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'implements' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χρυσᾶgoldenA1C APN · χρυσοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχρυσᾶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'golden' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀργυρᾶsilverA1C APN · ἀργυροῦςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀργυρᾶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'silver' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἃ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'which' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐξήνεγκενbrought outVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἐκmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐξήνεγκεν: verbal form rendered here as 'brought out' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN NSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΝαβουχοδονοσορ: proper name of Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian king whose pride, humiliation, and restoration structure the chapter.

πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπατὴρ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'father' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐκfromP · ἐκsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἐκ: rendered here as 'from' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ναοῦtempleN2 GSM · ναόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterναοῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'temple' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΙερουσαλημ: rendered here as 'Jerusalem' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πιέτωσανlet them drinkVB AAD3P · πίνωimperatival verbal form pressing command, petition, or proclamation in the court setting→ imperative force driving command, plea, or proclamationπιέτωσαν: verbal form rendered here as 'let them drink' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτοῖςhisRD DPN · αὐτόςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτοῖς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'his' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοἱ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μεγιστᾶνεςmagnateN3 NPM · μεγιστάνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμεγιστᾶνες: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'magnate' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαἱ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

παλλακαὶconcubinesN1 NPF · παλλακήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπαλλακαὶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'concubines' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

παράκοιτοιconsortsN2 NPF · παράκοιτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπαράκοιτοι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'consorts' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ ἠνέχθησαν τὰ σκεύη τὰ χρυσᾶ καὶ τὰ ἀργυρᾶ ἃ ἐξήνεγκεν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἔπινον ἐν αὐτοῖς ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ οἱ μεγιστᾶνες αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ παλλακαὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ παράκοιτοι αὐτοῦ

Then the gold and silver vessels that had been brought out from the temple of God in Jerusalem were brought, and the king and his great men and his concubines and his consorts drank from them.

Execution of the profanationΚαί

The command is carried out exactly, and the sacred vessels are absorbed into the king's revelry.

Word-by-word analysis· 37 words

ἠνέχθησανwere broughtVQI API3P · φέρωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἠνέχθησαν: verbal form rendered here as 'were brought' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τὰtheRA NPN · ὁnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτὰ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σκεύηimplementsN3E NPN · σκεῦοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσκεύη: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'implements' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χρυσᾶgoldenA1C NPN · χρυσοῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχρυσᾶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'golden' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀργυρᾶsilverA1C NPN · ἀργυροῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀργυρᾶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'silver' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterθεοῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'God' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔπινονthey drankV1I IAI3P · πίνωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἔπινον: verbal form rendered here as 'they drank' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔπινον οἶνον καὶ ᾔνεσαν τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς χρυσοῦς καὶ ἀργυροῦς καὶ χαλκοῦς καὶ σιδηροῦς καὶ ξυλίνους καὶ λιθίνους

They were drinking wine and praising the gods of gold and silver and bronze and iron and wood and stone.

Idolatrous climaxasyndeton

The feast becomes a liturgy of false worship as the drinkers praise gods made of perishable materials. The contrast with the living God sets up the judgment.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοἶνον: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wine' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ᾔνεσανpraiseVAI AAI3P · αἰνέωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeᾔνεσαν: verbal form rendered here as 'praise' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτοὺς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

θεοὺςgodsN2 APM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterθεοὺς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'gods' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χρυσοῦςgoldenA1C APM · χρυσοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχρυσοῦς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'golden' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀργυροῦςsilverA1C APM · ἀργυροῦςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀργυροῦς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'silver' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χαλκοῦςbronzeA1C APM · χαλκοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχαλκοῦς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'bronze' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σιδηροῦςironA1C APM · σιδηροῦςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσιδηροῦς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'iron' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ξυλίνουςwoodenA1 APM · ξύλινοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterξυλίνους: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wooden' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

λιθίνουςstoneA1 APM · λίθινοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterλιθίνους: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'stone' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐξῆλθον δάκτυλοι χειρὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ ἔγραφον κατέναντι τῆς λαμπάδος ἐπὶ τὸ κονίαμα τοῦ τοίχου τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐθεώρει τοὺς ἀστραγάλους τῆς χειρὸς τῆς γραφούσης

In that very hour fingers of a human hand came forth and were writing opposite the lamp upon the plaster of the wall of the king's house, and the king was watching the knuckles of the hand that was writing.

Heavenly interruptionἘν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ

The sudden hand-writing interrupts the revelry without warning. The narrative focuses on the hand's visible joints, intensifying the uncanny sign.

Word-by-word analysis· 32 words

αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτῇ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'it' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὥρᾳoraN1A DSF · ὥραdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὥρᾳ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'ora' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐξῆλθονcame outVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐξῆλθον: verbal form rendered here as 'came out' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δάκτυλοιfingerN2 NPM · δάκτυλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδάκτυλοι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'finger' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχειρὸς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'hand' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀνθρώπου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'man' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔγραφονwere writingV1I IAI3P · γράφωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἔγραφον: verbal form rendered here as 'were writing' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτῆς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

λαμπάδοςlampN3D GSF · λαμπάςparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationλαμπάδος: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'lamp' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceἐπὶ: preposition rendered here as 'upon', marking the phrase relation required by the sentence in Daniel 5.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτὸ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

κονίαμαplasterN3M ASN · κονίαμαaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterκονίαμα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'plaster' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τοίχουwallN2 GSM · τοῖχοςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτοίχου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wall' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοἴκου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'house' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασιλέως: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'king' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐθεώρειlook atV2I IAI3S · θεωρέωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἐθεώρει: verbal form rendered here as 'look at' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀστραγάλουςankle / hoof-jointN2 APM · ἀστράγαλοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀστραγάλους: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'ankle / hoof-joint' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γραφούσηςwritingV1 · παπγσφ γράφωparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationγραφούσης: verbal form rendered here as 'writing' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τότε τοῦ βασιλέως ἡ μορφὴ ἠλλοιώθη καὶ οἱ διαλογισμοὶ αὐτοῦ συνετάρασσον αὐτόν καὶ οἱ σύνδεσμοι τῆς ὀσφύος αὐτοῦ διελύοντο καὶ τὰ γόνατα αὐτοῦ συνεκροτοῦντο

Then the king's appearance changed, and his thoughts were troubling him, and the joints of his loins were being loosened, and his knees were knocking together.

Royal terrorΤότε

Belshazzar's body betrays what his feast concealed: his composure collapses under the weight of uncomprehended revelation.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

τότεthenD · τότεparticle or adverb shaping negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspective in the clause→ clause-shaping force marking negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspectiveτότε: adverb, "then," marking the quick sequence of court reaction, decree, or judgment in Daniel.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἡ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μορφὴformN1 NSF · μορφήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμορφὴ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'form' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἠλλοιώθηwas alteredVCI API3S · ἀλλοιόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἠλλοιώθη: verbal form rendered here as 'was altered' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

διαλογισμοὶthoughtN2 NPM · διαλογισμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδιαλογισμοὶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'thought' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

συνετάρασσονwere troublingV1I IAI3P · ταράσσω + συνmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseσυνετάρασσον: verbal form rendered here as 'were troubling' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτόν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'him' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σύνδεσμοιjointsN2 NPM · σύνδεσμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσύνδεσμοι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'joints' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὀσφύοςloinsN3U GSF · ὀσφύςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὀσφύος: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'loins' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

διελύοντοwere looseningV1I IMI3P · λύω + διαmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseδιελύοντο: verbal form rendered here as 'were loosening' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γόναταkneesN3 NPN · γόνυnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγόνατα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'knees' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

συνεκροτοῦντοwere knocking togetherV2I IMI3P · κροτέω + συνmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseσυνεκροτοῦντο: verbal form rendered here as 'were knocking together' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ ἐβόησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐν ἰσχύι τοῦ εἰσαγαγεῖν μάγους Χαλδαίους γαζαρηνοὺς καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς σοφοῖς Βαβυλῶνος ὃς ἂν ἀναγνῷ τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην καὶ τὴν σύγκρισιν γνωρίσῃ μοι πορφύραν ἐνδύσεται καὶ ὁ μανιάκης ὁ χρυσοῦς ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ καὶ τρίτος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ μου ἄρξει

And the king cried out with might to bring in magi, Chaldeans, and diviners, and the king said to the wise men of Babylon, Whoever reads this writing and makes known to me its interpretation shall be clothed in purple, and the golden chain shall be on his neck, and he shall rule as third in my kingdom.

Desperate appeal to Babylonian wisdomΚαί

The king responds as previous rulers did, calling in court experts and offering honors. The promised purple, chain, and third-rank rule show how costly interpretation has become.

Word-by-word analysis· 45 words

ἐβόησενcry outVAI AAI3S · βοάωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐβόησεν: verbal form rendered here as 'cry out' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἰσχύιstrengthN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἰσχύι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'strength' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

εἰσαγαγεῖνbring inVB AAN · ἄγω + εἰςinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, complement, or verbal idea→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseεἰσαγαγεῖν: verbal form rendered here as 'bring in' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μάγουςmagiN2 APM · μάγοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμάγους: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'magi' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΧαλδαίουςChaldeansN2 APM · Χαλδαῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΧαλδαίους: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'Chaldeans' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γαζαρηνοὺςdivinersN2 APM · γαζαρηνόςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγαζαρηνοὺς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'diviners' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σοφοῖςwise menA1 DPM · σοφόςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσοφοῖς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wise men' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΒαβυλῶνοςBabylonN3W GSF · Βαβυλώνgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΒαβυλῶνος: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'Babylon' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὃς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'who' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἂνeverX · ἄνsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἂν: rendered here as 'ever' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀναγνῷreadsVZ AAS3S · γιγνώσκω + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ subjunctive force used for condition, contingency, or vivid sequenceἀναγνῷ: verbal form rendered here as 'reads' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτὴν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γραφὴνwritingN1 ASF · γραφήaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγραφὴν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'writing' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterταύτην: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'this' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σύγκρισινinterpretationN3I ASF · σύγκρισιςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσύγκρισιν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'interpretation' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γνωρίσῃhe may make knownVA AAS3S · γνωρίζωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ subjunctive force used for condition, contingency, or vivid sequenceγνωρίσῃ: verbal form rendered here as 'he may make known' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμοι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'to me' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πορφύρανpurple robeN1A ASF · πορφύραaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπορφύραν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'purple robe' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐνδύσεταιshall be clothedVF FPI3S · δύω + ἐνmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationἐνδύσεται: verbal form rendered here as 'shall be clothed' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μανιάκηςchainN1M NSM · μανιάκηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμανιάκης: the royal neck-chain or honor-collar promised to a favored court interpreter in Daniel 5.

χρυσοῦςgoldenA1C NSM · χρυσοῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχρυσοῦς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'golden' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτὸν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τράχηλονneckN2 ASM · τράχηλοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτράχηλον: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'neck' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τρίτοςthirdA1 NSM · τρίτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτρίτος: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'third' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασιλείᾳkingdomN1A DSF · βασιλείαdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασιλείᾳ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'kingdom' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'my' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἄρξειshall ruleVF FAI3S · ἄρχωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationἄρξει: verbal form rendered here as 'shall rule' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ εἰσεπορεύοντο πάντες οἱ σοφοὶ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ οὐκ ἠδύναντο τὴν γραφὴν ἀναγνῶναι οὐδὲ τὴν σύγκρισιν γνωρίσαι τῷ βασιλεῖ

Then all the king's wise men came in, and they were not able to read the writing or make its interpretation known to the king.

Failure of the wise menΚαί

The experts cannot read or interpret the writing, continuing the Danielic theme that pagan wisdom fails before divine mystery.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

εἰσεπορεύοντοwere coming in to / went intoV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαι + εἰςmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseεἰσεπορεύοντο: verbal form rendered here as 'were coming in to / went into' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπάντες: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'all' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σοφοὶthe wiseA1 NPM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσοφοὶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the wise' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οὐκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspective in the clause→ clause-shaping force marking negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspectiveοὐκ: particle or adverb rendered here as 'not', shaping emphasis, sequence, or stance in the clause.

ἠδύναντοdynamaiV6I IMI3P · δύναμαιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἠδύναντο: verbal form rendered here as 'dynamai' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀναγνῶναιgignosko anaVZ AAN · γιγνώσκω + ἀναinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, complement, or verbal idea→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἀναγνῶναι: verbal form rendered here as 'gignosko ana' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέconjunction linking clauses, contrasts, explanations, or sequence within the narrative flow→ discourse-linking force joining clauses, reasons, contrasts, or developmentsοὐδὲ: conjunction rendered here as 'nor', linking the clauses and turns of Daniel 5.

γνωρίσαιmake knownVA AAN · γνωρίζωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, complement, or verbal idea→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseγνωρίσαι: verbal form rendered here as 'make known' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτῷ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασιλεῖ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'king' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Βαλτασαρ πολὺ ἐταράχθη καὶ ἡ μορφὴ αὐτοῦ ἠλλοιώθη ἐπ' αὐτῷ καὶ οἱ μεγιστᾶνες αὐτοῦ συνεταράσσοντο

And King Belshazzar was greatly troubled, and his appearance changed upon him, and his great men were thrown into confusion.

Intensified royal distressΚαί

The king's alarm deepens and spreads to the court. Revelation without interpretation magnifies the crisis.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

πολὺgreatlyD · πολύςsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπολὺ: rendered here as 'greatly' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐταράχθηtroubleVQI API3S · ταράσσωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐταράχθη: verbal form rendered here as 'trouble' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἐπ': rendered here as 'upon' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτῷ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'to him' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

συνεταράσσοντοwere confusedV1I IMI3P · ταράσσω + συνmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseσυνεταράσσοντο: verbal form rendered here as 'were confused' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν ἡ βασίλισσα εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πότου καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεῦ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ζῆθι μὴ ταρασσέτωσάν σε οἱ διαλογισμοί σου καὶ ἡ μορφή σου μὴ ἀλλοιούσθω

And the queen entered into the house of the drinking and said, O king, live forever; let not your thoughts trouble you, and let not your appearance be changed.

Queenly interventionΚαί

The queen enters as a stabilizing voice, preserving decorum and redirecting the court toward remembered wisdom.

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

εἰσῆλθενwent inVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeεἰσῆλθεν: verbal form rendered here as 'went in' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασίλισσαqueenN1A NSF · βασίλισσαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασίλισσα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'queen' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceεἰς: preposition rendered here as 'into', marking the phrase relation required by the sentence in Daniel 5.

οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοἶκον: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'house' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πότουdrinkingN2 GSM · πότοςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπότου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'drinking' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασιλεῦkingN3V VSM · βασιλεύςvocative element used in direct address or formal speech→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασιλεῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'king' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αἰῶναςagesN3W APM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαἰῶνας: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'ages' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ζῆθιliveV3 PAD2S · ζάωimperatival verbal form pressing command, petition, or proclamation in the court setting→ imperative force driving command, plea, or proclamationζῆθι: verbal form rendered here as 'live' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μὴnotD · μήparticle or adverb shaping negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspective in the clause→ clause-shaping force marking negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspectiveμὴ: particle or adverb rendered here as 'not', shaping emphasis, sequence, or stance in the clause.

ταρασσέτωσάνlet them troubleV1 PAD3P · ταράσσωimperatival verbal form pressing command, petition, or proclamation in the court setting→ imperative force driving command, plea, or proclamationταρασσέτωσάν: verbal form rendered here as 'let them trouble' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σεyouRP AS · σύaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσε: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'you' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

διαλογισμοίthoughtsN2 NPM · διαλογισμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδιαλογισμοί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'thoughts' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σουyouRP GS · σύgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'you' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μορφήappearanceN1 NSF · μορφήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμορφή: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'appearance' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀλλοιούσθωlet it be changedV4 PMD3S · ἀλλοιόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἀλλοιούσθω: verbal form rendered here as 'let it be changed' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔστιν ἀνὴρ ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ σου ἐν ᾧ πνεῦμα θεοῦ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τοῦ πατρός σου γρηγόρησις καὶ σύνεσις εὑρέθη ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ναβουχοδονοσορ ὁ πατήρ σου ἄρχοντα ἐπαοιδῶν μάγων Χαλδαίων γαζαρηνῶν κατέστησεν αὐτόν

There is a man in your kingdom in whom is a divine spirit, and in the days of your father wakefulness and understanding were found in him, and King Nebuchadnezzar your father appointed him chief of enchanters, magi, Chaldeans, and diviners.

Daniel recommended from precedentἜστιν

She identifies Daniel by the divine spirit recognized in him and recalls Nebuchadnezzar's prior trust in his wisdom.

Word-by-word analysis· 37 words

ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἔστιν: verbal form rendered here as 'there is' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀνὴρ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'man' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ᾧwhichRR DSM · ὅςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterᾧ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'which' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπνεῦμα: "spirit," often marking exceptional insight, divine endowment, or interior disposition in Daniel's court tales.

ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterταῖς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἡμέραιςdayN1A DPF · ἡμέραdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἡμέραις: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'day' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πατρόςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπατρός: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'father' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γρηγόρησιςwakefulnessN3I NSF · γρηγόρησιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγρηγόρησις: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wakefulness' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σύνεσιςunderstandingN3I NSF · σύνεσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσύνεσις: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'understanding' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

εὑρέθηfindVC API3S · εὑρίσκωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeεὑρέθη: verbal form rendered here as 'find' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πατήρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπατήρ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'father' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἄρχονταcommanderN3 ASM · ἄρχωνaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἄρχοντα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'commander' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐπαοιδῶνincantationsN2 GPM · ἐπαοιδόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἐπαοιδῶν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'incantations' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μάγωνmagiN2 GPM · μάγοςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμάγων: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'magi' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansN2 GPM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΧαλδαίων: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'Chaldeans' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γαζαρηνῶνdivinersN2 GPM · γαζαρηνόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγαζαρηνῶν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'diviners' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

κατέστησενappoint / setVAI AAI3S · ἵστημι + καταmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeκατέστησεν: verbal form rendered here as 'appoint / set' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὅτι πνεῦμα περισσὸν ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ φρόνησις καὶ σύνεσις συγκρίνων ἐνύπνια καὶ ἀναγγέλλων κρατούμενα καὶ λύων συνδέσμους Δανιηλ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπέθηκεν αὐτῷ ὄνομα Βαλτασαρ νῦν οὖν κληθήτω καὶ τὴν σύγκρισιν αὐτοῦ ἀναγγελεῖ σοι

Because an extraordinary spirit and prudence and understanding in interpreting dreams and declaring hidden things and loosing knots were found in him - Daniel, to whom the king gave the name Belteshazzar - let him now be called, and he will declare the interpretation to you.

Daniel's gifts summarizedὍτι

Daniel's exceptional qualities are listed in terms of interpretation, disclosure, and knot-loosing. He is presented as uniquely fitted for this crisis.

Word-by-word analysis· 34 words

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction linking clauses, contrasts, explanations, or sequence within the narrative flow→ discourse-linking force joining clauses, reasons, contrasts, or developmentsὅτι: conjunction rendered here as 'that', linking the clauses and turns of Daniel 5.

περισσὸνextraordinaryA1 NSN · περισσόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπερισσὸν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'extraordinary' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

φρόνησιςφρόνησιςN3I NSF · φρόνησιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterφρόνησις: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'φρόνησις' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

συγκρίνωνinterpretingV1 · παπνσμ κρίνω + συνparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationσυγκρίνων: verbal form rendered here as 'interpreting' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐνύπνιαdreamsN2N APN · ἐνύπνιονaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἐνύπνια: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'dreams' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀναγγέλλωνπαπνσμ αγγελλωV1 · παπνσμ ἀγγέλλω + ἀναparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationἀναγγέλλων: verbal form rendered here as 'παπνσμ αγγελλω' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

κρατούμεναhidden thingsV2 · πμπαπν κρατέωparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationκρατούμενα: verbal form rendered here as 'hidden things' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

λύωνloosingV1 · παπνσμ λύωparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationλύων: verbal form rendered here as 'loosing' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

συνδέσμουςknotsN2 APM · σύνδεσμοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσυνδέσμους: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'knots' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΔανιηλDanielN NSM · Δανιηλsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΔανιηλ: proper name of Daniel, the Judean wise man and faithful servant at the center of the narrative.

ἐπέθηκενlay uponVAI AAI3S · τίθημι + ἐπιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐπέθηκεν: verbal form rendered here as 'lay upon' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὄνομα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'name' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΒαλτασαρBelshazzarN AS · Βαλτασαρsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΒαλτασαρ: proper name of Belshazzar, the Babylonian king whose feast and sacrilege lead directly to judgment.

νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb shaping negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspective in the clause→ clause-shaping force marking negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspectiveνῦν: particle or adverb rendered here as 'now', shaping emphasis, sequence, or stance in the clause.

οὖνthereforeX · οὖνconjunction linking clauses, contrasts, explanations, or sequence within the narrative flow→ discourse-linking force joining clauses, reasons, contrasts, or developmentsοὖν: conjunction rendered here as 'therefore', linking the clauses and turns of Daniel 5.

κληθήτωlet him be calledVC APD3S · καλέωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseκληθήτω: verbal form rendered here as 'let him be called' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτοῦsame / her / himRD GSN · αὐτόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτοῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'same / her / him' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀναγγελεῖanaVF2 FAI3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationἀναγγελεῖ: verbal form rendered here as 'ana' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σοιto youRP DS · σύdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσοι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'to you' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τότε Δανιηλ εἰσήχθη ἐνώπιον τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τῷ Δανιηλ σὺ εἶ Δανιηλ ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας τῆς Ιουδαίας ἧς ἤγαγεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁ πατήρ μου

Then Daniel was brought before the king, and the king said to Daniel, Are you Daniel, from the sons of the captivity of Judea, whom the king my father brought?

Daniel summonedΤότε

The narrative turns from panic to confrontation as Daniel is brought before the king and identified as the Judean exile.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

εἰσήχθηwas brought inVQI API3S · ἄγω + εἰςmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeεἰσήχθη: verbal form rendered here as 'was brought in' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐνώπιονbeforeP · ἐνώπιονpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceἐνώπιον: preposition meaning "before / in the presence of," common in court scenes and royal hearings.

ΔανιηλDanielN DSM · Δανιηλsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΔανιηλ: proper name of Daniel, the Judean wise man and faithful servant at the center of the narrative.

σὺyouRP NS · σύnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσὺ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'you' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

εἶbeV9 PAI2S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseεἶ: verbal form rendered here as 'be' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceἀπὸ: preposition rendered here as 'from', marking the phrase relation required by the sentence in Daniel 5.

υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterυἱῶν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'sons' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αἰχμαλωσίαςcaptivityN1A GSF · αἰχμαλωσίαgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαἰχμαλωσίας: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'captivity' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΙουδαίαςJudeaN1A GSF · Ἰουδαίαgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΙουδαίας: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'Judea' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἧς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'who / which' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἤγαγενbringVBI AAI3S · ἄγωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἤγαγεν: verbal form rendered here as 'bring' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἤκουσα περὶ σοῦ ὅτι πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐν σοί καὶ γρηγόρησις καὶ σύνεσις καὶ σοφία περισσὴ εὑρέθη ἐν σοί

I have heard concerning you that a divine spirit is in you, and wakefulness and understanding and abundant wisdom were found in you.

Royal acknowledgment of Daniel's reputationasyndeton

Belshazzar repeats what he has heard, honoring Daniel's spirit-endowed wisdom while still speaking from royal superiority.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

ἤκουσαheardVAI AAI1S · ἀκούωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἤκουσα: verbal form rendered here as 'heard' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

περὶconcerningP · περίsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπερὶ: rendered here as 'concerning' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σοῦyouRP GS · σύgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσοῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'you' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σοίyourRP DS · σύdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσοί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'your' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σοφίαwisdomN1A NSF · σοφίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσοφία: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wisdom' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

περισσὴabundantA1 NSF · περισσόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπερισσὴ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'abundant' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ νῦν εἰσῆλθον ἐνώπιόν μου οἱ σοφοί μάγοι γαζαρηνοί ἵνα τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην ἀναγνῶσιν καὶ τὴν σύγκρισιν αὐτῆς γνωρίσωσίν μοι καὶ οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν ἀναγγεῖλαί μοι

And now the wise men, magi, and diviners have come before me to read this writing and make its interpretation known to me, but they have not been able to declare it to me.

Restatement of failed court wisdomΚαί νῦν

The king rehearses the failure of the experts to prepare Daniel for the decisive task.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

εἰσῆλθονwent inVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + εἰςmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeεἰσῆλθον: verbal form rendered here as 'went in' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐνώπιόνenopionP · ἐνώπιονsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἐνώπιόν: rendered here as 'enopion' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σοφοίwiseA1 NPM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσοφοί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wise' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μάγοιmagiN2 NPM · μάγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμάγοι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'magi' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γαζαρηνοίdivinersN2 NPM · γαζαρηνόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγαζαρηνοί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'diviners' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἵναso thatC · ἵναconjunction linking clauses, contrasts, explanations, or sequence within the narrative flow→ discourse-linking force joining clauses, reasons, contrasts, or developmentsἵνα: conjunction rendered here as 'so that', linking the clauses and turns of Daniel 5.

ἀναγνῶσινthey may readVZ AAS3P · γιγνώσκω + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ subjunctive force used for condition, contingency, or vivid sequenceἀναγνῶσιν: verbal form rendered here as 'they may read' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτῆς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'its' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γνωρίσωσίνthey might make knownVA AAS3P · γνωρίζωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ subjunctive force used for condition, contingency, or vivid sequenceγνωρίσωσίν: verbal form rendered here as 'they might make known' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἠδυνήθησανis ableVCI API3P · δύναμαιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἠδυνήθησαν: verbal form rendered here as 'is able' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀναγγεῖλαίproclaimVA AAN · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, complement, or verbal idea→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἀναγγεῖλαί: verbal form rendered here as 'proclaim' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ ἐγὼ ἤκουσα περὶ σοῦ ὅτι δύνασαι κρίματα συγκρῖναι νῦν οὖν ἐὰν δυνηθῇς τὴν γραφὴν ἀναγνῶναι καὶ τὴν σύγκρισιν αὐτῆς γνωρίσαι μοι πορφύραν ἐνδύσῃ καὶ ὁ μανιάκης ὁ χρυσοῦς ἔσται ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλόν σου καὶ τρίτος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ μου ἄρξεις

And I have heard concerning you that you are able to interpret judgments; now then, if you are able to read the writing and make its interpretation known to me, you shall be clothed in purple, and the golden chain shall be on your neck, and you shall rule as third in my kingdom.

Offer of royal rewardΚαί ἐγώ

Belshazzar again offers status and honor, assuming heavenly meaning can be met with earthly payment.

Word-by-word analysis· 41 words

ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἐγὼ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'I' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δύνασαιyou are ableV6 PMI2S · δύναμαιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseδύνασαι: verbal form rendered here as 'you are able' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

κρίματαjudgmentN3M APN · κρίμαaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterκρίματα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'judgment' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

συγκρῖναιto interpretVA AAN · κρίνω + συνinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, complement, or verbal idea→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseσυγκρῖναι: verbal form rendered here as 'to interpret' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconjunction linking clauses, contrasts, explanations, or sequence within the narrative flow→ discourse-linking force joining clauses, reasons, contrasts, or developmentsἐὰν: conjunction rendered here as 'if', linking the clauses and turns of Daniel 5.

δυνηθῇςyou are ableVC APS2S · δύναμαιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ subjunctive force used for condition, contingency, or vivid sequenceδυνηθῇς: verbal form rendered here as 'you are able' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐνδύσῃδύω + ἐνVF FMI2S · δύω + ἐνmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationἐνδύσῃ: verbal form rendered here as 'δύω + ἐν' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationἔσται: verbal form rendered here as 'shall be' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τράχηλόνneckN2 ASM · τράχηλοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτράχηλόν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'neck' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἄρξειςyou shall ruleVF FAI2S · ἄρχωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationἄρξεις: verbal form rendered here as 'you shall rule' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τότε ἀπεκρίθη Δανιηλ καὶ εἶπεν ἐνώπιον τοῦ βασιλέως τὰ δόματά σου σοὶ ἔστω καὶ τὴν δωρεὰν τῆς οἰκίας σου ἑτέρῳ δός ἐγὼ δὲ τὴν γραφὴν ἀναγνώσομαι τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ τὴν σύγκρισιν αὐτῆς γνωρίσω σοι

Then Daniel answered and said before the king, Let your gifts remain yours, and give the reward of your house to another; but I will read the writing to the king and make its interpretation known to you.

Daniel rejects the giftsΤότε

Daniel distances interpretation from royal bribery. He will speak the truth, but not as a courtier bought by reward.

Word-by-word analysis· 34 words

ἀπεκρίθηansweredVCI API3S · κρίνω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἀπεκρίθη: verbal form rendered here as 'answered' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δόματάgiftsN3M NPN · δόμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδόματά: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'gifts' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σοὶyouRP DS · σύdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσοὶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'you' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔστωisV9 PAD3S · εἰμίimperatival verbal form pressing command, petition, or proclamation in the court setting→ imperative force driving command, plea, or proclamationἔστω: verbal form rendered here as 'is' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δωρεὰνfree giftN1A ASF · δωρεάaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδωρεὰν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'free gift' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοἰκίας: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'house' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἑτέρῳanotherA1A DSM · ἕτεροςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἑτέρῳ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'another' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δόςgiveVO AAD2S · δίδωμιimperatival verbal form pressing command, petition, or proclamation in the court setting→ imperative force driving command, plea, or proclamationδός: verbal form rendered here as 'give' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δὲbutX · δέconjunction linking clauses, contrasts, explanations, or sequence within the narrative flow→ discourse-linking force joining clauses, reasons, contrasts, or developmentsδὲ: conjunction rendered here as 'but', linking the clauses and turns of Daniel 5.

ἀναγνώσομαιI will readVF FMI1S · γιγνώσκω + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationἀναγνώσομαι: verbal form rendered here as 'I will read' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γνωρίσωI will make knownVA AAS1S · γνωρίζωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ subjunctive force used for condition, contingency, or vivid sequenceγνωρίσω: verbal form rendered here as 'I will make known' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασιλεῦ ὁ θεὸς ὁ ὕψιστος τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ τὴν μεγαλωσύνην καὶ τὴν τιμὴν καὶ τὴν δόξαν ἔδωκεν Ναβουχοδονοσορ τῷ πατρί σου

O king, the Most High God gave Nebuchadnezzar your father the kingdom and greatness and honor and glory.

Historical preface: Nebuchadnezzar's greatnessΒασιλεῦ

Daniel begins with the Most High's gift of kingship to Nebuchadnezzar, re-centering royal history under divine sovereignty.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterθεὸς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'God' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὕψιστοςMost HighA1 NSM · ὕψιστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὕψιστος: "Most High," a key divine title in Daniel for the God who rules over kings and kingdoms.

βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασιλείαν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'kingdom' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μεγαλωσύνηνgreatnessN1 ASF · μεγαλωσύνηaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμεγαλωσύνην: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'greatness' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τιμὴνhonorN1 ASF · τιμήaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτιμὴν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'honor' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδόξαν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'glory' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἔδωκεν: verbal form rendered here as 'give' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN DSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΝαβουχοδονοσορ: proper name of Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian king whose pride, humiliation, and restoration structure the chapter.

πατρίfatherN3 DSM · πατήρdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπατρί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'father' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς μεγαλωσύνης ἧς ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ πάντες οἱ λαοί φυλαί γλῶσσαι ἦσαν τρέμοντες καὶ φοβούμενοι ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ οὓς ἠβούλετο αὐτὸς ἀνῄρει καὶ οὓς ἠβούλετο αὐτὸς ἔτυπτεν καὶ οὓς ἠβούλετο αὐτὸς ὕψου καὶ οὓς ἠβούλετο αὐτὸς ἐταπείνου

And because of the greatness that he gave him, all peoples, tribes, and languages were trembling and fearing before him; whom he willed he killed, and whom he willed he struck, and whom he willed he exalted, and whom he willed he humbled.

Historical preface: absolute power under GodΚαί

Nebuchadnezzar's former power over peoples, tribes, and languages is described in sweeping terms, but only as delegated greatness.

Word-by-word analysis· 38 words

μεγαλωσύνηςgreatnessN1 GSF · μεγαλωσύνηgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμεγαλωσύνης: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'greatness' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

λαοίpeopleN2 NPM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterλαοί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'people' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

φυλαίtribesN1 NPF · φυλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterφυλαί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'tribes' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γλῶσσαιtongueN1S NPF · γλῶσσαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγλῶσσαι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'tongue' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἦσαν: verbal form rendered here as 'were' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τρέμοντεςtremblingV1 · παπνπμ τρέμωparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationτρέμοντες: verbal form rendered here as 'trembling' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

φοβούμενοιphobeoV2 · πμπνπμ φοβέωparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationφοβούμενοι: verbal form rendered here as 'phobeo' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπροσώπου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'face / presence' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οὓςwho / whomRR APM · ὅςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοὓς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'who / whom' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἠβούλετοhe wishedV1I IMI3S · βούλομαιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἠβούλετο: verbal form rendered here as 'he wished' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτὸς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'he' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀνῄρειhe killedV2I IAI3S · αἱρέω + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἀνῄρει: verbal form rendered here as 'he killed' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔτυπτενstrikeV1I IAI3S · τύπτωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἔτυπτεν: verbal form rendered here as 'strike' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὕψουhe exaltedV4 IAI3S · ὑψόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseὕψου: verbal form rendered here as 'he exalted' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐταπείνουhe humbledV4I IAI3S · ταπεινόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἐταπείνου: verbal form rendered here as 'he humbled' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ ὅτε ὑψώθη ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ ἐκραταιώθη τοῦ ὑπερηφανεύσασθαι κατηνέχθη ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ τιμὴ ἀφῃρέθη ἀπ' αὐτοῦ

But when his heart was lifted up and his spirit was strengthened to act proudly, he was brought down from the throne of his kingdom, and the honor was taken away from him.

Historical preface: pride judgedΚαί ὅτε

The turning point is Nebuchadnezzar's lifted heart. Pride brings deposition and the removal of honor.

Word-by-word analysis· 26 words

ὅτεwhenD · ὅτεsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὅτε: rendered here as 'when' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὑψώθηwas exaltedVCI API3S · ὑψόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeὑψώθη: verbal form rendered here as 'was exalted' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterκαρδία: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'heart' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τὸtheRA NSN · ὁnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτὸ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐκραταιώθηgrow strong / prevailVCI API3S · κραταιόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐκραταιώθη: verbal form rendered here as 'grow strong / prevail' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὑπερηφανεύσασθαιto act proudlyVA AMN · ὑπερηφανεύομαιinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, complement, or verbal idea→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseὑπερηφανεύσασθαι: verbal form rendered here as 'to act proudly' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

κατηνέχθηwas brought downVQI API3S · φέρω + καταmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeκατηνέχθη: verbal form rendered here as 'was brought down' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

θρόνουthroneN2 GSM · θρόνοςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterθρόνου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'throne' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασιλείας: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'kingdom' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τιμὴhonorN1 NSF · τιμήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτιμὴ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'honor' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀφῃρέθηwas taken awayVCI API3S · αἱρέω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἀφῃρέθη: verbal form rendered here as 'was taken away' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀπ': rendered here as 'from' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐξεδιώχθη καὶ ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ μετὰ τῶν θηρίων ἐδόθη καὶ μετὰ ὀνάγρων ἡ κατοικία αὐτοῦ καὶ χόρτον ὡς βοῦν ἐψώμιζον αὐτόν καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς δρόσου τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ ἐβάφη ἕως οὗ ἔγνω ὅτι κυριεύει ὁ θεὸς ὁ ὕψιστος τῆς βασιλείας τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ ᾧ ἂν δόξῃ δώσει αὐτήν

And he was driven from among men, and his heart was given with the beasts, and his dwelling was with wild asses; they were feeding him grass like an ox, and from the dew of heaven his body was drenched, until he knew that the Most High God rules the kingdom of men and gives it to whomever he wills.

Historical preface: beast-like humiliationΚαί

Daniel condenses the lesson of chapter 4: dehumanization teaches the king that the Most High alone rules and bestows kingdoms.

Word-by-word analysis· 54 words

ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀνθρώπων: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'man / human being' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐξεδιώχθηwas driven outVQI API3S · διώκω + ἐκmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐξεδιώχθη: verbal form rendered here as 'was driven out' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceμετὰ: preposition rendered here as 'with', marking the phrase relation required by the sentence in Daniel 5.

τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτῶν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'the' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

θηρίωνbeastsN2N GPN · θηρίονgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterθηρίων: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'beasts' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐδόθηwas givenVCI API3S · δίδωμιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐδόθη: verbal form rendered here as 'was given' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὀνάγρωνwild assesN2 GPM · ὄναγροςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὀνάγρων: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'wild asses' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

κατοικίαdwellingN1A NSF · κατοικίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterκατοικία: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'dwelling' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χόρτονgrassN2 ASM · χόρτοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχόρτον: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'grass' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὡςasC · ὡςsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὡς: rendered here as 'as' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βοῦνoxN3 ASM · βοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβοῦν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'ox' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐψώμιζονthey were feedingV1I IAI3S · ψωμίζωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἐψώμιζον: verbal form rendered here as 'they were feeding' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δρόσουdewN2 GSF · δρόσοςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterδρόσου: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'dew' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοὐρανοῦ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'heaven' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σῶμαbodyN3M NSN · σῶμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσῶμα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'body' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐβάφηwas drenchedVDI API3S · βάπτωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐβάφη: verbal form rendered here as 'was drenched' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceἕως: preposition rendered here as 'until', marking the phrase relation required by the sentence in Daniel 5.

οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοὗ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'where' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔγνωlearnedVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἔγνω: verbal form rendered here as 'learned' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

κυριεύειruleV1 PAI3S · κυριεύωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseκυριεύει: verbal form rendered here as 'rule' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δόξῃseemsVA AAS3S · δοκέωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ subjunctive force used for condition, contingency, or vivid sequenceδόξῃ: verbal form rendered here as 'seems' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

δώσειgiveVF FAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ future-oriented force projecting decree, outcome, or interpretationδώσει: verbal form rendered here as 'give' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτήνherRD ASF · αὐτόςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτήν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'her' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ σὺ ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ Βαλτασαρ οὐκ ἐταπείνωσας τὴν καρδίαν σου κατενώπιον οὗ πάντα ταῦτα ἔγνως

And you, his son Belshazzar, have not humbled your heart before him, though you knew all this.

Direct indictment of BelshazzarΚαί σύ

Belshazzar is condemned not for ignorance but for defiant refusal to learn from known precedent.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words

υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterυἱὸς: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'son' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐταπείνωσαςhumbledVAI AAI2S · ταπεινόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐταπείνωσας: verbal form rendered here as 'humbled' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καρδίανheartN1A ASF · καρδίαaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterκαρδίαν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'heart' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

κατενώπιονbeforeP · κατενώπιονsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterκατενώπιον: rendered here as 'before' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπάντα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'all' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterταῦτα: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'these things' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἔγνωςgignoskoVZI AAI2S · γιγνώσκωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἔγνως: verbal form rendered here as 'gignosko' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον θεὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὑψώθης καὶ τὰ σκεύη τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ ἤνεγκαν ἐνώπιόν σου καὶ σὺ καὶ οἱ μεγιστᾶνές σου καὶ αἱ παλλακαί σου καὶ αἱ παράκοιτοί σου οἶνον ἐπίνετε ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς χρυσοῦς καὶ ἀργυροῦς καὶ χαλκοῦς καὶ σιδηροῦς καὶ ξυλίνους καὶ λιθίνους οἳ οὐ βλέπουσιν καὶ οὐκ ἀκούουσιν καὶ οὐ γινώσκουσιν ᾔνεσας καὶ τὸν θεόν οὗ ἡ πνοή σου ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶσαι αἱ ὁδοί σου αὐτὸν οὐκ ἐδόξασας

And you were lifted up against the Lord God of heaven, and they brought the vessels of his house before you, and you and your great men and your concubines and your consorts were drinking wine from them; and you praised the gods of gold and silver and bronze and iron and wood and stone, which neither see nor hear nor know, but the God in whose hand is your breath and all your ways you did not glorify.

Expanded indictment: sacrilege and ingratitudeΚαί ἐπὶ

Daniel names the king's offense in full: arrogance against the Lord of heaven, profanation of temple vessels, praise of senseless idols, and failure to glorify the God who holds his breath and ways.

Word-by-word analysis· 78 words

κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterκύριον: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'LORD' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterθεὸν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'God' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὑψώθηςyou were lifted upVCI API2S · ὑψόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeὑψώθης: verbal form rendered here as 'you were lifted up' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἤνεγκανthey broughtVAI AAI3P · φέρωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἤνεγκαν: verbal form rendered here as 'they brought' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μεγιστᾶνέςgreat menN3 NPM · μεγιστάνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμεγιστᾶνές: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'great men' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

παλλακαίconcubinesN1 NPF · παλλακήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπαλλακαί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'concubines' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

παράκοιτοίconsortsN2 NPF · παράκοιτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπαράκοιτοί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'consorts' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐπίνετεyou used to drinkV1I IAI2P · πίνωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἐπίνετε: verbal form rendered here as 'you used to drink' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οἳwho / whichRR NPM · ὅςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterοἳ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'who / which' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

οὐnotD · οὐparticle or adverb shaping negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspective in the clause→ clause-shaping force marking negation, emphasis, sequence, or perspectiveοὐ: particle or adverb rendered here as 'not', shaping emphasis, sequence, or stance in the clause.

βλέπουσινseeV1 PAI3P · βλέπωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseβλέπουσιν: verbal form rendered here as 'see' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀκούουσινobeyV1 PAI3P · ἀκούωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἀκούουσιν: verbal form rendered here as 'obey' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γινώσκουσινthose who knowV1 PAI3P · γιγνώσκωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseγινώσκουσιν: verbal form rendered here as 'those who know' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ᾔνεσαςyou praisedVAI AAI2S · αἰνέωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeᾔνεσας: verbal form rendered here as 'you praised' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

θεόνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterθεόν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'God' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πνοήbreach / gapN1 NSF · πνοήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπνοή: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'breach / gap' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχειρὶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'hand' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterπᾶσαι: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'all' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὁδοίwaysN2 NPF · ὁδόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterὁδοί: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'ways' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὐτὸν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'him' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐδόξασαςἐδόξασαςVAI AAI2S · δοξάζωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐδόξασας: verbal form rendered here as 'ἐδόξασας' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

διὰ τοῦτο ἐκ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἀπεστάλη ἀστράγαλος χειρὸς καὶ τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην ἐνέταξεν

Therefore from before him was sent the knuckle of the hand, and it inscribed this writing.

Judgment source explainedΔιὰ τοῦτο

The writing is explicitly traced back to God. The sign is not random omen but dispatched verdict.

Word-by-word analysis· 13 words

διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its phrase and marking relation such as place, source, direction, or reference→ relational force specifying how the phrase connects within the sentenceδιὰ: preposition rendered here as 'through', marking the phrase relation required by the sentence in Daniel 5.

τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτοῦτο: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'this' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀπεστάληwas sent awayVDI API3S · στέλλω + ἀποmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἀπεστάλη: verbal form rendered here as 'was sent away' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀστράγαλοςknuckleN2 NSM · ἀστράγαλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterἀστράγαλος: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'knuckle' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐνέταξενinscribedVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + ἐνmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐνέταξεν: verbal form rendered here as 'inscribed' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ αὕτη ἡ γραφὴ ἡ ἐντεταγμένη μανη θεκελ φαρες

And this is the writing that was inscribed: MENE, TEKEL, PHARES.

Inscription citedΚαί

The famous words are first presented untranslated, preserving their oracular force before interpretation.

Word-by-word analysis· 9 words

αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterαὕτη: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'this' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

γραφὴwritingN1 NSF · γραφήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterγραφὴ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'writing' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐντεταγμένηinscribedVK · χμπνσφ τάσσω + ἐνmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseἐντεταγμένη: verbal form rendered here as 'inscribed' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

μανηMeneN NS · μανηsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμανη: rendered here as 'Mene' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

θεκελTekelN NS · θεκελsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterθεκελ: rendered here as 'Tekel' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

φαρεςPharesN N · φαρεςsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterφαρες: rendered here as 'Phares' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τοῦτο τὸ σύγκριμα τοῦ ῥήματος μανη ἐμέτρησεν ὁ θεὸς τὴν βασιλείαν σου καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν αὐτήν

This is the interpretation of the matter: MENE - God has measured your kingdom and brought it to completion.

First term interpretedΤοῦτο

MENE is explained through divine numbering and completion: the kingdom has been measured out and brought to its terminus.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words

τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτοῦτο: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'this' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

σύγκριμαinterpretationN3M NSN · σύγκριμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterσύγκριμα: term for interpretation or determination, fitting Daniel's exposition of signs and mysteries.

ῥήματοςwordN3M GSN · ῥῆμαgenitive element marking possession, source, relation, measure, or specification→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterῥήματος: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'word' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐμέτρησενmeasuredVAI AAI3S · μετρέωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐμέτρησεν: verbal form rendered here as 'measured' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐπλήρωσενfulfilledVAI AAI3S · πληρόωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐπλήρωσεν: verbal form rendered here as 'fulfilled' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

θεκελ ἐστάθη ἐν ζυγῷ καὶ εὑρέθη ὑστεροῦσα

TEKEL - you were weighed in a balance and were found wanting.

Second term interpretedasyndeton

TEKEL exposes the king as deficient when weighed. The image turns moral evaluation into judicial measurement.

Word-by-word analysis· 7 words

ἐστάθηstood firmVCI API3S · ἵστημιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐστάθη: verbal form rendered here as 'stood firm' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ζυγῷyokeN2 DSM · ζυγόςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterζυγῷ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'yoke' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ὑστεροῦσαwantingV2 · παπνσφ ὑστερέωparticiple modifying a nearby noun or supplementing the main verbal idea in the scene→ participial nuance adding attendant action, state, or characterizationὑστεροῦσα: verbal form rendered here as 'wanting' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

φαρες διῄρηται ἡ βασιλεία σου καὶ ἐδόθη Μήδοις καὶ Πέρσαις

PHARES - your kingdom has been divided and given to the Medes and Persians.

Third term interpretedasyndeton

PHARES declares the kingdom divided and transferred to the Medes and Persians. The verdict moves from evaluation to irreversible political consequence.

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words

διῄρηταιhas been dividedVM XMI3S · αἱρέω + διαmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseδιῄρηται: verbal form rendered here as 'has been divided' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

βασιλείαkingdomN1A NSF · βασιλείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, apposition, or substantive descriptor→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterβασιλεία: "kingdom," a central political and theological term in Daniel's reflections on imperial rule under heaven.

ΜήδοιςMedesN2 DPM · Μῆδοςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΜήδοις: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'Medes' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΠέρσαιςPersianN1M DPM · Πέρσηςdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΠέρσαις: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'Persian' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλτασαρ καὶ ἐνέδυσαν τὸν Δανιηλ πορφύραν καὶ τὸν μανιάκην τὸν χρυσοῦν περιέθηκαν περὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκήρυξεν περὶ αὐτοῦ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἄρχοντα τρίτον ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ

And Belshazzar said, and they clothed Daniel in purple, and the golden chain they put around his neck, and he proclaimed concerning him that he should be third ruler in the kingdom.

Royal reward still conferredΚαί

Belshazzar carries out his promise, but the honors are empty against the already-issued sentence.

Word-by-word analysis· 29 words

ἐνέδυσανclothedVAI AAI3P · δύω + ἐνmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐνέδυσαν: verbal form rendered here as 'clothed' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ΔανιηλDanielN ASM · Δανιηλsupporting nominal or helper element functioning according to its local form and phrase relation→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterΔανιηλ: proper name of Daniel, the Judean wise man and faithful servant at the center of the narrative.

μανιάκηνneckletN1M ASM · μανιάκηςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterμανιάκην: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'necklet' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

χρυσοῦνgoldenA1C ASM · χρυσοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterχρυσοῦν: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'golden' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

περιέθηκανthey put aroundVHI AAI3P · τίθημι + περιmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeπεριέθηκαν: verbal form rendered here as 'they put around' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐκήρυξενproclaimVAI AAI3S · κηρύσσωmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἐκήρυξεν: verbal form rendered here as 'proclaim' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ core verbal force advancing the narrative, interpretation, or royal responseεἶναι: verbal form rendered here as 'to be' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

τρίτονa third timeA1 ASM · τρίτοςaccusative element functioning as object, complement, or extent within the clause→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterτρίτον: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'a third time' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ νυκτὶ ἀναιρέθη Βαλτασαρ ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁ Χαλδαίων

In that very night Belshazzar, the king of the Chaldeans, was slain.

Immediate fulfillmentἘν αὐτῇ τῇ νυκτί

Ends with shocking compression: the interpreter is rewarded and the king is slain the same night. Heaven's word does not linger as a mere warning.

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words

νυκτὶnightN3 DSF · νύξdative element marking sphere, means, recipient, reference, or location→ content term contributing imagery, participants, or setting within the chapterνυκτὶ: nominal or adjectival form rendered here as 'night' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

ἀναιρέθηwas slainVC API3S · αἱρέω + ἀναmain verbal element carrying the action, report, interpretation, decree, or response of the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeἀναιρέθη: verbal form rendered here as 'was slain' in the banquet, wall-writing, indictment, and fall of Babylon in Daniel 5.

The Book of Daniel, Chapter 5ΔΑΝΙΗΛ Ε′

Theme

Translation & textual notes