Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 22ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝΟΜΙΟΝ ΚΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Deuteronomy 22 is a miscellany of covenant case-law binding the everyday ordering of property, dress, agriculture, and sexuality to the holiness of the covenant people.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Deuteronomy 22 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Deuteronomy 22 is a miscellany of covenant case-law binding the everyday ordering of property, dress, agriculture, and sexuality to the holiness of the covenant people. It opens with the active-neighbor ethic (vv. 1–4): the Israelite may not 'hide himself' (the LXX renders the Hebrew לֹא תִתְעַלָּם with the recurring οὐχ ὑπερόψῃ / οὐ δυνήσῃ ὑπεριδεῖν) from a brother's straying ox or sheep, his lost cloak, or his fallen donkey, but must return the one and raise the other — a positive duty of restoration that the Gospel tradition will universalize (cf. the Good Samaritan, Luke 10; and the parallel Exod 23:4–5). The cognate-dative Hebraisms ἀποστροφῇ ἀποστρέψεις (v. 1) and ἀνιστῶν ἀναστήσεις (v. 4) calque the Hebrew infinitive absolute, intensifying the obligation. The chapter then turns to a series of separation-laws expressing covenant holiness: no cross-dressing, 'for it is an abomination (βδέλυγμα) to the LORD' (v. 5); the mother-bird law, with its rare long-life promise (ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται καὶ πολυήμερος ἔσῃ, vv. 6–7); the rooftop parapet (στεφάνη) that guards against bloodguilt (φόνος, v. 8); and the prohibition of mixed kinds — sowing the vineyard with διάφορον seed, plowing with ox and donkey yoked together, wearing the κίβδηλον ('mongrel/adulterated') mixture of wool and linen (vv. 9–11) — capped by the command to make tassels (στρεπτά) on the four corners of one's garment (κράσπεδα, v. 12; cf. Matt 23:5). The remainder of the chapter is sexual case-law set within its ancient legal frame: the slandered bride and the tokens of virginity (τὰ παρθένια), with the falsely accusing husband fined a hundred shekels but the proven case stoned at her father's door (vv. 13–21); and the graded offenses (vv. 22–29) — the adulterer and adulteress both die; the betrothed virgin, with the city/field distinction turning on whether she could cry out for rescue (the 'cry test'); and the seizure of an unbetrothed virgin, penalized by a fifty-didrachma bride-price and indissoluble marriage. The refrain καὶ ἐξαρεῖς τὸν πονηρὸν ἐξ ὑμῶν ('and you shall remove the evil from among you') punctuates the capital cases, framing them as acts of communal purgation.

1

μὴ ἰδὼν τὸν μόσχον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου ἢ τὸ πρόβατον αὐτοῦ πλανώμενα ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ὑπερίδῃς αὐτά ἀποστροφῇ ἀποστρέψεις αὐτὰ τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου καὶ ἀποδώσεις αὐτῷ

You shall not, on seeing your brother's ox or his sheep straying in the road, overlook them; returning them you shall return them to your brother, and you shall give them back to him.

Opening apodictic law (prohibition framed by a circumstantial participle)μὴ ἰδὼν … ὑπερίδῃς
The chapter opens with a prohibitive aorist subjunctive (μὴ … ὑπερίδῃς) qualified by the circumstantial participle ἰδών ('having seen'): the very act of seeing creates the obligation, so that looking-away is itself the forbidden act. The positive counter-command follows in the cognate-dative Hebraism ἀποστροφῇ ἀποστρέψεις, calquing the Hebrew infinitive absolute הָשֵׁב תְּשִׁיבֵם and making restoration emphatic and unconditional.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive subjunctive ὑπερίδῃς)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative of will/command; here it governs the aorist subjunctive ὑπερίδῃς to form a prohibition ('you shall not overlook'); its placement at the head of the verse before the participle binds the whole clause under prohibition.
ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ὁράωcircumstantial participle (conditional/temporal: 'when you see')→ aorist participle (antecedent circumstance to the main verb)ὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see / perceive'; the participle ἰδών renders the Hebrew protasis 'when you see' (כִּי תִרְאֶה); the seeing is what generates the duty — the law targets the deliberate aversion of one who has already seen.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονox / calfAccusativedirect object of ἰδών→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young ox / bullock'; renders שׁוֹר; in this agrarian law it stands for a valuable draft animal whose loss would be a serious economic blow to its owner.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of possession ('your brother's')→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; in Deuteronomy 'brother' denotes the fellow Israelite, the covenant neighbor; the term frames the whole law as an obligation of intra-covenant solidarity, not mere property restitution.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): the singular 'you' addresses each Israelite individually, the characteristic second-person-singular paraenesis of Deuteronomy.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; coordinates μόσχον and πρόβατον, extending the law to any straying livestock.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβατονsheepAccusativedirect object of ἰδών (parallel to μόσχον)→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders שֶׂה; with μόσχος it forms a representative pair (large and small livestock) standing for any animal that may wander.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πλανώμεναstrayingPres Mid/Pass Part Acc Neut Pl · πλανάωpredicate participle (describing the animals' condition)→ present participle (ongoing wandering state)πλανάω (mid./pass. 'wander / go astray'): renders נָדַח / תָעָה; the neuter plural agrees with the pair μόσχον/πρόβατον taken together; the same root underlies the NT image of the straying sheep (Matt 18:12).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷroad / wayDativedative of place (locative: 'in the road')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / path'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; locates the encounter in public space where one might easily pass by and pretend not to notice.
ὑπερίδῃςoverlook / disregardAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ὑπεροράωmain verb (prohibitive subjunctive with μή)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (forbidding the single act of looking-away)ὑπεροράω: 'overlook / disregard / hide oneself from'; renders the Hebrew הִתְעַלֵּם ('hide oneself, feign not to see'); this verb is the thematic key of vv. 1–4, recurring at v. 3 (ὑπεριδεῖν) and v. 4 (ὑπερίδῃς) — the sin condemned is willful indifference to a neighbor's need.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object of ὑπερίδῃς→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter plural refers to the straying animals collectively.
ἀποστροφῇwith a returningDativecognate dative (Hebraism: rendering the infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceἀποστροφή: 'a turning back / returning'; the dativus cognatus ἀποστροφῇ ἀποστρέψεις renders the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute הָשֵׁב תְּשִׁיבֵם, intensifying the command: 'you shall most certainly return them.'
ἀποστρέψειςyou shall returnFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (positive command in cognate construction)→ imperatival future (legal command)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / bring back / restore'; renders שׁוּב (Hiphil); the imperatival future is the standard LXX legal form for binding obligation; paired with its cognate dative it converts the prohibition of v. 1a into a positive duty of restitution.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ἀποστρέψεις→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀποστρέψεις.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῷbrotherDativedative of recipient (indirect object: 'to your brother')→ sphere or referenceἀδελφός (dat.): the covenant neighbor as the rightful recipient of the restored animal.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποδώσειςyou shall give backFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (coordinate command)→ imperatival future (legal command)ἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / render / restore'; renders שׁוּב / נָתַן; the compound ἀπο- stresses returning what is owed to its proper owner, sealing the duty of restitution.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of recipient→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of recipient.
2

ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἐγγίζῃ ὁ ἀδελφός σου πρὸς σὲ μηδὲ ἐπίστῃ αὐτόν συνάξεις αὐτὰ ἔνδον εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν σου καὶ ἔσται μετὰ σοῦ ἕως ἂν ζητήσῃ αὐτὰ ὁ ἀδελφός σου καὶ ἀποδώσεις αὐτῷ

But if your brother is not near you, or you do not know him, you shall gather them inside into your house, and it shall remain with you until your brother seeks them, and you shall give them back to him.

Conditional qualification (provision for the case of an absent or unknown owner)ἐὰν δὲ
ἐὰν δέ introduces the contingency that complicates simple return: the owner is not nearby or is unknown. The law then prescribes safekeeping (συνάξεις … ἔνδον) until the owner himself seeks the lost animal — an obligation of stewardship that goes beyond mere honesty, requiring the finder to bear the burden of custody for an indefinite period.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing protasis + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; with the subjunctive introduces a prospective condition; standard LXX rendering of the casuistic כִּי / אִם that frames case-law.
δὲbutmild adversative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; here adversative, marking the contrasting case in which the owner cannot be immediately found.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive ἐγγίζῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγγίζῃis nearPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωverb of protasis (conditional)→ present subjunctive (state of nearness in the condition)ἐγγίζω: 'draw near / be near'; renders קָרוֹב; here of geographical proximity — if the owner does not live close enough to receive the animal directly.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubject of ἐγγίζῃ→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: the fellow Israelite owner of the strayed animal.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
πρὸςto / nearpreposition + accusative (proximity)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (proximity).
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σέ): the second-person addressee, the finder of the animal.
μηδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction (adds a second condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδέ: 'and not / nor'; joins a second alternative protasis: not near, or not known.
ἐπίστῃyou knowPres Mid Subj 2 Sg · ἐπίσταμαιverb of protasis (second condition)→ present subjunctive (state of acquaintance in the condition)ἐπίσταμαι: 'know / be acquainted with / understand'; renders יָדַע; with the accusative αὐτόν, 'know him' — i.e. if the owner's identity is unknown to the finder.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπίστῃ→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπίστῃ.
συνάξειςyou shall gatherFut Act Indic 2 Sg · συνάγωmain verb of apodosis (legal command)→ imperatival future (legal command)συνάγω: 'gather / bring together / take in'; renders אָסַף; here 'gather in / take into safekeeping' the strayed animals pending the owner's return.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of συνάξεις→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of συνάξεις.
ἔνδονinsideadverb of place (locative)→ clausal contributionἔνδον: 'within / inside'; reinforces the following εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, stressing that the animals are to be sheltered, not merely tolerated on one's land.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house / household'; renders בַּיִת; the finder must give the animals the protection of his own home, bearing the cost of their keep.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicting the period of custody)→ predictive future (the animal's continued presence)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be / remain'; the singular here treats the strayed property collectively; it 'shall remain with you' for the duration of custody.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with ἄν + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with ἄν and the subjunctive ζητήσῃ marks an indefinite future limit — the custody lasts however long it takes for the owner to seek his property.
ἂν(ever)modal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle giving the ἕως-clause its indefinite, contingent character.
ζητήσῃseeksAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ζητέωverb of indefinite temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (the owner's eventual act of seeking)ζητέω: 'seek / look for'; renders דָּרַשׁ / בָּקַשׁ; the burden of initiating recovery falls on the owner's search, but the finder must hold the property in good faith until then.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ζητήσῃ→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ζητήσῃ.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubject of ζητήσῃ→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as subject of ζητήσῃ.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποδώσειςyou shall give backFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (final command of the case)→ imperatival future (legal command)ἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / restore'; the clause closes the unit as v. 1 did, with the duty of returning the property to its owner.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of recipient→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of recipient.
3

οὕτως ποιήσεις τὸν ὄνον αὐτοῦ καὶ οὕτως ποιήσεις τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ καὶ οὕτως ποιήσεις κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀπώλειαν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου ὅσα ἐὰν ἀπόληται παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ εὕρῃς οὐ δυνήσῃ ὑπεριδεῖν

So shall you do with his donkey, and so shall you do with his garment, and so shall you do with every lost thing of your brother's, whatever may be lost from him and you find it; you shall not be able to overlook it.

Generalizing extension (the principle broadened to all lost property)οὕτως ποιήσεις
The threefold anaphora οὕτως ποιήσεις … οὕτως ποιήσεις … οὕτως ποιήσεις generalizes the law of vv. 1–2 from livestock to the donkey, the cloak, and finally to 'every lost thing' of a brother's. The clause climaxes in οὐ δυνήσῃ ὑπεριδεῖν ('you will not be able to overlook'), restating the thematic verb of v. 1 now as a moral impossibility — indifference is simply not an option for the covenant member.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner (anaphoric)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; renders כֵּן; the repeated οὕτως ποιήσεις applies the same procedure of vv. 1–2 by analogy to each further category of lost property.
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (legal command)ποιέω: 'do / make / act'; renders עָשָׂה; the construction ποιήσεις + accusative ('do with respect to') extends the restoration-duty to each item named.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνονdonkeyAccusativeaccusative of respect ('with regard to his donkey')→ object specificationὄνος: 'donkey / ass'; renders חֲמוֹר; the donkey was the chief beast of burden and transport, a valuable working animal.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (anaphoric, second occurrence)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: meaning 'so'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (legal command)ποιέω (fut. ποιήσεις): 'make'; she shall prepare food for herself and her children afterward — the promise being that the supply will suffice.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarment / cloakAccusativeaccusative of respect ('with regard to his cloak')→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / outer cloak'; renders שִׂמְלָה; the cloak was a person's most basic possession (used even as a pledge and bedding, Exod 22:26–27), so its loss matters greatly to the owner.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (anaphoric, third occurrence)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: meaning 'so'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (legal command)ποιέω (fut. ποιήσεις): 'make'; she shall prepare food for herself and her children afterward — the promise being that the supply will suffice.
κατὰaccording to / withpreposition + accusative (distributive: 'in the case of')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'with respect to / in the case of'; introduces the comprehensive generalization 'every lost thing.'
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀπώλειαν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; universalizes the law to cover any lost item whatever.
ἀπώλειανlost thing / lossAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἀπώλεια: 'loss / destruction / a lost thing'; renders אֲבֵדָה ('lost article'); here concrete — any piece of a neighbor's property that has gone astray and been found.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of possession ('your brother's')→ relational specificationἀδελφοῦ: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive of possession ('your brother's').
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (introducing relative clause)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; the neuter plural ὅσα generalizes the antecedent ἀπώλειαν to any and every lost item.
ἐὰνevermodal particle (with subjunctive in relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here the indefinite particle (= ἄν) lending the relative clause a generalizing, contingent sense.
ἀπόληταιmay be lostAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιverb of indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (any hypothetical instance of loss)ἀπόλλυμι (mid. 'perish / be lost'): renders אָבַד; the middle here means 'go missing / be lost' rather than 'be destroyed' — the cognate of ἀπώλεια just used.
παρ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source: 'from him')→ spatial or relational framingπαρ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from him').
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of παρά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of παρά.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὕρῃςyou findAor Act Subj 2 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of relative clause (coordinate with ἀπόληται)→ aorist subjunctive (the finder's discovery)εὑρίσκω: 'find / come upon'; renders מָצָא; the finding, as in v. 1, is the trigger of the duty: once found, the lost item may not be ignored.
οὐnotnegative particle (with δυνήσῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνήσῃyou shall be ableFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (with complementary infinitive ὑπεριδεῖν)→ gnomic/legal future (moral impossibility)δύναμαι: 'be able'; renders יָכֹל; οὐ δυνήσῃ ὑπεριδεῖν ('you will not be able to overlook') casts indifference not merely as forbidden but as ruled out — a categorical statement of covenant obligation.
ὑπεριδεῖνto overlookAor Act Inf · ὑπεροράωcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσῃ)→ aorist infinitive (the prohibited act of disregard)ὑπεροράω: 'overlook / disregard / hide oneself from'; the thematic verb of vv. 1–4 reappears as the very thing one is unable to do; the same Hebrew root (הִתְעַלֵּם) underlies the whole pericope.
4

οὐκ ὄψῃ τὸν ὄνον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου ἢ τὸν μόσχον αὐτοῦ πεπτωκότας ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ μὴ ὑπερίδῃς αὐτούς ἀνιστῶν ἀναστήσεις μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ

You shall not see your brother's donkey or his ox fallen in the road and disregard them; raising them up you shall raise them up with him.

Parallel apodictic law (the fallen animal, balancing the strayed animal of vv. 1–3)οὐκ ὄψῃ … μὴ ὑπερίδῃς
v. 4 forms a matching panel to v. 1: there the animal strays, here it has fallen under its load; there one must return it, here one must help lift it. The cognate-dative Hebraism ἀνιστῶν ἀναστήσεις ('raising up you shall raise up') parallels ἀποστροφῇ ἀποστρέψεις of v. 1, and the closing μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('with him') stresses shared labor: the duty is not delegated but performed alongside the owner.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οὐκnotnegative particle (with future ὄψῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): the objective negative; with the imperatival future ὄψῃ it forms a prohibition equivalent to 'you must not look on and ignore.'
ὄψῃyou shall seeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (imperatival future in prohibition)→ imperatival future (prohibition: 'you shall not look on [and ignore]')ὁράω (fut. ὄψομαι): 'see / look at'; renders רָאָה; as in v. 1, the seeing is the moral hinge — to see the fallen animal and not act is the offense.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνονdonkeyAccusativedirect object of ὄψῃ→ object specificationὄνος: 'donkey / ass'; the burden-bearing animal most likely to collapse under a heavy load on the road.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἀδελφοῦ: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive of possession.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; coordinates ὄνον and μόσχον, as in v. 1.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονoxAccusativedirect object of ὄψῃ (parallel to ὄνον)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'ox / calf'; the draft ox, like the donkey, may stumble and fall under its yoke or burden.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πεπτωκόταςfallenPerf Act Part Acc Masc Pl · πίπτωpredicate participle (describing the animals' state)→ perfect participle (resultant state of having fallen and lying down)πίπτω (perf. πέπτωκα): 'fall / fall down'; the perfect denotes the settled condition of the animal lying fallen under its load; the masculine plural agrees with the pair ὄνον/μόσχον.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷroadDativedative of place (locative: 'in the road')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road'; the same public setting as v. 1, where a passerby is tempted to keep walking.
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive subjunctive ὑπερίδῃς)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπερίδῃςoverlook / disregardAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ὑπεροράωverb of prohibition (resuming οὐκ ὄψῃ)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (forbidding willful disregard)ὑπεροράω: 'overlook / disregard'; the thematic verb a third time (cf. vv. 1, 3), now of the fallen animal; the doubled negation (οὐκ ὄψῃ … μὴ ὑπερίδῃς) emphatically forbids looking-away.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ὑπερίδῃς→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὑπερίδῃς.
ἀνιστῶνraising upPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἀνίστημιcognate participle (with ἀναστήσεις: Hebraism)→ present participle reinforcing the cognate future (emphatic command)ἀνίστημι (trans. 'raise up / set upright'): renders קוּם (Hiphil); the figura etymologica ἀνιστῶν ἀναστήσεις renders the Hebrew infinitive absolute הָקֵם תָּקִים, intensifying the command — 'you shall surely lift it up.'
ἀναστήσειςyou shall raise upFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (positive command in cognate construction)→ imperatival future (legal command)ἀνίστημι: 'raise up / lift / set on its feet'; the positive duty completing the prohibition — one must actively help the owner lift the collapsed animal, sharing the toil.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: shared labor)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / together with'; μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('with him') stresses cooperative effort — the helper does not merely report the fallen animal but works alongside its owner.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
5

οὐκ ἔσται σκεύη ἀνδρὸς ἐπὶ γυναικί οὐδὲ μὴ ἐνδύσηται ἀνὴρ στολὴν γυναικείαν ὅτι βδέλυγμα κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σού ἐστιν πᾶς ποιῶν ταῦτα

There shall not be a man's gear upon a woman, nor shall a man put on a woman's robe; for everyone who does these things is an abomination to the LORD your God.

Apodictic holiness-law (prohibition of blurring the male/female distinction)οὐκ ἔσται … οὐδὲ μὴ
A double prohibition — the woman's wearing of σκεύη ἀνδρός and the man's putting on στολὴν γυναικείαν — guards the created male/female distinction. The motive clause ὅτι βδέλυγμα … ἐστιν classes the offense with idolatry and ritual impurity under βδέλυγμα, the LXX's strongest term for what is cultically detestable to YHWH, transforming a matter of dress into one of covenant holiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔσται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ(κ): objective negative; οὐκ ἔσται ('there shall not be') is a flat apodictic prohibition.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there shall be')→ imperatival future (legal prohibition)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): existential 'there shall be'; renders the Hebrew לֹא יִהְיֶה; the impersonal construction states the prohibition as a fixed norm of the community.
σκεύηgear / articlesNominativesubject of ἔσται (neuter plural)→ participant prominenceσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement / gear'; renders כְּלִי; here 'a man's articles/equipment' — items belonging to the male sphere (clothing, weapons, ornaments); the breadth of σκεύη makes the law cover more than dress alone.
ἀνδρὸςof a manGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying σκεύη)→ relational specificationἀνήρ (gen. ἀνδρός): 'man / male'; renders גֶּבֶר; specifies the male owner whose gear the woman is forbidden to assume.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + dative (location: 'upon a woman')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'upon a woman').
γυναικίa womanDativedative object of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceγυνή (dat. γυναικί): 'woman'; renders אִשָּׁה; the woman is forbidden to bear upon herself what belongs to the man.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; introduces the complementary prohibition addressed to the man; with μή it forms the emphatic οὐδὲ μή.
μὴnotnegative particle (emphatic with subjunctive: οὐδὲ μή)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with οὐδέ and the aorist subjunctive ἐνδύσηται forms an emphatic prohibition ('shall by no means put on').
ἐνδύσηταιput onAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἐνδύωverb of emphatic prohibition (with οὐδὲ μή)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (emphatic: 'let him not put on')ἐνδύω (mid. 'clothe oneself / put on'): renders לָבַשׁ; the middle voice ('clothe oneself') makes the man the agent of his own cross-dressing, the act forbidden.
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject of ἐνδύσηται→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / male'; the counterpart to γυνή; the law is reciprocal, binding both sexes to their distinct attire.
στολὴνrobeAccusativedirect object of ἐνδύσηται→ object specificationστολή: 'robe / garment'; renders שִׂמְלָה; a long outer garment; modified by γυναικείαν, it denotes specifically female apparel.
γυναικείανwoman's / womanlyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying στολήν)→ object specificationγυναικεῖος: 'of a woman / womanly / female'; the adjective marks the robe as belonging to the female sphere — what a man may not wear.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (introducing motive clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the theological rationale that grounds the prohibition in YHWH's revulsion.
βδέλυγμαabominationNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστιν)→ participant prominenceβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders תּוֹעֵבָה; the LXX's strongest term for what is cultically loathsome to YHWH, used of idolatry, unclean food, and sexual transgression — its application here marks cross-dressing as a breach of sacred order, not mere social impropriety.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of reference ('an abomination to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative of reference identifies whose judgment defines the act as detestable — it is abominable in YHWH's own estimation.
τῷtheDativearticle (in apposition with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ ('the LORD your God')→ sphere or referenceθεός (dat. θεῷ): 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the title κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου ('the LORD your God') is Deuteronomy's covenantal designation, binding the law to the personal relationship between YHWH and Israel.
σούyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσού: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (in motive clause)→ gnomic present (timeless statement of fact)εἰμί (pres. ἐστιν): the copula linking πᾶς ποιῶν ταῦτα to the predicate βδέλυγμα; the present states a standing truth.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubject of ἐστιν (substantival, with participle ποιῶν)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'everyone / all'; πᾶς ὁ ποιῶν is a common LXX idiom ('everyone who does'); here it universalizes the verdict to any transgressor of either sex.
ποιῶνdoingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ποιέωsubstantival participle (with πᾶς: 'the one who does')→ present participle (characterizing habitual action)ποιέω: 'do / practice'; the present participle marks the one who makes a practice of such acts; the whole phrase πᾶς ποιῶν ταῦτα renders כֹּל עֹשֵׂה אֵלֶּה.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ποιῶν→ object specificationοὗτος (acc. pl. n. ταῦτα): 'these things'; refers back to the two prohibited acts of cross-dressing.
6

ἐὰν δὲ συναντήσῃς νοσσιᾷ ὀρνέων πρὸ προσώπου σου ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ἢ ἐπὶ παντὶ δένδρει ἢ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς νεοσσοῖς ἢ ᾠοῖς καὶ ἡ μήτηρ θάλπῃ ἐπὶ τῶν νεοσσῶν ἢ ἐπὶ τῶν ᾠῶν οὐ λήμψῃ τὴν μητέρα μετὰ τῶν τέκνων

But if you come upon a bird's nest before you in the road, or in any tree, or on the ground, with young or eggs, and the mother is brooding over the young or over the eggs, you shall not take the mother together with the young.

Conditional case-law (the mother-bird, protasis)ἐὰν δὲ συναντήσῃς
The protasis (ἐὰν … συναντήσῃς) sets up the chance encounter with a nesting bird in any setting — road, tree, or ground — and the brooding mother (θάλπῃ). The apodosis is the single prohibition οὐ λήμψῃ τὴν μητέρα μετὰ τῶν τέκνων: one may take the young but must not seize mother and offspring together, sparing the source of future life — a humane restraint whose reward is stated in v. 7.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the casuistic protasis.
δὲbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the move to a new case-law after the dress prohibition of v. 5.
συναντήσῃςyou come uponAor Act Subj 2 Sg · συναντάωverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctive (chance encounter in the condition)συναντάω: 'meet / fall in with / come upon'; renders קָרָא (Niphal, 'happen upon'); the verb stresses the accidental, unsought nature of the encounter — this is opportunistic, not premeditated, taking.
νοσσιᾷa nestDativedative object of συναντάω (the thing met with)→ sphere or referenceνοσσιά: 'nest / brood'; renders קַן; the dative is governed by συναντάω, which takes its object in the dative.
ὀρνέωνof birdsGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying νοσσιᾷ)→ relational specificationὄρνεον: 'bird / fowl'; renders צִפּוֹר; the genitive plural specifies a wild bird's nest, the object of the law.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (spatial: 'before you')→ spatial or relational framingπρό: 'before / in front of'; πρὸ προσώπου σου is a Hebraism (לְפָנֶיךָ, 'before your face') meaning 'right in front of you, in your path.'
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of πρό→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in the idiom πρὸ προσώπου σου it loses literal force and simply means 'before you.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷroadDativedative of place (first of three locations)→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road'; the first of the three settings (road / tree / ground) covering wherever a nest might be found.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; coordinates the alternative nest-locations.
ἐπὶon / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'in a tree')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in a tree').
παντὶanyDativeattributive adjective (modifying δένδρει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'any / every'; ἐπὶ παντὶ δένδρει = 'in any tree whatever.'
δένδρειtreeDativedative of place (second location)→ sphere or referenceδένδρον: 'tree'; renders עֵץ; the second of the three settings for a nest.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (locative: 'on the ground')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (locative: 'on the ground').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςground / earthGenitivegenitive of place (third location)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground'; renders אָרֶץ; the third setting — a ground-nest — completing the survey of all places a bird might nest.
νεοσσοῖςyoung / chicksDativedative of accompaniment ('with young')→ sphere or referenceνεοσσός: 'young bird / nestling / chick'; renders אֶפְרֹחַ; the contents of the nest in the first alternative.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠοῖςeggsDativedative of accompaniment ('or with eggs')→ sphere or referenceᾠόν: 'egg'; renders בֵּיצָה; the alternative contents of the nest — whether hatched or unhatched, the law applies.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the brooding condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μήτηρmotherNominativesubject of θάλπῃ→ participant prominenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; renders אֵם; the mother bird, whose presence on the nest is the precondition for the law's mercy.
θάλπῃis broodingPres Act Subj 3 Sg · θάλπωverb of subordinate condition (the mother's brooding)→ present subjunctive (ongoing act of warming/brooding)θάλπω: 'warm / cherish / brood over'; renders רָבַץ ('crouch over'); the present pictures the mother actively keeping her young or eggs warm — the very vulnerability the law protects (cf. Paul's use of θάλπω for nurturing tenderness, 1 Thess 2:7; Eph 5:29).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive ('over the young')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive ('over the young').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεοσσῶνyoungGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationνεοσσός (gen. pl.): the nestlings the mother broods over.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive ('over the eggs')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive ('over the eggs').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠῶνeggsGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationᾠόν (gen. pl. ᾠῶν): the eggs over which the mother broods.
οὐnotnegative particle (with λήμψῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψῃyou shall takeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb of apodosis (prohibition)→ imperatival future (prohibition: 'you shall not take')λαμβάνω (fut. λήμψομαι): 'take / seize'; renders לָקַח; the prohibition forbids taking the mother along with her brood — the heart of the law's mercy.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητέραmotherAccusativedirect object of λήμψῃ→ object specificationμήτηρ (acc. μητέρα): the mother bird who must be released.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνωνyoung / offspringGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationτέκνον: 'child / offspring'; renders בָּנִים; here the bird's young; the phrase μετὰ τῶν τέκνων ('together with the young') pinpoints the forbidden combination — taking both generations at once and so destroying the breeding stock.
7

ἀποστολῇ ἀποστελεῖς τὴν μητέρα τὰ δὲ παιδία λήμψῃ σεαυτῷ ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται καὶ πολυήμερος ἔσῃ

Sending her away you shall send the mother away, but the young you shall take for yourself, that it may be well with you and you may be long-lived.

Positive command + purpose clause (the reward of long life)ἀποστολῇ ἀποστελεῖς
The cognate-dative Hebraism ἀποστολῇ ἀποστελεῖς ('releasing you shall release') makes the freeing of the mother emphatic and obligatory; the young alone may be kept (λήμψῃ σεαυτῷ). The double-purpose clause ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται καὶ πολυήμερος ἔσῃ attaches a long-life promise to this small mercy — the same reward formula given for honoring father and mother (Deut 5:16; Exod 20:12).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἀποστολῇwith a sending-awayDativecognate dative (Hebraism: infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceἀποστολή: 'a sending away / release'; the dativus cognatus ἀποστολῇ ἀποστελεῖς renders the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute שַׁלֵּחַ תְּשַׁלַּח, intensifying the command to let the mother go free.
ἀποστελεῖςyou shall send awayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (positive command in cognate construction)→ imperatival future (legal command)ἀποστέλλω: 'send away / release / let go'; renders שָׁלַח (Piel); the imperatival future commands the release of the mother bird, the counterpart to the prohibition of v. 6.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητέραmotherAccusativedirect object of ἀποστελεῖς→ object specificationμήτηρ (acc.): the mother bird, who must be set free to breed again.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive, contrasting young with mother)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrasts the permitted (the young) with the forbidden (the mother).
παιδίαyoung onesAccusativedirect object of λήμψῃ (fronted for contrast)→ object specificationπαιδίον: 'little child / young one'; here the bird's nestlings (varying the τέκνα / νεοσσοί of v. 6); the diminutive underscores their helplessness, yet these alone may be kept.
λήμψῃyou shall takeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (permission)→ imperatival/permissive future (what is allowed)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the same verb prohibited in v. 6 of the mother is here permitted of the young — the law's balance of provision and conservation.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive)→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: '(of) yourself'; the reflexive dative of advantage marks the young as the lawful gain the finder may keep for his own use.
ἵναthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'so that / in order that'; introduces the purpose/result clause stating the reward — the motive that elevates a small act of restraint into covenant blessing.
εὖwelladverb (with γένηται: 'it may go well')→ clausal contributionεὖ: 'well'; the idiom εὖ σοι γένηται ('it may be well with you') renders יִיטַב לְךָ, the standard Deuteronomic blessing formula (cf. 4:40; 5:16).
σοιwith you / to youDativedative of advantage (with γένηται)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to/for you'; the recipient of the promised well-being.
γένηταιit may be / goAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (the promised outcome)γίνομαι: 'become / happen / be'; in the idiom εὖ σοι γένηται it expresses the granting of welfare as the reward of obedience.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second clause of the promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πολυήμεροςlong-livedNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσῃ: 'you shall be long-lived')→ participant prominenceπολυήμερος: 'of many days / long-lived'; a compound (πολύς + ἡμέρα) rendering the Hebrew 'that you may prolong your days' (לְמַעַן יַאֲרִיכֻן יָמֶיךָ); the long-life promise here — uniquely paralleled by the fifth commandment — gives the mother-bird law remarkable weight.
ἔσῃyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of second purpose-clause (predicate with πολυήμερος)→ predictive future (promised long life)εἰμί (fut. ἔσῃ): 'you shall be'; links the subject to the predicate πολυήμερος, declaring the longevity that crowns obedience.
8

ἐὰν δὲ οἰκοδομήσῃς οἰκίαν καινήν καὶ ποιήσεις στεφάνην τῷ δώματί σου καὶ οὐ ποιήσεις φόνον ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ σου ἐὰν πέσῃ ὁ πεσὼν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ

But if you build a new house, then you shall make a parapet for your roof; and you shall not bring bloodguilt on your house, if anyone should fall from it.

Conditional case-law (the roof-parapet against bloodguilt)ἐὰν δὲ οἰκοδομήσῃς
The protasis (building a new house) yields a positive command (ποιήσεις στεφάνην) and a consequence framed negatively (οὐ ποιήσεις φόνον). The flat Near-Eastern roof (δῶμα) was living-space; without a parapet a fall could be fatal, and the builder would incur φόνος ('bloodguilt'). The law makes architectural prudence a matter of covenant responsibility for a neighbor's life.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces a fresh case-law in the chapter's miscellany.
δὲbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the transition to the building law.
οἰκοδομήσῃςyou buildAor Act Subj 2 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctive (the hypothetical building)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / construct'; renders בָּנָה; the building of a new house is the occasion that triggers the safety requirement.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομήσῃς→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house / dwelling'; renders בַּיִת; the new dwelling whose flat roof must be made safe.
καινήνnewAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying οἰκίαν)→ object specificationκαινός: 'new / newly made'; renders חָדָשׁ; specifies a freshly built house, where the parapet would be installed at construction.
καὶthen / andapodotic καί (introducing the consequence of the condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here apodotic, introducing the apodosis ('then you shall make'); a Hebraism reflecting the waw of the consequent clause.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of apodosis (command)→ imperatival future (legal command)ποιέω: 'make / construct'; renders עָשָׂה; here the command to build the protective parapet.
στεφάνηνparapetAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationστεφάνη: 'rim / battlement / parapet'; renders מַעֲקֶה; the encircling low wall around the edge of the flat roof (the word literally means a 'crown / rim'), required to prevent falls.
τῷthe / for theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δώματίroofDativedative of advantage/place ('for your roof')→ sphere or referenceδῶμα: 'roof / housetop'; renders גָּג; the flat roof, used as living and sleeping space in the ancient Near East (cf. Acts 10:9), hence the danger of a fall and the need for a rail.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the purpose/result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσεις)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall bring aboutFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (result of compliance: 'you will not cause')→ result future (consequence of the parapet)ποιέω: here 'cause / bring about'; οὐ ποιήσεις φόνον ('you shall not bring about bloodshed') states the protective purpose — with the parapet in place, no death and hence no bloodguilt will result.
φόνονbloodguilt / murderAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationφόνος: 'murder / slaughter / bloodshed'; renders דָּמִים ('bloodguilt'); the negligent builder whose roof causes a death would incur bloodguilt on his household — the law treats preventable accidental death as a moral and cultic burden.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative of place (locative: 'on your house')→ sphere or referenceοἰκία: 'house'; here the bloodguilt would attach to the whole household, not merely the individual — a corporate liability.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (embedded protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the contingency the parapet is meant to forestall.
πέσῃshould fallAor Act Subj 3 Sg · πίπτωverb of embedded protasis→ aorist subjunctive (the hypothetical fall)πίπτω: 'fall / fall down'; renders נָפַל; the verb names the very accident — a fatal fall from the unguarded roof — that the parapet prevents.
ὁthe oneNominativearticle (substantivizing πεσών)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεσὼνwho fallsAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · πίπτωsubstantival participle (subject of πέσῃ: 'the one who falls')→ aorist participle (the falling person)πίπτω (aor. part.): the figura etymologica πέσῃ ὁ πεσών ('if the faller should fall') reflects the Hebrew הַנֹּפֵל ('the one who falls'); the redundancy is a Semitic idiom designating any potential victim of the fall.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (source: 'from it')→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from it').
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (referring to the roof/house)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the δῶμα/οἰκία — the roof from which a person might fall.
9

οὐ κατασπερεῖς τὸν ἀμπελῶνά σου διάφορον ἵνα μὴ ἁγιασθῇ τὸ γένημα καὶ τὸ σπέρμα ὃ ἐὰν σπείρῃς μετὰ τοῦ γενήματος τοῦ ἀμπελῶνός σου

You shall not sow your vineyard with a different seed, lest the produce be forfeited as consecrated — both the seed which you sow and the yield of your vineyard.

Apodictic mixed-kinds law (the vineyard, first of three)οὐ κατασπερεῖς
First of the three diversity-laws (vv. 9–11). Sowing a second, alien crop (διάφορον) among the vines risks the entire yield being 'sanctified' (ἁγιασθῇ) — i.e. set apart as forbidden to common use and forfeit to the sanctuary. The holiness-logic is that the mingling of distinct kinds produces something that can no longer be treated as ordinary; separation preserves the proper order of creation.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
οὐnotnegative particle (with κατασπερεῖς)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατασπερεῖςyou shall sowFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατασπείρωmain verb (imperatival future in prohibition)→ imperatival future (legal prohibition)κατασπείρω: 'sow over / sow down'; the compound κατα- intensifies σπείρω ('sow thoroughly'); renders זָרַע; here forbidding the sowing of a second crop into the vineyard.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπελῶνάvineyardAccusativedirect object of κατασπερεῖς→ object specificationἀμπελών: 'vineyard'; renders כֶּרֶם; the vineyard is to be kept to its single crop of vines, unmixed with other seed.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
διάφορονa different seedAccusativeaccusative (adverbial/object: 'with a different kind')→ object specificationδιάφορος: 'different / of another kind'; renders כִּלְאַיִם ('two kinds / mixture'); here substantivized for a second, alien seed sown among the vines — the forbidden 'diverse seed.'
ἵναso that / lestpurpose conjunction (negative, with μή)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα (+ μή): 'lest / so that not'; introduces the negative purpose explaining the prohibition — to avoid the forfeiture of the crop.
μὴnotnegative particle (with ἁγιασθῇ)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁγιασθῇbe consecrated / forfeitedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωverb of negative purpose clause→ aorist passive subjunctive (the threatened forfeiture)ἁγιάζω (pass. 'be made holy / set apart'): renders קָדַשׁ; here in the sense that the mixed crop becomes 'holy' — i.e. removed from ordinary use and forfeit to the sanctuary; what is sanctified by improper mixture is lost to the owner, so the term carries a negative, penal force.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γένημαproduce / yieldNominativesubject of ἁγιασθῇ→ participant prominenceγένημα: 'produce / fruit of the ground'; renders תְּבוּאָה / מְלֵאָה; the harvest that would be forfeited if the vineyard is sown with mixed seed.
καὶboth / andcoordinate conjunction (specifying the two forfeited components)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'both'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρμαseedNominativesubject (coordinate with γένημα)→ participant prominenceσπέρμα: 'seed'; renders זֶרַע; the sown grain itself, which along with the vineyard's yield is forfeit — both the alien crop and the vines are tainted by the mixture.
ὃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of σπείρῃς)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the clause specifying the seed 'which you may sow.'
ἐὰνevermodal particle (with subjunctive in relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here = ἄν, lending the relative clause a generalizing sense ('whatever you sow').
σπείρῃςyou sowAor Act Subj 2 Sg · σπείρωverb of indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (any instance of sowing)σπείρω: 'sow / scatter seed'; renders זָרַע; the simple verb beside the compound κατασπερεῖς above; describes the act that, if mixed, forfeits the whole.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενήματοςproduceGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationγένημα (gen.): the vineyard's own yield, with which the alien seed must not be mingled.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμπελῶνόςvineyardGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying γενήματος)→ relational specificationἀμπελών (gen.): the vineyard whose proper yield is endangered by the mixed sowing.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
10

οὐκ ἀροτριάσεις ἐν μόσχῳ καὶ ὄνῳ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό

You shall not plow with an ox and a donkey together.

Apodictic mixed-kinds law (the yoke, second of three)οὐκ ἀροτριάσεις
The second diversity-law: yoking unlike animals — the strong ox and the smaller donkey — for plowing is forbidden. The phrase ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό ('to the same [task]') marks the unequal pairing. Beyond the holiness-logic of unmixed kinds, the law has a humane dimension: the mismatched team strains the weaker animal.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀροτριάσεις)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀροτριάσειςyou shall plowFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀροτριάωmain verb (imperatival future in prohibition)→ imperatival future (legal prohibition)ἀροτριάω: 'plow / till'; renders חָרַשׁ; forbids plowing with a mismatched team.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with [animals]')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here instrumental, 'with / by means of' the yoked animals.
μόσχῳoxDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceμόσχος (dat.): 'ox'; renders שׁוֹר; the larger, stronger draft animal of the forbidden pair.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνῳdonkeyDativedative of instrument (coordinate with μόσχῳ)→ sphere or referenceὄνος (dat.): 'donkey'; renders חֲמוֹר; the weaker animal, whose pairing with the ox is the prohibited mixture.
ἐπὶto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for the same task')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: in the idiom ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό, 'to the same [thing/place/task]' — i.e. yoked together for one work.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτόsameAccusativeintensive/identity adjective (substantivized: 'the same task')→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'same'; ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό ('together / to the same') renders יַחְדָּו ('together'); the idiom (later a NT expression for assembly, Acts 1:15; 2:1) here marks the joint harnessing forbidden by the law.
11

οὐκ ἐνδύσῃ κίβδηλον ἔρια καὶ λίνον ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ

You shall not put on an adulterated mixture, wool and linen together.

Apodictic mixed-kinds law (cloth, third of three)οὐκ ἐνδύσῃ
The third diversity-law turns to dress: a garment woven of κίβδηλον — wool and linen mingled in the same fabric — is forbidden. The LXX's κίβδηλον ('adulterated, counterfeit, mongrel'), rendering the obscure Hebrew שַׁעַטְנֵז, frames the mixture as something debased and impure. The triad seed/yoke/cloth dramatizes a consistent holiness-principle: distinct kinds are to be kept distinct.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐνδύσῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνδύσῃyou shall put onFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐνδύωmain verb (imperatival future in prohibition)→ imperatival future (legal prohibition)ἐνδύω (mid. 'clothe oneself / put on'): renders לָבַשׁ; the middle makes the wearer the agent of clothing himself in the forbidden mixed fabric (cf. the same verb at v. 5).
κίβδηλονadulterated mixtureAccusativedirect object of ἐνδύσῃ (in apposition to ἔρια καὶ λίνον)→ object specificationκίβδηλος: 'adulterated / counterfeit / mongrel'; the LXX's striking rendering of the rare Hebrew שַׁעַטְנֵז (a mixed fabric); the word normally describes debased coinage or impure metal, casting the wool-linen blend as something falsified and impure — not merely mixed but corrupted.
ἔριαwoolAccusativeaccusative in apposition (specifying κίβδηλον)→ object specificationἔριον: 'wool'; renders צֶמֶר; an animal fiber, paired with the plant fiber linen as the two components whose blending is forbidden.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίνονlinenAccusativeaccusative in apposition (coordinate with ἔρια)→ object specificationλίνον: 'flax / linen'; renders פִּשְׁתִּים; a plant fiber; the pairing of animal wool and plant linen makes the garment a mixture of two kinds, hence κίβδηλον.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the same [fabric]')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the same [fabric]').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτῷsameDativeidentity adjective (substantivized: 'in the same [garment]')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'same'; ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ('in the same [piece]') parallels ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό of v. 10 — the two fibers woven into one and the same cloth.
12

στρεπτὰ ποιήσεις σεαυτῷ ἐπὶ τῶν τεσσάρων κρασπέδων τῶν περιβολαίων σου ἃ ἐὰν περιβάλῃ ἐν αὐτοῖς

You shall make twisted tassels for yourself on the four corners of your cloaks, with which you wrap yourself.

Apodictic command (the tassels, closing the holiness-cluster)στρεπτὰ ποιήσεις
The cluster of holiness-laws closes with a positive sign: twisted tassels (στρεπτά) on the four κράσπεδα ('corners / borders') of one's outer garments. The fringes are a visible, wearable token of covenant identity. The same κράσπεδα appear in the Gospels — the hem the woman with the hemorrhage touches (Matt 9:20) and the tassels the Pharisees enlarge for show (Matt 23:5).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
στρεπτὰtwisted tasselsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις (substantivized adjective)→ object specificationστρεπτός: 'twisted / plaited'; here substantivized (neut. pl.) for the twisted cords or tassels; renders גְּדִלִים ('twisted threads / tassels'); the same fringes called κράσπεδα in Num 15:38–39, worn as a reminder of the commandments.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (legal command)ποιέω: 'make'; renders עָשָׂה; the positive command to fashion the tassels.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive)→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: '(for) yourself'; the reflexive dative marks the tassels as made for one's own wearing and benefit.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεσσάρωνfourGenitiveattributive numeral (modifying κρασπέδων)→ relational specificationτέσσαρες: 'four'; renders אַרְבַּע; the four corners of the rectangular outer cloak, each to bear a tassel.
κρασπέδωνcorners / bordersGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location of the tassels)→ relational specificationκράσπεδον: 'edge / border / tassel / hem'; renders כָּנָף ('corner / wing of a garment'); the term denotes both the corner of the cloak and the tassel fixed there; central to later Jewish practice (the tzitzit) and to the Gospel references at Matt 9:20; 14:36; 23:5.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιβολαίωνcloaks / wrapsGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying κρασπέδων)→ relational specificationπεριβόλαιον: 'wrap / mantle / covering'; renders כְּסוּת; the outer garment one wraps around oneself, whose corners bear the tassels.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
ἃwith whichAccusativerelative pronoun (resumed by ἐν αὐτοῖς)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun (neut. pl.); refers to the περιβόλαια, the cloaks one wraps oneself in; resumed pleonastically by ἐν αὐτοῖς (a Semitic resumptive construction).
ἐὰνevermodal particle (with subjunctive in relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here = ἄν, generalizing the relative clause ('whatever you wrap yourself in').
περιβάλῃyou wrap yourselfAor Mid Subj 2 Sg · περιβάλλωverb of indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (the act of wrapping oneself)περιβάλλω (mid. 'wrap/clothe oneself'): renders כָּסָה; cognate with περιβόλαιον; the middle pictures one drawing the mantle about oneself — the garment that bears the tassels.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (resumptive of ἃ)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: with the resumptive αὐτοῖς, a Hebraism (the relative ἃ … ἐν αὐτοῖς renders אֲשֶׁר … בָּהֶם, 'which … in them').
αὐτοῖςthemDativeresumptive pronoun (object of ἐν, restating ἃ)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the resumptive pronoun completing the Semitic relative construction ('the cloaks which you wrap yourself in them').
13

ἐὰν δέ τις λάβῃ γυναῖκα καὶ συνοικήσῃ αὐτῇ καὶ μισήσῃ αὐτὴν

But if a man takes a wife and lives with her, and then comes to hate her,

Protasis of the slandered-bride case (opening the marriage-law unit)ἐὰν δέ τις λάβῃ
The first of the chapter's marriage and sexual case-laws. The protasis sketches the situation: a man marries (λάβῃ γυναῖκα), consummates the union (συνοικήσῃ), then turns against his wife (μισήσῃ). The three aorist subjunctives form a sequence — taking, cohabiting, hating — that sets up the slander charged in v. 14.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; opens the extended marriage case-law (vv. 13–21).
δέbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the turn to the sexual/marriage legislation that occupies the rest of the chapter.
τιςsomeone / a manNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)→ participant referenceτις: 'someone / anyone'; the indefinite pronoun introduces the hypothetical husband of the case.
λάβῃtakesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of protasis (first in sequence)→ aorist subjunctive (the act of marrying)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; λαμβάνω γυναῖκα ('take a wife') renders לָקַח אִשָּׁה, the standard Hebrew idiom for marrying.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativedirect object of λάβῃ→ object specificationγυνή (acc.): 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; here the bride taken in marriage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνοικήσῃlives withAor Act Subj 3 Sg · συνοικέωverb of protasis (second in sequence)→ aorist subjunctive (the cohabitation/consummation)συνοικέω: 'dwell together / live with (as husband)'; renders בּוֹא אֶל ('go in to'); a euphemism for the consummation of the marriage and the shared married life that follows.
αὐτῇherDativedative complement of συνοικήσῃ→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of συνοικήσῃ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισήσῃcomes to hateAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μισέωverb of protasis (third in sequence)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (turning to hatred)μισέω: 'hate / reject'; renders שָׂנֵא; in marriage-law שָׂנֵא often denotes repudiation or aversion leading toward divorce (cf. v. 16; 24:3); the ingressive aorist marks the onset of his hostility, which motivates the slander.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of μισήσῃ→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μισήσῃ.
14

καὶ ἐπιθῇ αὐτῇ προφασιστικοὺς λόγους καὶ κατενέγκῃ αὐτῆς ὄνομα πονηρὸν καὶ λέγῃ τὴν γυναῖκα ταύτην εἴληφα καὶ προσελθὼν αὐτῇ οὐχ εὕρηκα αὐτῆς παρθένια

and lays pretextual charges against her, and brings an evil name upon her, and says, 'This woman I took, and when I approached her I did not find her tokens of virginity,'

Continuation of the protasis (the husband's slander, with quoted accusation)καὶ ἐπιθῇ … λέγῃ
The hatred of v. 13 issues in public defamation: he 'lays pretextual words' (προφασιστικοὺς λόγους), 'brings an evil name' (ὄνομα πονηρόν), and voices the precise charge in direct speech — that on the wedding night he found no παρθένια ('tokens of virginity'). The perfect tenses εἴληφα and εὕρηκα present his accusation as a settled, abiding claim.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθῇlays / imposesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιverb of protasis (the act of slander)→ aorist subjunctive (laying the charge)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / impose'; here 'lay [charges] against'; renders שִׂים ('set / lay'); the metaphor casts the false accusation as a burden imposed on the wife.
αὐτῇagainst herDativedative of disadvantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'against her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage.
προφασιστικοὺςpretextualAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationπροφασιστικός: 'pretextual / specious / made up as a pretext'; a rare word (from πρόφασις, 'pretext'); the LXX renders the Hebrew עֲלִילֹת דְּבָרִים ('charges of things / wanton accusations'); it brands the husband's words as trumped-up grounds for rejecting her.
λόγουςcharges / wordsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθῇ→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / charge / accusation'; here the false allegations laid against the wife.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατενέγκῃbrings againstAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καταφέρωverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctive (the defaming act)καταφέρω: 'bring down / bring against / lay (a charge)'; the compound κατα- ('against / down upon') fits the hostile sense — he brings down a bad name upon her; renders הוֹצִיא ('bring out / spread').
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of disadvantage (against her)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of disadvantage (against her).
ὄνομαname / reputationAccusativedirect object of κατενέγκῃ→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name / reputation'; ὄνομα πονηρόν ('an evil name') renders שֵׁם רָע, an idiom for defamation — publicly ruining the woman's good standing.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄνομα)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / bad'; here the slanderous reputation fastened on the bride; the same adjective recurs in the purgation refrain ('remove the evil', vv. 21, 22, 24).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the quoted charge)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέγῃsaysPres Act Subj 3 Sg · λέγωverb of protasis (introducing direct speech)→ present subjunctive (the ongoing public allegation)λέγω: 'say'; introduces the husband's accusation in direct discourse; the present subjunctive suggests repeated, public assertion of the charge.
τὴνthe / thisAccusativearticle (with γυναῖκα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativedirect object of εἴληφα (fronted in the quotation)→ object specificationγυνή (acc.): the wife, contemptuously referred to as 'this woman' in his accusation.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying γυναῖκα)→ participant referenceοὗτος (acc. ταύτην): 'this'; the demonstrative gives the accusation a tone of public pointing-out before the assembly.
εἴληφαI have takenPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb of quoted speech→ perfect (completed marriage with abiding result)λαμβάνω (perf. εἴληφα): 'I have taken (in marriage)'; the perfect stresses the standing fact of the marriage now contested — 'I married this woman, and yet …'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the quotation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσελθὼνhaving approachedAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'when I went in to her')→ aorist participle (the wedding-night approach)προσέρχομαι: 'come to / approach'; here a euphemism for sexual approach (cf. Hebrew קָרַב / בּוֹא אֶל); the participle sets the moment of his alleged discovery.
αὐτῇherDativedative complement of προσελθὼν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of προσελθὼν.
οὐχnotnegative particle (with εὕρηκα)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὕρηκαI have foundPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of quoted speech (the core charge)→ perfect (the alleged discovery as a settled claim)εὑρίσκω (perf. εὕρηκα): 'I have found'; the negated perfect οὐχ εὕρηκα ('I did not find') states the heart of the accusation — the absence of the tokens of virginity, presented as an established fact.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying παρθένια)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying παρθένια).
παρθένιαtokens of virginityAccusativedirect object of εὕρηκα→ object specificationπαρθένια (neut. pl.): 'signs/tokens of virginity'; renders בְּתוּלִים; the physical evidence of the bride's virginity (the bloodstained cloth of v. 17); the keyword of the whole case (vv. 14, 15, 17, 20).
15

καὶ λαβὼν ὁ πατὴρ τῆς παιδὸς καὶ ἡ μήτηρ ἐξοίσουσιν τὰ παρθένια τῆς παιδὸς πρὸς τὴν γερουσίαν ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην

then the father of the girl, and the mother, taking them, shall bring out the tokens of the girl's virginity to the council of elders at the gate.

Apodosis — the parents' legal response (the defense at the gate)καὶ … ἐξοίσουσιν
The accused bride's parents take up her defense: they 'bring out' (ἐξοίσουσιν) the tokens of virginity to the γερουσία ('council of elders') at the city gate (ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην) — the seat of ancient judicial process. The family bears the burden of proof, and the case is adjudicated publicly before the elders.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶand / thenapodotic καί (introducing the apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here apodotic, opening the consequence of the protasis (vv. 13–14).
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (attendant: 'taking [the tokens]')→ aorist participle (the act of taking up the evidence)λαμβάνω (aor. part.): 'take / take up'; the masculine singular agrees with the nearer subject ὁ πατήρ though the action is joint with the mother — the parents take up the proof of their daughter's virginity.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativesubject (with ἡ μήτηρ) of ἐξοίσουσιν→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; the girl's father, who as head of household leads the legal defense of her honor.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδὸςgirlGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the girl's father')→ relational specificationπαῖς (gen. παιδός): 'child / girl / young woman'; renders נַעֲרָה; the bride, still spoken of as her father's daughter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μήτηρmotherNominativesubject (coordinate with ὁ πατήρ)→ participant prominenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; renders אֵם; the mother joins the father — fittingly, since the tokens of virginity would have been in the women's keeping.
ἐξοίσουσινshall bring outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκφέρωmain verb of apodosis (the parents' act)→ imperatival/predictive future (the prescribed legal action)ἐκφέρω (fut. ἐξοίσω): 'carry out / bring forth'; renders הוֹצִיא; the parents publicly produce the evidence before the court — the legal display of the proof.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρθένιαtokens of virginityAccusativedirect object of ἐξοίσουσιν→ object specificationπαρθένια: 'tokens of virginity'; the physical proof (the marriage-night cloth) produced as legal evidence against the husband's charge.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδὸςgirlGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying παρθένια)→ relational specificationπαῖς (gen.): the girl whose virginity is being proved.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γερουσίανcouncil of eldersAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the tribunal)→ object specificationγερουσία: 'council of elders / senate'; renders זְקֵנִים ('elders'); the body of town elders who tried legal cases at the gate; the same word designates the Sanhedrin-like council elsewhere in the LXX (cf. Exod 3:16).
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the place of judgment)→ object specificationπύλη: 'gate'; renders שַׁעַר; the city gate was the customary venue for legal proceedings and public assembly in ancient Israel (cf. Ruth 4:1–11; Deut 21:19).
16

καὶ ἐρεῖ ὁ πατὴρ τῆς παιδὸς τῇ γερουσίᾳ τὴν θυγατέρα μου ταύτην δέδωκα τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τούτῳ γυναῖκα καὶ μισήσας αὐτὴν

And the father of the girl shall say to the council of elders, 'This my daughter I gave to this man as wife, and, hating her,

The father's deposition before the elders (direct speech, part 1)καὶ ἐρεῖ ὁ πατὴρ
The father addresses the court in direct speech, framing the case from his side: he gave his daughter in good faith as wife, and the husband, 'hating her' (μισήσας, echoing μισήσῃ of v. 13), has now turned to slander. The participle μισήσας continues into v. 17, where the substance of the husband's false charge is restated.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖshall sayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing the father's deposition)→ predictive/prescriptive future (the father's prescribed testimony)λέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): 'say / speak'; introduces the father's formal statement to the assembled elders.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativesubject of ἐρεῖ→ participant prominenceπατήρ: the girl's father, spokesman for the defense.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδὸςgirlGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the girl's father')→ relational specificationπαῖς (gen.): the daughter on whose behalf he speaks.
τῇto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γερουσίᾳcouncil of eldersDativedative of indirect object (addressee of ἐρεῖ)→ sphere or referenceγερουσία (dat.): the elders' council before whom the father testifies.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativedirect object of δέδωκα (fronted in the quotation)→ object specificationθυγάτηρ (acc. θυγατέρα): 'daughter'; renders בַּת; the father stresses the relationship — 'this my daughter' — as he affirms her honor.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of the 1st-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 1st-person pronoun (possessive).
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying θυγατέρα)→ participant referenceοὗτος (acc. ταύτην): 'this'; the father points to his daughter present at the gate.
δέδωκαI have givenPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of quoted speech→ perfect (the completed gift of marriage with abiding effect)δίδωμι (perf. δέδωκα): 'I have given'; δίδωμι γυναῖκα ('give as wife') renders נָתַן לְאִשָּׁה, the idiom for giving a daughter in marriage; the perfect underscores the standing, valid marriage.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativedative of recipient ('to this man')→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος (dat.): 'man'; renders אִישׁ; the husband, here named with cool distance as 'this man.'
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἀνθρώπῳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος (dat. τούτῳ): 'this'; the husband present at the trial, the accuser.
γυναῖκαas wifeAccusativepredicate accusative ('gave [her] as wife')→ object specificationγυνή (acc.): 'wife'; predicative — the daughter was given to the man precisely as his wife, a lawful marriage.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the deposition into v. 17)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισήσαςhaving hatedAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · μισέωcircumstantial participle (causal: 'because he hated her'; subject of v. 17's verb)→ aorist participle (the husband's aversion, leading to slander)μισέω (aor. part.): 'hate / reject'; resumes μισήσῃ of v. 13; the participle, whose main verb follows in v. 17 (ἐπιτίθησιν), identifies the husband's hatred as the root of his false accusation.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of μισήσας→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μισήσας.
17

αὐτὸς νῦν ἐπιτίθησιν αὐτῇ προφασιστικοὺς λόγους λέγων οὐχ εὕρηκα τῇ θυγατρί σου παρθένια καὶ ταῦτα τὰ παρθένια τῆς θυγατρός μου καὶ ἀναπτύξουσιν τὸ ἱμάτιον ἐναντίον τῆς γερουσίας τῆς πόλεως

now he lays pretextual charges against her, saying, "I did not find your daughter's tokens of virginity" — but here are the tokens of my daughter's virginity!' And they shall spread out the garment before the council of elders of the city.

The father's deposition (part 2) + the producing of the evidenceαὐτὸς νῦν ἐπιτίθησιν
The father quotes the husband's charge back to the court (οὐχ εὕρηκα … παρθένια) and triumphantly counters it: 'but these are the tokens!' (καὶ ταῦτα τὰ παρθένια). The narrative then describes the decisive act — ἀναπτύξουσιν τὸ ἱμάτιον, the spreading out of the bloodstained cloth before the elders — the physical refutation of the slander.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject (emphatic: the husband)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: 'he himself'; the emphatic pronoun throws the blame onto the accusing husband — 'he is the one who now lays these charges.'
νῦνnowtemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; sets the present slander against the original good-faith marriage just described.
ἐπιτίθησινlays / imposesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (the husband's present slander; completes μισήσας of v. 16)→ present (ongoing imposition of the charge)ἐπιτίθημι: 'lay upon / impose'; the present indicative (vs. the subjunctive ἐπιθῇ of v. 14) states the slander as a current fact; the father reuses the husband's own language (προφασιστικοὺς λόγους) to indict him.
αὐτῇagainst herDativedative of disadvantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'against her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage.
προφασιστικοὺςpretextualAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationπροφασιστικός: 'pretextual / specious'; the same rare word as v. 14, now in the father's mouth, branding the husband's case as a fabricated pretext.
λόγουςchargesAccusativedirect object of ἐπιτίθησιν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / charge / accusation'; the false allegations.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing the quoted charge)→ present participle (manner: the content of his accusing)λέγω (pres. part.): introduces, within the father's speech, the husband's own words — a quotation embedded in a quotation.
οὐχnotnegative particle (with εὕρηκα)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὕρηκαI have foundPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of the husband's quoted charge→ perfect (the husband's settled allegation)εὑρίσκω (perf.): the husband's exact words from v. 14, now repeated by the father in evidence; the negated perfect alleges the absence of the tokens.
τῇthe / yourDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρίdaughterDativedative of possession ('your daughter's')→ sphere or referenceθυγάτηρ (dat. θυγατρί): 'daughter'; in the quoted charge the husband addresses the father — 'I did not find your daughter's tokens.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 2nd-person pronoun (possessive).
παρθένιαtokens of virginityAccusativedirect object of εὕρηκα→ object specificationπαρθένια: the alleged-missing tokens, the crux of the charge.
καὶbut / andadversative καί (turning to the father's rebuttal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative — 'but'; the father pivots from the quoted charge to his triumphant rebuttal.
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject: 'these are')→ participant referenceοὗτος (nom. pl. n.): 'these'; deictic — the father points to the cloth he produces: 'these are the very tokens.'
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρθένιαtokens of virginityNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition with ταῦτα)→ participant prominenceπαρθένια: the proof now displayed — refuting the husband's 'I did not find.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρόςdaughterGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying παρθένια)→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ (gen. θυγατρός): 'my daughter,' whose vindicated honor the tokens establish.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of the 1st-person pronoun (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of the 1st-person pronoun (possessive).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming narrative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναπτύξουσινthey shall spread outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναπτύσσωmain verb (the act of producing evidence)→ predictive/prescriptive future (the legal display)ἀναπτύσσω: 'unfold / spread open'; renders פָּרַשׂ; the parents spread out the marriage-cloth before the elders — the public, visual proof of virginity (the same verb the LXX uses of unrolling a scroll, cf. Luke 4:17).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιονgarment / clothAccusativedirect object of ἀναπτύξουσιν→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloth'; renders שִׂמְלָה; the bridal-night cloth bearing the evidence of virginity, spread out as exhibit before the court.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism (לִפְנֵי) marking the public, judicial setting of the display.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γερουσίαςcouncil of eldersGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationγερουσία (gen.): the elders' council that adjudicates the case.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying γερουσίας)→ relational specificationπόλις (gen. πόλεως): 'city'; the elders 'of the city' — the local civic tribunal.
18

καὶ λήμψεται ἡ γερουσία τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκεῖνον καὶ παιδεύσουσιν αὐτὸν

And the council of elders of that city shall take that man and chasten him,

Verdict and penalty (case of proven false accusation), part 1καὶ λήμψεται ἡ γερουσία
If the tokens prove the bride's virginity, the elders move against the slanderer: they 'take' (λήμψεται) and 'chasten' (παιδεύσουσιν) him. The verb παιδεύω here denotes corporal correction — a public flogging — the first element of a threefold penalty (chastening, fine, permanent marriage) detailed through v. 19.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψεταιshall takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (the elders' seizing of the offender)→ prescriptive future (the prescribed judicial action)λαμβάνω (fut. λήμψεται): 'take / take hold of'; here the elders 'take' the convicted slanderer into custody for punishment; the singular verb agrees with the collective subject γερουσία.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γερουσίαcouncil of eldersNominativesubject of λήμψεται→ participant prominenceγερουσία: the town elders, now acting as the sentencing court.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying γερουσία)→ relational specificationπόλις (gen.): the city whose elders try the case.
ἐκείνηςthatGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying πόλεως)→ relational specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the specific city of the case.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationἄνθρωπος (acc.): the slandering husband, now the convicted offender.
ἐκεῖνονthatAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἄνθρωπον)→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the husband condemned for false witness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παιδεύσουσινshall chastenFut Act Indic 3 Pl · παιδεύωmain verb (the corrective punishment)→ prescriptive future (the prescribed chastening)παιδεύω: 'instruct / discipline / chastise'; renders יָסַר; here in the concrete sense of judicial flogging (cf. the parallel at 22:18 with the elders' authority); the plural shifts to the elders acting collectively.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of παιδεύσουσιν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παιδεύσουσιν.
19

καὶ ζημιώσουσιν αὐτὸν ἑκατὸν σίκλους καὶ δώσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ τῆς νεάνιδος ὅτι ἐξήνεγκεν ὄνομα πονηρὸν ἐπὶ παρθένον Ισραηλῖτιν καὶ αὐτοῦ ἔσται γυνή οὐ δυνήσεται ἐξαποστεῖλαι αὐτὴν τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον

and they shall fine him a hundred shekels and give them to the father of the young woman, because he brought an evil name upon an Israelite virgin; and she shall be his wife — he shall not be able to divorce her for his whole life.

Verdict and penalty, part 2 (fine, motive, and indissoluble marriage)καὶ ζημιώσουσιν
The penalty's second and third elements: a hundred-shekel fine paid to the father (compensation for the assault on family honor), grounded in the ὅτι-clause ('because he brought an evil name upon an Israelite virgin'); and the permanent bond — she remains his wife and he forfeits forever the right to divorce her (οὐ δυνήσεται ἐξαποστεῖλαι … τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον). The slanderer is bound to provide for the woman he sought to disgrace.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζημιώσουσινshall fineFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ζημιόωmain verb (the monetary penalty)→ prescriptive future (the prescribed fine)ζημιόω: 'fine / penalize / cause loss'; renders עָנַשׁ; the verb takes a double accusative (him / a hundred shekels) — 'fine him a hundred shekels'; the same root as the NT 'suffer loss' (Phil 3:8).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ζημιώσουσιν (person fined)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ζημιώσουσιν (person fined).
ἑκατὸνa hundredAccusativenumeral (amount of the fine)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; indeclinable numeral; renders מֵאָה; the fine of a hundred shekels of silver, double the bride-price of v. 29 — a heavy penalty for the slander.
σίκλουςshekelsAccusativeaccusative of measure (the fine's denomination)→ object specificationσίκλος: 'shekel'; a Semitic loanword (שֶׁקֶל) for the standard silver weight/coin; the LXX retains it here as the unit of the fine.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσουσινshall giveFut Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (disposition of the fine)→ prescriptive future (the prescribed payment)δίδωμι (fut. δώσουσιν): 'give'; the fine is paid to the father as compensation for the dishonor done to his house.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὶfatherDativedative of recipient ('to the father')→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. πατρί): the father, as head of the dishonored household, receives the compensatory fine.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεάνιδοςyoung womanGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying πατρί)→ relational specificationνεᾶνις (gen. νεάνιδος): 'young woman / maiden'; renders נַעֲרָה; the vindicated bride, here designated by her youth and status.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing the ground of the penalty)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the legal rationale for the punishment — the public defamation of an Israelite virgin.
ἐξήνεγκενhe brought out / spreadAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκφέρωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the completed act of defamation)ἐκφέρω (aor. ἐξήνεγκεν): 'carry out / bring forth / spread (a report)'; ἐξήνεγκεν ὄνομα πονηρόν ('spread an evil name') renders הוֹצִיא שֵׁם רָע — the idiom for circulating a slander.
ὄνομαname / reputationAccusativedirect object of ἐξήνεγκεν→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name / reputation'; ὄνομα πονηρόν, the defamation, as in v. 14.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄνομα)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / bad'; the slanderous reputation he fastened on her.
ἐπὶupon / againstpreposition + accusative (object of the defamation)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (object of the defamation).
παρθένονvirginAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπαρθένος: 'virgin / maiden'; renders בְּתוּלָה; the wronged bride, whose virginity has now been proved, making the slander demonstrably false.
ΙσραηλῖτινIsraeliteAccusativeattributive adjective (gentilic, modifying παρθένον)→ object specificationἸσραηλῖτις: 'Israelite (woman)'; the feminine gentilic; her membership in the covenant people aggravates the offense — to defame an Israelite virgin is an injury to the holy community, not merely a private wrong.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (predicative: 'she shall be his')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): 'his'; the predicate genitive — she remains his wife, the marriage standing despite his attempt to repudiate her.
ἔσταιshe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the enduring marriage)→ prescriptive future (the binding marital bond)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'shall be'; declares the marriage permanent — she shall continue as his wife.
γυνήwifeNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'wife'; the predicate — she retains her full standing as his wife, with all its protections.
οὐnotnegative particle (with δυνήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνήσεταιhe shall be ableFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (with complementary infinitive ἐξαποστεῖλαι)→ prescriptive future (legal incapacity)δύναμαι: 'be able'; οὐ δυνήσεται ('he shall not be able') states a legal disability — he permanently forfeits the right of divorce, the standard penalty also imposed in v. 29.
ἐξαποστεῖλαιto divorce / send awayAor Act Inf · ἐξαποστέλλωcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσεται)→ aorist infinitive (the forbidden act of divorce)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / dismiss'; here the technical sense 'divorce' (renders שִׁלַּח, the divorce-verb, cf. Deut 24:1); the man who tried to be rid of his wife by slander is denied the very release he sought.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with χρόνον in adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅπανταwhole / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χρόνον)→ object specificationἅπας: 'all / whole'; the strengthened form of πᾶς; τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον = 'for the whole time / all his life,' stressing the permanence of the bond.
χρόνονtimeAccusativeadverbial accusative of duration ('for his whole life')→ object specificationχρόνος: 'time / period'; the accusative of extent of time — the prohibition on divorce lasts his entire lifetime.
20

ἐὰν δὲ ἐπ᾿ ἀληθείας γένηται ὁ λόγος οὗτος καὶ μὴ εὑρεθῇ παρθένια τῇ νεάνιδι

But if this charge proves to be true, and the tokens of virginity are not found for the young woman,

Counter-case protasis (the charge proven true)ἐὰν δὲ ἐπ᾿ ἀληθείας
The reverse scenario: if the husband's charge is true (ἐπ᾿ ἀληθείας) and no tokens are found, the case becomes capital. The protasis sets up the grim apodosis of v. 21. The phrase ἐπ᾿ ἀληθείας ('in accordance with truth') marks the decisive shift from false accusation to verified fact.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the contrasting case where the accusation is true.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrasts this case with the vindication of vv. 13–19.
ἐπ᾿in / according topreposition + genitive (in the idiom ἐπ᾿ ἀληθείας)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: in ἐπ᾿ ἀληθείας, 'truly / in accordance with truth'; a common LXX idiom for 'in truth, genuinely.'
ἀληθείαςtruthGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (in adverbial phrase)→ relational specificationἀλήθεια: 'truth'; renders אֱמֶת; ἐπ᾿ ἀληθείας marks the charge as factually verified, the reverse of the προφασιστικοὶ λόγοι above.
γένηταιproves to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctive (the charge turning out true)γίνομαι: 'become / prove to be'; here 'if the charge turns out to be true' — the matter is established as fact.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςcharge / wordNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / matter / charge'; here the husband's accusation, now under test for its truth.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (modifying λόγος)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the specific charge of vv. 13–14.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (with εὑρεθῇ)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρεθῇare foundAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis (second condition)→ aorist passive subjunctive (the tokens not being found)εὑρίσκω (aor. pass.): 'be found'; the passive of the keyword verb — if no tokens of virginity can be produced, the charge stands; the singular agrees with the neuter plural subject παρθένια.
παρθένιαtokens of virginityNominativesubject of εὑρεθῇ→ participant prominenceπαρθένια: the tokens — their absence now confirming, rather than refuting, the accusation.
τῇfor theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεάνιδιyoung womanDativedative of possession ('for the young woman')→ sphere or referenceνεᾶνις (dat. νεάνιδι): 'young woman'; the dative of possession — 'no tokens belonging to / found for the girl.'
21

καὶ ἐξάξουσιν τὴν νεᾶνιν ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας οἴκου πατρὸς αὐτῆς καὶ λιθοβολήσουσιν αὐτὴν οἱ ἄνδρες τῆς πόλεως αὐτῆς ἐν λίθοις καὶ ἀποθανεῖται ὅτι ἐποίησεν ἀφροσύνην ἐν υἱοῖς Ισραηλ ἐκπορνεῦσαι τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς καὶ ἐξαρεῖς τὸν πονηρὸν ἐξ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν

then they shall bring the young woman out to the doors of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones, and she shall die, because she wrought folly among the sons of Israel by playing the harlot in her father's house; and you shall remove the evil from among you.

Capital apodosis (the proven case) + purgation refrainκαὶ ἐξάξουσιν
The apodosis of the proven charge: the woman is brought to her father's door and stoned by the men of the city. The motive clause (ὅτι ἐποίησεν ἀφροσύνην … ἐκπορνεῦσαι) names the offense as ἀφροσύνη ('folly / outrage') and ἐκπορνεῦσαι ('to play the harlot') committed while still under her father's roof. The unit closes with the purgation refrain καὶ ἐξαρεῖς τὸν πονηρὸν ἐξ ὑμῶν, framing execution as the community's removal of evil from its midst.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶand / thenapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξάξουσινthey shall bring outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξάγωmain verb (the act of leading out for execution)→ prescriptive future (the prescribed sentence)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the convicted woman is led out to the place of execution — her father's doorway, the scene of her offense.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεᾶνινyoung womanAccusativedirect object of ἐξάξουσιν→ object specificationνεᾶνις (acc. νεᾶνιν): 'young woman'; the condemned bride.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoorsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (place of execution)→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / doorway'; renders פֶּתַח; execution at the father's door publicly shames the household where the offense was concealed.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θύρας)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; renders בַּיִת; her father's house, the locus of her supposed unchastity.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἴκου)→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): the father whose household honor is implicated.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λιθοβολήσουσινshall stoneFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λιθοβολέωmain verb (mode of execution)→ prescriptive future (the prescribed stoning)λιθοβολέω: 'stone / pelt with stones'; renders רָגַם / סָקַל; stoning was the communal form of execution, implicating the whole town in the purgation (cf. v. 24; Acts 7:58).
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of λιθοβολήσουσιν→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of λιθοβολήσουσιν.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of λιθοβολήσουσιν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (nom. pl. ἄνδρες): 'men'; the male citizens of the town, who carry out the communal sentence.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἄνδρες)→ relational specificationπόλις (gen.): the town whose men execute judgment.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession ('her city')→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('her city').
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with stones')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental; ἐν λίθοις ('with stones') is a Hebraism (בָּאֲבָנִים) for the means of execution.
λίθοιςstonesDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; the means of the communal execution.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθανεῖταιshe shall dieFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (the result of stoning)→ predictive future (the death sentence carried out)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the blunt statement of the capital outcome.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing the ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the rationale for the capital sentence.
ἐποίησενshe wrought / didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the completed offense)ποιέω: 'do / commit'; ποιέω ἀφροσύνην ('commit folly') renders עָשָׂה נְבָלָה, the idiom for a grave moral outrage against the community (cf. Gen 34:7; Judg 20:6).
ἀφροσύνηνfolly / outrageAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationἀφροσύνη: 'folly / senselessness'; renders נְבָלָה ('disgraceful outrage'); in the Hebrew idiom this is not mere foolishness but a sacrilegious violation of covenant order that defiles the whole people.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere: 'among the sons of Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'among the sons of Israel').
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'sons'; υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ ('sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the covenant people whose communal holiness the offense violates.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationἸσραήλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the covenant nation.
ἐκπορνεῦσαιby playing the harlotAor Act Inf · ἐκπορνεύωepexegetic infinitive (explaining ἀφροσύνην)→ aorist infinitive (the specific outrage)ἐκπορνεύω: 'commit fornication / play the harlot'; the compound ἐκ- intensifies πορνεύω; renders זָנָה; the infinitive specifies the 'folly' — unchastity practised while still in her father's household, before the marriage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative of place/respect (with ἐκπορνεῦσαι: 'in her father's house')→ object specificationοἶκος (acc.): 'house'; the accusative here marks the sphere of the harlotry — within (or against the honor of) her father's house.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἶκον)→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen.): the father in whose house the offense occurred.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the purgation refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαρεῖςyou shall removeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (purgation refrain)→ imperatival future (the standing covenant command)ἐξαίρω: 'remove / take away / purge'; renders בִּעֵר ('burn out / purge'); the refrain ἐξαρεῖς τὸν πονηρὸν ἐξ ὑμῶν ('you shall remove the evil from among you') punctuates Deuteronomy's capital laws (cf. 13:5; 17:7; 19:19; vv. 22, 24), framing execution as communal self-purification.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object of ἐξαρεῖς)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; substantivized, 'the evil (thing/person)'; what must be purged from the covenant community to preserve its holiness.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (the community purged)→ relational specificationὑμεῖς (gen. ὑμῶν): the shift to the plural 'you' addresses the whole people as the body from which evil is removed.
αὐτῶνyourselvesGenitiveintensive pronoun (with ὑμῶν: 'from among your own selves')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): intensive, reinforcing ὑμῶν — 'from among your very selves'; the emphatic ἐξ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν stresses that the evil is internal to the community and must be expelled.
22

ἐὰν δὲ εὑρεθῇ ἄνθρωπος κοιμώμενος μετὰ γυναικὸς συνῳκισμένης ἀνδρί ἀποκτενεῖτε ἀμφοτέρους τὸν ἄνδρα τὸν κοιμώμενον μετὰ τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ ἐξαρεῖς τὸν πονηρὸν ἐξ Ισραηλ

But if a man is found lying with a woman married to a husband, you shall kill them both — the man who lay with the woman, and the woman; and you shall remove the evil out of Israel.

New case-law: adultery (both parties capital)ἐὰν δὲ εὑρεθῇ
The first of the graded sexual offenses (vv. 22–29): adultery with a married woman. Both parties die (ἀποκτενεῖτε ἀμφοτέρους), the equality of guilt underscored by the explicit naming of both 'the man … and the woman.' The purgation refrain returns in a shortened form (ἐξ Ἰσραήλ), tying this law to the holiness logic of v. 21.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; opens the adultery case.
δὲbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the move to the next case in the series.
εὑρεθῇis foundAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis→ aorist passive subjunctive (the discovery of the act)εὑρίσκω (aor. pass.): 'be found / be caught'; renders נִמְצָא; the case presupposes the man caught in the act.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of εὑρεθῇ→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the adulterer.
κοιμώμενοςlyingPres Mid Part Nom Masc Sg · κοιμάομαιsupplementary participle (with εὑρεθῇ: 'found lying')→ present participle (the act in progress)κοιμάομαι: 'lie down / sleep'; here the euphemism 'lie with' for sexual intercourse (renders שָׁכַב); the supplementary participle with εὑρεθῇ completes 'caught in the act.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
γυναικὸςa womanGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationγυνή (gen. γυναικός): 'woman / wife'; here the married woman, the other party to the adultery.
συνῳκισμένηςmarriedPerf Mid/Pass Part Gen Fem Sg · συνοικίζωattributive participle (modifying γυναικός)→ perfect participle (settled married state)συνοικίζω (pass. 'be given in marriage / be married'): the perfect participle denotes her established marital status — 'a woman married to a husband'; this status is what makes the act adultery rather than the lesser offenses of vv. 23–29.
ἀνδρίto a husbandDativedative complement of συνῳκισμένης→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ (dat. ἀνδρί): 'man / husband'; the woman's lawful husband, against whom the adultery is committed.
ἀποκτενεῖτεyou shall killFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb of apodosis (the capital sentence)→ imperatival future (the prescribed execution; plural address)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill / put to death'; renders מוּת (Hiphil) / הָרַג; the plural addresses the whole community as executor of the sentence.
ἀμφοτέρουςbothAccusativedirect object of ἀποκτενεῖτε→ object specificationἀμφότεροι: 'both (of two)'; stresses the equal capital liability of both adulterer and adulteress — neither party is spared.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραmanAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀμφοτέρους (first party)→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. ἄνδρα): 'man'; the adulterer, specified as one of the two.
τὸνthe oneAccusativearticle (with participle κοιμώμενον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιμώμενονwho layPres Mid Part Acc Masc Sg · κοιμάομαιattributive participle (modifying ἄνδρα: 'the man who lay')→ present participle (characterizing the offender)κοιμάομαι (pres. part.): 'lying with'; identifies the man precisely as the one who committed the act.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὸςwomanGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationγυνή (gen.): the married woman, the second party.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second object)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀμφοτέρους (second party)→ object specificationγυνή (acc. γυναῖκα): the adulteress, named as the second of the two to be executed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the purgation refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαρεῖςyou shall removeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (purgation refrain)→ imperatival future (the standing covenant command)ἐξαίρω: 'remove / purge'; the refrain (cf. v. 21), here with the shorter ἐξ Ἰσραήλ; the shift back to the singular 'you' addresses each Israelite as responsible for the community's holiness.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object of ἐξαρεῖς)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; the adultery as the defilement to be purged from Israel.
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive object of ἐξ (indeclinable: 'out of Israel')→ participant identificationἸσραήλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the covenant people purged of the evil.
23

ἐὰν δὲ γένηται παῖς παρθένος μεμνηστευμένη ἀνδρὶ καὶ εὑρὼν αὐτὴν ἄνθρωπος ἐν πόλει κοιμηθῇ μετ᾿ αὐτῆς

But if there is a girl, a virgin betrothed to a man, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her,

Protasis: the betrothed virgin in the cityἐὰν δὲ γένηται παῖς
The second graded case: a betrothed virgin (μεμνηστευμένη) lain with in the city. Because betrothal already constitutes a binding marital bond, intercourse with her counts as adultery. The crucial datum is the location — ἐν πόλει ('in the city') — which sets up the 'cry test' of v. 24: in a town, her cry could have been heard and answered.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; opens the betrothed-virgin case.
δὲbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the next case in the graded series.
γένηταιthere isAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of protasis (existential: 'if there is')→ aorist subjunctive (positing the case)γίνομαι: 'be / come to be / happen'; here existential, 'if there is a girl …' — positing the situation.
παῖςgirlNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'child / girl / young woman'; renders נַעֲרָה; the young woman of the case.
παρθένοςvirginNominativenoun in apposition to παῖς→ participant prominenceπαρθένος: 'virgin'; renders בְּתוּלָה; specifies her unmarried, virgin status, distinguishing this case from the married woman of v. 22.
μεμνηστευμένηbetrothedPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Fem Sg · μνηστεύωattributive participle (modifying παῖς/παρθένος)→ perfect participle (settled state of betrothal)μνηστεύω (pass. 'be betrothed / espoused'): renders אָרַשׂ; the perfect denotes her established betrothed status; in Israelite law betrothal was already a binding bond (cf. Matt 1:18–19 of Mary), so violating her is treated as adultery.
ἀνδρὶto a manDativedative complement of μεμνηστευμένη→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ (dat.): 'man / husband-to-be'; the man to whom she is pledged.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρὼνhaving foundAor Act Part Nom Masc Sg · εὑρίσκωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'when he finds her')→ aorist participle (the encounter)εὑρίσκω (aor. part.): 'find / come upon'; the man's chancing upon her in the town.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of εὑρὼν→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εὑρὼν.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject of κοιμηθῇ→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the offender, a man other than her betrothed.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative — decisive for the verdict)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — decisive for the verdict).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (the crucial location)→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. πόλει): 'city / town'; renders עִיר; the urban setting is legally decisive — in a town her cry for help could have been heard, so her silence implies consent (v. 24).
κοιμηθῇliesAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιverb of protasis (the act)→ aorist passive subjunctive (the act of lying with her)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass. κοιμηθῇ): 'lie down / sleep (with)'; the euphemism for intercourse (renders שָׁכַב); the deponent-passive form is the standard LXX usage.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
24

ἐξάξετε ἀμφοτέρους ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην τῆς πόλεως αὐτῶν καὶ λιθοβοληθήσονται ἐν λίθοις καὶ ἀποθανοῦνται τὴν νεᾶνιν ὅτι οὐκ ἐβόησεν ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὅτι ἐταπείνωσεν τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον καὶ ἐξαρεῖς τὸν πονηρὸν ἐξ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν

you shall bring them both out to the gate of their city, and they shall be stoned with stones and die — the young woman because she did not cry out in the city, and the man because he humbled his neighbor's wife; and you shall remove the evil from among you.

Apodosis: both executed, with separate grounds (the cry test)ἐξάξετε ἀμφοτέρους
Both are stoned at the city gate, but the law gives each a distinct ground: the woman because she 'did not cry out' in a place where she could have been heard (her silence implying consent), and the man because he 'humbled' (ἐταπείνωσεν) his neighbor's betrothed. The phrase τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ πλησίον ('his neighbor's wife') treats the betrothed as already a wife, confirming why the act is capital.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ἐξάξετεyou shall bring outFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξάγωmain verb of apodosis (plural address)→ imperatival future (the prescribed sentence)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; the community leads both offenders to the gate for execution.
ἀμφοτέρουςbothAccusativedirect object of ἐξάξετε→ object specificationἀμφότεροι: 'both'; as in v. 22, both parties are liable — though the grounds differ, both die.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (place of execution)→ object specificationπύλη: 'gate'; the place of public judgment and, here, execution.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πύλην)→ relational specificationπόλις (gen.): the city whose gate is the site of execution.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession ('their city')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('their city').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λιθοβοληθήσονταιthey shall be stonedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · λιθοβολέωmain verb (passive: mode of execution)→ predictive/prescriptive future (the prescribed stoning)λιθοβολέω (fut. pass.): 'be stoned'; the passive places both as the objects of the communal execution.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental, 'with stones' (cf. v. 21).
λίθοιςstonesDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceλίθος: 'stone'; the means of execution.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθανοῦνταιthey shall dieFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (the result)→ predictive future (the capital outcome)ἀποθνῄσκω (fut. ἀποθανοῦνται): 'die'; the plural — both die — though the verse goes on to specify each one's distinct guilt.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεᾶνινyoung womanAccusativeaccusative (resumptive: 'as for the young woman')→ object specificationνεᾶνις (acc.): 'young woman'; here in an accusative of specification — 'the young woman [you shall execute] because …'; her case is now grounded separately.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (ground of her guilt)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the specific ground of the woman's liability.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐβόησεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβόησενshe cried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωverb of causal clause (the 'cry test')→ constative aorist (her failure to cry out)βοάω: 'cry out / call for help'; renders צָעַק / זָעַק; the failure to cry out (οὐκ ἐβόησεν) in a town where help was at hand is taken as evidence of consent — the legal heart of the city/field distinction.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative of place (where help was available)→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat.): the town where, unlike the open field (v. 27), a cry would have brought rescuers.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the man's case)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativeaccusative (resumptive: 'as for the man')→ object specificationἄνθρωπος (acc.): the man, whose distinct ground of guilt follows.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (ground of his guilt)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the ground of the man's liability.
ἐταπείνωσενhe humbled / violatedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ταπεινόωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the act of violation)ταπεινόω: 'humble / humiliate / violate'; renders עִנָּה, the verb regularly used in the OT for the sexual violation/degradation of a woman (cf. Gen 34:2; 2 Sam 13:14); here it names the man's wrong against the betrothed.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativedirect object of ἐταπείνωσεν→ object specificationγυνή (acc.): 'wife'; the betrothed virgin is here called 'the wife of his neighbor,' showing that betrothal already establishes the marital bond whose violation is adultery.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborGenitivegenitive of possession ('his neighbor's')→ relational specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor'; the substantivized adverb (renders רֵעַ); the betrothed is 'his neighbor's wife,' linking this law to the tenth commandment's prohibition against coveting the neighbor's wife (Deut 5:21).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the purgation refrain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαρεῖςyou shall removeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (purgation refrain)→ imperatival future (the standing covenant command)ἐξαίρω: 'remove / purge'; the refrain, here again with ἐξ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν as in v. 21, sealing the capital case as communal purgation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object of ἐξαρεῖς)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; the offense to be purged.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationὑμεῖς (gen.): the community from which the evil is removed.
αὐτῶνyourselvesGenitiveintensive pronoun (with ὑμῶν: 'from among your own selves')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl.): intensive, 'your very selves'; the emphatic phrase as in v. 21.
25

ἐὰν δὲ ἐν πεδίῳ εὕρῃ ἄνθρωπος τὴν παῖδα τὴν μεμνηστευμένην καὶ βιασάμενος κοιμηθῇ μετ᾿ αὐτῆς ἀποκτενεῖτε τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν κοιμώμενον μετ᾿ αὐτῆς μόνον

But if a man finds the betrothed girl in the field and, forcing her, lies with her, you shall kill only the man who lay with her;

Counter-case: the betrothed virgin in the field (only the man dies)ἐὰν δὲ ἐν πεδίῳ
The field-counterpart to v. 23. The decisive datum shifts from city to ἐν πεδίῳ ('in the field'), and the verb βιασάμενος ('having used force') marks the act as rape, not consent. Therefore only the man is executed (μόνον is emphatic at the clause's end); the woman is spared, since in the open country no rescuer could hear her cry.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; opens the field-counterpart case.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: contrasts this case with the city-case of vv. 23–24.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative — decisive for the verdict)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative — decisive for the verdict).
πεδίῳfield / open countryDativedative of place (the open field, fronted for emphasis)→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: 'plain / field / open country'; renders שָׂדֶה; the isolated location is legally decisive — no one could hear or answer the woman's cry, so she is presumed innocent (v. 27).
εὕρῃfindsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctive (the encounter)εὑρίσκω: 'find / come upon'; the man's chancing upon her in the field, where he is able to overpower her unseen.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of εὕρῃ→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the offender.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδαgirlAccusativedirect object of εὕρῃ→ object specificationπαῖς (acc. παῖδα): 'girl / young woman'; the betrothed virgin.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with participle μεμνηστευμένην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεμνηστευμένηνbetrothedPerf Mid/Pass Part Acc Fem Sg · μνηστεύωattributive participle (modifying παῖδα)→ perfect participle (settled state of betrothal)μνηστεύω (pass.): 'be betrothed'; as in v. 23, the perfect marks her established betrothed status, so that violating her is an offense against her future husband's marital right.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βιασάμενοςforcing / overpoweringAor Mid Part Nom Masc Sg · βιάζομαιcircumstantial participle (means/manner: 'by force')→ aorist participle (the act of coercion)βιάζομαι: 'use force / overpower / compel'; renders חָזַק ('seize by force') / תָּפַשׂ; the participle is the legal key — it characterizes the act as rape, distinguishing this case from the consensual city-case and exonerating the woman.
κοιμηθῇliesAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιverb of protasis (the act)→ aorist passive subjunctive (the act of violation)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass.): 'lie with'; the euphemism for intercourse, here forced.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
ἀποκτενεῖτεyou shall killFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb of apodosis (the capital sentence)→ imperatival future (the prescribed execution)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill / put to death'; the community executes the rapist alone.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativedirect object of ἀποκτενεῖτε→ object specificationἄνθρωπος (acc.): the man, the sole guilty party.
τὸνthe oneAccusativearticle (with participle κοιμώμενον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιμώμενονwho layPres Mid Part Acc Masc Sg · κοιμάομαιattributive participle (modifying ἄνθρωπον)→ present participle (identifying the offender)κοιμάομαι (pres. part.): 'who lay with her'; pinpoints the man as the one who committed the act.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
μόνονonly / aloneAccusativeadverbial accusative (emphatic: 'him alone')→ object specificationμόνος: 'only / alone'; the emphatic final position stresses that the man alone is to die — the woman is wholly exonerated, the point developed in vv. 26–27.
26

καὶ τῇ νεάνιδι οὐ ποιήσετε οὐδέν οὐκ ἔστιν τῇ νεάνιδι ἁμάρτημα θανάτου ὅτι ὡς εἴ τις ἐπαναστῇ ἄνθρωπος ἐπὶ τὸν πλησίον καὶ φονεύσῃ αὐτοῦ ψυχήν οὕτως τὸ πρᾶγμα τοῦτο

but to the young woman you shall do nothing: the young woman has no sin worthy of death; for this case is just as when a man rises up against his neighbor and murders his life,

Exoneration of the woman + analogy to murderκαὶ τῇ νεάνιδι οὐ ποιήσετε οὐδέν
The woman's full acquittal: 'you shall do nothing' to her; she bears 'no sin worthy of death' (ἁμάρτημα θανάτου). The law then supplies an explicit analogy: rape in the field is like a man rising up to murder his neighbor (ὡς εἴ τις ἐπαναστῇ … καὶ φονεύσῃ αὐτοῦ ψυχήν) — the victim is wronged, not culpable. This is a striking ancient legal recognition of coercion.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶbut / andadversative καί (contrasting the woman's treatment with the man's)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative — 'but'; sets the woman's acquittal against the man's execution.
τῇto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεάνιδιyoung womanDativedative of disadvantage/reference (fronted: 'to the young woman')→ sphere or referenceνεᾶνις (dat.): the victim, emphatically placed first as the focus of the exoneration.
οὐnotnegative particle (with ποιήσετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prohibition: 'do nothing to her')→ imperatival future (the prescribed acquittal)ποιέω: 'do'; with the double negative (οὐ … οὐδέν) emphatically forbids any penalty against the woman.
οὐδένnothingAccusativedirect object (emphatic double negative with οὐ)→ object specificationοὐδείς (acc. n. οὐδέν): 'nothing'; the second negative reinforces rather than cancels the first — 'you shall do nothing at all to her.'
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there is no sin')→ gnomic present (statement of legal fact)εἰμί (pres. ἔστιν): existential 'there is'; states as a legal fact that she bears no capital guilt.
τῇto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεάνιδιyoung womanDativedative of possession ('the young woman has')→ sphere or referenceνεᾶνις (dat.): the dative of possession — 'the young woman has no death-sin.'
ἁμάρτημαsinNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceἁμάρτημα: 'sin / offense / fault'; renders חֵטְא; the concrete deed of sin, here qualified as 'of death' — a capital offense.
θανάτουof deathGenitivegenitive of quality/penalty (modifying ἁμάρτημα)→ relational specificationθάνατος (gen. θανάτου): 'death'; ἁμάρτημα θανάτου ('a sin worthy of death') is a Hebraism (חֵטְא מָוֶת) for a capital crime; the woman has committed none (cf. the NT ἁμαρτία πρὸς θάνατον, 1 John 5:16).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (introducing the analogy)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; grounds the acquittal in the analogy that follows.
ὡςascomparative particle (with εἰ: 'just as if')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; with εἰ forms the comparative 'just as when / as if,' introducing the murder-analogy.
εἴif / whenconditional particle (in the comparative clause ὡς εἴ)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; ὡς εἴ τις ('as when someone') frames the hypothetical comparison.
τιςsomeoneNominativesubject of ἐπαναστῇ (indefinite, with ἄνθρωπος)→ participant referenceτις: 'someone / a certain man'; the indefinite subject of the analogy.
ἐπαναστῇrises up againstAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπανίστημιverb of comparative clause→ aorist subjunctive (the hypothetical assault)ἐπανίστημι: 'rise up against / attack'; renders קוּם עַל ('rise up against'); the verb of violent, aggressive assault — the very image used to characterize the rapist's act.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject (in apposition with τις)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the aggressor of the analogy.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'against'; the hostile sense, 'rise up against.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor'; the victim of the analogical murder — corresponding to the violated woman.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φονεύσῃmurdersAor Act Subj 3 Sg · φονεύωverb of comparative clause (coordinate with ἐπαναστῇ)→ aorist subjunctive (the hypothetical killing)φονεύω: 'murder / kill'; renders רָצַח, the verb of the sixth commandment (Deut 5:17); the analogy classes the rape as morally equivalent to murder — a violent assault in which the victim is wholly innocent.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ψυχήν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ψυχήν).
ψυχήνlife / soulAccusativedirect object of φονεύσῃ→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul / life'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here 'life' — φονεύσῃ αὐτοῦ ψυχήν ('murders his life') is a Hebraism for taking a person's life.
οὕτωςsoadverb (completing the comparison: 'so is this matter')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; closes the comparison — 'so is this case,' equating the field-rape with murderous assault.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρᾶγμαmatter / caseNominativesubject (predicated by the comparison: 'this case is so')→ participant prominenceπρᾶγμα: 'thing / matter / deed / case'; renders דָּבָר; the legal 'matter' under discussion — the field-rape.
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (modifying πρᾶγμα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the present case, declared analogous to murder.
27

ὅτι ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ εὗρεν αὐτήν ἐβόησεν ἡ νεᾶνις ἡ μεμνηστευμένη καὶ ὁ βοηθήσων οὐκ ἦν αὐτῇ

for he found her in the field; the betrothed young woman cried out, and there was no one to help her.

Further ground of acquittal (no rescuer in the field)ὅτι ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ
A second ὅτι-clause completes the reasoning: the place was the open field (ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ), the woman did cry out (ἐβόησεν — the inverse of v. 24's οὐκ ἐβόησεν), but there was no rescuer (ὁ βοηθήσων οὐκ ἦν αὐτῇ). The substantival future participle ὁ βοηθήσων ('the one who would help') expresses the absent potential rescuer, sealing her innocence.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (introducing the further ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; supplies the concrete circumstances justifying the woman's acquittal.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρῷfieldDativedative of place (the isolated setting)→ sphere or referenceἀγρός: 'field / countryside'; renders שָׂדֶה (synonym of πεδίον in v. 25); the isolation means no help was within earshot.
εὗρενhe foundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (the man's act, recalling v. 25)→ constative aorist (the completed encounter)εὑρίσκω (aor. εὗρεν): 'find'; recalls εὕρῃ of v. 25 — he came upon her in a place where she was defenseless.
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object of εὗρεν→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εὗρεν.
ἐβόησενshe cried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb (the woman's cry)→ constative aorist (her actual cry for help)βοάω: 'cry out / call for help'; the positive ἐβόησεν here is the exact inverse of οὐκ ἐβόησεν in v. 24 — in the field she did cry out, but to no avail, proving her non-consent.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεᾶνιςyoung womanNominativesubject of ἐβόησεν→ participant prominenceνεᾶνις: 'young woman'; the victim, whose cry establishes her innocence.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with participle μεμνηστευμένη)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεμνηστευμένηbetrothedPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Fem Sg · μνηστεύωattributive participle (modifying νεᾶνις)→ perfect participle (settled state of betrothal)μνηστεύω (pass.): 'be betrothed'; reaffirms her status — she was pledged to another, making the man's act a violation of that bond, for which he alone bears guilt.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁthe oneNominativearticle (substantivizing βοηθήσων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοηθήσωνwho would helpFut Act Part Nom Masc Sg · βοηθέωsubstantival participle (subject of ἦν: 'a helper / one to help')→ future participle (the potential, absent rescuer)βοηθέω (fut. part. βοηθήσων): 'help / come to the aid of'; the future participle expresses purpose/potential — 'one who would (have) help(ed)'; ὁ βοηθήσων οὐκ ἦν ('there was no one to help') states the decisive absence of any rescuer.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'there was no helper')→ imperfect (the abiding absence of help)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; the existential imperfect — at the time of the assault there was no one to come to her aid.
αὐτῇfor herDativedative of advantage ('to help her')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat.): 'for her'; the dative of the one who would have been helped, had any rescuer been present.
28

ἐὰν δέ τις εὕρῃ τὴν παῖδα τὴν παρθένον ἥτις οὐ μεμνήστευται καὶ βιασάμενος κοιμηθῇ μετ᾿ αὐτῆς καὶ εὑρεθῇ

But if a man finds the girl, the virgin who is not betrothed, and, forcing her, lies with her, and is caught,

Protasis: the seizure of an unbetrothed virginἐὰν δέ τις εὕρῃ
The final case: a virgin who is not betrothed (ἥτις οὐ μεμνήστευται). Because no marital bond yet exists, the act is not adultery; the penalty (v. 29) is therefore not death but a bride-price and obligatory marriage. The protasis pairs βιασάμενος ('forcing') with εὑρεθῇ ('is caught'), establishing both the coercion and the legal discovery.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; opens the final case of the chapter.
δέbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the last case in the graded series.
τιςa man / someoneNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)→ participant referenceτις: 'someone / a man'; the offender of the case.
εὕρῃfindsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctive (the encounter)εὑρίσκω: 'find / come upon'; the man's finding of the unbetrothed girl.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδαgirlAccusativedirect object of εὕρῃ→ object specificationπαῖς (acc. παῖδα): 'girl / young woman'; the unbetrothed virgin.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with παρθένον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρθένονvirginAccusativenoun in apposition to παῖδα→ object specificationπαρθένος (acc. παρθένον): 'virgin'; renders בְּתוּלָה; specifies her virgin status — the determining factor is that she is as yet unpledged.
ἥτιςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (introducing the qualifying clause)→ participant referenceὅστις: 'who / which'; the indefinite/qualitative relative — 'who is of such a kind that she is not betrothed'; introduces the decisive legal qualification.
οὐnotnegative particle (with μεμνήστευται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεμνήστευταιis betrothedPerf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · μνηστεύωverb of relative clause (the decisive condition)→ perfect (settled state: not betrothed)μνηστεύω (perf. mid./pass.): 'be betrothed'; the negated perfect οὐ μεμνήστευται ('is not betrothed') is the legal hinge — with no prior bond, the case falls outside adultery and carries a non-capital penalty.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βιασάμενοςforcingAor Mid Part Nom Masc Sg · βιάζομαιcircumstantial participle (means/manner: 'by force')→ aorist participle (the act of coercion)βιάζομαι: 'use force / overpower'; as in v. 25, marks the act as coercive seizure; here, since she is unbetrothed, it issues not in death but in a binding marriage and bride-price (v. 29).
κοιμηθῇliesAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιverb of protasis (the act)→ aorist passive subjunctive (the act of lying with her)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass.): 'lie with'; the euphemism for intercourse.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρεθῇis caughtAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis (the discovery)→ aorist passive subjunctive (the act coming to light)εὑρίσκω (aor. pass.): 'be found / be caught'; the act is discovered, triggering the legal consequence of v. 29 — the case presupposes the offense becoming public.
29

δώσει ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ κοιμηθεὶς μετ᾿ αὐτῆς τῷ πατρὶ τῆς νεάνιδος πεντήκοντα δίδραχμα ἀργυρίου καὶ αὐτοῦ ἔσται γυνή ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ἐταπείνωσεν αὐτήν οὐ δυνήσεται ἐξαποστεῖλαι αὐτὴν τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον

the man who lay with her shall give to the father of the young woman fifty didrachma of silver, and she shall be his wife, because he humbled her; he shall not be able to divorce her for his whole life.

Apodosis: the bride-price, marriage, and permanent bond (closing the chapter)δώσει ὁ ἄνθρωπος
The non-capital penalty: the man pays fifty didrachma of silver to the father (the bride-price for a virgin) and must marry her, with the divorce-right permanently forfeited (οὐ δυνήσεται ἐξαποστεῖλαι … τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον), 'because he humbled her' (ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ἐταπείνωσεν αὐτήν). The clause echoes v. 19's penalty on the slanderer, closing the chapter on the principle that the man who wrongs a woman is bound to provide for her lifelong security.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
δώσειshall giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of apodosis (the payment)→ imperatival future (the prescribed penalty)δίδωμι (fut. δώσει): 'give / pay'; the offender pays the bride-price to the girl's father as compensation and legal seal of the marriage.
ὁtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of δώσει→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the offender, now bound to pay and marry.
ὁthe oneNominativearticle (with participle κοιμηθείς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιμηθεὶςwho layAor Pass Part Nom Masc Sg · κοιμάομαιattributive participle (modifying ἄνθρωπος)→ aorist participle (identifying the offender)κοιμάομαι (aor. pass. part. κοιμηθείς): 'who lay with her'; identifies the man precisely as the one who committed the act.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὶfatherDativedative of recipient ('to the father')→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. πατρί): the girl's father, who receives the bride-price as head of the household.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεάνιδοςyoung womanGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying πατρί)→ relational specificationνεᾶνις (gen. νεάνιδος): 'young woman'; the violated girl.
πεντήκονταfiftyAccusativenumeral (amount of the bride-price)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable numeral; renders חֲמִשִּׁים; the fixed bride-price — half the hundred-shekel fine on the slanderer (v. 19).
δίδραχμαdidrachmaAccusativeaccusative of measure (the silver denomination)→ object specificationδίδραχμον: 'didrachma / two-drachma piece'; the LXX's Greek equivalent for the Hebrew shekel (כֶּסֶף); fifty of them constitute the standard mohar (bride-price) for a virgin.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material (modifying δίδραχμα)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; specifies the metal of the payment.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (predicative: 'she shall be his')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): 'his'; the predicate genitive — she becomes his wife, as also in v. 19.
ἔσταιshe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the resulting marriage)→ prescriptive future (the binding marital bond)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'shall be'; declares the obligatory marriage — the man must take responsibility for the woman he violated.
γυνήwifeNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'wife'; the predicate — she gains the standing and protection of a wife.
ἀνθ᾿because / in return forpreposition + genitive (in the idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν: 'because')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: in the idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('in return for which / because'), a common LXX causal construction (cf. Luke 1:20; 19:44).
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (in the causal idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν)→ relational specificationὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): the relative attracted into the genitive within the fixed phrase ἀνθ᾿ ὧν, 'because.'
ἐταπείνωσενhe humbled / violatedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ταπεινόωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the act of violation)ταπεινόω: 'humble / violate'; renders עִנָּה (as in v. 24); the violation is the ground of the lifelong obligation — having degraded her, he forfeits the right to abandon her.
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object of ἐταπείνωσεν→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐταπείνωσεν.
οὐnotnegative particle (with δυνήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνήσεταιhe shall be ableFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (with complementary infinitive ἐξαποστεῖλαι)→ prescriptive future (legal incapacity)δύναμαι: 'be able'; οὐ δυνήσεται ('he shall not be able') states the legal disability — the permanent forfeiture of divorce, exactly as imposed on the slanderer of v. 19.
ἐξαποστεῖλαιto divorce / send awayAor Act Inf · ἐξαποστέλλωcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσεται)→ aorist infinitive (the forbidden act of divorce)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / divorce'; renders שִׁלַּח (the divorce-verb); the man is forever barred from dismissing the woman he violated, securing her lifelong provision.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξαποστεῖλαι.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with χρόνον in adverbial accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅπανταwhole / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying χρόνον)→ object specificationἅπας: 'all / whole'; τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον = 'for his whole life,' as in v. 19, stressing the permanence of the bond.
χρόνονtimeAccusativeadverbial accusative of duration ('for his whole life')→ object specificationχρόνος: 'time / period'; the accusative of extent — the divorce-prohibition endures his entire lifetime, closing the chapter's sexual legislation.