Deuteronomy 16 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

φύλαξαι τὸν μῆνα τῶν νέων καὶ ποιήσεις τὸ πασχα κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου ὅτι ἐν τῷ μηνὶ τῶν νέων ἐξῆλθες ἐξ Αἰγύπτου νυκτός

Observe the month of the new grain, and you shall keep the Passover to the LORD your God, because in the month of the new grain you came out of Egypt by night.

New legal unit: opening imperative of the festal calendarφύλαξαι τὸν μῆνα

The chapter opens abruptly with an aorist imperative φύλαξαι, launching the festal legislation; the 'month of the new grain' (ὁ μὴν τῶν νέων) renders Hebrew חֹדֶשׁ הָאָבִיב (the month Abib), the spring month of the barley harvest. The causal ὅτι-clause grounds the feast in the exodus event itself — the historical memory is the warrant for the cultic command.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

φύλαξαιobserve / keepAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb (opening command of the festal calendar)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take up the keeping of the month)φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep / observe'; the middle imperative φύλαξαι renders Hebrew שָׁמוֹר ('keep / observe'); used technically in Deuteronomy for the diligent observance of cultic and covenantal stipulations; the object 'the month' here means: keep careful watch for the arrival of Abib so the Passover falls in its right season.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μῆναmonthAccusativedirect object of φύλαξαι→ object specificationμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; the specific month is Abib (later Nisan), the spring month in which the exodus occurred; observing the month means tracking the lunar-agricultural calendar so the Passover is kept at its appointed time.

τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

νέωνnew things / new grainGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'month of the new [grain]')→ relational specificationνέος: 'new / young'; the substantivized neuter plural τῶν νέων ('of the new things') renders הָאָבִיב ('the ripening / fresh ears [of barley]'); the LXX construes Abib agriculturally — the month named for the first ripe grain, fixing the feast at the barley harvest.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall keep / makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future as command)→ legislative future (binding cultic prescription)ποιέω: 'do / make'; ποιέω τὸ πασχα is the technical LXX idiom for 'keep / celebrate the Passover' (rendering עָשָׂה אֶת הַפֶּסַח, cf. Exod 12:48; Num 9:2); the future indicative functions imperativally, as regularly in Deuteronomic law.

τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πασχαPassoverdirect object of ποιήσεις (indeclinable)→ clausal contributionπασχα: indeclinable transliteration of Aramaic/Hebrew פֶּסַח ('Passover'); refers both to the festival and to the sacrificial victim; the LXX keeps the loanword rather than translating, marking it as a fixed cultic term (cf. Exod 12).

κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage (the feast kept 'to / for' the LORD)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative marks the Passover as offered to YHWH, the sole legitimate recipient of the festal worship.

τῷtheDativearticle (in apposition with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ ('the LORD your God')→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; the appositional κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου renders יהוה אֱלֹהֶיךָ, the characteristic Deuteronomic covenant formula binding YHWH to Israel as 'your God.'

σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person singular)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (2nd person singular).

ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (grounding the command in history)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / that'; here causal, grounding the Passover command in the historical fact of the nocturnal exodus; the motive-clause is characteristic of Deuteronomic paraenesis.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μηνὶmonthDativedative object of ἐν (temporal: 'in the month')→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; the repetition (ἐν τῷ μηνὶ τῶν νέων) ties the timing of the feast directly to the timing of the exodus — the same month witnesses both the deliverance and its annual commemoration.

τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

νέωνnew things / new grainGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'of the new grain')→ relational specificationνέος: 'new'; the repeated τῶν νέων again renders הָאָבִיב; the agricultural designation reinforces that the Passover is fixed to the spring barley harvest.

ἐξῆλθεςyou came outAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of the causal clause (historical exodus)→ constative aorist (the completed exodus event)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come / go out'; renders יָצָא; the exodus 'coming out' is the foundational salvation event of Deuteronomy; the second-person singular addresses corporate Israel as a single covenant partner reliving the deliverance.

ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (place of departure)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; the land of bondage from which the nocturnal exodus delivered Israel.

νυκτόςby nightGenitivegenitive of time (within which: 'by night')→ relational specificationνύξ: 'night'; the genitive of time νυκτός ('by night / during the night') recalls the nocturnal departure of Exod 12:31–42; the night setting binds the Passover memorial to the very hour of deliverance.

καὶ θύσεις τὸ πασχα κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου πρόβατα καὶ βόας ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ᾧ ἐὰν ἐκλέξηται κύριος ὁ θεός σου αὐτὸν ἐπικληθῆναι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖ

And you shall sacrifice the Passover to the LORD your God, sheep and oxen, in the place that the LORD your God shall choose, that his name be called upon there.

Continuation: the place-of-sacrifice stipulationκαὶ θύσεις

v.2 introduces the central-sanctuary formula that controls the whole chapter: the Passover is to be sacrificed only 'in the place the LORD shall choose' (ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ᾧ ἐὰν ἐκλέξηται κύριος). The infinitival ἐπικληθῆναι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ('that his name be called upon there') renders the Deuteronomic name-theology of the chosen sanctuary (cf. 12:5, 11).

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

θύσειςyou shall sacrificeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · θύωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding cultic prescription)θύω: 'sacrifice / slaughter (for sacrifice)'; renders זָבַח; the verb specifies that the Passover is a sacrificial slaughter, not merely a meal; the place-restriction that follows makes clear it is a sanctuary act, not a domestic one.

τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πασχαPassoverdirect object of θύσεις (indeclinable)→ clausal contributionπασχα: indeclinable loanword for פֶּסַח; here the sacrificial victim of the festival.

κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative marks YHWH as the sole recipient of the Passover sacrifice.

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου renders the covenant formula יהוה אֱלֹהֶיךָ.

σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.

πρόβαταsheepAccusativeaccusative in apposition to τὸ πασχα (specifying the victims)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep / small cattle'; renders צֹאן; the pairing 'sheep and oxen' (πρόβατα καὶ βόας) broadens the Passover offering beyond the lamb to include the larger festal sacrifices of the seven-day feast (cf. the ḥagigah offerings); the LXX preserves the inclusive specification of the Hebrew.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

βόαςoxen / cattleAccusativeaccusative (coordinate with πρόβατα)→ object specificationβοῦς (acc. pl. βόας): 'ox / cow / head of cattle'; renders בָּקָר; the larger livestock included in the Passover-festival offerings of the chosen place.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόπῳplaceDativedative object of ἐν (the chosen sanctuary)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; renders מָקוֹם; ὁ τόπος ὃν ἐὰν ἐκλέξηται κύριος ('the place the LORD shall choose') is the signature centralisation formula of Deuteronomy (cf. 12:5, 11, 14), restricting sacrificial worship to a single divinely-chosen sanctuary.

ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative, antecedent τόπῳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾧ is attracted to the case of its antecedent τόπῳ; together with ἐάν + subjunctive it forms a generalising relative clause ('whatever place he shall choose').

ἐὰνeverconditional particle (with subjunctive, generalising)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here the modal particle attached to the relative (ᾧ ἐάν = 'whatever'), giving the clause a future-indefinite sense; the place is not yet named, deferred to YHWH's sovereign future choice.

ἐκλέξηταιshall chooseAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of the relative clause (divine election of the site)→ aorist subjunctive (future-indefinite divine choice)ἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / select for oneself'; the middle voice underscores YHWH's choosing the place for himself; renders בָּחַר; the verb is the theological heart of Deuteronomic centralisation — the legitimacy of worship derives wholly from divine election of the site.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐκλέξηται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the sovereign elector of the place of worship.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; κύριος ὁ θεός σου, the covenant formula יהוה אֱלֹהֶיךָ in the nominative.

αὐτὸνitAccusativeaccusative (resumptive object of ἐκλέξηται: 'choose it')→ participant referenceαὐτός: the resumptive pronoun αὐτόν ('it') repeats the antecedent τόπος as object of the verb — a Hebraising redundant resumptive (Hebrew בּוֹ), normal in LXX relative clauses calquing the Hebrew syntax.

ἐπικληθῆναιto be called upon / namedAor Pass Inf · ἐπικαλέωepexegetical infinitive (purpose / result of the choosing)→ aorist infinitive (purpose: that the Name be invoked there)ἐπικαλέω: 'call upon / name over'; the passive ἐπικληθῆναι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ('that his name be called upon [there]') renders the Deuteronomic name-theology לְשַׁכֵּן שְׁמוֹ / לָשׂוּם שְׁמוֹ ('to set / cause his name to dwell'); the chosen place is the locus where YHWH's name is invoked and present.

τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄνομαnameAccusativeaccusative of respect / subject of the passive infinitive→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; in Deuteronomy the divine Name designates YHWH's accessible, worship-mediating presence at the chosen sanctuary, distinguished from his transcendent being.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's name)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the LORD's name).

ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (locating the Name at the chosen site)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the deictic adverb fixes the invocation of the Name to the one chosen place, sealing the centralisation principle.

οὐ φάγῃ ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ζύμην ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας φάγῃ ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἄζυμα ἄρτον κακώσεως ὅτι ἐν σπουδῇ ἐξήλθετε ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἵνα μνησθῆτε τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς ἐξοδίας ὑμῶν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς ὑμῶν

You shall not eat leaven with it; seven days you shall eat with it unleavened bread, the bread of affliction, because in haste you came out of Egypt — that you may remember the day of your departure from the land of Egypt all the days of your life.

Prohibition + positive prescription: the unleavened bread of afflictionοὐ φάγῃ ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ζύμην

v.3 pairs a prohibition (no leaven) with a prescription (seven days of unleavened bread), interpreting the ἄζυμα as ἄρτος κακώσεως ('bread of affliction'). The double motive — the haste (σπουδή) of the exodus and the mandate to remember (ἵνα μνησθῆτε) — turns the diet into a lifelong mnemonic of deliverance ('all the days of your life').

Word-by-word analysis· 35 words

οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative = prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negative; with the future-indicative force of φάγῃ it forms an absolute prohibition, the legislative 'you shall not' of covenant law.

φάγῃyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (prohibited action)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐ)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the suppletive future φάγομαι (2 sg. φάγῃ) renders אָכַל; with οὐ it prohibits eating leaven 'with it' (the Passover); the same form recurs immediately in the positive command.

ἐπ᾿with / uponpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'along with it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: here 'with / in connection with'; ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('upon / with it') renders עָלָיו, meaning the bread eaten together with the Passover sacrifice.

αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the Passover)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the pronoun refers to τὸ πασχα; the leaven prohibition attaches to the eating of the Passover victim.

ζύμηνleavenAccusativedirect object of φάγῃ→ object specificationζύμη: 'leaven / yeast'; renders חָמֵץ / שְׂאֹר; the prohibition of leaven marks the festival's link to the haste of the exodus, when there was no time for dough to rise (Exod 12:34, 39).

ἑπτὰsevennumeral (modifying ἡμέρας: 'seven days')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal numeral; renders שִׁבְעַת; the seven-day span defines the Feast of Unleavened Bread that follows the Passover.

ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of extent of time marks the duration of the unleavened diet.

φάγῃyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (positive command, parallel to the prohibition)→ legislative future (positive prescription)ἐσθίω: the same future φάγῃ now positively commands eating unleavened bread for the seven days; the repetition juxtaposes prohibition and prescription in tight parallelism.

ἐπ᾿with / uponpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).

αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the Passover)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπί (the Passover).

ἄζυμαunleavened breadAccusativedirect object of φάγῃ→ object specificationἄζυμος (neut. pl. ἄζυμα): 'unleavened (things) / unleavened bread'; renders מַצּוֹת; the plural is the standard LXX term for the festal unleavened cakes and gives its name to the Feast of Unleavened Bread (ἡ ἑορτὴ τῶν ἀζύμων).

ἄρτονbreadAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἄζυμα→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; in apposition to ἄζυμα it interprets the unleavened cakes as 'bread of affliction.'

κακώσεωςof afflictionGenitivegenitive of quality ('bread of affliction')→ relational specificationκάκωσις: 'affliction / hardship / ill-treatment'; renders עֹנִי; ἄρτος κακώσεως ('bread of affliction') frames the unleavened bread as a memorial of the misery of slavery and the duress of the hasty departure (cf. κάκωσις at Exod 3:7 of the Egyptian oppression).

ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the historical ground — the haste of the exodus — for the unleavened diet.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).

σπουδῇhasteDativedative of manner ('in haste')→ sphere or referenceσπουδή: 'haste / urgency / earnestness'; renders חִפָּזוֹן; ἐν σπουδῇ ('in haste') recalls Exod 12:11 — the exodus was so urgent there was no time for dough to leaven, the etiology of the unleavened bread.

ἐξήλθετεyou came outAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιverb of the causal clause→ constative aorist (the completed exodus)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come out'; renders יָצָא; the shift from singular (v.1 ἐξῆλθες) to plural ἐξήλθετε here addresses the assembled people directly as eyewitness-heirs of the deliverance.

ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם.

ἵναthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (introducing the memorial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the purpose of the whole observance — lifelong remembrance of the exodus.

μνησθῆτεyou may rememberAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · μιμνῄσκομαιverb of the purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (purposed remembrance)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember / call to mind'; renders זָכַר; covenantal 'remembering' in Deuteronomy is not bare recall but active, identity-shaping recollection that reorients present obedience; the festal diet is its annual instrument.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέρανdayAccusativedirect object of μνησθῆτε→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the object of remembrance is 'the day of your departure' — the singular, decisive moment of liberation.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐξοδίαςdeparture / exodusGenitivegenitive of definition ('day of your departure')→ relational specificationἐξοδία: 'going out / departure'; a near-synonym of ἔξοδος; renders צֵאת; the term names the exodus event whose 'day' is the object of perpetual memory.

ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person plural)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (2nd person plural).

ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('land of Egypt')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; γῆ Αἰγύπτου renders אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, the standard designation of the place of bondage.

Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (attributive: 'of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτου: meaning 'of Egypt'; it serves as genitive (attributive: 'of Egypt').

πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας: 'all the days')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς ('all the days of life') is a Deuteronomic idiom for lifelong, perpetual obligation.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of duration marks the lifelong horizon of the memorial.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive (defining the span: 'days of your life')→ relational specificationζωή: 'life'; renders חַיִּים; 'all the days of your life' makes exodus-remembrance a permanent, defining mark of covenant existence.

οὐκ ὀφθήσεταί σοι ζύμη ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ὁρίοις σου ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας καὶ οὐ κοιμηθήσεται ἀπὸ τῶν κρεῶν ὧν ἐὰν θύσῃς τὸ ἑσπέρας τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ πρώτῃ εἰς τὸ πρωί

No leaven shall be seen with you in all your borders for seven days, and none of the meat which you sacrifice in the evening on the first day shall remain overnight until the morning.

Twin prohibitions: no leaven in the land, nothing left till morningοὐκ ὀφθήσεταί σοι ζύμη

v.4 reinforces the leaven prohibition spatially ('in all your borders') and adds the rule that the sacrificial flesh of the first evening must not be kept overnight (cf. Exod 12:10; 23:18). The two negatives (οὐκ ὀφθήσεται … οὐ κοιμηθήσεται) fence the purity of the festal week in both space and time.

Word-by-word analysis· 29 words

οὐκnotnegative particle (with future indicative = prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὀφθήσεταίshall be seenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (passive prohibition)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐκ)ὁράω (fut. pass. ὀφθήσεται): 'be seen / appear'; renders יֵרָאֶה (Niphal of רָאָה); the same verb governs the later 'appearing before the LORD' at vv. 16; here it is impersonal — no leaven is to be visible anywhere in the territory during the feast.

σοιwith you / to youDativedative of reference / possession ('with you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): the dative of reference marks the prohibition as bearing on the individual Israelite's whole domain.

ζύμηleavenNominativesubject of ὀφθήσεται→ participant prominenceζύμη: 'leaven'; the nominative subject of the passive — leaven itself must not be seen anywhere in the land for the seven days.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

πᾶσιallDativeattributive adjective (with ὁρίοις: 'all your borders')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / every'; the totalising πᾶσι underscores that no exception of place is allowed — the leaven-ban covers the entire territory.

τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁρίοιςborders / territoryDativedative object of ἐν (locative: 'in your borders')→ sphere or referenceὅριον (pl. ὅρια): 'boundary / territory'; renders גְּבוּל; the plural denotes the whole bounded land of Israel — the leaven prohibition is national in scope.

ἑπτὰsevennumeral (with ἡμέρας: 'seven days')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; the festal span of the Unleavened Bread.

ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of extent marking the duration of the leaven-ban.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κοιμηθήσεταιshall remain overnightFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb (prohibition of leftover flesh)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐ)κοιμάω (fut. pass. κοιμηθήσεται): lit. 'be put to sleep / lie down'; here idiomatically 'lodge / remain overnight,' rendering לִין ('lodge / stay the night'); none of the sacrificial flesh is to 'spend the night' till morning — the same rule as Exod 12:10; 23:18; 34:25.

ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here partitive ('any of'); ἀπὸ τῶν κρεῶν = 'any of the meat,' a partitive construction calquing Hebrew מִן.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κρεῶνmeats / fleshGenitivepartitive genitive (subject of κοιμηθήσεται: 'none of the meat')→ relational specificationκρέας (pl. κρέα, gen. κρεῶν): 'flesh / meat'; renders בָּשָׂר; the sacrificial flesh of the Passover victim, which must be wholly consumed the same night.

ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, antecedent κρεῶν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; genitive ὧν attracted to the case of κρεῶν; with ἐάν + subjunctive forms a generalising relative clause.

ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalising the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: modal particle with the subjunctive θύσῃς, giving the relative an indefinite sense ('whatever you sacrifice').

θύσῃςyou sacrificeAor Act Subj 2 Sg · θύωverb of the relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalising condition)θύω: 'sacrifice / slaughter'; the aorist subjunctive in the generalising relative clause refers to the act of slaughtering the Passover victim on the first evening.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with adverbial ἑσπέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑσπέραςin the eveningGenitivegenitive of time (adverbial: 'at evening')→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; the genitive of time τὸ ἑσπέρας ('at evening') marks the hour of the Passover slaughter — 'between the evenings' of Exod 12:6; the neuter article τό gives the phrase an adverbial cast.

τῇon theDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the first day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the dative of time-when locates the slaughter on the first day of the feast.

τῇtheDativearticle (with πρώτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρώτῃfirstDativeordinal adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'the first day')→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; ordinal numeral; renders רִאשׁוֹן; specifies the inaugural day of the seven-day feast as the day of slaughter.

εἰςuntilpreposition + accusative (temporal extent: 'until')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here temporal, 'until / into'; εἰς τὸ πρωί ('until the morning') marks the deadline beyond which the flesh may not be kept.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρωί)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρωίmorningindeclinable noun (object of εἰς: 'until morning')→ clausal contributionπρωί: indeclinable 'morning / early'; renders בֹּקֶר; εἰς τὸ πρωί ('until morning') sets the temporal limit — the whole victim must be consumed within the festal night (cf. Exod 12:10).

οὐ δυνήσῃ θῦσαι τὸ πασχα ἐν οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν πόλεών σου ὧν κύριος ὁ θεός σου δίδωσίν σοι

You shall not be able to sacrifice the Passover in any of your cities which the LORD your God gives you,

Negative half of the centralisation rule: not in the local townsοὐ δυνήσῃ θῦσαι

vv.5–6 form a sharp not–but (οὐ … ἀλλ᾿ ἤ) antithesis enforcing centralisation: the Passover may not be slaughtered in any of the local towns but only at the chosen place. The LXX πόλεών ('cities') renders Hebrew שְׁעָרֶיךָ ('your gates'), the idiom for the local settlements as over against the central sanctuary.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δυνήσῃyou shall be ableFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (modal: 'you shall not be able / be permitted')→ legislative future (prohibition by inability)δύναμαι: 'be able / be permitted'; renders תּוּכַל ('you may / can'); the idiom 'you shall not be able' expresses not physical incapacity but cultic impermissibility — slaughtering the Passover locally is simply not allowed.

θῦσαιto sacrificeAor Act Inf · θύωcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσῃ)→ aorist infinitive (the disallowed act)θύω: 'sacrifice / slaughter'; the complementary infinitive names the prohibited act — local slaughter of the Passover.

τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πασχαPassoverdirect object of θῦσαι (indeclinable)→ clausal contributionπασχα: indeclinable loanword for פֶּסַח.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

οὐδεμιᾷany / noneDativeattributive adjective (with τῶν πόλεων: 'in not one of your cities')→ sphere or referenceοὐδείς (fem. dat. οὐδεμιᾷ): 'no one / not any'; the negative adjective reinforces the prohibition — not in a single one of the local towns may the Passover be offered.

τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλεώνcitiesGenitivepartitive genitive ('of your cities')→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city / town'; here renders Hebrew שְׁעָרֶיךָ ('your gates') — the LXX regularly translates the Hebrew idiom 'gates' (the local towns) by πόλεις, contrasting them with the single chosen sanctuary.

ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, antecedent πόλεων)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; genitive ὧν attracted to πόλεων; the relative clause identifies the towns as the LORD's gift.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of δίδωσιν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the giver of the land and its towns.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

δίδωσίνgivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of the relative clause (the land-gift)→ customary/present-of-assured-fact (the standing covenant gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נֹתֵן; the present 'gives' presents the land-grant as an ongoing, assured covenant reality; the gift-of-the-land motif recurs as the ground of obedience throughout Deuteronomy.

σοιto youDativedative indirect object (recipient of the gift)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (recipient of the gift).

ἀλλ᾿ ἢ εἰς τὸν τόπον ὃν ἐὰν ἐκλέξηται κύριος ὁ θεός σου ἐπικληθῆναι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖ θύσεις τὸ πασχα ἑσπέρας πρὸς δυσμὰς ἡλίου ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ᾧ ἐξῆλθες ἐξ Αἰγύπτου

but only at the place which the LORD your God shall choose, that his name be called upon there — there you shall sacrifice the Passover, in the evening toward the setting of the sun, at the time when you came out of Egypt.

Positive half of the centralisation rule: only at the chosen placeἀλλ᾿ ἢ εἰς τὸν τόπον

v.6 completes the antithesis with the emphatic ἀλλ᾿ ἤ ('but rather / except'): the Passover is to be slaughtered only at the chosen place, and at a precise time — 'in the evening toward sunset, at the hour you came out of Egypt.' The temporal exactness (ἑσπέρας πρὸς δυσμὰς ἡλίου) binds the rite to the very moment of the exodus.

Word-by-word analysis· 31 words

ἀλλ᾿butadversative conjunction (introducing the positive antithesis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but'; with the following ἤ forms the strong exceptive idiom ἀλλ᾿ ἤ ('but only / except'), marking the exclusive alternative to the prohibition of v.5.

ἢthan / butparticle (with ἀλλά: exceptive 'but only')→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or / than'; in the fixed combination ἀλλ᾿ ἤ it sharpens the exclusivity ('nothing other than'), a Hebraising rendering of כִּי אִם.

εἰςto / atpreposition + accusative (direction/location of the rite)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction/location of the rite).

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the chosen sanctuary)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place'; again the chosen sanctuary (cf. v.2); the accusative with εἰς points to the destination of pilgrimage for the Passover slaughter.

ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative object of ἐκλέξηται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; accusative ὅν as object of the choosing verb.

ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalising the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: modal particle with subjunctive, future-indefinite ('whatever place he shall choose').

ἐκλέξηταιshall chooseAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of the relative clause (divine election of the site)→ aorist subjunctive (future-indefinite divine choice)ἐκλέγομαι: 'choose for oneself'; renders בָּחַר; the centralisation verb again, repeated verbatim from v.2 to clamp the place-restriction firmly on the Passover.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐκλέξηται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

ἐπικληθῆναιto be called upon / namedAor Pass Inf · ἐπικαλέωepexegetical infinitive (purpose of the choosing)→ aorist infinitive (purpose: that the Name be invoked there)ἐπικαλέω: 'call upon / name over'; the Name-theology formula repeated from v.2 (ἐπικληθῆναι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖ); the place is legitimate precisely because YHWH's name is invoked there.

τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄνομαnameAccusativeaccusative subject of the passive infinitive→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the Deuteronomic divine Name dwelling at the chosen place (cf. v.2).

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.

ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive: 'there you shall sacrifice')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the adverb resumes the chosen place as the emphatic location of the slaughter that follows.

θύσειςyou shall sacrificeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · θύωmain verb (legislative future, apodosis of the antithesis)→ legislative future (binding prescription)θύω: 'sacrifice / slaughter'; the main verb of the positive command — the Passover slaughter is to occur only at the chosen place.

τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πασχαPassoverdirect object of θύσεις (indeclinable)→ clausal contributionπασχα: indeclinable loanword for פֶּסַח.

ἑσπέραςin the eveningGenitivegenitive of time ('at evening')→ relational specificationἑσπέρα: 'evening'; the genitive of time fixes the slaughter to the evening hour — 'between the evenings' of Exod 12:6.

πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (temporal approximation)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'toward / about'; πρὸς δυσμὰς ἡλίου ('toward the setting of the sun') precisely times the slaughter to sundown.

δυσμὰςsettingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (sunset)→ object specificationδυσμή (pl. δυσμαί): 'setting / west'; renders מְבוֹא / בּוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ; the plural δυσμὰς ἡλίου ('the going-down of the sun') marks the exact hour of the Passover slaughter and recalls the sunset departure from Egypt.

ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive (with δυσμάς: 'setting of the sun')→ relational specificationἥλιος: 'sun'; renders שֶׁמֶשׁ; the sunset reference dates the slaughter and binds it to the hour of the exodus.

ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καιρῷtime / seasonDativedative object of ἐν (temporal: 'at the time')→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'appointed time / season / moment'; renders מוֹעֵד; ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ᾧ ἐξῆλθες ('at the time when you came out') ties the Passover to the precise anniversary-hour of the exodus.

ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, antecedent καιρῷ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; dative ᾧ attracted to καιρῷ, the time-when relative.

ἐξῆλθεςyou came outAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of the relative clause (historical exodus)→ constative aorist (the exodus event)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come out'; renders יָצָא; the exodus-departure once more anchors the festal timing (cf. v.1).

ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם.

καὶ ἑψήσεις καὶ ὀπτήσεις καὶ φάγῃ ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ᾧ ἐὰν ἐκλέξηται κύριος ὁ θεός σου αὐτόν καὶ ἀποστραφήσῃ τὸ πρωὶ καὶ ἀπελεύσῃ εἰς τοὺς οἴκους σου

And you shall boil and roast and eat it in the place that the LORD your God shall choose; and you shall turn back in the morning and go away to your homes.

Sequence of festal acts: cook, eat, and return homeκαὶ ἑψήσεις

v.7 chains the festal actions in Hebraizing καί-parataxis: cook (ἑψήσεις καὶ ὀπτήσεις), eat at the chosen place, then return home in the morning. The combination of boiling (ἕψω) and roasting (ὀπτάω) harmonises the Deuteronomic 'cook/boil' (בָּשַׁל) with the roasting of Exod 12:9.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἑψήσειςyou shall boil / cookFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἕψωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ἕψω: 'boil / seethe / cook'; renders בָּשַׁל ('cook / boil'); Deut's verb is harmonised here with the roasting of Exod 12:8–9, the LXX pairing ἑψήσεις καὶ ὀπτήσεις to cover both modes of preparation.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὀπτήσειςyou shall roastFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ὀπτάωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ὀπτάω: 'roast / bake'; renders צָלָה; the roasting verb echoes the Passover prescription of Exod 12:8–9 (צְלִי אֵשׁ, 'roasted with fire'); the LXX's combination reconciles the two Pentateuchal modes of cooking the Passover.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φάγῃyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the suppletive future φάγῃ; the eating of the Passover is to occur at the chosen place, completing the centralisation of the rite.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόπῳplaceDativedative object of ἐν (the chosen sanctuary)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; the chosen sanctuary again — eating, like slaughtering, is confined to it.

ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative, antecedent τόπῳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dative ᾧ attracted to τόπῳ.

ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalising the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: modal particle with subjunctive, future-indefinite.

ἐκλέξηταιshall chooseAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of the relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (future-indefinite divine choice)ἐκλέγομαι: 'choose for oneself'; renders בָּחַר; the centralisation verb yet again.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐκλέξηται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

αὐτόνitAccusativeresumptive accusative (object of ἐκλέξηται: 'choose it')→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumptive pronoun repeating the antecedent τόπος as object of the verb — the same Hebraising redundant resumptive seen at v.2.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀποστραφήσῃyou shall turn back / returnFut Pass Indic 2 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ἀποστρέφω (fut. pass. as intrans. 'turn back'): 'turn back / return'; renders פָּנָה / שׁוּב; after the festal night at the sanctuary the worshipper turns homeward in the morning.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with adverbial πρωί)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρωὶin the morningindeclinable adverbial noun (time-when: 'in the morning')→ clausal contributionπρωί: indeclinable 'morning'; renders בֹּקֶר; τὸ πρωί ('in the morning') marks the time of the homeward return after the festal night.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπελεύσῃyou shall go awayFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; renders הָלַךְ; the worshipper departs to his own dwellings after the rite — the centralised feast does not require permanent relocation, only pilgrimage.

εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἴκουςhomes / housesAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination of return)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / home'; renders אֹהֶל / בַּיִת; the plural 'your homes / tents' marks the return of each pilgrim to his own local dwelling.

ἓξ ἡμέρας φάγῃ ἄζυμα καὶ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ ἐξόδιον ἑορτὴ κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου οὐ ποιήσεις ἐν αὐτῇ πᾶν ἔργον πλὴν ὅσα ποιηθήσεται ψυχῇ

Six days you shall eat unleavened bread, and on the seventh day there is a closing assembly, a feast to the LORD your God; you shall not do in it any work, except whatever shall be done for a person's need.

Closure of the Unleavened-Bread week: the seventh-day assemblyἓξ ἡμέρας φάγῃ ἄζυμα

v.8 closes the first feast: six days of unleavened bread, and on the seventh a solemn closing assembly (ἐξόδιον ἑορτή) on which no work is done — except the preparation of food (the standard festal exemption, cf. Exod 12:16). The term ἐξόδιον denotes the concluding sacred convocation that seals the festal week.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

ἓξsixnumeral (with ἡμέρας: 'six days')→ clausal contributionἕξ: 'six'; indeclinable cardinal numeral; renders שֵׁשֶׁת; six days of unleavened bread precede the seventh-day assembly.

ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for six days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of extent of time.

φάγῃyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the suppletive future φάγῃ; the unleavened diet of the six days.

ἄζυμαunleavened breadAccusativedirect object of φάγῃ→ object specificationἄζυμος (neut. pl. ἄζυμα): 'unleavened bread'; renders מַצּוֹת; cf. v.3.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τῇon theDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on the seventh day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; dative of time-when locating the closing assembly.

τῇtheDativearticle (with ἑβδόμῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'the seventh day')→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; ordinal numeral; renders שְׁבִיעִי; the climactic day of the Unleavened-Bread week, marked by the closing assembly.

ἐξόδιονclosing assembly / solemn convocationNominativepredicate nominative ('there is a closing assembly')→ participant prominenceἐξόδιον: 'closing festival / concluding assembly'; renders עֲצֶרֶת ('solemn assembly / restraint'); the term designates the sacred convocation that closes a festal week (cf. Lev 23:36; Num 29:35); here it seals the seven days of Unleavened Bread.

ἑορτὴfeastNominativenominative in apposition to ἐξόδιον→ participant prominenceἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders חַג; the appositional 'a feast to the LORD' marks the seventh day as itself a sacred festal occasion.

κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage (the feast kept 'to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the recipient of the festal assembly.

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου.

οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative = prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (work-prohibition)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐ)ποιέω: 'do / make'; with οὐ … πᾶν ἔργον it forms the festal work-prohibition (rendering לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה כָּל מְלָאכָה), the same rest-command attaching to the seventh-day assembly.

ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on it')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'on it').

αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν (the seventh day)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the pronoun refers to the seventh day; no work is to be done 'on it.'

πᾶνany / allAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἔργον: 'any work')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / any'; with the negative οὐ … πᾶν it is a Hebraism for 'not any / no' (rendering כָּל with לֹא).

ἔργονworkAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / labor'; renders מְלָאכָה; the festal work-prohibition mirrors the Sabbath rest, sanctifying the closing day of the feast.

πλὴνexceptexceptive particle (introducing the food-preparation exemption)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / save'; introduces the standard festal exemption — the preparation of food for personal need is permitted (cf. Exod 12:16).

ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of the exemption clause)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; the neuter plural ὅσα introduces the exempted category of work — whatever is needed for nourishment.

ποιηθήσεταιshall be doneFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the exemption clause (passive)→ predictive/permissive future (the permitted activity)ποιέω (fut. pass.): 'be done / be made'; the passive marks the permitted food-preparation; the exemption keeps the rest-command humane — sustenance is not labor in the prohibited sense.

ψυχῇfor a person / soulDativedative of advantage ('for a person / for [each] life')→ sphere or referenceψυχή: 'soul / life / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the dative of advantage ('for a person / for [bodily] life') marks the exemption as covering only what is eaten by each individual — the food-preparation clause of Exod 12:16.

ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδας ὁλοκλήρους ἐξαριθμήσεις σεαυτῷ ἀρξαμένου σου δρέπανον ἐπ᾿ ἀμητὸν ἄρξῃ ἐξαριθμῆσαι ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδας

Seven whole weeks you shall count for yourself; from the time you begin to put the sickle to the standing grain you shall begin to count seven weeks.

New festal unit: counting toward the Feast of Weeksἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδας ὁλοκλήρους

v.9 opens the second feast by specifying the count of 'seven whole weeks' (ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδας ὁλοκλήρους), reckoned from the first putting of the sickle to the standing grain. The genitive absolute ἀρξαμένου σου ('when you begin') fixes the start of the count to the inauguration of the grain harvest, tying the feast to the agricultural cycle.

Word-by-word analysis· 14 words

ἑπτὰsevennumeral (with ἑβδομάδας: 'seven weeks')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; renders שִׁבְעָה; the seven-week count culminates in the Feast of Weeks (Pentecost).

ἑβδομάδαςweeksAccusativedirect object of ἐξαριθμήσεις→ object specificationἑβδομάς: 'week / seven-day period'; renders שָׁבוּעַ; the seven weeks are the interval whose completion the feast (ἑορτὴ ἑβδομάδων, v.10) marks; the count yields the fiftieth day, hence the later name Pentecost.

ὁλοκλήρουςwhole / completeAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἑβδομάδας: 'whole weeks')→ object specificationὁλόκληρος: 'complete / whole / entire'; renders תְּמִימֹת ('complete'); the weeks must be full, unbroken weeks — the count admits no partial reckoning (cf. Lev 23:15, 'seven complete sabbaths').

ἐξαριθμήσειςyou shall count outFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαριθμέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ἐξαριθμέω: 'count out / number fully'; the compound ἐξ- stresses an exact and complete enumeration; renders סָפַר; the counting of the weeks is itself a commanded act of festal preparation.

σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'yourself'; the dative σεαυτῷ ('for yourself') renders the Hebrew ethical dative לְךָ, personalising the obligation — each Israelite reckons the count.

ἀρξαμένουhaving begunAor Mid Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · ἄρχωparticiple (genitive absolute with σου: 'when you begin')→ ingressive aorist participle (the inception of harvest)ἄρχομαι: 'begin'; the aorist middle participle in the genitive absolute ἀρξαμένου σου ('once you have begun') marks the start of the count from the inauguration of the harvest — the first stroke of the sickle.

σουyouGenitivegenitive (subject of the genitive absolute)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): the subject of the genitive-absolute participle — 'you, having begun.'

δρέπανονsickleAccusativeaccusative (object implied with the participial idiom: 'to put the sickle')→ object specificationδρέπανον: 'sickle / pruning-hook'; renders חֶרְמֵשׁ; the idiom 'to begin the sickle to the standing grain' renders מֵהָחֵל חֶרְמֵשׁ בַּקָּמָה (cf. Deut's Hebrew); the sickle's first cut marks the harvest's start and the count's beginning.

ἐπ᾿to / uponpreposition + accusative (direction: 'to the grain')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'to / against'; δρέπανον ἐπ᾿ ἀμητόν = 'sickle to the standing grain,' the moment of first reaping.

ἀμητὸνstanding grain / harvestAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄμητος: 'reaping / standing corn / harvest'; renders קָמָה ('standing grain'); the object to which the sickle is first applied, fixing the harvest-start as the count's origin.

ἄρξῃyou shall beginFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ἄρχομaι: 'begin'; the future middle ἄρξῃ ('you shall begin') restates the inception of the count, emphatically bracketing the verse with the begin-motif (ἀρξαμένου … ἄρξῃ).

ἐξαριθμῆσαιto count outAor Act Inf · ἐξαριθμέωcomplementary infinitive (with ἄρξῃ)→ aorist infinitive (the act begun)ἐξαριθμέω: 'count out fully'; the complementary infinitive completes ἄρξῃ — 'begin to count'; the repetition of the counting-verb underlines the careful, deliberate reckoning of the weeks.

ἑπτὰsevennumeral (with ἑβδομάδας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the count is repeated for emphasis at the verse's close.

ἑβδομάδαςweeksAccusativedirect object of ἐξαριθμῆσαι→ object specificationἑβδομάς: 'week'; the object of the counting — the seven weeks to Pentecost.

καὶ ποιήσεις ἑορτὴν ἑβδομάδων κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου καθότι ἡ χείρ σου ἰσχύει ὅσα ἂν δῷ σοι καθότι ηὐλόγησέν σε κύριος ὁ θεός σου

And you shall keep a Feast of Weeks to the LORD your God, according as your hand is able, of whatever he shall give you, according as the LORD your God has blessed you.

The Feast of Weeks itself: a freewill measure proportioned to blessingκαὶ ποιήσεις ἑορτὴν ἑβδομάδων

v.10 names the feast (ἑορτὴ ἑβδομάδων, 'Feast of Weeks') and sets its measure: a freewill tribute proportioned 'as your hand is able' and 'as the LORD has blessed you.' The double καθότι ('according as') makes the offering a grateful response calibrated to the divine blessing already received — gift answers gift.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall keep / makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ποιέω: 'do / make / keep'; ποιέω ἑορτήν is the idiom for 'celebrate a feast' (rendering עָשָׂה חַג); the future functions imperativally.

ἑορτὴνfeastAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders חַג; ἑορτὴ ἑβδομάδων ('Feast of Weeks') is the second of the three pilgrim feasts, later called Pentecost (cf. Exod 34:22; Lev 23:15–21).

ἑβδομάδωνof weeksGenitivegenitive (defining the feast: 'of Weeks')→ relational specificationἑβδομάς: 'week'; the genitive names the feast from the seven-week count of v.9; the Hebrew is חַג שָׁבֻעוֹת.

κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the recipient of the feast.

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου.

καθότιaccording ascomparative conjunction (measure of the offering)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'according as / in proportion as'; renders כְּ / כַּאֲשֶׁר; introduces the measure of the freewill gift — proportioned to ability and to blessing.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χείρhandNominativesubject of ἰσχύει→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; ἡ χείρ σου ἰσχύει ('your hand is strong / able') is a Hebraism (מַסַּת נִדְבַת יָדְךָ, 'the measure of the freewill offering of your hand') for one's economic capacity — the gift is sized to means.

ἰσχύειis able / is strongPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἰσχύωverb of the comparative clause→ customary present (standing measure of ability)ἰσχύω: 'be strong / be able / have power'; renders the sense of capacity; the freewill offering is measured by what one's hand 'is able' to give — voluntary, not fixed.

ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object: 'of whatever he gives')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; neuter plural ὅσα; the gift is drawn from whatever the LORD has granted — the produce of the harvest.

ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive δῷ, generalising)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle with the subjunctive, giving the relative an indefinite sense ('whatever he may give').

δῷhe shall giveAor Act Subj 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of the generalising relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite future giving)δίδωμι: 'give'; the aorist subjunctive with ἄν refers to whatever the LORD grants in the harvest; the offering is a portion returned of the divine gift.

σοιto youDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.

καθότιaccording ascomparative conjunction (second measure-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'according as'; the second καθότι grounds the offering's measure explicitly in the LORD's prior blessing — gift answers grace.

ηὐλόγησένhas blessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωverb of the comparative clause→ constative aorist (the blessing already granted)εὐλογέω: 'bless / speak well of / prosper'; renders בֵּרַךְ; the aorist 'has blessed' presents the divine blessing as already given — the harvest itself — making the festal offering a grateful response.

σεyouAccusativedirect object of ηὐλόγησεν→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ηὐλόγησεν.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ηὐλόγησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the giver of the blessing that the feast acknowledges.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

καὶ εὐφρανθήσῃ ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου σὺ καὶ ὁ υἱός σου καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ σου ὁ παῖς σου καὶ ἡ παιδίσκη σου καὶ ὁ Λευίτης ὁ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσίν σου καὶ ὁ προσήλυτος καὶ ὁ ὀρφανὸς καὶ ἡ χήρα ἡ ἐν ὑμῖν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ᾧ ἐὰν ἐκλέξηται κύριος ὁ θεός σου ἐπικληθῆναι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖ

And you shall rejoice before the LORD your God — you and your son and your daughter, your male slave and your female slave, and the Levite who is in your cities, and the sojourner and the orphan and the widow who are among you — in the place that the LORD your God shall choose, that his name be called upon there.

Inclusive festal rejoicing before the LORDκαὶ εὐφρανθήσῃ ἐναντίον κυρίου

v.11 commands rejoicing 'before the LORD' and lists an emphatically inclusive household: son, daughter, male and female slave, the local Levite, the sojourner, the orphan, and the widow. The roster of the dependent and landless (Levite, προσήλυτος, ὀρφανός, χήρα) makes festal joy a corporate, socially-leveling act at the chosen place.

Word-by-word analysis· 58 words

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εὐφρανθήσῃyou shall rejoiceFut Pass Indic 2 Sg · εὐφραίνωmain verb (legislative future: festal joy)→ legislative future (commanded rejoicing)εὐφραίνω (pass. 'be glad / rejoice'): renders שָׂמַח; the deponent-passive future εὐφρανθήσῃ ('you shall rejoice') makes joy itself a commanded festal act; rejoicing 'before the LORD' is a hallmark of the Deuteronomic feasts (cf. 12:7, 12, 18).

ἐναντίονbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (locating the joy before God)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the rejoicing is enacted in YHWH's presence at the sanctuary, not as private merriment but as worship.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one before whom Israel rejoices.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου.

σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic, heading the inclusive list)→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic nominative pronoun heads the roster of rejoicers, to which the household members are appended in apposition.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱόςsonNominativenominative in apposition to σύ (member of the rejoicing household)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; first of the household members included in the festal joy.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; daughters share equally in the festal rejoicing.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

παῖςmale slave / servantNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'boy / servant / slave'; renders עֶבֶד; the male household slave is explicitly included — festal joy reaches even the unfree.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

παιδίσκηfemale slave / maidservantNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceπαιδίσκη: 'maidservant / female slave'; renders אָמָה; the female slave is named alongside the male — the inclusion is deliberately gender-complete.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΛευίτηςLeviteNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceΛευίτης: 'Levite'; the landless cultic class, dependent on Israel's generosity (cf. 14:27, 29); his inclusion in the feast is a recurring Deuteronomic concern.

ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the following phrase: 'the one in your cities')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article governs the locative phrase ἐν ταῖς πόλεσίν σου, identifying the Levite as the one resident locally within the worshipper's towns.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλεσίνcitiesDativedative object of ἐν (locating the Levite)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city / town'; renders שְׁעָרֶיךָ ('your gates'); the Levite dwelling in the local towns is to be brought up to the central sanctuary to share the feast.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προσήλυτοςsojourner / resident alienNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / resident alien / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; the LXX term (lit. 'one who has come to' a community) denotes the immigrant living among Israel; his festal inclusion grounds covenant ethics in Israel's own memory of sojourning in Egypt (v.12).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀρφανὸςorphanNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceὀρφανός: 'orphan / fatherless'; renders יָתוֹם; one of the classic Deuteronomic triad of the vulnerable (sojourner, orphan, widow) who must share in covenant blessing.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χήραwidowNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceχήρα: 'widow'; renders אַלְמָנָה; completes the triad of the vulnerable; the widow, like the orphan and sojourner, has no inherited land and depends on the feast's generosity.

ἡthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing 'who is among you')→ noun-phrase markingἡ: the article governs the phrase ἐν ὑμῖν, identifying the widow (and the triad) as those living among the people.

ἐνamongpreposition + dative (locative: 'among you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'among you').

ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν (2nd person plural: 'among you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the shift to plural 'among you' embraces the whole community as the social setting of the vulnerable, broadening the address from the individual worshipper.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: place of rejoicing)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: place of rejoicing).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόπῳplaceDativedative object of ἐν (the chosen sanctuary)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; the chosen sanctuary once more — the rejoicing, like the slaughter, is centralised at the chosen place.

ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative, antecedent τόπῳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dative ᾧ attracted to τόπῳ.

ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalising the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: modal particle with subjunctive, future-indefinite.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐκλέξηται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

ἐπικληθῆναιto be called upon / namedAor Pass Inf · ἐπικαλέωepexegetical infinitive (purpose of the choosing)→ aorist infinitive (purpose: that the Name be invoked there)ἐπικαλέω: 'call upon / name over'; the Name-theology formula again (cf. vv.2, 6) — the chosen place is where YHWH's name dwells.

τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄνομαnameAccusativeaccusative subject of the passive infinitive→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the Deuteronomic divine Name at the chosen place.

ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; fixes the Name-invocation, and so the rejoicing, to the chosen place.

καὶ μνησθήσῃ ὅτι οἰκέτης ἦσθα ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ φυλάξῃ καὶ ποιήσεις τὰς ἐντολὰς ταύτας

And you shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and you shall keep and do these commandments.

Motive clause: remembrance of bondage grounds festal inclusionκαὶ μνησθήσῃ ὅτι οἰκέτης ἦσθα

v.12 grounds the inclusive generosity of v.11 in the memory of Israel's own slavery: 'remember that you were a slave in Egypt.' The exhortation closes the Weeks-unit by binding remembrance to obedience (φυλάξῃ καὶ ποιήσεις) — recollected bondage motivates kindness to the vulnerable.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μνησθήσῃyou shall rememberFut Pass Indic 2 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (legislative future: commanded remembrance)→ legislative future (commanded recollection)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember'; renders זָכַר; the remembrance of slavery is the recurring Deuteronomic ground of social compassion (cf. 15:15; 24:18, 22) — Israel's experience of bondage obliges it to include the dependent in its joy.

ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing the object of remembrance)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of the remembering — Israel's former servitude.

οἰκέτηςslave / household servantNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦσθα: 'you were a slave')→ participant prominenceοἰκέτης: 'household slave / domestic servant'; renders עֶבֶד; recalls Israel's bondage in Egypt as the experiential basis for the festal inclusion of slaves, sojourners, orphans, and widows.

ἦσθαyou wereImpf Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopular verb (of the remembered state)→ imperfect (durative past state of bondage)εἰμί (impf. 2 sg. ἦσθα): 'you were'; the imperfect marks the enduring past condition of slavery — a settled state, not a momentary event.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

γῇlandDativedative of place (locative: 'in the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ renders אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, the land of bondage.

ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativedative in apposition to γῇ ('the land of Egypt')→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; here in apposition to γῇ in the locative dative.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φυλάξῃyou shall keepFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding obligation)φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep / observe'; renders שָׁמַר; paired with ποιήσεις ('keep and do'), the standard Deuteronomic hendiadys for diligent, embodied obedience to the covenant stipulations.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding obligation)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; renders עָשָׂה; with φυλάξῃ forms the keep-and-do hendiadys — observance is not bare knowledge but active performance of the commandments.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐντολὰςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of φυλάξῃ and ποιήσεις→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment / precept'; renders מִצְוָה / חֻקִּים; the festal stipulations just given, to be guarded and enacted.

ταύταςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with ἐντολάς: 'these commandments')→ object specificationοὗτος: 'this / these'; the demonstrative ταύτας points back to the festal legislation just delivered as the content of the obligation.

ἑορτὴν σκηνῶν ποιήσεις σεαυτῷ ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἐν τῷ συναγαγεῖν σε ἐκ τοῦ ἅλωνός σου καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ληνοῦ σου

You shall keep the Feast of Booths for yourself seven days, when you gather in from your threshing-floor and from your winepress.

New festal unit: the Feast of Booths at the ingatheringἑορτὴν σκηνῶν ποιήσεις

v.13 opens the third feast — the Feast of Booths (ἑορτὴ σκηνῶν) — a seven-day celebration timed to the autumn ingathering 'from threshing-floor and winepress.' The articular infinitive ἐν τῷ συναγαγεῖν σε ('when you gather in') fixes the feast to the completion of the grain and grape harvests.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

ἑορτὴνfeastAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders חַג; ἑορτὴ σκηνῶν ('Feast of Booths / Tabernacles') is the third pilgrim feast (cf. Lev 23:34; Deut 16:16 σκηνοπηγία).

σκηνῶνof booths / tentsGenitivegenitive (defining the feast: 'of Booths')→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / booth / tabernacle'; renders סֻכּוֹת; the booths commemorate Israel's dwelling in temporary shelters during the wilderness wandering (Lev 23:42–43), reenacted at the harvest feast.

ποιήσειςyou shall keep / makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ποιέω: 'do / make / keep'; ποιέω ἑορτήν, the idiom for celebrating a feast.

σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive 'yourself'; the dative σεαυτῷ renders the Hebrew ethical dative לְךָ, personalising the festal obligation.

ἑπτὰsevennumeral (with ἡμέρας: 'seven days')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; the seven-day duration of Booths (cf. Lev 23:34).

ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of extent marking the feast's length.

ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal: 'when')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: a temporal construction ('when / while'), the standard LXX calque of Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct (בְּאָסְפְּךָ, 'when you gather in').

τῷtheDativearticle (with the infinitive συναγαγεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

συναγαγεῖνto gather inAor Act Inf · συνάγωarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'when you gather in')→ aorist infinitive (the completed ingathering)συνάγω: 'gather together / bring in (harvest)'; renders אָסַף; the ingathering of the harvest from threshing-floor and winepress times the Feast of Booths to the agricultural year's close — hence its alternate name, the Feast of Ingathering (Exod 23:16).

σεyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σε): the accusative subject of the infinitive in the temporal construction ('when you gather in').

ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source of the ingathering)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of the ingathering).

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἅλωνόςthreshing-floorGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source: the grain harvest)→ relational specificationἅλων (gen. ἅλωνος): 'threshing-floor'; renders גֹּרֶן; metonymy for the grain harvest, the produce gathered from the threshing-floor.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source, parallel to ἐκ)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source, parallel to ἐκ).

τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ληνοῦwinepressGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source: the grape harvest)→ relational specificationληνός: 'winepress / wine-vat'; renders יֶקֶב; metonymy for the grape/wine harvest; the pairing 'threshing-floor and winepress' (grain and wine) is a merism for the whole autumn ingathering.

καὶ εὐφρανθήσῃ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ σου σὺ καὶ ὁ υἱός σου καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ σου ὁ παῖς σου καὶ ἡ παιδίσκη σου καὶ ὁ Λευίτης καὶ ὁ προσήλυτος καὶ ὁ ὀρφανὸς καὶ ἡ χήρα ἡ οὖσα ἐν ταῖς πόλεσίν σου

And you shall rejoice in your feast — you and your son and your daughter, your male slave and your female slave, and the Levite and the sojourner and the orphan and the widow who is in your cities.

Inclusive festal rejoicing at Boothsκαὶ εὐφρανθήσῃ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ σου

v.14 repeats the inclusive rejoicing of v.11 for Booths: the same roster of household and vulnerable (son, daughter, slaves, Levite, sojourner, orphan, widow). The repetition entrenches the principle that festal joy is corporate and must reach the landless and dependent — here marked by the participial ἡ οὖσα ('who is in your cities').

Word-by-word analysis· 40 words

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εὐφρανθήσῃyou shall rejoiceFut Pass Indic 2 Sg · εὐφραίνωmain verb (legislative future: commanded joy)→ legislative future (commanded rejoicing)εὐφραίνω (pass. 'rejoice'): renders שָׂמַח; the commanded festal joy of Booths, echoing v.11 and anticipating the climactic ἔσῃ εὐφραινόμενος of v.15.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal/circumstantial: 'in your feast')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal/circumstantial: 'in your feast').

τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑορτῇfeastDativedative object of ἐν ('in your feast')→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast'; the joy is located within the festal celebration of Booths itself.

σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic, heading the inclusive list)→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic nominative heads the roster of rejoicers.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱόςsonNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; member of the rejoicing household (cf. v.11).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; cf. v.11.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

παῖςmale slave / servantNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant / slave'; cf. v.11.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

παιδίσκηfemale slave / maidservantNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceπαιδίσκη: 'maidservant'; cf. v.11.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΛευίτηςLeviteNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceΛευίτης: 'Levite'; the landless cultic class included in the feast (cf. v.11).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προσήλυτοςsojourner / resident alienNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / resident alien'; renders גֵּר; cf. v.11.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀρφανὸςorphanNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceὀρφανός: 'orphan'; renders יָתוֹם; cf. v.11.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χήραwidowNominativenominative in apposition to σύ→ participant prominenceχήρα: 'widow'; renders אַלְמָנָה; completes the triad of the vulnerable (cf. v.11).

ἡthe (one)Nominativearticle (with the participle οὖσα: 'who is')→ noun-phrase markingἡ: the article substantivizes the following participle ('the one who is in your cities').

οὖσαbeing / who isPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying χήρα: 'the widow who is in your cities')→ imperfective participle (ongoing residence)εἰμί (pres. ptcp. οὖσα): 'being'; the attributive participle ἡ οὖσα ἐν ταῖς πόλεσίν σου ('who is in your cities') locates the widow (and by extension the triad) among the local population, brought up to share in the central feast.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλεσίνcitiesDativedative object of ἐν (locating the widow)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city / town'; renders שְׁעָרֶיךָ ('your gates'); the local towns from which the vulnerable are gathered to the feast.

ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἑορτάσεις κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ᾧ ἐὰν ἐκλέξηται κύριος ὁ θεός σου αὐτῷ ἐὰν δὲ εὐλογήσῃ σε κύριος ὁ θεός σου ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς γενήμασίν σου καὶ ἐν παντὶ ἔργῳ τῶν χειρῶν σου καὶ ἔσῃ εὐφραινόμενος

Seven days you shall keep the feast to the LORD your God in the place that the LORD your God shall choose for himself; and if the LORD your God blesses you in all your produce and in every work of your hands, then you shall be altogether rejoicing.

Summation of Booths: seven days, the chosen place, and total joyἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἑορτάσεις

v.15 sums up Booths: a seven-day feast at the chosen place, framed by the LORD's blessing on 'all your produce and every work of your hands.' The closing periphrastic ἔσῃ εὐφραινόμενος ('you shall be rejoicing') intensifies the joy-command into a settled, ongoing state — unbroken festal gladness as the fruit of divine blessing.

Word-by-word analysis· 41 words

ἑπτὰsevennumeral (with ἡμέρας: 'seven days')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the seven-day span of Booths restated.

ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for seven days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of extent.

ἑορτάσειςyou shall keep the feastFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἑορτάζωmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (festal prescription)ἑορτάζω: 'celebrate a feast / keep festival'; denominative of ἑορτή; renders חָגַג; the verb intensifies the festal mandate — the seven days are to be kept as full celebration.

κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the recipient of the feast.

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόπῳplaceDativedative object of ἐν (the chosen sanctuary)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; the chosen sanctuary again — Booths, like the other feasts, is centralised.

ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative, antecedent τόπῳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dative ᾧ attracted to τόπῳ.

ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalising the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: modal particle with subjunctive, future-indefinite.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐκλέξηται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

αὐτῷfor himself / itDativeresumptive dative (with ἐκλέξηται: 'choose for himself')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the resumptive dative αὐτῷ ('for it / for himself') again calques the Hebrew resumptive pronoun (cf. vv.2, 7); the chosen place is selected by YHWH for his own Name.

ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis of a real condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; here introducing a genuine conditional clause ('if the LORD blesses you'), whose apodosis is the climactic ἔσῃ εὐφραινόμενος.

δὲand / nowmild connective (post-positive, introducing the conditional)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; lightly marks the transition to the blessing-condition.

εὐλογήσῃblessesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · εὐλογέωverb of the protasis (conditional)→ aorist subjunctive (condition: 'if he blesses')εὐλογέω: 'bless / prosper'; renders בֵּרַךְ; the divine blessing on harvest and labor is the ground and warrant of the festal joy — gladness flows from grace received.

σεyouAccusativedirect object of εὐλογήσῃ→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εὐλογήσῃ.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of εὐλογήσῃ→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the source of the blessing.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of blessing)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of blessing).

πᾶσινallDativeattributive adjective (with γενήμασιν: 'all your produce')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the totalising πᾶσιν marks the comprehensiveness of the harvest-blessing.

τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γενήμασίνproduce / yieldDativedative object of ἐν (sphere of blessing)→ sphere or referenceγένημα: 'produce / yield / fruit (of the ground)'; renders תְּבוּאָה; distinct from γέννημα ('offspring'); the agricultural produce on which the LORD's blessing rests.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of blessing, parallel)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of blessing, parallel).

παντὶeveryDativeattributive adjective (with ἔργῳ: 'every work')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the blessing extends to every labor, not the harvest alone.

ἔργῳworkDativedative object of ἐν (sphere of blessing)→ sphere or referenceἔργον: 'work / labor'; renders מַעֲשֵׂה; 'every work of your hands' is a Deuteronomic idiom for one's whole productive labor (cf. 14:29; 24:19).

τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive (with ἔργῳ: 'work of your hands')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; 'the work of your hands' denotes the totality of human labor that the divine blessing prospers.

καὶand / thencoordinate conjunction (apodosis of the condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the apodosis ('then you shall be rejoicing'), a Hebraizing use of waw-apodosis after the conditional protasis.

ἔσῃyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula of the periphrastic future (with εὐφραινόμενος)→ future (settled state of joy)εἰμί (fut. ἔσῃ): 'you shall be'; the copula of the periphrastic construction ἔσῃ εὐφραινόμενος ('you shall be rejoicing'), which gives the joy a continuous, settled quality beyond a single act of gladness.

εὐφραινόμενοςrejoicingPres Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · εὐφραίνωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἔσῃ)→ imperfective participle (ongoing, unbroken joy)εὐφραίνω (pres. mid./pass. ptcp.): 'rejoicing / being glad'; the periphrastic ἔσῃ εὐφραινόμενος renders the Hebrew emphatic וְהָיִיתָ אַךְ שָׂמֵחַ ('you shall be altogether joyful', Deut 16:15); the durative participle makes festal joy a sustained condition — the climax of the pilgrim-feast theology.

τρεῖς καιροὺς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὀφθήσεται πᾶν ἀρσενικόν σου ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ᾧ ἐὰν ἐκλέξηται αὐτὸν κύριος ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ τῶν ἀζύμων καὶ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ τῶν ἑβδομάδων καὶ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ τῆς σκηνοπηγίας οὐκ ὀφθήσῃ ἐνώπιον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου κενός

Three times in the year every male of yours shall appear before the LORD your God in the place that the LORD shall choose — at the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and at the Feast of Weeks, and at the Feast of Booth-pitching; and you shall not appear before the LORD your God empty-handed.

Summary of the three pilgrim feasts and the empty-handed prohibitionτρεῖς καιροὺς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ

v.16 gathers the three feasts into the classic pilgrim summary (cf. Exod 23:17; 34:23): three times a year every male shall appear before the LORD at the chosen place — Unleavened Bread, Weeks, and Booth-pitching (σκηνοπηγία). The capping prohibition οὐκ ὀφθήσῃ … κενός ('you shall not appear empty-handed') makes the pilgrimage inseparable from offering.

Word-by-word analysis· 46 words

τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral (with καιρούς: 'three times')→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; renders שָׁלוֹשׁ; the three annual pilgrim occasions — the structural summary of the festal calendar (Exod 23:14, 17).

καιροὺςtimes / appointed seasonsAccusativeaccusative of time (extent/frequency: 'three times')→ object specificationκαιρός: 'appointed time / season'; renders פְּעָמִים ('occasions / times'); the accusative of frequency marks the three obligatory pilgrim appearances per year.

τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive of time (within which: 'in the year')→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the genitive defines the annual cycle within which the three pilgrim feasts fall.

ὀφθήσεταιshall appearFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (legislative future: cultic appearance)→ legislative future (binding pilgrim obligation)ὁράω (fut. pass. ὀφθήσεται): 'be seen / appear'; renders יֵרָאֶה (Niphal); the passive 'be seen / appear before' is the technical idiom for pilgrim presentation at the sanctuary (cf. Exod 23:17); originally 'see the face of YHWH,' softened in the Masoretic vocalization to the passive 'be seen.'

πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective (with ἀρσενικόν: 'every male')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the totalising πᾶν marks the universal obligation of the males to make the pilgrimage.

ἀρσενικόνmaleNominativesubject of ὀφθήσεται ('every male')→ participant prominenceἀρσενικός: 'male'; renders זָכוּר ('your males'); the pilgrim obligation falls on the adult males as representatives of their households, though the feast-rejoicing (vv.11, 14) embraces all.

σουof yoursGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'of yours'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.

ἐναντίονbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (locating the appearance before God)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders אֶת פְּנֵי / לִפְנֵי; the pilgrim appears 'before the face of' YHWH at the sanctuary.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one before whom the pilgrim appears.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόπῳplaceDativedative object of ἐν (the chosen sanctuary)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; the chosen sanctuary — the single legitimate site of the pilgrim appearance.

ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative, antecedent τόπῳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dative ᾧ attracted to τόπῳ.

ἐὰνeverconditional particle (generalising the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: modal particle with subjunctive, future-indefinite.

αὐτὸνitAccusativeresumptive accusative (object of ἐκλέξηται)→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumptive pronoun repeating the antecedent τόπος as object — the Hebraizing redundant resumptive (cf. v.2).

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐκλέξηται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at the feast')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'at the feast').

τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑορτῇfeastDativedative object of ἐν (first pilgrim feast)→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast'; ἑορτὴ τῶν ἀζύμων ('Feast of Unleavened Bread') is here the name for the Passover season (vv.1–8) under its pilgrim aspect.

τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀζύμωνof unleavened breadGenitivegenitive (defining the feast: 'of Unleavened Bread')→ relational specificationἄζυμος (neut. pl. ἄζυμα): 'unleavened bread'; renders מַצּוֹת; the feast named from its unleavened diet (vv.3, 8).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).

τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑορτῇfeastDativedative object of ἐν (second pilgrim feast)→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast'; the Feast of Weeks (vv.9–12).

τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑβδομάδωνof weeksGenitivegenitive (defining the feast: 'of Weeks')→ relational specificationἑβδομάς: 'week'; the Feast of Weeks named from the seven-week count (v.9).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).

τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑορτῇfeastDativedative object of ἐν (third pilgrim feast)→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast'; the Feast of Booth-pitching (vv.13–15).

τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σκηνοπηγίαςof booth-pitching / TabernaclesGenitivegenitive (defining the feast: 'of Booth-pitching')→ relational specificationσκηνοπηγία: 'pitching of tents / Feast of Tabernacles'; the compound (σκηνή + πήγνυμι, 'fix a tent') names the same feast called ἑορτὴ σκηνῶν at v.13; the variation reflects the LXX's two designations for סֻכּוֹת (cf. John 7:2).

οὐκnotnegative particle (with future indicative = prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὀφθήσῃyou shall appearFut Pass Indic 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (prohibition of empty-handed appearance)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐκ)ὁράω (fut. pass. ὀφθήσῃ): 'be seen / appear'; the same pilgrim-presentation verb (cf. ὀφθήσεται above) now in a prohibition — appearing before YHWH must never be empty-handed; the rule renders Exod 23:15; 34:20 (לֹא יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָם).

ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (locating the appearance before God)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders לִפְנֵי; a near-synonym of ἐναντίον, varying the phrasing of the divine presence within the same verse.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου.

κενόςempty-handedNominativepredicate adjective (with ὀφθήσῃ: 'appear empty')→ participant prominenceκενός: 'empty / empty-handed / without a gift'; renders רֵיקָם; the predicate adjective qualifies the pilgrim — none may present himself at the feast without an offering; the appearance and the gift are inseparable.

ἕκαστος κατὰ δύναμιν τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν κατὰ τὴν εὐλογίαν κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου ἣν ἔδωκέν σοι

Each one according to the ability of your hands, according to the blessing of the LORD your God which he has given you.

Measure of the pilgrim gift: proportioned to blessingἕκαστος κατὰ δύναμιν

v.17 sets the measure of the obligatory gift (v.16): each gives 'according to the ability of his hands' and 'according to the blessing' the LORD has given. The principle of proportional, grateful giving (echoing v.10) closes the festal section — the offering answers the blessing already received.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words

ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject (distributive: 'each man')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; distributive pronoun; the gift is individual — each pilgrim gives according to his own means.

κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (measure / standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / in proportion to'; renders כְּ; introduces the measure of the gift — one's capacity.

δύναμινability / capacityAccusativeaccusative object of κατά ('according to ability')→ object specificationδύναμις: 'power / ability / capacity'; renders מַתְּנַת יָד ('the gift of the hand') / כְּמַתְּנַת יָדוֹ; κατὰ δύναμιν ('as able') is the standard idiom for proportional giving (cf. v.10 ἡ χείρ σου ἰσχύει).

τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive (with δύναμιν: 'ability of the hands')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; 'the ability of your hands' is the economic capacity from which the gift is drawn.

ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (2nd person plural)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the shift to plural broadens the address to the whole community of pilgrims.

κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (measure / standard, parallel)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: the second κατά grounds the gift's measure in the divine blessing — gift answers grace.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εὐλογίανblessingAccusativeaccusative object of κατά ('according to the blessing')→ object specificationεὐλογία: 'blessing / benefit'; renders בְּרָכָה; the measure of the gift is the measure of the blessing received — the offering is a proportional return of divine generosity.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (source of the blessing)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the giver of the blessing the pilgrim returns.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου.

ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative object of ἔδωκεν, antecedent εὐλογίαν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; accusative ἥν as object of the giving-verb, defining the blessing as already granted.

ἔδωκένhe has givenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of the relative clause (the blessing given)→ constative aorist (the blessing already bestowed)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the aorist 'has given' marks the blessing as already received — the warrant and measure of the pilgrim's gift.

σοιto youDativedative indirect object (recipient of the blessing)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (recipient of the blessing).

κριτὰς καὶ γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς καταστήσεις σεαυτῷ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς πόλεσίν σου αἷς κύριος ὁ θεός σου δίδωσίν σοι κατὰ φυλάς καὶ κρινοῦσιν τὸν λαὸν κρίσιν δικαίαν

Judges and officers you shall appoint for yourself in all your cities which the LORD your God gives you, throughout your tribes; and they shall judge the people with a righteous judgment.

New legal unit: the appointment of judges and officersκριτὰς καὶ γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς καταστήσεις

v.18 turns from the festal calendar to civic justice: judges (κριταί) and officers (γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς) are to be appointed 'in all your cities' (the LXX rendering of 'in all your gates') and 'throughout your tribes,' to judge the people with a righteous judgment (κρίσιν δικαίαν). The verse inaugurates the law of the judiciary that climaxes in the justice-charge of v.20.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

κριτὰςjudgesAccusativedirect object of καταστήσεις→ object specificationκριτής: 'judge'; renders שֹׁפֵט; the local magistrates charged with adjudicating disputes; their appointment grounds the rule of law in every town of the land.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

γραμματοεισαγωγεῖςofficers / recorder-magistratesAccusativedirect object of καταστήσεις (coordinate with κριτάς)→ object specificationγραμματοεισαγωγεύς: lit. 'scribe-introducer / clerk who brings (cases) in'; a compound LXX coinage (γράμματα + εἰσάγω) rendering שֹׁטֵר ('officer / official'); denotes the subordinate administrative officers who execute the judges' decisions and manage judicial procedure.

καταστήσειςyou shall appoint / set upFut Act Indic 2 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb (legislative future)→ legislative future (binding civic prescription)καθίστημι: 'set / appoint / establish'; renders נָתַן / שׂוּם; the future commands the institution of a local judiciary; the same verb is used of appointing officials throughout the LXX (cf. Gen 41:33; Exod 18:21).

σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive 'yourself'; the dative σεαυτῷ ('for yourself') personalises the obligation upon the community to establish its own courts.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

πάσαιςallDativeattributive adjective (with πόλεσιν: 'all your cities')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the courts are to be established in every town — justice is decentralised even as worship is centralised.

ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πόλεσίνcitiesDativedative object of ἐν (locating the courts)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city / town'; renders שְׁעָרֶיךָ ('your gates'), the city gate being the customary seat of local justice in ancient Israel; the LXX's 'cities' generalises the idiom — judges sit in every town.

αἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative, antecedent πόλεσιν)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; dative αἷς attracted to πόλεσιν; the relative clause identifies the towns as the LORD's gift.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of δίδωσιν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the giver of the land and its towns.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

δίδωσίνgivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of the relative clause (the land-gift)→ present of assured fact (the standing covenant gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נֹתֵן; the present 'gives' presents the land-grant as an ongoing covenant reality, the setting for the new judiciary.

κατὰaccording to / throughoutpreposition + accusative (distributive: 'by tribes')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here distributive ('throughout / tribe by tribe'); κατὰ φυλάς renders לִשְׁבָטֶיךָ — the judiciary is organised along tribal lines.

φυλάςtribesAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive)→ object specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט / מַטֶּה; the appointment of judges is distributed across the tribal structure of Israel.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κρινοῦσινthey shall judgeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κρίνωmain verb (the judges' commissioned task)→ legislative future (mandated judicial duty)κρίνω: 'judge / decide / give a verdict'; renders שָׁפַט; the judges' task is to render verdicts; the cognate-accusative κρινοῦσιν … κρίσιν δικαίαν ('judge a righteous judgment') is a Hebraism intensifying the demand for just adjudication.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of κρινοῦσιν→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; Israel as the community subject to the judges' adjudication.

κρίσινjudgmentAccusativecognate accusative (with κρινοῦσιν: 'judge a judgment')→ object specificationκρίσις: 'judgment / verdict / justice'; renders מִשְׁפָּט; the cognate accusative κρίσιν δικαίαν ('a righteous judgment') renders מִשְׁפַּט צֶדֶק, demanding that verdicts conform to righteousness.

δικαίανrighteousAccusativeattributive adjective (with κρίσιν: 'righteous judgment')→ object specificationδίκαιος: 'righteous / just'; renders צֶדֶק; the adjective makes righteousness the defining quality of legitimate judgment, anticipating the justice-charge of v.20.

οὐκ ἐκκλινοῦσιν κρίσιν οὐκ ἐπιγνώσονται πρόσωπον οὐδὲ λήμψονται δῶρον τὰ γὰρ δῶρα ἐκτυφλοῖ ὀφθαλμοὺς σοφῶν καὶ ἐξαίρει λόγους δικαίων

They shall not pervert judgment, nor show partiality, nor take a bribe; for bribes blind the eyes of the wise and subvert the words of the righteous.

Triple prohibition for judges + motive clause on briberyοὐκ ἐκκλινοῦσιν κρίσιν

v.19 lays three prohibitions on the judges — no perverting of judgment, no partiality, no bribe — and grounds them in a gnomic motive: bribes 'blind the eyes of the wise and subvert the words of the righteous.' The corrupting power of the δῶρον (bribe) is stated as a settled maxim, anchoring the absolute ban.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

οὐκnotnegative particle (with future indicative = prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐκκλινοῦσινthey shall pervert / turn asideFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκκλίνωmain verb (first judicial prohibition)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐκ)ἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside / bend / pervert'; renders נָטָה (in the legal idiom הִטָּה מִשְׁפָּט, 'turn judgment aside'); to 'turn aside judgment' is to bend a verdict from its true course — the basic corruption of justice.

κρίσινjudgmentAccusativedirect object of ἐκκλινοῦσιν→ object specificationκρίσις: 'judgment / justice / verdict'; renders מִשְׁפָּט; the object that must not be perverted — the integrity of the judicial decision itself.

οὐκnotnegative particle (with future indicative)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπιγνώσονταιthey shall recognize / show partiality toFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιγινώσκωmain verb (second judicial prohibition)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐκ)ἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize / take note of / regard'; the idiom ἐπιγινώσκω πρόσωπον ('recognize a face') renders הִכִּיר פָּנִים ('respect persons / show partiality'); the judge must not let the identity or status of a litigant sway the verdict.

πρόσωπονface / personAccusativedirect object of ἐπιγνώσονται ('recognize a face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / countenance / person'; renders פָּנִים; in the idiom 'recognize the face' it means showing partiality — judging by status rather than merit; the source of the later term προσωπολημψία ('respect of persons', cf. Rom 2:11).

οὐδὲnornegative conjunction (continuing the prohibitions)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'nor / and not'; links the third prohibition to the preceding two.

λήμψονταιthey shall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (third judicial prohibition)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐδέ)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; 'take a bribe' (λαμβάνω δῶρον) is the cardinal judicial sin, treated here as decisively corrupting.

δῶρονbribe / giftAccusativedirect object of λήμψονται→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / present'; here 'bribe', rendering שֹׁחַד; the same neutral word for 'gift' carries the pejorative sense of a corrupting inducement — the gift that buys a verdict.

τὰtheNominativearticle (with δῶρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive, introducing the motive maxim)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the gnomic ground of the bribery-prohibition — the corrupting effect of gifts.

δῶραbribes / giftsNominativesubject of ἐκτυφλοῖ and ἐξαίρει→ participant prominenceδῶρον (pl. δῶρα): 'gifts / bribes'; the plural subject of the maxim — bribes as a class blind and subvert; renders שֹׁחַד.

ἐκτυφλοῖblindsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτυφλόωverb of the motive clause (gnomic present)→ gnomic present (timeless general truth)ἐκτυφλόω: 'blind utterly / make blind'; the intensive compound ἐκ- ('blind completely'); renders יְעַוֵּר ('blinds'); the gnomic present states a timeless maxim — bribery destroys even the discernment of the wise; the singular verb takes the neuter plural subject δῶρα (standard Greek concord).

ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object of ἐκτυφλοῖ→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עֵינַיִם; 'the eyes of the wise' stand metaphorically for clear moral and judicial perception, which the bribe darkens.

σοφῶνof the wiseGenitivegenitive (with ὀφθαλμούς: 'eyes of the wise')→ relational specificationσοφός: 'wise'; renders חֲכָמִים; substantivized 'the wise' — even the discerning are corrupted by the bribe, underscoring its power.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξαίρειsubverts / removesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωverb of the motive clause (gnomic present, parallel to ἐκτυφλοῖ)→ gnomic present (timeless general truth)ἐξαίρω: 'lift up / take away / remove'; here 'subvert / overturn'; renders יְסַלֵּף ('twists / perverts'); the bribe 'removes' or distorts the just cause of the righteous, robbing them of a fair hearing.

λόγουςwords / causesAccusativedirect object of ἐξαίρει→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / case'; renders דִּבְרֵי ('the words / cause of'); 'the words of the righteous' denotes their just legal pleas, which the bribe subverts.

δικαίωνof the righteousGenitivegenitive (with λόγους: 'words of the righteous')→ relational specificationδίκαιος: 'righteous / just'; renders צַדִּיקִים; substantivized 'the righteous' whose just cause is overthrown by corruption — the victims of the bribe.

δικαίως τὸ δίκαιον διώξῃ ἵνα ζῆτε καὶ εἰσελθόντες κληρονομήσητε τὴν γῆν ἣν κύριος ὁ θεός σου δίδωσίν σοι

Justly shall you pursue what is just, that you may live and, entering in, may inherit the land which the LORD your God gives you.

Climactic justice-charge with life-and-inheritance promiseδικαίως τὸ δίκαιον διώξῃ

v.20 is the rhetorical and theological summit of the judiciary law: δικαίως τὸ δίκαιον διώξῃ ('justly shall you pursue what is just') binds righteous means to righteous ends in a figura etymologica (adverb + cognate noun) rendering the emphatic Hebrew צֶדֶק צֶדֶק תִּרְדֹּף. The purpose clause makes life and inheritance of the land conditional on the pursuit of justice — righteousness is the ground of covenant tenure.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

δικαίωςjustly / righteouslyadverb of manner (modifying διώξῃ: 'pursue justly')→ clausal contributionδικαίως: 'justly / righteously'; the adverb renders the first צֶדֶק of the emphatic Hebrew צֶדֶק צֶדֶק תִּרְדֹּף ('justice, justice you shall pursue'); the LXX renders the doubled noun as adverb + cognate noun (figura etymologica), so that the means of the pursuit must themselves be righteous — not merely the goal.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing δίκαιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

δίκαιονwhat is just / the just thingAccusativedirect object of διώξῃ (substantivized neuter adjective)→ object specificationδίκαιος (neut. subst. τὸ δίκαιον): 'the just / what is right'; renders the second צֶדֶק; the object of pursuit is justice itself; the pairing δικαίως τὸ δίκαιον ('justly the just') makes righteous means and righteous ends inseparable — a key crux of Deuteronomic ethics.

διώξῃyou shall pursueFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · διώκωmain verb (the justice-charge)→ legislative future (emphatic binding charge)διώκω: 'pursue / chase / press after'; renders רָדַף ('pursue'); the verb's intensity — to 'hunt after' justice as one pursues a quarry — frames righteousness as an active, relentless pursuit, not passive avoidance of wrong.

ἵναthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (introducing the life-and-inheritance clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the twin reward of justice — life and inheritance of the land.

ζῆτεyou may livePres Act Subj 2 Pl · ζάωverb of the purpose clause→ present subjunctive (ongoing life as the goal)ζάω: 'live'; renders חָיָה; 'life' in Deuteronomy is covenantal flourishing in the land, the reward of obedience (cf. 30:19); the plural shifts to address the whole community.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἰσελθόντεςentering in / having enteredAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'on entering')→ antecedent aorist participle (entry preceding inheritance)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; renders בּוֹא; the aorist participle marks the entry into Canaan that precedes and conditions the inheritance — 'entering in, you shall inherit.'

κληρονομήσητεyou may inheritAor Act Subj 2 Pl · κληρονομέωverb of the purpose clause (coordinate with ζῆτε)→ aorist subjunctive (the inheritance attained)κληρονομέω: 'inherit / take possession of'; renders יָרַשׁ; the possession of the land is the great covenant promise, here made the fruit of justice — righteous courts secure Israel's tenure of the land.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κληρονομήσητε→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; the promised land, the inheritance contingent on the pursuit of justice.

ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative object of δίδωσιν, antecedent γῆν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; accusative ἥν, object of the giving-verb.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of δίδωσιν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the giver of the land.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου.

δίδωσίνgivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of the relative clause (the land-gift)→ present of assured fact (the standing covenant gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נֹתֵן; the present 'gives' presents the land as the LORD's ongoing covenant grant — the inheritance secured by justice.

οὐ φυτεύσεις σεαυτῷ ἄλσος πᾶν ξύλον παρὰ τὸ θυσιαστήριον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου ὃ ποιήσεις σεαυτῷ

You shall not plant for yourself a sacred grove, any tree, beside the altar of the LORD your God which you shall make for yourself.

Cultic prohibition: no sacred grove beside the altarοὐ φυτεύσεις σεαυτῷ ἄλσος

v.21 opens the closing pair of cultic safeguards: no planting of a sacred grove / Asherah (ἄλσος) — 'any tree' — beside the LORD's altar. The prohibition fences the legitimate altar against the arboreal cult-furniture of Canaanite worship (the Asherah being a wooden cult-symbol of the goddess).

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words

οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative = prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φυτεύσειςyou shall plantFut Act Indic 2 Sg · φυτεύωmain verb (cultic prohibition)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐ)φυτεύω: 'plant'; renders נָטַע; the prohibition forbids planting a sacred tree/grove at the altar — the literal act of establishing forbidden cult-furniture.

σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive 'yourself'; the dative σεαυτῷ ('for yourself') renders the Hebrew ethical dative לְךָ, stressing that Israel must not provide itself such illegitimate cult-objects.

ἄλσοςsacred grove / AsherahAccusativedirect object of φυτεύσεις→ object specificationἄλσος: 'grove / sacred wood'; the standard LXX rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה (Asherah) — the wooden cult-symbol or sacred tree associated with the Canaanite goddess Asherah; the LXX interprets the cult-object as a planted grove, forbidden beside YHWH's altar (cf. Exod 34:13; Deut 7:5).

πᾶνanyAccusativeattributive adjective (with ξύλον: 'any tree')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'any / every'; with the negative οὐ … πᾶν it is a Hebraism for 'not any' — no tree whatever may be planted at the altar.

ξύλονtree / woodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἄλσος ('a grove, any tree')→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood / tree'; renders עֵץ; in apposition to ἄλσος it generalises the prohibition — any tree planted as a cult-object beside the altar is forbidden.

παρὰbesidepreposition + accusative (position: 'beside the altar')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'beside / alongside'; renders אֵצֶל / עַל; the prohibited proximity is to the legitimate altar — no rival cult-symbol may stand beside it.

τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (the LORD's altar)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar / place of sacrifice'; the LXX's coinage (from θυσία) reserved for legitimate altars (as against βωμός, used for pagan altars); renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the LORD's altar must stand undefiled by adjacent cult-furniture.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's altar)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the altar belongs to him alone.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου.

ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative object of ποιήσεις, antecedent θυσιαστήριον)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter accusative ὅ agreeing with θυσιαστήριον, object of the making-verb.

ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause (the altar's construction)→ legislative future (the sanctioned altar-making)ποιέω: 'make'; renders עָשָׂה; the legitimate altar that Israel is to build — distinguished from the forbidden cult-objects by its divine sanction.

σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive 'yourself'; the dative σεαυτῷ frames the altar as built for Israel's own legitimate worship, in pointed contrast to the prohibited grove.

οὐ στήσεις σεαυτῷ στήλην ἃ ἐμίσησεν κύριος ὁ θεός σου

You shall not set up for yourself a standing-pillar — things which the LORD your God hates.

Closing cultic prohibition: no standing-pillar; divine hatred formulaοὐ στήσεις σεαυτῷ στήλην

v.22 closes the chapter with the second cultic safeguard: no setting up of a standing-pillar (στήλη), paired with the grove of v.21. The verdict ἃ ἐμίσησεν κύριος ('things which the LORD hates') brands both cult-objects with divine abhorrence, sealing the chapter's concern for the purity of legitimate worship at the chosen altar.

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words

οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative = prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

στήσειςyou shall set upFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (cultic prohibition)→ legislative future (prohibition with οὐ)ἵστημι: 'set / set up / erect'; renders הֵקִים / נָצַב; στήσεις … στήλην ('set up a pillar') describes the erecting of a standing stone as a cult-object — forbidden alongside the grove.

σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive 'yourself'; the dative σεαυτῷ renders the Hebrew ethical dative לְךָ — Israel must not establish such objects for its own cult.

στήληνstanding-pillar / sacred stoneAccusativedirect object of στήσεις→ object specificationστήλη: 'pillar / standing-stone / stele'; renders מַצֵּבָה (maṣṣebah) — the sacred standing stone of Canaanite worship; though patriarchs once raised pillars to YHWH (Gen 28:18; 35:14), Deuteronomy bans them as compromised by pagan association (cf. Exod 23:24; Lev 26:1).

ἃwhich thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (neuter plural, summing up grove and pillar)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the neuter plural ἅ ('which things') gathers both the grove (v.21) and the pillar (v.22) as the objects of the LORD's hatred — a constructio ad sensum embracing the whole class of forbidden cult-furniture.

ἐμίσησενhas hatedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μισέωverb of the relative clause (divine abhorrence formula)→ constative aorist (settled divine attitude)μισέω: 'hate / detest'; renders שָׂנֵא; the aorist 'has hated' expresses YHWH's settled abhorrence of these cult-objects; the divine-hatred formula brands the grove and pillar as covenant abominations, sealing the chapter's defense of pure worship.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐμίσησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the one whose hatred condemns the forbidden cult-objects.

ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου, closing the chapter on the note of covenant fidelity.

The Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 16ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝΟΜΙΟΝ ΙϚ′

Theme

Translation & textual notes