1
καὶ μνήσθητι τοῦ κτίσαντός σε ἐν ἡμέραις νεότητός σου ἕως ὅτου μὴ ἔλθωσιν ἡμέραι τῆς κακίας καὶ φθάσωσιν ἔτη ἐν οἷς ἐρεῖς οὐκ ἔστιν μοι ἐν αὐτοῖς θέλημα
And remember your Creator in the days of your youth, before days of affliction come and years arrive in which you will say, “I have no pleasure in them.”
Qoheleth opens the conclusion with a direct summons to remember the Creator before age turns life from vitality to burden.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μνήσθητιrememberVS APD2S · μιμνήσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτίσαντόςCreatorVA · ααπγσμ κτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateααπγσμ κτίζω: meaning 'Creator'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysN1A DPF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
νεότητόςyouthN3T GSF · νεότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνεότης: meaning 'youth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτουwhenRX GSN · ὅστιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὅστις: meaning 'when'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλθωσινcomeVB AAS3P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡμέραιdaysN1A NPF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίαςafflictionN1A GSF · κακίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκακία: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φθάσωσινarriveVA AAS3P · φθάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyφθάνω: meaning 'arrive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔτηyearsN3E NPN · ἔτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἷςwhichRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐρεῖςyou will sayVF2 FAI2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἶπον: meaning 'you will say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μοιfor meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
θέλημαpleasureN3M NSN · θέλημαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθέλημα: meaning 'pleasure'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
2
ἕως οὗ μὴ σκοτισθῇ ὁ ἥλιος καὶ τὸ φῶς καὶ ἡ σελήνη καὶ οἱ ἀστέρες καὶ ἐπιστρέψωσιν τὰ νέφη ὀπίσω τοῦ ὑετοῦ
Before the sun and the light and the moon and the stars are darkened, and the clouds return after the rain,
The warning expands into cosmic imagery: failing light and recurring storm depict the dimming and instability of late life.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗwhichRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκοτισθῇis darkenedVC APS3S · σκοτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσκοτίζω: meaning 'is darkened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιοςsunN2 NSM · ἥλιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φῶςlightN3T NSN · φῶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφῶς: meaning 'light'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σελήνηmoonN1 NSF · σελήνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσελήνη: meaning 'moon'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀστέρεςstarsN3 NPM · ἀστήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀστήρ: meaning 'stars'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστρέψωσινreturnVA AAS3P · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'return'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νέφηcloudsN3E NPN · νέφοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνέφος: meaning 'clouds'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀπίσωafterD · ὀπίσωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑετοῦrainN2 GSM · ὑετόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑετός: meaning 'rain'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
3
ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ ἐὰν σαλευθῶσιν φύλακες τῆς οἰκίας καὶ διαστραφῶσιν ἄνδρες τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ ἤργησαν αἱ ἀλήθουσαι ὅτι ὠλιγώθησαν καὶ σκοτάσουσιν αἱ βλέπουσαι ἐν ταῖς ὀπαῖς
in the day when the guards of the house tremble, and the men of strength are bent, and the grinding women cease because they have become few, and the women looking through the openings grow dim,
Household figures become an allegory of the aging body: strength shakes, labor fails, and sight wanes.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ᾗwhichRR DSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestᾗ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐὰνwhenC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλευθῶσινare shakenVC APS3P · σαλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσαλεύω: meaning 'are shaken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φύλακεςguardsN3K NPM · φύλαξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφύλαξ: meaning 'guards'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαστραφῶσινare bentVD APS3P · στρέφω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyστρέφω + δια: meaning 'are bent'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνδρεςmenN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςstrengthN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'strength'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤργησανhave ceasedVAI AAI3P · ἀργέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀργέω: meaning 'have ceased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλήθουσαιgrinding womenV1 · παπνπφ ἀλήθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπφ ἀλήθω: meaning 'grinding women'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠλιγώθησανthey became fewVCI API3P · ὀλιγόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀλιγόω: meaning 'they became few'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκοτάσουσινgrow dimVF FAI3P · σκοτάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureσκοτάζω: meaning 'grow dim'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βλέπουσαιthose lookingV1 · παπνπφ βλέπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπφ βλέπω: meaning 'those looking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀπαῖςopeningsN1 DPF · ὀπήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀπή: meaning 'openings'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
4
καὶ κλείσουσιν θύρας ἐν ἀγορᾷ ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ φωνῆς τῆς ἀληθούσης καὶ ἀναστήσεται εἰς φωνὴν τοῦ στρουθίου καὶ ταπεινωθήσονται πᾶσαι αἱ θυγατέρες τοῦ ᾄσματος
and the doors on the street are shut when the sound of the grinding is low, and one rises at the sound of the sparrow, and all the daughters of song are brought low,
The figurative scene continues with diminished hearing, restless waking, and the collapse of musical delight.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλείσουσινthey shutVF FAI3P · κλείωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκλείω: meaning 'they shut'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύραςdoorsN1A GSF · θύραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθύρα: meaning 'doors'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγορᾷstreetN1A DSF · ἀγοράdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀγορά: meaning 'street'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀσθενείᾳlowlinessN1A DSF · ἀσθένειαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀσθένεια: meaning 'lowliness'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φωνῆςof soundN1 GSF · φωνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφωνή: meaning 'of sound'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀληθούσηςgrindingV1 · παπγσφ ἀλήθωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσφ ἀλήθω: meaning 'grinding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναστήσεταιwill riseVF FMI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'will rise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςatP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
φωνὴνsoundN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρουθίουsparrowN2N GSN · στρουθίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστρουθίον: meaning 'sparrow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινωθήσονταιwill be brought lowVC FPI3P · ταπεινόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureταπεινόω: meaning 'will be brought low'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πᾶσαιallA1S NPF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 NPF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ᾄσματοςsongN3M GSN · ᾆσμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationᾆσμα: meaning 'song'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
5
καί γε ἀπὸ ὕψους ὄψονται καὶ θάμβοι ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ καὶ ἀνθήσῃ τὸ ἀμύγδαλον καὶ παχυνθῇ ἡ ἀκρίς καὶ διασκεδασθῇ ἡ κάππαρις ὅτι ἐπορεύθη ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς οἶκον αἰῶνος αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκύκλωσαν ἐν ἀγορᾷ οἱ κοπτόμενοι
and indeed they are afraid of height, and terrors are in the road, and the almond tree blossoms, and the grasshopper grows heavy, and the caper-berry fails, because the man has gone to his eternal house, and the mourners have gone about in the street,
Fear, frailty, and the approach of death are rendered through vivid natural and social images that culminate in the funeral procession.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καίandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedX · γέadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὕψουςheightN3E GSN · ὕψοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕψος: meaning 'height'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὄψονταιthey will seeVF FMI3P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὁράω: meaning 'they will see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάμβοιterrorsN2 NPM · θάμβοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθάμβος: meaning 'terrors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷroadN2 DSF · ὁδόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὁδός: meaning 'road'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνθήσῃblossomsVA AAS3S · ἀνθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀνθέω: meaning 'blossoms'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμύγδαλονalmond treeN2N NSN · ἀμύγδαλονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀμύγδαλον: meaning 'almond tree'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παχυνθῇgrows heavyVA AAS3S · παχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπαχύνω: meaning 'grows heavy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκρίςgrasshopperN3D NSF · ἀκρίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀκρίς: meaning 'grasshopper'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διασκεδασθῇis scatteredVS APS3S · σκεδάζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyσκεδάζω + δια: meaning 'is scattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάππαριςcaper-berryN3I NSF · κάππαριςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκάππαρις: meaning 'caper-berry'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhas goneVCI API3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'has gone'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αἰῶνοςeternityN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰών: meaning 'eternity'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκύκλωσανwent aboutVAI AAI3P · κυκλόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκυκλόω: meaning 'went about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀγορᾷstreetN1A DSF · ἀγοράdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀγορά: meaning 'street'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοπτόμενοιmournersV1 · πμπνπμ κόπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ κόπτω: meaning 'mourners'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
6
ἕως ὅτου μὴ ἀνατραπῇ σχοινίον τοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ συνθλιβῇ ἀνθέμιον τοῦ χρυσίου καὶ συντριβῇ ὑδρία ἐπὶ τὴν πηγήν καὶ συντροχάσῃ ὁ τροχὸς ἐπὶ τὸν λάκκον
before the silver cord is snapped, and the golden ornament is crushed, and the jar is broken at the spring, and the wheel is shattered at the cistern,
A sequence of precious and ordinary objects breaking apart intensifies the chapter’s portrayal of life’s irreversible dissolution.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτουwhenRX GSN · ὅστιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὅστις: meaning 'when'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνατραπῇis snappedVB AAS3S · τρέπω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτρέπω + ἀνα: meaning 'is snapped'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σχοινίονcordN2N NSN · σχοινίονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσχοινίον: meaning 'cord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνθλιβῇis crushedVZ AAS3S · θλίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyθλίβω + συν: meaning 'is crushed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνθέμιονornamentN2N NSN · ἀνθέμιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνθέμιον: meaning 'ornament'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίουgoldN2N GSN · χρυσίονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συντριβῇis brokenVD AAS3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτρίβω + συν: meaning 'is broken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑδρίαjarN1A NSF · ὑδρίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑδρία: meaning 'jar'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶatP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πηγήνspringN1 ASF · πηγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπηγή: meaning 'spring'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συντροχάσῃis shatteredVA AAS3S · τροχάζω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτροχάζω + συν: meaning 'is shattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχὸςwheelN2 NSM · τροχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶatP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λάκκονcisternN2 ASM · λάκκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλάκκος: meaning 'cistern'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
7
καὶ ἐπιστρέψῃ ὁ χοῦς ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ὡς ἦν καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα ἐπιστρέψῃ πρὸς τὸν θεόν ὃς ἔδωκεν αὐτό
and the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the spirit returns to God who gave it.
The poetic description resolves into the basic anthropology of Genesis: body returns to earth, while life-breath returns to God its giver.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστρέψῃreturnsVF FMI2S · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'returns'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦςdustN3 NSM · χοῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχοῦς: meaning 'dust'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπὶtoP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνearthN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'earth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνit wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'it was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπιστρέψῃreturnsVF FMI2S · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'returns'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδωκενgaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτόitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτό: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
ματαιότης ματαιοτήτων εἶπεν ὁ Ἐκκλησιαστής τὰ πάντα ματαιότης
Vanity of vanities, said the Ecclesiast, all things are vanity.
The epilogue briefly restates the book’s recurring verdict before moving to the narrator’s assessment of the teacher.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ματαιότηςvanityN3T NSF · ματαιότηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceματαιότης: meaning 'vanity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ματαιοτήτωνof vanitiesN3T GPF · ματαιότηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationματαιότης: meaning 'of vanities'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἘκκλησιαστήςEcclesiastN1M NSM · Ἐκκλησιαστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationἘκκλησιαστής: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταall thingsA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ματαιότηςvanityN3T NSF · ματαιότηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceματαιότης: meaning 'vanity'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
9
καὶ περισσὸν ὅτι ἐγένετο Ἐκκλησιαστὴς σοφός ἔτι ἐδίδαξεν γνῶσιν σὺν τὸν λαόν καὶ οὖς ἐξιχνιάσεται κόσμιον παραβολῶν
And further, because the Ecclesiast became wise, he still taught knowledge to the people, and he listened and searched out an orderly arrangement of proverbs.
A framing narrator commends the Ecclesiast as a wise instructor whose work involved both teaching and careful literary ordering.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περισσὸνfurtherD · περισσόνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπερισσὸν: meaning 'further'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbecameVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'became'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἘκκλησιαστὴςEcclesiastN1M NSM · Ἐκκλησιαστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationἘκκλησιαστὴς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφόςwiseA1 NSM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἔτι: meaning 'still'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδίδαξενtaughtVAI AAI3S · διδάσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδιδάσκω: meaning 'taught'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γνῶσινknowledgeN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγνῶσις: meaning 'knowledge'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σὺνtoP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὖςearN3 NSN · οὖςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant referenceοὖς: meaning 'ear'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξιχνιάσεταιsearched outVF FMI3S · ἰχνιάζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἰχνιάζω + ἐκ: meaning 'searched out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κόσμιονorderly arrangementN2N ASN · κόσμιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκόσμιον: meaning 'orderly arrangement'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παραβολῶνof proverbsN1 GPF · παραβολήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπαραβολή: meaning 'of proverbs'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
10
πολλὰ ἐζήτησεν Ἐκκλησιαστὴς τοῦ εὑρεῖν λόγους θελήματος καὶ γεγραμμένον εὐθύτητος λόγους ἀληθείας
The Ecclesiast sought diligently to find words of delight, and what was written uprightly, words of truth.
The narrator characterizes the teacher’s craft as a deliberate search for fitting and truthful speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πολλὰmany thingsA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many things'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐζήτησενsoughtVAI AAI3S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristζητέω: meaning 'sought'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἘκκλησιαστὴςEcclesiastN1M NSM · Ἐκκλησιαστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationἘκκλησιαστὴς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεῖνfindVB AAN · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
θελήματοςof delightN3M GSN · θέλημαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθέλημα: meaning 'of delight'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεγραμμένονwrittenVP · χππασμ γράφωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππασμ γράφω: meaning 'written'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εὐθύτητοςof uprightnessN3T GSF · εὐθύτηςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεὐθύτης: meaning 'of uprightness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀληθείαςof truthN1A GSF · ἀλήθειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀλήθεια: meaning 'of truth'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
11
λόγοι σοφῶν ὡς τὰ βούκεντρα καὶ ὡς ἧλοι πεφυτευμένοι οἳ παρὰ τῶν συναγμάτων ἐδόθησαν ἐκ ποιμένος ἑνὸς καὶ περισσὸν ἐξ αὐτῶν
The words of the wise are like goads and like well-planted nails; they were given from the collections by one shepherd, and beyond them...
Wise sayings are praised as both piercing and stabilizing, carrying an authority traced back to a single shepherdly source.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
λόγοιwordsN2 NPM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'words'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σοφῶνof wise menA1 GPM · σοφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσοφός: meaning 'of wise men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βούκεντραgoadsN2N NPN · βούκεντρονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβούκεντρον: meaning 'goads'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἧλοιnailsN2 NPM · ἧλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἧλος: meaning 'nails'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πεφυτευμένοιhaving been plantedVM · χππνπμ φυτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνπμ φυτεύω: meaning 'having been planted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἳwhichRR NPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγμάτωνcollectionsN3M GPN · σύναγμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσύναγμα: meaning 'collections'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐδόθησανwere givenVCI API3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'were given'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ποιμένοςshepherdN3 GSM · ποιμήνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποιμήν: meaning 'shepherd'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἑνὸςoneA3 GSM · εἷςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεἷς: meaning 'one'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περισσὸνbeyondD · περισσόνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπερισσὸν: meaning 'beyond'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
12
υἱέ μου φύλαξαι ποιῆσαι βιβλία πολλά οὐκ ἔστιν περασμός καὶ μελέτη πολλὴ κόπωσις σαρκός
My son, beware: to make many books there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the flesh.
The epilogue turns from praise of wisdom to a caution against endless literary accumulation and exhausting study.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
υἱέsonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φύλαξαιbewareVA AMD2S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: meaning 'beware'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ποιῆσαιto makeVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'to make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βιβλίαbooksN2N APN · βιβλίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβιβλίον: meaning 'books'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πολλάmanyA1 APN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
περασμόςendN2 NSM · περασμόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπερασμός: meaning 'end'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μελέτηstudyN1 NSF · μελέτηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμελέτη: meaning 'study'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολλὴmuchA1 NSF · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κόπωσιςwearinessN3I NSF · κόπωσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκόπωσις: meaning 'weariness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σαρκόςof fleshN3K GSF · σάρξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσάρξ: meaning 'of flesh'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
13
τέλος λόγου τὸ πᾶν ἀκούεται τὸν θεὸν φοβοῦ καὶ τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ φύλασσε ὅτι τοῦτο πᾶς ὁ ἄνθρωπος
The end of the matter, everything has been heard: fear God and keep his commandments, because this is the whole of man.
The book’s final imperative gathers the whole argument into reverence toward God and obedient responsibility.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τέλοςendN3E NSN · τέλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτέλος: meaning 'end'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λόγουof matterN2 GSM · λόγοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλόγος: meaning 'of matter'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πᾶνwholeA3 NSN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'whole'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀκούεταιhas been heardV1 PPI3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀκούω: meaning 'has been heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
φοβοῦfearV2 PMD2S · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολὰςcommandmentsN1 APF · ἐντολήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐντολή: meaning 'commandments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φύλασσεkeepV1 PAD2S · φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: meaning 'keep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πᾶςwholeA3 NSM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'whole'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
14
ὅτι σὺν πᾶν τὸ ποίημα ὁ θεὸς ἄξει ἐν κρίσει ἐν παντὶ παρεωραμένῳ ἐὰν ἀγαθὸν καὶ ἐὰν πονηρόν
Because God will bring every deed into judgment, with every hidden thing, whether good or whether evil.
The closing sentence grounds the final exhortation in the certainty of comprehensive divine judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πᾶνeveryA3 ASN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίημαdeedN3M ASN · ποίημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationποίημα: meaning 'deed'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄξειwill bringVF FAI3S · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω: meaning 'will bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κρίσειjudgmentN3I DSF · κρίσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
παντὶeveryA3 DSN · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'every'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
παρεωραμένῳhidden thingV3 · πππδσν ὁράω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπππδσν ὁράω + παρα: meaning 'hidden thing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐὰνwhetherC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθὸνgoodA1 NSN · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνwhetherC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'whether'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πονηρόνevilA1A NSN · πονηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.