1
καὶ συνετέλεσεν Μωυσῆς λαλῶν πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους πρὸς πάντας υἱοὺς Ισραηλ
And Moses finished speaking all these words to all the sons of Israel.
The chapter opens with a closural formula, συνετέλεσεν … λαλῶν ('finished speaking'), marking the end of Moses' great covenant address (chs. 5–30) and the turn toward the succession and the Song. The same verb συντελέω recurs at v. 24 (συνετέλεσεν … γράφων) framing the unit: Moses finishes speaking the Law, then finishes writing it.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετέλεσενfinishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντελέωmain verb (completion of speaking)→ constative aorist (completed action viewed as a whole)συντελέω: 'complete / finish / bring to an end'; renders כִּלָּה (Piel); the compound συν- adds the sense of full completion; the construction συνετέλεσεν + complementary participle λαλῶν ('finished speaking') is a Hebraism rendering וַיְכַל … לְדַבֵּר; recurs at v. 24 with γράφων, framing the chapter.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/second-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); nominative subject throughout the chapter as the departing mediator.
λαλῶνspeakingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λαλέωcomplementary participle (with συνετέλεσεν: 'finished speaking')→ imperfective participle (the ongoing speaking now brought to completion)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; the present participle complements συντελέω in a Hebraizing construction (וַיְכַל לְדַבֵּר); the imperfective aspect captures the long covenant discourse now concluded.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the masculine accusative plural agrees with λόγους; emphasises the comprehensiveness of the address just concluded — nothing of the Torah's words is left unspoken.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object (content of λαλῶν)→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / saying'; renders דָּבָר; οἱ λόγοι οὗτοι ('these words') is the standard Deuteronomic designation of the covenant address (cf. 1:1; 28:69); the same phrase recurs at v. 28 (πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους).
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationοὗτος: the demonstrative points back over the whole preceding discourse; 'these words' = the entirety of Moses' covenant speech now completed.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying υἱούς)→ object specificationπᾶς: the second πάντας widens the audience to the whole nation; the doubled 'all' (all the words … to all the sons of Israel) frames the address as total in both content and audience.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the audience)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the phrase υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant people; here the addressees of Moses' farewell.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; functions as a genitive of relationship after υἱούς though morphologically unchanged.
2
καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι ἐτῶν ἐγώ εἰμι σήμερον οὐ δυνήσομαι ἔτι εἰσπορεύεσθαι καὶ ἐκπορεύεσθαι κύριος δὲ εἶπεν πρός με οὐ διαβήσῃ τὸν Ιορδάνην τοῦτον
And he said to them, 'I am a hundred and twenty years old today; I am no longer able to go out and come in; and the LORD said to me, You shall not cross over this Jordan.'
Moses' age (120 years, the full lifespan of Deut 34:7) and his incapacity 'to go out and come in' (a military-leadership idiom) set up the necessity of a successor. The clause κύριος δὲ εἶπεν πρός με recalls the LORD's prohibition (cf. Deut 3:27; 32:51–52); δέ marks the contrast between Moses' incapacity and the LORD's decree.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces Moses' direct address; the recurring speech-formula structures the chapter's alternation of narration and oration.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the addressees)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the third-person pronoun referring to the sons of Israel of v. 1.
ἑκατὸνa hundrednumeral (with εἴκοσι ἐτῶν: 'a hundred and twenty years')→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'a hundred'; indeclinable cardinal; with εἴκοσι forms Moses' age, 120 — the divinely set limit of human life at Gen 6:3 and the exact span recorded at Deut 34:7.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining numerals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with ἑκατόν)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; completes the number 120.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (age: 'of years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; the genitive ἐτῶν is a genitive of measure expressing age (ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι ἐτῶν = 'of 120 years').
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun with εἰμι)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic first-person pronoun foregrounds Moses' own person and his impending departure; the emphasis prepares the contrast with the successors (the LORD and Joshua) of v. 3.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicating age)→ stative present (present state of being)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula links the subject ἐγώ with the predicate of age; present tense states Moses' condition 'today'.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; a key Deuteronomic adverb stressing the present moment of decision and address; here it dates Moses' valediction to the very day of his death-eve.
οὐnotnegative particle (with δυνήσομαι)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation of the indicative δυνήσομαι.
δυνήσομαιI will be ableFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (with complementary infinitives)→ predictive future (settled incapacity)δύναμαι: 'be able'; deponent; renders יָכֹל; the future οὐ δυνήσομαι ἔτι ('I will no longer be able') states Moses' permanent incapacity for leadership, motivating the succession.
ἔτιany longeradverb (temporal: 'no longer')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; with the negative οὐ … ἔτι = 'no longer'; marks the cessation of Moses' active leadership.
εἰσπορεύεσθαιto go inPres Mid Infin · εἰσπορεύομαιcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσομαι)→ imperfective infinitive (habitual capacity now lost)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter'; the pair εἰσπορεύεσθαι καὶ ἐκπορεύεσθαι ('go in and go out') renders the Hebrew idiom לָצֵאת וְלָבוֹא ('to go out and come in'), denoting active leadership, especially military command (cf. Num 27:17; 1 Sam 18:13); Moses can no longer lead the people in war.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining infinitives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκπορεύεσθαιto go outPres Mid Infin · ἐκπορεύομαιcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσομαι)→ imperfective infinitive (habitual capacity now lost)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / depart'; the second half of the leadership idiom; the LXX reverses the Hebrew order (Heb. 'go out and come in') to εἰσ- then ἐκ-, but the sense is identical: the full round of public command.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (of εἶπεν)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; subject of the prohibition that Moses now reports.
δὲand / butmild adversative / continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: here marks the turn from Moses' incapacity to the LORD's explicit decree barring his crossing — the divine ground beneath the human limitation.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (reported divine speech)→ constative aorist (the past divine prohibition)λέγω: Moses reports the LORD's earlier word to him (cf. Deut 3:27; Num 20:12); the embedded quotation gives the divine ground for the succession.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Moses)→ participant referenceἐγώ (encl. με): the recipient of the divine prohibition; Moses himself is barred from the land he has led Israel toward.
οὐnotnegative particle (with διαβήσῃ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: emphatic objective negation of the future indicative, functioning as a prohibition ('you shall not cross').
διαβήσῃyou shall crossFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · διαβαίνωmain verb of quoted prohibition (future of command)→ prohibitive future (the divine 'you shall not')διαβαίνω: 'cross over / pass through'; renders עָבַר; with οὐ a future-of-prohibition; the verb of crossing the Jordan is the leitmotif of the conquest (vv. 3, 13) — and the one act Moses is denied.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativedirect object of διαβήσῃ→ object specificationΙορδάνης: transliteration of Hebrew יַרְדֵּן; declined as a first-declension masculine in the LXX (acc. Ιορδάνην, gen. Ιορδάνου); the Jordan is the boundary of the promised land, the threshold Moses may not cross.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying Ιορδάνην)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the deictic 'this Jordan' situates Moses and Israel on the plains of Moab, on the very brink of the river; the demonstrative heightens the poignancy of the prohibition.
3
κύριος ὁ θεός σου ὁ προπορευόμενος πρὸ προσώπου σου αὐτὸς ἐξολεθρεύσει τὰ ἔθνη ταῦτα ἀπὸ προσώπου σου καὶ κατακληρονομήσεις αὐτούς καὶ Ἰησοῦς ὁ προπορευόμενος πρὸ προσώπου σου καθὰ ἐλάλησεν κύριος
The LORD your God, the one going before you, he himself will utterly destroy these nations from before you, and you shall dispossess them; and Joshua is the one going before you, as the LORD has spoken.
Moses answers the crisis of his own crossing (v. 2) with two crossers: the LORD himself (αὐτὸς ἐξολεθρεύσει) and Joshua. The participle ὁ προπορευόμενος ('the one going before') is applied to both — to the LORD and then verbatim to Joshua — binding the human successor to the divine vanguard. καθὰ ἐλάλησεν κύριος grounds Joshua's appointment in prior divine speech (Num 27:18–23).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (in apposition with ὁ θεός)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the subject of the verse's main verb ἐξολεθρεύσει, resumed emphatically by αὐτός.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativeappositional noun (κύριος ὁ θεός σου)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου ('the LORD your God') renders יהוה אֱלֹהֶיךָ, the dominant covenant designation in Deuteronomy.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεός)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): the second-person singular possessive; the singular 'your' addresses Israel as a collective unity, characteristic of Deuteronomic exhortation.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προπορευόμενοςgoing beforePres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · προπορεύομαιsubstantival participle (in apposition: 'the one going before')→ imperfective participle (continual leading)προπορεύομαι: 'go before / lead the way'; the compound προ- marks precedence; renders הֹלֵךְ לְפָנֶיךָ; the articular participle ὁ προπορευόμενος designates the LORD as Israel's vanguard, and is repeated verbatim for Joshua later in the verse — the human leader mirrors the divine.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingπρό: 'before / in front of'; with προσώπου forms the Hebraism πρὸ προσώπου σου ('before your face').
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of πρό (Hebraism: 'before your face')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the idiom πρὸ προσώπου renders לִפְנֵי ('before'); the recurring 'face' language (vv. 3, 5, 6, 17, 18) is a thread of the chapter — the LORD goes before their face, then threatens to hide his face.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with προσώπου)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with προσώπου).
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (resuming κύριος emphatically)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive 'he himself'; resumes κύριος ὁ θεός σου and stresses that it is the LORD personally — not Moses, not even Joshua alone — who will destroy the nations; the divine agency is foregrounded.
ἐξολεθρεύσειwill utterly destroyFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (divine action against the nations)→ predictive future (certain divine act)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; the compound ἐξ- intensifies ὀλεθρεύω; renders שָׁמַד / הִשְׁמִיד; the standard LXX verb for the LORD's destruction of the Canaanite nations in the conquest (cf. v. 4).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἔθνη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνηnationsAccusativedirect object of ἐξολεθρεύσει→ object specificationἔθνος: 'nation / people'; renders גּוֹי; τὰ ἔθνη ταῦτα ('these nations') are the Canaanite peoples to be dispossessed; the LORD's destruction of them is the precondition of Israel's inheritance.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἔθνη)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; deictically points to the nations west of the Jordan whom Israel is about to confront.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: with προσώπου forms ἀπὸ προσώπου σου ('from before your face'), a Hebraism (מִפָּנֶיךָ) for removal/expulsion.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Hebraism: 'from before your face')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: here in the idiom of expulsion — the nations are removed 'from before the face' of Israel; the same 'face' noun that earlier described the LORD's leading.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with προσώπου)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with προσώπου).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακληρονομήσειςyou shall dispossess / inheritFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατακληρονομέωmain verb (Israel's resulting action)→ predictive future (consequence of divine destruction)κατακληρονομέω: 'take possession of / dispossess / give as inheritance'; renders יָרַשׁ (Qal/Hiphil); in Deuteronomy the verb covers both 'inherit (the land)' and 'dispossess (the nations)'; here, with αὐτούς (the nations) as object, it means 'dispossess them' — Israel takes over their inheritance once the LORD destroys them.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of κατακληρονομήσεις (the nations)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to τὰ ἔθνη; the masculine plural (constructio ad sensum) treats the nations as their populations to be dispossessed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the Joshua-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject (of the implied copula, with the participle as predicate)→ participant prominenceἸησοῦς: the LXX form of Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Joshua); declined (gen./dat. Ἰησοῦ, acc. Ἰησοῦν); the same Greek name later borne by Jesus, making Joshua a typological forerunner; here the human successor placed in parallel with the LORD as 'the one going before.'
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προπορευόμενοςgoing beforePres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · προπορεύομαιpredicate participle (Joshua 'is the one going before')→ imperfective participle (continual leading)προπορεύομαι: the participle is repeated verbatim from the LORD-clause; the deliberate echo identifies Joshua's leading with the LORD's, casting the human successor as the visible agent of the divine vanguard.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of πρό (Hebraism: 'before your face')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: the third 'face' in the verse; Joshua too goes 'before the face' of Israel.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with προσώπου)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with προσώπου).
καθὰas / just ascomparative conjunction (introducing grounding clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; grounds Joshua's appointment in the LORD's prior word (Num 27:18–23), framing the succession as obedience to divine command.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the prior divine word)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist refers back to the LORD's earlier appointment of Joshua; the clause καθὰ ἐλάλησεν κύριος is a standard Deuteronomic formula of fulfilment.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine speaker whose prior word authorizes Joshua's role.
4
καὶ ποιήσει κύριος αὐτοῖς καθὰ ἐποίησεν Σηων καὶ Ωγ τοῖς δυσὶ βασιλεῦσιν τῶν Αμορραίων οἳ ἦσαν πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου καὶ τῇ γῇ αὐτῶν καθότι ἐξωλέθρευσεν αὐτούς
And the LORD will do to them as he did to Sihon and Og, the two kings of the Amorites who were beyond the Jordan, and to their land, just as he utterly destroyed them.
Moses argues from the recent Transjordanian conquests (Num 21:21–35; Deut 2:26–3:11): as the LORD destroyed Sihon and Og, so he will destroy the Canaanite nations. The καθά … καθότι correlation ('as … just as') binds the promised future to the proven past. ἐξωλέθρευσεν here picks up ἐξολεθρεύσει of v. 3, the same verb in past and future.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειwill doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (future divine action)→ predictive future (certain act guaranteed by precedent)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the future ποιήσει is correlated with the past ἐποίησεν later in the verse, the standard 'as he did … so he will do' argument from precedent.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the agent of both past and promised victories.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of disadvantage (the nations as recipients of the action)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to τὰ ἔθνη of v. 3; the dative marks the Canaanite nations as those to whom the LORD will 'do' as he did to Sihon and Og.
καθὰascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as'; introduces the comparison with the Transjordanian precedent.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of comparative clause (past precedent)→ constative aorist (completed past victory)ποιέω: the aorist ἐποίησεν refers to the defeat of Sihon and Og; the past event is the warrant for the future promise.
ΣηωνSihondative (indeclinable: object of ἐποίησεν, 'to Sihon')→ participant identificationΣηων: transliteration of Hebrew סִיחוֹן, king of the Amorites at Heshbon, defeated at Num 21:21–31; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a dative with ἐποίησεν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΩγOgdative (indeclinable: object of ἐποίησεν, 'to Og')→ participant identificationΩγ: transliteration of Hebrew עוֹג, king of Bashan, defeated at Num 21:33–35; indeclinable; the pair Sihon-and-Og is the standard formulaic memory of the Transjordanian conquest (cf. Deut 1:4; 3:1–13; Ps 135:11).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶtwoDativenumeral (in apposition: 'the two kings')→ sphere or referenceδύο: 'two'; the dative plural δυσί agrees with βασιλεῦσιν; specifies Sihon and Og as the two Amorite kings.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativenoun in apposition to Σηων and Ωγ→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dative βασιλεῦσιν stands in apposition to the two royal names; τοῖς δυσὶ βασιλεῦσιν τῶν Αμορραίων is the fixed epithet of the defeated pair.
τῶνthe / of theGenitivearticle (with Αμορραίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραίωνAmoritesGenitivegenitive of relationship ('kings of the Amorites')→ relational specificationΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; renders אֱמֹרִי; the gentilic in the genitive plural identifies the realm of the two kings; the Amorites stand here for the Transjordanian peoples already conquered.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦσαν)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative pronoun introduces a descriptive clause locating the kings 'beyond the Jordan.'
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of relative clause (locative description)→ imperfective past (settled location)εἰμί (impf. ἦσαν): 'were'; the imperfect describes the kings' former territory east of the Jordan; the relative clause marks the conquest as already accomplished history.
πέρανbeyondimproper preposition + genitive (location: 'beyond the Jordan')→ spatial or relational framingπέραν: 'across / beyond / on the other side'; with the genitive τοῦ Ιορδάνου renders בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן; from the standpoint of the plains of Moab, this describes the Transjordan already taken — the east bank.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Ιορδάνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive object of πέραν→ relational specificationΙορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan as geographical reference point; 'beyond the Jordan' here means the eastern, already-conquered side.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the object of ἐποίησεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇthe / to theDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative (object of ἐποίησεν: 'and to their land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; the LORD's action reached not only the kings but their whole territory — the destruction was comprehensive, land and people.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with γῇ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the two Amorite kings; 'their land' is the conquered Transjordan.
καθότιjust as / inasmuch ascomparative/causal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'just as / according as / inasmuch as'; reinforces the comparison καθά earlier in the verse; introduces the summarizing clause of total destruction.
ἐξωλέθρευσενhe utterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωverb of comparative clause (completed destruction)→ constative aorist (accomplished extermination)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy'; the aorist ἐξωλέθρευσεν is the past-tense counterpart of ἐξολεθρεύσει in v. 3 — the same verb in past and future, sealing the precedent-argument: as the LORD has utterly destroyed, so he will utterly destroy.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσεν (the two kings)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the object of the destruction — Sihon, Og, and their realm; the masculine plural recalls the kings as representatives of their peoples.
5
καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς κύριος ὑμῖν καὶ ποιήσετε αὐτοῖς καθότι ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν
And the LORD has handed them over to you, and you shall do to them just as I commanded you.
The aorist παρέδωκεν ('has handed over') states the conquest as already-granted reality, the ground for the imperatival future ποιήσετε. The shift to plural address (ὑμῖν, ποιήσετε) and the first-person ἐνετειλάμην ('I commanded') recall Moses' earlier ḥerem instructions (Deut 7:2; 20:16–17).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέδωκενhanded overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (divine handover)→ constative aorist (accomplished/prophetic-certain handover)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; renders נָתַן (in the sense 'give into the hand'); the aorist treats the future conquest as already accomplished in the divine purpose — a prophetic perfect rendered by the Greek aorist; the standard holy-war formula 'the LORD has given them into your hand.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of παρέδωκεν (the nations)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to the Canaanite nations; the object of the divine handover.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the giver of victory.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of advantage (recipient of the handover)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the second-person plural marks a shift from the singular address of vv. 2–3 to the collective plural; the nations are handed over 'to you' (Israel).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (command grounded in the handover)ποιέω: 'do'; the future ποιήσετε functions as a command — because the LORD has handed them over, Israel must act according to the prior instruction (the ḥerem).
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of disadvantage (the nations)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the nations as the objects of Israel's commanded action.
καθότιjust ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθότι: 'just as / according as'; links Israel's action to Moses' prior command.
ἐνετειλάμηνI commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of comparative clause (prior command)→ constative aorist (Moses' earlier instruction)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / give orders'; deponent; renders צִוָּה (Piel); the first-person aorist refers to Moses' earlier conquest-instructions; ἐντέλλομαι recurs through the chapter (vv. 5, 10, 14, 23, 25, 29) as the verb of authoritative charge.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐνετειλάμην (recipients of the command)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the recipients of Moses' prior command.
6
ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἴσχυε μὴ φοβοῦ μηδὲ δειλία μηδὲ πτοηθῇς ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν ὅτι κύριος ὁ θεός σου ὁ προπορευόμενος μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν οὐ μή σε ἀνῇ οὔτε μή σε ἐγκαταλίπῃ
Be courageous and be strong; do not fear, nor be cowardly, nor be terrified before them, for the LORD your God, the one going with you among you, will never let you go nor forsake you.
The refrain ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἴσχυε (vv. 6, 7, 23) reaches its fullest form here, addressed to all Israel: three negated fears (μὴ φοβοῦ … μηδὲ δειλία … μηδὲ πτοηθῇς) grounded in the LORD's accompanying presence (ὁ προπορευόμενος μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν) and his double pledge οὐ μή σε ἀνῇ οὔτε μή σε ἐγκαταλίπῃ — the emphatic οὐ μή + subjunctive of strongest denial. This pledge is quoted at Heb 13:5 as the LORD's word to the believer.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ἀνδρίζουbe courageousPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἀνδρίζομαιmain verb (imperative charge)→ imperfective imperative (sustained courageous bearing)ἀνδρίζομαι: 'play the man / be courageous'; deponent, from ἀνήρ ('man'); renders חָזַק / אָמַץ; the present imperative calls for ongoing manly courage; the pair ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἴσχυε is the signature charge of the Joshua succession (vv. 6, 7, 23; cf. Josh 1:6–9).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining imperatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴσχυεbe strongPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb (imperative charge)→ imperfective imperative (sustained strength)ἰσχύω: 'be strong / have power'; renders אָמַץ / חָזַק; the present imperative ἴσχυε reinforces ἀνδρίζου; together they render the Hebrew doubled charge חֲזַק וֶאֱמָץ ('be strong and courageous').
μὴnotnegative particle (with φοβοῦ)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the subjective negation used with imperatives; here forbidding fear.
φοβοῦfearPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibition)→ imperfective imperative of prohibition (do not go on fearing)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; deponent; renders יָרֵא; the present prohibitive μὴ φοβοῦ ('stop fearing / do not fear') is the classic war-oracle reassurance (cf. Deut 1:21; 20:1; Isa 41:10).
μηδὲnornegative coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδέ: 'and not / nor'; continues the chain of prohibitions.
δειλίαbe cowardlyPres Act Impv 2 Sg · δειλιάωmain verb (prohibition)→ imperfective imperative of prohibitionδειλιάω: 'be cowardly / shrink in fear'; renders חָתַת / עָרַץ; the present prohibitive forbids cowardly faltering; δειλία (the cognate noun) is the opposite of the commanded ἀνδρεία.
μηδὲnornegative coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδέ: continues the triple prohibition.
πτοηθῇςbe terrifiedAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · πτοέωmain verb (aorist subjunctive of prohibition)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive of prohibition (do not become terrified)πτοέω: 'terrify / scare'; passive 'be terrified / panic'; renders עָרַץ / חָתַת; the aorist subjunctive μηδὲ πτοηθῇς is the standard construction for prohibiting the onset of an action — 'do not be struck with terror'; the third member of the fear-triad.
ἀπὸfrom / beforepreposition + genitive (cause/source of fear)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: with προσώπου forms ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν ('before/because of their face'), a Hebraism for 'in the face of them.'
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Hebraism: 'before their face')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν = 'before them'; the fear is of the nations' presence — but the LORD's presence (next clause) overcomes it.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with προσώπου: the nations)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the nations; their threatening 'face' is set against the LORD's accompanying presence.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (grounding the courage)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / that'; introduces the ground of the exhortation — the courage is warranted by the LORD's presence.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (of the pledge clauses)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the subject whose presence and pledge ground the charge to courage.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativeappositional noun (κύριος ὁ θεός σου)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant formula κύριος ὁ θεός σου identifies the present, accompanying God of Israel.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεός)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): the singular 'your' personalizes the covenant even within the plural address that follows.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προπορευόμενοςgoingPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · προπορεύομαιsubstantival participle ('the one going with you')→ imperfective participle (continual accompaniment)προπορεύομαι: 'go before / go on ahead'; here construed with μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ('with you'), so the sense softens from 'go before' to 'go along with' — the same participle used of the LORD and Joshua in v. 3, now stressing accompaniment rather than mere precedence.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: 'with'; μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ('with you') asserts the LORD's accompanying presence — the theological heart of the chapter's comfort.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά (accompaniment)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the plural recipients of the divine presence.
ἐνamong / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'among you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in / among'; ἐν ὑμῖν intensifies μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν — the LORD is not merely alongside but in the midst of the people.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν (locative)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): 'among you'; the doubled μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν stresses the totality of the divine indwelling presence.
οὐnotnegative particle (forming οὐ μή of emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: combines with μή to form the emphatic double negation οὐ μή ('by no means / never').
μήnotnegative particle (οὐ μή + subjunctive of emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the second member of οὐ μή; with the aorist subjunctive ἀνῇ it forms the strongest possible Greek negation of a future event.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἀνῇ→ participant referenceσύ (encl. acc. σε): the singular object of the pledge; the LORD will not let 'you' go — Israel addressed as one.
ἀνῇlet go / abandonAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀνίημιmain verb (οὐ μή + subjunctive: emphatic denial)→ aorist subjunctive of emphatic denial (he will never let go)ἀνίημι: 'let go / loosen / relax one's hold / abandon'; renders רָפָה ('let drop / leave'); with οὐ μή the strongest assurance: the LORD will never loosen his grip on his people; quoted at Heb 13:5 (οὐ μή σε ἀνῶ) as the LORD's pledge against the love of money.
οὔτεnornegative coordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastοὔτε: 'and not / nor'; joins the second pledge-verb to the first; here functionally with the following μή for a second emphatic denial.
μήnotnegative particle (with ἐγκαταλίπῃ: emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: continues the emphatic-denial construction with the second verb.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἐγκαταλίπῃ→ participant referenceσύ (encl. acc. σε): the singular object of the second pledge.
ἐγκαταλίπῃforsakeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (emphatic denial: 'nor forsake you')→ aorist subjunctive of emphatic denial (he will never forsake)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'forsake / abandon / leave behind'; renders עָזַב; the compound ἐγκατα- intensifies 'leave utterly'; paired with ἀνίημι it forms the great twofold pledge taken up at Heb 13:5 (οὐδ᾽ οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλίπω); the same verb echoes ironically at v. 16 where Israel will ἐγκαταλείψουσίν με ('forsake me').
7
καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Μωυσῆς Ἰησοῦν καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ἔναντι παντὸς Ισραηλ ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἴσχυε σὺ γὰρ εἰσελεύσῃ πρὸ προσώπου τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου εἰς τὴν γῆν ἣν ὤμοσεν κύριος τοῖς πατράσιν ἡμῶν δοῦναι αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ κατακληρονομήσεις αὐτὴν αὐτοῖς
And Moses called Joshua and said to him in the sight of all Israel, 'Be courageous and be strong, for you yourself will go in before this people into the land which the LORD swore to our fathers to give them, and you yourself will apportion it to them as an inheritance.'
The charge now turns from the people to Joshua personally, but ἔναντι παντὸς Ισραηλ ('before all Israel') makes it a public installation. The emphatic σὺ … σύ ('you yourself … you yourself') frames Joshua's twofold task: leading the people in (εἰσελεύσῃ) and apportioning the land (κατακληρονομήσεις) — the very inheritance the LORD swore to the fathers.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (summons)→ constative aorist (single act of summoning)καλέω: 'call / summon / name'; renders קָרָא; here Moses summons Joshua for the public commissioning; the same verb (κάλεσον) is used by the LORD to summon Joshua at v. 14.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the outgoing mediator who installs his successor.
ἸησοῦνJoshuaAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationἸησοῦς (acc. Ἰησοῦν): the LXX form of יְהוֹשֻׁעַ; the object of Moses' summons; the successor publicly named before Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: introduces Moses' charge to Joshua.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Joshua)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the recipient of the charge, Joshua.
ἔναντιbefore / in the sight ofimproper preposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לְעֵינֵי / לִפְנֵי; ἔναντι παντὸς Ισραηλ makes the commissioning a public, witnessed act — the people see Joshua installed.
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the genitive παντός modifies Ισραηλ; the whole nation is the witness.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive object of ἔναντι (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here the genitive object of ἔναντι; the assembled nation before whom Joshua is charged.
ἀνδρίζουbe courageousPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἀνδρίζομαιmain verb (imperative charge to Joshua)→ imperfective imperative (sustained courage)ἀνδρίζομαι: the refrain now directed to Joshua personally (cf. vv. 6, 23); the same charge later repeated by the LORD himself at v. 23.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining imperatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴσχυεbe strongPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb (imperative charge)→ imperfective imperative (sustained strength)ἰσχύω: 'be strong'; completes the doubled charge ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἴσχυε directed to the new leader.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic 'you yourself'; contrasts Joshua's role with Moses' barred crossing (v. 2) — it is Joshua, not Moses, who will lead the people in.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive, grounding the charge)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the charge to courage in Joshua's coming task of leadership.
εἰσελεύσῃyou will go inFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Joshua's future task)→ predictive future (assured leadership)εἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; renders בּוֹא; the future εἰσελεύσῃ assigns to Joshua the entering of the land that Moses cannot do; at v. 23 the LORD intensifies it to εἰσάξεις ('you will bring in').
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (precedence)→ spatial or relational framingπρό: with προσώπου, 'before the face of'; Joshua leads at the head of the people.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of πρό (Hebraism: 'before the face of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; πρὸ προσώπου τοῦ λαοῦ ('before the face of the people') casts Joshua as vanguard, mirroring the LORD's role in v. 3.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (with προσώπου: 'of the people')→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; Israel as the covenant community Joshua will lead.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with λαοῦ)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this people'; the deictic ties the charge to the assembled generation on the plains of Moab.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; marks the land as the goal of Joshua's leading.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land sworn to the fathers; the goal of the whole exodus-and-conquest movement.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὤμοσεν … δοῦναι)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative introduces the oath-clause describing the land as the sworn inheritance.
ὤμοσενsworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of relative clause (the divine oath)→ constative aorist (the patriarchal oath)ὀμνύω: 'swear (an oath)'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; the aorist ὤμοσεν recalls the LORD's oath to the patriarchs (Gen 12:7; 15:18; 26:3; 50:24); the land is held by sworn promise, not conquest-merit.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ὤμοσεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the swearer of the patriarchal oath.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativedative indirect object of ὤμοσεν (recipients of the oath)→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father'; renders אָב; the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to whom the land was sworn.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατράσιν)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. pl. ἡμῶν): 'our'; binds the present generation to the patriarchs as heirs of the same oath.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Infin · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (content of the oath)→ aorist infinitive (the sworn gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; the infinitive of purpose/content after ὤμοσεν — the LORD swore 'to give' the land; the gift-language stresses grace over conquest.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object of δοῦναι→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the recipients of the gift — the people/their descendants who will possess the land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun, repeated)→ participant referenceσύ: the second emphatic 'you yourself'; the repetition frames Joshua's twofold task — leading in and apportioning the land.
κατακληρονομήσειςyou will apportion as inheritanceFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατακληρονομέωmain verb (Joshua's second task)→ predictive future (assured allotment)κατακληρονομέω: here in the causative sense 'give/divide as inheritance, apportion' (cf. the dispossess-sense at v. 3); Joshua will both lead the people in and distribute the land among them (fulfilled in Josh 13–21).
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of κατακληρονομήσεις (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to τὴν γῆν; the land is the object apportioned.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the people as heirs)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the people to whom Joshua allots the inheritance.
8
καὶ κύριος ὁ συμπορευόμενος μετὰ σοῦ οὐκ ἀνήσει σε οὐδὲ μὴ ἐγκαταλίπῃ σε μὴ φοβοῦ μηδὲ δειλία
And the LORD, the one journeying with you, will not let you go nor in any way forsake you; do not fear, nor be cowardly.
The pledge of v. 6, given to the people, is now restated to Joshua: the LORD ὁ συμπορευόμενος μετὰ σοῦ ('the one journeying with you') will not let him go (οὐκ ἀνήσει) nor forsake him (οὐδὲ μὴ ἐγκαταλίπῃ). The double assurance — οὐκ + future, then οὐ μή + subjunctive — and the closing μὴ φοβοῦ μηδὲ δειλία bind this verse tightly to v. 6 and to Heb 13:5.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (of the pledge clauses)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the subject whose accompaniment guarantees Joshua's success.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμπορευόμενοςjourneying withPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · συμπορεύομαιsubstantival participle ('the one journeying with you')→ imperfective participle (continual accompaniment)συμπορεύομαι: 'go together with / journey alongside'; the compound συν- ('together') makes explicit the accompaniment only implied by προπορευόμενος + μετά in v. 6; the same verb recurs at v. 11 (συμπορεύεσθαι) of Israel gathering before the LORD.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: 'with'; μετὰ σοῦ ('with you') personalizes the accompaniment to Joshua.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): Joshua, the recipient of the LORD's accompaniment.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀνήσει)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): objective negation of the future indicative ἀνήσει.
ἀνήσειwill let go / abandonFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίημιmain verb (negated promise)→ predictive future (assured non-abandonment)ἀνίημι: 'let go / loosen one's hold / abandon'; the future ἀνήσει here corresponds to the subjunctive ἀνῇ of v. 6; οὐκ ἀνήσει σε ('he will not let you go') is the same pledge now in plain future form to Joshua.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἀνήσει→ participant referenceσύ (encl. acc. σε): Joshua, the object of the pledge.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating particle (with μή: emphatic)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδέ: 'and not / nor'; combines with the following μή to strengthen the second denial.
μὴnotnegative particle (with ἐγκαταλίπῃ: emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with the aorist subjunctive ἐγκαταλίπῃ forms the emphatic denial 'will by no means forsake.'
ἐγκαταλίπῃforsakeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (emphatic denial)→ aorist subjunctive of emphatic denial (he will never forsake)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'forsake / abandon'; the same verb as in v. 6 and at Heb 13:5; the pairing ἀνίημι + ἐγκαταλείπω is the fixed twofold pledge of the LORD's faithful presence.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἐγκαταλίπῃ→ participant referenceσύ (encl. acc. σε): Joshua, the object of the second pledge.
μὴnotnegative particle (with φοβοῦ)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: subjective negation with the imperative φοβοῦ.
φοβοῦfearPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibition)→ imperfective imperative of prohibition (do not fear)φοβέομαι: 'fear'; the closing μὴ φοβοῦ repeats the reassurance of v. 6, now addressed to Joshua personally.
μηδὲnornegative coordinating particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδέ: 'nor'; joins the second prohibition.
δειλίαbe cowardlyPres Act Impv 2 Sg · δειλιάωmain verb (prohibition)→ imperfective imperative of prohibition (do not be cowardly)δειλιάω: 'be cowardly / lose heart'; closes the verse and the commissioning unit with the same prohibition as v. 6, sealing the charge to Joshua with the assurance of divine presence.
9
καὶ ἔγραψεν Μωυσῆς τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ νόμου τούτου εἰς βιβλίον καὶ ἔδωκεν τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν τοῖς υἱοῖς Λευι τοῖς αἴρουσιν τὴν κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης κυρίου καὶ τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ
And Moses wrote the words of this law in a book and gave it to the priests, the sons of Levi, who carry the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and to the elders of the sons of Israel.
The chapter's writing-theme opens: Moses writes the law εἰς βιβλίον ('in a book') and entrusts it to the levitical priests who carry the ark and to the elders. The verb ἔγραψεν here is matched by ἔγραψεν of the Song at v. 22 and συνετέλεσεν … γράφων at v. 24 — three writing-acts structuring the chapter's deposits.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγραψενwroteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (act of writing)→ constative aorist (completed writing)γράφω: 'write'; renders כָּתַב; the aorist marks the inscripturation of the law; the written Torah becomes a permanent witness alongside the oral address now finished (v. 1).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: Moses as author of the written law.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ῥήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwordsAccusativedirect object of ἔγραψεν→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / matter'; renders דָּבָר; τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ νόμου ('the words of the law') is the content written down; ῥῆμα and λόγος alternate as renderings of דָּבָר through the chapter (cf. v. 1 λόγους, v. 28 λόγους, v. 30 ῥήματα).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with νόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of content ('words of the law')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; ὁ νόμος οὗτος ('this law') is the Deuteronomic Torah; the phrase τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου ('the book of the law') becomes a fixed term (v. 26; cf. Josh 1:8; 2 Kgs 22:8).
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with νόμου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this law' — the specific Torah Moses has just delivered, now committed to writing.
εἰςinto / inpreposition + accusative (result/medium: 'into a book')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here marking the medium/result of writing — the words are committed 'into a book.'
βιβλίονbook / scrollAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; the physical scroll of the law; the same βιβλίον is placed beside the ark at v. 26 as a witness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (entrusting the book)→ constative aorist (act of entrusting)δίδωμι: 'give / hand over / entrust'; the aorist marks the handing of the law-book to its custodians, the levitical priests and elders.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with ἱερεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῦσινpriestsDativedative indirect object of ἔδωκεν→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς (dat. pl. ἱερεῦσιν): 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the recipients of the law-book; in Deuteronomy the priests are 'the sons of Levi,' guardians of the Torah and the ark.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (in apposition: 'the sons of Levi')→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativenoun in apposition to ἱερεῦσιν→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; τοῖς υἱοῖς Λευι ('the sons of Levi') identifies the priests as the levitical line; the appositive defines the priesthood by its tribal descent.
ΛευιLevigenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Levi')→ participant identificationΛευι: transliteration of Hebrew לֵוִי; indeclinable; the priestly tribe entrusted with the Torah and the ark.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴρουσινwho carryPres Act Ptc Dat Masc Pl · αἴρωattributive participle (describing the priests)→ imperfective participle (their ongoing duty)αἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry'; renders נָשָׂא; the participle οἱ αἴροντες τὴν κιβωτόν ('those who carry the ark') is the standard designation of the levitical bearers (cf. v. 25; Josh 3:3); the present aspect marks their continual office.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κιβωτόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativedirect object of αἴρουσιν→ object specificationκιβωτός: 'ark / chest'; renders אֲרוֹן; the ark of the covenant, beside which the law-book will be deposited (v. 26); the same word renders Noah's ark, but here the covenant-chest.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive of relationship ('ark of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament'; renders בְּרִית; ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης ('the ark of the covenant') houses the tablets; διαθήκη is the chapter's covenant-keyword, broken by Israel at vv. 16, 20.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession ('the LORD's covenant')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the covenant belongs to the LORD; the ark is his covenant-chest.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second indirect object)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with πρεσβυτέροις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέροιςeldersDativedative indirect object of ἔδωκεν (second group)→ sphere or referenceπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; renders זָקֵן; the elders share custody of the law with the priests; the dual custody (cultic and civil leadership) ensures the law's transmission across both spheres.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (with Ισραηλ: 'of the sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ('the elders of the sons of Israel') are the national civic leadership.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the people whose elders receive the law.
10
καὶ ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς Μωυσῆς ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ λέγων μετὰ ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἐν καιρῷ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἀφέσεως ἐν ἑορτῇ σκηνοπηγίας
And Moses commanded them on that day, saying, 'After seven years, at the time of the year of release, at the Feast of Booths,
Moses commands the septennial public reading. The triple temporal specification — μετὰ ἑπτὰ ἔτη / ἐν καιρῷ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἀφέσεως / ἐν ἑορτῇ σκηνοπηγίας — fixes the reading to the Sabbatical year of release (Deut 15:1–2) at the autumn Feast of Booths, when all Israel gathers; the participle λέγων introduces the ordinance that runs through vv. 11–13.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (issuing the ordinance)→ constative aorist (single act of command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; deponent; renders צִוָּה; the aorist introduces the septennial-reading ordinance; the recurring verb of authoritative charge in the chapter (vv. 5, 10, 14, 23, 25, 29).
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the priests and elders)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: refers to the custodians of the law in v. 9; they receive the reading-command.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the lawgiver issuing the ordinance.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on that day')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: temporal 'on / in'; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that day') dates the command to the same day as the writing.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when: 'on that day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the deictic 'that day' ties the ordinance to the moment of the law's deposit.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the remote demonstrative; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ recurs at vv. 17, 18 (the day of judgment), giving 'day' a double resonance in the chapter.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: the participle λέγων ('saying') renders the Hebrew לֵאמֹר, the standard marker introducing the content of a command or oath; here it opens the ordinance of vv. 10–13.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal: 'after seven years')→ spatial or relational framingμετά: 'after'; μετὰ ἑπτὰ ἔτη ('after seven years') sets the septennial rhythm of the reading.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; renders שֶׁבַע; the seven-year cycle is the Sabbatical rhythm of release (Deut 15:1).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of time (extent: 'seven years')→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the accusative plural with μετά marks the interval after which the reading recurs.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: temporal 'at'; ἐν καιρῷ ('at the time/season') specifies the appointed occasion.
καιρῷtime / seasonDativedative of time (the appointed season)→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / appointed season / occasion'; renders מוֹעֵד / עֵת; not mere chronology (χρόνος) but the fixed liturgical occasion — here the year of release at the festival.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive (with καιρῷ: 'the time of the year')→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year / annual cycle'; renders שָׁנָה; the genitive specifies which καιρός — the year of release; ἐνιαυτός often denotes a full cyclical year.
ἀφέσεωςof release / remissionGenitivegenitive of definition ('year of release')→ relational specificationἄφεσις: 'release / remission / letting-go'; renders שְׁמִטָּה ('release'); ἐνιαυτὸς ἀφέσεως is the Sabbatical year of debt-remission (Deut 15:1–11); the same noun ἄφεσις later carries the NT sense 'forgiveness (of sins).'
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at the feast')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: temporal 'at'; ἐν ἑορτῇ σκηνοπηγίας locates the reading at the autumn festival.
ἑορτῇfeastDativedative of time (the festival occasion)→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders חַג; the appointed pilgrimage feast at which all Israel gathers — the natural occasion for a national reading.
σκηνοπηγίαςof Booths / TabernaclesGenitivegenitive of definition ('feast of Booths')→ relational specificationσκηνοπηγία: 'pitching of tents / Feast of Booths (Tabernacles)'; renders חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת; the autumn ingathering festival (Lev 23:33–43; Deut 16:13–15); the septennial Torah-reading at Booths is the great public renewal of the covenant before the whole nation.
11
ἐν τῷ συμπορεύεσθαι πάντα Ισραηλ ὀφθῆναι ἐνώπιον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ᾧ ἂν ἐκλέξηται κύριος ἀναγνώσεσθε τὸν νόμον τοῦτον ἐναντίον παντὸς Ισραηλ εἰς τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν
when all Israel gathers to appear before the LORD your God in the place which the LORD will choose, you shall read this law before all Israel in their hearing.
The articular infinitive ἐν τῷ συμπορεύεσθαι ('when … gathers') sets the festal-pilgrimage frame: all Israel comes to appear (ὀφθῆναι) before the LORD at the chosen place — the Deuteronomic 'place which the LORD will choose' (ὁ τόπος ὃν ἐκλέξεται). The main command is ἀναγνώσεσθε ('you shall read'), with εἰς τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν ('in their hearing') stressing oral proclamation to the gathered people.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal frame)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: with the articular infinitive τῷ συμπορεύεσθαι forms a temporal clause ('when … gathers'), a common LXX rendering of the Hebrew infinitive construct with בְּ.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the infinitive συμπορεύεσθαι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμπορεύεσθαιto gather / come togetherPres Mid Infin · συμπορεύομαιarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when all Israel gathers')→ imperfective infinitive (the assembling process)συμπορεύομαι: 'come together / assemble / journey together'; the same verb as in v. 8 (of the LORD with Joshua), here of all Israel converging on the sanctuary for the festival; the συν- prefix stresses the corporate gathering.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (subject-accusative of the infinitive)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the accusative πάντα is the subject of the infinitive συμπορεύεσθαι ('all Israel to gather'); emphasizes the totality of the assembly.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject-accusative of the infinitive (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here functioning as the accusative subject of συμπορεύεσθαι — the whole nation gathers.
ὀφθῆναιto appear / be seenAor Pass Infin · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose (purpose of gathering)→ aorist infinitive (the act of appearing)ὁράω (aor. pass. ὀφθῆναι): 'be seen / appear'; the passive 'to appear/present oneself' renders לֵרָאוֹת, the technical term for the pilgrimage obligation to 'appear before the LORD' (Exod 23:17; Deut 16:16); the gathering's purpose is cultic presentation at the sanctuary.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the cultic 'before the LORD' marks the sanctuary as the place of divine presence.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the one before whom Israel appears.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitiveappositional genitive (κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant formula 'the LORD your God' in the genitive after ἐνώπιον.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεοῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): the singular 'your' within the plural-addressed ordinance, characteristic Deuteronomic shift.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (locative: 'in the place')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: locative 'in / at'; introduces the chosen-place formula.
τῷtheDativearticle (with τόπῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; renders מָקוֹם; ὁ τόπος ὃν ἐκλέξεται κύριος ('the place which the LORD will choose') is the central Deuteronomic formula for the single legitimate sanctuary (Deut 12:5, 11, 14; 16:16).
ᾧwhichDativerelative pronoun (with ἂν ἐκλέξηται)→ participant reference or interestὅς: the relative ᾧ (dat. by attraction to τόπῳ) introduces the indefinite relative clause with ἄν + subjunctive.
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive: indefinite relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle marking the relative clause as indefinite/future ('whichever place he will choose'); takes the subjunctive ἐκλέξηται.
ἐκλέξηταιwill chooseAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (future/indefinite divine choice)ἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / select / elect'; deponent; renders בָּחַר; the LORD's choice of the sanctuary-place is a key Deuteronomic theme; the subjunctive with ἄν leaves the place open at the time of the command (later identified with Jerusalem).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐκλέξηται→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the chooser of the sanctuary.
ἀναγνώσεσθεyou shall readFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἀναγινώσκωmain verb (the central command of the ordinance)→ imperatival future (the standing command to read)ἀναγινώσκω: 'read / read aloud / recognize'; renders קָרָא ('call out / read'); the future ἀναγνώσεσθε functions as a standing command; public reading of the Torah is the heart of the septennial ordinance and the root of the synagogue-reading tradition.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with νόμον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμονlawAccusativedirect object of ἀναγνώσεσθε→ object specificationνόμος: 'law'; the written Torah of v. 9; τὸν νόμον τοῦτον ('this law') is the object of the public reading.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with νόμον)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this law' — the same Deuteronomic Torah, now to be read aloud every seventh year.
ἐναντίονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the reading is done publicly 'before all Israel.'
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the genitive modifies Ισραηλ; the whole nation hears the law.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive object of ἐναντίον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the assembled nation as the audience.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the ears')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with τὰ ὦτα forms the Hebraism εἰς τὰ ὦτα ('into the ears of'), denoting oral proclamation directly to the hearers.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὦτα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'in their hearing')→ object specificationοὖς (pl. ὦτα): 'ear'; εἰς τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν ('in their ears/hearing') renders בְּאָזְנֵיהֶם; stresses that the law is heard, not merely possessed; the same idiom recurs at vv. 28, 30.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὦτα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to all Israel; the people whose ears receive the read law.
12
ἐκκλησιάσας τὸν λαόν τοὺς ἄνδρας καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας καὶ τὰ ἔκγονα καὶ τὸν προσήλυτον τὸν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ὑμῶν ἵνα ἀκούσωσιν καὶ ἵνα μάθωσιν φοβεῖσθαι κύριον τὸν θεὸν ὑμῶν καὶ ἀκούσονται ποιεῖν πάντας τοὺς λόγους τοῦ νόμου τούτου
Having assembled the people — the men and the women and the children and the resident alien who is in your cities — that they may hear and that they may learn to fear the LORD your God, and they shall give heed to do all the words of this law;
The aorist participle ἐκκλησιάσας ('having assembled') specifies the comprehensive audience: men, women, children, and the resident alien (προσήλυτος) — none excluded. Two ἵνα-clauses give the purpose: hearing (ἀκούσωσιν) and learning to fear the LORD (μάθωσιν φοβεῖσθαι); the closing ἀκούσονται ποιεῖν binds hearing to doing — the law is heard in order to be obeyed.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
ἐκκλησιάσαςhaving assembledAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἐκκλησιάζωcircumstantial participle (means/attendant: 'assembling')→ antecedent aorist participle (the gathering preceding the reading)ἐκκλησιάζω: 'summon to assembly / convene'; from ἐκκλησία ('assembly'); renders הִקְהִיל; the participle describes the convening of the whole people for the reading; cognate with ἐκκλησία, the LXX/NT word for the gathered congregation; the imperatival sense ('assemble!') is carried by the participle dependent on ἀναγνώσεσθε (v. 11).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect object of ἐκκλησιάσας→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; the collective object of the assembling, then itemized into its constituent groups.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄνδρας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativeaccusative in apposition to λαόν (first group)→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): 'man / male'; renders אִישׁ / אֲנָשִׁים; the first of four groups itemizing the whole assembly — adult men.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with γυναῖκας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαςwomenAccusativeaccusative in apposition to λαόν (second group)→ object specificationγυνή (acc. pl. γυναῖκας): 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה / נָשִׁים; the explicit inclusion of women in the Torah-hearing assembly is significant — the covenant law is for the whole people, not only adult males.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἔκγονα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔκγοναchildren / offspringAccusativeaccusative in apposition to λαόν (third group)→ object specificationἔκγονον: 'offspring / descendant / child'; renders טַף ('little ones'); the children are included so that the rising generation may learn the law (cf. v. 13); the literal sense is 'those born from.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with προσήλυτον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσήλυτονresident alien / proselyteAccusativeaccusative in apposition to λαόν (fourth group)→ object specificationπροσήλυτος: 'resident alien / newcomer / proselyte'; renders גֵּר ('sojourner'); a LXX coinage (lit. 'one who has come to'); the inclusion of the non-Israelite resident in the Torah-hearing anticipates the later sense 'proselyte / convert.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with the prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in your cities')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: locative; the attributive phrase τὸν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ('the one in your cities') specifies the resident alien dwelling among Israel.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with πόλεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. pl. πόλεσιν): 'city / town'; renders עִיר / שַׁעַר ('gate'); the resident alien dwelling 'in your cities' is part of the covenant community gathered for the reading.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πόλεσιν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the plural 'your'; the cities belong to Israel, but the alien dwells in them and shares in the law.
ἵναthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the first purpose clause of the reading — hearing.
ἀκούσωσινthey may hearAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀκούωverb of purpose clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (come to hear)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen / heed'; renders שָׁמַע; the first purpose of the assembly — that all may hear the law read; in Deuteronomy 'hearing' (שְׁמַע) is the root of covenant obedience.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining purpose clauses)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναthat / so thatpurpose conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: introduces the second purpose clause — learning to fear.
μάθωσινthey may learnAor Act Subj 3 Pl · μανθάνωverb of purpose clause (with complementary infinitive)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (come to learn)μανθάνω: 'learn'; renders לָמַד; the second purpose — learning, which in Deuteronomy is inseparable from doing; μανθάνω φοβεῖσθαι ('learn to fear') makes reverence the goal of instruction.
φοβεῖσθαιto fearPres Mid Infin · φοβέομαιcomplementary infinitive (with μάθωσιν)→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing reverence)φοβέομαι: 'fear / reverence'; here the 'fear of the LORD' (יִרְאַת יהוה) — reverent covenant loyalty, not terror; the present infinitive marks it as a settled, ongoing disposition to be learned.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of φοβεῖσθαι→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the object of reverent fear.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θεὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodAccusativeappositional noun (κύριον τὸν θεὸν ὑμῶν)→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant formula 'the LORD your God' as object of fear.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the plural 'your.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούσονταιthey shall give heedFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (resulting obedience)→ predictive future (the intended outcome: heeding)ἀκούω (fut. mid. ἀκούσονται): 'hear / give heed / obey'; the future here carries the result of the reading — the people will heed (and so do) the law; the shift from subjunctive (purpose) to future indicative marks the expected obedient outcome.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Infin · ποιέωcomplementary/epexegetic infinitive (with ἀκούσονται: 'heed to do')→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing performance)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; the infinitive ποιεῖν makes obedient practice the goal of hearing — to hear the law is to do it; the present aspect marks continual keeping.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with λόγους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole of the law's words are to be done — total obedience.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λόγους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; πάντας τοὺς λόγους τοῦ νόμου ('all the words of the law') is the object of obedience; the same phrase frames the chapter (vv. 1, 12, 28).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with νόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of content ('words of the law')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; the Torah whose words are to be heard and done.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with νόμου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this law' — the Deuteronomic Torah read at the festival.
13
καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτῶν οἳ οὐκ οἴδασιν ἀκούσονται καὶ μαθήσονται φοβεῖσθαι κύριον τὸν θεὸν ὑμῶν πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ὅσας αὐτοὶ ζῶσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς εἰς ἣν ὑμεῖς διαβαίνετε τὸν Ιορδάνην ἐκεῖ κληρονομῆσαι αὐτήν
and their children, who do not know, shall hear and shall learn to fear the LORD your God all the days that they live upon the land into which you are crossing the Jordan, there to inherit it.
The septennial reading targets the rising generation, οἱ υἱοὶ … οἳ οὐκ οἴδασιν ('the children who do not know'): they too will hear and learn the fear of the LORD all their days in the land. The closing infinitive κληρονομῆσαι ('to inherit') ties covenant fidelity to continued possession of the land Israel is about to cross into.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶchildren / sonsNominativesubject (of ἀκούσονται)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son / child'; here the rising generation born after the wilderness, who have not themselves witnessed the law's giving.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱοὶ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to the assembled people of v. 12; their offspring are the focus.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of οἴδασιν)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative introduces the descriptive clause 'who do not know.'
οὐκnotnegative particle (with οἴδασιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negation of οἴδασιν.
οἴδασινthey knowPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · οἶδαverb of relative clause (present-sense perfect)→ stative perfect (present knowledge: 'do not know')οἶδα: 'know'; defective perfect with present meaning; renders יָדַע; 'who do not know' = the children who have not yet learned the law; the reading remedies this ignorance, transmitting the covenant to the next generation.
ἀκούσονταιshall hearFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (the children's hearing)→ predictive future (assured generational hearing)ἀκούω: 'hear / heed'; the future asserts that the next generation too will hear the law at the septennial reading.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μαθήσονταιshall learnFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · μανθάνωmain verb (with complementary infinitive)→ predictive future (assured generational learning)μανθάνω (fut. mid. μαθήσονται): 'learn'; the future of generational transmission — the children will learn the fear of the LORD as their parents did (v. 12).
φοβεῖσθαιto fearPres Mid Infin · φοβέομαιcomplementary infinitive (with μαθήσονται)→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing reverence)φοβέομαι: 'fear / reverence'; the 'fear of the LORD' to be learned and held lifelong; the present aspect marks an enduring disposition.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of φοβεῖσθαι→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the object of reverent fear.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θεὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodAccusativeappositional noun (κύριον τὸν θεὸν ὑμῶν)→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant formula 'the LORD your God.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεὸν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the plural 'your.'
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') marks lifelong duration.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of duration; the fear of the LORD is to be lifelong.
ὅσαςas many asAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative with ἡμέρας)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as / as long as'; the correlative ὅσας ἡμέρας ('all the days that') quantifies the whole lifespan in the land.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic, of ζῶσιν)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: the children, the subject of ζῶσιν; the emphatic pronoun underlines that their own lives are in view.
ζῶσινthey livePres Act Subj 3 Pl · ζάωverb of relative-temporal clause→ imperfective present subjunctive (the duration of life)ζάω: 'live / be alive'; the subjunctive ζῶσιν in the indefinite relative clause ('as long as they live') marks the whole span of life in the land as the time of covenant fidelity.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (location: 'upon the land')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: 'upon / on'; ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ('upon the land') locates the life of covenant obedience in the promised land.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (location)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land where Israel will live; covenant fidelity is bound to life in the land.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction, with the relative)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; with the relative ἣν marks the land as the goal of the crossing.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἰς; antecedent γῆς)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative refers back to the land; 'into which you are crossing.'
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic, of διαβαίνετε)→ participant referenceσύ (nom. pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic 'you' — the present generation that will actually cross, in contrast to Moses who may not (v. 2).
διαβαίνετεare crossingPres Act Indic 2 Pl · διαβαίνωmain verb of relative clause (imminent crossing)→ futuristic present (the imminent crossing as good as underway)διαβαίνω: 'cross over'; the present διαβαίνετε ('you are crossing') views the imminent Jordan-crossing as virtually in progress; the same verb denied to Moses (διαβήσῃ, v. 2) is here granted to the people.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιορδάνην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativedirect object of διαβαίνετε→ object specificationΙορδάνης (acc. Ιορδάνην): the river-boundary the people will cross to enter the land.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders the resumptive Hebrew שָׁם; pleonastically resumes the relative 'into which … there,' a Hebraism (cf. v. 16); marks the land as the place of inheritance.
κληρονομῆσαιto inheritAor Act Infin · κληρονομέωinfinitive of purpose ('to inherit it')→ aorist infinitive (the act of taking possession)κληρονομέω: 'inherit / take possession of'; renders יָרַשׁ; the infinitive of purpose — the crossing is in order to inherit the land; covenant fidelity (vv. 12–13) is the condition of secure inheritance.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of κληρονομῆσαι (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to τὴν γῆν; the land is the inheritance to be possessed.
14
καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν ἰδοὺ ἠγγίκασιν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ θανάτου σου κάλεσον Ἰησοῦν καὶ στῆτε παρὰ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ ἐντελοῦμαι αὐτῷ καὶ ἐπορεύθη Μωυσῆς καὶ Ἰησοῦς εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ ἔστησαν παρὰ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου
And the LORD said to Moses, 'Behold, the days of your death have drawn near; call Joshua, and stand at the doors of the tent of witness, and I will give him a charge.' And Moses and Joshua went into the tent of witness, and they stood at the doors of the tent of witness.
The LORD announces Moses' imminent death (ἠγγίκασιν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ θανάτου σου) and summons both leaders to the σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('tent of witness') for Joshua's divine commissioning (ἐντελοῦμαι αὐτῷ). The 'tent of witness' (μαρτύριον) introduces the chapter's witness-theme that culminates in the Song (vv. 19, 21) and the Book (v. 26).
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: introduces new direct YHWH-speech; the formula εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν recurs at v. 16, structuring the tent-of-witness scene.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine speaker who summons Moses and Joshua.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς (acc. Μωυσῆν): the recipient of the divine summons.
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the attention-marker introduces the solemn announcement of Moses' approaching death; frozen aorist imperative of εἶδον, indeclinable in function.
ἠγγίκασινhave drawn nearPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐγγίζωmain verb (announcement of imminent death)→ resultative perfect (the days have come near and so now stand near)ἐγγίζω: 'draw near / approach'; renders קָרַב / נָגַשׁ; the perfect ἠγγίκασιν stresses the present nearness resulting from the approach — 'the days of your death have arrived'; the same verb-root underlies NT 'the kingdom has drawn near.'
αἱtheNominativearticle (with ἡμέραι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of ἠγγίκασιν→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ θανάτου ('the days of [your] death') is a Hebraism (יְמֵי מוֹת) for the time of dying.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with θανάτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θανάτουdeathGenitivegenitive of definition ('days of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: 'death'; renders מָוֶת; Moses' death is now imminent — the motive for the succession and the deposits of this chapter (cf. vv. 16, 27, 29 on what follows his death).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θανάτου)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): Moses' own death.
κάλεσονcallAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καλέωmain verb (divine imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (summon Joshua)καλέω: 'call / summon'; the aorist imperative κάλεσον commands Moses to summon Joshua for the commissioning; echoes Moses' own ἐκάλεσεν of Joshua at v. 7.
ἸησοῦνJoshuaAccusativedirect object of κάλεσον→ object specificationἸησοῦς (acc. Ἰησοῦν): the one to be summoned for the divine commissioning at v. 23.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στῆτεstandAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (imperative to both)→ ingressive aorist imperative (take your stand)ἵστημι (intr. aor. στῆτε): 'stand / take one's stand'; the plural imperative addresses Moses and Joshua together; they are to present themselves at the tent for the commissioning; the same root recurs (ἔστησαν, ἔστη) in vv. 14–15.
παρὰat / besidepreposition + accusative (position: 'at the doors')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'beside / at'; παρὰ τὰς θύρας ('at the doors') marks the threshold of the tent as the place of encounter.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with θύρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoorsAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (position)→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; renders פֶּתַח ('opening'); the tent's entrance is where the LORD will descend in the cloud (v. 15) to deliver the charge.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with σκηνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (with θύρας: 'doors of the tent')→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל; ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ('the tent of witness') is the LXX's standard rendering of אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד ('tent of meeting'), reading מוֹעֵד as if from עֵד ('witness').
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitness / testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition ('tent of witness')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness / testimony'; renders מוֹעֵד here taken as עֵדוּת ('testimony'); the σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου opens the chapter's witness-theme — the tent of witness, then the Song as witness (vv. 19, 21), then the Book as witness (v. 26).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐντελοῦμαιI will chargeFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (divine promise of commissioning)→ predictive future (the coming charge to Joshua)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; the future ἐντελοῦμαι αὐτῷ ('I will give him a charge') announces the LORD's own commissioning of Joshua, fulfilled at v. 23; the divine charge supplements Moses' charge of v. 7.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object of ἐντελοῦμαι (Joshua)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: Joshua, the one to be charged by the LORD.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming narration)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (narrative: the two go to the tent)→ constative aorist (completed movement)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; deponent (aor. pass. ἐπορεύθη); the singular verb with compound subject (Μωυσῆς καὶ Ἰησοῦς) is a common Greek construction agreeing with the first/nearer subject; the obedient response to the summons.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject (first of compound subject)→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the first subject; obeys the summons to the tent.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining subjects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἸησοῦςJoshuaNominativesubject (second of compound subject)→ participant prominenceἸησοῦς: the second subject; the successor accompanies Moses to the tent for his commissioning.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; marks the tent as the destination.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σκηνὴν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent'; the tent of witness as destination.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitness / testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition ('tent of witness')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness'; the repeated full title σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου underscores the tent's role as the place of the divine witness-encounter.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανstoodAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (the two take their stand)→ constative aorist (completed positioning)ἵστημι (intr. aor. ἔστησαν): 'stood / took their stand'; the plural fulfils the imperative στῆτε; Moses and Joshua present themselves at the tent's entrance, awaiting the LORD's descent (v. 15).
παρὰat / besidepreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'at / beside'; the position at the tent's doors.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with θύρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoorsAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; the threshold where they await the theophany.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with σκηνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (with θύρας)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent'; the tent of witness, now the locus of the theophany.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitness / testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition ('tent of witness')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness'; the threefold repetition of σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου in vv. 14–15 hammers the witness-motif into the scene of the commissioning and apostasy-prediction.
15
καὶ κατέβη κύριος ἐν νεφέλῃ καὶ ἔστη παρὰ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου καὶ ἔστη ὁ στῦλος τῆς νεφέλης παρὰ τὰς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς
And the LORD came down in a cloud and stood at the doors of the tent of witness, and the pillar of cloud stood at the doors of the tent.
The LORD's descent ἐν νεφέλῃ ('in a cloud') and the standing of the ὁ στῦλος τῆς νεφέλης ('the pillar of the cloud') at the tent-door mark the theophanic presence that authorizes the coming charge and prophecy (cf. Exod 33:9–10; Num 12:5). The repeated ἔστη ('stood') links the LORD's standing with the leaders' standing in v. 14.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηcame downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (the theophanic descent)→ constative aorist (completed descent)καταβαίνω: 'come down / descend'; renders יָרַד; the LORD's descent in the cloud is the standard theophany-formula (cf. Exod 19:18; 34:5); the κατα- prefix marks the divine condescension to the tent.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the one who descends in the cloud.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/manner: 'in a cloud')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in'; ἐν νεφέλῃ ('in a cloud') marks the mode of the theophanic presence — the LORD veiled in cloud.
νεφέλῃcloudDativedative object of ἐν (means/manner)→ sphere or referenceνεφέλη: 'cloud'; renders עָנָן; the cloud is the visible vehicle of the divine presence throughout the wilderness (Exod 13:21; 40:34–38); here it descends for the commissioning.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the LORD takes his position)→ constative aorist (completed positioning)ἵστημι (intr. aor. ἔστη): 'stood'; the LORD takes his stand at the tent-door opposite the two leaders who stood there (v. 14); the parallel standings frame the divine-human encounter.
παρὰatpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'at / beside'; the divine standing-place at the tent-door.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with θύρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoorsAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; the tent-door as the locus of the theophany.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with σκηνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (with θύρας)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent'; the tent of witness.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with μαρτυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουwitness / testimonyGenitivegenitive of definition ('tent of witness')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness'; the divine presence stands at the door of the tent of witness — the witness-motif now infused with theophany.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the cloud-pillar takes position)→ constative aorist (completed positioning)ἵστημι (intr. aor. ἔστη): the repeated 'stood' now of the cloud-pillar; the visible sign of the LORD's presence settles at the entrance.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with στῦλος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στῦλοςpillarNominativesubject of the second ἔστη→ participant prominenceστῦλος: 'pillar / column'; renders עַמּוּד; ὁ στῦλος τῆς νεφέλης ('the pillar of cloud') is the wilderness guidance-sign (Exod 13:21–22); its standing at the door visibly marks the divine presence for the people to see.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with νεφέλης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληςcloudGenitivegenitive of composition ('pillar of cloud')→ relational specificationνεφέλη: 'cloud'; the pillar consists of the cloud; the genitive specifies the substance of the visible sign.
παρὰatpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'at / beside'; the standing-place of the cloud-pillar.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with θύρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύραςdoorsAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; the tent-door where the cloud-pillar settles.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with σκηνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (with θύρας)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent'; here without the full epithet — simply 'the tent' — the cloud settling at its entrance completes the theophany before the prophecy of vv. 16–21.
16
καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν ἰδοὺ σὺ κοιμᾷ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων σου καὶ ἀναστὰς ὁ λαὸς οὗτος ἐκπορνεύσει ὀπίσω θεῶν ἀλλοτρίων τῆς γῆς εἰς ἣν οὗτος εἰσπορεύεται ἐκεῖ εἰς αὐτήν καὶ ἐγκαταλείψουσίν με καὶ διασκεδάσουσιν τὴν διαθήκην μου ἣν διεθέμην αὐτοῖς
And the LORD said to Moses, 'Behold, you are about to lie down with your fathers, and this people will rise up and go whoring after foreign gods of the land into which it is entering, there into it, and they will forsake me and break my covenant which I made with them.
The LORD foretells the apostasy: after Moses 'lies down with his fathers' (κοιμᾷ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων), the people will ἐκπορνεύσει ὀπίσω θεῶν ἀλλοτρίων ('go whoring after foreign gods'), forsaking him (ἐγκαταλείψουσίν με — the verb of the v. 6/8 pledge now turned against him) and breaking (διασκεδάσουσιν) his covenant. This dark prophecy is the motive for the Song-as-witness (vv. 19–21).
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: introduces the LORD's prophecy of apostasy from within the cloud-theophany.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine speaker.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς (acc. Μωυσῆν): the recipient of the prophecy.
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; introduces the solemn double announcement — Moses' death and Israel's apostasy.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic 'you'; foregrounds Moses' impending death, set in contrast with 'this people' who will rise.
κοιμᾷare about to lie down / sleepPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (euphemism for death)→ futuristic present (imminent death as good as present)κοιμάομαι: 'lie down / fall asleep / sleep (in death)'; renders שָׁכַב; the idiom κοιμᾶσθαι μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('sleep with one's fathers') is the standard euphemism for death (cf. Gen 47:30; 2 Sam 7:12); the present tense conveys imminence.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: 'with'; μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('with your fathers') completes the death-euphemism — joining the ancestors in death.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father'; the ancestors with whom Moses will rest in death.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): Moses' own fathers.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (turning to the apostasy)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναστὰςrising upAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἀνίστημιcircumstantial participle (with ὁ λαός: 'this people, rising up')→ antecedent aorist participle (the act preceding the apostasy)ἀνίστημι (intr. aor. ptc. ἀναστάς): 'rise up / stand up'; here idiomatically 'proceed to / set about' — the participle ἀναστάς ('rising up') often introduces the next decisive action (a Hebraism with קוּם); 'this people will rise up and go whoring.'
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λαὸς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐκπορνεύσει→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; ὁ λαὸς οὗτος ('this people') — the very nation Moses has led; the demonstrative carries a note of foreboding.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (with λαὸς)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this people' — pointedly the same people whose faithfulness the law sought to secure (vv. 12–13), now foretold to apostatize.
ἐκπορνεύσειwill go whoringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπορνεύωmain verb (the apostasy)→ predictive future (foretold apostasy)ἐκπορνεύω: 'play the harlot / go whoring after'; the compound ἐκ- intensifies πορνεύω; renders זָנָה ('commit fornication / be unfaithful'); the marriage-metaphor casts idolatry as covenantal adultery — Israel 'whoring after' other gods (cf. Hos 1–3); the singular agrees with the collective λαός.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (direction: 'after')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; the idiom ἐκπορνεύω ὀπίσω ('go whoring after') marks the pursuit of foreign gods as faithless following.
θεῶνgodsGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationθεός (gen. pl. θεῶν): 'god'; θεοὶ ἀλλότριοι ('foreign gods') renders אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים / נֵכָר; the gods of the Canaanite land, the objects of the foretold apostasy.
ἀλλοτρίωνforeign / strangeGenitiveattributive adjective (with θεῶν)→ relational specificationἀλλότριος: 'belonging to another / foreign / alien'; renders נֵכָר / אַחֵר; the 'foreign gods' are alien to the covenant — not Israel's God; the term stresses their otherness.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of relationship ('gods of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the gods 'of the land' into which Israel enters — the very land of promise becomes the place of temptation.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction, with relative)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; with the relative ἣν marks the land as the place of entry.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἰς; antecedent γῆς)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative refers to the land of the foreign gods.
οὗτοςit / this oneNominativesubject (of εἰσπορεύεται; resuming ὁ λαός)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this (people)'; the demonstrative resumes ὁ λαὸς οὗτος as the subject of 'is entering.'
εἰσπορεύεταιis enteringPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb of relative clause→ futuristic present (the imminent entry)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter'; the present 'is entering' views the imminent entry into the land as in progress; the same root as Moses' lost capacity in v. 2.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive Hebraism)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; resumptive, renders the Hebrew שָׁמָּה; pleonastic with the relative 'into which … there into it,' a Hebraism heaping locatives (cf. v. 13).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (resumptive: 'into it')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; the resumptive εἰς αὐτήν redundantly restates the goal — a Hebraizing pleonasm.
αὐτήνitAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (resumptive: the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to τὴν γῆν; the resumptive pronoun completes the Hebraic locative pile-up.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκαταλείψουσίνthey will forsakeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (the apostasy as forsaking)→ predictive future (foretold abandonment)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'forsake / abandon'; the very verb of the LORD's pledge never to forsake Israel (vv. 6, 8) is now turned against him — the people 'will forsake me'; the tragic inversion is deliberate: the faithful God will be abandoned by the faithless people.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐγκαταλείψουσιν (the LORD)→ participant referenceἐγώ (encl. acc. με): the LORD himself, forsaken by his people — the object of the apostasy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διασκεδάσουσινthey will break / annulFut Act Indic 3 Pl · διασκεδάννυμιmain verb (breaking the covenant)→ predictive future (foretold covenant-breaking)διασκεδάννυμι: 'scatter / disperse / break up / annul'; renders הֵפֵר ('break / annul'); διασκεδάζω τὴν διαθήκην ('break the covenant') is the standard LXX idiom for covenant-violation (cf. v. 20; Lev 26:15); the dispersive image suits the shattering of the covenant bond.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of διασκεδάσουσιν→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; the covenant Israel will break is the same one housed in the ark (v. 9); the covenant-keyword binds the chapter's themes of fidelity and betrayal.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with διαθήκην)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): 'my covenant' — the LORD's own covenant, broken by the people.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of διεθέμην)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative introduces the clause describing the covenant the LORD made.
διεθέμηνI made / establishedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · διατίθημιverb of relative clause (the covenant-making)→ constative aorist (the established covenant)διατίθημι (mid. διατίθεμαι): 'arrange / dispose / make (a covenant)'; the middle διαθέσθαι διαθήκην ('make a covenant') renders כָּרַת בְּרִית ('cut a covenant'); cognate with διαθήκη; the aorist refers to the covenant already established at Horeb/Moab.
αὐτοῖςwith themDativedative (covenant-partner: 'with them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the people with whom the LORD made the covenant; the dative marks the covenant-partners now foretold to break it.
17
καὶ ὀργισθήσομαι θυμῷ εἰς αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ καὶ καταλείψω αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ ἔσται κατάβρωμα καὶ εὑρήσουσιν αὐτὸν κακὰ πολλὰ καὶ θλίψεις καὶ ἐρεῖ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ διότι οὐκ ἔστιν κύριος ὁ θεός μου ἐν ἐμοί εὕροσάν με τὰ κακὰ ταῦτα
And I will be angry with wrath against them in that day, and I will forsake them and turn away my face from them, and it will become food for devouring, and many evils and afflictions will find it; and it will say in that day, 'Is it not because the LORD my God is not among me that these evils have found me?'
The LORD's judgment answers the apostasy of v. 16: wrath (ὀργισθήσομαι θυμῷ — cognate dative intensifier), abandonment (καταλείψω), and the turning away of his face (ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου) — the dark counterpart to ὁ προπορευόμενος πρὸ προσώπου of v. 3. The people's belated recognition (οὐκ ἔστιν … ὁ θεός μου ἐν ἐμοί) frames their suffering as the consequence of the LORD's absence.
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀργισθήσομαιI will be angryFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · ὀργίζωmain verb (divine wrath)→ predictive future (the coming wrath)ὀργίζω (pass. ὀργίζομαι): 'be angry / be provoked to wrath'; renders חָרָה אַף ('the nose/anger burns'); with the cognate dative θυμῷ ('with wrath') it intensifies — 'I will be furiously angry'; the divine wrath answers the covenant-breaking of v. 16.
θυμῷwith wrathDativecognate/instrumental dative (intensifying ὀργισθήσομαι)→ sphere or referenceθυμός: 'anger / wrath / passion'; renders אַף / חֵמָה; the dative θυμῷ is a Hebraizing intensifier (cf. the infinitive-absolute idiom) — 'be angry with anger' = burn with fury; θυμός and ὀργή are the standard LXX wrath-pair.
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against them')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'against'; here marks the object of the wrath — the apostate people.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the people)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the apostate people, the object of the divine wrath.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in that day')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: temporal; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('in that day') now denotes the day of judgment, darkly echoing the same phrase used of the festal reading-day (v. 10).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (the day of wrath)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; here the day of reckoning when the LORD's wrath falls.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the day of judgment foretold; the recurrence of ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ (vv. 17, 18) hammers the certainty of the coming reckoning.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταλείψωI will forsake / abandonFut Act Indic 1 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (divine abandonment)→ predictive future (the coming abandonment)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / forsake / abandon'; renders עָזַב; the LORD's abandonment mirrors the people's forsaking (ἐγκαταλείψουσίν με, v. 16) — measure for measure; the simplex καταλείπω here parallels the compound ἐγκαταλείπω of the pledge (vv. 6, 8).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of καταλείψω→ participant referenceαὐτός: the people, now abandoned in turn.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστρέψωI will turn awayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (hiding the face)→ predictive future (the coming hiding of the face)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn away / turn back'; renders הִסְתִּיר ('hide') / שׁוּב; ἀποστρέφω τὸ πρόσωπον ('turn away the face') is the LXX idiom for the hiding of the divine face (cf. הַסְתֵּר פָּנִים); the dark inversion of the LORD's going 'before their face' (v. 3); repeated emphatically at v. 18.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρόσωπόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect object of ἀποστρέψω→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the LORD's turning-away of his face is the withdrawal of his favorable presence; the 'face' motif (vv. 3, 5, 6) now reversed into judgment.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with πρόσωπόν)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): the LORD's own face, withdrawn from the people.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν ('from them') marks the withdrawal of the divine face away from the people.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (separation)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the people, from whom the face is hidden.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit will be / becomeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (resulting state of the people)→ predictive future (the coming condition)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'will be / become'; the subject is the people (collective, taken as singular); 'it will become food for devouring' — exposed and consumed once the divine protection is withdrawn.
κατάβρωμαfood / prey to be devouredNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceκατάβρωμα: 'something devoured / prey / food'; from καταβιβρώσκω ('devour'); renders אֲכֹל ('to be devoured'); the people, abandoned, become prey to their enemies — a vivid image of total vulnerability; a rare LXX noun.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρήσουσινwill findFut Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (evils befall the people)→ predictive future (the coming calamities)εὑρίσκω: 'find / come upon'; renders מָצָא; here 'evils will find/overtake them' — calamities personified as pursuers that catch up with the abandoned people (cf. the same idiom at the verse's end, εὕροσάν με).
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object of εὑρήσουσιν (the people, sg.)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the people taken as a singular collective ('it'); the object overtaken by the evils.
κακὰevilsNominativesubject of εὑρήσουσιν (neuter plural)→ participant prominenceκακός (n. pl. κακά): 'evil / calamity / misfortune'; renders רָעָה / רָעוֹת; the 'many evils' are the disasters of the curse (cf. Deut 28); the neuter plural subject with the plural verb εὑρήσουσιν.
πολλὰmanyNominativeattributive adjective (with κακὰ)→ participant prominenceπολύς (n. pl. πολλά): 'many'; intensifies the calamities — 'many evils.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θλίψειςafflictions / tribulationsNominativesubject (coordinate with κακὰ)→ participant prominenceθλῖψις: 'affliction / distress / tribulation'; renders צָרָה / צָרוֹת; the 'afflictions' join the 'evils' as the consequences of abandonment; θλῖψις becomes a major NT term for tribulation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖit will sayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the people's belated speech)→ predictive future (the coming lament)λέγω (fut. ἐρεῖ): 'will say'; the subject is the people (singular collective); their belated recognition of the cause of their suffering — the LORD's absence.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: temporal; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ again — the day of suffering.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the day of calamity when the people lament.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the repeated day-of-judgment formula.
διότιbecause / is it not becausecausal conjunction (introducing the people's reasoning)→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: 'because / for the reason that'; renders עַל כִּי / הֲלֹא עַל כִּי; introduces the people's own diagnosis of their plight — the calamities come because God is not among them.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἔστιν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): negation of ἔστιν — 'is not.'
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of the people's quoted reasoning→ stative present (the present absence of God)εἰμί: 'is'; the existential/locative 'is not among me' states the people's recognition that the LORD's presence has departed — the root of their calamity.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the absent God whose departure the people lament.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativeappositional noun (κύριος ὁ θεός μου)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the covenant formula 'the LORD my God' — now confessed only in his felt absence.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεός)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): the people speak in the first person singular ('my God') — the covenant intimacy now experienced as lost.
ἐνamong / inpreposition + dative (locative: 'among me')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: locative; ἐν ἐμοί ('among/in me') — the absence of the divine presence is the dark counterpart to μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν ('with you, among you') of v. 6.
ἐμοίmeDativedative object of ἐν (locative)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): the people (singular collective); the LORD is no longer 'among me' — the felt withdrawal of presence.
εὕροσάνhave found / overtakenAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb of the people's quoted reasoning→ constative aorist (the calamities that have struck)εὑρίσκω (aor. εὕροσαν, late ending for εὗρον): 'find / come upon / overtake'; the calamities 'have found me' — the same verb as εὑρήσουσιν earlier in the verse; the people recognize their disasters as the consequence of the LORD's absence; the -οσαν ending is a Koine/LXX alternative aorist termination.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of εὕροσάν (the people, sg.)→ participant referenceἐγώ (encl. acc. με): the people as object overtaken by the evils.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with κακὰ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακὰevilsNominativesubject of εὕροσάν→ participant prominenceκακός (n. pl. κακά): 'evils / calamities'; the disasters that have overtaken the people, recognized as judgment.
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative adjective (with κακὰ)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'these evils' — the very calamities the people now suffer and at last trace to the LORD's absence.
18
ἐγὼ δὲ ἀποστροφῇ ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ διὰ πάσας τὰς κακίας ἃς ἐποίησαν ὅτι ἐπέστρεψαν ἐπὶ θεοὺς ἀλλοτρίους
But I will surely turn away my face from them in that day, because of all the evils which they did, for they turned to foreign gods.
The emphatic ἐγὼ δέ ('but I') and the cognate-dative construction ἀποστροφῇ ἀποστρέψω ('I will surely turn away' — a Hebraism rendering the infinitive absolute) confirm the hiding of the face announced in v. 17. The ground is moral: διὰ πάσας τὰς κακίας ('because of all the evils') and the turning to foreign gods (ἐπέστρεψαν ἐπὶ θεοὺς ἀλλοτρίους).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' (the LORD), answering the people's 'me' of v. 17; the divine 'I' set over against the apostate people.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; marks the divine response set against the people's lament — they will recognize, but the LORD will indeed hide his face.
ἀποστροφῇwith a turning-awayDativecognate dative (Hebraism: rendering the infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceἀποστροφή: 'turning away / averting'; the cognate dative ἀποστροφῇ ἀποστρέψω renders the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute הַסְתֵּר אַסְתִּיר ('I will surely hide'); the dativus cognatus intensifies the certainty of the face-hiding (cf. ἐκβολῇ at Exod 11:1).
ἀποστρέψωI will turn awayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (with cognate dative: emphatic)→ predictive future intensified (I will surely turn away)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn away'; with the cognate ἀποστροφῇ forms the emphatic 'I will utterly turn away my face'; repeats and confirms the action of v. 17, sealing the hiding of the divine face.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρόσωπόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect object of ἀποστρέψω→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the divine face, now decisively hidden — the reversal of the LORD's leading 'before their face' (v. 3).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with πρόσωπόν)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): the LORD's own face.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν marks the withdrawal of the face from the people.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (separation)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the people from whom the face is hidden.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: temporal; the third occurrence of ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ in vv. 17–18 — the day of judgment.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the day of the hidden face.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the day of reckoning.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of / on account of'; introduces the moral ground of the hidden face — the people's evils.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with κακίας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the people's evil deeds is the cause.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with κακίας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίαςevils / wickednessesAccusativeaccusative object of διά (cause)→ object specificationκακία: 'wickedness / evil / malice'; renders רָעָה; the moral evils (as deeds) for which the LORD hides his face — distinct from κακά (the calamities) of v. 17, though etymologically kin.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative refers to the κακίας; 'the evils which they did.'
ἐποίησανthey didAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the people's deeds)→ constative aorist (the evil deeds)ποιέω: 'do / commit'; the aorist of the people's wicked deeds; the same verb that earlier expressed obedience (ποιεῖν, v. 12) now describes their evils.
ὅτιbecause / forcausal conjunction (specifying the chief evil)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the defining wickedness — the turning to foreign gods, the apostasy at the root of all the κακίας.
ἐπέστρεψανthey turnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιστρέφωverb of causal clause (the apostate turning)→ constative aorist (the act of turning to idols)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn toward / return'; renders פָּנָה / שׁוּב; ironically the verb of 'turning' that normally signals repentance (turning to the LORD) here marks apostasy — they 'turned to foreign gods'; the people's ἐπέστρεψαν answers and justifies the LORD's ἀποστρέψω.
ἐπὶto / towardpreposition + accusative (direction of the turning)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'to / toward'; marks the foreign gods as the goal of the apostate turning.
θεοὺςgodsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθεός (acc. pl. θεούς): 'god'; the foreign gods to whom the people turn; echoes θεῶν ἀλλοτρίων of v. 16.
ἀλλοτρίουςforeign / strangeAccusativeattributive adjective (with θεοὺς)→ object specificationἀλλότριος: 'foreign / alien / another's'; θεοὶ ἀλλότριοι ('foreign gods') — the alien deities of the land; the defining object of the apostasy that recurs at vv. 16, 18, 20.
19
καὶ νῦν γράψατε τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ᾠδῆς ταύτης καὶ διδάξετε αὐτὴν τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐμβαλεῖτε αὐτὴν εἰς τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν ἵνα γένηταί μοι ἡ ᾠδὴ αὕτη εἰς μαρτύριον ἐν υἱοῖς Ισραηλ
And now, write the words of this song, and you shall teach it to the sons of Israel, and you shall put it into their mouth, so that this song may become for me a witness among the sons of Israel.
καὶ νῦν ('and now') turns from prophecy to command: write the Song, teach it (διδάξετε), put it in their mouth (ἐμβαλεῖτε εἰς τὸ στόμα). The purpose is decisive: ἵνα γένηταί μοι … εἰς μαρτύριον ('that it may become for me a witness') — the Song, like the tent (v. 14) and the Book (v. 26), serves the chapter's witness-theme, here as a self-incriminating testimony the people will carry on their own lips.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transition to command)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν ('and now') is the standard Hebraic transition (וְעַתָּה) from premise/prophecy to the consequent command — here from the apostasy-prediction to the order to write the Song.
γράψατεwriteAor Act Impv 2 Pl · γράφωmain verb (imperative to Moses and Joshua)→ ingressive aorist imperative (write down)γράφω: 'write'; the plural imperative γράψατε addresses Moses (and Joshua); the command to inscribe the Song parallels the writing of the law (v. 9); the written Song becomes a permanent witness.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ῥήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwordsAccusativedirect object of γράψατε→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying'; τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ᾠδῆς ('the words of the song') is the content to be written; parallels τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ νόμου (v. 9).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ᾠδῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠδῆςsongGenitivegenitive of content ('words of the song')→ relational specificationᾠδή: 'song / ode'; renders שִׁירָה; ἡ ᾠδὴ αὕτη ('this song') is the Song of Moses (Deut 32), commanded here as a witness; the keyword of vv. 19–22, 30.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with ᾠδῆς)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this song' — the Song that follows in ch. 32, anticipated here.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διδάξετεyou shall teachFut Act Indic 2 Pl · διδάσκωmain verb (imperatival future: teaching command)→ imperatival future (the command to teach)διδάσκω: 'teach'; renders לִמֵּד; the future διδάξετε functions as a command — the Song is not merely written but taught to the people so they internalize it; double accusative (αὐτήν … τοὺς υἱούς).
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of διδάξετε (the song)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to ἡ ᾠδή; the Song is the thing taught.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱοὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative of person taught (double accusative with διδάξετε)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') are the ones taught the Song; the second accusative of the διδάσκω construction.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the people taught the Song.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμβαλεῖτεyou shall put / castFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐμβάλλωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (the command to implant)ἐμβάλλω: 'put in / cast into / implant'; renders שׂוּם בְּפִי ('put in the mouth'); ἐμβαλεῖτε εἰς τὸ στόμα ('put into their mouth') means to make the Song their own utterance — memorized and sung; the idiom of implanting a word for oral transmission.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἐμβαλεῖτε (the song)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the Song, placed in the people's mouth.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the mouth')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; marks the mouth as the destination — the Song is to dwell on their lips.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with στόμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouthAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationστόμα: 'mouth'; renders פֶּה; placing the Song 'in their mouth' makes it a self-borne witness — the people will recite the very testimony that convicts them (cf. v. 21, 'it will not be forgotten from their mouth').
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with στόμα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the people, in whose mouth the Song is placed.
ἵναso thatpurpose conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the purpose — the Song's function as a witness.
γένηταίmay becomeAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (the Song's becoming a witness)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; deponent; the subjunctive in the ἵνα-clause — the Song is to 'become a witness'; γενέσθαι εἰς ('become for/as') is a Hebraism (הָיָה לְ) for taking on a function or role.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage (the LORD)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'for me'; the Song serves as a witness 'for me' (the LORD) — testimony on the LORD's behalf against the people.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ᾠδὴ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠδὴsongNominativesubject of γένηται→ participant prominenceᾠδή: 'song'; the Song that becomes a witness; the subject of the purpose clause.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (with ᾠδὴ)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this song' — the Song of ch. 32.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicate: 'as a witness')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'as / for'; the predicative εἰς μαρτύριον ('as/for a witness') is a Hebraism (לְעֵד) marking the Song's function.
μαρτύριονwitness / testimonyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (predicative function)→ object specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness / testimony'; renders עֵד; the Song is a μαρτύριον against Israel — a standing testimony to the covenant and its sanctions; the same noun used of the tent (vv. 14–15) and the Book (v. 26), unifying the chapter's threefold witness.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (locative: 'among the sons')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'among / in'; the Song witnesses 'among the sons of Israel' — in the midst of the people themselves.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative object of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. pl. υἱοῖς): 'sons'; the people among whom the Song stands as witness.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant people among whom the Song testifies.
20
εἰσάξω γὰρ αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν ἀγαθήν ἣν ὤμοσα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν δοῦναι αὐτοῖς γῆν ῥέουσαν γάλα καὶ μέλι καὶ φάγονται καὶ ἐμπλησθέντες κορήσουσιν καὶ ἐπιστραφήσονται ἐπὶ θεοὺς ἀλλοτρίους καὶ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτοῖς καὶ παροξυνοῦσίν με καὶ διασκεδάσουσιν τὴν διαθήκην μου
For I will bring them into the good land which I swore to their fathers to give them, a land flowing with milk and honey, and they will eat and be filled and grow sated, and they will turn to foreign gods and serve them, and they will provoke me and break my covenant.
γάρ grounds the need for the witness-Song: the LORD will bring Israel into the good land (γῆν ῥέουσαν γάλα καὶ μέλι), but satiety will lead to apostasy — they will eat, be filled, grow sated (φάγονται … ἐμπλησθέντες κορήσουσιν), then turn to foreign gods, provoke (παροξυνοῦσιν) the LORD, and break the covenant (διασκεδάσουσιν, repeating v. 16). The Deuteronomic warning that prosperity breeds forgetfulness (cf. Deut 8:11–14; 32:15).
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
εἰσάξωI will bring inFut Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (divine bringing into the land)→ predictive future (certain divine act)εἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead into'; renders הֵבִיא; the LORD himself will bring Israel into the land; the same verb (εἰσάξεις) is assigned to Joshua at v. 23, binding the divine and human agency of the entry.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive, grounding the Song-command)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the command of v. 19 — the Song is needed because the coming prosperity will lead to apostasy.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of εἰσάξω→ participant referenceαὐτός: the people, brought into the land.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; marks the land as the destination.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land, here qualified as 'good' and 'flowing with milk and honey.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with ἀγαθήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθήνgoodAccusativeattributive adjective (with γῆν)→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good'; renders טוֹב; ἡ γῆ ἡ ἀγαθή ('the good land') is the Deuteronomic description of the promised land (Deut 1:35; 8:7); the land's goodness is the very soil of the coming temptation.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὤμοσα … δοῦναι)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative introduces the oath-clause (cf. v. 7).
ὤμοσαI sworeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of relative clause (the divine oath)→ constative aorist (the patriarchal oath)ὀμνύω: 'swear'; the first-person aorist ὤμοσα — the LORD himself recalls his oath to the fathers; cf. the third-person ὤμοσεν κύριος of vv. 7, 23.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativedative indirect object of ὤμοσα→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father'; the patriarchs to whom the land was sworn.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατράσιν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their fathers' — the ancestors of the present people.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Infin · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (content of the oath)→ aorist infinitive (the sworn gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; the infinitive of the oath's content — the LORD swore 'to give' the land; grace-language for the inheritance.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object of δοῦναι→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the recipients of the gift.
γῆνa landAccusativeaccusative in apposition to τὴν γῆν (the gift specified)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the appositive specifies the gift — 'a land flowing with milk and honey.'
ῥέουσανflowingPres Act Ptc Acc Fem Sg · ῥέωattributive participle (with γῆν)→ imperfective participle (continual flowing)ῥέω: 'flow / run'; the participle ῥέουσαν γάλα καὶ μέλι ('flowing with milk and honey') renders זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבָשׁ, the classic formula of the land's abundance (Exod 3:8; Lev 20:24); the accusatives γάλα and μέλι are accusatives of content/respect.
γάλαmilkAccusativeaccusative of respect/content (with ῥέουσαν)→ object specificationγάλα: 'milk'; renders חָלָב; part of the fixed merism for fertile abundance — pastoral (milk) and horticultural (honey) plenty.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέλιhoneyAccusativeaccusative of respect/content (with ῥέουσαν)→ object specificationμέλι: 'honey'; renders דְּבָשׁ; completes the 'milk and honey' formula of the land's fruitfulness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγονταιthey will eatFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (the first stage of satiety)→ predictive future (the coming eating)ἐσθίω (fut. mid. φάγονται, from suppletive ἔφαγον): 'eat'; the first of the satiety-chain (eat / be filled / grow sated); the abundance of the land sets up the danger of forgetting its Giver (cf. Deut 8:12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπλησθέντεςhaving been filledAor Pass Ptc Nom Masc Pl · ἐμπίμπλημιcircumstantial participle (with κορήσουσιν: 'being filled')→ antecedent aorist participle (the state of fullness preceding satiety)ἐμπίμπλημι (aor. pass. ἐμπλησθέντες): 'fill up / satisfy'; renders שָׂבַע; the passive participle 'having been filled' marks the second stage of the satiety-chain; the danger is that fullness breeds complacent forgetting.
κορήσουσινthey will grow satedFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κορέννυμιmain verb (the third stage of satiety)→ predictive future (the coming over-satiety)κορέννυμι: 'sate / satisfy to the full / glut'; renders דָּשֵׁן ('grow fat') or שָׂבַע; the third satiety-verb intensifies — they grow over-full, the prelude to the apostasy that follows; cf. the related theme at Deut 32:15 (Jeshurun 'grew fat and kicked').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστραφήσονταιthey will turnFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (the apostate turning)→ predictive future (the coming apostasy)ἐπιστρέφω (fut. pass. with active sense ἐπιστραφήσονται): 'turn / turn away'; renders פָּנָה; the satiety leads to turning toward foreign gods — the same apostate 'turning' as ἐπέστρεψαν in v. 18.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction of the turning)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'to / toward'; marks the foreign gods as the goal of the apostate turning.
θεοὺςgodsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθεός (acc. pl. θεούς): 'god'; the foreign gods, the recurring object of apostasy (vv. 16, 18, 20).
ἀλλοτρίουςforeign / strangeAccusativeattributive adjective (with θεοὺς)→ object specificationἀλλότριος: 'foreign / alien'; the third occurrence of θεοὶ ἀλλότριοι; the alien gods of the land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λατρεύσουσινthey will serve / worshipFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λατρεύωmain verb (cultic service of idols)→ predictive future (the coming false worship)λατρεύω: 'serve / worship (with cultic service)'; renders עָבַד; λατρεύω denotes specifically religious service/worship; the people will render to idols the cultic service owed to the LORD alone (cf. the Shema's exclusive claim).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of λατρεύσουσιν (the foreign gods)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the foreign gods, the objects of false worship; λατρεύω takes the dative of the one served.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροξυνοῦσίνthey will provokeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · παροξύνωmain verb (provocation of the LORD)→ predictive future (the coming provocation)παροξύνω: 'provoke / irritate / exasperate'; renders נִאֵץ / כָּעַס; the idolatry provokes the LORD to anger; cf. the cognate noun παροξυσμός; the theme of provoking God to jealousy runs through the Song (Deut 32:16, 21).
μεmeAccusativedirect object of παροξυνοῦσιν (the LORD)→ participant referenceἐγώ (encl. acc. με): the LORD, provoked by the people's idolatry.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διασκεδάσουσινthey will break / annulFut Act Indic 3 Pl · διασκεδάννυμιmain verb (covenant-breaking)→ predictive future (the foretold covenant-breaking)διασκεδάννυμι: 'break / annul / scatter'; the verb of v. 16 repeated — διασκεδάζω τὴν διαθήκην ('break the covenant'); the apostasy culminates in the rupture of the covenant bond.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativedirect object of διασκεδάσουσιν→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the LORD's covenant, broken by the apostate people; the covenant-keyword closing the prophecy as it opened it (v. 16).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with διαθήκην)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): 'my covenant' — the LORD's own covenant, ruptured by Israel's idolatry.
21
καὶ ἀντικαταστήσεται ἡ ᾠδὴ αὕτη κατὰ πρόσωπον μαρτυροῦσα οὐ γὰρ μὴ ἐπιλησθῇ ἀπὸ στόματος αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπὸ στόματος τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτῶν ἐγὼ γὰρ οἶδα τὴν πονηρίαν αὐτῶν ὅσα ποιοῦσιν ὧδε σήμερον πρὸ τοῦ εἰσαγαγεῖν με αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν ἀγαθήν ἣν ὤμοσα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν
And this song will stand forth to their face, bearing witness, for it shall by no means be forgotten from their mouth or from the mouth of their offspring; for I know their wickedness, the things they are doing here today, before I bring them into the good land which I swore to their fathers.
The Song will ἀντικαταστήσεται κατὰ πρόσωπον μαρτυροῦσα ('stand forth to their face, bearing witness') — a courtroom image, the witness confronting the accused face to face. Its permanence is guaranteed by the emphatic οὐ … μὴ ἐπιλησθῇ ('will by no means be forgotten'). The ground is the LORD's foreknowledge (ἐγὼ … οἶδα τὴν πονηρίαν αὐτῶν) of a wickedness already at work 'today,' even before the entry.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντικαταστήσεταιwill stand forth / confrontFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀντικαθίστημιmain verb (the Song confronts the people)→ predictive future (the Song's coming testimony)ἀντικαθίστημι (mid. ἀντικαθίσταμαι): 'set oneself against / stand opposite / withstand'; the compound ἀντι- ('against') + κατα- + ἵστημι; the Song will 'stand forth against/before' the people as an opposing witness — a forensic image of confrontation; renders עָנָה ('answer / testify').
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ᾠδὴ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠδὴsongNominativesubject of ἀντικαταστήσεται→ participant prominenceᾠδή: 'song'; the witness-Song that confronts the people.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (with ᾠδὴ)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this song' — the Song of ch. 32.
κατὰto / againstpreposition + accusative (with πρόσωπον: 'to the face')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'down upon / against / before'; κατὰ πρόσωπον ('to the face / face to face') is the idiom of direct confrontation — the Song testifies openly before the accused.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (idiomatic: 'to the face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; κατὰ πρόσωπον renders עַל פָּנִים ('to the face'); the witness confronts them face to face — the 'face' motif now in a forensic key.
μαρτυροῦσαbearing witnessPres Act Ptc Nom Fem Sg · μαρτυρέωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'as a witness')→ imperfective participle (ongoing testimony)μαρτυρέω: 'bear witness / testify'; the participle (agreeing with ᾠδή) describes the Song's mode of standing forth — 'testifying'; cognate with μαρτύριον (v. 19) — the Song does the work of the witness it was made to be.
οὐnotnegative particle (forming οὐ … μή of emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: combines (across γάρ) with μή for the emphatic double negation — the Song will by no means be forgotten.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the Song's witnessing power in its permanence on the people's lips.
μὴnotnegative particle (οὐ … μή + subjunctive: emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the second member of the emphatic denial with the subjunctive ἐπιλησθῇ.
ἐπιλησθῇbe forgottenAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιλανθάνομαιmain verb (οὐ … μή + subjunctive: emphatic denial)→ aorist subjunctive of emphatic denial (it will never be forgotten)ἐπιλανθάνομαι: 'forget'; here passive 'be forgotten'; renders שָׁכַח (Niphal); with οὐ … μή the strongest assurance — the Song will never drop from memory; its endurance on the lips guarantees its perpetual witness.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the mouth')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπὸ στόματος ('from the mouth') — the Song will not vanish from their speech.
στόματοςmouthGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (separation)→ relational specificationστόμα: 'mouth'; the Song dwells in the people's mouth (cf. v. 19, εἰς τὸ στόμα) and will not be forgotten from it.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with στόματος)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the people, on whose lips the Song endures.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation, second occurrence)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the repetition extends the permanence to the next generation.
στόματοςmouthGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationστόμα: 'mouth'; now the mouth of the offspring — the Song's witness spans the generations.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with σπέρματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματοςseed / offspringGenitivegenitive of relationship ('mouth of their seed')→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / descendants'; renders זֶרַע; the Song will be remembered by the descendants too — its testimony is transgenerational, like the law-reading of v. 13.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with σπέρματος)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their seed' — the people's descendants.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' — the LORD's own foreknowledge is the ground of the whole Song-strategy.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the certainty of apostasy in the divine foreknowledge.
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (divine foreknowledge)→ stative perfect (present knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; defective perfect with present sense; the LORD's foreknowledge of Israel's wickedness — already present 'today' — justifies the preemptive provision of the witness-Song; cf. the people 'who do not know' (v. 13) over against the God who knows.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πονηρίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρίανwickednessAccusativedirect object of οἶδα→ object specificationπονηρία: 'wickedness / evil / depravity'; renders רֹעַ / יֵצֶר; the LORD knows the people's wickedness — a settled disposition already operative, not merely a future possibility.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with πονηρίαν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the people, whose wickedness the LORD knows.
ὅσαthe things which / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (in apposition: object of ποιοῦσιν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; the neuter plural ὅσα ('the things that') specifies the wickedness in terms of present deeds — 'whatever they are doing.'
ποιοῦσινthey are doingPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause (present deeds)→ progressive present (deeds already underway)ποιέω: 'do'; the present ποιοῦσιν ('they are doing') marks the wickedness as already at work even now, before the entry — the inclination to apostasy is present, not merely future.
ὧδεhereadverb of place ('here')→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here'; locates the present wickedness on the plains of Moab, before the crossing — the apostate bent is not new.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time ('today')→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; the wickedness is present 'today' — the divine knowledge reaches the people's actual disposition even before they enter the land; echoes σήμερον of v. 2.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingπρό: 'before'; πρὸ τοῦ εἰσαγαγεῖν ('before bringing in') forms a temporal clause with the articular infinitive — the wickedness precedes the entry.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with the infinitive εἰσαγαγεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσαγαγεῖνto bring inAor Act Infin · εἰσάγωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'before I bring in')→ aorist infinitive (the act of bringing in)εἰσάγω: 'bring in'; the articular infinitive with πρό + accusative subject (με) forms 'before I bring them in'; the same verb as εἰσάξω (v. 20), here marking the entry as still future relative to the present wickedness.
μεI / meAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive εἰσαγαγεῖν→ participant referenceἐγώ (encl. acc. με): the accusative subject of the infinitive ('that I bring in'); the LORD is the agent of the entry.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of εἰσαγαγεῖν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the people, brought into the land.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; the land as destination.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the good land of promise (cf. v. 20).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with ἀγαθήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθήνgoodAccusativeattributive adjective (with γῆν)→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good'; ἡ γῆ ἡ ἀγαθή again — the good land whose abundance will tempt (v. 20).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὤμοσα)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative introduces the oath-clause.
ὤμοσαI sworeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of relative clause (the divine oath)→ constative aorist (the patriarchal oath)ὀμνύω: 'swear'; the first-person ὤμοσα recalls the LORD's oath to the fathers (cf. v. 20); the land remains the sworn gift even as the people are foretold to defile the gift with apostasy.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativedative indirect object of ὤμοσα→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father'; the patriarchs to whom the land was sworn.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατράσιν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their fathers' — the ancestors of the present generation.
22
καὶ ἔγραψεν Μωυσῆς τὴν ᾠδὴν ταύτην ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἐδίδαξεν αὐτὴν τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ
And Moses wrote this song on that day and taught it to the sons of Israel.
A terse narrative fulfilment of the command of v. 19: Moses writes (ἔγραψεν) and teaches (ἐδίδαξεν) the Song that very day. The two verbs answer γράψατε and διδάξετε of v. 19; the Song is now both inscribed and in the people's mouth, ready as the witness it was commanded to be.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγραψενwroteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (Moses writes the Song)→ constative aorist (completed writing)γράφω: 'write'; fulfils the command γράψατε (v. 19); the second of the chapter's three writing-acts (vv. 9, 22, 24).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the obedient mediator who writes and teaches the Song.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ᾠδὴν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠδὴνsongAccusativedirect object of ἔγραψεν→ object specificationᾠδή: 'song'; the Song of Moses (ch. 32), now committed to writing.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with ᾠδὴν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this song' — the same Song commanded in v. 19.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: temporal; ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ('on that day') dates the writing to the day of the tent-theophany.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the day of the command (the word-order ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ places the demonstrative first for emphasis).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the day of the writing and teaching.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδίδαξενtaughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διδάσκωmain verb (Moses teaches the Song)→ constative aorist (completed teaching)διδάσκω: 'teach'; fulfils the command διδάξετε (v. 19); the double accusative (αὐτὴν … τοὺς υἱούς) — he taught it to the sons of Israel, putting it in their mouth as commanded.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἐδίδαξεν (the Song)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the Song, the thing taught.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱοὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative of person taught (double accusative)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the sons of Israel, taught the Song.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the people taught the Song.
23
καὶ ἐνετείλατο Μωυσῆς Ἰησοῖ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἴσχυε σὺ γὰρ εἰσάξεις τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ εἰς τὴν γῆν ἣν ὤμοσεν κύριος αὐτοῖς καὶ αὐτὸς ἔσται μετὰ σοῦ
And Moses gave Joshua a charge and said to him, 'Be courageous and be strong, for you yourself will bring the sons of Israel into the land which the LORD swore to them, and he himself will be with you.'
The charge promised by the LORD (ἐντελοῦμαι αὐτῷ, v. 14) is now delivered. The refrain ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἴσχυε (vv. 6, 7) sounds a third time, and the task is intensified from v. 7's εἰσελεύσῃ ('you will go in') to εἰσάξεις ('you will bring in'). The closing pledge αὐτὸς ἔσται μετὰ σοῦ ('he himself will be with you') is the personal form of the presence-promise of vv. 6, 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοcharged / commandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (commissioning charge)→ constative aorist (single act of charging)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; deponent; the commissioning of Joshua — fulfilling the LORD's ἐντελοῦμαι αὐτῷ of v. 14; ambiguity as to subject (Moses or the LORD) reflects the Hebrew, but in the LXX Μωυσῆς is the named subject, with the LORD speaking the pledge through him.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the named subject; Moses delivers the divine charge to his successor.
ἸησοῖJoshuaDativedative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο→ sphere or referenceἸησοῦς (dat. Ἰησοῖ): the LXX form of יְהוֹשֻׁעַ; the dative recipient of the charge; the contracted dative Ἰησοῖ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: introduces the words of the commissioning charge.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Joshua)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: Joshua, the recipient of the charge.
ἀνδρίζουbe courageousPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἀνδρίζομαιmain verb (imperative charge)→ imperfective imperative (sustained courage)ἀνδρίζομαι: 'be courageous'; the third sounding of the refrain ἀνδρίζου καὶ ἴσχυε (cf. vv. 6, 7), now as the climactic divine commissioning of Joshua before Moses' death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining imperatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴσχυεbe strongPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb (imperative charge)→ imperfective imperative (sustained strength)ἰσχύω: 'be strong'; completes the doubled charge to Joshua; the same words taken up at Josh 1:6, 7, 9.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic 'you yourself' — Joshua, not Moses, will bring the people in (cf. v. 7).
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the charge in Joshua's commission to bring Israel in.
εἰσάξειςyou will bring inFut Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (Joshua's task)→ predictive future (assured leadership of the entry)εἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead in'; the future εἰσάξεις intensifies v. 7's εἰσελεύσῃ ('you will go in') — Joshua will not merely enter but actively 'bring in' the people; the same verb used of the LORD's own act (εἰσάξω, v. 20), binding divine and human agency in the entry.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱοὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of εἰσάξεις→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the sons of Israel whom Joshua will bring into the land.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the people Joshua leads in.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into'; the land as destination.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the sworn land of promise.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὤμοσεν)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative introduces the oath-clause.
ὤμοσενsworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀμνύωverb of relative clause (the divine oath)→ constative aorist (the patriarchal oath)ὀμνύω: 'swear'; the third-person ὤμοσεν κύριος (as in v. 7) — the land is the sworn gift; the oath grounds Joshua's confidence.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ὤμοσεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the swearer of the oath.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object of ὤμοσεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the people to whom the land was sworn.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject (intensive pronoun: the LORD)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive 'he himself' — the LORD personally; the pledge of presence given to Joshua, echoing αὐτός of v. 3 (the LORD himself will destroy).
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the pledge of presence)→ predictive future (assured accompaniment)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'will be'; αὐτὸς ἔσται μετὰ σοῦ ('he himself will be with you') is the personal presence-pledge to Joshua — the heart of the commissioning, the same assurance given the people (v. 6) and the leader (v. 8).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: 'with'; μετὰ σοῦ ('with you') — the LORD's accompanying presence, the ground of Joshua's courage.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): Joshua, with whom the LORD will be.
24
ἡνίκα δὲ συνετέλεσεν Μωυσῆς γράφων πάντας τοὺς λόγους τοῦ νόμου τούτου εἰς βιβλίον ἕως εἰς τέλος
And when Moses finished writing all the words of this law in a book to the very end,
The construction συνετέλεσεν … γράφων ('finished writing') deliberately mirrors συνετέλεσεν … λαλῶν of v. 1 — Moses finishes speaking the law, then finishes writing it. ἡνίκα ('when') opens the temporal frame for the command of vv. 25–26; ἕως εἰς τέλος ('to the very end') stresses the completeness of the written Torah.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἡνίκαwhentemporal conjunction (introducing temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: 'when / at the time when'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר / כְּכַלּוֹת; a more formal temporal conjunction than ὅτε; opens the frame for the final deposit-command.
δὲand / nownarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the narrative turn from the Song-and-commissioning back to the law-book and its placement beside the ark.
συνετέλεσενfinishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντελέωmain verb (completion of writing)→ constative aorist (completed action)συντελέω: 'complete / finish'; with the complementary participle γράφων ('finished writing') — the deliberate echo of συνετέλεσεν … λαλῶν (v. 1) frames the chapter: the spoken law completed, now the written law completed.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the lawgiver who completes the written Torah.
γράφωνwritingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · γράφωcomplementary participle (with συνετέλεσεν: 'finished writing')→ imperfective participle (the ongoing writing now completed)γράφω: 'write'; the present participle complements συντελέω in the Hebraizing construction (cf. λαλῶν, v. 1); the third writing-act of the chapter, now brought to completion.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with λόγους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the law's words is now written — completeness stressed by both πάντας and ἕως εἰς τέλος.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λόγους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of γράφων→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; πάντας τοὺς λόγους τοῦ νόμου ('all the words of the law') — the complete written Torah; the phrase echoes vv. 1, 12.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with νόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of content ('words of the law')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; the Deuteronomic Torah, now fully inscribed.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with νόμου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this law' — the same Torah of vv. 9, 11, 12.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (medium/result: 'in a book')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: marks the book as the medium into which the words are written (cf. v. 9).
βιβλίονbook / scrollAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the scroll of the law (cf. v. 9), about to be placed beside the ark (v. 26).
ἕωςuntil / topreposition (with εἰς τέλος: 'to the very end')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; ἕως εἰς τέλος ('right to the end') stresses the completeness of the writing — nothing of the law omitted; the same phrase recurs at v. 30.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (with τέλος: 'to the end')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'to'; with τέλος forms the idiom εἰς τέλος ('to the end / completely').
τέλοςend / completionAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'to the end')→ object specificationτέλος: 'end / completion / goal'; renders תֹּם / קֵץ; ἕως εἰς τέλος ('to the very end') marks the writing as fully complete; the doubled prepositions intensify the sense of finality.
25
καὶ ἐνετείλατο τοῖς Λευίταις τοῖς αἴρουσιν τὴν κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης κυρίου λέγων
he commanded the Levites who carry the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying,
The apodosis of the ἡνίκα-clause (v. 24): having finished writing, Moses commands the Levites — described again as 'those who carry the ark' (cf. v. 9) — to deposit the Book. The participle λέγων introduces the directive of v. 26.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis of the ἡνίκα-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (issuing the deposit-command)→ constative aorist (single act of command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; deponent; the subject is Moses (from v. 24); the recurring verb of charge (vv. 5, 10, 14, 23, 25, 29) — here the command to deposit the Book.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with Λευίταις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευίταιςLevitesDativedative indirect object of ἐνετείλατο→ sphere or referenceΛευίτης (dat. pl. Λευίταις): 'Levite'; renders לֵוִי; the bearers of the ark and custodians of the Torah; the recipients of the deposit-command (cf. the priestly 'sons of Levi' at v. 9).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴρουσινwho carryPres Act Ptc Dat Masc Pl · αἴρωattributive participle (describing the Levites)→ imperfective participle (their continual office)αἴρω: 'lift / carry'; the participle οἱ αἴροντες τὴν κιβωτόν ('those who carry the ark') repeats the designation of v. 9; the Levites' office as ark-bearers makes them the fitting custodians of the law-book deposited beside it.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κιβωτὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativedirect object of αἴρουσιν→ object specificationκιβωτός: 'ark'; the ark of the covenant, beside which the Book is to be placed (v. 26).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive of relationship ('ark of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης κυρίου ('the ark of the covenant of the LORD') — the same full title as v. 9; the covenant-chest, the focal point of the deposit.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession ('the LORD's covenant')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the covenant belongs to the LORD.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: the participle λέγων ('saying') renders לֵאמֹר; introduces the content of the deposit-command (v. 26).
26
λαβόντες τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου τούτου θήσετε αὐτὸ ἐκ πλαγίων τῆς κιβωτοῦ τῆς διαθήκης κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν καὶ ἔσται ἐκεῖ ἐν σοὶ εἰς μαρτύριον
'Taking the book of this law, you shall place it beside the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, and it shall be there with you as a witness.
The directive proper: take the Book (λαβόντες) and place it (θήσετε) ἐκ πλαγίων ('beside / to the side of') the ark — not inside it (where the tablets lie) but alongside, where it stands accessible εἰς μαρτύριον ('as a witness'). The Book joins the Song (vv. 19, 21) and the tent (v. 14) in the chapter's threefold witness; ἐν σοὶ ('with/against you') gives the witness its accusatory edge.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
λαβόντεςtaking / having takenAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (attendant: 'taking')→ antecedent aorist participle (the taking preceding the placing)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the aorist participle λαβόντες ('taking') describes the action preceding the main verb θήσετε; a common Greek idiom 'take and place' (cf. Hebrew לָקַח … וְשָׂם).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with βιβλίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίονbook / scrollAccusativedirect object of λαβόντες→ object specificationβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου ('the book of the law') — the completed Torah-scroll (vv. 9, 24); the term becomes the fixed title 'Book of the Law' (Josh 1:8; 2 Kgs 22:8).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with νόμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of content ('book of the law')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; the Deuteronomic Torah contained in the book.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with νόμου)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this law' — the same Torah throughout the chapter.
θήσετεyou shall placeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · τίθημιmain verb (imperatival future: the deposit-command)→ imperatival future (the command to deposit)τίθημι (fut. θήσετε): 'put / place / set'; renders שִׂים / נָתַן; the future of command — the Book is to be set beside the ark; the deposit makes the Torah a permanent, accessible witness.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of θήσετε (the book)→ participant referenceαὐτός: refers to τὸ βιβλίον; the Book is the thing placed.
ἐκfrom / atpreposition + genitive (with πλαγίων: 'beside')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; in the idiom ἐκ πλαγίων ('at the side of / beside') marks the Book's position alongside, not within, the ark.
πλαγίωνthe sides / besideGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (idiomatic: 'beside')→ relational specificationπλάγιος: 'sideways / at the side'; the substantival neuter plural ἐκ πλαγίων ('at the sides / beside') renders מִצַּד ('at the side of'); crucially the Book is placed beside the ark (not inside, where the tablets are kept) — a detail much discussed in tradition; its visible, accessible position suits its role as witness.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with κιβωτοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτοῦarkGenitivegenitive (with ἐκ πλαγίων: 'beside the ark')→ relational specificationκιβωτός (gen. κιβωτοῦ): 'ark'; the ark of the covenant, beside which the Book stands.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with διαθήκης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive of relationship ('ark of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the covenant-chest; the law-book stands beside the covenant it expounds.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession ('the LORD's covenant')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the covenant's owner.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitiveappositional genitive (κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the covenant formula 'the LORD your God' in the genitive.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεοῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the plural 'your'; addressed to the Levites/people.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the Book's enduring function)→ predictive future (the Book's standing role)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'will be'; ἔσται … εἰς μαρτύριον ('it will be as a witness') — the Hebraism εἶναι εἰς (הָיָה לְ) for taking on a function; the Book endures as a permanent testimony.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place ('there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; the Book remains in its place beside the ark — a fixed, locatable witness.
ἐνwith / againstpreposition + dative (with σοί: 'with/against you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in / with / among'; ἐν σοί ('with you / against you') — the Book stands among the people as a witness that can testify against them (cf. the accusatory sense of the witness-Song, v. 19, 21).
σοὶyouDativedative object of ἐν→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοί): the people (singular collective); the Book stands 'with/against you' as witness.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as a witness')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'as / for'; the predicative εἰς μαρτύριον (Hebraism לְעֵד) marks the Book's witnessing function — exactly parallel to the Song at v. 19.
μαρτύριονwitness / testimonyAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (predicative function)→ object specificationμαρτύριον: 'witness / testimony'; renders עֵד; the Book-of-the-Law beside the ark is the third μαρτύριον of the chapter (after the tent, vv. 14–15, and the Song, vv. 19, 21) — together a threefold standing testimony to the covenant and its sanctions.
27
ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐπίσταμαι τὸν ἐρεθισμόν σου καὶ τὸν τράχηλόν σου τὸν σκληρόν ἔτι γὰρ ἐμοῦ ζῶντος μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν σήμερον παραπικραίνοντες ἦτε τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν πῶς οὐχὶ καὶ ἔσχατον τοῦ θανάτου μου
For I know your provocation and your stiff neck; for while I am still alive with you today, you have been rebellious in the things toward God — how much more, then, after my death?
Moses grounds (ὅτι) the witness-deposits in his own knowledge of Israel's character: their ἐρεθισμός ('provocation / contentiousness') and τράχηλος σκληρός ('stiff neck'). The argument is a fortiori: if they rebel (παραπικραίνοντες ἦτε) while Moses yet lives, πῶς οὐχί ('how not / how much more') after his death? The rhetorical question leaves the inference of certain future apostasy hanging.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding the deposit-command)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; grounds the witness-deposit (v. 26) in Moses' knowledge of the people's rebelliousness.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' (Moses); his firsthand knowledge of the people lends weight to the indictment.
ἐπίσταμαιI knowPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐπίσταμαιmain verb (Moses' knowledge of the people)→ stative present (settled knowledge)ἐπίσταμαι: 'know / understand / be acquainted with'; deponent; renders יָדַע; Moses' experiential knowledge of Israel's character — like the LORD's foreknowledge (οἶδα, v. 21), but from forty years of leading them.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐρεθισμόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρεθισμόνprovocation / contentiousnessAccusativedirect object of ἐπίσταμαι→ object specificationἐρεθισμός: 'provocation / irritation / strife'; from ἐρεθίζω ('provoke / irritate'); renders מֶרִי ('rebellion') or מָרָה; Moses knows Israel's provocative, quarrelsome bent — their habit of contending against God and leader (cf. the wilderness murmurings).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἐρεθισμόν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): the people (singular collective); 'your provocation.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τράχηλόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράχηλόνneckAccusativedirect object of ἐπίσταμαι (second object)→ object specificationτράχηλος: 'neck'; renders עֹרֶף ('neck / nape'); ὁ τράχηλος ὁ σκληρός ('the stiff neck') is the LXX idiom for עַם קְשֵׁה־עֹרֶף ('a stiff-necked people', Exod 32:9; 33:3) — the image of an ox refusing the yoke, i.e., obstinate disobedience.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with τράχηλόν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your neck.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with σκληρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκληρόνstiff / hardAccusativeattributive adjective (with τράχηλόν)→ object specificationσκληρός: 'hard / stiff / harsh'; renders קָשֶׁה; ὁ τράχηλος ὁ σκληρός ('the stiff/hard neck') completes the stiff-necked image; the same root σκληρ- describes Pharaoh's hardened heart, here Israel's obstinate neck.
ἔτιstill / yettemporal adverb ('still')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; ἔτι … ζῶντος ('while still living') sets up the a fortiori argument — even now, with Moses still present.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the evidence for the indictment — their present rebelliousness.
ἐμοῦI / meGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with ζῶντος)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): the subject of the genitive-absolute construction ('while I am living').
ζῶντοςlivingPres Act Ptc Gen Masc Sg · ζάωgenitive absolute participle (temporal: 'while I am alive')→ imperfective participle (ongoing life)ζάω: 'live'; the genitive absolute ἐμοῦ ζῶντος ('while I am living') sets the present time against the coming time of Moses' death; the rebellion that occurs even under his living oversight forecasts worse after his death.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά: 'with'; μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ('with you') — while Moses is still present among them.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): the people, among whom Moses still lives.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb ('today')→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; the present day — even now they are rebellious; echoes σήμερον of vv. 2, 21.
παραπικραίνοντεςbeing rebellious / embitteringPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · παραπικραίνωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦτε)→ imperfective participle (continual rebelliousness)παραπικραίνω: 'embitter / provoke / rebel against'; from παρά + πικραίνω ('make bitter'); renders מָרָה ('be rebellious') / מָרַר; the periphrastic παραπικραίνοντες ἦτε ('you were being rebellious') stresses habitual, continual provocation; cognate with παραπικρασμός ('the rebellion', cf. Ps 94:8 LXX, quoted Heb 3:8, 15).
ἦτεyou wereImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic construction (with the participle)→ imperfective past (continuous past state)εἰμί (impf. ἦτε): 'you were'; forms the periphrastic imperfect with παραπικραίνοντες — 'you have been/were continually rebellious'; the periphrasis foregrounds the durative character of the rebellion.
τὰthe thingsAccusativeaccusative of respect (substantival article: 'in the things')→ object specificationὁ/τό: the neuter plural article τά substantivizes the following prepositional phrase — τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν ('the things pertaining to God / matters toward God'); an accusative of respect specifying the sphere of the rebellion.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (relation: 'toward God')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'toward / in relation to'; τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν ('the things toward God') is an idiom for the religious sphere — matters of relationship with God (cf. Heb 2:17, 5:1, τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν of the priestly office).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θεόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; the sphere of the rebellion is the people's relationship with God — they have been rebellious 'in the things toward God.'
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (introducing rhetorical question)→ clausal contributionπῶς: 'how?'; introduces the a fortiori rhetorical question — if rebellious now, how much more later?
οὐχὶnot / indeedemphatic negative (in rhetorical question)→ clausal contributionοὐχί: emphatic form of οὐ ('not'); πῶς οὐχί ('how not / how much more then') expects an affirmative inference — they will surely rebel all the more after Moses' death; the elliptical question leaves the dire conclusion implied.
καὶalso / evenadverbial conjunction (ascensive: 'even')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here ascensive 'even / also'; 'how much more even after my death.'
ἔσχατονafter / at the endAccusativeadverbial accusative (temporal: 'at the end of / after')→ object specificationἔσχατος: 'last / final / end'; the adverbial accusative ἔσχατον τοῦ θανάτου ('at the end of / after [my] death') renders אַחֲרֵי מוֹתִי; marks the time after Moses' death as the period of even greater rebellion; recurs at v. 29 (ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς, ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with θανάτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θανάτουdeathGenitivegenitive (with ἔσχατον: 'after my death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: 'death'; Moses' death (cf. v. 14); after it, the rebellion will be unrestrained — the motive for the standing witnesses.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with θανάτου)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): Moses' own death.
28
ἐκκλησιάσατε πρός με τοὺς φυλάρχους ὑμῶν καὶ τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους ὑμῶν καὶ τοὺς κριτὰς ὑμῶν καὶ τοὺς γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς ὑμῶν ἵνα λαλήσω εἰς τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους καὶ διαμαρτύρωμαι αὐτοῖς τόν τε οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν
Assemble to me your tribal heads and your elders and your judges and your officers, that I may speak in their ears all these words and call heaven and earth to witness against them.
Moses commands the leaders — tribal heads, elders, judges, officers — to be assembled (ἐκκλησιάσατε, cf. ἐκκλησιάσας, v. 12) so that he may speak the words and διαμαρτύρωμαι ('solemnly call to witness') heaven and earth against them. The summoning of cosmic witnesses (οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν) opens the Song proper (cf. Deut 32:1) and crowns the chapter's witness-theme.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
ἐκκλησιάσατεassembleAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐκκλησιάζωmain verb (imperative to convene the leaders)→ ingressive aorist imperative (convene)ἐκκλησιάζω: 'summon to assembly / convene'; the aorist imperative ἐκκλησιάσατε ('assemble!') commands the gathering of the leaders; cognate with ἐκκλησία; echoes the participle ἐκκλησιάσας of v. 12 (the festal assembly).
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction: 'to me')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / toward'; the leaders are to be assembled 'to me' (Moses).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Moses)→ participant referenceἐγώ (encl. acc. με): Moses, to whom the leaders are summoned.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with φυλάρχους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάρχουςtribal heads / tribe-rulersAccusativedirect object of ἐκκλησιάσατε (first group)→ object specificationφύλαρχος: 'head of a tribe / tribe-ruler'; from φυλή ('tribe') + ἄρχω ('rule'); renders רֹאשׁ שֵׁבֶט / שֵׁבֶט; the first of four leadership groups summoned; the tribal chiefs.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with φυλάρχους)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your tribal heads.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with πρεσβυτέρους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersAccusativedirect object of ἐκκλησιάσατε (second group)→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; the second leadership group (cf. v. 9); the senior civic authorities.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with πρεσβυτέρους)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your elders.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with κριτὰς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριτὰςjudgesAccusativedirect object of ἐκκλησιάσατε (third group)→ object specificationκριτής: 'judge'; renders שֹׁפֵט; the third leadership group; those who administer justice in the gates.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κριτὰς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your judges.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γραμματοεισαγωγεῖςofficers / scribe-officialsAccusativedirect object of ἐκκλησιάσατε (fourth group)→ object specificationγραμματοεισαγωγεύς: 'recorder-official / scribe-officer'; a rare LXX compound (γράμματα 'writings' + εἰσαγωγεύς 'introducer/usher'); renders שֹׁטֵר ('officer / official'); the fourth leadership group — administrative officers; the unusual coinage reflects the LXX translators' search for an equivalent to the Hebrew official.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your officers.'
ἵναthatpurpose conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the purpose of the assembly — Moses' speaking of the words and calling of witnesses.
λαλήσωI may speakAor Act Subj 1 Sg · λαλέωverb of purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (the act of speaking)λαλέω: 'speak'; the subjunctive in the ἵνα-clause — Moses will speak the words (of the Song) into the leaders' ears; the act fulfilled at v. 30.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the ears')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with τὰ ὦτα forms the Hebraism εἰς τὰ ὦτα ('into the ears'), oral proclamation (cf. vv. 11, 30).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὦτα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'in their hearing')→ object specificationοὖς (pl. ὦτα): 'ear'; εἰς τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν ('in their ears') — the words spoken aloud to the assembled leaders; the recurring hearing-idiom (vv. 11, 30).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὦτα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the assembled leaders, in whose ears Moses speaks.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with λόγους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους ('all these words') — the words of the Song; echoes the framing phrase of vv. 1, 12, 24.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λόγους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of λαλήσω→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; the words Moses will speak — the Song's words; the content of the witness.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with λόγους)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these words' — the words of the Song about to be recited.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining purpose verbs)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαμαρτύρωμαιI may solemnly call to witnessAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · διαμαρτύρομαιverb of purpose clause (calling witnesses)→ aorist subjunctive (the solemn invocation)διαμαρτύρομαι: 'solemnly testify / call to witness / charge earnestly'; the compound δια- intensifies μαρτύρομαι; renders הֵעִיד ('call to witness'); Moses invokes heaven and earth as witnesses against Israel — the cosmic-witness motif that opens the Song (Deut 32:1, 'Give ear, O heavens … hear, O earth'); cognate with μαρτύριον, climaxing the chapter's witness-theme.
αὐτοῖςagainst themDativedative (against whom the witness is invoked)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the people, against whom heaven and earth are summoned as witnesses; the dative of disadvantage with διαμαρτύρομαι.
τόνtheAccusativearticle (with οὐρανὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτόν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεboth / andcoordinating particle (τε … καί: 'both … and')→ discourse linkage or contrastτε: enclitic coordinating particle; τόν τε οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν ('both heaven and earth') binds the two cosmic witnesses tightly as a pair.
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeaccusative (witness invoked, double-accusative with διαμαρτύρομαι)→ object specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; the first cosmic witness; heaven and earth are the permanent, impartial witnesses to the covenant (cf. Deut 4:26; 30:19; 32:1; Isa 1:2).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (τε … καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthAccusativeaccusative (second witness invoked)→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / land'; the second cosmic witness; heaven and earth together outlast every generation, making them apt enduring witnesses to the covenant against which Israel will sin.
29
οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς μου ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε καὶ ἐκκλινεῖτε ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ ἧς ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν καὶ συναντήσεται ὑμῖν τὰ κακὰ ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν ὅτι ποιήσετε τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον κυρίου παροργίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν
For I know that after my death you will surely act lawlessly and turn aside from the way which I commanded you, and the evils will meet you at the end of the days, because you will do what is evil before the LORD, provoking him to anger by the works of your hands.
Moses grounds the invocation of witnesses in his foreknowledge (οἶδα, as the LORD at v. 21): after his death (ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς) they will surely act lawlessly (ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε — cognate-dative Hebraism) and turn aside from the way. The evils will meet them ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν ('at the end of the days') because they will provoke (παροργίσαι) the LORD by their handiwork (idolatry).
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (Moses' foreknowledge)→ stative perfect (present knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; defective perfect with present sense; Moses' foreknowledge of the apostasy mirrors the LORD's οἶδα of v. 21 — the mediator shares the divine certainty about the people's coming sin.
γὰρforcausal particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; grounds the summoning of heaven and earth (v. 28) in Moses' knowledge of the certain apostasy.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause of οἶδα)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of Moses' knowledge.
ἔσχατονafter / at the end ofAccusativeadverbial accusative (temporal: 'after')→ object specificationἔσχατος: 'last / final'; the adverbial accusative ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς ('after my death') renders אַחֲרֵי מוֹתִי; the same temporal idiom as v. 27 (ἔσχατον τοῦ θανάτου).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with τελευτῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τελευτῆςdeath / deceaseGenitivegenitive (with ἔσχατον: 'after my death')→ relational specificationτελευτή: 'end / death / decease'; from τελευτάω ('come to an end / die'); a slightly more euphemistic term for death than θάνατος (v. 27); Moses' decease, after which the apostasy unfolds.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with τελευτῆς)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): Moses' own death.
ἀνομίᾳwith lawlessnessDativecognate dative (Hebraism: intensifying ἀνομήσετε)→ sphere or referenceἀνομία: 'lawlessness / iniquity / transgression'; the cognate dative ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε ('you will surely act lawlessly') renders the Hebrew infinitive absolute construction (הַשְׁחֵת תַּשְׁחִתוּן); the dativus cognatus intensifies — total, certain lawlessness; ἀνομία is the privative of νόμος, fittingly the betrayal of the very 'law' just deposited.
ἀνομήσετεyou will act lawlesslyFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀνομέωmain verb (with cognate dative: emphatic)→ predictive future intensified (you will surely transgress)ἀνομέω: 'act lawlessly / transgress'; from ἄνομος ('lawless'); with the cognate ἀνομίᾳ forms the emphatic 'you will utterly transgress'; the people will violate the very νόμος Moses has written and deposited.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκκλινεῖτεyou will turn asideFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐκκλίνωmain verb (departure from the way)→ predictive future (the coming deviation)ἐκκλίνω: 'turn aside / deviate / swerve'; renders סוּר / נָטָה; ἐκκλίνω ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ ('turn aside from the way') is the standard idiom for departing the commanded path (cf. Deut 9:12, 16; 11:28); the 'way' (ὁδός) is the Torah's path of obedience.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the way')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; marks the way as that from which they deviate.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ὁδοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῦway / roadGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (separation)→ relational specificationὁδός: 'way / road / path'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; ἡ ὁδός ('the way') is the Deuteronomic metaphor for the life of covenant obedience; turning from it is apostasy.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐνετειλάμην, gen. by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: the relative ἧς (genitive by attraction to ὁδοῦ) — 'the way which I commanded.'
ἐνετειλάμηνI commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (Moses' command)→ constative aorist (the prior command)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; deponent; the aorist refers to the whole Deuteronomic legislation; the same verb of charge throughout the chapter (vv. 5, 10, 14, 23, 25); the people will abandon the very way Moses commanded.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative indirect object of ἐνετειλάμην→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the people commanded.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναντήσεταιwill meet / befallFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · συναντάωmain verb (the evils befall the people)→ predictive future (the coming calamity)συναντάω: 'meet / encounter / befall'; deponent; renders קָרָא / פָּגַע; the evils will 'meet/befall' the people — calamity personified as something that comes upon them; the singular verb with neuter plural subject (τὰ κακά) is regular Greek.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative (the ones met by the evils)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. pl. ὑμῖν): the people whom the evils meet; συναντάω takes the dative of the one met.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with κακὰ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακὰevilsNominativesubject of συναντήσεται (neuter plural)→ participant prominenceκακός (n. pl. κακά): 'evils / calamities'; the disasters of the covenant-curse that befall the apostate people (cf. vv. 17, 21); the neuter plural subject with the singular verb.
ἔσχατονat the end ofAccusativeadverbial accusative (temporal: 'at the end of')→ object specificationἔσχατος: 'last / final'; ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν ('at the end of the days / in the latter days') renders בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים — the eschatologically weighted phrase for the distant future; the calamity belongs to the latter days.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with ἔσχατον: 'the end of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν ('the latter days') — a phrase with prophetic/eschatological resonance, marking the long-term horizon of judgment (cf. Gen 49:1; Num 24:14; Hos 3:5).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (the ground of the calamity)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the moral cause of the latter-day calamity — the people's evil-doing and provocation.
ποιήσετεyou will doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of causal clause (the evil done)→ predictive future (the foretold evil-doing)ποιέω: 'do / commit'; ποιεῖν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον κυρίου ('do evil before the LORD') is the recurring Deuteronomistic formula of apostasy (Judg 2:11; 3:7; etc.); the same verb that named obedience (v. 12) now names the evil deed.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πονηρὸν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevil / what is evilAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε (substantival adjective)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; the substantival τὸ πονηρόν ('the evil thing / what is evil') renders הָרַע; the object of the apostate doing — the evil in the LORD's sight.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofimproper preposition + genitive (evaluative: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders בְּעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); the evil is done 'before / in the judgment of' the LORD — the divine perspective that condemns it.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the one in whose sight the evil is committed.
παροργίσαιto provoke to angerAor Act Infin · παροργίζωinfinitive of result/purpose ('so as to provoke')→ aorist infinitive (the provoking effect)παροργίζω: 'provoke to anger / exasperate'; from παρά + ὀργίζω; renders הִכְעִיס ('provoke to anger'); the infinitive expresses the result/effect of the evil-doing — it provokes the LORD; cognate with ὀργή ('wrath'), recalling ὀργισθήσομαι of v. 17; the idolatry rouses the divine anger.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of παροργίσαι (the LORD)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the LORD, provoked to anger by the people's idolatry.
ἐνby / throughpreposition + dative (instrument/means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'by / through'; ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις ('by the works') marks the means of the provocation — their idolatrous handiwork.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἔργοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργοιςworks / deedsDativedative of means (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔργον: 'work / deed'; τὰ ἔργα τῶν χειρῶν ('the works of the hands') is the standard idiom for idols — man-made gods (cf. Deut 4:28; Ps 113:12 LXX); the provocation is specifically idolatry, fashioning and serving handmade gods.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with χειρῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive of source ('works of the hands')→ relational specificationχείρ (gen. pl. χειρῶν): 'hand'; τὰ ἔργα τῶν χειρῶν ('the works of your hands') — the idols the people make; the phrase underlines the absurdity of worshiping what human hands have fashioned.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρῶν)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. pl. ὑμῶν): 'your hands' — the people's own idolatrous handiwork that provokes the LORD.
30
καὶ ἐλάλησεν Μωυσῆς εἰς τὰ ὦτα πάσης ἐκκλησίας Ισραηλ τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ᾠδῆς ταύτης ἕως εἰς τέλος
And Moses spoke in the ears of the whole assembly of Israel the words of this song to the very end.
The chapter closes by fulfilling the command of v. 28 (λαλήσω εἰς τὰ ὦτα): Moses speaks the words of the Song εἰς τὰ ὦτα πάσης ἐκκλησίας Ισραηλ ('in the ears of the whole assembly of Israel') ἕως εἰς τέλος ('to the very end'), the same completeness-phrase as v. 24. The verse forms the seam into the Song of Moses (ch. 32), recited in full to the gathered nation.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (Moses recites the Song)→ constative aorist (completed recitation)λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist fulfils the purpose-clause λαλήσω of v. 28; Moses now speaks the Song aloud to the assembled nation — the hinge into ch. 32.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the mediator, in his final recorded act before the Song, speaking it to all Israel.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the ears')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with τὰ ὦτα forms the hearing-idiom εἰς τὰ ὦτα ('in the ears of'), the recurring oral-proclamation formula (vv. 11, 28).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὦτα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'in the hearing of')→ object specificationοὖς (pl. ὦτα): 'ear'; εἰς τὰ ὦτα ('in the ears of') — the Song is proclaimed orally to the whole assembly, that it may dwell in their mouth (cf. v. 19).
πάσηςall / wholeGenitiveattributive adjective (with ἐκκλησίας)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πάσης ἐκκλησίας ('the whole assembly') — the entire congregation hears the Song; the comprehensiveness matches the witness-purpose.
ἐκκλησίαςassembly / congregationGenitivegenitive (with ὦτα: 'ears of the assembly')→ relational specificationἐκκλησία: 'assembly / congregation'; renders קָהָל ('assembly'); the gathered nation of Israel; cognate with ἐκκλησιάζω (vv. 12, 28); in the NT ἐκκλησία becomes the word for 'church' — here the OT 'congregation of the LORD.'
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'assembly of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; ἐκκλησία Ισραηλ ('the assembly of Israel') — the whole covenant nation as audience of the Song.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ῥήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwordsAccusativedirect object of ἐλάλησεν→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word'; τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ᾠδῆς ('the words of the song') — exactly the phrase of v. 19 (γράψατε τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ᾠδῆς), framing the Song-unit; what was commanded to be written is now spoken to all Israel.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with ᾠδῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾠδῆςsongGenitivegenitive of content ('words of the song')→ relational specificationᾠδή: 'song'; the Song of Moses, recited in full; the keyword that ties vv. 19–22 to this closing verse and on into ch. 32.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with ᾠδῆς)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this song' — the Song about to be given in full in ch. 32; the demonstrative points forward to the immediately following text.
ἕωςuntil / topreposition (with εἰς τέλος: 'to the very end')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; ἕως εἰς τέλος ('right to the end') — the same completeness-phrase as v. 24; Moses recites the whole Song without omission, sealing the chapter.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (with τέλος: 'to the end')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'to'; with τέλος forms the idiom εἰς τέλος ('to the end / completely').
τέλοςend / completionAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'to the end')→ object specificationτέλος: 'end / completion'; ἕως εἰς τέλος ('to the very end') marks the recitation as complete; the chapter ends poised on the threshold of the Song of Moses (ch. 32), the great witness now to be sung in full.