1
καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Μωυσῆς πάντας τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς ὑμεῖς ἑωράκατε πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν κύριος ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν Φαραω καὶ τοῖς θεράπουσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ πάσῃ τῇ γῇ αὐτοῦ
And Moses called all the sons of Israel and said to them, 'You have seen all that the LORD did in the land of Egypt before your eyes to Pharaoh and to his servants and to all his land.'
The chapter opens (in English versification, 29:2) with a fresh summons formula; the LXX/Rahlfs verse-numbering used here runs 1–28, so this 'v. 1' = English 29:2 (Hebrew 28:69 having been joined to the prior chapter). The appeal ὑμεῖς ἑωράκατε ('you yourselves have seen') grounds the covenant in eyewitness memory of the Exodus, setting up the paradox of v. 3 that sight has not yet become understanding.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Moses convenes the assembly)→ constative aorist (single completed summons)καλέω: 'call / summon'; renders קָרָא; here the formal convening of the whole national assembly for the covenant-renewal speech delivered in the plains of Moab.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); the covenant-mediator who gathers Israel.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying υἱούς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the masculine accusative πάντας stresses the comprehensiveness of the assembly — the whole nation, anticipating the detailed social roll-call of vv. 9–10.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') is the standard LXX rendering of בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, denoting the covenant people as a whole.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the patronymic genitive identifying the people.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λέγω: 'say / speak'; the aorist εἶπεν introduces Moses' direct address to the assembled people.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the addressees)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he / it / them'; here the accusative plural denoting the assembled sons of Israel as recipients of the address.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic 2nd person plural pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic nominative pronoun fronts the addressees — 'you yourselves' — stressing personal eyewitness experience as the ground of covenant obligation.
ἑωράκατεhave seenPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (appeal to eyewitness memory)→ resultative perfect (past seeing whose effect abides as present knowledge)ὁράω: 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; the perfect ἑωράκατε stresses that the seeing of the Exodus signs remains a present possession of the assembly — yet v. 3 will deny that this sight has become a 'heart to know,' setting up the spiritual-blindness paradox.
πάνταallAccusativedirect object (substantival: 'all things')→ object specificationπᾶς: here neuter accusative plural used substantivally, 'all (the things)'; antecedent of the relative ὅσα.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν: 'all that')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the correlative relative πάντα … ὅσα ('all that') is a common LXX idiom for totality.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the completed acts of the Exodus)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the aorist gathers the whole Exodus complex of plagues and deliverance into a single recollected divine act.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν (divine agent)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject identifies YHWH as the sole author of the Exodus signs.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative: 'in the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; with Αἰγύπτῳ forming the locative phrase 'in the land of Egypt.'
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativedative in apposition to γῇ (place: 'land of Egypt')→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of Hebrew מִצְרַיִם; here in the dative agreeing with γῇ as the locale of the Exodus signs.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative perspective: Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of / in the sight of'; Hebraism rendering לְעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); it underlines that the signs were performed in full public view of the addressees.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (2nd person plural)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'of you / your'; the eyewitness emphasis is reinforced — the deeds were done before your very eyes.
ΦαραωPharaohdative of disadvantage (indeclinable: 'to Pharaoh')→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliteration of Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (Egyptian pr-ꜥȝ, 'great house'); indeclinable in the LXX; here governed in sense as a dative of the one against whom the signs were done.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεράπουσινservantsDativedative of disadvantage (parallel to Φαραω)→ sphere or referenceθεράπων (dat. pl. θεράπουσιν): 'servant / attendant / retainer'; renders עֶבֶד; more dignified than δοῦλος ('slave'); Pharaoh's court officials, the second object of the signs.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Pharaoh's servants)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Pharaoh's servants).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending to the whole land)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying γῇ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: the dative feminine πάσῃ agrees with γῇ; the merism Pharaoh–servants–land encompasses the entire Egyptian sphere as the target of YHWH's signs.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of disadvantage (third object: 'to all his land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: here the whole territory of Egypt as the final, comprehensive object of the Exodus judgments.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Pharaoh's land)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Pharaoh's land).
2
τοὺς πειρασμοὺς τοὺς μεγάλους οὓς ἑωράκασιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί σου τὰ σημεῖα καὶ τὰ τέρατα τὰ μεγάλα ἐκεῖνα
the great trials which your eyes have seen, those signs and great wonders.
v. 2 unpacks 'all that the LORD did' (v. 1) as the great 'temptations/trials' (πειρασμούς), signs, and wonders; the shift to the singular σου ('your eyes') after the plural ὑμεῖς of v. 1 is a characteristic Deuteronomic oscillation between addressing Israel as a collective and as an individual. The verbal echo ἑωράκασιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί σου prepares the reversal of v. 3, where the same eyes have not yet been given 'to see.'
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πειρασμοὺςtrials / temptationsAccusativeappositive accusative (expanding πάντα of v. 1)→ object specificationπειρασμός: 'trial / test / temptation'; renders מַסָּה; in the Exodus context the 'great trials' are the testings of the plagues and wilderness through which YHWH proved both Egypt and Israel (cf. Deut 4:34; 7:19).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (attributive repetition before adjective)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλουςgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (second-attributive position: 'the great trials')→ object specificationμέγας: 'great'; renders גָּדוֹל; the repeated article (τοὺς … τοὺς μεγάλους) marks the emphatic second-attributive construction typical of LXX style.
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἑωράκασιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; masculine accusative plural agreeing with πειρασμούς.
ἑωράκασινhave seenPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωverb of relative clause (subject: οἱ ὀφθαλμοί)→ resultative perfect (abiding result of past seeing)ὁράω: 'see'; the perfect again (cf. v. 1 ἑωράκατε) stresses sight retained as present knowledge; the verbal repetition tightens the bond between vv. 1–3 and sharpens the coming paradox of unseeing eyes.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοίeyesNominativesubject of ἑωράκασιν→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עַיִן; 'your eyes have seen' personifies the organ of sight, intensifying the eyewitness appeal and anticipating v. 3's ὀφθαλμοὺς βλέπειν.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (singular: 'your eyes')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. sg. σου): the shift from plural ὑμεῖς (v. 1) to singular σου is the Deuteronomic Numeruswechsel, addressing Israel now as a single covenant partner.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σημεῖαsignsAccusativeappositive accusative (further specifying the trials)→ object specificationσημεῖον: 'sign'; renders אוֹת; the pairing σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ('signs and wonders') is the standard Deuteronomic and later NT formula for the Exodus miracles (cf. Deut 4:34; 6:22; 7:19; Acts 7:36).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέραταwondersAccusativeappositive accusative (parallel to σημεῖα)→ object specificationτέρας: 'wonder / portent'; renders מוֹפֵת; the 'wonders' are the awe-inspiring, fear-producing aspect of the same Exodus acts named as 'signs.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle (attributive before adjective)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλαgreatAccusativeattributive adjective ('the great wonders')→ object specificationμέγας: 'great'; the repeated 'great' (μεγάλους … μεγάλα) frames both trials and wonders as superlative manifestations of divine power.
ἐκεῖναthoseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying τέρατα: 'those great wonders')→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that / those'; the distal demonstrative points back to the remembered Exodus events, fixing them as a definite, shared body of experience.
3
καὶ οὐκ ἔδωκεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῖν καρδίαν εἰδέναι καὶ ὀφθαλμοὺς βλέπειν καὶ ὦτα ἀκούειν ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης
Yet the LORD God has not given you a heart to know, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, until this day.
The καί here functions adversatively ('and yet'): despite all the seeing of vv. 1–2, YHWH 'has not given' the inner organ of perception. This is the chapter's spiritual-blindness crux — heart-to-know, eyes-to-see, ears-to-hear — cited at Rom 11:8 (with Isa 6:9–10; 29:10) for Israel's partial hardening, and answered by the promise of the circumcised heart in 30:6. The triad καρδία / ὀφθαλμοί / ὦτα with infinitives of purpose makes the deficiency total: outward sight without inward understanding.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶand yetadversative conjunction (Hebraizing waw with contrastive force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the paratactic waw carries adversative force ('and yet'); the contrast is between the eyes that have seen (vv. 1–2) and the heart not yet given to understand.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἔδωκεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation of fact; the flat denial 'has not given' states the deficiency as a settled reality up to the present.
ἔδωκενhas givenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine non-bestowal)→ constative aorist (the withholding viewed as a whole, up to 'this day')δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the negated aorist with the temporal limit ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('until this day') implies that what is not yet given may yet be given — the door the circumcised-heart promise of 30:6 will open.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (divine agent of the withholding)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine name is the subject — it is YHWH himself who has not yet granted the heart to understand, framing perception as a sovereign gift.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος ('the LORD God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the appositional κύριος ὁ θεός renders the covenant compound יהוה אֱלֹהִים, binding the divine name to the covenant relation.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object (dative recipient: 'to you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the plural recipients; the gift withheld is given 'to you' the people collectively.
καρδίανa heartAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (first member of the perception-triad)→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; in Hebrew anthropology the seat of understanding and will, not merely emotion; 'a heart to know' is the inner faculty of covenant comprehension, the very thing promised under the new-covenant idiom of 30:6 and Jer 31:33.
εἰδέναιto knowPerf Act Infin · οἶδαinfinitive of purpose/result (with καρδίαν: 'a heart to know')→ epexegetic infinitive (defining the heart's intended function)οἶδα: 'know / understand' (perfect with present meaning); the epexegetic infinitive specifies the purpose of the heart — true covenant knowledge of YHWH, the inward counterpart to the outward seeing of vv. 1–2.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the triad members)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (second member of the triad)→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the same organ that 'has seen' (vv. 1–2) is here said not yet to have been given 'to see' truly — the paradox of physical sight without spiritual perception (cf. Isa 6:9–10; Rom 11:8).
βλέπεινto seePres Act Infin · βλέπωinfinitive of purpose/result (with ὀφθαλμούς)→ epexegetic infinitive (defining the eyes' intended function)βλέπω: 'see / look'; the present infinitive denotes ongoing perceptive seeing; distinguished here from the bare optical seeing already had — what is lacking is discerning sight.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὦταearsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (third member of the triad)→ object specificationοὖς (pl. ὦτα): 'ear'; the third organ of the perception-triad; 'ears to hear' is the idiom for obedient, comprehending hearing (cf. the same phrase in Isa 6:9–10 and Jesus' ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκουέτω).
ἀκούεινto hearPres Act Infin · ἀκούωinfinitive of purpose/result (with ὦτα)→ epexegetic infinitive (defining the ears' intended function)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen / obey'; the present infinitive denotes ongoing attentive hearing; in Deuteronomic idiom (cf. the Shema, 6:4) hearing entails obeying, so 'ears to hear' = the capacity for covenant faithfulness.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; the temporal limit ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης marks the deficiency as obtaining only 'to this day,' leaving open the future bestowal of the new heart (30:6).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (temporal: 'until the day')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; 'this day' (the covenant-renewal day in Moab) is the recurring temporal anchor of the chapter (cf. σήμερον, vv. 9, 11, 14).
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρας: 'this day')→ relational specificationοὗτος: the near demonstrative fixes the present covenant-renewal day as the temporal boundary up to which the heart has not been given.
4
καὶ ἤγαγεν ὑμᾶς τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ οὐκ ἐπαλαιώθη τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ ὑποδήματα ὑμῶν οὐ κατετρίβη ἀπὸ τῶν ποδῶν ὑμῶν
And he led you forty years in the wilderness; your garments did not grow old, and your sandals were not worn off from your feet.
The recital of grace resumes after the parenthetical of v. 3, turning from Egypt to the wilderness. The miracle of unaged garments and unworn sandals (cf. Deut 8:4) is the standing token of YHWH's sustaining care across the forty years, evidence that should awaken the very 'heart to know' v. 3 says was lacking.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming the recital)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤγαγενledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἄγωmain verb (YHWH leads Israel through the wilderness)→ constative aorist (the whole wilderness journey gathered into one act)ἄγω: 'lead / bring'; renders הוֹלִיךְ / נָהַג; YHWH (implicit subject from v. 3) is the guide of the forty-year wilderness march; the verb evokes the pillar of cloud and fire that led the camp.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object (2nd person plural)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl. ὑμᾶς): the people as the led community.
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (indeclinable, modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable cardinal; the forty years are the full wilderness generation (cf. Num 14:33–34; Deut 8:2), the span of testing and preservation.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for forty years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the accusative of duration measures the length of the wilderness leading.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place (locative: 'in the wilderness')→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert'; renders מִדְבָּר; the substantivized adjective denotes the desert of the forty-year wandering, the setting of both testing and miraculous provision.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐπαλαιώθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation; the negated verbs frame the preservation miracle as plain fact.
ἐπαλαιώθηgrew old / wore outAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · παλαιόωmain verb (the garments did not age)→ constative aorist passive (the non-occurrence of aging across the whole period)παλαιόω: 'make old / wear out'; renders בָּלָה; the passive 'were not made old' presents the garments' preservation as a sustained divine act over forty years (cf. Deut 8:4; Neh 9:21); the singular verb with neuter plural subject τὰ ἱμάτια follows standard Greek concord.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsNominativesubject of ἐπαλαιώθη→ participant prominenceἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak'; renders שִׂמְלָה; the clothing that did not wear out is the most tangible token of wilderness preservation.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your garments')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your garments').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parallel clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποδήματαsandalsNominativesubject of κατετρίβη→ participant prominenceὑπόδημα: 'sandal / footwear'; renders נַעַל; the second preservation token, paired with the garments to cover the whole bodily provision for the journey.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your sandals')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your sandals').
οὐnotnegative particle (negating κατετρίβη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation of the wearing-out of the sandals.
κατετρίβηwere worn downAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατατρίβωmain verb (the sandals were not worn out)→ constative aorist passive (sustained non-wearing across the journey)κατατρίβω: 'wear down / rub away completely'; the intensive compound κατα- ('thoroughly') stresses that not even the friction of forty years' walking consumed the footwear; the singular verb again agrees with the neuter plural ὑποδήματα.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source / separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source / separation).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδῶνfeetGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (separation: 'from your feet')→ relational specificationπούς: 'foot'; renders רֶגֶל; the sandals did not wear off 'from your feet' — a concrete image of unbroken provision through the long march.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your feet')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your feet').
5
ἄρτον οὐκ ἐφάγετε οἶνον καὶ σικερα οὐκ ἐπίετε ἵνα γνῶτε ὅτι οὗτος κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν
Bread you did not eat, and wine and strong drink you did not drink, that you might know that this is the LORD your God.
The fronted objects ἄρτον … οἶνον καὶ σικερα emphasise the absence of ordinary provisions: Israel ate no common bread and drank no fermented drink, yet was sustained (by manna and water from the rock). The ἵνα-clause states the pedagogical aim of the whole wilderness experience — that Israel might know experientially that 'this is the LORD your God,' the very knowing (γνῶτε) the heart of v. 3 was said to lack.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of ἐφάγετε (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; ordinary bread, contrasted with the miraculous manna on which Israel actually lived (cf. Deut 8:3); the fronting stresses the lack of normal food.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐφάγετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation of fact.
ἐφάγετεyou ateAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (negated: 'you did not eat')→ constative aorist (the whole forty-year span of non-eating ordinary bread)ἐσθίω (aor. ἔφαγον): 'eat'; renders אָכַל; the negated aorist sums up the entire wilderness diet — no common bread, only the daily manna, underscoring total dependence on YHWH's provision.
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect object of ἐπίετε (fronted, coordinate with σικερα)→ object specificationοἶνος: 'wine'; renders יַיִן; with σικερα forms the standard pair for fermented drink, here denied to the wilderness generation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σικεραstrong drinkdirect object of ἐπίετε (indeclinable loanword, coordinate with οἶνον)→ clausal contributionσικερα: indeclinable Semitic loanword (Hebrew שֵׁכָר, 'intoxicating drink'); transliterated rather than translated in the LXX; the pair οἶνος καὶ σικερα is a fixed merism for all fermented beverage (cf. Num 6:3; Luke 1:15).
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐπίετε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation.
ἐπίετεyou drankAor Act Indic 2 Pl · πίνωmain verb (negated: 'you did not drink')→ constative aorist (the whole period of abstention from fermented drink)πίνω (aor. ἔπιον): 'drink'; renders שָׁתָה; like the bread-clause, the negation highlights that Israel's sustenance came not from cultivated agriculture but directly from YHWH (water from the rock, Exod 17; Num 20).
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose clause (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the divine purpose of the wilderness deprivation — pedagogical knowledge of YHWH.
γνῶτεyou might knowAor Act Subj 2 Pl · γινώσκωverb of purpose clause (subjunctive with ἵνα)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (come to know / recognize)γινώσκω: 'know / recognize'; renders יָדַע; the ingressive aorist denotes coming-to-knowledge; the stated aim — that you might know YHWH is your God — is precisely the 'heart to know' (καρδίαν εἰδέναι) of v. 3, framing the wilderness as the school of covenant recognition.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clause (content of γνῶτε)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of the knowing — the identity-confession that follows.
οὗτοςthis (is)Nominativedemonstrative pronoun (predicate identification: 'this one is')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the predicative demonstrative in the verbless clause οὗτος κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν asserts an identification — 'this (the one who sustained you) is the LORD your God.'
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (with verbless ἐστιν understood)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the goal of the wilderness pedagogy is the confession that the sustaining provider is none other than YHWH.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος ('the LORD your God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the appositional κύριος ὁ θεός ὑμῶν renders יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, the covenant-formula binding YHWH to Israel as its own God.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your God')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the possessive marks the covenant bond — not God in the abstract but 'your God.'
6
καὶ ἤλθετε ἕως τοῦ τόπου τούτου καὶ ἐξῆλθεν Σηων βασιλεὺς Εσεβων καὶ Ωγ βασιλεὺς τῆς Βασαν εἰς συνάντησιν ἡμῖν ἐν πολέμῳ καὶ ἐπατάξαμεν αὐτοὺς
And you came to this place, and Sihon king of Heshbon and Og king of Bashan came out to meet us in battle, and we struck them down.
The recital turns from preservation to conquest: arrival 'at this place' (the plains of Moab) is set against the two defeated kings, Sihon of Heshbon and Og of Bashan (cf. Num 21:21–35; Deut 2–3). The shift from second person (ἤλθετε) to first-person plural (ἡμῖν, ἐπατάξαμεν) draws Moses and the people together as one victorious community.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤλθετεyou cameAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at the present place)→ constative aorist (the completed journey to Moab)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθον): 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; marks the terminus of the forty-year march at 'this place,' the plains of Moab where the covenant is now renewed.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (spatial limit: 'as far as')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to / as far as'; here spatial, marking the goal of arrival.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('to this place')→ relational specificationτόπος: 'place / location'; renders מָקוֹם; 'this place' is the plains of Moab, the present setting of the covenant address.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying τόπου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: the near demonstrative locates the audience in the very place reached at the journey's end.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the kings sally out; singular with first compound subject)→ constative aorist (the kings' hostile advance)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come out'; renders יָצָא; the singular verb agrees with the nearer first subject (Σηων), a common Greek and Hebrew concord with compound subjects; the kings 'came out' to give battle.
ΣηωνSihonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣηων: transliteration of Hebrew סִיחוֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; the Amorite king of Heshbon defeated at the start of the Transjordan conquest (Num 21:21–31; Deut 2:26–37).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Σηων→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; identifies Sihon by his royal seat at Heshbon.
ΕσεβωνHeshbongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Heshbon')→ participant identificationΕσεβων: transliteration of Hebrew חֶשְׁבּוֹן; indeclinable; the Amorite royal city east of the Jordan.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second king)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΩγOgsubject (indeclinable proper noun, coordinate with Σηων)→ participant identificationΩγ: transliteration of Hebrew עוֹג; indeclinable; the giant king of Bashan, last of the Rephaim, defeated at Edrei (Num 21:33–35; Deut 3:1–11).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ωγ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here identifying Og as ruler of Bashan.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with Βασαν)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒασανBashangenitive of relationship (indeclinable, articular: 'of Bashan')→ participant identificationΒασαν: transliteration of Hebrew בָּשָׁן; indeclinable, though here marked by the feminine article τῆς; the fertile region northeast of the Jordan ruled by Og.
εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet').
συνάντησινmeeting / encounterAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose: 'to an encounter')→ object specificationσυνάντησις: 'meeting / encounter'; the idiom ἐξῆλθεν εἰς συνάντησιν renders יָצָא לִקְרַאת ('went out to meet'), here a hostile military confrontation.
ἡμῖνusDativedative complement of συνάντησιν ('to meet us')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): the first-person plural draws Moses and the people together; the kings came out 'to meet us.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner / circumstance)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner / circumstance).
πολέμῳbattle / warDativedative of manner/circumstance ('in battle')→ sphere or referenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; specifies that the kings' coming out was for armed combat.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result: the victory)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπατάξαμενwe struck downAor Act Indic 1 Pl · πατάσσωmain verb (the decisive defeat of the kings)→ constative aorist (the completed victory)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat'; renders נָכָה; the first-person plural 'we struck them down' presents the Transjordan conquest as a shared communal triumph, the firstfruits of the land-promise.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the two kings and their forces)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the defeated kings Sihon and Og with their armies.
7
καὶ ἐλάβομεν τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν καὶ ἔδωκα αὐτὴν ἐν κλήρῳ τῷ Ρουβην καὶ τῷ Γαδδι καὶ τῷ ἡμίσει φυλῆς Μανασση
And we took their land, and I gave it as an inheritance to Reuben and to Gad and to the half-tribe of Manasseh.
The victory of v. 6 yields possession: 'we took their land' (first plural) and 'I gave it' (first singular — Moses himself distributing the Transjordan allotment, cf. Num 32; Deut 3:12–17). The two-and-a-half tribes Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh settle east of the Jordan, a concrete down-payment on the inheritance that motivates covenant fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάβομενwe tookAor Act Indic 1 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (taking possession of the land)→ constative aorist (the completed seizure)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβον): 'take / seize / receive'; renders לָקַח; the first-person plural continues the communal victory of v. 6 into communal possession of the conquered territory.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἐλάβομεν→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; the Transjordan territory of Sihon and Og.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession ('their land')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. pl. αὐτῶν): 'their'; the land formerly belonging to the defeated kings.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκαI gaveAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Moses distributes the allotment)→ constative aorist (the completed apportionment)δίδωμι (aor. ἔδωκα): 'give'; renders נָתַן; the shift to first singular marks Moses as the human apportioner of the Transjordan inheritance (cf. Deut 3:12), acting under YHWH's grant.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (the land, resuming γῆν)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem. sg. αὐτήν): 'it'; resumes τὴν γῆν as the object given.
ἐνas / inpreposition + dative (idiomatic: 'as an inheritance')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here the Hebraizing ἐν κλήρῳ renders בְּנַחֲלָה / בְּגוֹרָל, 'as/by an inheritance-portion.'
κλήρῳinheritance / lotDativedative with ἐν (manner of giving: 'as an allotted portion')→ sphere or referenceκλῆρος: 'lot / allotted portion / inheritance'; renders נַחֲלָה / גּוֹרָל; the land was distributed as a divinely-allotted inheritance, the technical term for tribal territory.
τῷto theDativearticle (with Ρουβην, dative recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡουβηνReubendative recipient (indeclinable, marked by article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΡουβην: transliteration of Hebrew רְאוּבֵן; indeclinable; the firstborn tribe, settled in the southern Transjordan (Num 32:37–38).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle (with Γαδδι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαδδιGaddative recipient (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΓαδδι: LXX form of the tribal name Gad (Hebrew גָּד); indeclinable; settled with Reuben in the central Transjordan (Num 32:34–36).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle (with ἡμίσει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίσειhalfDativedative recipient (substantival: 'to the half')→ sphere or referenceἥμισυς: 'half'; renders חֲצִי; the 'half-tribe of Manasseh' settled in northern Gilead and Bashan (Num 32:39–42; Deut 3:13).
φυλῆςof tribeGenitivepartitive genitive ('half of the tribe')→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט / מַטֶּה; the partitive genitive specifies which half — that of Manasseh.
ΜανασσηManassehgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Manasseh')→ participant identificationΜανασση: transliteration of Hebrew מְנַשֶּׁה; indeclinable; the Joseph-tribe of which half settled east of the Jordan.
8
καὶ φυλάξεσθε ποιεῖν πάντας τοὺς λόγους τῆς διαθήκης ταύτης ἵνα συνῆτε πάντα ὅσα ποιήσετε
And you shall take care to do all the words of this covenant, that you may understand all that you do.
The recital of grace (vv. 1–7) yields its imperative: 'you shall keep to do' all the words of this covenant. The purpose clause ἵνα συνῆτε ('that you may understand / prosper') closes the section by promising the very comprehension that v. 3 said was lacking — covenant obedience is the path to understanding. This verse pivots from rehearsal to the formal covenant-making of vv. 9–14.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the exhortation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξεσθεyou shall keep / take careFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · φυλάσσωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ imperatival future (binding obligation: 'you shall observe')φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep / observe'; renders שָׁמַר; the future middle with imperatival force is the standard Deuteronomic command-form; 'keep to do' (φυλάξεσθε ποιεῖν) renders שָׁמַר לַעֲשׂוֹת, the characteristic idiom for diligent covenant obedience.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Infin · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with φυλάξεσθε: 'take care to do')→ complementary infinitive (object of careful keeping)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; the present infinitive denotes ongoing performance; φυλάσσειν ποιεῖν ('keep to do') stresses that observance is not mere knowledge but continual enactment.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality 'all the words' admits no selective obedience — the whole covenant is to be performed.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / matter'; renders דָּבָר; 'the words of this covenant' are the stipulations of the Moab covenant, echoed at the chapter's close (v. 28, 'the words of this law').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive of relationship ('words of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament'; renders בְּרִית; the LXX's standard rendering of the covenant-bond; 'this covenant' is the one being enacted in Moab (cf. v. 11).
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying διαθήκης)→ relational specificationοὗτος: the near demonstrative fixes the reference to the present Moab covenant.
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose clause (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the goal of obedience — understanding and success.
συνῆτεyou may understand / prosperAor Act Subj 2 Pl · συνίημιverb of purpose clause (subjunctive with ἵνα)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (come to understand)συνίημι: 'understand / comprehend / act wisely'; renders שָׂכַל (Hiphil), which spans both 'understand' and 'have success / prosper'; the goal of covenant obedience is the wise comprehension v. 3 said Israel still lacked — obedience itself becomes the school of understanding (cf. Ps 110[111]:10 LXX).
πάνταallAccusativedirect object (substantival: 'all things')→ object specificationπᾶς: neuter accusative plural used substantivally, 'all (that),' antecedent of ὅσα.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιήσετε: 'all that')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the correlative πάντα … ὅσα ('all that') frames the comprehensiveness of the covenant life.
ποιήσετεyou will doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause (future)→ predictive future (the ongoing covenant practice)ποιέω: 'do'; the future denotes the people's continuing covenant conduct, in which they are promised understanding and success.
9
ὑμεῖς ἑστήκατε πάντες σήμερον ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν οἱ ἀρχίφυλοι ὑμῶν καὶ ἡ γερουσία ὑμῶν καὶ οἱ κριταὶ ὑμῶν καὶ οἱ γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς ὑμῶν πᾶς ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ
You all stand today before the LORD your God: your tribal chiefs and your council of elders and your judges and your scribe-officers, every man of Israel,
Section B opens with the emphatic ὑμεῖς … πάντες σήμερον ('you all today'), the temporal marker σήμερον recurring through the section (vv. 11, 14). The covenant is enacted before the assembled social hierarchy, listed from the top down — chiefs, elders, judges, officers — and summed in πᾶς ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ; v. 10 will extend the roll to the dependent and marginal.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic 2nd person plural pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic nominative fronts the whole assembly as covenant participants standing in YHWH's presence.
ἑστήκατεstandPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (the assembly stands before YHWH)→ intensive perfect (present standing as a settled state)ἵστημι (perf. ἕστηκα with present sense): 'stand'; renders נָצַב / עָמַד; the perfect denotes the people's present posture of standing assembled before YHWH — a formal covenant-stance, as parties presenting themselves to ratify the oath.
πάντεςallNominativeadjective in apposition to ὑμεῖς ('you all')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the nominative plural underscores the inclusiveness of the assembly, anticipating the full social roll-call that follows.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time (the covenant-day)→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; the keyword of the covenant-enactment section (vv. 9, 11, 14), marking the present day as the decisive moment of covenant ratification.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (presence: Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the assembly stands 'before the LORD,' the covenant-making posture par excellence.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (divine presence)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant is enacted in his presence as the divine partner and witness.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD your God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the appositional κύριος ὁ θεός ὑμῶν renders the covenant compound יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your God')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship ('your God').
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀρχίφυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχίφυλοιtribal chiefsNominativenominative in apposition to ὑμεῖς (first social class)→ participant prominenceἀρχίφυλος: 'tribal chief / head of a tribe'; a compound (ἀρχι- + φυλή) rendering רָאשֵׁי שִׁבְטֵיכֶם ('your tribal heads'); the highest stratum of the assembly, named first in the descending hierarchy.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your chiefs')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your chiefs').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γερουσία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γερουσίαcouncil of eldersNominativenominative in apposition (second social class)→ participant prominenceγερουσία: 'council of elders / senate'; renders זְקֵנִים collectively; the body of elders, the second tier of the assembly's leadership; the same word names Israel's senate elsewhere in the LXX (e.g. Exod 3:16).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your council of elders')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your council of elders').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with κριταί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριταὶjudgesNominativenominative in apposition (third social class)→ participant prominenceκριτής: 'judge'; renders שֹׁפְטִים; the judicial officers of Israel, the third tier of the assembled leadership.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your judges')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your judges').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμματοεισαγωγεῖςscribe-officersNominativenominative in apposition (fourth social class)→ participant prominenceγραμματοεισαγωγεύς: 'scribe-officer / recording official'; a distinctive LXX compound (γραμματο- 'writing' + εἰσαγωγεύς 'introducer/officer') rendering שֹׁטְרִים ('officers'); the subordinate administrative-clerical functionaries, the lowest tier of officialdom in the list.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your officers')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your officers').
πᾶςeveryNominativeadjective (modifying ἀνήρ, summing the list)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the summarizing πᾶς ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ gathers the whole male citizenry under the four named offices.
ἀνὴρmanNominativenominative in apposition (comprehensive summary: 'every man of Israel')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / male / each one'; renders אִישׁ; 'every man of Israel' closes the roll of the leadership and citizenry, to which v. 10 adds the household and dependent classes.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the national designation qualifying ἀνήρ.
10
αἱ γυναῖκες ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ ἔκγονα ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ προσήλυτος ὁ ἐν μέσῳ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ὑμῶν ἀπὸ ξυλοκόπου ὑμῶν καὶ ἕως ὑδροφόρου ὑμῶν
your wives and your children and the sojourner who is in the midst of your camp, from your woodcutter to your water-carrier,
v. 10 extends the assembly from the leadership and male citizenry (v. 9) to the dependent and marginal: wives, children, and the resident alien (προσήλυτος) — down to the lowest laborers, the woodcutter and water-carrier. The merism ἀπὸ ξυλοκόπου … ἕως ὑδροφόρου ('from woodcutter to water-carrier') marks total social inclusiveness: no one in the camp is outside the covenant.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
αἱtheNominativearticle (with γυναῖκες)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκεςwives / womenNominativenominative in apposition to ὑμεῖς (v. 9), continuing the roll→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה / נָשִׁים; the explicit inclusion of the wives marks the covenant as embracing the whole household, not the male citizenry alone.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your wives')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your wives').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἔκγονα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔκγοναchildren / offspringNominativenominative in apposition (continuing the roll)→ participant prominenceἔκγονον: 'offspring / descendant / child'; renders טַף ('little ones') here; the inclusion of the children binds the next generation into the covenant — a point made explicit in v. 14 (those 'not here today').
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your children')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your children').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with προσήλυτος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσήλυτοςsojourner / proselyteNominativenominative in apposition (the resident alien)→ participant prominenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / resident alien / proselyte'; the LXX's coinage (lit. 'one who has come to') rendering גֵּר; the non-Israelite dwelling within the camp is bound into the covenant, anticipating the later technical sense of 'proselyte' (convert).
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing the following prepositional phrase: 'the one in the midst')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article turns ἐν μέσῳ τῆς παρεμβολῆς into an attributive describing the προσήλυτος.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
μέσῳmidstDativedative of place (idiomatic: 'in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ renders בְּקֶרֶב ('in the midst of'); locates the sojourner within the camp community.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with παρεμβολῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive of relationship ('midst of the camp')→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the military-style wilderness camp of Israel; the sojourner dwelling within it shares the covenant standing of its members.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your camp')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your camp').
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: the construction ἀπό … ἕως ('from … to') frames a social merism spanning the lowest laborers, including everyone in between.
ξυλοκόπουwoodcutterGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (lowest pole of the merism)→ relational specificationξυλοκόπος: 'woodcutter / hewer of wood'; a compound (ξύλον 'wood' + κόπτω 'cut') rendering חֹטֵב עֵצִים; the menial gatherer of firewood, the lowest-status laborer (cf. Josh 9:21, 27).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your woodcutter')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your woodcutter').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two merism poles)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (end-point of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'to / up to'; closes the merism — the whole laboring class is comprehended.
ὑδροφόρουwater-carrierGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (end-pole of the merism)→ relational specificationὑδροφόρος: 'water-carrier / drawer of water'; a compound (ὕδωρ 'water' + φέρω 'carry') rendering שֹׁאֵב מַיִם; paired with the woodcutter as the proverbial menial servant (cf. Josh 9:21, 27); the merism 'woodcutter to water-carrier' guarantees that even the lowest in the camp share the covenant.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession ('your water-carrier')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession ('your water-carrier').
11
παρελθεῖν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἀραῖς αὐτοῦ ὅσα κύριος ὁ θεός σου διατίθεται πρὸς σὲ σήμερον
to pass into the covenant of the LORD your God and into his oaths, which the LORD your God is making with you today,
The infinitive παρελθεῖν ('to pass over/into') states the purpose of the whole assembly's standing: to 'pass into' (enter, ratify) the covenant and its sworn oaths/curses (ἀραί). The relative clause ὅσα … διατίθεται πρὸς σὲ σήμερον (with the technical covenant-cutting verb διατίθεμαι) presents the covenant as being enacted in the present moment, again marked σήμερον.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
παρελθεῖνto pass into / enterAor Act Infin · παρέρχομαιinfinitive of purpose (purpose of standing assembled, v. 9)→ ingressive aorist infinitive (entering into the covenant)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by / pass over / go into'; here with ἐν it renders עָבַר בְּ ('pass into / enter [a covenant]'), the technical idiom for ratifying a covenant by passing between its parts (cf. Gen 15:17; Jer 34:18); the assembly 'passes into' the bond and its oaths.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (with παρελθεῖν: idiomatic 'into')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (with παρελθεῖν: idiomatic 'into').
τῇtheDativearticle (with διαθήκῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκῃcovenantDativedative with ἐν / παρελθεῖν ('into the covenant')→ sphere or referenceδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; the Moab covenant into which all Israel now enters.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source/possession ('covenant of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant is YHWH's, initiated and owned by him.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD your God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant-compound κύριος ὁ θεός σου renders יהוה אֱלֹהֶיךָ.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (singular: 'your God')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. sg. σου): the singular address (Numeruswechsel) personalizes the covenant bond — 'your God.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (parallel to ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (parallel to ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἀραῖς)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀραῖςoaths / cursesDativedative with ἐν ('into his oaths')→ sphere or referenceἀρά: 'curse / sworn oath / imprecation'; renders אָלָה ('sworn oath under sanction of curse'); the covenant's self-maledictory oaths — the curses invoked on the covenant-breaker (cf. vv. 19–20); to enter the covenant is to come under both its blessing and its sanctions.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his oaths')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the oaths belong to YHWH as the covenant-imposer.
ὅσαwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of διατίθεται)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as / which'; the neuter plural relative loosely resumes the covenant-and-oaths as the thing being enacted.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of διατίθεται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; YHWH is the active subject who 'cuts' (enacts) the covenant.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος ('the LORD your God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; covenant-compound, here as subject of the covenant-making verb.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your God')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship ('your God').
διατίθεταιis making / enactsPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · διατίθημιverb of relative clause (the covenant-cutting act)→ progressive present (the covenant being enacted now)διατίθημι (mid. διατίθεμαι): 'arrange / dispose / make (a covenant)'; the middle διατίθεσθαι διαθήκην is the LXX's technical phrase rendering כָּרַת בְּרִית ('cut a covenant'); the present tense presents the covenant as in the act of being made 'today.'
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (covenant partner: 'with you')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'with / toward'; the covenant is enacted πρὸς σέ, 'with you,' marking Israel as the human party.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the covenant partner)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. sg. σέ): the singular 'you' as the covenant counterpart, continuing the individualizing address.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time (the covenant-day)→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; reiterates the present moment as the day of covenant-enactment (cf. vv. 9, 14).
12
ἵνα στήσῃ σε αὐτῷ εἰς λαόν καὶ αὐτὸς ἔσται σου θεός ὃν τρόπον εἶπέν σοι καὶ ὃν τρόπον ὤμοσεν τοῖς πατράσιν σου Αβρααμ καὶ Ισαακ καὶ Ιακωβ
that he may establish you for himself as a people, and he himself will be your God, as he said to you and as he swore to your fathers, Abraham and Isaac and Jacob.
The ἵνα-clause states the telos of the covenant-making (v. 11): YHWH's purpose is to 'establish you for himself as a people' and to 'be your God' — the bilateral covenant-formula ('I will be your God, you will be my people,' cf. Exod 6:7; Lev 26:12). The double ὃν τρόπον ('as / in the manner that') roots the present act in the prior word and the patriarchal oath to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose clause (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the divine purpose of the covenant — the constitution of Israel as YHWH's people.
στήσῃhe may establishAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἵστημιverb of purpose clause (subjunctive with ἵνα)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (establish / constitute)ἵστημι (transitive aor. ἔστησα): 'set up / establish / confirm'; renders הֵקִים ('raise up / establish [a covenant/people]'); YHWH's act of 'establishing' Israel as his people is the constitutive purpose of the covenant (cf. v. 11).
σεyouAccusativedirect object of στήσῃ→ participant referenceσύ (acc. sg. σε): Israel as the object established as a people.
αὐτῷfor himselfDativedative of advantage ('for himself')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. sg. αὐτῷ): the dative of advantage marks YHWH as the one for whom Israel is constituted a people — a people belonging to him.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicative / Hebraism: 'as a people')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: the predicative εἰς λαόν renders לְעָם ('to be a people'), a Hebraism for 'as / to be'; expresses the result of the establishing.
λαόνa peopleAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς: 'as a people')→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenant-people term; the goal is that Israel be YHWH's own λαός, the first half of the covenant formula.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second half of the covenant formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun: 'he himself')→ participant referenceαὐτός: the emphatic nominative 'he himself' stresses YHWH's personal commitment to be Israel's God — the reciprocal half of the covenant formula.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicate: 'he will be your God')→ predictive future (the abiding covenant relation)εἰμί (fut. ἔσομαι): 'be'; the future ἔσται in the covenant formula 'I/he will be your God' (cf. Exod 6:7; Lev 26:12; Jer 31:33) expresses YHWH's enduring commitment to the relation.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your God')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. sg. σου): the possessive completes the bilateral bond — he will be 'your' God.
θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται: 'will be God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the predicate of the covenant formula — YHWH commits to be Israel's God.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: adverbial 'in the manner that')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the phrase ὃν τρόπον ('in which manner / just as') is a fixed adverbial idiom rendering כַּאֲשֶׁר ('as / according as').
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative (with ὅν: 'in the manner that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; in the accusative-of-manner idiom ὃν τρόπον = 'just as'; grounds the present covenant in YHWH's earlier word.
εἶπένhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of comparative clause (the prior divine word)→ constative aorist (the earlier promise)λέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'say'; here the prior divine promise to which the present covenant conforms — YHWH does as he said.
σοιto youDativeindirect object (dative: 'to you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. sg. σοι): the recipient of the earlier promise — Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (second ὃν τρόπον: 'and as')→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the repeated ὃν τρόπον introduces the second ground — the patriarchal oath.
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative ('in the manner that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner'; second occurrence of the ὃν τρόπον idiom, now linking to the sworn oath to the patriarchs.
ὤμοσενhe sworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὄμνυμιverb of comparative clause (the patriarchal oath)→ constative aorist (the sworn promise to the fathers)ὄμνυμι (aor. ὤμοσα): 'swear / take an oath'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; the oath to the patriarchs is the bedrock guarantee underlying the whole covenant (cf. Gen 22:16–18; Deut 7:8); the present Moab covenant fulfills that sworn word.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativeindirect object of ὤμοσεν ('swore to the fathers')→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father'; renders אָבוֹת; the patriarchs to whom the foundational oath was given.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your fathers')→ relational specificationσύ (gen. sg. σου): binds the present generation to its forefathers as heirs of the oath.
ΑβρααμAbrahamdative in apposition to πατράσιν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: transliteration of Hebrew אַבְרָהָם; indeclinable; the first patriarch, recipient of the foundational covenant-oath (Gen 15; 17; 22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσαακIsaacdative in apposition to πατράσιν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: transliteration of Hebrew יִצְחָק; indeclinable; the second patriarch, heir of the oath (Gen 26:3–5).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobdative in apposition to πατράσιν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliteration of Hebrew יַעֲקֹב; indeclinable; the third patriarch, to whom the covenant-promise was renewed (Gen 28:13–15); the triad Abraham–Isaac–Jacob is the standard formula for the covenant fathers.
13
καὶ οὐχ ὑμῖν μόνοις ἐγὼ διατίθεμαι τὴν διαθήκην ταύτην καὶ τὴν ἀρὰν ταύτην
And it is not with you alone that I am making this covenant and this oath,
The fronted negation οὐχ ὑμῖν μόνοις ('not with you alone') opens a key clarification: the covenant binds beyond the present generation. The emphatic ἐγώ ('I') and the technical διατίθεμαι … διαθήκην reassert YHWH (through Moses) as covenant-maker. The clause is completed by v. 14, which names both the present and the absent generations.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the qualification)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegative particle (negating the restriction 'with you alone')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (before rough breathing οὐχ): objective negation; here negating the limitation μόνοις, asserting the covenant's wider scope.
ὑμῖνwith youDativedative (covenant partners: 'with you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the present assembly as the immediate covenant party — but not the only one.
μόνοιςaloneDativeadjective in agreement with ὑμῖν ('with you alone')→ sphere or referenceμόνος: 'only / alone'; the negated μόνοις makes the point — the covenant is not restricted to those physically present.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic 1st person pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' (Moses speaking the covenant on YHWH's behalf, cf. v. 14 'before the LORD') stresses the personal agency of the covenant-maker.
διατίθεμαιI am makingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · διατίθημιmain verb (the covenant-cutting act)→ progressive present (the covenant being enacted now)διατίθημι (mid. διατίθεμαι): the technical covenant-making verb (κάρατ בְּרִית); the present 'I am making' presents the act as occurring in the present moment of the assembly.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of διατίθεμαι→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; the Moab covenant being enacted.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying διαθήκην)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; specifies the present covenant.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀράν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρὰνoath / curseAccusativedirect object (coordinate with διαθήκην)→ object specificationἀρά: 'sworn oath / curse'; renders אָלָה; the covenant's self-maledictory oath, paired with the covenant itself (as in v. 11); to be in the covenant is to be under its sanctions.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἀράν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; specifies the present oath/curse.
14
ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ὧδε οὖσι μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν σήμερον ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν καὶ τοῖς μὴ οὖσιν μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν ὧδε σήμερον
but with both those who are here with us today before the LORD your God and those who are not here with us today.
The ἀλλὰ καί … καί ('but both … and') completes v. 13's clause: the covenant embraces both 'those here today' and 'those not here today' — the future, unborn generations bound by their forefathers' oath. This is the theological warrant for Israel's perpetual covenant obligation, and underlies the addressing of later generations in vv. 21–27.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative (completing the οὐχ … of v. 13)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but / rather'; the strong adversative answers the negation of v. 13 ('not with you alone … but with both …').
καὶbothcorrelative conjunction (καί … καί: 'both … and')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the first member of the correlative καί … καί ('both … and'), coordinating present and absent generations.
τοῖςthoseDativearticle (substantizing the participle οὖσι: 'those who are')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article substantizes the participle — 'those who are (here).'
ὧδεhereadverb of place ('here')→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here'; locates the present assembly in the place of covenant-making.
οὖσιbeing / who areDativeparticiple (substantival, dative: 'those who are present')→ present participle (ongoing state of being present)εἰμί (pres. ptcp. ὤν, dat. pl. οὖσι): 'be'; the substantival participle 'those who are (here with us)' designates the present generation of the assembly.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / in company with'; here 'with us.'
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with us')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'us'; Moses and the present assembly.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; reiterates the present covenant-day (cf. vv. 9, 11).
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (divine presence: Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; the assembly stands before YHWH (cf. v. 9).
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine covenant-partner and witness.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD your God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; covenant-compound κύριος ὁ θεός ὑμῶν.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your God')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship ('your God').
καὶandcorrelative conjunction (second member of καί … καί: 'and')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the second member of the correlative — 'and (with) those not here.'
τοῖςthoseDativearticle (substantizing the participle οὖσιν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: substantizes the second participle — 'those who are not (here).'
μὴnotnegative particle (negating the participle οὖσιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: subjective/qualitative negation, used with the participle to negate the class — 'those not being (here).'
οὖσινbeing / who areDativeparticiple (substantival, dative: 'those who are not present')→ present participle (the absent — future — generations)εἰμί (pres. ptcp. dat. pl. οὖσιν): the substantival participle with μή designates the generations not yet present — the unborn descendants bound into the covenant through their fathers (cf. the rabbinic and patristic reading of corporate covenant solidarity).
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμεθ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided).
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with us')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'us'; the present assembly, from whom the absent are distinguished.
ὧδεhereadverb of place ('here')→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here'; the place of the assembly, where the absent are 'not.'
σήμερονtodayadverb of time→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; the threefold repetition of σήμερον in vv. 9–14 hammers the present day as the binding moment of the covenant for present and future alike.
15
ὅτι ὑμεῖς οἴδατε ὡς κατῳκήσαμεν ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ παρήλθομεν ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἐθνῶν οὓς παρήλθετε
For you know how we dwelt in the land of Egypt and how we passed through the midst of the nations which you passed by,
Section C opens with the causal ὅτι ('for') and the appeal ὑμεῖς οἴδατε ('you know'), recalling the experience of Egypt and the passage among the nations. This shared knowledge of foreign idolatry (specified in v. 16) sets up the warning against the secret apostate (v. 17). The shift between first plural (κατῳκήσαμεν, παρήλθομεν) and second plural (παρήλθετε) keeps speaker and audience bound together.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (introducing the ground of the warning)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; grounds the coming warning in the audience's firsthand knowledge of pagan idolatry.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic 2nd person plural pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic 'you (yourselves) know' appeals again to eyewitness experience (cf. v. 1).
οἴδατεknowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb (appeal to shared knowledge)→ intensive perfect (present knowledge from past experience)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present sense); renders יָדַע; the people's firsthand knowledge of Egypt and the nations' idols is the basis for the warning that follows.
ὡςhowconjunction introducing object clause (content of οἴδατε)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'how / that'; introduces the content known — the sojourn in Egypt and the passage among the nations.
κατῳκήσαμενwe dweltAor Act Indic 1 Pl · κατοικέωverb of object clause (the Egyptian sojourn)→ constative aorist (the whole period of dwelling in Egypt)κατοικέω: 'dwell / settle / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; the first-person plural recalls the shared national experience of bondage in Egypt, where Israel first saw foreign gods.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative: 'in the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; with Αἰγύπτῳ, 'the land of Egypt.'
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativedative in apposition to γῇ ('land of Egypt')→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; the place of the sojourn.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρήλθομενwe passed throughAor Act Indic 1 Pl · παρέρχομαιverb of object clause (the passage among the nations)→ constative aorist (the completed transit)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by / pass through'; renders עָבַר; the passage through the territories of the nations en route to Moab, where Israel observed their idols (v. 16).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the midst')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the midst').
μέσῳmidstDativedative of place ('in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ renders בְּקֶרֶב / בְּתוֹךְ ('in the midst of'); Israel passed through the very heartlands of the nations.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐθνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitivegenitive (with μέσῳ: 'midst of the nations')→ relational specificationἔθνος: 'nation / Gentile people'; renders גּוֹי; the foreign nations whose idolatry Israel witnessed and against whose worship the warning is directed.
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of παρήλθετε)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; masculine accusative plural by attraction/sense-construction with ἐθνῶν (the nations as peoples).
παρήλθετεyou passed byAor Act Indic 2 Pl · παρέρχομαιverb of relative clause (2nd person: 'which you passed by')→ constative aorist (the completed passage)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by'; the shift back to second person ('which you passed by') re-engages the audience directly as eyewitnesses of the nations and their idols.
16
καὶ εἴδετε τὰ βδελύγματα αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα αὐτῶν ξύλον καὶ λίθον ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον ἅ ἐστιν παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς
and you saw their abominations and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which are among them.
v. 16 specifies what Israel 'saw' among the nations: their βδελύγματα ('abominations') and εἴδωλα ('idols'), made of wood, stone, silver, and gold. The fourfold material list (the standard prophetic polemic against man-made gods, cf. Deut 4:28; Ps 113:12 LXX) underscores the folly of idolatry and prepares the warning against any Israelite heart turning to such gods (v. 17).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴδετεyou sawAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (eyewitness of the idols)→ constative aorist (the completed seeing)ὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see'; the people saw with their own eyes the idols of the nations — firsthand knowledge that makes any subsequent apostasy inexcusable.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with βδελύγματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βδελύγματαabominationsAccusativedirect object of εἴδετε→ object specificationβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders שִׁקּוּץ / תּוֹעֵבָה; the LXX's standard term of revulsion for idols and idolatrous practices; its strong moral-cultic charge frames pagan worship as loathsome to YHWH.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession ('their abominations')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the nations' detestable idols.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with εἴδωλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδωλαidolsAccusativedirect object (parallel to βδελύγματα)→ object specificationεἴδωλον: 'idol / image / phantom'; renders גִּלּוּלִים / אֱלִילִים; the LXX coinage that became the NT's standard word for idols (cf. 1 Cor 8:4); its root sense ('mere appearance') already implies the nothingness of pagan gods.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession ('their idols')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the nations' images.
ξύλονwoodAccusativeaccusative in apposition (material of the idols)→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood / timber'; renders עֵץ; first of the fourfold material list exposing the idols as mere manufactured stuff (cf. Deut 4:28; Isa 44:9–20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθονstoneAccusativeaccusative in apposition (material of the idols)→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; second material in the polemical list — gods of dead stone.
ἀργύριονsilverAccusativeaccusative in apposition (material of the idols)→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; third material — even precious metal idols are but worked matter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativeaccusative in apposition (material of the idols)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; renders זָהָב; fourth material; the wood–stone–silver–gold sequence is a standard merism for all idol-substance, from the basest to the most costly.
ἅwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter plural agreeing with the idols/materials.
ἐστινarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (singular with neuter plural subject)→ stative present (the idols' continued presence among the nations)εἰμί: 'be'; the singular verb with neuter plural subject ἅ follows standard Greek concord; 'which are among them' notes that these idols remain present in the nations' midst as a standing temptation.
παρ᾿among / withpreposition + dative (location: 'among them', elided)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dat.: 'beside / among / with'; locates the idols among the nations.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of παρά ('among them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'them'; the nations among whom the idols are found.
17
μή τίς ἐστιν ἐν ὑμῖν ἀνὴρ ἢ γυνὴ ἢ πατριὰ ἢ φυλή τίνος ἡ διάνοια ἐξέκλινεν ἀπὸ κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν πορεύεσθαι λατρεύειν τοῖς θεοῖς τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐκείνων μή τίς ἐστιν ἐν ὑμῖν ῥίζα ἄνω φύουσα ἐν χολῇ καὶ πικρίᾳ
Lest there be among you any man or woman or clan or tribe whose mind has turned away from the LORD your God to go and serve the gods of those nations; lest there be among you a root growing upward in gall and bitterness;
The warning is framed by the apprehensive μή τίς ἐστιν ('lest there be anyone'), bracketing the verse (it recurs before the root-image). The covenant peril is the individual or group whose 'mind has turned away' (ἡ διάνοια ἐξέκλινεν) from YHWH to idolatry. The climactic image — ῥίζα ἄνω φύουσα ἐν χολῇ καὶ πικρίᾳ ('a root growing upward in gall and bitterness') — is quoted at Heb 12:15 ('lest any root of bitterness spring up and cause trouble'), where the secret apostate becomes the paradigm of the one who falls short of grace and defiles the community.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
μήlestparticle introducing apprehensive/deprecatory clause ('lest there be')→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: here the apprehensive negative introducing a fear-clause, 'lest (perchance) there be'; renders פֶּן ('lest'); the construction warns against a hidden danger within the covenant community.
τίςanyoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject: 'anyone')→ participant referenceτις: indefinite pronoun 'anyone / someone'; with μή it warns of an unidentified, possibly secret apostate within the assembly.
ἐστινis / bePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the apprehensive clause ('lest there be')→ stative present (the feared existing reality)εἰμί: 'be / exist'; the indicative within the μή-clause expresses the real possibility that such a person already exists among them.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (location: 'among you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'among you').
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν ('among you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the covenant community within which the apostate may be hidden.
ἀνὴρmanNominativenominative in apposition to τίς (first member of the disjunctive list)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / male'; renders אִישׁ; first of the fourfold scope (man / woman / clan / tribe) showing the danger may arise at any social level.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the repeated ἤ enumerates the possible loci of apostasy — individual or corporate.
γυνὴwomanNominativenominative in apposition (second member)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman'; renders אִשָּׁה; the danger is not limited by gender.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατριὰclan / familyNominativenominative in apposition (third member: a wider kin-group)→ participant prominenceπατριά: 'family / clan / ancestral house'; renders מִשְׁפָּחָה; the apostasy may infect a whole extended family, not just an individual.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλήtribeNominativenominative in apposition (fourth member: the largest unit)→ participant prominenceφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט; the apostasy could even spread to an entire tribe — the widest social scope of the danger.
τίνοςwhoseGenitiveinterrogative/relative pronoun (genitive of possession: 'whose mind')→ relational specificationτις (gen. τίνος): here functioning relatively, 'whose'; introduces the description of the apostate's inner condition.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with διάνοια)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διάνοιαmind / understandingNominativesubject of ἐξέκλινεν ('whose mind turned away')→ participant prominenceδιάνοια: 'mind / understanding / disposition'; renders לֵבָב here; the inner faculty of thought and intention; its turning away is the secret, interior root of apostasy that may precede any outward act — echoing the heart-motif of v. 3.
ἐξέκλινενturned awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκλίνωverb of relative clause (the apostate's inner defection)→ constative aorist (the decisive turning away)ἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside / deviate / decline'; renders פָּנָה / סוּר; the compound ἐκ- ('away from') with ἀπὸ κυρίου marks decisive defection from YHWH; the turning of the mind precedes the outward idolatry described next.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'away from')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from / away from'; marks the LORD as the point of departure in the apostate's turning.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant God from whom the apostate turns.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD your God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; covenant-compound; the apostasy is from Israel's own covenant God.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your God')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship ('your God').
πορεύεσθαιto goPres Mid Infin · πορεύομαιinfinitive of purpose (the goal of the turning: idolatry)→ present infinitive (the ongoing course of apostasy)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed / walk'; here with λατρεύειν it renders הָלַךְ לַעֲבֹד ('go to serve'); the idiom for setting out on the path of idol-worship.
λατρεύεινto serve / worshipPres Act Infin · λατρεύωinfinitive of purpose (complementing πορεύεσθαι: 'to serve')→ present infinitive (the cultic service of false gods)λατρεύω: 'serve / worship (cultically)'; renders עָבַד; the technical term for religious service; here directed sinfully toward the gods of the nations — the very abomination warned against.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with θεοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῖςgodsDativedative object of λατρεύειν ('serve the gods')→ sphere or referenceθεός: here plural and pagan, 'gods'; λατρεύω takes the dative of the one served; the false gods of the nations stand in stark antithesis to κύριος ὁ θεός.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἐθνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitivegenitive of possession ('gods of the nations')→ relational specificationἔθνος: 'nation / Gentile'; renders גּוֹי; the nations whose idols Israel saw (v. 16).
ἐκείνωνthoseGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἐθνῶν: 'those nations')→ relational specificationἐκεῖνος: 'those'; the distal demonstrative points back to the nations passed among (vv. 15–16).
μήlestparticle introducing the second apprehensive clause (resuming the warning)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the repeated apprehensive 'lest there be,' now introducing the root-of-bitterness image; the resumption rhetorically brackets the whole warning.
τίςanyoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject: 'anyone')→ participant referenceτις: indefinite 'anyone'; reintroduces the hidden danger under a new metaphor.
ἐστινis / bePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the second apprehensive clause→ stative present (the feared existing reality)εἰμί: 'be / exist'; again expressing the live possibility that such a corrupting root is present in the community.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative ('among you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative ('among you').
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν ('among you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the community within which the bitter root may grow.
ῥίζαrootNominativenominative in apposition to τίς (the metaphor of the apostate)→ participant prominenceῥίζα: 'root'; renders שֹׁרֶשׁ; the apostate is figured as a root that, instead of bearing good fruit, springs up bearing poison; this phrase ῥίζα ἄνω φύουσα ἐν χολῇ καὶ πικρίᾳ is taken up at Heb 12:15 (ῥίζα πικρίας, 'root of bitterness') as the type of the one who falls short of God's grace and defiles the many.
ἄνωupwardadverb of place/direction (modifying φύουσα: 'growing upward')→ clausal contributionἄνω: 'up / upward'; the root grows 'upward' — sprouting into visible, spreading corruption rather than remaining buried; the directional adverb intensifies the image of menace breaking surface.
φύουσαgrowing / sproutingNominativeparticiple (attributive, modifying ῥίζα: 'a root growing')→ present participle (ongoing, active sprouting)φύω: 'grow / spring up / produce'; renders פֹּרֶה / פָּרַח; the present participle depicts the root as actively, continually putting forth its poisonous growth; the cognate verb stresses living, spreading corruption.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (the bitter fruit it produces: 'in gall and bitterness')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (the bitter fruit it produces: 'in gall and bitterness').
χολῇgall / bileDativedative with ἐν (the poisonous product: 'in gall')→ sphere or referenceχολή: 'gall / bile / poison'; renders רֹאשׁ (a bitter/poisonous plant); the bitter, toxic substance the root yields; paired with πικρία as a hendiadys for the deadly fruit of apostasy (cf. the same word-pair in Lam 3:19; Acts 8:23 χολὴ πικρίας).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πικρίᾳbitternessDativedative with ἐν (coordinate with χολῇ: 'and bitterness')→ sphere or referenceπικρία: 'bitterness'; renders לַעֲנָה ('wormwood'); the second member of the gall-and-bitterness pair; Heb 12:15 distills the whole image into ῥίζα πικρίας ('root of bitterness'), warning the church that one defiant apostate can poison the many — the precise corporate danger Deuteronomy 29 addresses.
18
καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν ἀκούσῃ τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ἀρᾶς ταύτης καὶ ἐπιφημίσηται ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ λέγων ὅσιά μοι γένοιτο ὅτι ἐν τῇ ἀποπλανήσει τῆς καρδίας μου πορεύσομαι ἵνα μὴ συναπολέσῃ ὁ ἁμαρτωλὸς τὸν ἀναμάρτητον
And it shall be that if he hears the words of this oath and blesses himself in his heart, saying, 'May holy things be mine, for I will walk in the wandering of my heart,' so that the sinner may not destroy the guiltless along with him —
v. 18 portrays the apostate's interior self-blessing: even on hearing the covenant curse, he 'blesses himself in his heart,' presuming immunity — 'may holy/good things be mine' — while resolving to walk in 'the wandering of his heart.' The clause ἵνα μὴ συναπολέσῃ ὁ ἁμαρτωλὸς τὸν ἀναμάρτητον ('so that the sinner not destroy the guiltless with him') registers the corporate peril: secret sin endangers the whole community (the very danger Heb 12:15 draws from v. 17).
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (καὶ ἔσται introducing a future case)→ predictive future (introducing the hypothetical scenario)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the formula καὶ ἔσται ('and it shall come to pass') renders וְהָיָה, the standard LXX way of introducing a future contingency, here the case of the self-deceived apostate.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing protasis, + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the hypothetical condition with the subjunctive — the case of one who hears yet hardens himself.
ἀκούσῃhe hearsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (on hearing)ἀκούω: 'hear'; renders שָׁמַע; the apostate's hearing of the curse is real — making his presumption all the more culpable; he hears yet refuses to fear.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ῥήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwordsAccusativedirect object of ἀκούσῃ→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / thing'; renders דָּבָר; 'the words of this oath' are the curse-sanctions of the covenant (cf. v. 11 ἀραί).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ἀρᾶς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρᾶςoath / curseGenitivegenitive of relationship ('words of the oath')→ relational specificationἀρά: 'curse / sworn oath'; renders אָלָה; the self-maledictory sanction of the covenant; the apostate hears it yet imagines himself exempt.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἀρᾶς)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; specifies the present covenant-curse.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second verb of the protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιφημίσηταιblesses himself / pronounces over himselfAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιφημίζωverb of protasis (coordinate with ἀκούσῃ)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (utters a self-pronouncement)ἐπιφημίζω (mid. ἐπιφημίζομαι): 'utter / pronounce (an omen or formula) over'; renders הִתְבָּרֵךְ ('bless oneself / count oneself blessed'); the middle voice — 'pronounce over himself' — captures the apostate's self-congratulatory inner declaration of immunity; a rare LXX verb conveying the self-deluding oracle he speaks to his own heart.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in his heart')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in his heart').
τῇtheDativearticle (with καρδίᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίᾳheartDativedative of place ('in his heart')→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב / לֵבָב; the inner seat of the apostasy; the self-blessing is secret, spoken only within — picking up the heart-motif of vv. 3, 17.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his heart')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the apostate's own heart, the locus of his hidden presumption.
λέγωνsayingNominativeparticiple (circumstantial, introducing direct speech)→ present participle (the content of the self-blessing)λέγω (pres. ptcp. λέγων): 'saying'; the participle introduces the apostate's inner words — a Hebraizing redundancy (לֵאמֹר) marking direct quotation.
ὅσιάholy / good thingsNominativesubject of γένοιτο (predicate of the wish: 'may holy things be')→ participant prominenceὅσιος: 'holy / pious / sanctioned'; the neuter plural ὅσια ('holy/good things') here renders the sense of שָׁלוֹם ('peace / well-being') in the apostate's self-blessing — he presumes that blessing, not curse, will be his lot; the irony is that he claims 'holy things' even while resolving on apostasy.
μοιto me / mineDativedative of advantage ('may they be mine')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. sg. μοι): 'to/for me'; the dative of advantage in the self-blessing — he claims the good for himself.
γένοιτοmay it beAor Mid Opt 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of the quoted wish (optative of wish)→ optative of wish (the apostate's self-benediction)γίνομαι (aor. opt. γένοιτο): 'become / come to be'; the optative of wish ('may it be') voices the apostate's presumptuous self-benediction — confident of peace while walking in rebellion.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (introducing his reasoning)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the rationale of the self-blessing — the very resolve that condemns him.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner: 'in the wandering')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: 'in the wandering').
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἀποπλανήσει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποπλανήσειwandering / going astrayDativedative of manner ('in the wandering of my heart')→ sphere or referenceἀποπλάνησις: 'wandering away / going astray'; from ἀποπλανάω ('lead astray'); the LXX renders the Hebrew שְׁרִרוּת ('stubbornness') of the heart with the imagery of straying — the apostate intends to follow his own errant heart, the antithesis of the covenant 'walk.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with καρδίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαςheartGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the wandering of my heart')→ relational specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; the apostate's self-willed heart is the source of his straying — the very organ v. 3 said YHWH had not yet enabled 'to know.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession ('my heart')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. sg. μου): 'my'; the apostate's own heart as the principle of his rebellion.
πορεύσομαιI will walkFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb of the apostate's resolve (the ὅτι-clause)→ volitive/predictive future (his settled determination)πορεύομαι: 'go / walk / conduct oneself'; the future expresses settled resolve — 'I will walk (live) according to my own straying heart'; the metaphor of 'walking' is covenant-ethical, here perverted into self-direction against YHWH.
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose/result clause (+ subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'so that'; here introduces the negative result the warning seeks to forestall — communal contagion; the clause functions as the reason the apostate must be exposed and judged (vv. 19–20).
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive: 'that … not')→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: negates the subjunctive συναπολέσῃ; the aim is to prevent the sinner from dragging the innocent into ruin.
συναπολέσῃdestroy togetherAor Act Subj 3 Sg · συναπόλλυμιverb of purpose/result clause (subjunctive with ἵνα μή)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (lest he bring to common ruin)συναπόλλυμι: 'destroy together / ruin along with'; the compound συν- ('together with') captures the corporate danger — the secret sinner's guilt threatens to sweep away the guiltless of the community; this is the precise peril Heb 12:15 derives from the 'root of bitterness' (v. 17), warning that one defiled member can defile the many.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἁμαρτωλός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτωλὸςsinnerNominativesubject of συναπολέσῃ (the apostate)→ participant prominenceἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner / guilty one'; renders רָשָׁע / חַטָּא; the apostate is the 'sinner' whose secret guilt endangers the whole; set in pointed antithesis to ὁ ἀναμάρτητος.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀναμάρτητον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναμάρτητονthe guiltless / sinlessAccusativedirect object of συναπολέσῃ ('destroy the guiltless')→ object specificationἀναμάρτητος: 'without sin / guiltless / innocent'; the alpha-privative compound (ἀ- + ἁμαρτ-) names the innocent member of the community endangered by the sinner; the sharp ἁμαρτωλός/ἀναμάρτητος antithesis frames the moral stakes of secret apostasy for the covenant body (cf. the same adjective at John 8:7).
19
οὐ μὴ θελήσῃ ὁ θεὸς εὐιλατεῦσαι αὐτῷ ἀλλ᾿ ἢ τότε ἐκκαυθήσεται ὀργὴ κυρίου καὶ ὁ ζῆλος αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ καὶ κολληθήσονται ἐν αὐτῷ πᾶσαι αἱ ἀραὶ τῆς διαθήκης ταύτης αἱ γεγραμμέναι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ νόμου τούτου καὶ ἐξαλείψει κύριος τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῆς ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν
God will by no means be willing to be merciful to him; rather then the anger of the LORD and his jealousy will blaze against that man, and all the curses of this covenant that are written in the book of this law will cling to him, and the LORD will blot out his name from under heaven.
The apodosis to v. 18 falls with the emphatic double negative οὐ μή ('by no means'): God will not pardon. Four judgments cascade — his anger and jealousy will 'blaze' (ἐκκαυθήσεται), all the written curses will 'cling' (κολληθήσονται) to him, and YHWH will 'blot out his name' (ἐξαλείψει … τὸ ὄνομα) from under heaven. The self-blessing of v. 18 is answered by total covenantal annihilation.
Word-by-word analysis· 50 words
οὐnotnegative particle (first member of emphatic double negative)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: with μή forms the emphatic οὐ μή ('by no means / certainly not'); the strongest Greek denial.
μὴby no meansnegative particle (second member of οὐ μή + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with οὐ and the aorist subjunctive θελήσῃ forms the emphatic future denial — God will absolutely not be willing to pardon.
θελήσῃwill be willingAor Act Subj 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (subjunctive with οὐ μή: emphatic future)→ emphatic-denial aorist subjunctive (God will surely not will)θέλω: 'will / wish / be willing'; with οὐ μή the subjunctive conveys an emphatic future negation — God will by no means be willing to grant pardon to the presumptuous apostate; the will to be merciful is itself withdrawn.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of θελήσῃ→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the divine subject who refuses pardon to the unrepentant covenant-breaker.
εὐιλατεῦσαιto be merciful / forgiveAor Act Infin · εὐιλατεύωcomplementary infinitive (with θελήσῃ: 'be willing to forgive')→ aorist infinitive (the act of pardon withheld)εὐιλατεύω: 'be gracious / propitious / forgiving'; a rare compound (εὖ + ἱλατ-, related to ἱλάσκομαι 'propitiate') rendering סָלַח ('forgive'); the very mercy normally extended under the covenant is here refused to the defiant apostate.
αὐτῷto himDativedative object of εὐιλατεῦσαι ('be merciful to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. sg. αὐτῷ): 'to him'; the apostate, to whom pardon is denied.
ἀλλ᾿butstrong adversative (elided: 'but rather')→ clausal contributionἀλλά: 'but'; sharply opposes pardon with the wrath that follows.
ἢratherparticle (with ἀλλά: ἀλλ᾿ ἤ = 'but rather')→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: in the combination ἀλλ᾿ ἤ ('but rather / except'), an emphatic adversative idiom heightening the contrast — not mercy but burning wrath.
τότεthenadverb of time ('then / at that time')→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; marks the moment judgment is unleashed against the apostate.
ἐκκαυθήσεταιwill blaze / be kindledFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκαίωmain verb (the kindling of divine wrath)→ predictive future passive (the certain blazing-up of wrath)ἐκκαίω: 'kindle / set ablaze'; the passive 'will be kindled' renders חָרָה ('burn [with anger]'); the fire-metaphor for the LORD's wrath; the singular verb governs the compound subject ὀργή … καὶ ζῆλος by agreement with the nearer noun.
ὀργὴanger / wrathNominativesubject of ἐκκαυθήσεται→ participant prominenceὀργή: 'wrath / anger'; renders אַף; YHWH's settled judicial anger against covenant-treachery, here figured as a kindled fire.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source ('anger of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the wrath is YHWH's own.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ζῆλος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῆλοςjealousy / zealNominativesubject (coordinate with ὀργή)→ participant prominenceζῆλος: 'zeal / jealousy'; renders קִנְאָה; the divine 'jealousy' is YHWH's exclusive covenant-love that brooks no rival (cf. Exod 20:5; Deut 4:24); against the idolater it becomes consuming.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his jealousy')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; YHWH's jealousy.
ἐνagainst / inpreposition + dative (target of wrath: 'against that man')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here with hostile force, 'against'; renders the directional בְּ of the kindling of anger 'against' someone.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἀνθρώπῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativedative object of ἐν ('against that man')→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; renders אִישׁ; the apostate individual who is the target of divine wrath.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἀνθρώπῳ: 'that man')→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the distal demonstrative singles out the specific apostate of vv. 17–18.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second judgment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κολληθήσονταιwill cling / adhereFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · κολλάωmain verb (the curses fasten on the apostate)→ predictive future passive (the curses' certain adherence)κολλάω: 'glue / join / make cling'; the passive 'will cling/adhere' renders דָּבַק ('cleave/stick'); the covenant curses fasten onto the apostate like an inescapable adhesive — an ironic reversal of the cleaving-to-YHWH that the covenant required (cf. Deut 10:20).
ἐνto / onpreposition + dative (the one to whom they cling: 'to him')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here 'to / on'; the curses cling 'to him.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐν ('cling to him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. sg. αὐτῷ): 'to him'; the apostate to whom the curses adhere.
πᾶσαιallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀραί: 'all the curses')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the written curses falls on him without remainder.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀραί)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀραὶcursesNominativesubject of κολληθήσονται→ participant prominenceἀρά: 'curse / sworn oath'; renders אָלָה; the covenant's self-maledictory sanctions (cf. vv. 11, 18), now activated against the breaker.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive of relationship ('curses of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; the Moab covenant whose curses now fall.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying διαθήκης)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the present covenant.
αἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (substantizing the participle γεγραμμέναι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article with the participle, 'the ones that are written.'
γεγραμμέναιwrittenNominativeparticiple (attributive, modifying ἀραί: 'the curses written')→ perfect passive participle (standing written, with abiding validity)γράφω (perf. pass. ptcp. γεγραμμένος): 'write'; renders כָּתוּב; the perfect emphasizes the curses' permanent, documentary force — they 'stand written' in the law-book and so are legally binding and inescapable.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the book').
τῷtheDativearticle (with βιβλίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place ('in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; the written law-scroll in which the covenant curses are recorded, giving them documentary permanence (cf. vv. 20, 26).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with νόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of content ('book of the law')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; the Torah-scroll; 'the book of this law' is Deuteronomy's self-designation (cf. v. 28, 'the words of this law').
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying νόμου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the law presently being proclaimed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (third/climactic judgment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαλείψειwill blot outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαλείφωmain verb (the obliteration of the apostate's name)→ predictive future (the certain effacement)ἐξαλείφω: 'wipe out / erase / obliterate'; renders מָחָה; the climactic judgment — YHWH erases the apostate's very name, the obliteration of memory and posterity (cf. Deut 9:14; the reverse of the 'book of life,' Exod 32:32–33; Ps 68[69]:29).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐξαλείψει→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine agent of the name-blotting.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐξαλείψει→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; in Hebrew thought the 'name' carries one's identity, memory, and continuance; to blot it out is to annihilate the person from history and posterity.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his name')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the apostate's name, erased forever.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from under heaven')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from'; with the following articular phrase, 'from (the region) under heaven.'
τῆςthe (region)Genitivearticle (substantizing the prepositional phrase ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the feminine article (sc. γῆς, 'the [land]') substantizes ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν — 'the [area] under heaven,' i.e. the whole earth.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position: 'under heaven')→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under'; the idiom ἡ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν ('that which is under heaven') is a totality-expression for the whole inhabited earth.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οὐρανόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανόνheavenAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό ('under heaven')→ object specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; 'from under heaven' totalizes the erasure — the apostate's name vanishes from the entire earth.
20
καὶ διαστελεῖ αὐτὸν κύριος εἰς κακὰ ἐκ πάντων τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ κατὰ πάσας τὰς ἀρὰς τῆς διαθήκης τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ νόμου τούτου
And the LORD will set him apart for evils from all the sons of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in the book of this law.
The judgment culminates in διαστελεῖ … εἰς κακά ('he will single him out for evils'): YHWH separates the apostate from all the sons of Israel, marking him out for the covenant's calamities. The phrase κατὰ πάσας τὰς ἀρὰς … τὰς γεγραμμένας ('according to all the written curses') reiterates v. 19's documentary basis, sealing the legal certainty of the doom.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαστελεῖwill set apart / single outFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διαστέλλωmain verb (the separating-out for judgment)→ predictive future (the certain singling-out)διαστέλλω: 'separate / distinguish / set apart'; renders בָּדַל / הִבְדִּיל; here the apostate is 'set apart for evils' — an ironic inversion of holy separation: not consecration but designation for destruction; YHWH marks him out from the community for the curse.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of διαστελεῖ→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. sg. αὐτόν): 'him'; the apostate singled out.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of διαστελεῖ→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine agent who marks the apostate out for judgment.
εἰςfor / untopreposition + accusative (purpose/result: 'for evils')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here of purpose/destiny, 'for / unto'; the apostate is set apart 'for evils' (calamities).
κακὰevils / calamitiesAccusativeaccusative with εἰς (the destiny of judgment)→ object specificationκακός: 'bad / evil'; neuter plural substantival 'evils / calamities'; renders רָעָה; the covenant disasters to which the apostate is consigned.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from all the sons')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from'; marks the apostate's removal from the body of Israel.
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying υἱῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the separation is from the whole people — total excommunication from the covenant community.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from the sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל; the covenant people from whom the apostate is cut off.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the national name.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard: 'according to')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the judgment conforms to the written norm of the covenant curses.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀράς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole written body of curses is brought to bear.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀράς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρὰςcursesAccusativeaccusative object of κατά ('according to the curses')→ object specificationἀρά: 'curse / sworn oath'; renders אָלָה; the covenant sanctions, the measure of the apostate's doom.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive of relationship ('curses of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; the covenant whose curses are written.
τὰςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (substantizing the participle γεγραμμένας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article with the participle, 'the ones written.'
γεγραμμέναςwrittenAccusativeparticiple (attributive, modifying ἀράς: 'the curses written')→ perfect passive participle (standing written, binding force)γράφω (perf. pass. ptcp. γεγραμμένος): 'write'; renders כָּתוּב; the perfect again stresses the curses' documented, abiding validity (cf. v. 19); the repetition underscores the inescapable legal basis of the judgment.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the book').
τῷtheDativearticle (with βιβλίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place ('in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; renders סֵפֶר; the law-scroll recording the curses (cf. vv. 19, 26).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with νόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of content ('book of the law')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; the Torah-scroll of Deuteronomy.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying νόμου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the law presently proclaimed.
21
καὶ ἐροῦσιν ἡ γενεὰ ἡ ἑτέρα οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν οἳ ἀναστήσονται μεθ᾿ ὑμᾶς καὶ ὁ ἀλλότριος ὃς ἂν ἔλθῃ ἐκ γῆς μακρόθεν καὶ ὄψονται τὰς πληγὰς τῆς γῆς ἐκείνης καὶ τὰς νόσους αὐτῆς ἃς ἀπέστειλεν κύριος ἐπ᾿ αὐτήν
And the later generation, your sons who will rise up after you, and the foreigner who comes from a far land, will speak — and they will see the plagues of that land and its diseases which the LORD has sent upon it —
Section D turns from the individual apostate to national catastrophe. The future generation ('your sons who will rise after you') and the foreigner from afar will 'see' the plagues and diseases YHWH sent on the land. Their seeing prompts the question of vv. 22–23, answered in vv. 24–27. The verb ἐροῦσιν ('they will speak/ask') anticipates the dialogue; the parenthetical 'and they will see' (καὶ ὄψονται) supplies the occasion.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐροῦσινwill say / askFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the future generations' speaking)→ predictive future (the coming inquiry)λέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): 'say / speak'; here introducing the question the later generation and the foreigner will raise on seeing the devastation (the question itself is given in v. 23).
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γενεά)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰgenerationNominativesubject of ἐροῦσιν→ participant prominenceγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; the future generation that will witness the consequences of covenant-breaking — the very 'those not here today' bound in v. 14.
ἡtheNominativearticle (attributive before adjective: 'the later')→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑτέραlater / nextNominativeattributive adjective (second-attributive: 'the later generation')→ participant prominenceἕτερος: 'other / next / following'; renders אַחֲרוֹן; the 'later/coming' generation, distinguished from the present assembly.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί, in apposition to γενεά)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativenominative in apposition to γενεά ('your sons')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the later generation specified as 'your sons' — the descendants who will inherit both the land and the warning.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('your sons')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship ('your sons').
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἀναστήσονται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the description of the future sons.
ἀναστήσονταιwill rise up / ariseFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀνίστημιverb of relative clause (the future generation arises)→ predictive future (the coming-into-being of the next generation)ἀνίστημι (mid. ἀνίσταμαι): 'rise up / arise / come on the scene'; renders קוּם; 'who will arise after you' denotes the succeeding generation that comes onto the stage of history after the present assembly has passed.
μεθ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal: 'after you', elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; here temporal, 'after you' — the generation succeeding the present one.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of μετά ('after you')→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl. ὑμᾶς): the present generation, after whom the sons arise.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλότριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλότριοςforeigner / strangerNominativesubject (coordinate with γενεά: second witness)→ participant prominenceἀλλότριος: 'belonging to another / foreigner / stranger'; renders נָכְרִי; the outsider from a distant land — a second class of witness whose question (vv. 22–23) underscores that the devastation is visible to all peoples (cf. v. 23, 'all the nations').
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔλθῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the description of the foreigner.
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle; with the subjunctive ἔλθῃ it makes the relative clause indefinite — 'whoever comes.'
ἔλθῃcomesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive with ἄν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (whoever may come)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθον): 'come / go'; the subjunctive with ἄν makes the foreigner's arrival hypothetical-general — any traveler from afar who happens upon the ruined land.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from a land')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from a land').
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('from a land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the foreigner's distant homeland.
μακρόθενfar offadverb of place (modifying γῆς: 'a land far off')→ clausal contributionμακρόθεν: 'from afar / at a distance'; renders מֵרָחוֹק; emphasizes the distance — even people from remote lands will hear of and see the devastation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resuming the main line: 'and they will see')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψονταιthey will seeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (the witnesses behold the devastation)→ predictive future (the future beholding)ὁράω (fut. ὄψομαι): 'see'; the future generation and the foreigner will 'see' the ruined land — the visible evidence that prompts their question; ironically, these later eyes 'see' the judgment that the present eyes (vv. 1–4) saw the deliverance.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πληγάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πληγὰςplagues / blowsAccusativedirect object of ὄψονται→ object specificationπληγή: 'blow / plague / wound'; renders מַכָּה; the calamities inflicted on the land — the same word used of the Egyptian plagues (cf. Exod 11:1), here turned against the apostate land of Israel itself.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of relationship ('plagues of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land of Israel, struck for the people's covenant-breaking.
ἐκείνηςthatGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying γῆς: 'that land')→ relational specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the distal demonstrative views the devastated land from the standpoint of the future witnesses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with νόσους)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόσουςdiseases / sicknessesAccusativedirect object (coordinate with πληγάς)→ object specificationνόσος: 'disease / sickness'; renders תַּחֲלֻאִים; the maladies afflicting the land, paired with the 'plagues' as the visible covenant curses (cf. Deut 28:59–61).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession ('its diseases')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; belonging to the land.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀπέστειλεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative plural agreeing with πληγάς/νόσους.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of relative clause (YHWH the sender of the calamities)→ constative aorist (the completed sending of judgment)ἀποστέλλω: 'send / send forth'; renders שָׁלַח; YHWH is the explicit sender of the plagues and diseases — the devastation is no accident of history but covenant judgment dispatched by God.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἀπέστειλεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine sender of the judgments.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (direction: 'upon it', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon / against'; the judgments are sent down 'upon' the land.
αὐτήνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('upon it')→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem. sg. αὐτήν): 'it'; the land upon which the calamities fall.
22
θεῖον καὶ ἅλα κατακεκαυμένον πᾶσα ἡ γῆ αὐτῆς οὐ σπαρήσεται οὐδὲ ἀνατελεῖ οὐδὲ μὴ ἀναβῇ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὴν πᾶν χλωρόν ὥσπερ κατεστράφη Σοδομα καὶ Γομορρα Αδαμα καὶ Σεβωιμ ἃς κατέστρεψεν κύριος ἐν θυμῷ καὶ ὀργῇ
Brimstone and burning salt — its whole land shall not be sown, nor shall anything sprout, nor shall any green thing come up upon it, like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, which the LORD overthrew in wrath and anger —
v. 22 paints the ruined land in Sodom-and-Gomorrah colors: brimstone (θεῖον) and burnt salt, total agricultural sterility (a triple negation: not sown, nothing sprouts, no green thing rises), explicitly compared to the overthrow (καταστροφή) of the four cities of the plain. The comparison ὥσπερ κατεστράφη Σοδομα … makes Israel's potential fate that of the archetypal objects of divine wrath.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
θεῖονbrimstone / sulphurNominativenominative (predicative description of the land's state)→ participant prominenceθεῖον: 'brimstone / sulphur'; renders גָּפְרִית; the sulphurous wasteland evokes the destruction of Sodom (Gen 19:24), the standard biblical image of irreversible divine devastation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅλαsaltAccusativeaccusative/nominative in the descriptive phrase ('salt')→ object specificationἅλς (acc. ἅλα): 'salt'; renders מֶלַח; salted, burnt ground is permanently barren (cf. Judg 9:45); paired with brimstone to depict total, irreversible sterility.
κατακεκαυμένονburned upNominativeparticiple (attributive/predicative: 'burnt')→ perfect passive participle (a settled, completed burning)κατακαίω (perf. pass. ptcp. κατακεκαυμένος): 'burn up completely'; the intensive κατα- and the perfect stress the finished, total incineration of the land — a burnt, salted waste.
πᾶσαall / wholeNominativeattributive adjective (modifying γῆ: 'its whole land')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the totality of the land's barrenness.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of σπαρήσεται→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land / soil'; the whole territory rendered sterile.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession ('its land')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; belonging to the devastated country.
οὐnotnegative particle (negating σπαρήσεται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation; first of the triple negation of fertility.
σπαρήσεταιwill be sownFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · σπείρωmain verb (the land cannot be cultivated)→ predictive future passive (the land's permanent uncultivability)σπείρω: 'sow'; renders זָרַע; the passive 'will not be sown' marks the land as agriculturally dead — no planting is even possible.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction (second member of triple negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; continues the catalogue of sterility.
ἀνατελεῖwill sprout / spring upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνατέλλωmain verb (nothing grows)→ predictive future (the certain non-sprouting)ἀνατέλλω: 'rise / spring up / sprout'; renders צָמַח; used of vegetation rising from the soil; here negated — nothing will sprout from the cursed ground.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction (with μή: emphatic third negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'nor'; with μή ἀναβῇ forms an emphatic denial.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive ἀναβῇ: emphatic negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with οὐδέ and the aorist subjunctive ἀναβῇ forms the strong negative 'nor shall there ever come up.'
ἀναβῇmay come upAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωverb of emphatic negation (subjunctive with οὐδὲ μή)→ emphatic-denial aorist subjunctive (nothing will ever come up)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / come up / grow'; renders עָלָה; of plants coming up from the ground; the emphatic οὐδὲ μή ἀναβῇ seals the land's absolute barrenness — not even a green shoot.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (location: 'upon it', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location: 'upon it', elided).
αὐτὴνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('upon it')→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem. sg. αὐτήν): 'it'; the barren land.
πᾶνany / everyNominativeattributive adjective (modifying χλωρόν: 'any green thing')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / any'; with the negation, 'not any green thing.'
χλωρόνgreen thing / herbageNominativesubject of ἀναβῇ ('any green thing')→ participant prominenceχλωρός: 'green / pale-green'; substantival 'green thing / vegetation'; renders יֶרֶק; not even the least green growth will appear on the cursed soil.
ὥσπερjust as / likecomparative conjunction (introducing the Sodom comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: 'just as / even as'; introduces the comparison with the overthrow of the cities of the plain.
κατεστράφηwas overthrownAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταστρέφωverb of comparative clause (the overthrow of the cities)→ constative aorist passive (the completed overthrow)καταστρέφω: 'overturn / overthrow / destroy'; renders הָפַךְ; the technical verb for the 'overthrow' (καταστροφή) of Sodom (Gen 19:25); the singular agrees with the nearer subject Σοδομα (neuter plural).
ΣοδομαSodomsubject (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣοδομα: transliteration of Hebrew סְדֹם; indeclinable (neuter plural in form); the archetypal city of divine destruction (Gen 19).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΓομορραGomorrahsubject (indeclinable place-name, coordinate with Σοδομα)→ participant identificationΓομορρα: transliteration of Hebrew עֲמֹרָה; indeclinable; Sodom's twin city, destroyed with it; the pair Sodom-Gomorrah is the standing biblical symbol of catastrophic judgment (cf. Isa 1:9; Rom 9:29).
ΑδαμαAdmahsubject (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑδαμα: transliteration of Hebrew אַדְמָה; indeclinable; a third city of the plain destroyed with Sodom (cf. Gen 14:8; Hos 11:8).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣεβωιμZeboiimsubject (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣεβωιμ: transliteration of Hebrew צְבֹאיִם; indeclinable; the fourth city of the plain (cf. Gen 14:8; Hos 11:8); the full list of four cities intensifies the comparison.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of κατέστρεψεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative plural taking the cities as its antecedent.
κατέστρεψενoverthrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταστρέφωverb of relative clause (YHWH the agent of the overthrow)→ constative aorist (the completed act of destruction)καταστρέφω: 'overthrow / destroy'; the active here names YHWH as the agent who 'overthrew' the cities — making explicit that the archetypal destruction was divine judgment, the pattern threatening apostate Israel.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of κατέστρεψεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine agent of the overthrow.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner: 'in wrath')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: 'in wrath').
θυμῷwrath / furyDativedative of manner ('in wrath')→ sphere or referenceθυμός: 'wrath / fury / hot anger'; renders חֵמָה / אַף; the hot, passionate aspect of divine anger; paired with ὀργή as a hendiadys for the fullness of God's judicial fury (cf. v. 27).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀργῇangerDativedative of manner (coordinate with θυμῷ: 'and anger')→ sphere or referenceὀργή: 'anger / wrath'; renders אַף; the settled judicial aspect of divine anger; the pair θυμῷ καὶ ὀργῇ ('in wrath and anger') intensifies the depiction of God's judgment, recurring at v. 27.
23
καὶ ἐροῦσιν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη διὰ τί ἐποίησεν κύριος οὕτως τῇ γῇ ταύτῃ τίς ὁ θυμὸς τῆς ὀργῆς ὁ μέγας οὗτος
And all the nations will say, 'Why has the LORD done thus to this land? What is this great heat of anger?'
Now 'all the nations' voice the double question that the spectacle provokes: 'Why has the LORD done thus to this land?' and 'What is this great heat of anger?' The question form (διὰ τί … τίς …) is a rhetorical device setting up the catechetical answer of vv. 24–27 — the devastation becomes a public testimony to the nations about covenant-breaking and divine justice.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐροῦσινwill sayFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the nations' question)→ predictive future (the coming inquiry)λέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): 'say'; introduces the question all the nations will ask on seeing the devastated land.
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἔθνη: 'all the nations')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; universalizes the witnesses — the whole world of nations will pose the question.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ἔθνη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνηnationsNominativesubject of ἐροῦσιν→ participant prominenceἔθνος: 'nation / Gentile people'; renders גּוֹי; the Gentile nations as universal witnesses to YHWH's judgment on his own land — the devastation becomes a global testimony.
διὰbecause of / whypreposition + accusative (in the interrogative idiom διὰ τί: 'why')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: in the fixed interrogative διὰ τί ('on account of what? / why?'), rendering עַל מָה / מַדּוּעַ.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (in διὰ τί: 'why')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'what?'; with διά forms the causal question 'why?'
ἐποίησενhas doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the question (the divine act in view)→ constative aorist (the completed act of judgment)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the nations ask why YHWH 'has done' such devastation — the same verb used of the Exodus deeds (v. 1), now of judgment.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nations recognize the LORD himself as the agent of the devastation.
οὕτωςthus / in this wayadverb of manner ('thus / so')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this manner'; renders כָּכָה; points to the visible state of the ruined land — 'why has he done it like this?'
τῇto theDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of disadvantage ('to this land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the land of Israel, object of the judgment about which the nations ask.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying γῇ: 'this land')→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; the devastated land before the nations' eyes.
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of the second question)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'what / which'; introduces the second, parallel question about the cause of the anger.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θυμός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμὸςheat / furyNominativepredicate nominative ('what is this fury')→ participant prominenceθυμός: 'wrath / fury / hot anger'; renders חֳרִי ('heat [of anger]'); the phrase θυμὸς τῆς ὀργῆς ('the heat of the anger') is an intensifying genitive construction — the burning intensity of divine wrath the nations marvel at.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ὀργῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀργῆςangerGenitivegenitive of quality/source ('heat of the anger')→ relational specificationὀργή: 'anger / wrath'; renders אַף; the genitive θυμὸς τῆς ὀργῆς piles the two wrath-words together (cf. v. 22) to express the extraordinary intensity of the judgment.
ὁtheNominativearticle (attributive before adjective: 'the great')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγαςgreatNominativeattributive adjective (modifying θυμός: 'this great heat')→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great'; renders גָּדוֹל; magnifies the wrath the nations behold — its very greatness compels the question.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (modifying θυμός: 'this great heat')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative ties the abstract 'heat of anger' to the concrete devastation visible before them.
24
καὶ ἐροῦσιν ὅτι κατελίποσαν τὴν διαθήκην κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ τῶν πατέρων αὐτῶν ἃ διέθετο τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ὅτε ἐξήγαγεν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου
And they will say, 'Because they forsook the covenant of the LORD, the God of their fathers, which he made with their fathers when he brought them out of the land of Egypt,
vv. 24–27 supply the catechetical answer. The causal ὅτι ('because') gives the reason for the devastation: 'they forsook the covenant of the LORD, the God of their fathers,' made at the Exodus. The aorist κατελίποσαν (a late LXX -οσαν ending) names the root cause — covenant-abandonment — anchoring the judgment in the people's own treachery, not divine caprice.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐροῦσινthey will sayFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing the answer)→ predictive future (the answer that will be given)λέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): 'say'; introduces the answer to the nations' question — whether spoken by the nations themselves or by knowing observers, it states the divine verdict.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (giving the reason for the judgment)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the explanation — the cause of the devastation is covenant-forsaking.
κατελίποσανthey forsook / abandonedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταλείπωverb of the causal clause (the root sin)→ constative aorist (the completed act of abandonment)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / forsake / abandon'; renders עָזַב; the form κατελίποσαν uses the late Hellenistic/LXX 3rd-plural ending -οσαν (for -ον); the verb names the decisive sin — forsaking the covenant — as the cause of the whole catastrophe.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of κατελίποσαν→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; the covenant the people abandoned — the Sinai/Horeb covenant made at the Exodus.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source ('covenant of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant is YHWH's, making its abandonment an act of treachery against God himself.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the God of their fathers')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; here qualified as 'the God of their fathers,' grounding the covenant in the patriarchal and Exodus history (cf. v. 12).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive of relationship ('God of their fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָבוֹת; the forefathers with whom the covenant was first made — the abandonment is also a betrayal of ancestral faith.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession ('their fathers')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the apostate generation's own forefathers.
ἃwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of διέθετο; neuter pl. by sense/attraction)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the neuter plural ἅ loosely refers to the covenant-stipulations (the terms) that YHWH appointed.
διέθετοhe made / appointedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διατίθημιverb of relative clause (the original covenant-making)→ constative aorist (the completed covenant-cutting at the Exodus)διατίθημι (mid. διέθετο): the technical covenant-making verb (κָּרַת בְּרִית); the aorist points back to the original enactment of the covenant with the fathers at the Exodus — the very bond now abandoned.
τοῖςwith theDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativedative (covenant partners: 'with their fathers')→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father'; the forefathers with whom the covenant was cut at the Exodus.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession ('their fathers')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the ancestral covenant partners.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction (dating the covenant to the Exodus)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: 'when'; introduces the temporal clause fixing the covenant at the moment of the Exodus deliverance.
ἐξήγαγενhe brought outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξάγωverb of temporal clause (the Exodus deliverance)→ constative aorist (the completed bringing-out)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the standard verb for the Exodus deliverance (cf. Exod 20:2); the covenant was made in the very context of redemption from Egypt, deepening the guilt of its abandonment.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξήγαγεν→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them'; the fathers brought out of Egypt.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'out of the land')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'out of the land').
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('out of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; with Αἰγύπτου, 'the land of Egypt.'
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship ('land of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; the land of bondage from which YHWH delivered the fathers.
25
καὶ πορευθέντες ἐλάτρευσαν θεοῖς ἑτέροις καὶ προσεκύνησαν αὐτοῖς οἷς οὐκ ἠπίσταντο οὐδὲ διένειμεν αὐτοῖς
and they went and served other gods and worshiped them, gods whom they did not know and whom he had not apportioned to them.
v. 25 names the concrete form of the abandonment (v. 24): they 'went and served other gods and worshiped them.' The double relative — gods 'they did not know' and 'he had not apportioned to them' — sharpens the offense: these were neither ancestral deities nor gods allotted by YHWH (cf. Deut 4:19; 32:8–9), but illegitimate objects of worship the apostates chose for themselves.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορευθέντεςhaving goneNominativeparticiple (circumstantial, modifying the subject: 'going')→ aorist passive participle (the antecedent act of turning to idolatry)πορεύομαι (aor. pass. dep. ptcp. πορευθείς): 'go / proceed'; the participle 'having gone' depicts the deliberate departure into idolatry — the idiom πορευθέντες ἐλάτρευσαν ('they went and served') renders הָלַךְ וַיַּעֲבֹד, marking a willful course of apostasy.
ἐλάτρευσανthey served / worshipedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λατρεύωmain verb (the act of idolatrous service)→ constative aorist (the completed apostate service)λατρεύω: 'serve / worship (cultically)'; renders עָבַד; the technical term for religious service (cf. v. 17), here wrongly rendered to other gods — the heart of the covenant-breach.
θεοῖςgodsDativedative object of ἐλάτρευσαν ('served gods')→ sphere or referenceθεός: here plural and pagan, 'gods'; λατρεύω governs the dative; the 'other gods' are the forbidden objects of worship.
ἑτέροιςotherDativeattributive adjective (modifying θεοῖς: 'other gods')→ sphere or referenceἕτερος: 'other / different'; renders אֲחֵרִים; 'other gods' (θεοὶ ἕτεροι) is the standard Deuteronomic phrase for the rival deities prohibited by the first commandment (cf. Deut 5:7; 6:14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησανthey worshiped / bowed downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσκυνέωmain verb (the act of prostration to idols)→ constative aorist (the completed act of homage)προσκυνέω: 'bow down / do obeisance / worship'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; the physical act of prostration in worship; paired with λατρεύω (inner service + outward homage) to describe the full idolatrous devotion.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of προσεκύνησαν ('bowed to them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'them'; the other gods, objects of the forbidden prostration.
οἷςwhomDativerelative pronoun (object of ἠπίσταντο: 'whom they did not know')→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; dative plural (by attraction to the case of its antecedent θεοῖς) governed by ἠπίσταντο.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἠπίσταντο)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation; these gods were unknown to them.
ἠπίσταντοthey knewImperf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐπίσταμαιverb of relative clause (the gods were unknown)→ imperfect (ongoing state of non-acquaintance)ἐπίσταμαι: 'know / understand / be acquainted with'; renders יָדַע; the imperfect 'they did not know' marks these gods as foreign to Israel's experience — not the God who delivered them, but strangers chosen against all reason.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction (second negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; adds the second disqualification of the gods.
διένειμενhe apportioned / allottedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διανέμωverb of relative clause (YHWH had not assigned these gods)→ constative aorist (the non-allotment)διανέμω: 'distribute / apportion / allot'; the subject is YHWH; the clause 'whom he had not apportioned to them' alludes to the tradition (Deut 4:19; 32:8–9 LXX) that YHWH allotted the heavenly bodies/nations to the other peoples but reserved Israel for himself — Israel had no warrant whatever to serve these gods.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object of διένειμεν ('apportioned to them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'to them'; the apostate Israelites, to whom YHWH had not assigned these gods.
26
καὶ ὠργίσθη θυμῷ κύριος ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἐκείνην ἐπαγαγεῖν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὴν κατὰ πάσας τὰς κατάρας τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ νόμου τούτου
And the LORD was angry with wrath against that land, to bring upon it all the curses written in the book of this law.
The idolatry of v. 25 issues in v. 26's divine anger: 'the LORD was angry with wrath' (ὠργίσθη θυμῷ — a cognate dative intensifying the verb) against the land, 'to bring upon it all the curses written in the book of this law.' The infinitive ἐπαγαγεῖν names the purpose of the wrath, and the phrase 'all the written curses' (cf. vv. 19–20) again grounds the judgment in the documented covenant sanctions.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠργίσθηwas angryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀργίζωmain verb (the kindling of divine anger)→ ingressive aorist passive (became angry)ὀργίζω (aor. pass. ὠργίσθη): 'be/become angry'; renders חָרָה אַף; the passive 'was angered' with the cognate dative θυμῷ ('with wrath') intensifies the expression — YHWH's anger blazed against the apostate land.
θυμῷwith wrathDativecognate/instrumental dative (intensifying ὠργίσθη: 'angry with wrath')→ sphere or referenceθυμός: 'wrath / fury'; the dative θυμῷ is a Hebraizing cognate intensifier (rendering the infinitive-absolute force of חָרָה … אַף), heightening the verb — 'he was exceedingly angry.'
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ὠργίσθη→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine subject whose wrath is kindled.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against the land')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here of hostile direction, 'against'; the anger is directed 'against that land.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('against the land')→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land of Israel, object of the wrath.
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying γῆν: 'that land')→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the distal demonstrative views the land from the future standpoint of the witnesses (cf. vv. 21–23).
ἐπαγαγεῖνto bring uponAor Act Infin · ἐπάγωinfinitive of purpose/result (the aim of the wrath)→ aorist infinitive (the purposed infliction of the curses)ἐπάγω: 'bring upon / lead against'; renders הֵבִיא; the compound ἐπ- marks hostile imposition (cf. Exod 11:1); the infinitive states the purpose of the divine anger — to bring the written curses down upon the land.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (direction: 'upon it', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon'; the curses are brought down 'upon' the land.
αὐτὴνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('upon it')→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem. sg. αὐτήν): 'it'; the land upon which the curses fall.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm: 'according to')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the judgment conforms to the written curses (cf. v. 20).
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κατάρας: 'all the curses')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole body of written curses is brought to bear.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with κατάρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάραςcursesAccusativeaccusative object of κατά ('according to the curses')→ object specificationκατάρα: 'curse'; renders קְלָלָה; a near-synonym of ἀρά (vv. 19–20), here the covenant maledictions brought upon the land; the cumulative vocabulary (ἀρά, κατάρα) underscores the comprehensiveness of the sanctions.
τὰςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (substantizing the participle γεγραμμένας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article with the participle, 'the ones written.'
γεγραμμέναςwrittenAccusativeparticiple (attributive, modifying κατάρας: 'the curses written')→ perfect passive participle (standing written, abiding force)γράφω (perf. pass. ptcp. γεγραμμένος): 'write'; renders כָּתוּב; the perfect again stresses the documented permanence of the curses (cf. vv. 19–20), grounding the judgment in the written law.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: 'in the book').
τῷtheDativearticle (with βιβλίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place ('in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; renders סֵפֶר; the law-scroll in which the curses are recorded (cf. vv. 19–20).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with νόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of content ('book of the law')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; the Torah-scroll of Deuteronomy.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying νόμου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the law presently proclaimed.
27
καὶ ἐξῆρεν αὐτοὺς κύριος ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς αὐτῶν ἐν θυμῷ καὶ ὀργῇ καὶ παροξυσμῷ μεγάλῳ σφόδρα καὶ ἐξέβαλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς γῆν ἑτέραν ὡσεὶ νῦν
And the LORD uprooted them from their land in wrath and anger and very great fury, and cast them out into another land, as it is now.
The section's answer climaxes in exile: YHWH 'uprooted them from their land' and 'cast them out into another land.' The threefold ἐν θυμῷ καὶ ὀργῇ καὶ παροξυσμῷ μεγάλῳ σφόδρα ('in wrath and anger and exceedingly great fury') piles up the divine-wrath vocabulary to its maximum. The closing ὡσεὶ νῦν ('as it is now') folds the prophetic warning into the audience's own historical horizon — the exile spoken of is, from the narrator's later vantage, already a present reality.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρενuprooted / removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (the act of exile/uprooting)→ constative aorist (the completed uprooting)ἐξαίρω: 'lift up / remove / take away'; renders נָתַשׁ ('pluck up') / נָסַע; the compound ἐξ- ('out') conveys complete removal — YHWH 'uprooted' the people from their land, the classic image of exile (cf. Jer 12:14–17; 1 Kgs 14:15).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξῆρεν→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them'; the apostate people uprooted from their land.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐξῆρεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine agent of the exile.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from their land')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from their land').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('from the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land from which the people are torn.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession ('their land')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; the people's own inheritance, now lost.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner: 'in wrath')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: 'in wrath').
θυμῷwrath / furyDativedative of manner ('in wrath')→ sphere or referenceθυμός: 'wrath / fury'; renders חֵמָה; first of the three-fold wrath-vocabulary depicting the intensity of the judgment that issues in exile (cf. v. 22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀργῇangerDativedative of manner (coordinate with θυμῷ)→ sphere or referenceὀργή: 'anger / wrath'; renders אַף; second of the wrath-triad; the pair θυμῷ καὶ ὀργῇ recurs from v. 22, now extended by a third term.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροξυσμῷfury / provocationDativedative of manner (third member of the wrath-triad)→ sphere or referenceπαροξυσμός: 'irritation / provocation / sharp anger'; renders קֶצֶף; the third and climactic wrath-word, denoting the exasperated sharpness of the divine indignation; the rare term intensifies the triad to its peak.
μεγάλῳgreatDativeattributive adjective (modifying παροξυσμῷ: 'great fury')→ sphere or referenceμέγας: 'great'; magnifies the παροξυσμός — a 'great' provocation-fury.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying μεγάλῳ: 'very great')→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; pushes the intensity to the superlative — 'exceedingly great fury,' the maximal expression of divine wrath in the chapter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second main verb)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέβαλενcast out / drove outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκβάλλωmain verb (the expulsion into exile)→ constative aorist (the completed casting-out)ἐκβάλλω: 'throw out / expel / drive away'; renders הִשְׁלִיךְ / גֵּרֵשׁ; the same verb used of the expulsion from Egypt (cf. Exod 11:1) and from Eden — here YHWH 'casts out' his own people into exile, a tragic reversal of the conquest.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξέβαλεν→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them'; the people cast into exile.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into another land')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into another land').
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('into a land')→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the foreign land of exile, opposed to 'their land' (the promised inheritance) just lost.
ἑτέρανanotherAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying γῆν: 'another land')→ object specificationἕτερος: 'other / another'; renders אַחֶרֶת; the 'other land' is the place of exile, a foreign territory not their own.
ὡσεὶas / as it werecomparative particle ('as / just as')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσεί: 'as / like / as it were'; renders כַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה ('as at this day'); the comparison folds the prophetic warning into present reality.
νῦνnowadverb of time ('now')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now / at this present time'; the closing ὡσεὶ νῦν ('as it is now') views the exile from a vantage point at which it has become a present fact — a poignant note that the warned-of catastrophe is, from the later reader's standpoint, already history.
28
τὰ κρυπτὰ κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ ἡμῶν τὰ δὲ φανερὰ ἡμῖν καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις ἡμῶν εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ποιεῖν πάντα τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ νόμου τούτου
The hidden things belong to the LORD our God, but the revealed things to us and to our children forever, to do all the words of this law.
The chapter closes with its most celebrated saying (English 29:29), balancing two verbless clauses: τὰ κρυπτά ('the hidden things') belong to YHWH, τὰ φανερά ('the revealed things') to us and our children forever. The genitive/dative of possession sets a boundary: secret matters (the unrevealed future, the inscrutable workings of divine providence and judgment just described) are God's province; what is revealed — the Torah — is given to Israel for obedient performance. The infinitive ποιεῖν ('to do') makes the revealed Word's purpose practical, not speculative: it is given that they may 'do all the words of this law.'
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τὰtheNominativearticle (substantizing κρυπτά: 'the hidden things')→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρυπτὰhidden things / secret thingsNominativesubject (substantival adjective: 'the hidden things')→ participant prominenceκρυπτός: 'hidden / secret / concealed'; renders נִסְתָּרֹת ('the secret things'); the substantival neuter plural τὰ κρυπτά denotes the matters God has not revealed — the inscrutable future, the unseen workings of providence and judgment (vv. 21–27); these belong to God alone (cf. the antithesis with τὰ φανερά).
κυρίῳto the LORD / the LORD'sDativedative of possession (verbless clause: 'belong to the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat. κυρίῳ): rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the dative of possession in the verbless clause ('the hidden things [are/belong] to the LORD') assigns the realm of the unrevealed to God's exclusive domain.
τῷtheDativearticle (with θεῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ ('the LORD our God')→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant-compound κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν renders יהוה אֱלֹהֵינוּ; the secret things belong to Israel's own covenant God.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('our God')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'our'; binds the speaker and community to God — 'the LORD our God.'
τὰtheNominativearticle (substantizing φανερά: 'the revealed things')→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive, contrasting the two clauses)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but / and'; the post-positive marks the antithesis between τὰ κρυπτά (God's) and τὰ φανερά (ours) — the structural hinge of the aphorism.
φανερὰrevealed things / manifest thingsNominativesubject of the second verbless clause (substantival: 'the revealed things')→ participant prominenceφανερός: 'manifest / open / revealed'; renders נִגְלֹת ('the revealed things'); the substantival neuter plural τὰ φανερά denotes what God has disclosed — preeminently the Torah; set in deliberate antithesis to τὰ κρυπτά, it marks the boundary between speculation and obedience.
ἡμῖνto us / oursDativedative of possession (verbless clause: 'belong to us')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): 'to/for us'; the dative of possession assigns the revealed things to Israel — the revealed Word is given to the covenant people for their keeping.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with τέκνοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildrenDativedative of possession (coordinate with ἡμῖν: 'and to our children')→ sphere or referenceτέκνον: 'child'; renders בָּנִים; the revealed Word belongs not only to the present generation but perpetually to their descendants — echoing the inclusion of future generations in the covenant (v. 14).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship ('our children')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'our'; the descendants who inherit the revealed Torah.
εἰςunto / forpreposition + accusative (extent of time: 'forever')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: in the idiom εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('for ever / unto the age').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with αἰῶνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative with εἰς (extent of time: 'forever')→ object specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; the phrase εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα renders לְעוֹלָם ('forever'); the revealed Word and the obligation to obey it are perpetual, binding every generation.
ποιεῖνto do / to performPres Act Infin · ποιέωinfinitive of purpose (the aim of the revealed Word: 'to do')→ present infinitive (ongoing, continual performance)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; the infinitive of purpose specifies why the revealed things are given to Israel — not for speculation about the hidden, but 'to do all the words of this law'; the present tense stresses continual, lifelong obedience (cf. v. 8).
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ῥήματα: 'all the words')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality 'all the words' — comprehensive obedience to the whole law, with no selective keeping (cf. v. 8).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ῥήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwordsAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν ('to do the words')→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / matter'; renders דָּבָר; 'the words of this law' are the revealed Torah-stipulations, the content of τὰ φανερά; the chapter ends as it exhorted in v. 8 — with the call to do all the words of the covenant-law.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with νόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of relationship ('words of the law')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; 'this law' is Deuteronomy itself, the revealed Word given to be performed forever.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying νόμου: 'this law')→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the law presently proclaimed in Moab — the final word of the chapter, closing the covenant-recital on the note of obedient action.