Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 1ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝΟΜΙΟΝ Α′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The Greek title ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝΟΜΙΟΝ ('second law') derives from the LXX rendering of 17:18 (τὸ δευτερονόμιον τοῦτο, for Hebrew מִשְׁנֵה הַתּוֹרָה, 'a copy of this law'); the translator's mistaking of 'copy' for 'second' gave the book its Greek and Latin name.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Deuteronomy 1 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The Greek title ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝΟΜΙΟΝ ('second law') derives from the LXX rendering of 17:18 (τὸ δευτερονόμιον τοῦτο, for Hebrew מִשְׁנֵה הַתּוֹרָה, 'a copy of this law'); the translator's mistaking of 'copy' for 'second' gave the book its Greek and Latin name. Chapter 1 opens Moses' first great retrospective address, delivered πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου ('beyond the Jordan') in the land of Moab in the fortieth year (v. 3). The superscription (vv. 1–5) fixes time and place; then Moses 'began to declare this law' (ἤρξατο … διασαφῆσαι τὸν νόμον τοῦτον, v. 5), the rare verb διασαφέω ('make clear, expound') signalling the homiletical, explanatory character of the whole book. The retrospect recalls the Horeb command to depart and possess the land sworn (ὤμοσα) to the patriarchs (vv. 6–8); the appointment of wise, understanding tribal heads as judges because the burden was too heavy for Moses alone (πῶς δυνήσομαι μόνος φέρειν, v. 12) — with the great judicial maxim that one must not 'regard the face' (οὐκ ἐπιγνώσῃ πρόσωπον) in judgment, 'for the judgment is God's' (ἡ κρίσις τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν, v. 17); the march through the great and terrible wilderness to Kadesh-barnea (v. 19); the sending of the twelve spies and the good report of the land's fruit (vv. 22–25); and then the central indictment — the people's refusal to go up and their unbelief (ἠπειθήσατε, οὐκ ἐνεπιστεύσατε), murmuring in their tents the blasphemous inversion that 'because the LORD hated us he brought us out of the land of Egypt' (διὰ τὸ μισεῖν κύριον ἡμᾶς ἐξήγαγεν ἡμᾶς, v. 27). The chapter recalls the divine oath that none of that evil generation would see the good land except Caleb son of Jephunneh (and, by appointment, Joshua son of Naue), and that even Moses was barred 'on your account' (δι᾽ ὑμᾶς, v. 37). It closes with the futile presumptuous attack (παραβιασάμενοι ἀνέβητε, v. 43), the rout by the Amorite 'as the bees do' (ὡς εἰ ποιήσαισαν αἱ μέλισσαι, v. 44), and the weeping at Kadesh to which the LORD would not listen (vv. 45–46). The retrospective-homiletical voice, the heavy-burden judiciary motif, and the unbelief theme dominate; the latter is taken up typologically in Heb 3–4 and 1 Cor 10 as the warning generation that failed to enter the rest.

1

οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι οὓς ἐλάλησεν Μωυσῆς παντὶ Ισραηλ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ πρὸς δυσμαῖς πλησίον τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς ἀνὰ μέσον Φαραν Τοφολ καὶ Λοβον καὶ Αυλων καὶ καταχρύσεα

These are the words which Moses spoke to all Israel beyond the Jordan, in the wilderness toward the west, near the Red (Sea), between Pharan, Tophol and Lobon and Aulon and Katachrysea.

Superscription / book-heading (sets the frame for the whole discourse)οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι
The opening οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι ('these are the words') is a titular formula heading a major speech-unit, here the whole of Moses' first address and indeed the book (cf. the comparable headings at Amos 1:1; Jer 1:1). The string of place-names locates the discourse with deliberate precision 'beyond the Jordan,' in the Arabah, anchoring Deuteronomy as a Transjordanian, pre-conquest farewell address.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this / these'; the masculine plural οὗτοι agrees with λόγοι and heads the titular nominal clause ('these are the words'), a standard superscription form for prophetic and legal discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with λόγοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοιwordsNominativepredicate nominative (titular: 'the words')→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / saying / discourse'; renders Hebrew דְּבָרִים, which gives the book its Hebrew name (Devarim, 'words'); here it designates Moses' whole spoken address as authoritative law-bearing speech.
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; masculine plural accusative agreeing with λόγοι as antecedent, object of the verb of speaking.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause (main predication of the heading)→ constative aorist (the whole address viewed as a single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the aorist sums up the entire discourse as a delivered word; throughout Deuteronomy λαλέω marks authoritative covenant-speech, whether of YHWH or of Moses as his expositor.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה, declined as a first/second-declension noun in Rahlfs (gen. Μωυσῆ, dat. Μωυσῇ, acc. Μωυσῆν); the sole human speaker of the book, here named as the authoritative expositor of the law.
παντὶallDativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ: 'to all Israel')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the dative παντὶ Ισραηλ ('to all Israel') stresses the corporate, pan-tribal audience of the address — the whole covenant assembly, not a subset.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable noun (dative recipient of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the whole nation as the audience of Moses' words; the case is supplied by the agreeing adjective παντί (dat.).
πέρανbeyond / acrossimproper preposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingπέραν: 'on the other side of / beyond'; with the genitive τοῦ Ιορδάνου renders Hebrew בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן; the phrase locates the speech in Transjordan (the plains of Moab), the standpoint from which Deuteronomy looks across into the unentered land.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Ιορδάνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive object of πέραν→ relational specificationΙορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan river, rendering הַיַּרְדֵּן; declined as a first-declension masculine in the LXX; the river is the boundary Israel has not yet crossed, making the whole book a discourse delivered on its threshold.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἐρήμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place (locative: 'in the wilderness')→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'desert / wilderness'; renders מִדְבָּר; the wilderness setting recalls the forty-year journey that frames the retrospect; here specifically the Arabah east of the Jordan.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative/dative (direction: 'toward the west')→ spatial or relational framingπρός: here with δυσμαῖς in the locational sense 'toward (the region of) the west'; renders the Hebrew topographical orientation בָּעֲרָבָה / מוֹל סוּף region.
δυσμαῖςwest / sunsetDativedative with πρός (directional region)→ sphere or referenceδυσμή (pl. δυσμαί): 'setting (of the sun) / west'; the plural is idiomatic for the western quarter; here a geographical orientation-marker in the chain of locality terms.
πλησίονnearimproper preposition + genitive (proximity)→ spatial or relational framingπλησίον: 'near / close to'; with the genitive τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς locates the discourse near the Red (Sea); functions adverbially/prepositionally in the place-name chain.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἐρυθρᾶς, substantivized)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρυθρᾶςRed (Sea)Genitivesubstantivized adjective (genitive after πλησίον: 'near the Red [Sea]')→ relational specificationἐρυθρός: 'red'; ἡ ἐρυθρά (θάλασσα), 'the Red Sea,' renders יַם סוּף; here the noun θάλασσα is elided, leaving the adjective substantivized; the LXX's standard designation of the sea of the Exodus deliverance.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (with μέσον: 'in the midst / between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('between / in the midst of') renders Hebrew בֵּין; introduces the cluster of place-names framing the location.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; the substantivized neuter μέσον in ἀνὰ μέσον forms the Hebraistic preposition 'between'; here followed by an asyndetic list of toponyms.
ΦαρανPharanindeclinable place-name (object of ἀνὰ μέσον)→ participant identificationΦαραν: transliteration of Hebrew פָּארָן (Paran); indeclinable; the wilderness/place of Paran, one of the locality markers framing the setting of the address.
ΤοφολTopholindeclinable place-name (asyndetic in the list)→ participant identificationΤοφολ: transliteration of Hebrew תֹּפֶל (Tophel); indeclinable; an otherwise unidentified locality in the geographical heading.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining toponyms)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛοβονLobonindeclinable place-name→ participant identificationΛοβον: transliteration of Hebrew לָבָן (Laban); indeclinable place-name in the locality chain.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑυλωνAulonindeclinable place-name→ participant identificationΑυλων: rendering Hebrew חֲצֵרֹת (Hazeroth); the Greek form coincides with αὐλών ('hollow / ravine'), but here it functions as an indeclinable toponym in the heading.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταχρύσεαKatachrysea (Dizahab)indeclinable place-name (last item in the list)→ clausal contributionκαταχρύσεα: renders Hebrew דִּי זָהָב (Di-zahab, lit. 'place of gold'); the LXX has calqued the name by a Greek word resembling κατάχρυσος ('overlaid with gold, gilded'), neuter plural in form, but here it stands as the final indeclinable toponym closing the geographical superscription.
2

ἕνδεκα ἡμερῶν ἐν Χωρηβ ὁδὸς ἐπ᾿ ὄρος Σηιρ ἕως Καδης Βαρνη

Eleven days' (journey) from Horeb by the way of Mount Seir as far as Kadesh-barnea.

Parenthetical itinerary-note (distance gloss within the superscription)ἕνδεκα ἡμερῶν
A bracketed distance-note: 'eleven days' journey' from Horeb to Kadesh-barnea by the Mount Seir route. The terse nominal phrasing (no finite verb) reads as a marginal-style itinerary gloss; its rhetorical force is poignant — what was an eleven-day journey took the unbelieving generation forty years, a silent indictment that frames the chapter's theme of disobedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἕνδεκαelevenindeclinable numeral (with ἡμερῶν: 'eleven days')→ clausal contributionἕνδεκα: 'eleven'; indeclinable cardinal; quantifies the days of the genitive ἡμερῶν, giving the standard travel-time from Horeb to Kadesh.
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivegenitive of measure (duration: 'a journey of eleven days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the genitive plural is a genitive of measure quantifying the implied journey (ὁδός); the figure underscores the short distance that the unbelief of the people stretched into forty years.
ἐνfrom / atpreposition + dative (point of departure)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here marking the starting-point 'at/from Horeb,' a slightly loose rendering of the Hebrew מֵחֹרֵב ('from Horeb'); the LXX retains ἐν where strict idiom might use ἀπό.
ΧωρηβHorebindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΧωρηβ: transliteration of Hebrew חֹרֵב (Horeb); indeclinable; Deuteronomy's preferred name for the mountain of the covenant (= Sinai), the point of departure for the whole journey.
ὁδὸςway / journeyNominativenominative in apposition (the implied subject of the nominal note: 'a journey')→ participant prominenceὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; here naming the route 'by way of Mount Seir,' the standard caravan road from Horeb to the Negev.
ἐπ᾿by / towardpreposition + accusative (direction along the route)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'toward / along (the way to)'; with ὄρος Σηιρ specifies the Mount Seir route.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (with Σηιρ: 'Mount Seir')→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain / hill-country'; renders הַר; in apposition with the name Σηιρ designates the Seir highland through which the route runs.
ΣηιρSeirindeclinable place-name (in apposition to ὄρος)→ participant identificationΣηιρ: transliteration of Hebrew שֵׂעִיר (Seir); indeclinable; the Edomite hill-country south of the Dead Sea, marking the road from Horeb to Kadesh.
ἕωςas far as / untilimproper preposition + genitive (terminus of the route)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / up to'; renders עַד; marks Kadesh-barnea as the destination of the eleven-day journey.
ΚαδηςKadeshindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)→ participant identificationΚαδης: transliteration of Hebrew קָדֵשׁ (Kadesh); indeclinable; with Βαρνη forms 'Kadesh-barnea,' the southern oasis that is the pivotal site of the spy-episode and the people's refusal.
ΒαρνηBarneaindeclinable place-name (with Καδης)→ participant identificationΒαρνη: transliteration of Hebrew בַּרְנֵעַ (Barnea); indeclinable; the second element of the compound toponym Kadesh-barnea.
3

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῷ τεσσαρακοστῷ ἔτει ἐν τῷ ἑνδεκάτῳ μηνὶ μιᾷ τοῦ μηνὸς ἐλάλησεν Μωυσῆς πρὸς πάντας υἱοὺς Ισραηλ κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο κύριος αὐτῷ πρὸς αὐτούς

And it came to pass, in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, Moses spoke to all the sons of Israel according to all that the LORD had commanded him for them,

Chronological frame resumes the main narrative line of the headingκαὶ ἐγενήθη
The temporal-narrative formula καὶ ἐγενήθη ('and it came to pass') renders the Hebrew וַיְהִי and re-launches the superscription after the parenthetical distance-note of v. 2. The precise triple date (fortieth year, eleventh month, first of the month) lends the address solemn historical weight: it is delivered at the very end of the wilderness era, on the threshold of the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal narrative formula)→ constative aorist (narrative onset marker)γίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'become / come to pass'; renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי ('and it came to pass'), a temporal-framing device introducing a dated event; the passive form is the LXX's preferred aorist of γίνομαι.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεσσαρακοστῷfortiethDativeordinal adjective (with ἔτει: 'in the fortieth year')→ sphere or referenceτεσσαρακοστός: 'fortieth'; the fortieth year is the last of the wilderness wandering (cf. Num 14:33–34); the date situates the address at the very end of the generation of judgment.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (locative-temporal: 'in the year')→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the temporal dative fixes the chronological setting of Moses' exposition.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with μηνὶ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνδεκάτῳeleventhDativeordinal adjective (with μηνὶ: 'in the eleventh month')→ sphere or referenceἑνδέκατος: 'eleventh'; the eleventh month (Shebat) of the fortieth year; the precise dating mirrors priestly chronological notices and signals the official solemnity of the discourse.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time (temporal)→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; the temporal dative continues the dating formula.
μιᾷ(on the) firstDativenumeral used ordinally (with τοῦ μηνὸς: 'on the first of the month')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the feminine μιᾷ is used ordinally for 'the first (day),' a Hebraism rendering בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ ('on the first of the month'); cf. Gen 1:5 ἡμέρα μία.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with μηνὸς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςof the monthGenitivepartitive genitive (with μιᾷ: 'the first [day] of the month')→ relational specificationμήν (gen. μηνός): 'month'; the partitive genitive completes the date-formula 'on the first of the month.'
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the dated speech-act, apodosis of the ἐγενήθη frame)→ constative aorist (the delivery of the address as a single event)λαλέω: 'speak'; the main verb completing the καὶ ἐγενήθη … ἐλάλησεν construction; the dated, commissioned proclamation of all that the LORD commanded.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the authoritative speaker; his speech is explicitly framed as the faithful transmission of YHWH's commands (κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο κύριος).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with υἱοὺς: 'all the sons')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; reinforces the pan-tribal scope of the audience (cf. παντὶ Ισραηλ, v. 1).
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (with Ισραηλ: 'the sons of Israel')→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant nation as the corporate audience.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable noun (genitive of relationship with υἱοὺς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here genitival ('sons of Israel'), the case unmarked on the indeclinable name.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; introduces the standard governing Moses' speech — exact correspondence to the divine command.
πάνταall thingsAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά: 'all that')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('according to all that') is a frequent LXX correlative formula stressing total, exact conformity of Moses' words to YHWH's commands.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative with πάντα: 'all that')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the neuter plural correlates with πάντα, introducing the content of the divine command.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (the divine commission Moses transmits)→ constative aorist (the antecedent act of commanding)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / enjoin'; renders צִוָּה; the deponent middle is standard; this verb dominates Deuteronomy's self-presentation as commanded law — Moses speaks only what YHWH enjoined.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine commander whose words Moses faithfully relays.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (to Moses)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: personal pronoun; the dative αὐτῷ refers to Moses as the recipient of the divine command.
πρὸςfor / topreposition + accusative (directed toward the people)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'for / with regard to (them)'; the command given to Moses is for delivery to the people (πρὸς αὐτούς).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the people)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative refers to the sons of Israel as the intended recipients of the commanded word.
4

μετὰ τὸ πατάξαι Σηων βασιλέα Αμορραίων τὸν κατοικήσαντα ἐν Εσεβων καὶ Ωγ βασιλέα τῆς Βασαν τὸν κατοικήσαντα ἐν Ασταρωθ καὶ ἐν Εδραϊν

after he had struck down Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and Og king of Bashan, who dwelt in Astaroth and in Edrain,

Temporal subordination (situates the address after the Transjordanian victories)μετὰ τὸ πατάξαι
An articular-infinitive temporal clause (μετὰ τὸ πατάξαι, 'after the striking') dates the discourse to the aftermath of the defeats of Sihon and Og (Num 21:21–35), the two Amorite kings whose lands east of the Jordan Israel has already taken. The note grounds the address in concrete recent conquest, lending credibility to the call to possess the land west of the Jordan.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; with the articular infinitive τὸ πατάξαι forms a temporal clause ('after the striking down'), a common LXX construction rendering Hebrew אַחֲרֵי + infinitive.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive πατάξαι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατάξαιto strike / strike downAor Act Inf · πατάσσωarticular infinitive (object of μετά: 'after the striking')→ constative aorist infinitive (the completed defeat as a single event)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat'; renders הִכָּה (Hiphil of נכה); the articular infinitive denotes the accomplished defeat of Sihon and Og; the implied subject is Moses/Israel under YHWH (cf. Num 21).
ΣηωνSihonindeclinable proper noun (object of πατάξαι)→ participant identificationΣηων: transliteration of Hebrew סִיחֹן (Sihon); indeclinable; the Amorite king of Heshbon defeated in Num 21:21–31, the first major Transjordanian conquest.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σηων ('king of the Amorites')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; in apposition with Σηων, identifying him as the Amorite monarch whose realm fell to Israel.
Αμορραίωνof the AmoritesGenitivegenitive (with βασιλέα: 'king of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; gentilic noun rendering הָאֱמֹרִי; the Amorites are Deuteronomy's representative name for the pre-conquest inhabitants of the hill-country.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (with participle κατοικήσαντα, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικήσανταwho dweltAor Act Ptc Masc Acc Sg · κατοικέωattributive participle (modifying Σηων: 'who dwelt in Heshbon')→ constative aorist participle (settled residence prior to the conquest)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; the articular participle τὸν κατοικήσαντα ('the one who was dwelling') locates Sihon's royal seat at Heshbon.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΕσεβωνHeshbonindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΕσεβων: transliteration of Hebrew חֶשְׁבּוֹן (Heshbon); indeclinable; the capital city of Sihon's Amorite kingdom in Transjordan.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second king)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΩγOgindeclinable proper noun (second object of πατάξαι)→ participant identificationΩγ: transliteration of Hebrew עוֹג (Og); indeclinable; the giant king of Bashan defeated at Edrei (Num 21:33–35; cf. Deut 3:11).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ωγ ('king of Bashan')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; in apposition with Ωγ, identifying the Bashanite monarch.
τῆςthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Βασαν, genitive of place)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒασανBashanindeclinable place-name (genitive with βασιλέα: 'king of Bashan')→ participant identificationΒασαν: transliteration of Hebrew בָּשָׁן (Bashan); indeclinable; the fertile region east of the Sea of Galilee; the article τῆς supplies the genitive case.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (with κατοικήσαντα, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικήσανταwho dweltAor Act Ptc Masc Acc Sg · κατοικέωattributive participle (modifying Ωγ: 'who dwelt in Astaroth')→ constative aorist participle (Og's royal residence)κατοικέω: 'dwell'; the second occurrence parallels the description of Sihon, here locating Og's seats at Astaroth and Edrein.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΑσταρωθAstarothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΑσταρωθ: transliteration of Hebrew עַשְׁתָּרֹת (Ashtaroth); indeclinable; one of the royal cities of Og in Bashan.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΕδραϊνEdreinindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΕδραϊν: transliteration of Hebrew אֶדְרֶעִי (Edrei); indeclinable; the site of the decisive battle in which Og was defeated (Num 21:33).
5

ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου ἐν γῇ Μωαβ ἤρξατο Μωυσῆς διασαφῆσαι τὸν νόμον τοῦτον λέγων

beyond the Jordan, in the land of Moab, Moses began to expound this law, saying:

Programmatic statement: the thesis-verse of the whole bookἤρξατο Μωυσῆς διασαφῆσαι
This is the hinge of the superscription and the keynote of Deuteronomy: 'Moses began to expound this law.' The verb διασαφέω ('make thoroughly clear, expound') marks the book as not new legislation but authoritative exposition (homiletical re-presentation) of the law already given at Horeb. The participle λέγων opens the long quoted retrospect that fills the rest of the address.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (with articular πέραν, locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ πέραν: 'in the region beyond'; the article τῷ substantivizes the adverb πέραν, yielding 'in the area across the Jordan,' resuming the geographical frame of v. 1.
τῷtheDativearticle (substantivizing πέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανbeyondadverb/improper preposition (substantivized: 'the region beyond')→ spatial or relational framingπέραν: 'beyond / across'; here substantivized by the article as a noun-equivalent for the Transjordan; with τοῦ Ιορδάνου, 'the far side of the Jordan.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Ιορδάνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive (with πέραν: 'beyond the Jordan')→ relational specificationΙορδάνης: the Jordan; the genitive completes the locational phrase locating the discourse in Transjordan.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place (with Μωαβ: 'in the land of Moab')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; ἐν γῇ Μωαβ ('in the land of Moab') renders בְּאֶרֶץ מוֹאָב, the plains where Israel encamped before the conquest.
ΜωαβMoabindeclinable place-name (genitive of relationship with γῇ)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew מוֹאָב (Moab); indeclinable; the Transjordanian region east of the Dead Sea where the Deuteronomic covenant is delivered.
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb (ingressive: 'began to expound')→ ingressive aorist (inception of the exposition)ἄρχομαι (mid.): 'begin'; renders הוֹאִיל / הֵחֵל; with the complementary infinitive διασαφῆσαι it marks the formal commencement of the law-exposition that constitutes the book.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἤρξατο→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the expositor; his act of 'beginning to make the law clear' defines his role throughout Deuteronomy as preacher and interpreter of the covenant.
διασαφῆσαιto expound / make clearAor Act Inf · διασαφέωcomplementary infinitive (with ἤρξατο: 'began to expound')→ constative aorist infinitive (the act of exposition as a whole)διασαφέω: 'make thoroughly clear / explain / expound'; renders בֵּאֵר (Piel, 'make plain'; cf. 27:8); the compound δια- intensifies σαφέω ('make clear'); the choice of this verb characterizes Deuteronomy as explanatory re-presentation, not fresh legislation — Moses clarifies the law already given.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with νόμον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμονlawAccusativedirect object of διασαφῆσαι→ object specificationνόμος: 'law / torah'; renders תּוֹרָה; the object of exposition; the phrase τὸν νόμον τοῦτον ('this law') is the self-designation echoed at 17:18, source of the title Δευτερονόμιον.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with νόμον)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative specifies the particular body of covenant instruction Moses is about to expound.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ imperfective participle (introducing the quoted exposition)λέγω (pres. ptc.): 'saying'; the redundant participle λέγων (Hebraistic לֵאמֹר) introduces the long quotation that follows, opening the body of the retrospective address.
6

κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν ἐν Χωρηβ λέγων ἱκανούσθω ὑμῖν κατοικεῖν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τούτῳ

The LORD our God spoke to us at Horeb, saying: Long enough have you dwelt in this mountain.

Opening of the retrospect: the foundational Horeb command quotedκύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ἐλάλησεν
Moses begins the historical retrospect by quoting the LORD's command at Horeb. The covenant-name formula κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ('the LORD our God') is characteristically Deuteronomic. The impersonal imperative ἱκανούσθω ('let it be enough') renders the Hebrew רַב־לָכֶם, 'you have dwelt long enough' — the divine signal to move from the mountain of revelation toward the land of promise.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine speaker of the Horeb command; with ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν forms the Deuteronomic covenant-name formula.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς, in apposition to κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the apposition κύριος ὁ θεός renders the frequent Deuteronomic pairing יהוה אֱלֹהֵינוּ ('YHWH our God'), stressing the covenant bond.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸς: 'our God')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): the first-person plural possessive binds the speaking generation to YHWH; Moses includes himself and his hearers in the covenant 'our God.'
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the Horeb speech-act)→ constative aorist (the foundational command as a completed event)λαλέω: 'speak'; the verb reaches back to the Horeb covenant; the retrospect presents the present crisis as flowing from this original divine word.
ἡμῖνto usDativedative indirect object (recipients of the speech)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): the first-person plural identifies Moses' audience with the Horeb generation (a homiletical telescoping, since most of that generation has died).
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΧωρηβHorebindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΧωρηβ: Horeb (= Sinai); the mountain of covenant and law-giving, the starting point of the retrospect.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the quoted command)→ imperfective participle (introducing direct discourse)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the Hebraistic λέγων (= לֵאמֹר) introduces the divine words that follow.
ἱκανούσθωlet it be enoughPres Pass Impv 3 Sg · ἱκανόωmain verb of quoted command (impersonal imperative)→ imperatival present (standing prohibition on further delay)ἱκανόω: 'make sufficient / be enough'; the passive imperative ἱκανούσθω ὑμῖν ('let it be enough for you') renders רַב־לָכֶם ('you have had enough'); the impersonal construction signals that the time of encampment at the mountain is over.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of reference (with the impersonal verb: 'enough for you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the dative of the people to whom the command 'enough!' is addressed; note the shift from 'us' (the speaking generation) to 'you' (the addressed generation) within the quotation.
κατοικεῖνto dwellPres Act Inf · κατοικέωepexegetic infinitive (specifying what is 'enough': 'enough dwelling')→ imperfective infinitive (continuous dwelling now to cease)κατοικέω: 'dwell / remain'; the present infinitive expresses the prolonged residence at Horeb that must now end; the subject of the action is the people.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (locative: 'in this mountain')→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain'; here Horeb itself; the demonstrative 'this mountain' is spoken from the standpoint of the original Horeb command being quoted.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative adjective (with ὄρει)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative within the quotation points to Horeb as the place of the command to depart.
7

ἐπιστράφητε καὶ ἀπάρατε ὑμεῖς καὶ εἰσπορεύεσθε εἰς ὄρος Αμορραίων καὶ πρὸς πάντας τοὺς περιοίκους Αραβα εἰς ὄρος καὶ πεδίον καὶ πρὸς λίβα καὶ παραλίαν γῆν Χαναναίων καὶ Ἀντιλίβανον ἕως τοῦ ποταμοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου Εὐφράτου

Turn and set out and go into the hill-country of the Amorites and to all the neighboring peoples of the Arabah, into the hill-country and the plain and toward the south and the seacoast, the land of the Canaanites and Antilibanus, as far as the great river, the Euphrates.

Command sequence: the marching orders from Horebἐπιστράφητε καὶ ἀπάρατε
A staccato chain of imperatives (turn — set out — enter) launches the conquest mandate. The sweeping geographical catalogue (hill-country, plain, Negev, seacoast, Lebanon, to the Euphrates) describes the ideal full extent of the promised land, deliberately expansive to underline the magnitude of what was offered to the Horeb generation — and forfeited.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ἐπιστράφητεturnAor Pass Impv 2 Pl · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (first imperative of the marching command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive change of direction)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn around'; the passive form is intransitive ('turn yourselves'); renders פְּנוּ ('turn!'); the command to break camp and face the land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπάρατεset out / departAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (second imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (break camp and march)ἀπαίρω: 'lift off / depart / set out (on a journey)'; renders נָסַע ('pull up [tent-pegs], journey'); a technical term for breaking camp and moving on the march.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with the imperatives)→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic pronoun, otherwise unnecessary with the verb-ending, underscores the people's responsibility: it is you who must go up.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσπορεύεσθεgo in / enterPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb (third imperative: the entry-command)→ imperfective present imperative (ongoing advance into the land)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter'; renders בֹּא; the present imperative views the entry as a sustained advance into the hill-country of the Amorites and beyond.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ὄροςhill-countryAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (with Αμορραίων)→ object specificationὄρος: here 'hill-country / mountain region'; renders הַר (the central highland); the heartland of the Amorites, the first objective of the conquest.
Αμορραίωνof the AmoritesGenitivegenitive (with ὄρος: 'the hill-country of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; the gentilic genitive designates the highland inhabitants whose land Israel is to possess.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with περιοίκους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totalizing adjective embraces every neighboring people of the Arabah within the conquest mandate.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with περιοίκους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιοίκουςneighbors / surrounding peoplesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationπερίοικος: 'dwelling around / neighbor'; substantivized adjective; the peoples surrounding the Arabah region; renders the Hebrew topographical list of regions.
ΑραβαArabahindeclinable place-name (genitive of relationship with περιοίκους)→ participant identificationΑραβα: transliteration of Hebrew עֲרָבָה (Arabah); indeclinable; the rift-valley/desert plain; here the region whose surrounding inhabitants are named.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction, resuming the catalogue)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction, resuming the catalogue).
ὄροςhill-countryAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (geographical zone)→ object specificationὄρος: 'hill-country'; the second occurrence heads the list of land-zones (highland, lowland, Negev, coast) covering the full breadth of Canaan.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεδίονplain / lowlandAccusativeaccusative (coordinate zone)→ object specificationπεδίον: 'plain / lowland'; renders הַשְּׁפֵלָה (the Shephelah) or הָעֲרָבָה; the lowland zone west of the highlands.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction: 'toward the south')→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'toward the south').
λίβαsouth / southwestAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (compass direction)→ object specificationλίψ (acc. λίβα): properly the southwest wind, hence 'the south / southwest'; renders הַנֶּגֶב (the Negev); a directional term in the geographical catalogue.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραλίανseacoastAccusativeaccusative (coordinate zone: the coastland)→ object specificationπαράλιος: 'beside the sea / coastal'; substantivized ἡ παραλία, 'the seacoast'; renders חוֹף הַיָּם; the Mediterranean coastal plain.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative in apposition (with Χαναναίων: 'the land of the Canaanites')→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; γῆν Χαναναίων ('land of the Canaanites') sums the coastal-lowland inhabitants within the promised territory.
Χαναναίωνof the CanaanitesGenitivegenitive (with γῆν: 'land of the Canaanites')→ relational specificationΧαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; gentilic noun rendering הַכְּנַעֲנִי; the lowland/coastal peoples, distinct from the highland Amorites.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἈντιλίβανονAntilibanusAccusativeaccusative (northern boundary in the catalogue)→ object specificationἈντιλίβανος: 'Anti-Lebanon'; renders הַלְּבָנוֹן (Lebanon); the LXX specifies the Anti-Lebanon range as the northern marker of the land; declined as a Greek noun.
ἕωςas far asimproper preposition + genitive (terminus: 'as far as the river')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'up to / as far as'; renders עַד; marks the Euphrates as the ideal far boundary of the promised territory (cf. Gen 15:18).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ποταμοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationποταμός: 'river'; renders נָהָר; with the epithet 'the great river,' a standard designation of the Euphrates marking the land's northeastern limit.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with μεγάλου, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλουgreatGenitiveattributive adjective (with ποταμοῦ: 'the great river')→ relational specificationμέγας: 'great'; the fixed epithet הַנָּהָר הַגָּדֹל ('the great river') identifies the Euphrates as the ideal northern frontier.
ΕὐφράτουEuphratesGenitivegenitive in apposition to ποταμοῦ→ relational specificationΕὐφράτης (gen. Εὐφράτου): the Euphrates; declined as a Greek noun; named in apposition, sealing the maximal extent of the land promised to Israel.
8

ἴδετε παραδέδωκα ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν τὴν γῆν εἰσπορευθέντες κληρονομήσατε τὴν γῆν ἣν ὤμοσα τοῖς πατράσιν ὑμῶν τῷ Αβρααμ καὶ Ισαακ καὶ Ιακωβ δοῦναι αὐτοῖς καὶ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτῶν μετ᾿ αὐτούς

See, I have delivered the land before you; go in and inherit the land which I swore to your fathers, to Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, to give to them and to their seed after them.

Climax of the Horeb command: the land given and the patriarchal oathἴδετε παραδέδωκα
The command climaxes in a deictic 'See!' plus the perfect παραδέδωκα ('I have [already] handed over') — the land is given as an accomplished fact in the divine purpose; only entry remains. The grounding clause invokes the oath (ὤμοσα) to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, anchoring the conquest mandate in the patriarchal promise of Gen 12; 15; 26; 28 — the theological bedrock the unbelieving generation will spurn.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἴδετεsee / lookAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (attention-getting imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (deictic call to attention)ὁράω (aor. impv. ἴδετε): 'see / look / behold'; renders רְאֵה; the deictic imperative directs the people's gaze to the gift of the land laid before them — the basis for the summons to possess it.
παραδέδωκαI have delivered / handed overPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (divine declaration of the gift)→ resultative perfect (a settled, accomplished giving with abiding effect)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver / give up'; renders נָתַן; the perfect tense presents the land as already and decisively given in the divine purpose — the conquest is the enactment of an accomplished gift, not an uncertain venture.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive ('before you')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'in the presence of / before'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the land lies 'before' the people, open and available for the taking.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the people before whom the land is set.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of παραδέδωκα→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land as the object of the divine gift; its repetition (twice in this verse) keeps the gift in sharp focus.
εἰσπορευθέντεςhaving gone inAor Pass Ptc Masc Nom Pl · εἰσπορεύομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant to κληρονομήσατε: 'go in and inherit')→ ingressive aorist participle (the act of entering, prior/coincident to inheriting)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter'; the aorist participle expresses the necessary precondition of possession — they must enter in order to inherit; functionally near-coordinate with the following imperative ('go in and inherit').
κληρονομήσατεinherit / take possessionAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κληρονομέωmain verb (the possession-command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take up the inheritance)κληρονομέω: 'inherit / possess / take as one's lot'; renders יָרַשׁ; a keyword of Deuteronomy for taking the land as the LORD's covenant gift/inheritance (κληρονομία); the command the generation will refuse to obey.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κληρονομήσατε→ object specificationγῆ: the same land, now as the object of possession; the relative clause that follows grounds the gift in the patriarchal oath.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὤμοσα ... δοῦναι)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with γῆν, antecedent of the oath-clause.
ὤμοσαI sworeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of relative clause (the patriarchal oath)→ constative aorist (the sworn promise as a completed act)ὀμνύω: 'swear / take an oath'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; the divine oath to the patriarchs (Gen 22:16–18; 26:3; 28:13) is the unconditional ground of the land-gift; ὤμοσα recurs as a theological keyword in Deuteronomy.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativedative indirect object (to whom the oath was sworn)→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father'; οἱ πατέρες ('the fathers') is Deuteronomy's term for the patriarchs to whom the land was promised; the recipients of the divine oath.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατράσιν: 'your fathers')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; binds the present generation to the patriarchal promise as their inheritance.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Αβρααμ, in apposition to πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβρααμAbrahamindeclinable proper noun (dative, in apposition to πατράσιν)→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: transliteration of Hebrew אַבְרָהָם; indeclinable; the first patriarch, recipient of the land-promise (Gen 12:7; 15:18); the article τῷ supplies the dative case.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσαακIsaacindeclinable proper noun (dative, in apposition)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: transliteration of Hebrew יִצְחָק; indeclinable; the second patriarch, to whom the promise was renewed (Gen 26:3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobindeclinable proper noun (dative, in apposition)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliteration of Hebrew יַעֲקֹב; indeclinable; the third patriarch, to whom the land was promised at Bethel (Gen 28:13); the triad Abraham–Isaac–Jacob is Deuteronomy's standard patriarchal formula.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive of content (the substance of the oath: 'swore ... to give')→ constative aorist infinitive (the promised giving)δίδωμι: 'give'; the complementary infinitive expresses the content of the sworn promise — to give the land to the patriarchs and their offspring; renders the Hebrew לָתֵת.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (of δοῦναι: 'to give to them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the patriarchs as the immediate recipients of the promised gift.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle (with σπέρματι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματιseed / offspringDativedative indirect object (parallel to αὐτοῖς: 'and to their seed')→ sphere or referenceσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / descendants'; renders זֶרַע; the promise extends beyond the patriarchs to their posterity — the present generation are precisely this 'seed after them.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with σπέρματι: 'their seed')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): 'their'; refers back to the patriarchs whose descendants inherit the promise.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (succession: 'after them')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετ᾽ αὐτούς ('after them') marks the generational succession of the promise from patriarchs to descendants.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl.): the patriarchs, after whom their seed inherits; the phrase τῷ σπέρματι αὐτῶν μετ᾽ αὐτούς echoes the covenant language of Gen 17:7–8.
9

καὶ εἶπα πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ λέγων οὐ δυνήσομαι μόνος φέρειν ὑμᾶς

And I said to you at that time, saying: I am not able alone to bear you.

New retrospect-unit: Moses' confession of insufficiency (judiciary motif begins)καὶ εἶπα πρὸς ὑμᾶς
Moses now recalls a second moment 'at that time,' opening the judiciary section (vv. 9–18). The first-person εἶπα frames the whole as personal reminiscence. The confession 'I am not able alone to bear you' (οὐ δυνήσομαι μόνος φέρειν ὑμᾶς) sets up the heavy-burden motif that motivates the appointment of judges; the verb φέρω ('bear / carry') casts leadership as a weight.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses' recollected speech)→ constative aorist (a single recalled speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπα): 'say'; the first-person εἶπα (the later sigmatic form of εἶπον) marks the personal, reminiscing voice of the address; Moses recounts his own words spoken to the people.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): the people addressed by Moses.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time (with ἐκείνῳ: 'at that time')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / season / occasion'; ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time') is a recurrent Deuteronomic transition-phrase (cf. vv. 16, 18) structuring the retrospect into discrete recalled episodes.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with καιρῷ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the remote demonstrative marks the recalled past occasion, distancing the narrated event from the present moment of address.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ imperfective participle (introducing the quoted words)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the Hebraistic λέγων (= לֵאמֹר) introduces the quotation of Moses' words to the people.
οὐnotnegative particle (with δυνήσομαι)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the objective negative; negates the indicative δυνήσομαι, asserting Moses' real inability.
δυνήσομαιI will be ableFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb of quoted speech (declaration of inability)→ gnomic/predictive future (settled incapacity)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the future οὐ δυνήσομαι ('I shall not be able') expresses Moses' settled incapacity to govern the multiplied people alone; the same verb opens the rhetorical question of v. 12 (πῶς δυνήσομαι).
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjective (with the subject of δυνήσομαι: 'I alone')→ participant prominenceμόνος: 'alone / by oneself'; the emphatic μόνος is the crux of the judiciary problem — sole leadership is unbearable; the appointment of judges (vv. 13–15) is its remedy.
φέρεινto bear / carryPres Act Inf · φέρωcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσομαι: 'able to bear')→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing burden of leadership)φέρω: 'bear / carry / endure'; renders נָשָׂא ('lift, carry'); the metaphor casts the governance of the people as a physical weight (cf. Num 11:14); the burden-motif undergirds the whole section.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of φέρειν (the people as the burden borne)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): the people themselves are the object 'borne'; the burden is not abstract but the living community with its disputes (cf. v. 12).
10

κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ἐπλήθυνεν ὑμᾶς καὶ ἰδού ἐστε σήμερον ὡσεὶ τὰ ἄστρα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τῷ πλήθει

The LORD your God has multiplied you, and behold, you are today like the stars of heaven in multitude.

Grounds for v. 9: the divine multiplication of the peopleκύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ἐπλήθυνεν
Moses explains why he cannot govern alone: the LORD has multiplied them to the point of fulfilling the patriarchal star-promise (Gen 15:5; 22:17). The simile ὡσεὶ τὰ ἄστρα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('like the stars of heaven') turns the burden into a sign of blessing — the very greatness that overwhelms Moses is covenant fulfillment, framing the judiciary need positively.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐπλήθυνεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the divine agent of Israel's growth, who fulfills the patriarchal promise of innumerable descendants.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('the LORD your God') is the dominant Deuteronomic divine title.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the covenant possessive binding the people to YHWH as 'your God.'
ἐπλήθυνενmultipliedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πληθύνωmain verb (divine increase of the people)→ constative aorist (the accomplished multiplication)πληθύνω: 'multiply / increase'; renders הִרְבָּה; the verb echoes the patriarchal promise to make Israel as the stars (Gen 22:17); the people's overwhelming numbers are God's blessing, not a problem of nature.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐπλήθυνεν→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): the people as the object of divine multiplication.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδούbeholdpresentative particle (deictic exclamation)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative particle directs attention to the present visible reality of the multiplied nation.
ἐστεyou arePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predication of present multitude)→ stative present (present condition)εἰμί: 'be'; the present ἐστε σήμερον ('you are today') sets the fulfilled present against the past act of multiplication — the promise is realized now before their eyes.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; the Deuteronomic 'today' actualizes the covenant reality in the present moment of address.
ὡσεὶlike / ascomparative particle (introducing simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσεί: 'as / like / about'; renders כְּ; introduces the star-simile, evoking the patriarchal promise of innumerable seed.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἄστρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄστραstarsNominativepredicate of comparison (with ὡσεί: 'like the stars')→ participant prominenceἄστρον: 'star'; renders כּוֹכָב; τὰ ἄστρα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('the stars of heaven') is the classic patriarchal simile of uncountable multitude (Gen 15:5; 22:17; 26:4).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οὐρανοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive (with ἄστρα: 'stars of heaven')→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; the heavens whose countless stars image Israel's multitude.
τῷinDativearticle (with πλήθει, dative of respect)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλήθειmultitudeDativedative of respect (specifying the point of comparison: 'in multitude')→ sphere or referenceπλῆθος: 'multitude / great number'; the dative of respect τῷ πλήθει ('in respect of multitude') specifies the precise point of the star-simile — sheer number; cognate with the verb ἐπλήθυνεν, framing the verse around abundance.
11

κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν προσθείη ὑμῖν ὡς ἐστὲ χιλιοπλασίως καὶ εὐλογήσαι ὑμᾶς καθότι ἐλάλησεν ὑμῖν

May the LORD, the God of your fathers, add to you a thousandfold as you are, and bless you, as he has spoken to you!

Benediction (optative aside within the recollection)κύριος ... προσθείη ὑμῖν
Moses interrupts the recollection with a generous benediction in the optative (προσθείη ... εὐλογήσαι, 'may he add ... may he bless'). Far from resenting the burden of v. 9, he prays for the people's thousandfold increase. The adverb χιλιοπλασίως ('a thousandfold') is a striking superlative; the blessing is grounded in the divine promise (καθότι ἐλάλησεν, 'as he has spoken').
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of the optatives προσθείη / εὐλογήσαι→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the divine subject of the wish-prayer, here invoked with the ancestral title.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the title ὁ θεὸς τῶν πατέρων ('the God of the fathers') roots the blessing in the patriarchal covenant of v. 8.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive (with θεὸς: 'God of the fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father'; the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; the ancestral title binds the benediction to the sworn promise of multiplied seed.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων: 'your fathers')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; identifies the patriarchs as the present generation's forebears.
προσθείηmay he addAor Act Opt 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (optative of wish/benediction)→ volitive (precative) optative — a prayer-wishπροστίθημι: 'add / increase'; the aorist optative προσθείη expresses a benedictory wish ('may he add'); the optative of wish is the standard LXX construction for blessings; Moses prays for the people's further increase.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (of προσθείη)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the people, to whom increase is wished.
ὡςascomparative particle (with ἐστὲ: 'as you are')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; here 'as (many as) you (now) are,' the base from which the thousandfold increase is measured.
ἐστὲyou arePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίverb of comparative clause ('as you now are')→ stative present (present number as the base of increase)εἰμί: 'be'; ὡς ἐστέ ('as you are') marks the present multitude as the multiplicand for the wished thousandfold increase.
χιλιοπλασίωςa thousandfoldadverb of degree (with προσθείη: 'add ... a thousandfold')→ clausal contributionχιλιοπλασίως: 'a thousand times over / thousandfold'; renders אֶלֶף פְּעָמִים; a rare multiplicative adverb (χίλιοι + -πλάσιος) expressing extravagant, hyperbolic blessing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two optatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλογήσαιmay he blessAor Act Opt 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb (second optative of benediction)→ volitive (precative) optative — a prayer-wishεὐλογέω: 'bless / speak well of'; renders בֵּרֵךְ; the aorist optative εὐλογήσαι continues the benediction; note the optative form is distinct from the infinitive (which would be εὐλογῆσαι) — here clearly the wish-optative parallel to προσθείη.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of εὐλογήσαι→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): the people as the object of the wished blessing.
καθότιas / according ascomparative-causal conjunction (introducing the ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'inasmuch as / just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; grounds the benediction in the divine promise already spoken — Moses prays for nothing beyond what God has pledged.
ἐλάλησενhe has spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of comparative clause (the divine promise)→ constative aorist (the prior promise as accomplished word)λαλέω: 'speak'; refers to the divine promise of multiplication; the benediction merely asks for the fulfillment of what YHWH has already pledged.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the recipients of the divine promise.
12

πῶς δυνήσομαι μόνος φέρειν τὸν κόπον ὑμῶν καὶ τὴν ὑπόστασιν ὑμῶν καὶ τὰς ἀντιλογίας ὑμῶν

How can I alone bear your trouble and your burden and your disputes?

Rhetorical question restating the problem (resumes v. 9)πῶς δυνήσομαι μόνος φέρειν
The benediction over, Moses returns to the practical problem with a pointed rhetorical question, 'How can I alone bear...?' (πῶς δυνήσομαι μόνος φέρειν), echoing v. 9 verbatim in its key terms. The tricolon — κόπον (trouble), ὑπόστασιν (burden), ἀντιλογίας (disputes) — itemizes the weight of leadership and motivates the delegation that follows in v. 13.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (introducing rhetorical question)→ clausal contributionπῶς: 'how?'; the interrogative introduces a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'I cannot'; renders אֵיכָה ('how?'), a lament-tinged interrogative.
δυνήσομαιcan I / shall I be ableFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (rhetorical-question predicate)→ deliberative-rhetorical future (expecting a negative answer)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the future in the rhetorical question (πῶς δυνήσομαι) repeats the verb of v. 9, framing the unit; the implied answer is 'I cannot — hence judges must be appointed.'
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjective (with the subject: 'I alone')→ participant prominenceμόνος: 'alone'; the emphatic repetition of μόνος from v. 9 underscores the unbearable solitude of sole leadership.
φέρεινto bearPres Act Inf · φέρωcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσομαι)→ imperfective infinitive (sustained bearing of the threefold burden)φέρω: 'bear / carry'; the burden-verb of v. 9 returns, now with a threefold object — the leadership weight is itemized as trouble, burden, and strife.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κόπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόπονtrouble / toilAccusativedirect object of φέρειν (first member of the tricolon)→ object specificationκόπος: 'toil / trouble / wearisome labor'; renders טֹרַח ('burden') or לַהַט; the first of three terms for the wearying weight of governing the people.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κόπον)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the trouble belongs to / is caused by the people.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὑπόστασιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπόστασινburden / weightAccusativedirect object of φέρειν (second member of the tricolon)→ object specificationὑπόστασις: lit. 'that which stands under / substance'; here in the concrete sense 'burden / load' rendering מַשָּׂא ('burden, load'); the second term of the leadership-weight tricolon.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὑπόστασιν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the burden borne is the people's.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀντιλογίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀντιλογίαςdisputes / contentionsAccusativedirect object of φέρειν (third member of the tricolon)→ object specificationἀντιλογία: 'dispute / contention / strife'; renders רִיב ('legal quarrel'); the third term — the litigation among the people — directly motivates the judicial appointments that follow (vv. 13–17); cf. the place Meribah (Num 20:13), 'water of contention.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀντιλογίας)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the contentions arise among the people, requiring adjudication.
13

δότε ἑαυτοῖς ἄνδρας σοφοὺς καὶ ἐπιστήμονας καὶ συνετοὺς εἰς τὰς φυλὰς ὑμῶν καὶ καταστήσω ἐφ᾿ ὑμῶν ἡγουμένους ὑμῶν

Provide for yourselves wise and understanding and discerning men for your tribes, and I will set them over you as your leaders.

Solution proposed: the people are to provide candidates for officeδότε ἑαυτοῖς ἄνδρας σοφοὺς
Moses' remedy for the unbearable burden: a delegated judiciary. The people themselves are to nominate qualified men (the triad wise / understanding / discerning), whom Moses will then officially appoint (καταστήσω). The cooperative procedure — popular nomination, leaderly installation — models a participatory yet ordered polity grounded in wisdom rather than mere status.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
δότεgive / provideAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (command to nominate)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive act of provision)δίδωμι (aor. impv. δότε): 'give / provide / appoint'; renders הָבוּ ('provide / set forth'); here 'furnish for yourselves,' the people's role in supplying candidates for judicial office.
ἑαυτοῖςfor yourselvesDativereflexive pronoun (dative of advantage)→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῦ: 'oneself'; the reflexive dative of advantage ('for your own benefit') stresses that the appointed leaders serve the community that nominates them.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of δότε→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): 'man'; renders אֲנָשִׁים; the candidates for office, qualified by the following triad of virtues.
σοφοὺςwiseAccusativeattributive adjective (first of the qualifying triad)→ object specificationσοφός: 'wise'; renders חֲכָמִים; the first leadership-virtue — practical, governing wisdom; the triad σοφούς / ἐπιστήμονας / συνετούς defines the ideal magistrate.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστήμοναςunderstanding / expertAccusativeattributive adjective (second of the triad)→ object specificationἐπιστήμων: 'knowing / understanding / skilled'; renders נְבֹנִים ('discerning'); the second virtue — practical expertise and discernment in judgment.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετοὺςdiscerning / prudentAccusativeattributive adjective (third of the triad)→ object specificationσυνετός: 'intelligent / prudent / discerning'; renders יְדֻעִים ('known / experienced') or amplifies the Hebrew pair; the third virtue rounds out the portrait of the ideal judge — wise, knowledgeable, and prudent.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (distributive: 'for your tribes')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here distributive, 'for / according to (your tribes)'; the appointments are organized along tribal lines.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with φυλὰς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλὰςtribesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the tribal units)→ object specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט / מַטֶּה; the twelve tribes as the administrative framework for the distribution of judges.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with φυλὰς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the tribes belong to the addressed people.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking nomination to appointment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταστήσωI will set / appointFut Act Indic 1 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb (Moses' act of installation)→ predictive future (the promised appointment following nomination)καθίστημι: 'set / appoint / install in office'; renders שׂוּם / נָתַן; the technical verb for installing officials; Moses reserves the formal appointment to himself, while the people supply the candidates.
ἐφ᾿overpreposition + genitive (authority: 'over you')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in authority over'; marks the jurisdictional relation of the appointed leaders to the people.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (those under authority)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the people over whom the leaders are set.
ἡγουμένουςleadersPres Mid Ptc Masc Acc Pl · ἡγέομαιsubstantival participle (predicate accusative: 'as leaders')→ imperfective participle (those exercising ongoing leadership)ἡγέομαι: 'lead / govern'; the substantival participle οἱ ἡγούμενοι ('the leaders / rulers') renders רָאשִׁים ('heads'); here functioning as a noun for the appointed tribal magistrates; classed as a verb (participle) per the kind-taxonomy.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἡγουμένους: 'your leaders')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the leaders belong to and serve the people.
14

καὶ ἀπεκρίθητέ μοι καὶ εἴπατε καλὸν τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐλάλησας ποιῆσαι

And you answered me and said, 'The thing which you have spoken to do is good.'

The people's assent to the proposalκαὶ ἀπεκρίθητέ μοι
The people consent to Moses' plan. Their brief approving reply — 'good is the word which you have spoken to do' — places the judiciary arrangement under their own endorsement, so that the resulting impartial-judgment charge (vv. 16–17) rests on an agreed covenant order, not an imposed one.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθητέyou answeredAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (the people's reply)→ constative aorist (a single completed response)ἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / reply'; renders עָנָה; the passive-deponent aorist ἀπεκρίθητε is the standard LXX form; the people respond to Moses' proposal.
μοιmeDativedative indirect object (of ἀπεκρίθητε)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. sg. μοι): Moses, to whom the people reply.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπατεyou saidAor Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing the quoted assent)→ constative aorist (the spoken approval)λέγω (aor. εἴπατε): 'say'; the pleonastic pairing 'answered ... and said' is a Hebraism (וַתַּעֲנוּ ... וַתֹּאמְרוּ); introduces the people's approving words.
καλὸνgoodNominativepredicate adjective (with τὸ ῥῆμα: 'the word is good')→ participant prominenceκαλός: 'good / fitting / excellent'; renders טוֹב; the people's verdict on Moses' proposal; fronted for emphasis ('good is the word').
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / thingNominativesubject of the nominal clause ('the word is good')→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / matter / thing'; renders דָּבָר, which spans both 'word' and 'matter'; here the proposed plan; the same noun recurs in the judicial charge (v. 17, the 'hard matter').
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησας)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter accusative agreeing with ῥῆμα, introducing the qualifying clause.
ἐλάλησαςyou have spokenAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause (Moses' proposal)→ constative aorist (the proposal already uttered)λαλέω: 'speak'; the second-person singular addresses Moses; the word he 'spoke to do' is the judiciary plan now approved.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωepexegetic infinitive (specifying the word: 'the word ... to do')→ constative aorist infinitive (the proposed action)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the infinitive of purpose/content — the word Moses spoke 'with a view to doing,' i.e., the practical proposal that is judged good and worth carrying out.
15

καὶ ἔλαβον ἐξ ὑμῶν ἄνδρας σοφοὺς καὶ ἐπιστήμονας καὶ συνετοὺς καὶ κατέστησα αὐτοὺς ἡγεῖσθαι ἐφ᾿ ὑμῶν χιλιάρχους καὶ ἑκατοντάρχους καὶ πεντηκοντάρχους καὶ δεκαδάρχους καὶ γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς τοῖς κριταῖς ὑμῶν

And I took from among you wise and understanding and discerning men and appointed them to lead over you, commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds and commanders of fifties and commanders of tens and recorder-officials for your judges.

Execution of the plan (vv. 13–14 enacted)καὶ ἔλαβον ἐξ ὑμῶν
Moses recounts carrying out the agreed plan: he took the qualified men and installed them in a graded military-civil hierarchy (commanders of thousands, hundreds, fifties, tens — cf. Exod 18:21; Num 11) plus scribal officials. The descending decimal ranks display an ordered, accountable administration; the verbs ἔλαβον / κατέστησα answer the δότε / καταστήσω of v. 13.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονI tookAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Moses selects the men)→ constative aorist (the act of selection)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβον): 'take / receive / select'; renders לָקַח; Moses takes the men the people have provided, enacting the nomination-installation procedure of v. 13.
ἐξfrom amongpreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + gen.: 'out of / from among'; the partitive source — the leaders are drawn from within the people themselves.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (the source-group)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the people, from among whom the leaders are chosen.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβον→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. pl.): 'man'; the chosen candidates, described by the same triad of virtues as in v. 13.
σοφοὺςwiseAccusativeattributive adjective (first of the triad)→ object specificationσοφός: 'wise'; repeats the leadership-virtue of v. 13; note that 'understanding' is now realized in the chosen men.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστήμοναςunderstandingAccusativeattributive adjective (second of the triad)→ object specificationἐπιστήμων: 'understanding / skilled'; the second virtue, repeated from v. 13.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετοὺςdiscerningAccusativeattributive adjective (third of the triad)→ object specificationσυνετός: 'prudent / discerning'; the third virtue; the triad confirms that the chosen leaders meet the stated qualifications.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking selection to installation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέστησαI appointedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb (the act of installation)→ constative aorist (the completed appointment, fulfilling καταστήσω of v. 13)καθίστημι: 'set / appoint / install'; the aorist κατέστησα fulfills the future καταστήσω of v. 13 — promise becomes accomplished fact.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κατέστησα→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl.): the chosen men, now installed in office.
ἡγεῖσθαιto leadPres Mid Inf · ἡγέομαιinfinitive of purpose (with κατέστησα: 'appointed ... to lead')→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing exercise of leadership)ἡγέομαι: 'lead / govern'; the infinitive expresses the purpose of the appointment — to exercise leadership over the people.
ἐφ᾿overpreposition + genitive (authority)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over'; the jurisdictional relation of the leaders to the people.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the people under the leaders' authority.
χιλιάρχουςcommanders of thousandsAccusativeaccusative in apposition to αὐτοὺς (highest rank)→ object specificationχιλίαρχος: 'commander of a thousand'; renders שַׂר אֲלָפִים; the top tier of the decimal administrative hierarchy (cf. Exod 18:21).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκατοντάρχουςcommanders of hundredsAccusativeaccusative in apposition (second rank)→ object specificationἑκατόνταρχος: 'commander of a hundred'; renders שַׂר מֵאוֹת; the second tier of the descending decimal hierarchy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεντηκοντάρχουςcommanders of fiftiesAccusativeaccusative in apposition (third rank)→ object specificationπεντηκόνταρχος: 'commander of fifty'; renders שַׂר חֲמִשִּׁים; the third tier of the hierarchy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεκαδάρχουςcommanders of tensAccusativeaccusative in apposition (lowest rank)→ object specificationδεκάδαρχος: 'commander of ten'; renders שַׂר עֲשָׂרֹת; the lowest tier; the full decimal series (1000/100/50/10) images a thoroughly ordered, accountable administration.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γραμματοεισαγωγεῖςrecorder-officials / scribe-officersAccusativeaccusative in apposition (scribal officials)→ object specificationγραμματοεισαγωγεύς: 'scribe-officer / recording official'; a rare LXX compound (γράμματα + εἰσαγωγεύς) rendering שֹׁטְרִים ('officers / scribes'); administrative recorders who assist the judges with documentation and enforcement.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with κριταῖς, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριταῖςjudgesDativedative of advantage (the recorders serve 'for your judges')→ sphere or referenceκριτής: 'judge'; renders שֹׁפֵט; the recorder-officials are attached to the judges to assist the administration of justice; introduces the judiciary proper, charged in vv. 16–17.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κριταῖς: 'your judges')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the judges belong to and serve the people.
16

καὶ ἐνετειλάμην τοῖς κριταῖς ὑμῶν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ λέγων διακούετε ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑμῶν καὶ κρίνατε δικαίως ἀνὰ μέσον ἀνδρὸς καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον ἀδελφοῦ καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον προσηλύτου αὐτοῦ

And I charged your judges at that time, saying: Hear the cases between your brothers, and judge righteously between a man and his brother and the resident alien with him.

Judicial charge: the standard of righteous, impartial judgmentκαὶ ἐνετειλάμην τοῖς κριταῖς
Moses recalls his charge to the newly appointed judges. The imperatives διακούετε ('give a full hearing') and κρίνατε δικαίως ('judge righteously') set the ethical core of the judiciary. The triple ἀνὰ μέσον (between man, brother, and resident alien) extends equal justice even to the προσήλυτος ('sojourner') — a hallmark of Deuteronomic social righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετειλάμηνI charged / commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (Moses' charge to the judges)→ constative aorist (the act of commissioning)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / enjoin'; renders צִוָּה; the formal commissioning of the judges with their ethical mandate.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with κριταῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριταῖςjudgesDativedative indirect object (recipients of the charge)→ sphere or referenceκριτής: 'judge'; the newly installed magistrates of v. 15, now charged with the standard of righteous adjudication.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κριταῖς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the judges serve the people.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time (with ἐκείνῳ: 'at that time')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / occasion'; ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ again marks a recalled episode within the retrospect (cf. vv. 9, 18).
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with καιρῷ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the remote demonstrative locates the charge in the recalled past.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the charge)→ imperfective participle (introducing direct discourse)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the Hebraistic λέγων introduces the quoted judicial charge.
διακούετεhear / give a hearingPres Act Impv 2 Pl · διακούωmain verb of charge (judicial hearing)→ imperfective present imperative (ongoing practice of careful hearing)διακούω: 'hear thoroughly / hear a case (judicially)'; renders שָׁמֹעַ ('give a full hearing'); the compound δια- implies a complete, impartial hearing of both parties — a technical forensic term.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (with μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in ἀνὰ μέσον ('between'), rendering בֵּין; the forensic phrase marks the judge's position between contending parties.
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; the substantivized μέσον forms the Hebraistic 'between'; the first of three such phrases extending equal justice across all parties.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἀδελφῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between your brothers')→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; in Deuteronomy 'brother' denotes the fellow Israelite as covenant kin; the judge hears disputes among brothers.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀδελφῶν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the disputing parties are the people's own kin.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίνατεjudgeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κρίνωmain verb of charge (the act of judging)→ ingressive aorist imperative (render righteous verdicts)κρίνω: 'judge / decide'; renders שָׁפַט; with the adverb δικαίως ('righteously') it states the core duty — verdicts that conform to justice, not partiality.
δικαίωςrighteously / justlyadverb of manner (with κρίνατε)→ clausal contributionδικαίως: 'righteously / justly'; renders צֶדֶק; the adverbial standard of all judgment; cf. 16:18–20, the fuller Deuteronomic justice-charge.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (with μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (with μέσον).
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the phrase ἀνὰ μέσον (second occurrence)→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; second 'between'-phrase, here between a man and his brother.
ἀνδρὸςa manGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between a man')→ relational specificationἀνήρ (gen. ἀνδρός): 'man'; one party to the dispute; renders אִישׁ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (with μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (with μέσον).
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the phrase ἀνὰ μέσον (third occurrence)→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; third 'between'-phrase, marking the brother as the second party.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between ... his brother')→ relational specificationἀδελφός (gen. ἀδελφοῦ): 'brother'; the fellow-Israelite litigant; the repeated 'brother' stresses that justice operates within the covenant family.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (with μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (with μέσον).
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative in the phrase ἀνὰ μέσον (fourth occurrence)→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; fourth 'between'-phrase, extending equal justice to the resident alien.
προσηλύτουresident alien / proselyteGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between ... the resident alien')→ relational specificationπροσήλυτος: 'newcomer / resident alien / sojourner' (later 'proselyte'); renders גֵּר; the inclusion of the ger under equal justice is a signature of Deuteronomic ethics — impartiality extends beyond the covenant kin to the stranger.
αὐτοῦwith him / hisGenitivegenitive (with προσηλύτου: 'his resident alien' = the alien residing with him)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. sg.): 'his'; the resident alien associated with the Israelite — the stranger living among the people, entitled to the same righteous judgment.
17

οὐκ ἐπιγνώσῃ πρόσωπον ἐν κρίσει κατὰ τὸν μικρὸν καὶ κατὰ τὸν μέγαν κρινεῖς οὐ μὴ ὑποστείλῃ πρόσωπον ἀνθρώπου ὅτι ἡ κρίσις τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν καὶ τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐὰν σκληρὸν ᾖ ἀφ᾿ ὑμῶν ἀνοίσετε αὐτὸ ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ καὶ ἀκούσομαι αὐτό

You shall not regard a face in judgment; you shall judge the small and the great alike; you shall not shrink before the face of any man, for the judgment is God's; and the matter which is too hard for you, you shall bring to me, and I will hear it.

Core judicial maxim: impartiality grounded in the divine ownership of justiceοὐκ ἐπιγνώσῃ πρόσωπον ἐν κρίσει
The theological heart of the judiciary section. The prohibition οὐκ ἐπιγνώσῃ πρόσωπον ('you shall not regard a face / show partiality') and οὐ μὴ ὑποστείλῃ ('you shall not shrink') are grounded in the great maxim ἡ κρίσις τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν ('the judgment is God's') — human judges act as God's deputies, so partiality is sacrilege. The hard case is referred upward to Moses, preserving a final appellate court.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐπιγνώσῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): the objective negative; with the future ἐπιγνώσῃ forms an emphatic prohibition (legal future).
ἐπιγνώσῃyou shall regard / show partiality toFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιγινώσκωmain verb (prohibition: legal future with οὐκ)→ imperatival (legal) future — a binding prohibitionἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize / take note of / regard'; the idiom οὐκ ἐπιγνώσῃ πρόσωπον ('you shall not recognize a face') renders לֹא תַכִּירוּ פָנִים ('show no partiality'); the legal future has imperatival force; partiality in judgment is absolutely forbidden.
πρόσωπονface / personAccusativedirect object of ἐπιγνώσῃ (idiom: 'regard a face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / countenance / person'; renders פָּנִים; in the idiom 'regard the face' it means to favor a person on the basis of status or appearance — the essence of judicial partiality (cf. προσωπολημψία, the NT 'respect of persons').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
κρίσειjudgmentDativedative of sphere (the domain in which partiality is forbidden)→ sphere or referenceκρίσις: 'judgment / legal decision'; renders מִשְׁפָּט; the sphere of adjudication, which belongs to God (v. 17b).
κατὰaccording to / alikepreposition + accusative (manner: 'the small ... the great alike')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: distributive 'as regards (each)'; the pairing κατὰ τὸν μικρὸν … κατὰ τὸν μέγαν means judging small and great by the same standard.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with μικρὸν, substantivized)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μικρὸνsmall / lowlyAccusativesubstantivized adjective (the lowly litigant)→ object specificationμικρός: 'small / insignificant'; ὁ μικρός is the person of low status; the judge must not favor him out of pity nor disregard him — equal justice regardless of standing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (manner).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with μέγαν, substantivized)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγανgreat / mightyAccusativesubstantivized adjective (the powerful litigant)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great / powerful'; ὁ μέγας is the person of high status; the judge must not fear or flatter him — the small/great merism encompasses every social rank.
κρινεῖςyou shall judgeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (legal future: 'you shall judge [both] alike')→ imperatival (legal) future — binding commandκρίνω: 'judge / decide'; the legal future κρινεῖς commands equal adjudication of small and great; the impartial standard is the practical outworking of v. 16's κρίνατε δικαίως.
οὐnotnegative particle (with μὴ ... ὑποστείλῃ: emphatic prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: with μή and the subjunctive forms the emphatic negation οὐ μή ('by no means').
μὴnotnegative particle (with οὐ + subjunctive: emphatic prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: subjective negative; οὐ μή + aorist subjunctive expresses the strongest form of prohibition/denial in Greek.
ὑποστείλῃyou shall shrink / draw backAor Mid Subj 2 Sg · ὑποστέλλωmain verb (emphatic prohibition with οὐ μή)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (absolute prohibition of cowardice)ὑποστέλλω: 'draw back / withdraw / shrink from'; the middle 'shrink before' renders לֹא תָגוּרוּ ('do not be afraid'); the judge must not flinch before any man's power; cf. the same verb at Heb 10:38 (μὴ ὑποστείληται).
πρόσωπονface / presenceAccusativeaccusative (object of ὑποστείλῃ: 'shrink before the face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; 'shrink before the face of a man' — the judge must not be intimidated by anyone's status or hostility.
ἀνθρώπουof a manGenitivegenitive (with πρόσωπον: 'face of a man')→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man / human being'; renders אִישׁ; the contrast is sharp — no human face is to overawe the judge, because the judgment belongs to God, not man.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding the prohibitions)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the theological ground of judicial impartiality — the maxim that follows.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with κρίσις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίσιςjudgmentNominativesubject of ἐστιν (the maxim: 'the judgment is God's')→ participant prominenceκρίσις: 'judgment'; the maxim ἡ κρίσις τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν ('the judgment is God's') renders כִּי הַמִּשְׁפָּט לֵאלֹהִים הוּא — the theological foundation of all biblical jurisprudence: human courts administer God's own justice.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGod'sGenitivepredicate genitive of possession ('the judgment is God's')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the possessive genitive asserts that justice belongs to God — judges are his deputies, and partiality usurps and profanes a divine prerogative.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (in the maxim 'the judgment is God's')→ gnomic present (a timeless truth)εἰμί: 'be'; the gnomic present states a permanent theological truth about the nature of justice.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the appellate provision)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ῥῆμα, fronted as casus pendens)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαmatter / caseNominativefronted object (casus pendens, resumed by αὐτὸ)→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / matter / case'; renders דָּבָר; here the legal 'matter' too hard for the local judges; fronted (nominative absolute) and resumed by the pronoun αὐτό — a Hebraistic construction.
ὃwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of the ἐάν-clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἐάν forms an indefinite relative clause ('whatever matter is too hard').
ἐὰνif / wheneverconditional particle (with subjunctive ᾖ: indefinite condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / whenever'; with the subjunctive marks an indefinite/general condition — any case that should prove too difficult.
σκληρὸνhard / difficultNominativepredicate adjective (with ᾖ: 'is too hard')→ participant prominenceσκληρός: 'hard / difficult / harsh'; renders קָשֶׁה ('too hard'); the legally intractable case that exceeds the local judges' competence and must be referred upward.
ᾖmay bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the indefinite condition (with ἐάν)→ potential present subjunctive (in a general condition)εἰμί (pres. subj.): 'be'; the subjunctive in the ἐάν-clause expresses the general possibility of a hard case arising.
ἀφ᾿for / frompreposition + genitive ('too hard for you')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + gen.: here 'beyond / too hard for'; ἀφ᾽ ὑμῶν ('from/for you') marks the case as exceeding the judges' capacity.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the judges for whom the case is too hard)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the judges, for whom the difficult case is beyond decision.
ἀνοίσετεyou shall bring up / referFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀναφέρωmain verb (the appellate instruction: legal future)→ imperatival (legal) future — binding instructionἀναφέρω: 'bring up / refer / carry up'; renders הִקְרִיב / קָרַב; the technical sense 'refer (a case) to a higher authority'; the hard case ascends to Moses, the supreme judge.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of ἀνοίσετε (resuming τὸ ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg. n.): resumptive pronoun picking up the fronted τὸ ῥῆμα ('the matter ... bring it up').
ἐπ᾿topreposition + accusative (direction: 'to me')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'to / unto'; marks Moses as the destination of the referred case.
ἐμέmeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (Moses as supreme judge)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. sg. ἐμέ): the emphatic accusative; Moses is the final court of appeal, embodying the principle of v. 17b — ultimately the case goes to the one who hears God.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούσομαιI will hearFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (Moses' undertaking to adjudicate)→ predictive future (Moses' promised adjudication)ἀκούω: 'hear / give a hearing'; the middle future ἀκούσομαι ('I will hear [it for myself]') is forensic — Moses will adjudicate the hard case personally; cf. Exod 18:22–26.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object of ἀκούσομαι (the referred case)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg. n.): the hard matter, which Moses will hear and decide.
18

καὶ ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ πάντας τοὺς λόγους οὓς ποιήσετε

And I charged you at that time all the words which you shall do.

Summary close of the judiciary sectionκαὶ ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν
A brief summary closing the judiciary unit (vv. 9–18): Moses charged the people with 'all the words' they were to do. The phrase πάντας τοὺς λόγους οὓς ποιήσετε ('all the words which you shall do') gathers the legal instruction into an obligation to be performed, and rounds off the section before the narrative resumes the journey at v. 19.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετειλάμηνI charged / commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (summary of the charge)→ constative aorist (the act of charging summed up)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; repeats the verb of v. 16, now summarizing the whole body of judicial instruction given to the people.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative indirect object (recipients of the charge)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the people, charged with all the legal words.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time (with ἐκείνῳ: 'at that time')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / occasion'; the third occurrence of ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ in the section (cf. vv. 9, 16), closing the judiciary episode.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with καιρῷ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; locates the charge in the recalled past at Horeb.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with λόγους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totalizing adjective gathers the entire body of judicial instruction into a single obligation.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λόγους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwords / mattersAccusativedirect object of ἐνετειλάμην (content of the charge)→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / command / matter'; renders דְּבָרִים; here the sum of the commanded instructions the people must carry out.
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιήσετε)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; masculine plural accusative agreeing with λόγους.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the obligation to perform)→ imperatival (legal) future — obligation to obeyποιέω: 'do / perform'; the legal future expresses the binding duty to carry out the commands — the keyword of Deuteronomic obedience (cf. v. 14 ποιῆσαι).
19

καὶ ἀπάραντες ἐκ Χωρηβ ἐπορεύθημεν πᾶσαν τὴν ἔρημον τὴν μεγάλην καὶ τὴν φοβερὰν ἐκείνην ἣν εἴδετε ὁδὸν ὄρους τοῦ Αμορραίου καθότι ἐνετείλατο κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ἡμῖν καὶ ἤλθομεν ἕως Καδης Βαρνη

And setting out from Horeb, we journeyed through all that great and terrible wilderness which you saw, by the way of the hill-country of the Amorite, as the LORD our God commanded us, and we came as far as Kadesh-barnea.

Narrative resumption: the journey from Horeb to Kadesh (new unit)καὶ ἀπάραντες ἐκ Χωρηβ ἐπορεύθημεν
The narrative resumes the itinerary, picking up the marching command of vv. 6–7. The wilderness is described with foreboding pathos — 'all that great and terrible wilderness which you saw' (τὴν μεγάλην καὶ τὴν φοβερὰν) — preparing for the crisis at Kadesh. The first-person plural ἐπορεύθημεν binds Moses to the people in the shared journey of obedience to the divine command.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπάραντεςsetting out / departingAor Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · ἀπαίρωcircumstantial participle (attendant to ἐπορεύθημεν: 'setting out ... we journeyed')→ ingressive aorist participle (breaking camp)ἀπαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; the aorist participle marks the departure from Horeb, fulfilling the command ἀπάρατε of v. 7; the journey to the land has begun.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΧωρηβHorebindeclinable place-name (object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΧωρηβ: Horeb; the point of departure of the journey, the mountain now left behind.
ἐπορεύθημενwe journeyedAor Pass Indic 1 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (the journey through the wilderness)→ constative aorist (the whole march summed up)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey / travel'; renders הָלַךְ; the first-person plural identifies Moses with the people in the shared journey of obedience.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἔρημον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the journey traversed the entirety of the great wilderness — the accusative of extent of space.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἔρημον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative of extent of space (the route traversed)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert'; renders מִדְבָּר; the accusative of extent — they journeyed through the whole expanse of the desert; described with emotive epithets.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with μεγάλην, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἔρημον)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great / vast'; the first epithet of the wilderness, stressing its daunting expanse.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φοβερὰν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φοβερὰνterrible / fearsomeAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἔρημον)→ object specificationφοβερός: 'fearful / terrible / dreadful'; renders הַנּוֹרָא; the second epithet evokes the wilderness's terrors (cf. 8:15, 'serpents and scorpions'), heightening the marvel of God's guidance through it.
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with ἔρημον)→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the remote demonstrative points back to the wilderness of shared memory ('which you saw').
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἴδετε)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with ἔρημον.
εἴδετεyou sawAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωverb of relative clause (appeal to shared experience)→ constative aorist (the remembered seeing)ὁράω (aor. εἴδετε): 'see'; the appeal to the audience's own eyewitness memory ('which you saw') is a Deuteronomic rhetorical device binding the present generation to the events of the past.
ὁδὸνby the way ofAccusativeadverbial accusative (route: 'by the way of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road'; the adverbial accusative ὁδὸν ὄρους ('by the road of the hill-country') specifies the route taken — toward the Amorite highland.
ὄρουςof the hill-countryGenitivegenitive (with ὁδὸν: 'the way of the hill-country')→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain / hill-country'; the genitive specifies the destination of the road — the Amorite highland that is the conquest objective.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with Αμορραίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αμορραίουof the AmoriteGenitivegenitive (with ὄρους: 'hill-country of the Amorite')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; the gentilic genitive (singular, collective) designates the highland's inhabitants; the objective of the march toward the land.
καθότιas / according ascomparative-causal conjunction (introducing conformity to the command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'just as / according as'; the journey followed exactly the divine command — obedience is stressed precisely where the people will soon fail.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of comparative clause (the divine command)→ constative aorist (the prior command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command'; the journey to Kadesh was in obedience to YHWH's command — underscoring that the failure about to be recounted is purely the people's, not a fault in the divine guidance.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the commander whose word directed the march to the threshold of the land.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ('the LORD our God').
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸς)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'our'; Moses includes himself with the people under the covenant.
ἡμῖνusDativedative indirect object (of ἐνετείλατο)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): the people whom God commanded to make the journey.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (sequencing arrival)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤλθομενwe cameAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at Kadesh)→ constative aorist (the completed arrival)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἤλθομεν): 'come / arrive'; the journey reaches its goal at Kadesh-barnea — the very threshold of the land, and the site of the coming crisis.
ἕωςas far asimproper preposition + genitive (terminus)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / up to'; marks Kadesh-barnea as the journey's endpoint.
ΚαδηςKadeshindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)→ participant identificationΚαδης: Kadesh; with Βαρνη the oasis on the threshold of Canaan, the pivotal site of the spy-mission and the refusal.
ΒαρνηBarneaindeclinable place-name (with Καδης)→ participant identificationΒαρνη: Barnea; the second element of the toponym Kadesh-barnea.
20

καὶ εἶπα πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἤλθατε ἕως τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ Αμορραίου ὃ ὁ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν δίδωσιν ὑμῖν

And I said to you, 'You have come as far as the hill-country of the Amorite, which the LORD our God gives to you.'

Moses' exhortation at the threshold (parallel to v. 8)καὶ εἶπα πρὸς ὑμᾶς
At Kadesh Moses renews the summons to take the land, echoing v. 8. The present δίδωσιν ('gives') keeps the gift current and live — the land is being given here and now. The verse sets the stage: everything is ready for possession, throwing the people's imminent refusal (v. 26) into sharp relief.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses' recalled exhortation)→ constative aorist (a single recalled speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπα): 'say'; Moses recalls his words of encouragement at the very threshold of the land.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): the people addressed at Kadesh.
ἤλθατεyou have comeAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb of quoted speech (arrival announced)→ constative aorist (the accomplished arrival)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἤλθατε): 'come'; the later sigmatic form; Moses announces that they have reached the land's edge — the moment of decision has arrived.
ἕωςas far asimproper preposition + genitive (terminus reached)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as'; marks the hill-country as the point reached — the boundary of promise now before them.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ὄρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςhill-countryGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationὄρος: 'hill-country'; the Amorite highland, the gateway to the land Israel is to possess.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with Αμορραίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αμορραίουof the AmoriteGenitivegenitive (with ὄρους: 'hill-country of the Amorite')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; the collective gentilic for the highland inhabitants whose land is given to Israel.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δίδωσιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter accusative agreeing with ὄρος, antecedent of the gift-clause.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of δίδωσιν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the giver of the land; here with the article (ὁ κύριος), as often in narrative reference.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing 'the LORD our God,' the divine giver.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸς)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'our'; the covenant possessive.
δίδωσινgivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (the present gift of the land)→ progressive present (the gift being made here and now)δίδωμι: 'give'; the present tense δίδωσιν ('is giving') keeps the land-gift live and immediate — it is being handed over at this very moment, heightening the gravity of the refusal that follows.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (of δίδωσιν)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the people, recipients of the divine gift of the land.
21

ἴδετε παραδέδωκεν ὑμῖν κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν πρὸ προσώπου ὑμῶν τὴν γῆν ἀναβάντες κληρονομήσατε ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν ὑμῖν μὴ φοβεῖσθε μηδὲ δειλιάσητε

See, the LORD your God has delivered to you the land before your face; go up and take possession, as the LORD, the God of your fathers, said to you; do not fear, nor be dismayed.

Renewed summons to possess, with the fear-not formulaἴδετε παραδέδωκεν ὑμῖν
Moses repeats the Horeb summons (cf. v. 8) with the same deictic ἴδετε and perfect παραδέδωκεν — the gift is accomplished. He adds the classic encouragement-formula μὴ φοβεῖσθε μηδὲ δειλιάσητε ('do not fear, nor be dismayed'), the very exhortation the people will disregard, making their refusal (v. 26) a refusal of explicit divine reassurance.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἴδετεsee / lookAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (deictic call to attention)→ ingressive aorist imperative (call to behold the gift)ὁράω (aor. impv. ἴδετε): 'see / behold'; repeats the deictic imperative of v. 8, summoning the people to recognize the land laid before them.
παραδέδωκενhas delivered / handed overPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (the accomplished gift of the land)→ resultative perfect (a settled gift with abiding effect)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver'; the perfect (as in v. 8) presents the land as already given by God — possession is the enactment of an accomplished gift, not an uncertain conquest.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (of παραδέδωκεν)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the people, recipients of the gift.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of παραδέδωκεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the giver of the land.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing 'the LORD your God.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the covenant possessive.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive ('before your face')→ spatial or relational framingπρό + gen.: 'before / in front of'; πρὸ προσώπου ('before the face') is a Hebraism (לִפְנֵי) for the land set openly before the people, ready for taking.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive (with πρὸ: 'before the face')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; in the idiom πρὸ προσώπου, 'in front of'; the land lies open before them.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with προσώπου)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the people before whom the land lies.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of παραδέδωκεν→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the object of the divine gift, set before the people.
ἀναβάντεςgoing upAor Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · ἀναβαίνωcircumstantial participle (attendant to κληρονομήσατε: 'go up and possess')→ ingressive aorist participle (the act of ascending)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; the verb of advancing into the hill-country; the participle near-coordinate with the imperative ('go up and take possession'); the people will refuse this very ἀναβῆναι (v. 26).
κληρονομήσατεtake possession / inheritAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κληρονομέωmain verb (the possession-command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take up the inheritance)κληρονομέω: 'inherit / take possession'; renders יָרַשׁ; the command repeated from v. 8; the keyword of the conquest mandate the people will spurn.
ὃνwhich / asAccusativerelative pronoun (in the phrase ὃν τρόπον: 'in the manner which')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; in the adverbial phrase ὃν τρόπον ('in the way that / just as').
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative (ὃν τρόπον: 'in the manner that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; the phrase ὃν τρόπον ('just as') renders כַּאֲשֶׁר, marking the command's exact conformity to the divine word.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of comparative clause (the prior divine word)→ constative aorist (the prior speech)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; the command to possess accords with what God 'said' to the patriarchs' generation — the promise underwriting the summons.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; here titled 'God of your fathers,' grounding the summons in the patriarchal promise.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the ancestral title ὁ θεὸς τῶν πατέρων ('God of the fathers') roots the promise in the patriarchs.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive (with θεὸς: 'God of the fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father'; the patriarchs, to whom the land was promised.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the patriarchs as the present generation's forebears.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (of εἶπεν)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): the people to whom the promise was reaffirmed.
μὴnotnegative particle (with the prohibition φοβεῖσθε)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the subjective negative for prohibitions with the imperative/subjunctive.
φοβεῖσθεfearPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibition: 'do not fear')→ prohibitive present imperative (cease/refrain from fearing)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; μὴ φοβεῖσθε ('do not fear') is the classic biblical encouragement-formula (rendering אַל תִּירְאוּ); the present imperative bids them not to give way to the fear the spies' report would arouse.
μηδὲnornegative conjunction (coordinating the second prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδέ: 'and not / nor'; links the two prohibitions of the encouragement-formula.
δειλιάσητεbe dismayed / be cowardlyAor Act Subj 2 Pl · δειλιάωmain verb (prohibitive subjunctive: 'do not be dismayed')→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (do not lose courage)δειλιάω: 'be cowardly / lose heart / be dismayed'; renders אַל תֵּחָתּוּ ('do not be dismayed'); the aorist prohibitive subjunctive warns against the collapse of courage that the people will in fact display (vv. 26–28).
22

καὶ προσήλθατέ μοι πάντες καὶ εἴπατε ἀποστείλωμεν ἄνδρας προτέρους ἡμῶν καὶ ἐφοδευσάτωσαν ἡμῖν τὴν γῆν καὶ ἀναγγειλάτωσαν ἡμῖν ἀπόκρισιν τὴν ὁδόν δι᾿ ἧς ἀναβησόμεθα ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ τὰς πόλεις εἰς ἃς εἰσπορευσόμεθα εἰς αὐτάς

And you all came to me and said, 'Let us send men ahead of us, and let them scout the land for us and bring back to us a report — the way by which we shall go up, and the cities into which we shall enter.'

The people's counter-proposal: sending the spiesκαὶ προσήλθατέ μοι πάντες
Instead of obeying the summons to go up, the people initiate the spy-mission. In Deuteronomy the proposal comes from the people (unlike Num 13, where God commands it), subtly shifting responsibility onto them. Their stacked subjunctives and imperatives (ἀποστείλωμεν ... ἐφοδευσάτωσαν ... ἀναγγειλάτωσαν) reveal a prudent but ultimately faith-eroding caution — they want reconnaissance before trust.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήλθατέyou came / approachedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · προσέρχομαιmain verb (the people approach Moses)→ constative aorist (the approach as a single event)προσέρχομαι: 'come to / approach'; renders קָרַב / נָגַשׁ; the people collectively approach Moses with their counter-proposal.
μοιmeDativedative indirect object (of προσήλθατε)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. sg. μοι): Moses, whom the people approach.
πάντεςallNominativepredicate apposition to the subject ('you all')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the entire assembly approaches — the proposal has unanimous popular backing, which makes the subsequent collective failure total.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπατεyou saidAor Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing the quoted proposal)→ constative aorist (the spoken proposal)λέγω (aor. εἴπατε): 'say'; introduces the people's words proposing the reconnaissance.
ἀποστείλωμενlet us sendAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb of quoted speech (hortatory subjunctive)→ hortatory aorist subjunctive (a proposal: 'let us send')ἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; the hortatory subjunctive frames the spy-mission as the people's own initiative; in Deut the proposal is human, sharpening their accountability.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἀποστείλωμεν→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. pl.): 'man'; the scouts to be sent ahead — the future twelve spies (v. 23).
προτέρουςahead / beforeAccusativepredicate adjective (with ἄνδρας: 'men ahead of us')→ object specificationπρότερος: 'former / earlier / in front'; here 'ahead of us,' the scouts going in advance of the people; renders לְפָנֵינוּ ('before us').
ἡμῶνof usGenitivegenitive of comparison/reference (with προτέρους: 'ahead of us')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'of us'; the people ahead of whom the scouts go.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφοδευσάτωσανlet them scout / exploreAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ἐφοδεύωmain verb (third-person imperative: the scouts' task)→ ingressive aorist imperative (let them reconnoiter)ἐφοδεύω: 'go over / inspect / reconnoiter (as on a march)'; a military term for scouting a route; renders חָפַר / רגל; the scouts are to survey the land's approaches.
ἡμῖνfor usDativedative of advantage (the scouting done 'for us')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): the people, for whose benefit the reconnaissance is made.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἐφοδευσάτωσαν→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the object of reconnaissance — the very land already given (vv. 8, 21), now to be scouted before trust.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναγγειλάτωσανlet them report backAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (third-person imperative: the scouts' report)→ ingressive aorist imperative (let them bring back word)ἀναγγέλλω: 'announce / report back'; renders הֵשִׁיב דָּבָר ('bring back word'); the scouts are to deliver intelligence on route and cities.
ἡμῖνto usDativedative indirect object (of ἀναγγειλάτωσαν)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): the people, recipients of the report.
ἀπόκρισινa report / answerAccusativedirect object of ἀναγγειλάτωσαν (the intelligence brought back)→ object specificationἀπόκρισις: 'answer / reply / report'; renders דָּבָר; the substance of the scouts' intelligence, specified by the appositional accusatives that follow (the way and the cities).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁδόν, in apposition to ἀπόκρισιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδόνway / roadAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀπόκρισιν (content of the report)→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road'; the first item of the desired intelligence — the route of ascent into the land.
δι᾿through / bypreposition + genitive (means/path: 'by which')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through / by way of'; with the relative ἧς, 'the way by which we shall go up.'
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of διά, antecedent ὁδόν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; feminine genitive agreeing with ὁδόν.
ἀναβησόμεθαwe shall go upFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · ἀναβαίνωverb of relative clause (the intended ascent)→ predictive future (the planned advance)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; the future of the intended advance into the hill-country; ironically the people will refuse to ἀναβῆναι once they hear the report (v. 26).
ἐνby / onpreposition + dative (resumptive, Hebraizing: 'on it')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here resumptive after the relative (ἐν αὐτῇ, 'on it'), a Hebraistic redundant resumptive pronoun (Hebrew בָּהּ) doubling the relative ἧς.
αὐτῇitDativeresumptive pronoun (with ἐν, Hebraism doubling the relative)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. sg. f.): the resumptive pronoun referring to ὁδόν; the construction 'the way by which ... on it' is a Hebraism (the redundant resumptive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second item of intelligence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativeaccusative (second item of the report, parallel to ὁδόν)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עָרִים; the cities to be entered — the second object of reconnaissance; the report of their fortifications will fuel the people's fear (v. 28).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into which')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'into'; with the relative ἃς, 'the cities into which we shall enter.'
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἰς, antecedent πόλεις)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative plural agreeing with πόλεις.
εἰσπορευσόμεθαwe shall enterFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · εἰσπορεύομαιverb of relative clause (the intended entry)→ predictive future (the planned entry into the cities)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter'; the future of the intended entry into the cities; again followed by a redundant resumptive (εἰς αὐτάς).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (resumptive, Hebraizing: 'into them')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: resumptive after the relative (εἰς αὐτάς, 'into them'), the second Hebraistic redundant resumptive in the verse.
αὐτάςthemAccusativeresumptive pronoun (with εἰς, Hebraism doubling the relative ἃς)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. f.): the resumptive pronoun referring to πόλεις; 'the cities into which ... into them' — a Hebraistic redundant resumptive.
23

καὶ ἤρεσεν ἐναντίον μου τὸ ῥῆμα καὶ ἔλαβον ἐξ ὑμῶν δώδεκα ἄνδρας ἄνδρα ἕνα κατὰ φυλήν

And the word was pleasing before me, and I took from among you twelve men, one man per tribe.

Moses' assent and execution of the spy-proposalκαὶ ἤρεσεν ἐναντίον μου τὸ ῥῆμα
Moses approves the people's proposal ('the word was pleasing before me') and selects twelve men, one per tribe (echoing the tribal structure of v. 13). His assent — like the people's earlier 'good is the word' (v. 14) — shows the spy-mission was not in itself sinful; the fault will lie not in the reconnaissance but in the people's response to it.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤρεσενwas pleasingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρέσκωmain verb (Moses' approval of the proposal)→ constative aorist (the act of finding agreeable)ἀρέσκω: 'please / be agreeable'; the idiom ἤρεσεν ἐναντίον μου ('it was good in my sight') renders וַיִּיטַב בְּעֵינַי; Moses judges the proposal acceptable.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofimproper preposition + genitive (evaluative: 'in my sight')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); the evaluative standpoint of Moses' judgment.
μουme / myGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον ('before me')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. sg. μου): Moses, in whose judgment the proposal seemed good.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / matterNominativesubject of ἤρεσεν→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / matter / proposal'; renders דָּבָר; the people's spy-proposal, judged good by Moses (cf. v. 14, the people judging Moses' plan good).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονI tookAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Moses selects the twelve)→ constative aorist (the act of selection)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβον): 'take / select'; Moses takes the twelve scouts, one per tribe; the same verb used for selecting the judges (v. 15).
ἐξfrom amongpreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + gen.: 'from among'; the scouts are drawn from within the people.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (the source-group)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): the people, from among whom the twelve are chosen.
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable numeral (with ἄνδρας)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable cardinal; the number corresponds to the twelve tribes — one scout each — reflecting the tribal structure of Israel.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβον→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. pl.): 'man'; the twelve scouts (cf. Num 13:1–16, where they are named).
ἄνδραmanAccusativedistributive apposition (ἄνδρα ἕνα: 'one man each')→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. sg.): 'man'; the distributive ἄνδρα ἕνα κατὰ φυλήν ('one man per tribe') is a Hebraism (אִישׁ אֶחָד לַשָּׁבֶט) specifying equal tribal representation.
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral (with ἄνδρα: 'one man')→ measure or countεἷς (acc. sg. m. ἕνα): 'one'; the distributive 'one man' per tribe.
κατὰper / according topreposition + accusative (distributive: 'per tribe')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: distributive 'for each / per'; κατὰ φυλήν ('per tribe') specifies the basis of selection.
φυλήνtribeAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive unit)→ object specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the tribal unit of representation; the twelve scouts embody all Israel, so that their report and the people's response implicate the whole nation.
24

καὶ ἐπιστραφέντες ἀνέβησαν εἰς τὸ ὄρος καὶ ἤλθοσαν ἕως Φάραγγος βότρυος καὶ κατεσκόπευσαν αὐτήν

And they turned and went up into the hill-country and came as far as the Valley of the Cluster and spied it out.

Execution of the mission: the scouts ascend and spy out the landκαὶ ἐπιστραφέντες ἀνέβησαν
The scouts carry out their charge: they go up into the hill-country to the Valley of Eshcol ('Cluster') and reconnoiter it. The place-name Φάραγξ βότρυος ('Ravine of the Grape-cluster') anticipates the fruit they will bring back (v. 25), the very evidence of the land's goodness — making the people's refusal all the more inexcusable.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστραφέντεςturningAor Pass Ptc Masc Nom Pl · ἐπιστρέφωcircumstantial participle (attendant to ἀνέβησαν: 'turning, they went up')→ ingressive aorist participle (changing direction)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn back'; the passive participle is intransitive ('turning themselves'); the scouts turn toward the highland and ascend.
ἀνέβησανthey went upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the ascent into the hill-country)→ constative aorist (the completed ascent)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; the scouts perform the very ἀναβῆναι ('going up') the people will refuse (v. 26); the verb threads ironically through the chapter.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςhill-countryAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the highland scouted)→ object specificationὄρος: 'hill-country'; the Amorite/Judean highland into which the scouts ascend.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤλθοσανthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at the valley)→ constative aorist (the completed arrival)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἤλθοσαν): 'come'; the form ἤλθοσαν shows the characteristic LXX -οσαν 3rd-plural ending (cf. ἐλάβοσαν, v. 25); the scouts reach the Valley of the Cluster.
ἕωςas far asimproper preposition + genitive (terminus)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as'; marks the valley as the scouts' destination.
ΦάραγγοςValley / RavineGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (with βότρυος: 'Valley of the Cluster')→ relational specificationφάραγξ (gen. φάραγγος): 'ravine / wadi / valley'; renders נַחַל ('wadi'); here the proper name 'Valley of Eshcol' is rendered descriptively as Φάραγξ βότρυος, 'Ravine of the Grape-cluster.'
βότρυοςof the cluster (of grapes)Genitivegenitive (with Φάραγγος: 'Valley of the Cluster')→ relational specificationβότρυς (gen. βότρυος): 'cluster of grapes'; renders אֶשְׁכֹּל (Eshcol, lit. 'cluster'); the LXX translates the Hebrew place-name etymologically; the valley named for the famous grape-cluster the spies cut there (Num 13:23–24).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεσκόπευσανthey spied outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατασκοπεύωmain verb (the act of reconnaissance)→ constative aorist (the completed scouting)κατασκοπεύω: 'spy out / reconnoiter'; renders רִגֵּל ('spy'); the technical term for espionage; the scouts thoroughly survey the land — the verb whose cognate κατάσκοπος ('spy') labels their office.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of κατεσκόπευσαν (the land/valley)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg. f.): refers to the land (γῆ) / valley; the object of the scouting.
25

καὶ ἐλάβοσαν ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ καρποῦ τῆς γῆς καὶ κατήνεγκαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ ἔλεγον ἀγαθὴ ἡ γῆ ἣν κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν δίδωσιν ἡμῖν

And they took in their hands some of the fruit of the land and brought it down to us and said, 'Good is the land which the LORD our God gives us.'

The good report: the land's fruit and the favorable verdictκαὶ ἐλάβοσαν ... καὶ ἔλεγον ἀγαθὴ ἡ γῆ
The Deuteronomic retrospect preserves only the positive report — 'Good is the land' (ἀγαθὴ ἡ γῆ) — omitting the majority's fearful spin found in Num 13:28–33. The fruit carried down is tangible proof of the land's goodness; the verdict echoes Moses' own words (δίδωσιν, v. 20). With the goodness of the gift thus confirmed by the people's own scouts, their refusal (v. 26) stands utterly without excuse.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάβοσανthey tookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (the scouts take the fruit)→ constative aorist (the completed taking)λαμβάνω (aor. ἐλάβοσαν): 'take'; the LXX -οσαν 3rd-plural ending (cf. ἤλθοσαν, v. 24); the scouts gather fruit as evidence of the land's fertility.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (instrument/location: 'in their hands')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument/location: 'in their hands').
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with χερσὶν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of means/place ('in their hands')→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. pl. χερσίν): 'hand'; the scouts carry the fruit physically in their hands — the goodness of the land is borne back as tangible proof.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with χερσὶν)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): 'their'; the scouts' own hands.
ἀπὸsome of / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of the fruit')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + gen.: here partitive, 'some of'; the scouts bring a portion of the land's produce.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with καρποῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρποῦfruitGenitivepartitive genitive (with ἀπό: 'of the fruit')→ relational specificationκαρπός: 'fruit / produce'; renders פְּרִי; the grapes, pomegranates, and figs of Eshcol (Num 13:23) — physical evidence of the land's goodness.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of source (with καρποῦ: 'fruit of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the fruitful land whose produce confirms its goodness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατήνεγκανthey brought downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταφέρωmain verb (transport of the fruit to the people)→ constative aorist (the completed bringing down)καταφέρω: 'bring down / carry down'; the compound κατα- reflects the descent from the highland to the camp; the scouts bring the fruit down to the waiting people.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the people, including Moses)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. pl. ἡμᾶς): 'us'; Moses and the people, recipients of the fruit and report.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλεγονthey were sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the scouts' report)→ imperfect (the report as ongoing/repeated declaration)λέγω (impf. ἔλεγον): 'say'; the imperfect depicts the scouts repeating their favorable verdict; introduces the direct report of the land's goodness.
ἀγαθὴgoodNominativepredicate adjective (fronted: 'good is the land')→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: 'good'; renders טוֹבָה; the emphatic fronted predicate ('good is the land') is the entire substance of the Deuteronomic report — the land's goodness is affirmed without qualification.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of the nominal clause ('the land is good')→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the promised land, declared good by the scouts — the very goodness the people will reject in unbelief.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δίδωσιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with γῆ.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of δίδωσιν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the giver of the good land; the scouts' verdict echoes Moses' words (v. 20).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing 'the LORD our God.'
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸς)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'our'; the covenant possessive on the scouts' own lips.
δίδωσινgivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (the present gift)→ progressive present (the gift being made now)δίδωμι: 'give'; the present δίδωσιν keeps the gift current; even the scouts confess the land is being given by God — heightening the guilt of the refusal.
ἡμῖνto usDativedative indirect object (of δίδωσιν)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): 'us'; the people to whom the land is given.
26

καὶ οὐκ ἠθελήσατε ἀναβῆναι καὶ ἠπειθήσατε τῷ ῥήματι κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν

Yet you were not willing to go up, and you disobeyed the word of the LORD your God.

The central indictment: refusal and disobedience (turn of the chapter)καὶ οὐκ ἠθελήσατε ἀναβῆναι
This is the pivot of the whole chapter. After the good report, the people 'were not willing to go up' and 'disobeyed' the word of the LORD. The two verbs — οὐκ ἠθελήσατε (refusal of will) and ἠπειθήσατε (active disobedience) — name the sin precisely. ἀπειθέω is the LXX's keyword for covenant rebellion; this is the unbelief Heb 3–4 holds up as the warning against failing to enter God's rest.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶand / yetnarrative conjunction (here adversative in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and'; here with adversative weight ('and yet') — the refusal stands in sharp contrast to the good report just given.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἠθελήσατε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): the objective negative; negates the people's willingness.
ἠθελήσατεyou were willingAor Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb (refusal of will)→ constative aorist (the settled refusal)θέλω: 'will / wish / be willing'; οὐκ ἠθελήσατε ('you were not willing') renders לֹא אֲבִיתֶם; the refusal is volitional — not inability but unwillingness; the root of the sin is the will, not the circumstances.
ἀναβῆναιto go upAor Act Inf · ἀναβαίνωcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθελήσατε: 'willing to go up')→ ingressive aorist infinitive (the act of advancing)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; the very ἀναβῆναι the scouts performed (v. 24) and Moses commanded (v. 21, ἀναβάντες) — the people refuse it; the verb crystallizes the failure of the conquest.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠπειθήσατεyou disobeyed / rebelledAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀπειθέωmain verb (active disobedience)→ constative aorist (the act of disobedience)ἀπειθέω: 'disobey / be disobedient / refuse to be persuaded'; renders מָרָה ('rebel'); the LXX's keyword for covenant rebellion (cf. Heb 3:18, τοῖς ἀπειθήσασιν); the people's refusal is not mere caution but disobedience to the divine word.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ῥήματι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματιword / commandDativedative complement of ἠπειθήσατε ('disobeyed the word')→ sphere or referenceῥῆμα: 'word / command'; renders פִּי ('mouth / command') or דָּבָר; ἀπειθέω takes the dative of the thing disobeyed — here the very command of God to go up and possess.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (with ῥήματι: 'word of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; the divine author of the disobeyed word; disobedience to the word is disobedience to God himself.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing 'the LORD your God,' against whose word the people rebelled.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεοῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the covenant possessive — they rebelled against their own covenant God.
27

καὶ διεγογγύζετε ἐν ταῖς σκηναῖς ὑμῶν καὶ εἴπατε διὰ τὸ μισεῖν κύριον ἡμᾶς ἐξήγαγεν ἡμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου παραδοῦναι ἡμᾶς εἰς χεῖρας Αμορραίων ἐξολεθρεῦσαι ἡμᾶς

And you murmured in your tents and said, 'Because the LORD hated us he brought us out of the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hands of the Amorites, to destroy us.'

The blasphemous murmuring: the inversion of the Exodusκαὶ διεγογγύζετε ἐν ταῖς σκηναῖς ὑμῶν
The unbelief turns to blasphemy. Murmuring privately in their tents (διεγογγύζετε, the wilderness-rebellion verb), the people invert the entire Exodus: the redeeming love that brought them out is recast as hatred (διὰ τὸ μισεῖν, 'because he hated us'). The deliverance becomes a plot of destruction. This is the nadir of the retrospect — the redeemed accusing their Redeemer of murderous malice.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεγογγύζετεyou murmured / grumbledImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · διαγογγύζωmain verb (the act of murmuring)→ imperfect (ongoing, repeated grumbling)διαγογγύζω: 'murmur / grumble (throughout)'; the onomatopoeic γογγύζω with intensive δια-; renders רָגַן ('murmur'); the signature verb of wilderness rebellion (cf. Exod 16; Num 14:2); the imperfect depicts the sustained, spreading complaint through the camp.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with σκηναῖς)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηναῖςtentsDativedative of place ('in your tents')→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: 'tent'; renders אֹהֶל; the murmuring is private and domestic — 'in your tents,' behind closed flaps — a furtive disloyalty that nonetheless reaches the ears of the LORD (v. 34).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with σκηναῖς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the people's own tents.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπατεyou saidAor Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing the blasphemous quotation)→ constative aorist (the spoken accusation)λέγω (aor. εἴπατε): 'say'; introduces the people's blasphemous reinterpretation of the Exodus.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of / on account of'; with the articular infinitive τὸ μισεῖν forms a causal clause ('because [he] hated').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive μισεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισεῖνto hate / hatingPres Act Inf · μισέωarticular infinitive (causal: 'because of hating')→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing hatred alleged)μισέω: 'hate'; renders שָׂנֵא; the articular infinitive in the causal construction διὰ τὸ μισεῖν ('because of [his] hating') — the people blasphemously ascribe the Exodus to divine hatred, the exact inversion of the truth that the LORD redeemed them in love (cf. 7:8, δι᾽ ἀγάπην).
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive μισεῖν ('the LORD hating')→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): the Tetragrammaton; the accusative-subject of the articular infinitive; the blasphemy names YHWH himself as the supposed hater — the redeemed accuse their Redeemer.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of μισεῖν ('hating us')→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. pl. ἡμᾶς): 'us'; the alleged object of divine hatred; the recurring ἡμᾶς (four times in the verse) drives the self-pitying paranoia.
ἐξήγαγενhe brought outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξάγωmain verb of quoted speech (the Exodus, reinterpreted)→ constative aorist (the act of the Exodus)ἐξάγω: 'bring/lead out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the standard Exodus-verb (cf. ἐξήγαγέν σε κύριος, Exod 20:2); here horribly twisted — the saving act of bringing-out is recast as a malicious removal unto destruction.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐξήγαγεν→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. pl.): 'us'; the object of the Exodus.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of source (with Αἰγύπτου: 'out of the land of Egypt')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου ('out of the land of Egypt') is the fixed Exodus-formula; the people perversely treat the place of bondage as preferable to the gift of freedom.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (with γῆς: 'land of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; the land of slavery from which the LORD redeemed Israel — now nostalgically idealized by the murmurers.
παραδοῦναιto deliver / hand overAor Act Inf · παραδίδωμιinfinitive of (alleged) purpose ('to deliver us')→ constative aorist infinitive (the alleged malicious purpose)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; the same verb used of God's gift of the land (παραδέδωκα, vv. 8, 21) is now turned into an accusation — God supposedly 'handed them over' not to victory but to the enemy's hand; a bitter inversion of the gift-language.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of παραδοῦναι→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. pl.): 'us'; the alleged victims of God's supposed plot.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the hands')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into the hands').
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('into the hands of')→ object specificationχείρ (acc. pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; εἰς χεῖρας ('into the hands of') is an idiom for handing over to an enemy's power; renders בְּיַד.
Αμορραίωνof the AmoritesGenitivegenitive (with χεῖρας: 'hands of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; the highland enemy into whose power the people imagine God is delivering them; the very people whose land was given to Israel (v. 7).
ἐξολεθρεῦσαιto destroy utterlyAor Act Inf · ἐξολεθρεύωinfinitive of (alleged) purpose ('to destroy us')→ constative aorist infinitive (the alleged exterminating purpose)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; renders הִשְׁמִיד / הַשְׁמִיד; the compound ἐξ- intensifies — total annihilation; the climax of the paranoid accusation: the people impute genocidal intent to their Savior.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐξολεθρεῦσαι→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. pl.): 'us'; the fourth and final ἡμᾶς of the verse, sealing the self-pitying inversion of the Exodus into a death-plot.
28

ποῦ ἡμεῖς ἀναβαίνομεν οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ὑμῶν ἀπέστησαν ὑμῶν τὴν καρδίαν λέγοντες ἔθνος μέγα καὶ πολὺ καὶ δυνατώτερον ἡμῶν καὶ πόλεις μεγάλαι καὶ τετειχισμέναι ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀλλὰ καὶ υἱοὺς γιγάντων ἑωράκαμεν ἐκεῖ

Where are we going up? Our brothers have made our heart melt, saying, 'A people great and many and mightier than we, and cities great and walled up to heaven; moreover we saw the sons of the giants there.'

The despairing question and the demoralizing reportποῦ ἡμεῖς ἀναβαίνομεν
The people's panic crystallizes in a despairing rhetorical question — 'Where are we going up?' — and a recital of the discouraging report (here attributed to the spies as 'our brothers'). The fearful catalogue (a mightier people, sky-high walls, the giants) is rhetorically inflated to justify retreat. The phrase 'made our heart melt' (ἀπέστησαν ... τὴν καρδίαν) names the contagion of fear that unbelief spreads.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ποῦwhere / whitherinterrogative adverb (introducing the despairing question)→ clausal contributionποῦ: 'where? / to where?'; the interrogative voices despair — 'where (to what end) are we going up?'; renders אָנָה ('whither?'); a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'to our doom.'
ἡμεῖςweNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with ἀναβαίνομεν)→ participant referenceἐγώ (nom. pl. ἡμεῖς): 'we'; the emphatic pronoun underscores the people's sense of helpless exposure — we, weak as we are, against such foes.
ἀναβαίνομενare we going upPres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the despairing question)→ progressive present (the action contemplated with dread)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the keyword verb of the chapter recurs in the people's frightened question — the very 'going up' commanded by God is now contemplated as suicidal.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀδελφοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativesubject of ἀπέστησαν ('our brothers')→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; here the spies are called 'our brothers' (= the scouts of v. 23); their report is blamed for the demoralization, though the people willingly embraced it.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀδελφοὶ: 'your brothers')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; Moses, recounting, attributes the brothers to the people — the scouts were the people's own kin and choice.
ἀπέστησανthey turned away / made meltAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίστημιmain verb (the spies' demoralizing effect)→ constative aorist (the act of discouraging)ἀφίστημι: 'remove / turn away / make withdraw'; the idiom ἀπέστησαν τὴν καρδίαν ('they turned away / melted the heart') renders הֵמַסּוּ אֶת לְבָבֵנוּ ('they melted our heart'); the report drained the people's courage.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with καρδίαν: 'your heart')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the people's collective heart, drained of courage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with καρδίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίανheartAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστησαν ('melted the heart')→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵבָב; the seat of courage and resolve; its 'melting' is the collapse of will to obey — the inner counterpart of the outer refusal (v. 26).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the report's content)→ imperfective participle (introducing the quoted report)λέγω (pres. ptc.): 'saying'; introduces the content of the demoralizing report — the inflated catalogue of insurmountable obstacles.
ἔθνοςa nation / peopleNominativenominative (in the verbless report: 'a great people')→ participant prominenceἔθνος: 'nation / people'; renders עַם; the first item of the fearful catalogue — the inhabitants are a formidable nation.
μέγαgreatNominativeattributive adjective (with ἔθνος)→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great'; the people are 'great' (in stature/power); the first of three escalating qualifiers.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πολὺmany / numerousNominativeattributive adjective (with ἔθνος)→ participant prominenceπολύς: 'much / many / numerous'; the second qualifier — the enemy is numerically overwhelming.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνατώτερονmightierNominativecomparative adjective (with ἔθνος: 'mightier than we')→ participant prominenceδυνατός (comp. δυνατώτερον): 'mighty / powerful' (comparative 'mightier'); the third qualifier — the enemy surpasses Israel in strength; the comparative explicitly measures them against 'us,' fueling despair.
ἡμῶνthan weGenitivegenitive of comparison (with δυνατώτερον)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'than we'; the genitive of comparison after the comparative δυνατώτερον.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the cities)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πόλειςcitiesNominativenominative (second clause of the report: 'cities great...')→ participant prominenceπόλις: 'city'; the fortified cities, the second obstacle in the catalogue (cf. v. 22, the cities to be entered now magnified into terrors).
μεγάλαιgreatNominativeattributive adjective (with πόλεις)→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great / large'; the cities are large and imposing.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τετειχισμέναιwalled / fortifiedPerf Pass Ptc Fem Nom Pl · τειχίζωattributive participle (with πόλεις: 'walled cities')→ resultative perfect participle (in a settled fortified state)τειχίζω: 'wall / fortify'; the perfect passive participle 'having been walled / fortified' describes the cities' settled defensive state; renders בְּצוּרֹת ('fortified'); the hyperbole 'up to heaven' follows.
ἕωςup toimproper preposition + genitive (extent: 'up to heaven')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'up to / as far as'; in the hyperbole 'walled up to heaven' (ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ), rendering בְּצוּרֹת בַּשָּׁמָיִם; the exaggeration betrays the fear that magnifies the obstacle.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οὐρανοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (hyperbolic extent)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; the hyperbolic upper limit of the walls — fear inflates the fortifications to cosmic height; ironically the same 'heaven' whose stars number their own multitude (v. 10).
ἀλλὰbut / moreoveradversative/intensive conjunction ('moreover, what is more')→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: here intensive/climactic ('moreover / and what is more'); introduces the final and most terrifying item — the giants.
καὶalso / evenadverbial (with ἀλλά: 'and even')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adverbial 'even / also'; ἀλλὰ καί ('but even') heightens to the climactic horror of the giants.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἑωράκαμεν ('we saw the sons')→ object specificationυἱός (acc. pl. υἱοὺς): 'son'; υἱοὶ γιγάντων ('sons of giants') renders בְּנֵי עֲנָקִים ('sons of the Anakim'); the legendary giant-people of the hill-country (cf. Num 13:33), the climactic terror.
γιγάντωνof giantsGenitivegenitive (with υἱοὺς: 'sons of giants')→ relational specificationγίγας (gen. pl. γιγάντων): 'giant'; the LXX's rendering of עֲנָקִים (Anakim) and נְפִילִים (Nephilim); the Greek 'giants' evoke the mythic earth-born titans, maximizing the report's dread.
ἑωράκαμενwe have seenPerf Act Indic 1 Pl · ὁράωmain verb of the report (eyewitness claim)→ resultative perfect (the abiding effect of the dread sight)ὁράω (perf. ἑωράκαμεν): 'see / have seen'; the perfect stresses the lasting impression of the terrifying sight — 'we have seen (and it haunts us)'; the eyewitness claim lends the fearful report its persuasive force.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (with ἑωράκαμεν)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the demonstrative adverb locates the giants in the land — 'there,' in the very place they are commanded to enter; the word seals the report's discouraging force.
29

καὶ εἶπα πρὸς ὑμᾶς μὴ πτήξητε μηδὲ φοβηθῆτε ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν

And I said to you, 'Do not be terrified, nor be afraid of them.'

Moses' reassurance against the fearκαὶ εἶπα πρὸς ὑμᾶς μὴ πτήξητε
Moses recalls his attempt to steady the panicking people with the encouragement-formula, here intensified: μὴ πτήξητε ('do not cower / be terrified') adds the vivid sense of crouching in dread to the standard μὴ φοβηθῆτε ('do not fear'). The double prohibition answers the double terror (mighty people, giant cities) of v. 28, grounding the call in the assurance that follows (vv. 30–31).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπαI saidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses' recalled reassurance)→ constative aorist (a single recalled speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπα): 'say'; Moses recalls his words of reassurance spoken against the people's fear.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): the frightened people addressed.
μὴnotnegative particle (with πτήξητε: prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the subjective negative for prohibitions.
πτήξητεbe terrified / cowerAor Act Subj 2 Pl · πτήσσωmain verb (prohibitive subjunctive: 'do not cower')→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (do not give way to terror)πτήσσω: 'crouch / cower / be terrified'; renders עָרַץ ('be in dread'); a vivid verb of cringing in fear; the aorist prohibitive forbids the people from collapsing into dread before the enemy.
μηδὲnornegative conjunction (coordinating the second prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδέ: 'and not / nor'; links the two prohibitions of the reassurance-formula.
φοβηθῆτεbe afraidAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb (second prohibitive subjunctive: 'do not fear')→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (do not be afraid)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; μηδὲ φοβηθῆτε ('nor be afraid') is the classic encouragement-formula (cf. v. 21); the aorist passive subjunctive forbids yielding to fear of the enemy.
ἀπ᾿of / frompreposition + genitive (object of fear: 'afraid of them')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + gen.: with verbs of fearing, 'of / from'; the Hebraistic construction φοβέομαι ἀπό (יָרֵא מִן) marks the object of dread.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the enemy feared)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): 'them'; the Amorites/giants of the fearful report (v. 28), whom the people must not dread.
30

κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ὁ προπορευόμενος πρὸ προσώπου ὑμῶν αὐτὸς συνεκπολεμήσει αὐτοὺς μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν ὑμῖν ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ

The LORD your God, who goes before your face, he himself will fight together with you against them, according to all that he did for you in the land of Egypt,

Ground of the reassurance: the LORD as divine warrior who goes beforeκύριος ... αὐτὸς συνεκπολεμήσει
Moses grounds the 'fear not' in the LORD as the warrior who goes ahead of his people. The emphatic αὐτός ('he himself') and the compound συνεκπολεμήσει ('will fight alongside to the finish') stress that the battle is God's. The appeal to 'all that he did in Egypt' invokes the Exodus as paradigm — the same God who defeated Pharaoh will defeat the Amorites; the people's fear forgets the Red Sea.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνεκπολεμήσει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the divine warrior who fights for Israel; the subject of the reassurance.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing 'the LORD your God.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the covenant possessive.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (with participle προπορευόμενος, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προπορευόμενοςgoing beforePres Mid Ptc Masc Nom Sg · προπορεύομαιattributive participle (with κύριος: 'who goes before')→ imperfective participle (continual going-before)προπορεύομαι: 'go before / lead the way'; the present participle depicts the LORD continually marching ahead of his people as their vanguard (cf. the pillar of cloud and fire, v. 33); renders הַהֹלֵךְ לִפְנֵיכֶם.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive ('before your face')→ spatial or relational framingπρό + gen.: 'before / in front of'; πρὸ προσώπου ('before the face') is a Hebraism (לִפְנֵי) for leading the way.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive (with πρὸ: 'before the face')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; in the idiom πρὸ προσώπου, 'in front of'; the LORD leads the way before the people.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with προσώπου)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the people before whom God goes.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject: 'he himself')→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive 'he himself'; renders הוּא; the emphatic pronoun stresses that the LORD personally will fight — the victory does not depend on Israel's strength but on God's own action.
συνεκπολεμήσειwill fight together (to the end) againstFut Act Indic 3 Sg · συνεκπολεμέωmain verb (the divine warrior's promise)→ predictive future (the certain divine victory)συνεκπολεμέω: 'join in waging war to the finish / fight alongside to victory'; a rare double-compound (σύν + ἐκ + πολεμέω); σύν ('together with you') + ἐκ- (to completion); the LORD both fights alongside Israel and brings the war to a decisive end — a strong assurance of total victory.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of συνεκπολεμήσει (the enemy)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl.): 'them'; the Amorite enemy against whom the LORD will fight.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (association: 'with you')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / in company with'; reinforces the σύν- of the verb — God fights as Israel's ally.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά (the allied people)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'you'; the people on whose side the LORD fights.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm: 'according to all that')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; introduces the Exodus paradigm as the standard of the coming victory.
πάνταall thingsAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά: 'all that')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('according to all that') points to the totality of God's saving deeds in Egypt as the warrant for present confidence.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative with πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; correlates with πάντα, introducing the content of God's Egyptian deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the Exodus deeds)→ constative aorist (the saving acts in Egypt)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the Exodus deeds — the plagues and the Red Sea deliverance — are the paradigm; the God who did all that for them will do the same against the Amorites.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage (the deeds done 'for you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): 'for you'; the people, beneficiaries of God's saving acts in Egypt.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place (with Αἰγύπτῳ: 'in the land of Egypt')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ ('in the land of Egypt'), the scene of the paradigmatic deliverance.
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativedative in apposition to γῇ (locative: 'in Egypt')→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος (dat. Αἰγύπτῳ): 'Egypt'; the land of the Exodus deeds; the appositional dative 'land — (namely) Egypt' is a Hebraism.
31

καὶ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ταύτῃ ἣν εἴδετε ὡς ἐτροφοφόρησέν σε κύριος ὁ θεός σου ὡς εἴ τις τροφοφορήσει ἄνθρωπος τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ὁδόν ἣν ἐπορεύθητε ἕως ἤλθετε εἰς τὸν τόπον τοῦτον

and in this wilderness which you saw — how the LORD your God carried you, as a man carries his son, along all the way which you traveled until you came to this place.

Second ground: the LORD's fatherly carrying through the wildernessκαὶ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ταύτῃ ... ἐτροφοφόρησέν σε
A second appeal to memory, tenderer than the first: not only the warrior of Egypt but the father of the wilderness. The rare verb τροφοφορέω ('carry as a nurse, sustain') and the simile 'as a man carries his son' (cf. Hos 11) present God's wilderness provision as paternal tenderness. The sudden shift to singular σε ('you') personalizes the address — each Israelite was carried like a beloved child.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second memory to v. 30)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἐρήμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place ('in this wilderness')→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the desert of the forty years, now remembered not as a place of terror (v. 19) but as the scene of God's fatherly care.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἐρήμῳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative points to the very wilderness through which they have come.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἴδετε)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with ἐρήμῳ.
εἴδετεyou sawAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωverb of relative clause (appeal to shared experience)→ constative aorist (the remembered seeing)ὁράω (aor. εἴδετε): 'see'; the appeal to eyewitness memory (cf. v. 19) — they themselves witnessed God's care in the wilderness.
ὡςhowconjunction (introducing the content of what they saw: 'how')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here 'how / in what way'; introduces the manner of God's care that they witnessed.
ἐτροφοφόρησένcarried / sustainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τροφοφορέωverb of the ὡς-clause (the divine carrying)→ constative aorist (the sustained wilderness care summed up)τροφοφορέω: 'carry/nourish as a nurse, sustain'; a rare compound (τροφός 'nurse' + φέρω 'carry'); renders נָשָׂא ('carry') with the nuance of tender nurture (cf. the variant τροποφορέω 'bear with' at Acts 13:18); the LXX evokes God's parental sustaining of Israel.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἐτροφοφόρησεν (sudden singular: 'you')→ participant referenceσύ (acc. sg. σε): 'you'; the shift from plural to singular personalizes the care — each Israelite (and Israel as one 'son') was carried.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐτροφοφόρησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the fatherly God who carried Israel through the wilderness.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing, here singular 'the LORD your God.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεός, singular)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. sg. σου): 'your'; the singular possessive matching the personalized address.
ὡςascomparative particle (introducing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as'; with εἴ introduces the simile of fatherly carrying.
εἴas if / just asparticle (with ὡς: 'as if / just as')→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in the combination ὡς εἴ ('as if / even as'), strengthening the comparison; the simile likens God's care to a father carrying his child.
τιςsomeone / aNominativeindefinite pronoun (with ἄνθρωπος: 'a man')→ participant referenceτις: 'someone / a certain'; the indefinite pronoun generalizes the simile — 'as any man carries his son.'
τροφοφορήσειcarries / would carryFut Act Indic 3 Sg · τροφοφορέωverb of the simile (gnomic future: 'as a man would carry')→ gnomic future (a typical, characteristic action)τροφοφορέω: 'carry/nurture'; the future in the simile is gnomic, expressing what a father characteristically does; the repetition of the rare verb binds the divine care to the human image of paternal carrying.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject of the simile-clause ('a man [carries] his son')→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / human being'; the human father of the simile, whose tender carrying of his son images God's care for Israel (cf. Hos 11:1–4; Deut 8:5).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with υἱὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect object of τροφοφορήσει (the carried child)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the beloved child of the simile; Israel is God's 'firstborn son' (Exod 4:22), carried through the wilderness with fatherly tenderness.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱὸν: 'his son')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. sg.): 'his'; the man's own son.
κατὰalong / throughoutpreposition + accusative (extent: 'along all the way')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'along / throughout'; κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ὁδόν ('along all the way') marks the whole extent of the journey over which God's care extended.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ὁδόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the entirety of the journey's road, over which the divine carrying was unbroken.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁδόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδόνway / roadAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the journey's road)→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; the whole route of the wilderness wandering, over which God carried his people.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπορεύθητε)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with ὁδόν.
ἐπορεύθητεyou traveledAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · πορεύομαιverb of relative clause (the journey traveled)→ constative aorist (the completed journey)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; the people's journey through the wilderness, sustained by God's carrying.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with ἤλθετε: 'until you came')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; here temporal, marking the journey's endpoint.
ἤλθετεyou cameAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔρχομαιverb of temporal clause (arrival at the present place)→ constative aorist (the completed arrival)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἤλθετε): 'come'; the journey reaches 'this place' — the present standpoint of the address; God's care brought them safely here.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τόπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the destination reached)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place'; renders מָקוֹם; the present place — the camp at Kadesh / the threshold of the land — to which God's care brought them.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with τόπον)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative points to the present location, the goal of the wilderness journey.
32

καὶ ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ οὐκ ἐνεπιστεύσατε κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν

Yet in this matter you did not believe the LORD your God,

The verdict of unbelief (naming the root sin)καὶ ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ οὐκ ἐνεπιστεύσατε
Moses names the root of the failure: 'in this matter you did not believe the LORD.' The verb ἐνεπιστεύσατε (ἐμπιστεύω, 'put faith in') is the precise theological diagnosis — beneath the refusal (v. 26) and the murmuring (v. 27) lies unbelief. This is the text 1 Cor 10 and Heb 3–4 read as the archetype of failing to trust God's promise; despite warrior-power and fatherly care, Israel would not believe.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶand / yetnarrative conjunction (adversative in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and'; here adversative ('and yet') — the unbelief stands against all the evidence of God's power and care just rehearsed.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in this matter')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here 'in (the matter of) / with respect to'; marks the specific occasion of the unbelief.
τῷtheDativearticle (with λόγῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγῳword / matterDativedative of sphere (with ἐν: 'in this matter')→ sphere or referenceλόγος: 'word / matter / affair'; renders דָּבָר; here 'this matter' — the whole crisis of the refusal to go up; the sphere in which their unbelief was displayed.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative adjective (with λόγῳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; points to the specific occasion — the moment of decision at Kadesh.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐνεπιστεύσατε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): the objective negative; negates the people's faith — they did not believe.
ἐνεπιστεύσατεyou believed / trustedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐμπιστεύωmain verb (the verdict of unbelief)→ constative aorist (the settled failure of faith)ἐμπιστεύω: 'put trust in / believe in'; the compound ἐν- strengthens πιστεύω ('trust'); renders הֶאֱמִין (Hiphil of אמן, 'believe'); the precise theological naming of the sin — unbelief; cf. Num 14:11; Ps 78:22; Heb 3:19 (δι᾽ ἀπιστίαν).
κυρίῳthe LORDDativedative complement of ἐνεπιστεύσατε ('believe in the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): the Tetragrammaton; the object of the faith they withheld; ἐμπιστεύω takes the dative of the one trusted.
τῷtheDativearticle (with θεῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing 'the LORD your God,' the very God whose power and care they had just been reminded of — and still would not trust.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεῷ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the covenant possessive — the tragedy is that it was their own covenant God they disbelieved.
33

ὃς προπορεύεται πρότερος ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ἐκλέγεσθαι ὑμῖν τόπον ὁδηγῶν ὑμᾶς ἐν πυρὶ νυκτὸς δεικνύων ὑμῖν τὴν ὁδόν καθ᾿ ἣν πορεύεσθε ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς καὶ ἐν νεφέλῃ ἡμέρας

who goes before you on the way to choose out for you a place, guiding you in fire by night, showing you the way by which you should go, and in a cloud by day.

Relative expansion: the LORD as guide by fire and cloudὃς προπορεύεται πρότερος ὑμῶν
A relative clause expanding 'the LORD your God' (v. 32), describing him as the unfailing guide who goes ahead to choose campsites and to lead by the pillar of fire and cloud (Exod 13:21–22). The participles ὁδηγῶν / δεικνύων ('guiding / showing') stress continuous, attentive leadership. The clause heightens the indictment: they disbelieved the very God who visibly led them every day and night.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of προπορεύεται, antecedent κύριος)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; masculine nominative referring to κύριος (v. 32); introduces the description of God's guiding presence.
προπορεύεταιgoes beforePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · προπορεύομαιverb of relative clause (the continual leading)→ customary present (habitual going-before)προπορεύομαι: 'go before / lead the way'; the present depicts God's continual leadership; the same verb as v. 30 (the warrior who goes before is also the guide).
πρότεροςahead / in frontNominativepredicate adjective (with προπορεύεται: 'goes ahead of you')→ participant prominenceπρότερος: 'former / ahead / in front'; reinforces the προ- of the verb — God is out in front; renders לִפְנֵיכֶם.
ὑμῶνof youGenitivegenitive of comparison (with πρότερος: 'ahead of you')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'of you'; the people ahead of whom God goes.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ὁδῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of place ('on the way')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road'; the journey-road on which God leads the people.
ἐκλέγεσθαιto choose outPres Mid Inf · ἐκλέγομαιinfinitive of purpose (with προπορεύεται: 'goes before ... to choose')→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing selection of campsites)ἐκλέγομaι: 'choose out / select'; the middle infinitive of purpose — God goes ahead to select campsites for the people; renders לָתוּר ('to seek out [a resting place]').
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage (the choosing done 'for you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): 'for you'; the people, for whose benefit God selects the resting-places.
τόπονplaceAccusativedirect object of ἐκλέγεσθαι (the campsite chosen)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place'; renders מָקוֹם; the resting-place / campsite God seeks out for the people on the march.
ὁδηγῶνguidingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · ὁδηγέωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'guiding you by fire')→ imperfective participle (continual guiding)ὁδηγέω: 'lead / guide (on the way)'; the present participle depicts continual guidance; renders לַנְחֹתְכֶם ('to lead you'); the pillar of fire is the means of nocturnal guidance.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ὁδηγῶν→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): 'you'; the people guided by God.
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (means: 'by fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means: 'by fire').
πυρὶfireDativedative of means ('by fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the pillar of fire that gave light and guidance by night (Exod 13:21); the visible token of God's leading presence.
νυκτὸςby nightGenitivegenitive of time (within which: 'by night')→ relational specificationνύξ (gen. νυκτός): 'night'; the genitive of time ('during the night') specifies when the fire guided — paired with 'cloud by day' at the verse's end.
δεικνύωνshowingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · δείκνυμιcircumstantial participle (manner: 'showing you the way')→ imperfective participle (continual showing)δείκνυμι: 'show / point out'; the present participle — God continually shows the people the route; renders לְהַרְאֹתְכֶם / לַנְחֹתָם.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (of δεικνύων)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): 'to you'; the people shown the way.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁδόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδόνwayAccusativedirect object of δεικνύων (the route shown)→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road'; the route God shows the people to travel.
καθ᾿by / alongpreposition + accusative (with relative: 'by which')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'along / by'; with the relative ἣν, 'the way along which you go.'
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of καθ᾿, antecedent ὁδόν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with ὁδόν.
πορεύεσθεyou go / should goPres Mid Indic 2 Pl · πορεύομαιverb of relative clause (the route traveled)→ customary present (the way the people habitually travel)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; the route along which the people journey under God's guidance; followed by a redundant resumptive (ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς).
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + genitive (resumptive, Hebraizing: 'on it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'on / upon'; the resumptive ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς ('on it') redundantly doubles the relative ἣν — a Hebraism (the redundant resumptive pronoun, cf. v. 22).
αὐτῆςitGenitiveresumptive pronoun (with ἐπ᾿, Hebraism doubling the relative)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. sg. f.): the resumptive pronoun referring to ὁδόν; 'the way by which you go on it' — a Hebraistic redundant resumptive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the daytime cloud)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (means: 'by a cloud')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means: 'by a cloud').
νεφέλῃcloudDativedative of means ('by a cloud')→ sphere or referenceνεφέλη: 'cloud'; renders עָנָן; the pillar of cloud that guided by day (Exod 13:21), paired here with the fire by night — the visible double sign of God's continual presence and leading.
ἡμέραςby dayGenitivegenitive of time (within which: 'by day')→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. ἡμέρας): 'day'; the genitive of time ('during the day') balances νυκτός ('by night') — God guided continually, day and night.
34

καὶ ἤκουσεν κύριος τὴν φωνὴν τῶν λόγων ὑμῶν καὶ παροξυνθεὶς ὤμοσεν λέγων

And the LORD heard the sound of your words, and being provoked he swore, saying:

Divine response: the LORD hears and swears the sentence (new unit)καὶ ἤκουσεν κύριος ... ὤμοσεν
The narrative turns to the divine response. The LORD 'heard the sound of your words' — even the tent-murmuring of v. 27 reached him — and, 'provoked' (παροξυνθείς), he swears an oath. The oath-form (ὤμοσεν) deliberately answers the patriarchal oath (ὤμοσα, v. 8): the same divine swearing that gave the land now, in judgment, excludes the unbelieving generation from it.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (the LORD hears the murmuring)→ constative aorist (the act of hearing)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the LORD hears the people's words — even their private tent-murmuring (v. 27) does not escape him; the hearing triggers the judicial oath.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἤκουσεν / ὤμοσεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the divine judge who hears and swears the sentence.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φωνὴν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴνsound / voiceAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν ('the sound of your words')→ object specificationφωνή: 'voice / sound'; renders קוֹל; the phrase φωνὴ τῶν λόγων ('sound of the words') is a Hebraism (קוֹל דִּבְרֵיכֶם) for the people's clamorous complaint.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνwordsGenitivegenitive (with φωνὴν: 'sound of the words')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word'; the murmuring words of vv. 27–28, whose 'sound' the LORD heard.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with λόγων)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the people's own words of unbelief.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροξυνθεὶςbeing provoked / angeredAor Pass Ptc Masc Nom Sg · παροξύνωcircumstantial participle (causal/attendant: 'being provoked, he swore')→ ingressive aorist participle (roused to anger)παροξύνω: 'provoke / exasperate / rouse to anger'; the passive participle 'being provoked'; renders קָצַף ('be angry'); the same root gives παροξυσμός ('provocation', cf. Heb 3:8 LXX of the wilderness rebellion); the divine anger issues in the sworn sentence.
ὤμοσενhe sworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀμνύωmain verb (the judicial oath)→ constative aorist (the sworn sentence)ὀμνύω: 'swear'; the same verb as the patriarchal oath (ὤμοσα, v. 8) — but here the oath excludes rather than grants; the deliberate echo frames the judgment as the dark counterpart of the promise (cf. Ps 95:11, ὡς ὤμοσα ἐν τῇ ὀργῇ μου; Heb 3:11).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the oath's content)→ imperfective participle (introducing direct discourse)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the Hebraistic λέγων introduces the words of the sworn sentence (v. 35).
35

εἰ ὄψεταί τις τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων τὴν ἀγαθὴν ταύτην γῆν ἣν ὤμοσα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν

Surely not one of these men shall see this good land which I swore to give to their fathers —

Content of the oath: exclusion of the generation from the landεἰ ὄψεταί τις τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων
The sworn sentence is cast in the Hebraistic oath-form εἰ + future ('if anyone shall see ...' = 'surely no one shall see'), the standard LXX rendering of the Hebrew oath of denial (אִם). Not one of 'these men' will see the good land. The bitter irony: the land they refused to enter through unbelief is now sworn away from them — the same land 'which I swore (ὤμοσα) to their fathers' (v. 8).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
εἰ(surely not) / ifparticle (Hebraistic oath-formula of negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in oath-contexts the LXX uses εἰ + future as a calque of the Hebrew oath-particle אִם ('if'), which in a self-imprecatory oath means emphatic negation — 'if they see ... (may I be cursed)' = 'they shall surely not see'; cf. Ps 95:11; Heb 3:11; 4:3.
ὄψεταίshall seeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of the oath (with εἰ: emphatic denial)→ emphatic-denial future (in the oath-formula: 'shall by no means see')ὁράω (fut. mid. ὄψεται): 'see'; in the oath-formula εἰ ὄψεται means 'shall surely not see'; to 'see' the land is to enter and possess it (cf. v. 36); the generation is denied even the sight of it (except Caleb, v. 36).
τιςanyoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject of ὄψεται: 'anyone')→ participant referenceτις: 'anyone / someone'; in the negated oath, 'not one' of the men shall see the land — total exclusion of the generation.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἀνδρῶν, partitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitivepartitive genitive (with τις: 'any of these men')→ relational specificationἀνήρ (gen. pl. ἀνδρῶν): 'man'; the men of the unbelieving generation — the adults of fighting age (cf. Num 14:29, those numbered from twenty years old).
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with ἀνδρῶν)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'these'; the demonstrative singles out 'this evil generation' (cf. Deut 1:35 MT, הַדּוֹר הָרָע הַזֶּה) under judgment.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθὴνgoodAccusativeattributive adjective (with γῆν)→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good'; the land's goodness — confirmed by the scouts themselves (ἀγαθὴ ἡ γῆ, v. 25) — is named again, sharpening the loss: they forfeit a land they knew to be good.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with γῆν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; 'this good land' — the very land before them, now sworn away.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land, which the generation will not see.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὤμοσα ... [δοῦναι])→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with γῆν, antecedent of the oath-clause.
ὤμοσαI sworeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of relative clause (the patriarchal oath)→ constative aorist (the prior sworn promise)ὀμνύω: 'swear'; the same verb as v. 8 — the land 'which I swore to their fathers'; the tragic irony is complete: the generation is excluded from the very land guaranteed by the patriarchal oath, though the oath itself (to the fathers and their seed) will be kept through their children (v. 39).
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativedative indirect object (to whom the oath was sworn)→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father'; the patriarchs, recipients of the land-oath (v. 8).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατράσιν: 'their fathers')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): 'their'; the patriarchs of the very generation now excluded — the promise stands, but this generation forfeits its share.
36

πλὴν Χαλεβ υἱὸς Ιεφοννη οὗτος ὄψεται αὐτήν καὶ τούτῳ δώσω τὴν γῆν ἐφ᾿ ἣν ἐπέβη καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸ προσκεῖσθαι αὐτὸν τὰ πρὸς κύριον

except Caleb son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him I will give the land on which he set foot, and to his sons, because he has cleaved to the things of the LORD.

The exception of faith: Caleb's rewardπλὴν Χαλεβ ... οὗτος ὄψεται αὐτήν
Against the blanket exclusion stands the single exception: Caleb son of Jephunneh. He alone (Joshua is added in v. 38) 'shall see' and possess the land — specifically the ground he trod (Hebron, Josh 14:9). The reason is his loyalty: 'because he cleaved to the things of the LORD' (διὰ τὸ προσκεῖσθαι ... τὰ πρὸς κύριον), the LXX's rendering of 'wholly followed the LORD' — faith rewarded where the rest failed.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
πλὴνexceptpreposition/adverb (exceptive: 'except')→ spatial or relational framingπλήν: 'except / save / only'; renders זוּלָתִי / בִּלְתִּי; introduces the single exception to the sentence of exclusion.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable proper noun (the exception)→ participant identificationΧαλεβ: transliteration of Hebrew כָּלֵב (Caleb); indeclinable; the faithful spy who, with Joshua, urged the people to go up (Num 13:30; 14:6–9); rewarded for his loyalty.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Χαλεβ ('son of Jephunneh')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic identifies Caleb by his father Jephunneh.
ΙεφοννηJephunnehindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship: 'of Jephunneh')→ participant identificationΙεφοννη: transliteration of Hebrew יְפֻנֶּה (Jephunneh); indeclinable; Caleb's father; the patronymic is fixed in the tradition (Num 13:6).
οὗτοςhe / this oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (resumptive subject: 'this one')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; the resumptive demonstrative emphatically singles Caleb out ('this man, he shall see it') against the excluded multitude.
ὄψεταιshall seeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (Caleb's reward of sight/possession)→ predictive future (the certain reward)ὁράω (fut. mid. ὄψεται): 'see'; in direct contrast to v. 35 (the generation shall not see), Caleb 'shall see' — to see is to enter and possess; the reward of his faith.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of ὄψεται (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg. f.): 'it'; the good land (γῆ), which Caleb alone of the spies' generation will see.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτῳto him / this oneDativedemonstrative pronoun (dative indirect object: 'to this one')→ participant reference or interestοὗτος (dat. sg. τούτῳ): 'to this one'; emphatic — to Caleb specifically the land will be given.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the divine grant to Caleb)→ predictive future (the promised gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; the gift-verb of the chapter (cf. δίδωσιν, vv. 20, 25) now applied to Caleb's reward — he receives the very ground he trod (Hebron, Josh 14:13–14).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of δώσω (the land granted to Caleb)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the specific territory Caleb explored and trod, given to him as inheritance.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (with relative: 'on which')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'on / upon'; with the relative ἣν, 'the land on which he set foot.'
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐφ᾿, antecedent γῆν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with γῆν.
ἐπέβηhe set foot / steppedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβαίνωverb of relative clause (Caleb's treading the land)→ constative aorist (the act of treading)ἐπιβαίνω: 'set foot on / mount / tread'; renders דָּרַךְ ('tread'); Caleb's reward is the very ground his feet trod during the reconnaissance (cf. Josh 14:9, 'the land where your foot has trodden').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the grant to his sons)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with υἱοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object (parallel to τούτῳ: 'and to his sons')→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'son'; the grant extends to Caleb's descendants — his faithful loyalty secures an inheritance for his line (cf. the Calebites of Judah).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱοῖς: 'his sons')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. sg.): 'his'; Caleb's own descendants.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of'; with the articular infinitive τὸ προσκεῖσθαι forms a causal clause stating the ground of Caleb's reward.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the infinitive προσκεῖσθαι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσκεῖσθαιto cleave / be devotedPres Mid Inf · πρόσκειμαιarticular infinitive (causal: 'because of cleaving')→ imperfective infinitive (Caleb's settled devotion)πρόσκειμαι: 'lie close to / be attached / cleave to / be devoted'; the articular infinitive in the causal construction renders מִלֵּא אַחֲרֵי ('wholly followed') of Num 14:24 / Josh 14:8 — Caleb's wholehearted adherence to the LORD is the ground of his reward.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive προσκεῖσθαι→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg.): 'he'; the accusative-subject of the articular infinitive — Caleb, who cleaved to the LORD.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantival: 'the things pertaining to')→ noun-phrase markingὁ/τό: here the neuter plural article τὰ πρός ('the things pertaining to') substantivizes the prepositional phrase — 'the matters of the LORD.'
πρὸςpertaining to / towardpreposition + accusative (in the phrase τὰ πρὸς κύριον: 'the things of the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: in the idiom τὰ πρὸς κύριον ('the things pertaining to the LORD'), the object of Caleb's devotion — the LORD's cause and commands.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the LORD, object of Caleb's loyalty)→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): the Tetragrammaton; the one to whom Caleb cleaved wholeheartedly — his faith is the foil to the generation's unbelief (v. 32).
37

καὶ ἐμοὶ ἐθυμώθη κύριος δι᾿ ὑμᾶς λέγων οὐδὲ σὺ οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃς ἐκεῖ

And the LORD was angry with me also on your account, saying, 'Neither shall you enter there.'

Moses' own exclusion, attributed to the peopleκαὶ ἐμοὶ ἐθυμώθη κύριος δι᾿ ὑμᾶς
Moses inserts his own exclusion into the sentence — and pointedly attributes it to the people: 'on your account' (δι᾽ ὑμᾶς). The emphatic οὐδὲ σύ ('not even you') with the strongest negation οὐ μή places Moses under the same bar as the generation. In Deuteronomy's homiletical framing his exclusion is bound up with the people's sin, a note of pathos in the leader who pleads but cannot enter.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμοὶwith meDativedative complement of ἐθυμώθη (emphatic, fronted: 'with me too')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. sg. ἐμοί): the emphatic fronted dative — 'with me also'; Moses places himself, surprisingly, among those under divine displeasure.
ἐθυμώθηwas angryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θυμόωmain verb (the LORD's anger at Moses)→ ingressive aorist (the LORD became angry)θυμόω (aor. pass. ἐθυμώθη): 'be angry / become enraged'; renders הִתְאַנֵּף ('be angry'); the divine anger that fell on the generation reaches even to Moses — the passive with κύριος as subject denotes God's roused wrath.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐθυμώθη→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the angered God who bars even Moses from the land.
δι᾿because of / on account ofpreposition + accusative (cause: 'on your account')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of / on account of'; δι᾽ ὑμᾶς ('on your account') attributes Moses' exclusion to the people — a Deuteronomic framing distinct from the Meribah account of Num 20:12.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of διά (the cause of Moses' exclusion)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): 'you'; the people, on whose account Moses says he is barred — binding his fate to theirs.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the divine word to Moses)→ imperfective participle (introducing direct discourse)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the Hebraistic λέγων introduces the LORD's word of exclusion to Moses.
οὐδὲneither / not evennegative adverb (emphatic: 'not even you')→ clausal contributionοὐδέ: 'and not / neither / not even'; the emphatic 'not even you' places Moses alongside the excluded generation — he too will not enter.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with εἰσέλθῃς: 'you')→ participant referenceσύ (nom. sg.): the emphatic pronoun stresses Moses personally — even the mediator of the law is barred from the land.
οὐnotnegative particle (with μὴ + subjunctive: emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: with μή and the subjunctive forms the emphatic negation οὐ μή ('by no means').
μὴnotnegative particle (with οὐ + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: subjective negative; οὐ μή + subjunctive is the strongest Greek denial.
εἰσέλθῃςyou shall enterAor Act Subj 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of quoted speech (emphatic denial: 'you shall by no means enter')→ emphatic-denial aorist subjunctive (absolute exclusion)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; with οὐ μή the strongest denial — Moses shall absolutely not enter the land; the verb of 'entering' the land is denied to Moses as 'seeing' it was denied to the generation (v. 35).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (with εἰσέλθῃς: 'enter there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the land, into which Moses is barred from entering; the same 'there' where the giants were seen (v. 28) and where Joshua will enter (v. 38).
38

Ἰησοῦς υἱὸς Ναυη ὁ παρεστηκώς σοι οὗτος εἰσελεύσεται ἐκεῖ αὐτὸν κατίσχυσον ὅτι αὐτὸς κατακληρονομήσει αὐτὴν τῷ Ισραηλ

Joshua son of Naue, who stands before you, he shall enter there; strengthen him, for he shall give it to Israel as an inheritance.

The successor: Joshua appointed to enter and apportion the landἸησοῦς υἱὸς Ναυη ... οὗτος εἰσελεύσεται ἐκεῖ
Where Moses cannot enter, his attendant Joshua (Ἰησοῦς, the same Greek name as 'Jesus') will. Described as 'the one standing before you' (the servant-successor), he is the second exception to the exclusion (with Caleb). Moses is charged to 'strengthen him' (κατίσχυσον), for Joshua will be the one to apportion (κατακληρονομήσει) the land to Israel — a typological foreshadowing read by later tradition (cf. Heb 4:8).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject of εἰσελεύσεται→ participant prominenceἸησοῦς: the Greek form of Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Joshua); declined as a Greek noun (gen. Ἰησοῦ); the same name rendered 'Jesus' in the NT; Moses' successor who leads Israel into the land — a typological link exploited at Heb 4:8 (εἰ ... Ἰησοῦς αὐτοὺς κατέπαυσεν).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ἰησοῦς ('son of Naue')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic identifying Joshua by his father Naue (Nun).
ΝαυηNaue (Nun)indeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship: 'of Naue')→ participant identificationΝαυη: the LXX transliteration of Hebrew נוּן (Nun), here in the form 'Naue'; indeclinable; Joshua's father; the LXX form Ναυη is fixed throughout (cf. the book Ἰησοῦς Ναυη).
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (with participle παρεστηκώς, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεστηκώςwho stands by / attendsPerf Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · παρίστημιattributive participle (with Ἰησοῦς: 'who stands before you')→ resultative perfect participle (settled position as attendant)παρίστημι (perf. ptc. παρεστηκώς): 'stand beside / attend / serve'; the perfect denotes Joshua's settled role as Moses' attendant (cf. Exod 24:13; 33:11, his minister); 'the one standing before you' designates the servant-successor.
σοιyou / before youDativedative (with παρεστηκώς: 'standing by you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. sg. σοι): 'you'; Moses, before whom Joshua stands as attendant.
οὗτοςhe / this oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (resumptive subject: 'this one')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; resumptive demonstrative emphatically singling out Joshua ('this man, he shall enter'), as with Caleb (v. 36).
εἰσελεύσεταιshall enterFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Joshua's entry into the land)→ predictive future (the certain entry)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; in direct contrast to Moses (οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃς, v. 37), Joshua 'shall enter' — the successor accomplishes what the mediator cannot.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (with εἰσελεύσεται)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the land Joshua will enter — the 'there' denied to Moses and the generation.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of κατίσχυσον (fronted: 'him strengthen')→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg.): 'him'; Joshua, whom Moses is to strengthen for the task ahead.
κατίσχυσονstrengthen / encourageAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κατισχύωmain verb (charge to Moses regarding Joshua)→ ingressive aorist imperative (make him strong)κατισχύω: 'strengthen / make strong / encourage'; renders חַזֵּק ('strengthen'); Moses must fortify Joshua for leadership (cf. 3:28; 31:7; Josh 1:6 ἴσχυε καὶ ἀνδρίζου); the commissioning of the successor.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding the charge to strengthen)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; gives the reason Joshua must be strengthened — he bears the task of apportioning the land.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject: 'he himself')→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive 'he himself'; stresses that Joshua personally will accomplish the distribution of the inheritance.
κατακληρονομήσειshall give for an inheritance / apportionFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακληρονομέωverb of causal clause (Joshua's task of apportioning)→ predictive future (the certain apportioning)κατακληρονομέω: 'give/cause to inherit, apportion as inheritance'; the causative compound (κατά + κληρονομέω) renders הִנְחִיל ('cause to inherit'); Joshua will distribute the land to Israel as their κληρονομία (cf. the book of Joshua's land-allotments).
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of κατακληρονομήσει (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg. f.): 'it'; the land (γῆ), which Joshua will apportion.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable noun (dative indirect object: 'to Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the nation to whom Joshua will apportion the land; the article τῷ supplies the dative case ('for Israel').
39

καὶ πᾶν παιδίον νέον ὅστις οὐκ οἶδεν σήμερον ἀγαθὸν ἢ κακόν οὗτοι εἰσελεύσονται ἐκεῖ καὶ τούτοις δώσω αὐτήν καὶ αὐτοὶ κληρονομήσουσιν αὐτήν

And every little child, young, whoever does not yet know good or evil — they shall enter there, and to them I will give it, and they shall inherit it.

The promise to the next generation: the children shall inheritκαὶ πᾶν παιδίον νέον ... οὗτοι εἰσελεύσονται ἐκεῖ
The judgment carries a promise: the very children whom the fearful adults claimed would become 'plunder' (Num 14:3, 31) — those too young to 'know good or evil' — will inherit the land. The future εἰσελεύσονται and the triple gift-language (δώσω ... κληρονομήσουσιν) show that God's oath to the patriarchs stands: it is fulfilled through the next generation, not the faithless one.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective (with παιδίον)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the neuter πᾶν agrees with παιδίον; the inclusive scope embraces all the children of the generation.
παιδίονlittle childNominativesubject (collective: 'every little child')→ participant prominenceπαιδίον: 'little child / young one'; diminutive of παῖς; renders טַף ('little ones'); the children whom the adults feared would perish (v. 27; Num 14:3) — now the heirs of the promise.
νέονyoungNominativeattributive adjective (with παιδίον)→ participant prominenceνέος: 'young / new'; reinforces the youth of the παιδίον — those of tender age, not yet morally accountable.
ὅστιςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject of οἶδεν)→ participant referenceὅστις: 'whoever / such as'; the indefinite relative introduces the defining mark of the children — they do not yet discern good and evil.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with οἶδεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): the objective negative; negates the children's knowledge — they do not yet know.
οἶδενknowsPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαverb of relative clause (the children's moral immaturity)→ stative perfect (present knowledge: 'does not know')οἶδα: 'know'; the perfect with present sense; 'does not know good or evil' marks moral non-accountability (cf. Isa 7:15–16); the children are innocent of the generation's rebellion and so inherit the promise.
σήμερονtoday / yettemporal adverb (with οἶδεν: 'does not yet know')→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; here 'as yet / today' — the children do not at present discern good from evil; their moral immaturity exempts them from the judgment.
ἀγαθὸνgoodAccusativedirect object of οἶδεν (substantivized: 'good')→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good'; in the merism 'good or evil' for the full range of moral discernment (cf. Gen 2:9; 3:5); the children lack this knowledge.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction (in the merism 'good or evil')→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; links the two poles of the moral merism.
κακόνevilAccusativedirect object of οἶδεν (substantivized: 'evil')→ object specificationκακός: 'evil / bad'; the second pole of the merism; 'good or evil' denotes the totality of moral knowledge the children do not yet possess.
οὗτοιthese / theyNominativedemonstrative pronoun (resumptive subject: 'these')→ participant referenceοὗτος (nom. pl. οὗτοι): 'these'; resumptive demonstrative gathering up the children as the subject — 'these (children), they shall enter.'
εἰσελεύσονταιshall enterFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (the children's entry into the land)→ predictive future (the certain entry of the next generation)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; the children 'shall enter' where their parents could not — the promise advances to the new generation; the verb of entry now affirmed (contrast v. 37, Moses).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (with εἰσελεύσονται)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the land, into which the children will enter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τούτοιςto them / theseDativedemonstrative pronoun (dative indirect object: 'to these')→ participant reference or interestοὗτος (dat. pl. τούτοις): 'to these'; the children, recipients of the divine gift of the land.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the divine gift to the children)→ predictive future (the promised gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; the gift-verb (cf. vv. 20, 25, 36) now directed to the children — God's promise to give the land is kept, through them.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of δώσω (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg. f.): 'it'; the land given to the children.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeintensive/emphatic pronoun (subject: 'they themselves')→ participant referenceαὐτός (nom. pl. αὐτοί): 'they (themselves)'; the emphatic pronoun stresses that the children, not the rebels, will be the ones to inherit.
κληρονομήσουσινshall inheritFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κληρονομέωmain verb (the children's possession)→ predictive future (the certain inheritance)κληρονομέω: 'inherit / take possession'; the keyword command refused by the parents (κληρονομήσατε, vv. 8, 21) is now fulfilled as future promise to the children — they shall do what their fathers would not.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of κληρονομήσουσιν (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg. f.): 'it'; the land the children will inherit.
40

καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐπιστραφέντες ἐστρατοπεδεύσατε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον ὁδὸν τὴν ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης

But as for you, turn and encamp toward the wilderness, by the way of the Red Sea.

The reversal-command: turn back toward the wildernessκαὶ ὑμεῖς ἐπιστραφέντες ἐστρατοπεδεύσατε
The sentence ends with the bitter reversal of the original command. Where v. 7 said 'turn and set out ... and go in' to the land, now the emphatic ὑμεῖς ('you, by contrast') must 'turn back' toward the wilderness by the Red Sea road — away from the land. The same verb ἐπιστρέφω that began the march to Canaan (v. 7) now sends them retreating; the conquest is forfeited for a generation.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (here adversative: 'but as for you')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and'; here with adversative force, contrasting the rebel generation ('but you') with the children who will inherit (v. 39).
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (contrastive: 'you, by contrast')→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic, contrastive pronoun — 'you (the unbelieving generation), as opposed to the children, turn back'; the same emphatic ὑμεῖς that opened the march-command (v. 7) now reverses it.
ἐπιστραφέντεςturningAor Pass Ptc Masc Nom Pl · ἐπιστρέφωcircumstantial participle (attendant to ἐστρατοπεδεύσατε: 'turn and encamp')→ ingressive aorist participle (turning about)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn back'; the passive participle is intransitive ('turning yourselves'); the same verb commanded the advance to the land (ἐπιστράφητε, v. 7) — now it commands retreat, a pointed reversal.
ἐστρατοπεδεύσατεencamp / break camp (toward)Aor Act Impv 2 Pl · στρατοπεδεύωmain verb (the command to march/encamp toward the wilderness)→ ingressive aorist imperative (set off and encamp)στρατοπεδεύω: 'encamp / pitch camp (as an army)'; renders נָסַע ('journey / set out'); the military term for breaking and pitching camp; here directed back toward the wilderness — the army of Israel marches away from, not into, the land.
εἰςtoward / intopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'toward / into'; the direction of the retreat — back into the wilderness.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἔρημον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the destination of retreat)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the desert to which the generation must return — the place of their forty years' wandering and death (cf. Num 14:33–35).
ὁδὸνby the way ofAccusativeadverbial accusative (route: 'by the way')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road'; the adverbial accusative ('by the road') specifies the retreat-route — the way of the Red Sea.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the prepositional phrase ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς, attributive to ὁδὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶtoward / bypreposition + genitive (direction: 'toward the Red Sea')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'toward / in the direction of'; with τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης specifies the road 'toward the Red Sea.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with θαλάσσης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρυθρᾶςRedGenitiveattributive adjective (with θαλάσσης: 'the Red Sea')→ relational specificationἐρυθρός: 'red'; ἡ ἐρυθρὰ θάλασσα ('the Red Sea') renders יַם סוּף; the sea of the Exodus deliverance now lies on the road of retreat — a poignant reversal of the journey of redemption.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive (with ἐπὶ: 'toward the sea')→ relational specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; here named in full (unlike v. 1, where θάλασσα was elided), 'the Red Sea,' the marker of the retreat-route into the wilderness.
41

καὶ ἀπεκρίθητέ μοι καὶ εἴπατε ἡμάρτομεν ἔναντι κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν ἡμεῖς ἀναβάντες πολεμήσομεν κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ἡμῖν καὶ ἀναλαβόντες ἕκαστος τὰ σκεύη τὰ πολεμικὰ αὐτοῦ καὶ συναθροισθέντες ἀνεβαίνετε εἰς τὸ ὄρος

And you answered me and said, 'We have sinned before the LORD our God; we ourselves will go up and fight, according to all that the LORD our God commanded us.' And you each took up his weapons of war, and gathering yourselves together you began to go up into the hill-country.

The presumptuous reversal: belated confession and self-willed advanceκαὶ ἀπεκρίθητέ μοι ... ἡμάρτομεν
The final unit opens the tragedy of presumption. Now that the door is shut, the people confess 'we have sinned' and resolve to do what they earlier refused — to go up and fight. But this is not obedience; it is a second self-will, acting without command. The piling of participles (ἀναλαβόντες ... συναθροισθέντες) and the inceptive imperfect ἀνεβαίνετε ('you began to go up') depict a confident but unauthorized advance.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθητέyou answeredAor Pass Indic 2 Pl · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (the people's response)→ constative aorist (a single completed reply)ἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / reply'; the people respond to the sentence — but their reply, though it confesses sin, turns at once to a new act of self-will.
μοιmeDativedative indirect object (of ἀπεκρίθητε)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. sg. μοι): Moses, to whom the people reply.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπατεyou saidAor Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing the quoted confession/resolve)→ constative aorist (the spoken response)λέγω (aor. εἴπατε): 'say'; introduces the belated confession and the presumptuous resolve.
ἡμάρτομενwe have sinnedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb of quoted speech (confession)→ constative aorist (acknowledgment of the completed sin)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / miss the mark'; renders חָטָאנוּ ('we have sinned'); the confession comes too late — and is immediately contradicted by a fresh act of disobedience (the unauthorized attack).
ἔναντιbefore / againstimproper preposition + genitive ('before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the sin is acknowledged as committed 'before the LORD' — against God himself.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; the one before whom the people confess their sin.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing 'the LORD our God.'
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεοῦ)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'our'; the covenant possessive.
ἡμεῖςweNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with ἀναβάντες ... πολεμήσομεν)→ participant referenceἐγώ (nom. pl. ἡμεῖς): the emphatic 'we ourselves'; the self-confident pronoun betrays the presumption — they will now do in their own strength what they refused at God's command.
ἀναβάντεςgoing upAor Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · ἀναβαίνωcircumstantial participle (attendant to πολεμήσομεν: 'going up, we will fight')→ ingressive aorist participle (the act of ascending)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; now the people resolve to do the very ἀναβῆναι they refused (v. 26) — but at the wrong time, without God's command; the verb's recurrence marks the tragic irony.
πολεμήσομενwe will fight / make warFut Act Indic 1 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb of quoted speech (the presumptuous resolve)→ volitive future (a determined intention)πολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; renders נִלָּחֵם; the resolve to fight — but God is no longer with them (v. 42); presumption replaces faith as surely as fear did earlier.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm: 'according to all that')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the people invoke the original command — but obedience deferred to one's own chosen moment is not obedience.
πάνταall thingsAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά: 'all that')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('according to all that') — they appeal to the earlier mandate to go up, ignoring that the command has now been reversed (v. 40).
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative with πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; correlates with πάντα, introducing the content of the earlier command.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (the earlier divine command)→ constative aorist (the prior command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command'; the people cite the original command to go up — but it no longer applies; their citation is self-justifying presumption.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the commander whose earlier word the people now invoke out of season.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-name pairing 'the LORD our God.'
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸς)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'our'; the covenant possessive.
ἡμῖνusDativedative indirect object (of ἐνετείλατο)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): 'us'; the people to whom the command was given.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming the action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναλαβόντεςtaking upAor Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · ἀναλαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (attendant to ἀνεβαίνετε: 'taking up ... you went up')→ ingressive aorist participle (arming themselves)ἀναλαμβάνω: 'take up / pick up'; renders חָגַר ('gird on'); each man arms himself for the unauthorized battle — the language of military mobilization.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativedistributive subject (with ἀναλαβόντες: 'each man')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; the distributive pronoun — every man arms himself; universal participation in the presumptuous venture.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηimplements / gearAccusativedirect object of ἀναλαβόντες (with πολεμικὰ: 'weapons of war')→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'implement / vessel / gear'; with the adjective πολεμικά, 'weapons of war'; renders כְּלֵי מִלְחָמָה ('weapons of war').
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with πολεμικὰ, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμικὰof war / warlikeAccusativeattributive adjective (with σκεύη: 'weapons of war')→ object specificationπολεμικός: 'of war / warlike'; τὰ σκεύη τὰ πολεμικά ('the weapons of war') — the military gear each man takes up for the attack.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with σκεύη: 'his weapons')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. sg.): 'his'; each man's own weapons.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναθροισθέντεςgathering togetherAor Pass Ptc Masc Nom Pl · συναθροίζωcircumstantial participle (attendant to ἀνεβαίνετε: 'gathering, you went up')→ ingressive aorist participle (mustering)συναθροίζω: 'gather together / assemble'; the passive participle 'being gathered'; the people muster as an army for the assault — confident in their numbers, but without God.
ἀνεβαίνετεyou began to go upImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the unauthorized ascent)→ inceptive/conative imperfect (you set about going up)ἀναβαίνω (impf. ἀνεβαίνετε): 'go up'; the imperfect is inceptive ('you began / set about going up') or conative ('you tried to go up'); the very act once refused (v. 26) is now attempted at the wrong time — presumption, not faith.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςhill-countryAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the highland assaulted)→ object specificationὄρος: 'hill-country'; the Amorite highland — the objective they refused to take by faith, now assaulted in presumption.
42

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρός με εἰπὸν αὐτοῖς οὐκ ἀναβήσεσθε οὐδὲ μὴ πολεμήσετε οὐ γάρ εἰμι μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν καὶ οὐ μὴ συντριβῆτε ἐνώπιον τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑμῶν

And the LORD said to me, 'Say to them: You shall not go up, nor shall you fight, for I am not among you; and you shall not be crushed before your enemies.'

The divine prohibition: do not go up, for I am not with youκαὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρός με ... οὐκ ἀναβήσεσθε
God forbids the presumptuous attack through Moses. The double prohibition (οὐκ ἀναβήσεσθε ... οὐδὲ μὴ πολεμήσετε) is grounded in the absence of the divine presence: οὐ γάρ εἰμι μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν ('for I am not among you'). The clause καὶ οὐ μὴ συντριβῆτε is best read as a warning ('lest you be crushed') — without the warrior-God who fights for them (v. 30), the venture can only end in rout, as v. 44 confirms.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the divine speech to Moses)→ constative aorist (a single speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces the divine prohibition of the attack, relayed through Moses.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the speaker who forbids the presumptuous venture.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Moses)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. sg. με): Moses, to whom the LORD speaks.
εἰπὸνsay / tellAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (command to Moses to relay the message)→ ingressive aorist imperative (deliver the word)λέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'say / tell'; the imperative commands Moses to relay the prohibition to the people; the form εἰπόν is the alternate aorist imperative.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (of εἰπὸν)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl.): 'to them'; the people, recipients of the warning.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀναβήσεσθε: prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): the objective negative; with the future ἀναβήσεσθε forms a strong prohibition.
ἀναβήσεσθεyou shall go upFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb of quoted speech (prohibition: legal future)→ imperatival (prohibitive) future — binding prohibitionἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the prohibitive future forbids the very ascent they now intend — the verb's final reversal: commanded (v. 21), refused (v. 26), and now forbidden (v. 42).
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction (with μὴ + future: emphatic second prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; with μή strengthens the second prohibition ('nor shall you fight').
μὴnotnegative particle (emphatic, with πολεμήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: subjective negative; reinforces the prohibition against fighting.
πολεμήσετεyou shall fightFut Act Indic 2 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb of quoted speech (second prohibition)→ imperatival (prohibitive) future — binding prohibitionπολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; the second prohibition answers the people's resolve πολεμήσομεν (v. 41) — God forbids the very war they propose to wage.
οὐnotnegative particle (with γάρ ... εἰμι)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the objective negative; negates the divine presence — the ground of the prohibition.
γάρforcausal conjunction (post-positive, grounding the prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for / because'; gives the reason for the prohibition — the absence of God among them.
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of causal clause (the divine absence)→ stative present (the present reality of God's absence)εἰμί: 'be'; οὐ γάρ εἰμι μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν ('for I am not among you') is the decisive reason — the warrior-God who promised to fight with them (v. 30) is now withdrawn; without his presence the venture is doomed.
μεθ᾿with / amongpreposition + genitive (association: 'among you')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / among'; the divine presence (or here its absence) — the determining factor in Israel's wars.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'you'; the people, among whom God now declares he is not present.
καὶand / lestcoordinate conjunction (here introducing the warned consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and'; here introducing the dire consequence of disregarding the prohibition ('and [so] you shall be crushed' / 'lest you be crushed').
οὐnotnegative particle (with μὴ + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: with μή and the subjunctive forms the emphatic construction; here read as a solemn warning of certain defeat.
μὴnotnegative particle (with οὐ + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: subjective negative; οὐ μή + subjunctive, here functioning to warn ('that you not be crushed' / 'you shall surely be crushed' if you go).
συντριβῆτεyou be crushed / shatteredAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · συντρίβωmain verb (the warned defeat: with οὐ μή)→ warning aorist subjunctive (lest you be utterly crushed)συντρίβω: 'crush / shatter / break in pieces'; renders נָגַף ('strike / smite'); the passive warns of the rout that will follow if they go up without God — fulfilled at v. 44; the strong verb conveys total defeat.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive ('before your enemies')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the defeat will occur in full view of the enemy.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐχθρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον ('before your enemies')→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy / hostile'; substantivized — the Amorites, before whom the presumptuous attack will be crushed (v. 44).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἐχθρῶν: 'your enemies')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the people's enemies, the Amorite defenders of the highland.
43

καὶ ἐλάλησα ὑμῖν καὶ οὐκ εἰσηκούσατέ μου καὶ παρέβητε τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου καὶ παραβιασάμενοι ἀνέβητε εἰς τὸ ὄρος

And I spoke to you, and you did not listen to me, but transgressed the word of the LORD, and presumptuously you went up into the hill-country.

The people's second disobedience: defiance of the prohibitionκαὶ ἐλάλησα ὑμῖν καὶ οὐκ εἰσηκούσατέ μου
The pattern of v. 26 repeats in reverse: there they would not go up when commanded; here they go up when forbidden. The verbs escalate — they did not listen (οὐκ εἰσηκούσατε), they transgressed (παρέβητε) the word, and 'presumptuously' (παραβιασάμενοι, 'forcing their way') went up. Disobedience is symmetrical: rebellion refuses both the command to advance and the command to refrain.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησαI spokeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (Moses delivers the prohibition)→ constative aorist (the act of speaking)λαλέω: 'speak'; Moses relays God's prohibition (v. 42) to the people — but they will not heed.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (of ἐλάλησα)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): 'to you'; the people to whom Moses spoke the warning.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and'; here adversative ('but'), marking the people's refusal to listen.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with εἰσηκούσατε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): the objective negative; negates the people's obedience — they did not listen.
εἰσηκούσατέyou listened / obeyedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰσακούωmain verb (the failure to obey)→ constative aorist (the settled disobedience)εἰσακούω: 'listen to / heed / obey'; the compound εἰσ- intensifies ('give ear to'); renders שָׁמַע ('hear / obey'); 'you did not obey me' — the same disobedience as v. 26, now in defying the prohibition.
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of εἰσηκούσατε (verb of hearing takes genitive of person)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. sg. μου): Moses, whom the people would not obey; ἀκούω/εἰσακούω takes the genitive of the person heard.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέβητεyou transgressedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · παραβαίνωmain verb (the transgression of God's word)→ constative aorist (the act of transgression)παραβαίνω: 'transgress / overstep / go aside'; renders עָבַר (literally 'pass over / beyond'); 'you transgressed the word of the LORD' — they overstepped the divine prohibition; the verb's literal sense ('step beyond') matches their literal going-up beyond bounds.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / commandAccusativedirect object of παρέβητε ('transgressed the word')→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / command'; renders פִּי ('mouth / command') or דָּבָר; the divine word of prohibition (v. 42), which they transgressed — as earlier they disobeyed the word commanding advance (v. 26).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (with ῥῆμα: 'word of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; the divine author of the transgressed word.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραβιασάμενοιforcing your way / presumptuouslyAor Mid Ptc Masc Nom Pl · παραβιάζομαιcircumstantial participle (manner: 'presumptuously you went up')→ aorist participle of manner (acting with violent self-will)παραβιάζομαι: 'force / use violence / act presumptuously'; renders וַתָּזִידוּ / הֵעַפִּלוּ ('you acted presumptuously / defiantly'); the middle 'forcing your own way' captures the willful defiance — they compel a course God has forbidden.
ἀνέβητεyou went upAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the defiant ascent)→ constative aorist (the completed presumptuous ascent)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the people complete the very ascent both refused (v. 26) and forbidden (v. 42) — the aorist marks it as accomplished fact; the verb's last occurrence in the people's action, leading to the rout.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςhill-countryAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the highland assaulted)→ object specificationὄρος: 'hill-country'; the Amorite highland, scene of the coming defeat (v. 44).
44

καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ Αμορραῖος ὁ κατοικῶν ἐν τῷ ὄρει ἐκείνῳ εἰς συνάντησιν ὑμῖν καὶ κατεδίωξαν ὑμᾶς ὡς εἰ ποιήσαισαν αἱ μέλισσαι καὶ ἐτίτρωσκον ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ Σηιρ ἕως Ερμα

And the Amorite who dwelt in that hill-country came out to meet you and pursued you, as the bees would do, and they wounded you from Seir as far as Hormah.

The rout: the defeat of the presumptuous attackκαὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ Αμορραῖος ... κατεδίωξαν ὑμᾶς
The warning of v. 42 is fulfilled. The Amorite sallies out, pursues, and routs Israel. The vivid simile ὡς εἰ ποιήσαισαν αἱ μέλισσαι ('as the bees would do') pictures the relentless, swarming pursuit that drives the fugitives in panic. The defeat 'from Seir as far as Hormah' (a name suggesting 'destruction') seals the lesson: without God, presumption ends in shameful rout, the mirror-image of the victory faith would have won.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the Amorite sallies out)→ constative aorist (the act of sallying forth)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come/go out'; the Amorite defenders sally out from the highland to engage the invaders; the singular verb with the collective ὁ Αμορραῖος ('the Amorite').
ὁtheNominativearticle (with Αμορραῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραῖοςAmoriteNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθεν (collective: 'the Amorite')→ participant prominenceΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; the gentilic noun used collectively (singular for the whole people); the highland inhabitants who rout the presumptuous Israelites.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (with participle κατοικῶν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικῶνdwellingPres Act Ptc Masc Nom Sg · κατοικέωattributive participle (with Αμορραῖος: 'who dwelt in that hill-country')→ imperfective participle (settled habitation)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the present participle describes the Amorites as settled residents of the highland — the entrenched defenders on their own terrain.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειhill-countryDativedative of place ('in that hill-country')→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'hill-country'; the highland home of the Amorites, where they hold the advantage of terrain.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ὄρει)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the demonstrative points to the highland the Israelites had assaulted.
εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'for / to'; in the idiom εἰς συνάντησιν ('to meet'), of going out to encounter (here in battle).
συνάντησινa meeting / encounterAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet you')→ object specificationσυνάντησις: 'meeting / encounter'; the idiom εἰς συνάντησιν renders לִקְרַאת ('to meet'); here a hostile military encounter — the Amorite goes out to meet Israel in battle.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative (with συνάντησιν: 'to meet you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): 'you'; the Israelites whom the Amorite comes out to engage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεδίωξανthey pursued / chasedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταδιώκωmain verb (the pursuit/rout; plural for the collective enemy)→ constative aorist (the act of pursuit)καταδιώκω: 'pursue closely / chase down'; the compound κατα- intensifies ('hunt down'); renders רָדַף ('pursue'); the plural verb (the Amorites as many) depicts the rout — Israel flees, the enemy in hot pursuit.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of κατεδίωξαν→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): 'you'; the fleeing Israelites, pursued by the Amorites.
ὡςascomparative particle (introducing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as'; with εἰ introduces the vivid simile of the bees.
εἰas if / just asparticle (with ὡς: 'as if / just as')→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in the combination ὡς εἰ ('as if'), introducing the comparison with the optative ποιήσαισαν.
ποιήσαισανwould doAor Act Opt 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of the simile (potential optative: 'as the bees would do')→ potential optative (in the comparative clause)ποιέω: 'do / act'; the optative ποιήσαισαν (a poetic -σαισαν 3rd-plural form) in ὡς εἰ expresses the comparison — 'just as bees would do (when their hive is disturbed)'; the optative of comparison vividly likens the swarming pursuit to angry bees.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with μέλισσαι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέλισσαιbeesNominativesubject of ποιήσαισαν (the simile-image)→ participant prominenceμέλισσα: 'bee'; renders דְּבֹרִים ('bees'); the image of a disturbed swarm pursuing relentlessly captures the panic and inescapability of the rout (cf. Ps 118:12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτίτρωσκονthey were woundingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · τιτρώσκωmain verb (the wounding during the pursuit)→ imperfect (continuous/repeated wounding during the rout)τιτρώσκω: 'wound / pierce'; renders כָּתַת ('beat down / crush'); the imperfect depicts the repeated, ongoing wounding as the Amorites cut down the fleeing Israelites along the whole line of retreat.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐτίτρωσκον→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): 'you'; the Israelites wounded in the rout.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of the pursuit)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό + gen.: 'from'; marks the extent of the rout, 'from Seir.'
ΣηιρSeirindeclinable place-name (object of ἀπὸ)→ participant identificationΣηιρ: Seir; indeclinable; the Edomite highland marking the start of the pursuit-route (cf. v. 2).
ἕωςas far asimproper preposition + genitive (terminus of the rout)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as'; marks Hormah as the extent of the rout.
ΕρμαHormahindeclinable place-name (object of ἕως)→ participant identificationΕρμα: the LXX rendering of Hebrew חָרְמָה (Hormah); indeclinable; the place-name suggests 'destruction / ban' (חֵרֶם), an apt terminus for the rout (cf. Num 14:45); the defeat reaches all the way to 'Destruction.'
45

καὶ καθίσαντες ἐκλαίετε ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ οὐκ εἰσήκουσεν κύριος τῆς φωνῆς ὑμῶν οὐδὲ προσέσχεν ὑμῖν

And you sat down and wept before the LORD, but the LORD did not listen to your voice, nor give heed to you.

The weeping at Kadesh: tears that come too lateκαὶ καθίσαντες ἐκλαίετε ἔναντι κυρίου
The defeated people sit and weep before the LORD — but the time for repentance has passed. The mournful imperfect ἐκλαίετε ('you kept weeping') is met with divine silence: 'the LORD did not listen ... nor give heed.' Their tears mirror, and are answered by, the silence with which God met their earlier murmuring — a sobering reversal of the assurance that he hears (cf. v. 34, where he heard their words in judgment).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθίσαντεςsitting downAor Act Ptc Masc Nom Pl · καθίζωcircumstantial participle (attendant to ἐκλαίετε: 'sitting down, you wept')→ ingressive aorist participle (taking the posture of mourning)καθίζω: 'sit down / seat oneself'; the participle 'sitting down' depicts the posture of grief and mourning (cf. sitting in dust/ashes); the defeated people collapse in lamentation.
ἐκλαίετεyou were weepingImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · κλαίωmain verb (the weeping)→ imperfect (sustained, continued weeping)κλαίω: 'weep / cry / wail'; renders בָּכָה; the imperfect depicts prolonged weeping — but the tears are unavailing, met by divine silence; cf. the weeping at Kadesh in Num 14:1 (the people's first lament).
ἔναντιbeforeimproper preposition + genitive ('before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the weeping is offered 'before the LORD' — directed Godward, yet unheeded.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; the one before whom they weep — and who does not answer.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and'; here adversative ('but'), marking the divine refusal to hear.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with εἰσήκουσεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): the objective negative; negates the divine hearing.
εἰσήκουσενlistened / heededAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσακούωmain verb (the LORD's refusal to hear)→ constative aorist (the settled non-hearing)εἰσακούω: 'listen to / heed / answer'; the same verb the people failed to render to God (v. 43, οὐκ εἰσηκούσατε) — now God 'does not listen' to them; the symmetry is exact: their deafness to God is answered by his silence to them.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἰσήκουσεν / προσέσχεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the God who, in judgment, withholds his ear from the belatedly weeping people.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with φωνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of εἰσήκουσεν (verb of hearing takes genitive)→ relational specificationφωνή (gen. φωνῆς): 'voice'; renders קוֹל; the people's voice of weeping, which the LORD did not heed; εἰσακούω takes the genitive of the thing heard.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with φωνῆς: 'your voice')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl.): 'your'; the people's own voice of lament.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction (coordinating the second clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; links the two expressions of divine non-response.
προσέσχενgave heed / paid attentionAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέχωmain verb (the LORD's refusal to attend)→ constative aorist (the settled inattention)προσέχω: 'attend to / give heed / pay attention'; renders הֶאֱזִין / שָׁעָה; 'nor did he give heed to you' — the parallel reinforces the divine silence; the door of immediate entry is shut for this generation.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative object of προσέσχεν (the people unheeded)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl.): 'to you'; the people, to whom the LORD did not give heed.
46

καὶ ἐνεκάθησθε ἐν Καδης ἡμέρας πολλάς ὅσας ποτὲ ἡμέρας ἐνεκάθησθε

And you remained in Kadesh many days — as many days as you stayed there.

Closing notice: the long, fruitless stay at Kadeshκαὶ ἐνεκάθησθε ἐν Καδης ἡμέρας πολλάς
The chapter ends with a sober, almost weary notice: 'you remained in Kadesh many days — as many days as you remained.' The repeated verb ἐνεκάθησθε ('you stayed/settled') and the vague 'as many days as' convey the aimless, suspended condition of a generation under sentence: time passes, but the journey to the land is halted. The retrospect closes on stasis, the wilderness years stretching ahead.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεκάθησθεyou remained / stayedImpf Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐγκάθημαιmain verb (the prolonged stay at Kadesh)→ imperfect (continued, prolonged remaining)ἐγκάθημαι: 'sit / settle / remain (in a place)'; the compound ἐν- ('in') with κάθημαι ('sit'); renders יָשַׁב ('dwell / remain'); the imperfect depicts the long, static encampment at Kadesh after the defeat — the generation's suspended condition.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΚαδηςKadeshindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΚαδης: Kadesh; indeclinable; the oasis where the whole crisis unfolded — the place of the spies, the refusal, the rout, and now the long, fruitless wait.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for many days')→ object specificationἡμέρα (acc. pl. ἡμέρας): 'day'; the accusative of duration — 'for many days'; the indefinite span underscores the aimlessness of the sojourn.
πολλάςmanyAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας: 'many days')→ object specificationπολύς: 'much / many'; the 'many days' of the halted journey; the vague magnitude conveys the dragging of time under judgment.
ὅσαςas many asAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative with ἡμέρας: 'as many days as')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as'; the correlative 'as many days as you stayed' is a Hebraistic idiom (כַּיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר) — a vague, almost resigned measure of the indefinite sojourn.
ποτὲever / at any timeindefinite temporal adverb (with the relative: 'ever / however long')→ clausal contributionποτέ: 'at some time / ever'; the indefinite adverb reinforces the vagueness of the duration — 'however long it was that you stayed'; conveys the indeterminate, suspended quality of the time.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (repeated: 'the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα (acc. pl.): 'day'; the repetition of ἡμέρας within the correlative clause is a Hebraistic redundancy emphasizing the long, indefinite span of the stay.
ἐνεκάθησθεyou remained / stayedImpf Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐγκάθημαιverb of the correlative clause (echoing the main verb)→ imperfect (the continued remaining, repeated for emphasis)ἐγκάθημαι: 'remain / settle'; the repetition of the verb ('you remained ... as many days as you remained') is a Hebraistic figura etymologica closing the chapter on a note of weary stasis — the generation halted at the threshold it had refused to cross.