1
διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἃς ἡμαρτήκατε ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ ἀχθήσεσθε εἰς Βαβυλῶνα αἰχμάλωτοι ὑπὸ Ναβουχοδονοσορ βασιλέως τῶν Βαβυλωνίων
Because of the sins that you have sinned against God, you will be led away as captives to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar king of the Babylonians.
The letter opens not with abstract philosophy but with covenant history: exile itself is the consequence of sin against the living God.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinN1A APF · ἁμαρτίαnominal term functioning as a accusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἁμαρτία: meaning 'sin'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a accusative complement.
ἃςwhichRR APF · ὅςdemonstrative or relative element tying the register together→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἃς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative or relative element tying the register together.
ἡμαρτήκατεyou sinnedVX XAI2P · ἁμαρτάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'you sinned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἀχθήσεσθεyou will be led awayVQ FPI2P · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄγω: meaning 'you will be led away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΒαβυλῶναBabylonN3W ASF · Βαβυλώνgenitive of source ('from Babylon')→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileΒαβυλῶνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of source ('from Babylon').
αἰχμάλωτοιcaptivesA1B NPM · αἰχμάλωτοςpredicate nominative ('daughters [given] as captives')→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἰχμάλωτος: meaning 'captives'; it serves as predicate nominative ('daughters [given] as captives').
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
ΝαβουχοδονοσορNebuchadnezzarN GSM · Ναβουχοδονοσορproper name within the narrative or speech→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileΝαβουχοδονοσορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative or speech.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαβυλωνίωνBabyloniansN GPM · Βαβυλώνιοςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileΒαβυλωνίων: meaning 'Babylonians'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
2
εἰσελθόντες οὖν εἰς Βαβυλῶνα ἔσεσθε ἐκεῖ ἔτη πλείονα καὶ χρόνον μακρὸν ἕως γενεῶν ἑπτά μετὰ τοῦτο δὲ ἐξάξω ὑμᾶς ἐκεῖθεν μετ' εἰρήνης
When, therefore, you enter Babylon, you will be there for many years and a long time, up to seven generations; after that I will bring you out from there in peace.
Babylonian residence is given a limit, so the warning against idols is framed inside a larger promise of return.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
εἰσελθόντεςhaving enteredVB · ααπνπμ ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileααπνπμ ἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'having entered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΒαβυλῶναBabylonN3W ASF · Βαβυλώνgenitive of source ('from Babylon')→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileΒαβυλῶνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of source ('from Babylon').
ἔσεσθεyou wereVF FMI2P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'you were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ adverbial nuanceἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἔτηyearsN3E APN · ἔτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
πλείοναmanyA3C APN · πολύςcomparative adjective modifying ξένια with the sense of abundance→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as comparative adjective modifying ξένια with the sense of abundance.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρόνος: meaning 'time'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
μακρὸνlongA1A ASM · μακρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμακρός: meaning 'long'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
γενεῶνgenerationN1A GPF · γενεάhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγενεά: meaning 'generation'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
ἑπτάsevenM · ἑπτάindeclinable or proper-name element functioning in the clause as written→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑπτά: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξάξωbring forthVF FAI1S · ἄγω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄγω + ἐκ: meaning 'bring forth'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereD · ἐκεῖθενadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἐκεῖθεν: meaning 'from there'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
εἰρήνηςpeaceN1 GSF · εἰρήνηobject of μετ'→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεἰρήνη: meaning 'peace'; it serves as object of μετ'.
3
νυνὶ δὲ ὄψεσθε ἐν Βαβυλῶνι θεοὺς ἀργυροῦς καὶ χρυσοῦς καὶ ξυλίνους ἐπ' ὤμοις αἰρομένους δεικνύντας φόβον τοῖς ἔθνεσιν
But now in Babylon you will see gods of silver and gold and wood, carried on shoulders and showing fear to the nations.
The idols are introduced as public spectacle objects, impressive only because they are carried and displayed before the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
νυνὶnowD · νυνίtemporal adverb marking the present turn in the speech→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνυνί: meaning 'now'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεσθεsawVF FMI2P · ὁράωfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form presenting the action as forthcomingὁράω: meaning 'saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΒαβυλῶνιBabylonN3W DSF · Βαβυλώνdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileΒαβυλῶνι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
θεοὺςgodsN2 APM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'gods'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἀργυροῦςsilverA1C APM · ἀργυροῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀργυροῦς: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσοῦςgoldenA1C APM · χρυσοῦςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρυσοῦς: meaning 'golden'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξυλίνουςwoodenA1 APM · ξύλινοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὤμοιςshouldersN2 DPM · ὦμοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὦμος: meaning 'shoulders'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αἰρομένουςbeing carriedV1 · πππαπμ αἴρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπππαπμ αἴρω: meaning 'being carried'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δεικνύνταςdisplayingV5 · παπαπμ δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπαπμ δεικνύω: meaning 'displaying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φόβονfearN2 ASM · φόβοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
4
εὐλαβήθητε οὖν μὴ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀφομοιωθέντες τοῖς ἀλλοφύλοις ἀφομοιωθῆτε καὶ φόβος ὑμᾶς λάβῃ ἐπ' αὐτοῖς
Therefore take care that you yourselves, becoming like the foreigners, are not made like them and seized with fear because of those gods.
The central danger is imitation: fear of the cult can become conformity to the cult.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
εὐλαβήθητεtake careVC APD2P · εὐλαβέομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεὐλαβέομαι: meaning 'take care'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑμεῖςyouRP NP · σύpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑμεῖς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.
ἀφομοιωθέντεςhaving become likeVC · αππνπμ ὁμοιόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαππνπμ ὁμοιόω + ἀπο: meaning 'having become like'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλοιςPhilistinesA1B DPM · ἀλλόφυλοςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἀφομοιωθῆτεyou be made likeVC APS2P · ὁμοιόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὁμοιόω + ἀπο: meaning 'you be made like'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑμᾶςyouRP AP · σύpronoun functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
λάβῃtookVB AAS3S · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'took'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
5
ἰδόντας ὄχλον ἔμπροσθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν αὐτῶν προσκυνοῦντας αὐτά εἴπατε δὲ τῇ διανοίᾳ σοὶ δεῖ προσκυνεῖν δέσποτα
When you see a crowd in front of them and behind them worshiping them, say in your mind, “It is you, Master, whom one must worship.”
The hearer is taught an inward liturgy of resistance, confessing the true Lord even while surrounded by idol-processions.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἰδόνταςhaving seenVB · ααπαπμ ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileααπαπμ ὁράω: meaning 'having seen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὄχλονcrowdN2 ASM · ὄχλοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄχλος: meaning 'crowd'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeP · ἔμπροσθενpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἔμπροσθεν: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄπισθενbehindP · ὄπισθενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄπισθεν: meaning 'behind'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
προσκυνοῦνταςworshipingV2 · παπαπμ κυνέω + προςparticiple modifying the clause and supplying description or attendant circumstance→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπαπμ κυνέω + προς: meaning 'worshiping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause and supplying description or attendant circumstance.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
εἴπατεsayVAI AAD2P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διανοίᾳmind / understandingN1A DSF · διάνοιαdative term marking reference, means, manner, or location→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδιάνοια: meaning 'mind'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, manner, or location.
σοὶyouRP DS · σύpronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσοὶ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
δεῖit is necessaryV2 PAI3S · δέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ present verbal form presenting ongoing or immediate actionδέω: meaning 'it is necessary'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
προσκυνεῖνbow downV2 PAN · κυνέω + προςparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action→ perfectiveκυνέω + προς: meaning 'bow down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action.
δέσποταmasterN1M VSM · δεσπότηςNominal modifier or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδεσπότης: meaning 'master'; it serves as Nominal modifier or complement.
6
ὁ γὰρ ἄγγελός μου μεθ' ὑμῶν ἐστιν αὐτός τε ἐκζητῶν τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
For my angel is with you, and he himself is seeking your lives.
The warning is backed by divine guardianship; the angelic presence contrasts with the lifeless gods of Babylon.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄγγελόςangelN2 NSM · ἄγγελοςsubject of ἐξῆλθεν and ἐπάταξεν→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄγγελος: meaning 'angel'; it serves as subject of ἐξῆλθεν and ἐπάταξεν.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
μεθ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
αὐτόςhisRD NSM · αὐτόςpronoun→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτός: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκζητῶνpapnsm zeteo + ekV2 · παπνσμ ζητέω + ἐκmain or subordinate verb carrying the clause forward→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardπαπνσμ ζητέω + ἐκ: meaning 'papnsm zeteo + ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main or subordinate verb carrying the clause forward.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὰςpersonN1 APF · ψυχήaccusative object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileψυχή: meaning 'person'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronoun in genitival dependence→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
7
γλῶσσα γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐστιν κατεξυσμένη ὑπὸ τέκτονος αὐτά τε περίχρυσα καὶ περιάργυρα ψευδῆ δ' ἐστὶν καὶ οὐ δύνανται λαλεῖν
For their tongue has been smoothed by a craftsman, and though they are gilded and silvered, they are false and cannot speak.
The satire begins with the idol's tongue: fashioned by a craftsman, it cannot perform the very act of speech expected of a god.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
γλῶσσαtongueN1S NSF · γλῶσσαnominative term functioning in the clause core→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγλῶσσα: meaning 'tongue'; it serves as nominative term functioning in the clause core.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κατεξυσμένηsmoothed downVM · χππνσφ ξύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχππνσφ ξύω + κατα: meaning 'smoothed down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
τέκτονοςcraftsmanN3N GSM · τέκτωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτέκτων: meaning 'craftsman'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτάthemRD NPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περίχρυσαgildedA1B NPN · περίχρυσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπερίχρυσος: meaning 'gilded'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιάργυραsilver-platedA1B NPN · περιάργυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπεριάργυρος: meaning 'silver-plated'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ψευδῆfalseA3H NPN · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanction→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδέ: meaning 'but'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
δύνανταιbe ableV6 PMI3P · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
λαλεῖνspeakV2 PAN · λαλέωinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action→ present verbal form presenting ongoing or immediate actionλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
8
καὶ ὥσπερ παρθένῳ φιλοκόσμῳ λαμβάνοντες χρυσίον κατασκευάζουσιν στεφάνους ἐπὶ τὰς κεφαλὰς τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν
And as for a woman who loves adornment, they take gold and make crowns for the heads of their gods.
Their crowns display not divinity but human vanity; the idols are decorated as luxury objects.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
παρθένῳvirginN2 DSF · παρθένοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαρθένος: meaning 'virgin'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φιλοκόσμῳfond of adornmentA1B DSF · φιλόκοσμοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφιλόκοσμος: meaning 'fond of adornment'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
λαμβάνοντεςtakingV1 · παπνπμ λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπμ λαμβάνω: meaning 'taking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative complement.
κατασκευάζουσινthey makeV1 PAI3P · σκευάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσκευάζω + κατα: meaning 'they make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
στεφάνουςcrownsN2 APM · στέφανοςelliptical direct object continuing from ἔλαβεν→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileστέφανος: meaning 'crowns'; it serves as elliptical direct object continuing from ἔλαβεν.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὰςhead / capitalN1 APF · κεφαλήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῶνGodN2 GPM · θεόςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
9
ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὅτε ὑφαιρούμενοι οἱ ἱερεῖς ἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον εἰς ἑαυτοὺς καταναλώσουσιν δώσουσιν δὲ ἀπ' αὐτῶν καὶ ταῖς ἐπὶ τοῦ τέγους πόρναις
And sometimes the priests, taking gold and silver away from their gods, will spend it on themselves, and some of it they even give to the prostitutes on the roof.
The priests exploit the cult economically, diverting sacred metals into personal indulgence and sexual commerce.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἔστιisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ present active indicativeεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτεwhenD · ὅτεadverbial or subordinating marker shaping the clause relation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅτε: meaning 'when'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὑφαιρούμενοιtaking awayV2 · πμπνπμ αἱρέω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπνπμ αἱρέω + ὑπο: meaning 'taking away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῶνGodN2 GPM · θεόςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοὺς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καταναλώσουσινconsumeVF FAI3P · ἁλίσκω + κατα + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting a coming actionἁλίσκω + κατα + ἀνα: meaning 'consume'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
δώσουσινgiveVF FAI3P · δίδωμιmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ gnomic/customary future (the standing practice of payment)δίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέγουςroofN3E GSN · τέγοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτέγος: meaning 'roof'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πόρναιςprostitutesN1 DPF · πόρνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπόρνη: meaning 'prostitutes'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
10
κοσμοῦσί τε αὐτοὺς ὡς ἀνθρώπους τοῖς ἐνδύμασιν θεοὺς ἀργυροῦς καὶ χρυσοῦς καὶ ξυλίνους οὗτοι δὲ οὐ διασῴζονται ἀπὸ ἰοῦ καὶ βρωμάτων
They deck them out with garments like human beings, these gods of silver and gold and wood, yet they cannot preserve themselves from rust and decay.
Though richly dressed, the idols cannot preserve themselves from corrosion and vermin.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
κοσμοῦσίthey adornV2 PAI3P · κοσμέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκοσμέω: meaning 'they adorn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνδύμασινgarmentsN3M DPN · ἔνδυμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔνδυμα: meaning 'garments'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θεοὺςgodsN2 APM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'gods'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἀργυροῦςsilverA1C APM · ἀργυροῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀργυροῦς: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσοῦςgoldenA1C APM · χρυσοῦςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρυσοῦς: meaning 'golden'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξυλίνουςwoodenA1 APM · ξύλινοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
διασῴζονταιthey preserve themselvesV1 PMI3P · σώζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσώζω + δια: meaning 'they preserve themselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἰοῦrustN2 GSM · ἰόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἰός: meaning 'rust'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βρωμάτωνfoodsN3M GPN · βρῶμαgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileβρῶμα: meaning 'foods'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
11
περιβεβλημένων αὐτῶν ἱματισμὸν πορφυροῦν ἐκμάσσονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτῶν διὰ τὸν ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας κονιορτόν ὅς ἐστιν πλείων ἐπ' αὐτοῖς
When they are clothed in purple garments, they wipe their faces because of the dust from the temple, which is thick upon them.
Priests must clean the gods' faces, reversing the expected relation between worshiper and deity.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
περιβεβλημένωνhaving been clothedVM · χμπγπμ βάλλω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχμπγπμ βάλλω + περι: meaning 'having been clothed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἱματισμὸνclothingN2 ASM · ἱματισμόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱματισμός: meaning 'clothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
πορφυροῦνpurpleA1C ASM · πορφυροῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπορφυροῦς: meaning 'purple'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκμάσσονταιthey wipe offV1 PMI3P · μάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'they wipe off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
κονιορτόνdustN2 ASM · κονιορτόςaccusative element functioning as object, goal, or extent→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκονιορτός: meaning 'dust'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, goal, or extent.
ὅςwhoRR NSM · ὅςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅς: meaning 'who'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
πλείωνgreaterA3C NSM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπολύς: meaning 'greater'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
12
καὶ σκῆπτρον ἔχει ὡς ἄνθρωπος κριτὴς χώρας ὃς τὸν εἰς αὐτὸν ἁμαρτάνοντα οὐκ ἀνελεῖ
And it has a scepter like a human judge of a province, but it does not kill the one who sins against it.
Royal-looking insignia are exposed as empty theater because the idol cannot punish rebellion.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκῆπτρονscepterN2N ASN · σκῆπτρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσκῆπτρον: meaning 'scepter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔχειhasV1 PAI3S · ἔχωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting ongoing or immediate actionἔχω: meaning 'has'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κριτὴςjudgeN1M NSM · κριτήςpredicate nominative naming the office Joshua received→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκριτής: meaning 'judge'; it serves as predicate nominative naming the office Joshua received.
χώραςcountryN1A GSF · χώραnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχώρα: meaning 'country'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅς: meaning 'who'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ἁμαρτάνονταsinningV1 · παπασμ ἁμαρτάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπασμ ἁμαρτάνω: meaning 'sinning'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀνελεῖdestroyVF2 FAI3S · αἱρέω + ἀναFinite verb / predicate→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardαἱρέω + ἀνα: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
13
ἔχει δὲ ἐγχειρίδιον ἐν δεξιᾷ καὶ πέλεκυν ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἐκ πολέμου καὶ λῃστῶν οὐκ ἐξελεῖται
It also has a dagger in its right hand and an axe, but it cannot rescue itself from war or robbers.
Weapons in hand do not make the idol dangerous; it cannot even defend itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἔχειhasV1 PAI3S · ἔχωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present verbal form presenting ongoing or immediate actionἔχω: meaning 'has'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγχειρίδιονdaggerN2N ASN · ἐγχειρίδιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἐγχειρίδιον: meaning 'dagger'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
δεξιᾷright handA1A DSF · δεξιόςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδεξιός: meaning 'right hand'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέλεκυνaxeN3 ASM · πέλεκυςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπέλεκυς: meaning 'axe'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτὸν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πολέμουwarN2 GSM · πόλεμοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λῃστῶνrobbersN1M GPM · λῃστήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλῃστής: meaning 'robbers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξελεῖταιdeliverVF2 FMI3S · αἱρέω + ἐκfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardαἱρέω + ἐκ: meaning 'deliver'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
14
ὅθεν γνώριμοί εἰσιν οὐκ ὄντες θεοί μὴ οὖν φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς
From this it is evident that they are not gods; therefore do not fear them.
The first refrain draws the conclusion plainly: apparent splendor does not make them gods.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὅθενthereforeD · ὅθενadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅθεν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γνώριμοίevidentA1B NPM · γνώριμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγνώριμος: meaning 'evident'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὄντεςbeingV9 · παπνπμ εἰμίattributive participle (describing the slaves)→ present participleπαπνπμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (describing the slaves).
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβηθῆτεbe afraidVC APS2P · φοβέωimperative forbidding fear→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφοβέω: meaning 'be afraid'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as imperative forbidding fear.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
15
ὥσπερ γὰρ σκεῦος ἀνθρώπου συντριβὲν ἀχρεῖον γίνεται τοιοῦτοι ὑπάρχουσιν οἱ θεοὶ αὐτῶν καθιδρυμένων αὐτῶν ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις
For just as a person’s vessel, once broken, becomes useless, so are their gods when they have been set up in the houses.
Once installed, the idols are no better than broken household objects that have lost all use.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεῦοςvesselN3E NSN · σκεῦοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσκεῦος: meaning 'vessel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
συντριβὲνhaving been brokenVD · αππνσν τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαππνσν τρίβω + συν: meaning 'having been broken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀχρεῖονuselessA1B NSN · ἀχρεῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀχρεῖος: meaning 'useless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γίνεταιbecomeV1 PMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoing or immediateγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
τοιοῦτοιsuchA1 NPM · τοιοῦτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτοιοῦτος: meaning 'such'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπάρχουσινareV1 PAI3P · ἄρχω + ὑποverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοὶGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καθιδρυμένωνhaving been set upVM · χμπγπμ ἱδρύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχμπγπμ ἱδρύω + κατα: meaning 'having been set up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκοιςhouseN2 DPM · οἶκοςdative complement within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
16
οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν πλήρεις εἰσὶν κονιορτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ποδῶν τῶν εἰσπορευομένων
Their eyes are full of dust from the feet of those entering.
The eyes that should see are clogged with dust from ordinary traffic.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyeN2 NPM · ὀφθαλμόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eye'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πλήρειςfullA3H NPM · πλήρηςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
κονιορτοῦdustN2 GSM · κονιορτόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκονιορτός: meaning 'dust'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδῶνfootN3D GPM · πούςgenitive dependent→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as genitive dependent.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορευομένωνenteringV1 · πμπγπμ πορεύομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπγπμ πορεύομαι + εἰς: meaning 'entering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
17
καὶ ὥσπερ τινὶ ἠδικηκότι βασιλέα περιπεφραγμέναι εἰσὶν αἱ αὐλαὶ ὡς ἐπὶ θανάτῳ ἀπηγμένῳ τοὺς οἴκους αὐτῶν ὀχυροῦσιν οἱ ἱερεῖς θυρώμασίν τε καὶ κλείθροις καὶ μοχλοῖς ὅπως ὑπὸ τῶν λῃστῶν μὴ συληθῶσι
And as the courts are enclosed for one who has offended a king, like one led away to death, so the priests secure their temples with doors and locks and bars, lest they be plundered by robbers.
The gods require human security systems, proving they are possessions to be guarded, not powers that guard.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τινὶsomeoneRI DSM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτινὶ: meaning 'someone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἠδικηκότιhaving offendedVX · χαπδσμ ἀδικέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχαπδσμ ἀδικέω: meaning 'having offended'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
περιπεφραγμέναιenclosedVK · χμπνπφ φράσσω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχμπνπφ φράσσω + περι: meaning 'enclosed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
αὐλαὶcourtsN1 NPF · αὐλήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐλή: meaning 'courts'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
θανάτῳdeathN2 DSM · θάνατοςnominal term functioning as a dative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a dative complement.
ἀπηγμένῳled awayVK · χμπδσμ ἄγω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχμπδσμ ἄγω + ἀπο: meaning 'led away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουςhousesN2 APM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὀχυροῦσινthey fortifyV4 PAI3P · ὀχυρόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὀχυρόω: meaning 'they fortify'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
θυρώμασίνdoorwaysN3M DPN · θύρωμαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθύρωμα: meaning 'doorways'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλείθροιςlocksN2N DPN · κλεῖθρονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκλεῖθρον: meaning 'locks'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοχλοῖςbarsN2 DPM · μοχλόςdative of means coordinated with the other defenses→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as dative of means coordinated with the other defenses.
ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λῃστῶνrobbersN1M GPM · λῃστήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλῃστής: meaning 'robbers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
συληθῶσιthey be plunderedVC APS3P · συλάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσυλάω: meaning 'they be plundered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
18
λύχνους καίουσιν καὶ πλείους ἢ ἑαυτοῖς ὧν οὐδένα δύνανται ἰδεῖν
They light lamps for them, more than for themselves, though the gods can see none of them.
The abundance of lamps exposes the absurdity: worshipers provide light for deities that cannot see.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
λύχνουςlampsN2 APM · λύχνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλύχνος: meaning 'lamps'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καίουσινthey burnV1 PAI3P · καίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαίω: meaning 'they burn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλείουςmoreA3C APM · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπολύς: meaning 'more'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
οὐδέναno oneA3 ASM · οὐδείςdirect object / accusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as direct object / accusative complement.
δύνανταιbe ableV6 PMI3P · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
ἰδεῖνseeVB AAN · ὁράωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ infinitival verbal idea dependent on the governing expressionὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
19
ἔστιν μὲν ὥσπερ δοκὸς τῶν ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας τὰς δὲ καρδίας αὐτῶν φασιν ἐκλείχεσθαι τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἑρπετῶν κατεσθόντων αὐτούς τε καὶ τὸν ἱματισμὸν αὐτῶν οὐκ αἰσθάνονται
They are like beams of the house, while, they say, their insides are licked away by the creeping things from the earth that devour them and their garments, yet they do not notice it.
Decay works on them from below, yet the idols remain insensible to their own consumption.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμὲν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δοκὸςbeamN2 NSF · δοκόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδοκός: meaning 'beam'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καρδίαςheartN1A APF · καρδίαcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
φασινthey sayV6 PAI3P · φημίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφημί: meaning 'they say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκλείχεσθαιto be licked awayV1 PPN · λείχω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλείχω + ἐκ: meaning 'to be licked away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ἑρπετῶνcreeping thingsN2N GPN · ἑρπετόνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑρπετόν: meaning 'creeping things'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κατεσθόντωνeating upV1 · παπγπν ἐσθίω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπγπν ἐσθίω + κατα: meaning 'eating up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματισμὸνclothingN2 ASM · ἱματισμόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱματισμός: meaning 'clothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
αἰσθάνονταιthey perceiveV1 PMI3P · αἰσθάνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἰσθάνομαι: meaning 'they perceive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
20
μεμελανωμένοι τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ καπνοῦ τοῦ ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας
Their faces are blackened by the smoke that comes from the temple.
Temple smoke stains their faces, another sign that they passively receive what happens around them.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
μεμελανωμένοιblackenedVM · χμπνπμ μελανόομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχμπνπμ μελανόομαι: meaning 'blackened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καπνοῦof smokeN2 GSM · καπνόςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαπνός: meaning 'of smoke'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
21
ἐπὶ τὸ σῶμα αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐφίπτανται νυκτερίδες χελιδόνες καὶ τὰ ὄρνεα ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ οἱ αἴλουροι
Upon their body and head bats, swallows, and birds alight, and likewise cats.
Birds and animals treat the idols as perches and surfaces, not as powers to be feared.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyN3M ASN · σῶμαdirect object of λούσεται→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as direct object of λούσεται.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐφίπτανταιfly uponV6 PMI3P · ἵπταμαι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἵπταμαι + ἐπι: meaning 'fly upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
νυκτερίδεςbatsN3D NPF · νυκτερίςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνυκτερίς: meaning 'bats'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
χελιδόνεςswallowsN3N NPF · χελιδώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχελιδών: meaning 'swallows'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρνεαbirdN2N NPN · ὄρνεονnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄρνεον: meaning 'bird'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseD · ὡσαύτωςadverb→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὡσαύτως: meaning 'likewise'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴλουροιcatsN2 NPM · αἴλουροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἴλουρος: meaning 'cats'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
22
ὅθεν γνώσεσθε ὅτι οὔκ εἰσιν θεοί μὴ οὖν φοβεῖσθε αὐτά
From this you will know that they are not gods; therefore do not fear them.
The second refrain turns these visual humiliations into theological instruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ὅθενthereforeD · ὅθενadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅθεν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γνώσεσθεyou shall knowVF FMI2P · γιγνώσκωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardγιγνώσκω: meaning 'you shall know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal action→ adverbial nuanceοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φοβεῖσθεfearV2 PMD2P · φοβέωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ present middle/passive imperative of continued attitudeφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
23
τὸ γὰρ χρυσίον ὃ περίκεινται εἰς κάλλος ἐὰν μή τις ἐκμάξῃ τὸν ἰόν οὐ μὴ στίλψωσιν οὐδὲ γάρ ὅτε ἐχωνεύοντο ᾐσθάνοντο
For the gold with which they are covered for beauty, unless someone wipes off the rust, will not shine; for not even when they were being cast did they perceive it.
Even their gold finish depends on human polishing; beauty is borrowed maintenance, not native glory.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative complement.
ὃwhichRR ASN · ὅςrelative pronoun→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
περίκεινταιthey are put aroundV5 PMI3P · κεῖμαι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκεῖμαι + περι: meaning 'they are put around'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κάλλοςbeautyN3E ASN · κάλλοςhead noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκάλλος: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
μήnotD · μήadverbial or subordinating marker shaping the clause relation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμή: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
ἐκμάξῃwipe offVA AAS3S · μάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'wipe off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰόνrustN2 ASM · ἰόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἰός: meaning 'rust'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
στίλψωσινthey may shineVA AAS3P · στίλβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileστίλβω: meaning 'they may shine'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γάρforX · γάρconnective or particle shaping the clause relation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτεwhenD · ὅτεadverbial or subordinating marker shaping the clause relation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅτε: meaning 'when'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐχωνεύοντοthey were castV1I IPI3P · χωνεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχωνεύω: meaning 'they were cast'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ᾐσθάνοντοthey perceivedV1I IMI3P · αἰσθάνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἰσθάνομαι: meaning 'they perceived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
24
ἐκ πάσης τιμῆς ἠγορασμένα ἐστίν ἐν οἷς οὐκ ἔστιν πνεῦμα
They were bought at every price, though there is no breath in them.
The idols are expensive commodities, but they lack the breath that marks real life.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival modifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as adjectival modifier.
τιμῆςhonorN1 GSF · τιμήdependent on ἀπό by coordination with φόρων→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτιμή: meaning 'honor'; it serves as dependent on ἀπό by coordination with φόρων.
ἠγορασμέναhaving been boughtVT · χππνπν ἀγοράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχππνπν ἀγοράζω: meaning 'having been bought'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐστίνbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ present of general truthεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἷςwho / whichRR DPN · ὅςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἷς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
25
ἄνευ ποδῶν ἐπ' ὤμοις φέρονται ἐνδεικνύμενοι τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀτιμίαν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις αἰσχύνονταί τε καὶ οἱ θεραπεύοντες αὐτὰ διὰ τό μήποτε ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν πέσῃ δι' αὐτῶν ἀνίστασθαι
Having no feet, they are carried on shoulders, displaying their own dishonor to men; and those who serve them are even ashamed, because if one should fall to the ground, by them it cannot rise.
Being carried on shoulders broadcasts their shame, and their servants share in that embarrassment.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἄνευwithoutP · ἄνευpreposition governing the following phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνευ: meaning 'without'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ποδῶνfootN3D GPM · πούςgenitive dependent→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπούς: meaning 'foot'; it serves as genitive dependent.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὤμοιςshouldersN2 DPM · ὦμοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὦμος: meaning 'shoulders'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φέρονταιthey are carriedV1 PPI3P · φέρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφέρω: meaning 'they are carried'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνδεικνύμενοιdisplayingV5 · πμπνπμ δεικνύω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπνπμ δεικνύω + ἐν: meaning 'displaying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτῶνthemselvesRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦgenitive dependent modifier / possession relation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'themselves'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἀτιμίανἀτιμίαN1A ASF · ἀτιμίαObject / complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀτιμία: meaning 'ἀτιμία'; it serves as Object / complement.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative complement / reference or instrument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'human being'; it serves as dative complement / reference or instrument.
αἰσχύνονταίthey are ashamedV1 PMI3P · αἰσχύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἰσχύνω: meaning 'they are ashamed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεραπεύοντεςthose servingV1 · παπνπμ θεραπεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπμ θεραπεύω: meaning 'those serving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τόtheRA ASN · ὁarticle governing a accusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτό: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μήποτεlest perhapsD · μήποτεadverb or negative particle qualifying the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμήποτε: meaning 'lest perhaps'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πέσῃit should fallVA AAS3S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπίπτω: meaning 'it should fall'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀνίστασθαιto riseV6 PMN · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'to rise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
26
μήτε ἐάν τις αὐτὸ ὀρθὸν στήσῃ δι' ἑαυτοῦ κινηθήσεται μήτε ἐὰν κλιθῇ οὐ μὴ ὀρθωθῇ ἀλλ' ὥσπερ νεκροῖς τὰ δῶρα αὐτοῖς παρατίθεται
Nor, if someone sets it upright, will it move of itself; nor, if it is tilted, will it straighten itself; but gifts are placed before them as before the dead.
They are inert like corpses: unable to rise, straighten, or respond.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
μήτεneitherC · μήτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμήτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐάνif / whatever mayC · ἐάνcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἐάν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὀρθὸνuprightA1 ASN · ὀρθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὀρθός: meaning 'upright'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
στήσῃyou shall standVA AAS3S · ἵστημιmain verb (prescribed conduct of the creditor)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἵστημι: meaning 'you shall stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (prescribed conduct of the creditor).
δι'throughP · διάpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
ἑαυτοῦitselfRD GSN · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'itself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κινηθήσεταιthat movesVC FPI3S · κινέωmain verbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause→ predictionκινέω: meaning 'that moves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the action or assertion of the clause.
μήτεneitherC · μήτεparticle or adverb shaping the clause or discourse flow→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμήτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
κλιθῇit be tiltedVC APS3S · κλίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκλίνω: meaning 'it be tilted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὀρθωθῇit be straightenedVC APS3S · ὀρθόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὀρθόω: meaning 'it be straightened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
νεκροῖςdeadN2 DPM · νεκρόςdative element marking reference, means, or association→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνεκρός: meaning 'dead'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, or association.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶραgiftN2N NPN · δῶρονnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδῶρον: meaning 'gift'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
παρατίθεταιis set beforeV7 PPI3S · τίθημι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτίθημι + παρα: meaning 'is set before'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
27
τὰς δὲ θυσίας αὐτῶν ἀποδόμενοι οἱ ἱερεῖς αὐτῶν καταχρῶνται ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες αὐτῶν ἀπ' αὐτῶν ταριχεύουσαι οὔτε πτωχῷ οὔτε ἀδυνάτῳ μεταδιδόασιν τῶν θυσιῶν αὐτῶν ἀποκαθημένη καὶ λεχὼ ἅπτονται
Their priests sell their sacrifices and use the proceeds; likewise their wives preserve some of them, but they give nothing from the sacrifices to the poor or the weak; and one who is menstruating or a woman in childbirth touches them.
The sacrificial system around them is morally corrupt and ritually indiscriminate, exposing the cult as spiritually empty.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυσίαςsacrificeN1A APF · θυσίαaccusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as accusative complement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀποδόμενοιselling offVO · αμπνπμ δίδωμι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαμπνπμ δίδωμι + ἀπο: meaning 'selling off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καταχρῶνταιthey misuseV3 PMI3P · χράομαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχράομαι + κατα: meaning 'they misuse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseD · ὡσαύτωςadverb→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὡσαύτως: meaning 'likewise'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
γυναῖκεςwomanN3K NPF · γυνήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier or resumptive dependent→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier or resumptive dependent.
ταριχεύουσαιpreservingV1 · παπνπφ ταριχεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπφ ταριχεύω: meaning 'preserving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτωχῷpoor personN2 DSM · πτωχόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπτωχός: meaning 'poor person'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδυνάτῳweak personA1B DSM · ἀδύνατοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀδύνατος: meaning 'weak person'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μεταδιδόασινthey shareV8 PAI3P · δίδωμι + μεταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδίδωμι + μετα: meaning 'they share'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιῶνsacrificesN1A GPF · θυσίαgenitive dependent phrase within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθυσία: meaning 'sacrifices'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀποκαθημένηmenstruatingV5 · πμπνσφ ἧμαι + ἀπο + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπνσφ ἧμαι + ἀπο + κατα: meaning 'menstruating'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λεχὼwoman in childbirthN3 DSF · λεχώςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλεχώς: meaning 'woman in childbirth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἅπτονταιthey touchV1 PMI3P · ἅπτομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἅπτομαι: meaning 'they touch'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
28
γνόντες οὖν ἀπὸ τούτων ὅτι οὔκ εἰσιν θεοί μὴ φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς
Knowing, therefore, from these things that they are not gods, do not fear them.
The third refrain gathers economic, ritual, and bodily evidence into the same verdict.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
γνόντεςhaving knownVZ · ααπνπμ γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileααπνπμ γιγνώσκω: meaning 'having known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τούτωνtheseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτούτων: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal action→ adverbial nuanceοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
φοβηθῆτεbe afraidVC APS2P · φοβέωimperative forbidding fear→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφοβέω: meaning 'be afraid'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as imperative forbidding fear.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
29
πόθεν γὰρ κληθείησαν θεοί ὅτι γυναῖκες παρατιθέασιν θεοῖς ἀργυροῖς καὶ χρυσοῖς καὶ ξυλίνοις
For how could they be called gods, when women set offerings before gods of silver and gold and wood?
Offerings from women to wooden and metal figures underline the human dependence of the whole system.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
πόθενwhere fromD · πόθενinterrogative adverb (source)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπόθεν: meaning 'where from'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κληθείησανmight be calledVC APO3P · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαλέω: meaning 'might be called'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυναῖκεςwomanN3K NPF · γυνήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
παρατιθέασινthey place beforeV7 PAI3P · τίθημι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτίθημι + παρα: meaning 'they place before'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεοῖςGodN2 DPM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἀργυροῖςsilverA1C DPM · ἀργυροῦςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀργυροῦς: meaning 'silver'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσοῖςgoldenA1C DPM · χρυσοῦςadjectival modifier of στεφάνοις→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρυσοῦς: meaning 'golden'; it serves as adjectival modifier of στεφάνοις.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξυλίνοιςwoodenA1 DPM · ξύλινοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
30
καὶ ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις αὐτῶν οἱ ἱερεῖς διφρεύουσιν ἔχοντες τοὺς χιτῶνας διερρωγότας καὶ τὰς κεφαλὰς καὶ τοὺς πώγωνας ἐξυρημένους ὧν αἱ κεφαλαὶ ἀκάλυπτοί εἰσιν
And in their temples the priests sit with tunics torn, with heads and beards shaved, their heads uncovered.
The priests themselves appear disordered and dishonored, mirroring the emptiness of the gods they serve.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκοιςhouseN2 DPM · οἶκοςdative complement within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
διφρεύουσινthey sitV1 PAI3P · διφρεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδιφρεύω: meaning 'they sit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔχοντεςholdingV1 · παπνπμ ἔχωparticipial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance→ contemporaneous present participleπαπνπμ ἔχω: meaning 'holding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χιτῶναςtunicsN3W APM · χιτώνaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχιτών: meaning 'tunics'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
διερρωγόταςtornVXI XAPAPM R(H/GNUMI DIAverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδιερρωγότας: meaning 'torn'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὰςhead / capitalN1 APF · κεφαλήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πώγωναςbeardN3W APM · πώγωνaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπώγων: meaning 'beard'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἐξυρημένουςshavedVM · χππαπμ ξυράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχππαπμ ξυράω: meaning 'shaved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
κεφαλαὶhead / capitalN1 NPF · κεφαλήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
ἀκάλυπτοίuncoveredA1B NPF · ἀκάλυπτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀκάλυπτος: meaning 'uncovered'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
31
ὠρύονται δὲ βοῶντες ἐναντίον τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν ὥσπερ τινὲς ἐν περιδείπνῳ νεκροῦ
They howl and cry out before their gods like some people at a funeral meal for the dead.
Their cries sound less like triumphal worship than mourning at a funeral.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὠρύονταιthey howlV1 PMI3P · ὠρύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὠρύομαι: meaning 'they howl'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοῶντεςcrying outV3 · παπνπμ βοάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπμ βοάω: meaning 'crying out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῶνGodN2 GPM · θεόςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τινὲςsomeRI NPM · τιςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτις: meaning 'some'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
περιδείπνῳfuneral mealN2N DSN · περίδειπνονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπερίδειπνον: meaning 'funeral meal'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
νεκροῦdead personN2 GSM · νεκρόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνεκρός: meaning 'dead person'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
32
ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱματισμοῦ αὐτῶν ἀφελόμενοι οἱ ἱερεῖς ἐνδύουσιν τὰς γυναῖκας αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ παιδία
Removing garments from them, the priests clothe their own wives and children.
Sacred textiles become family clothing; the cult becomes a storehouse for private use.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματισμοῦclothingN2 GSM · ἱματισμόςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱματισμός: meaning 'clothing'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀφελόμενοιhaving removedVB · αμπνπμ αἱρέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαμπνπμ αἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'having removed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐνδύουσινthey clotheV1 PAI3P · δύω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδύω + ἐν: meaning 'they clothe'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαςwivesN3K APF · γυνήaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγυνή: meaning 'wives'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίαchildrenN2N APN · παιδίονaccusative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαιδίον: meaning 'children'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
33
οὔτε ἐὰν κακὸν πάθωσιν ὑπό τινος οὔτε ἐὰν ἀγαθόν δυνήσονται ἀνταποδοῦναι οὔτε καταστῆσαι βασιλέα δύνανται οὔτε ἀφελέσθαι
Whether they suffer evil from someone or receive good, they cannot repay it; they are unable either to set up a king or to remove one.
They can neither reward nor punish, neither establish nor depose kings.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
κακὸνevilsA1 ASN · κακόςgenitive substantive after μιμνῄσκομαι→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive substantive after μιμνῄσκομαι.
πάθωσινthey sufferVB AAS3P · πάσχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπάσχω: meaning 'they suffer'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπόupoP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑπό: meaning 'upo'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
τινοςat allRI GSM · τιςgenitive modifier or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτις: meaning 'at all'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνlexical item integrated into the clause in its local syntactic role→ conditional contingencyἐάν: meaning 'if'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
ἀγαθόνgoodA1 ASN · ἀγαθόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
δυνήσονταιshall be ableVF FMI3P · δύναμαιmain verb of impossibility clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardδύναμαι: meaning 'shall be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of impossibility clause.
ἀνταποδοῦναιto repayVO AAN · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδίδωμι + ἀντι ἀπο: meaning 'to repay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταστῆσαιstandVA AAN · ἵστημι + καταinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, or complementary action→ aoristἵστημι + κατα: meaning 'stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, result, or complementary action.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
δύνανταιbe ableV6 PMI3P · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφελέσθαιremoveVB AMN · αἱρέω + ἀποparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἱρέω + ἀπο: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action.
34
ὡσαύτως οὔτε πλοῦτον οὔτε χαλκὸν οὐ μὴ δύνωνται διδόναι ἐάν τις αὐτοῖς εὐχὴν εὐξάμενος μὴ ἀποδῷ οὐ μὴ ἐπιζητήσωσιν
Likewise, they cannot give wealth or even a copper coin; if someone makes a vow to them and does not pay it, they will not demand it.
They cannot enrich worshipers or even enforce the vows made to them.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseD · ὡσαύτωςadverb→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὡσαύτως: meaning 'likewise'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλοῦτονwealthN2 ASM · πλοῦτοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπλοῦτος: meaning 'wealth'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαλκὸνbronzeN2 ASM · χαλκόςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχαλκός: meaning 'bronze'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δύνωνταιare ableV6 PMS3P · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ present-form verbal aspect portraying the action as ongoing or in progressδύναμαι: meaning 'are able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
διδόναιto giveV8 PAN · δίδωμιinfinitive of content after ἔστησαν→ present infinitive of ongoing obligationδίδωμι: meaning 'to give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive of content after ἔστησαν.
ἐάνif / whatever mayC · ἐάνcoordinating conjunction linking the next clause or item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἐάν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιςa certainRI NSM · τιςenclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτις: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as enclitic indefinite pronoun (marking a specific but unnamed day).
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
εὐχὴνvowN1 ASF · εὐχήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεὐχή: meaning 'vow'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complement.
εὐξάμενοςeuchomaiVA · αμπνσμ εὔχομαιparticiple supporting the clause action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαμπνσμ εὔχομαι: meaning 'euchomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle supporting the clause action.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀποδῷhe payVO AAS3S · δίδωμι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδίδωμι + ἀπο: meaning 'he pay'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπιζητήσωσινthey demandVA AAS3P · ζητέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileζητέω + ἐπι: meaning 'they demand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
35
ἐκ θανάτου ἄνθρωπον οὐ μὴ ῥύσωνται οὔτε ἥττονα ἀπὸ ἰσχυροῦ οὐ μὴ ἐξέλωνται
They will not rescue a human from death, nor will they deliver the weak from the strong.
At the level of life and death they are useless; they cannot save the vulnerable from mortal danger.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
θανάτουdeathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative object of πρός→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ῥύσωνταιthey rescueVA AMS3P · ῥύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileῥύομαι: meaning 'they rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥττοναweaker oneA3C ASM · ἥσσωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἥσσων: meaning 'weaker one'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἰσχυροῦmightyA1A GSM · ἰσχυρόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἰσχυρός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξέλωνταιrescueVB AMS3P · αἱρέω + ἐκfinite verbal form carrying the clause action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἱρέω + ἐκ: meaning 'rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action.
36
ἄνθρωπον τυφλὸν εἰς ὅρασιν οὐ μὴ περιστήσωσιν ἐν ἀνάγκῃ ἄνθρωπον ὄντα οὐ μὴ ἐξέλωνται
They will not restore sight to a blind person, nor deliver a man who is in distress.
Nor can they heal disability or deliver a distressed sufferer.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative object of πρός→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
τυφλὸνblindA1 ASM · τυφλόςappositive/predicate (specifying the blemish)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτυφλός: meaning 'blind'; it serves as appositive/predicate (specifying the blemish).
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὅρασινvisionN3I ASF · ὅρασιςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
περιστήσωσινthey restoreVA AAS3P · ἵστημι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἵστημι + περι: meaning 'they restore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἀνάγκῃdistressN1 DSF · ἀνάγκηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀνάγκη: meaning 'distress'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἄνθρωπονmanN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative object of πρός→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
ὄνταontaV9 · παπασμ εἰμίparticipial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance→ verbal action framed by the clause contextπαπασμ εἰμί: meaning 'onta'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξέλωνταιrescueVB AMS3P · αἱρέω + ἐκfinite verbal form carrying the clause action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἱρέω + ἐκ: meaning 'rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause action.
37
χήραν οὐ μὴ ἐλεήσωσιν οὔτε ὀρφανὸν εὖ ποιήσουσιν
They will not pity a widow, nor do good to an orphan.
Social righteousness is absent from them as well: widow and orphan receive no help.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
χήρανwidowN1A ASF · χήραaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχήρα: meaning 'widow'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐλεήσωσινthey show mercyVA AAS3P · ἐλεέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἐλεέω: meaning 'they show mercy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρφανὸνorphanA1 ASM · ὀρφανόςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὀρφανός: meaning 'orphan'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
εὖwellD · εὖadverb (with ποιῆσαι: 'to do good')→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεὖ: meaning 'well'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ποιήσουσινthey will doVF FAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb of the conditional apodosis→ future indicative of threatened actionποιέω: meaning 'they will do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb of the conditional apodosis.
38
τοῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄρους λίθοις ὡμοιωμένοι εἰσὶν τὰ ξύλινα καὶ τὰ περίχρυσα καὶ τὰ περιάργυρα οἱ δὲ θεραπεύοντες αὐτὰ καταισχυνθήσονται
The wooden things, the gilded things, and the silvered things are like stones from the mountain, and those who serve them will be put to shame.
The comparison to mountain stones strips away all aura; devotees are shamed by serving what is no better than rock.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςmountainN3E GSN · ὄροςgenitive of relationship (with βορρᾶ: 'north of the mountain')→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as genitive of relationship (with βορρᾶ: 'north of the mountain').
λίθοιςstoneN2 DPM · λίθοςdative complement within the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
ὡμοιωμένοιmade likeVM · χμπνπμ ὁμοιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχμπνπμ ὁμοιόω: meaning 'made like'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλιναwooden thingsA1 NPN · ξύλινοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περίχρυσαgildedA1B NPN · περίχρυσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπερίχρυσος: meaning 'gilded'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιάργυραsilver-platedA1B NPN · περιάργυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπεριάργυρος: meaning 'silver-plated'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεραπεύοντεςthose servingV1 · παπνπμ θεραπεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπμ θεραπεύω: meaning 'those serving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
καταισχυνθήσονταιthey will be ashamedVC FPI3P · αἰσχύνω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future passive verbal form projecting a coming resultαἰσχύνω + κατα: meaning 'they will be ashamed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
39
πῶς οὖν νομιστέον ἢ κλητέον αὐτοὺς ὑπάρχειν θεούς
How, then, should one suppose or declare that they are gods?
The rhetorical question presses the hearer to pronounce the verdict already proved by the evidence.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νομιστέονone should supposeA1A NSN · νομιστέονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνομιστέον: meaning 'one should suppose'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλητέονone should callA1A NSN · κλητέοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκλητέος: meaning 'one should call'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὑπάρχειναρχω + υποV1 PAN · ἄρχω + ὑποinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'αρχω + υπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
θεούςGodN2 APM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
40
ἔτι δὲ καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν Χαλδαίων ἀτιμαζόντων αὐτά οἵ ὅταν ἴδωσιν ἐνεὸν οὐ δυνάμενον λαλῆσαι προσενεγκάμενοι τὸν Βῆλον ἀξιοῦσιν φωνῆσαι ὡς δυνατοῦ ὄντος αὐτοῦ αἰσθέσθαι
Moreover, even the Chaldeans themselves dishonor them: when they see a mute man who cannot speak, they bring him to Bel and ask that he speak, as though Bel could understand.
Even the Chaldeans effectively mock the idols by pretending that Bel can make a mute man speak.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansN2 GPM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive of origin (the bands belong to the Chaldeans)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileΧαλδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of origin (the bands belong to the Chaldeans).
ἀτιμαζόντωνdishonoringV1 · παπγπμ ἀτιμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπγπμ ἀτιμάζω: meaning 'dishonoring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
οἵosRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἵ: meaning 'os'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδωσινseeVB AAS3P · ὁράωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ subjunctive or optative force expressing wish, purpose, or projected actionὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
ἐνεὸνmuteA1A ASM · ἐνεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἐνεός: meaning 'mute'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
δυνάμενονbeing ableV6 · πμπασμ δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπασμ δύναμαι: meaning 'being able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λαλῆσαιspeakVA AAN · λαλέωinfinitive complement within the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeλαλέω: meaning 'speak'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement within the clause.
προσενεγκάμενοιhaving broughtVA · αμπνπμ φέρω + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαμπνπμ φέρω + προς: meaning 'having brought'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒῆλονBelN2 ASM · Βῆλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileΒῆλον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀξιοῦσινthey askV4 PAI3P · ἀξιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀξιόω: meaning 'they ask'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φωνῆσαιphonesaiVA AAN · φωνέωinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeφωνέω: meaning 'phonesai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
δυνατοῦmightyA1 GSM · δυνατόςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδυνατός: meaning 'mighty'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ὄντοςbeing / while wasV9 · παπγσμ εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπγσμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
αἰσθέσθαιto perceiveVB AMN · αἰσθάνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἰσθάνομαι: meaning 'to perceive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
41
καὶ οὐ δύνανται αὐτοὶ νοήσαντες καταλιπεῖν αὐτά αἴσθησιν γὰρ οὐκ ἔχουσιν
And though they themselves are unable to perceive this, they cannot abandon them, for they have no sense.
The worshipers persist not from insight but from a lack of true perception.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
δύνανταιbe ableV6 PMI3P · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
νοήσαντεςhaving understoodVA · ααπνπμ νοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileααπνπμ νοέω: meaning 'having understood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καταλιπεῖνthey leftVB AAN · λείπω + καταinfinitive complement expressing purpose or content→ verbal form carrying the discourse forwardλείπω + κατα: meaning 'they left'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement expressing purpose or content.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
αἴσθησινsenseN3I ASF · αἴσθησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἴσθησις: meaning 'sense'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔχουσινεχωV1 PAI3P · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔχω: meaning 'εχω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
42
αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες περιθέμεναι σχοινία ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς ἐγκάθηνται θυμιῶσαι τὰ πίτυρα
And the women, with cords around them, sit in the roads, burning bran as incense.
The letter now exposes the cult's public sexual and ritual practices at street level.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαἱ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γυναῖκεςwomanN3K NPF · γυνήnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
περιθέμεναιhaving placed aroundVE · αμπνπφ τίθημι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαμπνπφ τίθημι + περι: meaning 'having placed around'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σχοινίαropeN2N APN · σχοινίονaccusative nominal element functioning as object or complement within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσχοινίον: meaning 'rope'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object or complement within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῖςwayN2 DPF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὁδοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγκάθηνταιsit downV5 PMI3P · ἧμαι + ἐν + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἧμαι + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'sit down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θυμιῶσαιburning incenseV3 · παπνπφ θυμιάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπφ θυμιάω: meaning 'burning incense'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πίτυραbranN2N APN · πίτυρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπίτυρον: meaning 'bran'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
43
ὅταν δέ τις αὐτῶν ἐφελκυσθεῖσα ὑπό τινος τῶν παραπορευομένων κοιμηθῇ τὴν πλησίον ὀνειδίζει ὅτι οὐκ ἠξίωται ὥσπερ καὶ αὐτὴ οὔτε τὸ σχοινίον αὐτῆς διερράγη
When one of them, drawn aside by some passerby, lies with him, she reproaches her neighbor because she was not thought worthy as she was, and because her cord was not broken.
Competition and shame within the cult show how deeply human desire, not divine power, governs the scene.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέbutX · δέconnective conjunction linking the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τιςanyoneRI NSF · τιςsubject or predicate element within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτις: meaning 'anyone'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject or predicate element within the clause.
αὐτῶνhis/theirRD GPF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier or resumptive dependent→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier or resumptive dependent.
ἐφελκυσθεῖσαhaving been drawn asideVS · αππνσφ ἑλκύω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαππνσφ ἑλκύω + ἐπι: meaning 'having been drawn aside'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπόupoP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑπό: meaning 'upo'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
τινοςat allRI GSM · τιςgenitive modifier or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτις: meaning 'at all'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παραπορευομένωνpassing byV1 · πμπγπμ πορεύομαι + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπγπμ πορεύομαι + παρα: meaning 'passing by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κοιμηθῇshe lies downVC APS3S · κοιμάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκοιμάω: meaning 'she lies down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονindeclinable element shaping the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπλησίον: meaning 'neighbor'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὀνειδίζειshe reproachesV1 PAI3S · ὀνειδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὀνειδίζω: meaning 'she reproaches'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἠξίωταιshe has been deemed worthyVM XMI3S · ἀξιόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀξιόω: meaning 'she has been deemed worthy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὴhe, she, itRD NSF · αὐτόςpronominal modifier / argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτὴ: meaning 'he, she, it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal modifier / argument.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σχοινίονlineN2 NSN · σχοινίονnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσχοινίον: meaning 'line'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring back to the current family, city, or group.
διερράγηwas brokenVDI API3S · ῥήγνυμι + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileῥήγνυμι + δια: meaning 'was broken'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
44
πάντα τὰ γινόμενα αὐτοῖς ἐστιν ψευδῆ πῶς οὖν νομιστέον ἢ κλητέον ὥστε θεοὺς αὐτοὺς ὑπάρχειν
Everything done in connection with them is false; how, then, should one suppose or say that they are gods?
The accumulated practices are summed up as falsehood from top to bottom.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γινόμεναthings happeningV1 · πμπνπν γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπνπν γίγνομαι: meaning 'things happening'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
ψευδῆfalseA3H NPN · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νομιστέονone should supposeA1A NSN · νομιστέονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνομιστέον: meaning 'one should suppose'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλητέονone should callA1A NSN · κλητέοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκλητέος: meaning 'one should call'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrases→ coordinationὥστε: meaning 'so that'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
θεοὺςgodsN2 APM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'gods'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὑπάρχειναρχω + υποV1 PAN · ἄρχω + ὑποinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'αρχω + υπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
45
ὑπὸ τεκτόνων καὶ χρυσοχόων κατεσκευασμένα εἰσίν οὐθὲν ἄλλο μὴ γένωνται ἢ ὃ βούλονται οἱ τεχνῖται αὐτὰ γενέσθαι
They have been made by carpenters and goldsmiths; they can become nothing other than what the craftsmen want them to become.
An idol never exceeds its maker; it becomes exactly what artisans decide it will be.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
τεκτόνωνof craftsmenN3N GPM · τέκτωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτέκτων: meaning 'of craftsmen'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσοχόωνgoldsmithsN2 GPM · χρυσοχόοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρυσοχόος: meaning 'goldsmiths'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κατεσκευασμέναhaving been madeVT · χππνπν σκευάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχππνπν σκευάζω + κατα: meaning 'having been made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰσίνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ statementεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
οὐθὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative object of the participle indicating absence of compensation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative object of the participle indicating absence of compensation.
ἄλλοelseRD ASN · ἄλλοςadjective modifying τι (catch-all: 'anything else')→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄλλος: meaning 'else'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
γένωνταιmay becomeVB AMS3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγίγνομαι: meaning 'may become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃwhichRR ASN · ὅςrelative pronoun→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
βούλονταιwishV1 PMI3P · βούλομαιFinite verb of the content clause→ present/imperfective portrayal of the action in progress or as generally validβούλομαι: meaning 'wish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb of the content clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεχνῖταιcraftsmanN1M NPM · τεχνίτηςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτεχνίτης: meaning 'craftsman'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
γενέσθαιbecome / happenVB AMN · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ verbal action marked by its local tense-formγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
46
αὐτοί τε οἱ κατασκευάζοντες αὐτὰ οὐ μὴ γένωνται πολυχρόνιοι πῶς τε δὴ μέλλει τὰ ὑπ' αὐτῶν κατασκευασθέντα εἶναι θεοί
And the very men who make them are not long-lived; how then can the things made by them be gods?
If the makers are mortal and passing away, their products cannot plausibly be divine.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
αὐτοίheRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedent→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτοί: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to a local participant or antecedent.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατασκευάζοντεςthose makingV1 · παπνπμ σκευάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπμ σκευάζω + κατα: meaning 'those making'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
γένωνταιmay becomeVB AMS3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action or command of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγίγνομαι: meaning 'may become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
πολυχρόνιοιlong-livedA1B NPM · πολυχρόνιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπολυχρόνιος: meaning 'long-lived'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὴnow / indeedX · δήsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to context→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέλλειis aboutV1 PAI3S · μέλλωmain verb of impending action→ presentμέλλω: meaning 'is about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of impending action.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπ'byP · ὑπόpreposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑπ': meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing a complement or adverbial phrase.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
κατασκευασθένταhaving been madeVS · αππνπν σκευάζω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαππνπν σκευάζω + κατα: meaning 'having been made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
47
κατέλιπον γὰρ ψεύδη καὶ ὄνειδος τοῖς ἐπιγινομένοις
For they have left lies and reproach to those who come after.
What the makers hand down is not revelation but a heritage of lies and disgrace.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
κατέλιπονleave behindVBI AAI3P · λείπω + καταfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist verbal form viewing the action as a wholeλείπω + κατα: meaning 'leave behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ψεύδηliesA3H APN · ψευδήςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileψευδής: meaning 'lies'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνειδοςreproachN3E ASN · ὄνειδοςaccusative nominal element functioning as object or complement within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄνειδος: meaning 'reproach'; it serves as accusative nominal element functioning as object or complement within the clause.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιγινομένοιςgignomaipiV1 · πμπδπμ γίγνομαι + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπδπμ γίγνομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'gignomaipi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
48
ὅταν γὰρ ἐπέλθῃ ἐπ' αὐτὰ πόλεμος καὶ κακά βουλεύονται πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς οἱ ἱερεῖς ποῦ συναποκρυβῶσι μετ' αὐτῶν
For whenever war and calamities come upon them, the priests consult among themselves where they may hide with them.
When danger comes, the priests think first about where to hide, not how their gods will save.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέλθῃερχομαι + επιVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐπιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ aorist subjunctive form expressing a bounded prospective actionἔρχομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'ερχομαι + επι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
πόλεμοςwarN2 NSM · πόλεμοςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κακάtroublesA1 NPN · κακόςsubject of ἐπισυνῆκται→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκακός: meaning 'troubles'; it serves as subject of ἐπισυνῆκται.
βουλεύονταιthey consultV1 PMI3P · βουλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileβουλεύω: meaning 'they consult'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοὺς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ποῦwhereD · ποῦinterrogative adverb (introducing deliberative indirect question)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileποῦ: meaning 'where'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
συναποκρυβῶσιthey may hide themselves withVD APS3P · κρύπτω + συν + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκρύπτω + συν + ἀπο: meaning 'they may hide themselves with'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
49
πῶς οὖν οὐκ ἔστιν αἰσθέσθαι ὅτι οὔκ εἰσιν θεοί οἳ οὔτε σῴζουσιν ἑαυτοὺς ἐκ πολέμου οὔτε ἐκ κακῶν
How then can one fail to perceive that they are not gods, since they cannot save themselves either from war or from calamities?
The inability to save themselves under pressure proves the idols powerless.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αἰσθέσθαιto perceiveVB AMN · αἰσθάνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἰσθάνομαι: meaning 'to perceive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal action→ adverbial nuanceοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
οἳwho / whichRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordination.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σῴζουσινsaveV1 PAI3P · σώζωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting a coming actionσώζω: meaning 'save'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοὺς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πολέμουwarN2 GSM · πόλεμοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κακῶνwrongsA1 GPN · κακόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκακός: meaning 'wrongs'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
50
ὑπάρχοντα γὰρ ξύλινα καὶ περίχρυσα καὶ περιάργυρα γνωσθήσεται μετὰ ταῦτα ὅτι ἐστὶν ψευδῆ τοῖς ἔθνεσι πᾶσι τοῖς τε βασιλεῦσι φανερὸν ἔσται ὅτι οὔκ εἰσι θεοὶ ἀλλὰ ἔργα χειρῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ οὐδὲν θεοῦ ἔργον ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐστιν
For since they are wooden and gilded and silvered, it will afterward become known that they are false; to all nations and kings it will be clear that they are not gods but works of human hands, and that no work of God is in them.
Their falsity will become manifest to nations and kings alike because they are merely human artifacts.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
ὑπάρχονταbeingV1 · παπνπν ἄρχω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπν ἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξύλιναwooden thingsA1 NPN · ξύλινοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden things'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περίχρυσαgildedA1B NPN · περίχρυσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπερίχρυσος: meaning 'gilded'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιάργυραsilver-platedA1B NPN · περιάργυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπεριάργυρος: meaning 'silver-plated'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
γνωσθήσεταιwill be knownVS FPI3S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγιγνώσκω: meaning 'will be known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ψευδῆfalseA3H NPN · ψευδήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνεσιnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking reference, means, or location→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking reference, means, or location.
πᾶσιallA3 DPN · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεῦσιkingsN3V DPM · βασιλεύςdative object of ἀπήντησεν→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as dative object of ἀπήντησεν.
φανερὸνmanifestA1A NSN · φανερόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφανερός: meaning 'manifest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal action→ adverbial nuanceοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσιareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίparticiple modifying the clause with verbal force→ present verbal form presenting the action as a complete predicationεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle modifying the clause with verbal force.
θεοὶGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ coordinationἀλλὰ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔργαworkN2N NPN · ἔργονcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive (source of the works)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as genitive (source of the works).
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐδὲνno oneA3 NSN · οὐδείςhead noun or nominal element within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as head noun or nominal element within the clause.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἔργονmatterN2N NSN · ἔργονnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔργον: meaning 'matter'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
51
τίνι οὖν γνωστέον ἐστὶν ὅτι οὔκ εἰσιν θεοί
To whom, then, is it unknown that they are not gods?
The point is now treated as public knowledge rather than secret insight.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
τίνιto whatRI DSM · τίςpronoun functioning in dative relation within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτίνι: meaning 'to what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning in dative relation within the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνωστέονit is knownA1A NSN · γνωστέοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγνωστέος: meaning 'it is known'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal action→ adverbial nuanceοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
52
βασιλέα γὰρ χώρας οὐ μὴ ἀναστήσωσιν οὔτε ὑετὸν ἀνθρώποις οὐ μὴ δῶσιν
For they will not set up a king for a country, nor give rain to human beings.
True rule over kingdom and rain belongs elsewhere; the idols have no control over political or cosmic order.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χώραςcountryN1A GSF · χώραnominal term functioning in a gen relation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχώρα: meaning 'country'; it serves as nominal term functioning in a gen relation.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀναστήσωσινraise upVA AAS3P · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ subjunctive or optative force expressing wish, purpose, or projected actionἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'raise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑετὸνὑετόςN2 ASM · ὑετόςaccusative element functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὑετός: meaning 'ὑετός'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or complement.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative complement / reference or instrument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'human being'; it serves as dative complement / reference or instrument.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δῶσινdidomiVO AAS3P · δίδωμιparticipial verbal form adding descriptive or circumstantial action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδίδωμι: meaning 'didomi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form adding descriptive or circumstantial action.
53
κρίσιν τε οὐ μὴ διακρίνωσιν αὐτῶν οὐδὲ μὴ ῥύσωνται ἀδικούμενον ἀδύνατοι ὄντες ὥσπερ γὰρ κορῶναι ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς
Nor will they judge their own case or rescue one who is wronged, being powerless like crows between heaven and earth.
They cannot render justice or rescue the wronged; their impotence leaves them suspended and useless.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
διακρίνωσινthey judgeVA AAS3P · κρίνω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκρίνω + δια: meaning 'they judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ῥύσωνταιthey rescueVA AMS3P · ῥύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileῥύομαι: meaning 'they rescue'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδικούμενονone being wrongedV2 · πππασμ ἀδικέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπππασμ ἀδικέω: meaning 'one being wronged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδύνατοιpowerlessA1B NPM · ἀδύνατοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀδύνατος: meaning 'powerless'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὄντεςbeingV9 · παπνπμ εἰμίattributive participle (describing the slaves)→ present participleπαπνπμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (describing the slaves).
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κορῶναιcrowsN1 NPF · κορώνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκορώνη: meaning 'crows'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASM · μέσοςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitival dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
54
καὶ γὰρ ὅταν ἐμπέσῃ εἰς οἰκίαν θεῶν ξυλίνων ἢ περιχρύσων ἢ περιαργύρων πῦρ οἱ μὲν ἱερεῖς αὐτῶν φεύξονται καὶ διασωθήσονται αὐτοὶ δὲ ὥσπερ δοκοὶ μέσοι κατακαυθήσονται
And when fire falls upon a house of wooden, gilded, or silvered gods, their priests will flee and save themselves, but the gods themselves will be burned up in the middle like beams.
Fire reveals the hierarchy clearly: priests run away alive, idols remain and burn like timber.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπέσῃit should fall intoVA AAS3S · πίπτω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπίπτω + ἐν: meaning 'it should fall into'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἰκίανhouseN1A ASF · οἰκίαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
θεῶνGodN2 GPM · θεόςgenitival dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ξυλίνωνwoodenA1 GPM · ξύλινοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιχρύσωνgildedA1B GPM · περίχρυσοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπερίχρυσος: meaning 'gilded'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιαργύρωνsilveredA1B GPM · περιάργυροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπεριάργυρος: meaning 'silvered'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμὲν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
φεύξονταιpheygoVF FMI3P · φεύγωfinite verbal form carrying the clause forward→ future verbal form projecting the announced actionφεύγω: meaning 'pheygo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διασωθήσονταιthey will save themselvesVC FPI3P · σώζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσώζω + δια: meaning 'they will save themselves'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δοκοὶbeamsN2 NPF · δοκόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδοκός: meaning 'beams'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μέσοιin the middleA1 NPM · μέσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμέσος: meaning 'in the middle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατακαυθήσονταιkatakasaiVC FPI3P · καίω + καταmain verbal form advancing the clause→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionκαίω + κατα: meaning 'katakasai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
55
βασιλεῖ δὲ καὶ πολεμίοις οὐ μὴ ἀντιστῶσιν
But they will not withstand a king or enemies.
Even against earthly rulers they offer no resistance.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πολεμίοιςenemyA1A DPM · πολέμιοςdative complement or reference term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπολέμιος: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as dative complement or reference term.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀντιστῶσινthey withstandVH AAS3P · ἵστημι + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'they withstand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
56
πῶς οὖν ἐκδεκτέον ἢ νομιστέον ὅτι εἰσὶν θεοί
How, then, is it acceptable or thinkable that they are gods?
The rhetorical refusal now comes after long demonstration: reason itself rejects their divinity.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςindeclinable element shaping the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπῶς: meaning 'how'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκδεκτέονone should acceptA1A NSN · ἐκδεκτέονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἐκδεκτέον: meaning 'one should accept'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νομιστέονone should supposeA1A NSN · νομιστέονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνομιστέον: meaning 'one should suppose'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
57
οὔτε ἀπὸ κλεπτῶν οὔτε ἀπὸ λῃστῶν οὐ μὴ διασωθῶσιν θεοὶ ξύλινοι καὶ περιάργυροι καὶ περίχρυσοι ὧν οἱ ἰσχύοντες περιελοῦνται τὸ χρυσίον καὶ τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ τὸν ἱματισμὸν τὸν περικείμενον αὐτοῖς ἀπελεύσονται ἔχοντες οὔτε ἑαυτοῖς οὐ μὴ βοηθήσωσιν
Wooden and silvered and gilded gods will not save themselves from thieves or robbers; stronger men will strip away the gold and silver and the garments that cover them and go off with them, and the gods will not help themselves.
Thieves can strip them bare and walk off, while the gods provide no defense whatsoever.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κλεπτῶνthiefN1M GPM · κλέπτηςgenitive dependent within the phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκλέπτης: meaning 'thief'; it serves as genitive dependent within the phrase.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
λῃστῶνrobbersN1M GPM · λῃστήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλῃστής: meaning 'robbers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
διασωθῶσινare deliveredVC APS3P · σώζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσώζω + δια: meaning 'are delivered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θεοὶGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ξύλινοιwoodenA1 NPM · ξύλινοςadjectival modifier describing πύργοι→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as adjectival modifier describing πύργοι.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιάργυροιsilver-platedA1B NPM · περιάργυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπεριάργυρος: meaning 'silver-plated'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περίχρυσοιgildedA1B NPM · περίχρυσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπερίχρυσος: meaning 'gilded'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύοντεςπαπνπμ ισχυωV1 · παπνπμ ἰσχύωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ participleπαπνπμ ἰσχύω: meaning 'παπνπμ ισχυω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
περιελοῦνταιthey will strip offVF2 FMI3P · αἱρέω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαἱρέω + περι: meaning 'they will strip off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματισμὸνclothingN2 ASM · ἱματισμόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἱματισμός: meaning 'clothing'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περικείμενονcoveringV5 · πμπασμ κεῖμαι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπασμ κεῖμαι + περι: meaning 'covering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἀπελεύσονταιthey will go awayVF FMI3P · ἔρχομαι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔρχομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'they will go away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔχοντεςholdingV1 · παπνπμ ἔχωparticipial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance→ contemporaneous present participleπαπνπμ ἔχω: meaning 'holding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
βοηθήσωσινthey helpVA AAS3P · βοηθέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileβοηθέω: meaning 'they help'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
58
ὥστε κρεῖσσον εἶναι βασιλέα ἐπιδεικνύμενον τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀνδρείαν ἢ σκεῦος ἐν οἰκίᾳ χρήσιμον ἐφ' ᾧ χρήσεται ὁ κεκτημένος ἢ οἱ ψευδεῖς θεοί ἢ καὶ θύρα ἐν οἰκίᾳ διασῴζουσα τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ὄντα ἢ οἱ ψευδεῖς θεοί καὶ ξύλινος στῦλος ἐν βασιλείοις ἢ οἱ ψευδεῖς θεοί
So it is better to be a king displaying his own courage, or a useful vessel in a house with which its owner will make use, than these false gods; or even a door in a house preserving what is within it, or a wooden pillar in palaces, than these false gods.
Useful human institutions and objects are better than idols because at least they actually serve their purpose.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
ὥστεso thatC · ὥστεconnector linking clauses or phrases→ coordinationὥστε: meaning 'so that'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
κρεῖσσονκρείσσωνA3C NSN · κρείσσωνSubject / head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκρείσσων: meaning 'κρείσσων'; it serves as Subject / head term.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐπιδεικνύμενονdisplayingV5 · πμπασμ δεικνύω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπασμ δεικνύω + ἐπι: meaning 'displaying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun referring within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
ἀνδρείανandreiaN1A ASF · ἀνδρείαaccusative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀνδρεία: meaning 'andreia'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεῦοςimplementsN3E ASN · σκεῦοςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσκεῦος: meaning 'implements'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseN1A DSF · οἰκίαdative complement / reference or instrument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative complement / reference or instrument.
χρήσιμονusefulA1 ASN · χρήσιμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρήσιμος: meaning 'useful'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ᾧwhich / whoRR DSN · ὅςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileᾧ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
χρήσεταιdealVF FMI3S · χράωverbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause→ future middle indicativeχράω: meaning 'deal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or dependent verbal sense of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεκτημένοςthe one possessing itVM · χμπνσμ κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχμπνσμ κτάομαι: meaning 'the one possessing it'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψευδεῖςfalseA3H NPM · ψευδήςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θύραdoorN1A NSF · θύραnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed item.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οἰκίᾳhouseN1A DSF · οἰκίαdative complement / reference or instrument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative complement / reference or instrument.
διασῴζουσαpreservingV1 · παπνσφ σώζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνσφ σώζω + δια: meaning 'preserving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdemonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative element specifying the noun or phrase.
ὄνταthings that areV9 · παπαπν εἰμίparticipial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπαπν εἰμί: meaning 'things that are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψευδεῖςfalseA3H NPM · ψευδήςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ξύλινοςwoodenA1 NSM · ξύλινοςadjectival term functioning predicatively or attributively with a nominative noun→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as adjectival term functioning predicatively or attributively with a nominative noun.
στῦλοςpillarN2 NSM · στῦλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileστῦλος: meaning 'pillar'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
βασιλείοιςpalaceN2N DPN · βασίλειονhead noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileβασίλειον: meaning 'palace'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψευδεῖςfalseA3H NPM · ψευδήςnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileψευδής: meaning 'false'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
59
ἥλιος μὲν γὰρ καὶ σελήνη καὶ ἄστρα ὄντα λαμπρὰ καὶ ἀποστελλόμενα ἐπὶ χρείας εὐήκοά εἰσιν
For the sun and moon and stars, being bright and sent out for service, are obedient.
The obedient heavenly lights are a standing contrast to the inert cult-images.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἥλιοςsunN2 NSM · ἥλιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
μὲνindeedX · μένparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμὲν: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σελήνηmoonN1 NSF · σελήνηnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσελήνη: meaning 'moon'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄστραstarN2N NPN · ἄστρονnominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄστρον: meaning 'star'; it serves as nominative nominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clause.
ὄνταontaV9 · παπνπν εἰμίparticipial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνπν εἰμί: meaning 'onta'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstance.
λαμπρὰbrightA1A NPN · λαμπρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλαμπρός: meaning 'bright'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστελλόμεναbeing sent outV1 · πμπνπν στέλλω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπνπν στέλλω + ἀπο: meaning 'being sent out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χρείαςpositionN1A GSF · χρείαnominal element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχρεία: meaning 'position'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
εὐήκοάobedientA1B NPN · εὐήκοοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεὐήκοος: meaning 'obedient'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
60
ὡσαύτως καὶ ἀστραπή ὅταν ἐπιφανῇ εὔοπτός ἐστιν τὸ δ' αὐτὸ καὶ πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ
Likewise also the lightning, when it appears, is clearly seen; and in the same way the wind blows in every land.
Lightning and wind visibly perform their appointed work without human propping.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseD · ὡσαύτωςadverb→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὡσαύτως: meaning 'likewise'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀστραπήlightningN1 NSF · ἀστραπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀστραπή: meaning 'lightning'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιφανῇappearsVD APS3S · φαίνω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφαίνω + ἐπι: meaning 'appears'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εὔοπτόςclearly seenA1B NSF · εὔοπτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεὔοπτος: meaning 'clearly seen'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanction→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδέ: meaning 'but'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πάσῃallA1S DSF · πᾶςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
χώρᾳcountryN1A DSF · χώραdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχώρα: meaning 'country'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
πνεῖblowsV2 PAI3S · πνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπνέω: meaning 'blows'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
61
καὶ νεφέλαις ὅταν ἐπιταγῇ ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπιπορεύεσθαι ἐφ' ὅλην τὴν οἰκουμένην συντελοῦσι τὸ ταχθέν τό τε πῦρ ἐξαποσταλὲν ἄνωθεν ἐξαναλῶσαι ὄρη καὶ δρυμοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ συνταχθέν
And when the clouds are commanded by God to go over the whole inhabited world, they accomplish what has been appointed them; and the fire sent from above to consume mountains and forests does what it is commanded.
Cloud and fire likewise respond to God's command, highlighting the difference between living creation and dead images.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεφέλαιςcloudN1 DPF · νεφέληdative element functioning as indirect object or object of a preposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνεφέλαις: meaning 'cloud'; here it marks the relation signaled by dative element functioning as indirect object or object of a preposition.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level sense→ indefinite temporal contingencyὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιταγῇit is commandedVD APS3S · τάσσω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτάσσω + ἐπι: meaning 'it is commanded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὸbyP · ὑπόpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὸ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἐπιπορεύεσθαιto proceed byV1 PMN · πορεύομαι + ἐπιinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or verbal action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπορεύομαι + ἐπι: meaning 'to proceed by'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or verbal action.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὅληνwholeA1 ASF · ὅλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅλος: meaning 'whole'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκουμένηνinhabitV2 · πμπασφ οἰκέωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπασφ οἰκέω: meaning 'inhabit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant action.
συντελοῦσιthey accomplishV2 PAI3P · τελέω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτελέω + συν: meaning 'they accomplish'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταχθένwhat was appointedVQ · αππασν τάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαππασν τάσσω: meaning 'what was appointed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τόtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτό: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
ἐξαποσταλὲνhaving been sent outVD · αππνσν στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαππνσν στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: meaning 'having been sent out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνωθενabove / from aboveD · ἄνωθενadverb of place (height)→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνωθεν: meaning 'above'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐξαναλῶσαιconsume utterlyVA AAN · ἁλίσκω + ἐκ + ἀναpurpose infinitive→ aorist infinitiveἁλίσκω + ἐκ + ἀνα: meaning 'consume utterly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as purpose infinitive.
ὄρηmountainN3E APN · ὄροςaccusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or extent within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δρυμοὺςforestsN2 APM · δρυμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδρυμός: meaning 'forests'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ποιεῖdo / makeV2 PAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ present verbal form presenting ongoing or immediate actionποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνταχθένwhat was commandedVQ · αππασν τάσσω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαππασν τάσσω + συν: meaning 'what was commanded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
62
ταῦτα δὲ οὔτε ταῖς ἰδέαις οὔτε ταῖς δυνάμεσιν αὐτῶν ἀφωμοιωμένα ἐστίν
But these idols are not comparable to them either in appearance or in power.
Measured against active creation, the idols fail both in visible form and operative power.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ταῦταtheseRD NPN · οὗτοςpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileταῦτα: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as subject or resumptive element.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδέαιςappearancesN1A DPF · ἰδέαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἰδέα: meaning 'appearances'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεσινforcesN3I DPF · δύναμιςdative complement with καθήκει→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδύναμις: meaning 'forces'; it serves as dative complement with καθήκει.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀφωμοιωμέναmade comparableVM · χππνπν ὁμοιόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχππνπν ὁμοιόω + ἀπο: meaning 'made comparable'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐστίνbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ present of general truthεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
63
ὅθεν οὔτε νομιστέον οὔτε κλητέον ὑπάρχειν αὐτοὺς θεούς οὐ δυνατῶν ὄντων αὐτῶν οὔτε κρίσιν κρῖναι οὔτε εὖ ποιεῖν ἀνθρώποις
Therefore one must neither suppose nor call them gods, since they are unable either to judge a case or to do good to human beings.
Theological conclusion follows: beings that cannot judge or benefit people do not deserve the name god.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὅθενthereforeD · ὅθενadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὅθεν: meaning 'therefore'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νομιστέονone should supposeA1A NSN · νομιστέονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνομιστέον: meaning 'one should suppose'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλητέονone should callA1A NSN · κλητέοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκλητέος: meaning 'one should call'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπάρχειναρχω + υποV1 PAN · ἄρχω + ὑποinfinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄρχω + ὑπο: meaning 'αρχω + υπο'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing purpose, content, or complementary action.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
θεούςGodN2 APM · θεόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
δυνατῶνbeing ableA1 GPN · δυνατόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδυνατός: meaning 'being able'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὄντωνisV9 · παπγπν εἰμίfinite verb governing the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπγπν εἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb governing the clause.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςgenitive element qualifying a related head term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρίσινjudgmentN3I ASF · κρίσιςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκρίσις: meaning 'judgment'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
κρῖναιjudgeVA AAN · κρίνωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκρίνω: meaning 'judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὖwellD · εὖadverb (with ποιῆσαι: 'to do good')→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεὖ: meaning 'well'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ποιεῖνdo / makeV2 PAN · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause→ imperfective infinitiveποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clause.
ἀνθρώποιςhuman beingN2 DPM · ἄνθρωποςdative complement / reference or instrument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'human being'; it serves as dative complement / reference or instrument.
64
γνόντες οὖν ὅτι οὔκ εἰσιν θεοί μὴ φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς
Knowing, therefore, that they are not gods, do not fear them.
The fourth refrain repeats the pastoral aim of the whole letter: do not fear them.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
γνόντεςhaving knownVZ · ααπνπμ γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileααπνπμ γιγνώσκω: meaning 'having known'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal action→ adverbial nuanceοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
φοβηθῆτεbe afraidVC APS2P · φοβέωimperative forbidding fear→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφοβέω: meaning 'be afraid'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as imperative forbidding fear.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
65
οὔτε γὰρ βασιλεῦσιν οὐ μὴ καταράσωνται οὔτε μὴ εὐλογήσωσι
For they will neither curse kings nor bless them.
They lack even the elementary royal functions of blessing or cursing.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεῦσινkingN3V DPM · βασιλεύςdative complement within the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative complement within the clause or phrase.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
καταράσωνταιthey curseVA AMS3P · ἀράομαι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀράομαι + κατα: meaning 'they curse'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὔτε: meaning 'neither'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὐλογήσωσιthey blessVA AAS3P · εὐλογέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεὐλογέω: meaning 'they bless'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
66
σημεῖά τε ἐν ἔθνεσιν ἐν οὐρανῷ οὐ μὴ δείξωσιν οὐδὲ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος λάμψουσιν οὐδὲ φωτίσουσιν ὡς σελήνη
Nor will they show signs in the heavens among the nations, nor shine like the sun, nor give light like the moon.
Nor do they display cosmic signs or luminary power.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
σημεῖάsignsN2N APN · σημεῖονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσημεῖον: meaning 'signs'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
οὐρανῷheavenN2 DSM · οὐρανόςdative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐρανός: meaning 'heaven'; it serves as dative complement.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ simple negationοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δείξωσινthey showVA AAS3P · δεικνύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδεικνύω: meaning 'they show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥλιοςsunN2 NSM · ἥλιοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἥλιος: meaning 'sun'; it serves as nominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or appositional identifier.
λάμψουσινthey shineVF FAI3P · λάμπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileλάμπω: meaning 'they shine'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argument→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωτίσουσινthey give lightVF FAI3P · φωτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφωτίζω: meaning 'they give light'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
σελήνηmoonN1 NSF · σελήνηnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσελήνη: meaning 'moon'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
67
τὰ θηρία ἐστὶν κρείττω αὐτῶν ἃ δύνανται ἐκφυγόντα εἰς σκέπην ἑαυτὰ ὠφελῆσαι
The beasts are better than they are, because they can flee to shelter and help themselves.
Animals surpass them because living creatures can at least seek safety and preserve themselves.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίαwild beastsN2N NPN · θηρίονcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθηρίον: meaning 'wild beasts'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
κρείττωbetterA3C NPN · κρείσσωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἃwhichRR NPN · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the explanatory clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun introducing the explanatory clause.
δύνανταιbe ableV6 PMI3P · δύναμαιmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδύναμαι: meaning 'be able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative action.
ἐκφυγόνταhaving fledVB · ααπνπν φεύγω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileααπνπν φεύγω + ἐκ: meaning 'having fled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σκέπηνcoverN1 ASF · σκέπηςobject of ὑπό→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσκέπης: meaning 'cover'; it serves as object of ὑπό.
ἑαυτὰthemselvesRD APN · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτὰ: meaning 'themselves'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὠφελῆσαιto helpVA AAN · ὠφελέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὠφελέω: meaning 'to help'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
68
κατ' οὐδένα οὖν τρόπον ἐστὶν ἡμῖν φανερὸν ὅτι εἰσὶν θεοί διὸ μὴ φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς
So in no way is it evident to us that they are gods; therefore do not fear them.
The final admonition states the matter without remainder: there is no evidence that these are gods.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
κατ'againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατ': meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οὐδέναno oneA3 ASM · οὐδείςdirect object / accusative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδείς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as direct object / accusative complement.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
ἐστὶνeimiV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal sense.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form functioning as a dative complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form functioning as a dative complement.
φανερὸνmanifestA1A NSN · φανερόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφανερός: meaning 'manifest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίmain verbal form advancing the narrative or command→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or command.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
διὸthereforeC · διόconnector linking clauses or phrases→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδιό: meaning 'therefore'; it links clauses, phrases, or developments in the discourse.
μὴnotD · μήnegative marker qualifying the following verbal or nominal expression→ prohibitive / negativeμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
φοβηθῆτεbe afraidVC APS2P · φοβέωimperative forbidding fear→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileφοβέω: meaning 'be afraid'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as imperative forbidding fear.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
69
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν σικυηράτῳ προβασκάνιον οὐδὲν φυλάσσον οὕτως οἱ θεοὶ αὐτῶν εἰσιν ξύλινοι καὶ περίχρυσοι καὶ περιάργυροι
For like a scarecrow in a cucumber patch that guards nothing, so are their gods of wood and gold and silver.
The scarecrow image ridicules the idols as decorative warnings that protect nothing.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὥσπερjust asD · ὥσπερadverbial modifier shaping the clause or phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὥσπερ: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σικυηράτῳcucumber patchN2N DSN · σικυήρατονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσικυήρατον: meaning 'cucumber patch'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
προβασκάνιονscarecrowN2N NSN · προβασκάνιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπροβασκάνιον: meaning 'scarecrow'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative subject-like object of the impersonal opposition clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὐδείς: meaning 'nothing'; it serves as accusative subject-like object of the impersonal opposition clause.
φυλάσσονguardingV1 · παπνσν φυλάσσωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπαπνσν φυλάσσω: meaning 'guarding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοὶGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
ξύλινοιwoodenA1 NPM · ξύλινοςadjectival modifier describing πύργοι→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as adjectival modifier describing πύργοι.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περίχρυσοιgildedA1B NPM · περίχρυσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπερίχρυσος: meaning 'gilded'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιάργυροιsilver-platedA1B NPM · περιάργυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπεριάργυρος: meaning 'silver-plated'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
70
τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τῇ ἐν κήπῳ ῥάμνῳ ἐφ' ἧς πᾶν ὄρνεον ἐπικάθηται ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ νεκρῷ ἐρριμμένῳ ἐν σκότει ἀφωμοίωνται οἱ θεοὶ αὐτῶν ξύλινοι καὶ περίχρυσοι καὶ περιάργυροι
In the same way their gods of wood and gold and silver are like a thornbush in a garden on which every bird sits, and likewise like a corpse thrown out in the darkness.
The thornbush and corpse comparisons intensify the satire, placing idols among lifeless and unclean things.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
τρόπονmannerN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτρόπος: meaning 'manner'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κήπῳgardenN2 DSM · κῆποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκῆπος: meaning 'garden'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ῥάμνῳthornbushN2 DSF · ῥάμνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileῥάμνος: meaning 'thornbush'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐφ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐφ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πᾶνallA3 NSN · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
ὄρνεονbirdN2N NSN · ὄρνεονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄρνεον: meaning 'bird'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐπικάθηταιsits uponV5 PMI3S · ἧμαι + ἐπι + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἧμαι + ἐπι + κατα: meaning 'sits upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseD · ὡσαύτωςadverb→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὡσαύτως: meaning 'likewise'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandD · καίadverbial modifier of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεκρῷdead personN2 DSM · νεκρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileνεκρός: meaning 'dead person'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐρριμμένῳthrown outVM · χππδσμ ῥίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχππδσμ ῥίπτω: meaning 'thrown out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σκότειdarknessN3E DSN · σκότοςdative complement marking indirect object, reference, location, or means→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileσκότος: meaning 'darkness'; it serves as dative complement marking indirect object, reference, location, or means.
ἀφωμοίωνταιthey are made likeVM XMI3P · ὁμοιόω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὁμοιόω + ἀπο: meaning 'they are made like'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοὶGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ξύλινοιwoodenA1 NPM · ξύλινοςadjectival modifier describing πύργοι→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileξύλινος: meaning 'wooden'; it serves as adjectival modifier describing πύργοι.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περίχρυσοιgildedA1B NPM · περίχρυσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπερίχρυσος: meaning 'gilded'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιάργυροιsilver-platedA1B NPM · περιάργυροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπεριάργυρος: meaning 'silver-plated'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
71
ἀπό τε τῆς πορφύρας καὶ τῆς μαρμάρου τῆς ἐπ' αὐτοῖς σηπομένης γνώσεσθε ὅτι οὔκ εἰσιν θεοί αὐτά τε ἐξ ὑστέρου βρωθήσονται καὶ ἔσται ὄνειδος ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ
From the purple and the rotting fabric upon them you will know that they are not gods; and afterward they themselves will be eaten away and become a reproach in the land.
Rotting fabric and eventual consumption expose the temporary, decaying character of the whole display.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἀπόfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἀπό: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορφύραςpurpleN1A GSF · πορφύραgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπορφύρα: meaning 'purple'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρμάρουpolished surfaceN2 GSF · μάρμαροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμάρμαρος: meaning 'polished surface'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
σηπομένηςrottingV1 · πμπγσφ σήπωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπμπγσφ σήπω: meaning 'rotting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
γνώσεσθεyou shall knowVF FMI2P · γιγνώσκωmain verbal form advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardγιγνώσκω: meaning 'you shall know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ coordinationὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὔκnotD · οὐparticle or adverb qualifying the clause or verbal action→ adverbial nuanceοὔκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσινareV9 PAI3P · εἰμίfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ present verbal form portraying the action as ongoingεἰμί: meaning 'are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
θεοίGodN2 NPM · θεόςnominative element functioning within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning within the clause.
αὐτάthemRD NPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τεandX TEparticle shaping the flow or emphasis of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileτε: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὑστέρουafterwardA1A GSNC · ὕστεροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὕστερος: meaning 'afterward'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
βρωθήσονταιthey will be eaten awayVC FPI3P · βιβρώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileβιβρώσκω: meaning 'they will be eaten away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ὄνειδοςoneidosN3E NSN · ὄνειδοςnominative element functioning as subject or predicate→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὄνειδος: meaning 'oneidos'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject or predicate.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ participial force supplying attendant circumstance or descriptionτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χώρᾳcountryN1A DSF · χώραdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileχώρα: meaning 'country'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
72
κρείσσων οὖν ἄνθρωπος δίκαιος οὐκ ἔχων εἴδωλα ἔσται γὰρ μακρὰν ἀπὸ ὀνειδισμοῦ
Better, therefore, is a righteous person who has no idols, for he will be far from reproach.
The letter ends ethically: better simple righteousness without idols than splendid false religion ending in reproach.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
κρείσσωνbetterA3C NSM · κρείσσωνpredicate adjective with εἰμι→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileκρείσσων: meaning 'better'; it serves as predicate adjective with εἰμι.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particle→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δίκαιοςrighteousA1A NSM · δίκαιοςadjectival or numerical term functioning in a nom relation→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileδίκαιος: meaning 'righteous'; it serves as adjectival or numerical term functioning in a nom relation.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔχωνhavingV1 · παπνσμ ἔχωparticiple supporting the clause action→ circumstantial present participleπαπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'having'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle supporting the clause action.
εἴδωλαidolN2N APN · εἴδωλονaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileεἴδωλον: meaning 'idol'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfinite verb advancing the clause→ future verbal form projecting the action forwardεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μακρὰνfar awayD · μακράνadverb or discourse marker shaping the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileμακράν: meaning 'far away'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὀνειδισμοῦoneidismosN2 GSM · ὀνειδισμόςdative element expressing location, means, reference, or indirect object→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileὀνειδισμός: meaning 'oneidismos'; it serves as dative element expressing location, means, reference, or indirect object.