1
καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ τριακοστῷ ἔτει ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ μηνὶ πέμπτῃ τοῦ μηνὸς καὶ ἐγὼ ἤμην ἐν μέσῳ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας ἐπὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ τοῦ Χοβαρ καὶ ἠνοίχθησαν οἱ οὐρανοί καὶ εἶδον ὁράσεις θεοῦ
And it came to pass in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, on the fifth day of the month, while I was among the captives by the river Chebar, that the heavens were opened and I saw visions of God.
The opening uses the standard biblical narrative formula καὶ ἐγένετο to date the vision and to move from historical exile into prophetic sight. The climax of the verse is the passive opening of heaven and Ezekiel's seeing of divine visions.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριακοστῷthirtiethA1 DSN · τριακοστόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτριακοστός: meaning 'thirtieth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἔτειyearN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'year'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετάρτῳfourthA1 DSM · τέταρτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέταρτος: meaning 'fourth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
μηνὶmonthN3 DSM · μήνdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμήν: meaning 'month'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πέμπτῃfifthA1 DSF · πέμπτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπέμπτος: meaning 'fifth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthN3 GSM · μήνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμήν: meaning 'month'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἤμηνI wasV9I IAI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'I was'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίαςcaptivityN1A GSF · αἰχμαλωσίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧοβαρChebarN GS · Χοβαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧοβαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠνοίχθησανwere openedVQI API3P · οἴγω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἴγω + ἀνα: meaning 'were opened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοίοὐρανόςN2 NPM · οὐρανόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοὐρανός: meaning 'οὐρανός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁράσειςvisionsN3I APF · ὅρασιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅρασις: meaning 'visions'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
2
πέμπτῃ τοῦ μηνός τοῦτο τὸ ἔτος τὸ πέμπτον τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας τοῦ βασιλέως Ιωακιμ
On the fifth day of the month, this being the fifth year of the captivity of King Jehoiakim,
This short line functions as an appositional dating gloss, tightening the historical frame by identifying the exile-year of Jehoiakim.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
πέμπτῃfifthA1 DSF · πέμπτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπέμπτος: meaning 'fifth'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνόςmonthN3 GSM · μήνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμήν: meaning 'month'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτοςyear(s)N3E NSN · ἔτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔτος: meaning 'year(s)'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέμπτονfifthA1 NSN · πέμπτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπέμπτος: meaning 'fifth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰχμαλωσίαςcaptivityN1A GSF · αἰχμαλωσίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΙωακιμJoakimN GSM · Ιωακιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙωακιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
3
καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου πρὸς Ιεζεκιηλ υἱὸν Βουζι τὸν ἱερέα ἐν γῇ Χαλδαίων ἐπὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ τοῦ Χοβαρ καὶ ἐγένετο ἐπ' ἐμὲ χεὶρ κυρίου
the word of the LORD came to Ezekiel son of Buzi the priest in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar, and there the hand of the LORD came upon me.
The familiar formula "the word of the LORD came" identifies Ezekiel as both priest and prophet, while the added note that the hand of the LORD came upon him marks the onset of ecstatic prophetic experience.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΙεζεκιηλEzekielN ASM · Ιεζεκιηλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙεζεκιηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸνsonN2 ASM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΒουζιBuziN GSM · Βουζιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒουζι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestN3V ASM · ἱερεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ΧαλδαίωνChaldeansN2 GPM · Χαλδαῖοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΧαλδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποταμός: meaning 'river'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧοβαρChebarN GS · Χοβαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧοβαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐμὲmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
χεὶρhandN3 NSF · χείρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
4
καὶ εἶδον καὶ ἰδοὺ πνεῦμα ἐξαῖρον ἤρχετο ἀπὸ βορρᾶ καὶ νεφέλη μεγάλη ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ φέγγος κύκλῳ αὐτοῦ καὶ πῦρ ἐξαστράπτον καὶ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ αὐτοῦ ὡς ὅρασις ἠλέκτρου ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ φέγγος ἐν αὐτῷ
And I looked, and behold, a storm-wind was coming from the north, and a great cloud was in it, with brightness all around it and flashing fire; and in its midst was something like the appearance of electrum in the midst of the fire, and light was in it.
The verse opens the throne vision with a sequence of sight markers, brightness, fire, and cloud. The repeated likeness language guards divine transcendence even while the theophany is described in concrete terms.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξαῖρονsweepingV1 · παπνσν αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσν αἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'sweeping'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἤρχετοwould comeV1I IMI3S · ἄρχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἄρχω: meaning 'would come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βορρᾶnorthN1T GSM · βορέαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβορέας: meaning 'north'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νεφέληcloudN1 NSF · νεφέληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: meaning 'cloud'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μεγάληgreatA1 NSF · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φέγγοςbrightnessN3E NSN · φέγγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφέγγος: meaning 'brightness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κύκλῳaroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'around'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireN3 NSN · πῦρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξαστράπτονflashingV1 · παπνσν ἀστράπτω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσν ἀστράπτω + ἐκ: meaning 'flashing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἠλέκτρουelectrumN2N GSN · ἠλέκτρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἠλέκτρον: meaning 'electrum'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φέγγοςlightN3E ASN · φέγγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφέγγος: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
5
καὶ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ὡς ὁμοίωμα τεσσάρων ζῴων καὶ αὕτη ἡ ὅρασις αὐτῶν ὁμοίωμα ἀνθρώπου ἐπ' αὐτοῖς
And in the midst there was something like the form of four living creatures, and this was their appearance: there was a human likeness upon them.
The prophet narrows from the storm-cloud to the beings within it. ὡς / ὁμοίωμα language continues to indicate resemblance rather than exhaustive definition.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁμοίωμαomoiomaN3M NSN · ὁμοίωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμοίωμα: meaning 'omoioma'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τεσσάρωνfourA3 GPN · τέσσαρεςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτέσσαρες: meaning 'four'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ζῴωνliving creatureN2N GPN · ζῷονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζῷον: meaning 'living creature'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὁμοίωμαomoiomaN3M NSN · ὁμοίωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμοίωμα: meaning 'omoioma'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
καὶ τέσσαρα πρόσωπα τῷ ἑνί καὶ τέσσαρες πτέρυγες τῷ ἑνί
And each one had four faces, and each one had four wings.
This verse catalogs the creatures' composite anatomy in brief numerical form, preparing for the fuller explanation of faces and wings that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέσσαραfour thingsA3 NPN · τέσσαρεςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countτέσσαρα: meaning 'four things'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
πρόσωπαface / presenceN2N NPN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνίheniA3 DSN · εἷςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεἷς: meaning 'heni'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέσσαρεςfourA3 NPF · τέσσαρεςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countτέσσαρες: meaning 'four'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
πτέρυγεςwingN3G NPF · πτέρυξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνίheniA3 DSN · εἷςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceεἷς: meaning 'heni'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
7
καὶ τὰ σκέλη αὐτῶν ὀρθά καὶ πτερωτοὶ οἱ πόδες αὐτῶν καὶ σπινθῆρες ὡς ἐξαστράπτων χαλκός καὶ ἐλαφραὶ αἱ πτέρυγες αὐτῶν
And their legs were straight, and their feet were winged, and sparks flashed like gleaming bronze, and their wings were swift.
The description stresses straightness, brightness, and swiftness: the creatures are stable and radiant, yet also charged with kinetic energy.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκέληlegsN3E NPN · σκέλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσκέλος: meaning 'legs'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὀρθάstraightA1 NPN · ὀρθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὀρθός: meaning 'straight'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πτερωτοὶwingedA1 NPM · πτερωτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτερωτός: meaning 'winged'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδεςfeetN3D NPM · πούςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπούς: meaning 'feet'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπινθῆρεςsparksN3 NPM · σπινθήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσπινθήρ: meaning 'sparks'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαστράπτωνgleamingV1 · form of ἐξαστράπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateform of ἐξαστράπτω: meaning 'gleaming'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
χαλκόςbronzeN2 NSM · χαλκόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχαλκός: meaning 'bronze'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλαφραὶswiftA1A NPF · ἐλαφρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐλαφρός: meaning 'swift'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυγεςwingN3G NPF · πτέρυξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
καὶ χεὶρ ἀνθρώπου ὑποκάτωθεν τῶν πτερύγων αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὰ τέσσαρα μέρη αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν τῶν τεσσάρων
And a human hand was underneath their wings on their four sides, and the faces of the four were visible.
Human hands beneath the wings underscore intelligent agency; the creatures are not merely symbolic shapes but ministers capable of deliberate action.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χεὶρhandN3 NSF · χείρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὑποκάτωθενunderneathD · ὑποκάτωθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὑποκάτωθεν: meaning 'underneath'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτερύγωνwingN3G GPF · πτέρυξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαραfourA3 APN · τέσσαρεςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countτέσσαρα: meaning 'four'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
μέρηflanksN3E APN · μέροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέρος: meaning 'flanks'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπαface / presenceN2N NPN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεσσάρωνfourA3 GPN · τέσσαρεςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτέσσαρες: meaning 'four'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
9
οὐκ ἐπεστρέφοντο ἐν τῷ βαδίζειν αὐτά ἕκαστον κατέναντι τοῦ προσώπου αὐτῶν ἐπορεύοντο
They did not turn when they moved; each went straight ahead according to its face.
Their forward motion without turning conveys perfect resolve and non-hesitating obedience. They move according to the orientation of their faces.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεστρέφοντοturnedV1I IMI3P · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βαδίζεινto goV1 PAN · βαδίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβαδίζω: meaning 'to go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἕκαστονeachA1 NSN · ἕκαστοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκατέναντι: meaning 'opposite'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπορεύοντοthey marched onV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'they marched on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
10
καὶ ὁμοίωσις τῶν προσώπων αὐτῶν πρόσωπον ἀνθρώπου καὶ πρόσωπον λέοντος ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῖς τέσσαρσιν καὶ πρόσωπον μόσχου ἐξ ἀριστερῶν τοῖς τέσσαρσιν καὶ πρόσωπον ἀετοῦ τοῖς τέσσαρσιν
And the likeness of their faces was a human face, and a lion's face on the right for the four, and a calf's face on the left for the four, and an eagle's face for the four.
The fourfold faces expand the creatures' symbolic fullness: human, lion, calf, and eagle suggest royal, animate, and aerial dominion gathered into one visionary form.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁμοίωσιςlikenessN3I NSF · ὁμοίωσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμοίωσις: meaning 'likeness'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσώπωνfacesN2N GPN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'faces'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N NSN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N NSN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λέοντοςlionN3 GSM · λέωνgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλέων: meaning 'lion'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δεξιῶνright sideA1A GPN · δεξιόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδεξιός: meaning 'right side'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαρσινthe fourA3 DPN · τέσσαρεςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέσσαρες: meaning 'the four'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N NSN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μόσχουcalfN2 GSM · μόσχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμόσχος: meaning 'calf'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀριστερῶνleftA1A GPN · ἀριστερόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀριστερός: meaning 'left'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαρσινthe fourA3 DPN · τέσσαρεςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέσσαρες: meaning 'the four'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N NSN · πρόσωπονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀετοῦof an eagleN2 GSM · ἀετόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀετός: meaning 'of an eagle'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαρσινthe fourA3 DPN · τέσσαρεςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέσσαρες: meaning 'the four'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
11
καὶ αἱ πτέρυγες αὐτῶν ἐκτεταμέναι ἄνωθεν τοῖς τέσσαρσιν ἑκατέρῳ δύο συνεζευγμέναι πρὸς ἀλλήλας καὶ δύο ἐπεκάλυπτον ἐπάνω τοῦ σώματος αὐτῶν
And their wings were stretched upward; for each of the four, two were joined to one another and two covered their bodies above.
The verse balances communion and concealment: two wings join each creature to another, while two cover the body in reverent reserve.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυγεςwingN3G NPF · πτέρυξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκτεταμέναιstretched outVM · χμπνπφ τείνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπφ τείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'stretched out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἄνωθενabove / from aboveD · ἄνωθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἄνωθεν: meaning 'above'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαρσινthe fourA3 DPN · τέσσαρεςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέσσαρες: meaning 'the four'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἑκατέρῳfor eachA1A DSN · ἑκάτεροςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἑκάτερος: meaning 'for each'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεζευγμέναιjoined togetherVM · χππνπφ ζεύγνυμι + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνπφ ζεύγνυμι + συν: meaning 'joined together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀλλήλαςone anotherRD APF · ἀλλήλωpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἀλλήλας: meaning 'one another'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκάλυπτονcoveredV1I IAI3P · καλύπτω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processκαλύπτω + ἐπι: meaning 'covered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπάνωand upwardD · ἐπάνωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπάνω: meaning 'and upward'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώματοςsomatosN3M GSN · σῶμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσῶμα: meaning 'somatos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
12
καὶ ἑκάτερον κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἐπορεύετο οὗ ἂν ἦν τὸ πνεῦμα πορευόμενον ἐπορεύοντο καὶ οὐκ ἐπέστρεφον
And each one went straight ahead according to its face; wherever the spirit was going, they went, and they did not turn back.
The creatures move only where the spirit goes, so the vision stresses ordered dependence rather than independent vitality.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκάτερονboth sidesA1A NSN · ἑκάτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἑκάτερος: meaning 'both sides'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦsame / her / himRD GSN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'same'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπορεύετοgoV1I IMI3S · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὗwhichRR GSN · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πορευόμενονgoingV1 · πμπνσν πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσν πορεύομαι: meaning 'going'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπορεύοντοthey marched onV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'they marched on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεφονturned backV1I IAI3P · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
13
καὶ ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ζῴων ὅρασις ὡς ἀνθράκων πυρὸς καιομένων ὡς ὄψις λαμπάδων συστρεφομένων ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ζῴων καὶ φέγγος τοῦ πυρός καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς ἐξεπορεύετο ἀστραπή
And in the midst of the living creatures there was an appearance like burning coals of fire, like the sight of torches moving about among the living creatures; and the fire had brightness, and from the fire lightning was going forth.
The fiery core among the creatures intensifies the theophanic setting. Lightning issuing from the fire makes the whole scene active with judgment and energy.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSN · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῴωνliving creatureN2N GPN · ζῷονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζῷον: meaning 'living creature'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνθράκωνἄνθραξN3K GPM · ἄνθραξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθραξ: meaning 'ἄνθραξ'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καιομένωνburningV1 · πμπγπμ καίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπγπμ καίω: meaning 'burning'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψιςappearanceN3I NSF · ὄψιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὄψις: meaning 'appearance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λαμπάδωνtorchesN3D GPF · λαμπάςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαμπάς: meaning 'torches'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συστρεφομένωνmoving aboutV1 · πππγπφ στρέφω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπππγπφ στρέφω + συν: meaning 'moving about'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῴωνliving creatureN2N GPN · ζῷονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζῷον: meaning 'living creature'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φέγγοςlightN3E ASN · φέγγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφέγγος: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυρόςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐξεπορεύετοwould go outV1I IMI3S · πορεύομαι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'would go out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀστραπήlightningN1 NSF · ἀστραπήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀστραπή: meaning 'lightning'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
15
καὶ εἶδον καὶ ἰδοὺ τροχὸς εἷς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐχόμενος τῶν ζῴων τοῖς τέσσαρσιν
And I looked, and behold, there was one wheel upon the earth beside the living creatures, for the four of them.
The narration pivots from the living creatures themselves to the wheels on earth beside them, broadening the prophet's field of vision.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τροχὸςwheelN2 NSM · τροχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἷςoneA3 NSM · εἷςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countεἷς: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐχόμενοςform of ἔχωV1 · πμπνσμ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ ἔχω: meaning 'form of ἔχω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῴωνliving creatureN2N GPN · ζῷονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζῷον: meaning 'living creature'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαρσινthe fourA3 DPN · τέσσαρεςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέσσαρες: meaning 'the four'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
16
καὶ τὸ εἶδος τῶν τροχῶν ὡς εἶδος θαρσις καὶ ὁμοίωμα ἓν τοῖς τέσσαρσιν καὶ τὸ ἔργον αὐτῶν ἦν καθὼς ἂν εἴη τροχὸς ἐν τροχῷ
And the appearance of the wheels was like the appearance of beryl, and the four had one likeness; and their workmanship was as though a wheel were within a wheel.
The "wheel within a wheel" image conveys multidirectional mobility. Their identical appearance shows that the system is coherent rather than chaotic.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἶδοςappearanceN3E NSN · εἶδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεἶδος: meaning 'appearance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχῶνwheelN2 GPM · τροχόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδοςappearanceN3E NSN · εἶδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεἶδος: meaning 'appearance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θαρσιςberylN GS · θαρσιςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastθαρσις: meaning 'beryl'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁμοίωμαomoiomaN3M NSN · ὁμοίωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμοίωμα: meaning 'omoioma'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἓνoneA3 NSN · εἷςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countἓν: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαρσινthe fourA3 DPN · τέσσαρεςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέσσαρες: meaning 'the four'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργονmatterN2N NSN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'matter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴηwere / would beV9 PAO3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τροχὸςwheelN2 NSM · τροχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τροχῷwheelN2 DSM · τροχόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
17
ἐπὶ τὰ τέσσαρα μέρη αὐτῶν ἐπορεύοντο οὐκ ἐπέστρεφον ἐν τῷ πορεύεσθαι αὐτὰ
Toward their four sides they went; they did not turn as they moved.
Like the creatures, the wheels advance without needing to turn. The same straight, sovereign motion characterizes the entire apparatus.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαραfourA3 APN · τέσσαρεςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countτέσσαρα: meaning 'four'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
μέρηflanksN3E APN · μέροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέρος: meaning 'flanks'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπορεύοντοthey marched onV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'they marched on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεφονturned backV1I IAI3P · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύεσθαιto goV1 PMN · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπορεύομαι: meaning 'to go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
18
οὐδ' οἱ νῶτοι αὐτῶν καὶ ὕψος ἦν αὐτοῖς καὶ εἶδον αὐτά καὶ οἱ νῶτοι αὐτῶν πλήρεις ὀφθαλμῶν κυκλόθεν τοῖς τέσσαρσιν
And their backs - they had height, and I saw them - and their backs were full of eyes all around, the four of them.
The mention of height and eyes makes the wheels at once awe-inspiring and all-seeing. The imagery suggests total awareness rather than mechanical motion alone.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
οὐδ'not evenC · οὐδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδ': meaning 'not even'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νῶτοιrimsN2 NPM · νῶτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνῶτος: meaning 'rims'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕψοςexaltationN3E NSN · ὕψοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὕψος: meaning 'exaltation'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτάthemRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νῶτοιrimsN2 NPM · νῶτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνῶτος: meaning 'rims'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πλήρειςfullA3H NPM · πλήρηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesN2 GPM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυκλόθενall aroundD · κυκλόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκυκλόθεν: meaning 'all around'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέσσαρσινfourA3 DPM · τέσσαρεςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτέσσαρες: meaning 'four'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
19
καὶ ἐν τῷ πορεύεσθαι τὰ ζῷα ἐπορεύοντο οἱ τροχοὶ ἐχόμενοι αὐτῶν καὶ ἐν τῷ ἐξαίρειν τὰ ζῷα ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἐξῄροντο οἱ τροχοί
And when the living creatures moved, the wheels moved beside them; and when the living creatures rose from the earth, the wheels rose.
The verse explicitly binds wheel movement to creature movement, showing that both belong to one living chariot-throne reality.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύεσθαιto goV1 PMN · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπορεύομαι: meaning 'to go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῷαcreaturesN2N APN · ζῷονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζῷον: meaning 'creatures'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐπορεύοντοthey marched onV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'they marched on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχοὶwheelN2 NPM · τροχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐχόμενοιform of ἔχωV1 · πμπνπμ ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ἔχω: meaning 'form of ἔχω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαίρεινto root outV1 PAN · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'to root out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῷαcreaturesN2N APN · ζῷονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationζῷον: meaning 'creatures'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐξῄροντοrose upV1I IMI3P · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'rose up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχοίwheelsN2 NPM · τροχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτροχός: meaning 'wheels'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
20
οὗ ἂν ἦν ἡ νεφέλη ἐκεῖ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πορεύεσθαι ἐπορεύοντο τὰ ζῷα καὶ οἱ τροχοὶ καὶ ἐξῄροντο σὺν αὐτοῖς διότι πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἦν ἐν τοῖς τροχοῖς
Wherever the cloud was, there the spirit was to go; the living creatures went, and the wheels rose with them, because the spirit of life was in the wheels.
The cloud and spirit now guide the action, linking meteorological theophany and animate mobility. The wheels are alive because the same life-spirit is in them.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudN1 NSF · νεφέληnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: meaning 'cloud'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύεσθαιto goV1 PMN · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπορεύομαι: meaning 'to go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπορεύοντοthey marched onV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'they marched on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῷαanimalsN2N NPN · ζῷονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceζῷον: meaning 'animals'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχοὶwheelN2 NPM · τροχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῄροντοrose upV1I IMI3P · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'rose up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διότιbecauseC · διότιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχοῖςwheelsN2 DPM · τροχόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτροχός: meaning 'wheels'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
21
ἐν τῷ πορεύεσθαι αὐτὰ ἐπορεύοντο καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑστάναι αὐτὰ εἱστήκεισαν καὶ ἐν τῷ ἐξαίρειν αὐτὰ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἐξῄροντο σὺν αὐτοῖς ὅτι πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἦν ἐν τοῖς τροχοῖς
When they moved, these moved; and when they stood, these stood; and when they rose from the earth, the wheels rose with them, because the spirit of life was in the wheels.
This verse reiterates the synchronized rising, standing, and moving of creatures and wheels, pressing home the unity of the vision.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύεσθαιto goV1 PMN · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπορεύομαι: meaning 'to go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπορεύοντοthey marched onV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι: meaning 'they marched on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑστάναιto standVXI XAN · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἵστημι: meaning 'to stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἱστήκεισανstoodVXI YAI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαίρεινto root outV1 PAN · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'to root out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐξῄροντοrose upV1I IMI3P · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'rose up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςhisRD DPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ζωῆςlifeN1 GSF · ζωήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζωή: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροχοῖςwheelsN2 DPM · τροχόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτροχός: meaning 'wheels'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
22
καὶ ὁμοίωμα ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς αὐτοῖς τῶν ζῴων ὡσεὶ στερέωμα ὡς ὅρασις κρυστάλλου ἐκτεταμένον ἐπὶ τῶν πτερύγων αὐτῶν ἐπάνωθεν
And over the heads of the living creatures there was something like a firmament, like the appearance of crystal, stretched out above their wings overhead.
The perspective lifts above the creatures to the crystal-like expanse. The throne vision unfolds in ascending layers.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁμοίωμαomoiomaN3M NSN · ὁμοίωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμοίωμα: meaning 'omoioma'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κεφαλῆςheadN1 GSF · κεφαλήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζῴωνliving creatureN2N GPN · ζῷονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationζῷον: meaning 'living creature'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὡσεὶhoseiC · ὡσείconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσεὶ: meaning 'hosei'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στερέωμαstrengthN3M NSN · στερέωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστερέωμα: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κρυστάλλουcrystalN2 GSM · κρυστάλλοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκρυστάλλος: meaning 'crystal'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκτεταμένονstretched outVM · χππνσν τείνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσν τείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'stretched out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτερύγωνwingN3G GPF · πτέρυξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπάνωθενEpanothenD · ἐπάνωθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπάνωθεν: meaning 'Epanothen'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
23
καὶ ὑποκάτω τοῦ στερεώματος αἱ πτέρυγες αὐτῶν ἐκτεταμέναι πτερυσσόμεναι ἑτέρα τῇ ἑτέρᾳ ἑκάστῳ δύο συνεζευγμέναι ἐπικαλύπτουσαι τὰ σώματα αὐτῶν
And beneath the firmament their wings were stretched out, beating one against another; for each one, two were joined together, covering their bodies.
The wing arrangement is restated beneath the expanse, emphasizing ordered symmetry and reverent coverage before the heavenly throne.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑποκάτωunderP · ὑποκάτωpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στερεώματοςfirmamentN3M GSN · στερέωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστερέωμα: meaning 'firmament'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυγεςwingN3G NPF · πτέρυξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκτεταμέναιstretched outVM · χμπνπφ τείνω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπφ τείνω + ἐκ: meaning 'stretched out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πτερυσσόμεναιbeatingV1 · πμπνπφ πτερύσσομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπφ πτερύσσομαι: meaning 'beating'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἑτέραotherA1A NSF · ἕτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἕτερος: meaning 'other'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑτέρᾳoneA1A DSF · ἕτεροςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἕτερος: meaning 'one'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἑκάστῳeachA1 DSM · ἕκαστοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
δύοtwoM · δύοadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεζευγμέναιjoined togetherVM · χππνπφ ζεύγνυμι + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνπφ ζεύγνυμι + συν: meaning 'joined together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπικαλύπτουσαιcoveringV1 · παπνπφ καλύπτω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπφ καλύπτω + ἐπι: meaning 'covering'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σώματαbodyN3M APN · σῶμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
24
καὶ ἤκουον τὴν φωνὴν τῶν πτερύγων αὐτῶν ἐν τῷ πορεύεσθαι αὐτὰ ὡς φωνὴν ὕδατος πολλοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑστάναι αὐτὰ κατέπαυον αἱ πτέρυγες αὐτῶν
And I heard the sound of their wings as they moved, like the sound of much water; and when they stood still, their wings were at rest.
Up to this point the vision has been dominated by sight; now sound enters. The wings roar like abundant waters, a stock image for overwhelming divine power.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουονhearV1I IAI1S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτερύγωνwingN3G GPF · πτέρυξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύεσθαιto goV1 PMN · πορεύομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementπορεύομαι: meaning 'to go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πολλοῦmany / muchA1 GSN · πολύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑστάναιto standVXI XAN · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἵστημι: meaning 'to stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὰhe / him / hisRD APN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέπαυονgrew stillV1I IAI3P · παύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπαύω + κατα: meaning 'grew still'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτέρυγεςwingN3G NPF · πτέρυξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπτέρυξ: meaning 'wing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
25
καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ὑπεράνωθεν τοῦ στερεώματος τοῦ ὄντος ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς αὐτῶν
And behold, there was a voice from above the firmament that was over their heads.
The interjection ἰδού signals a fresh focal point: what matters now is not only what is seen below but the commanding voice above.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φωνὴsoundN1 NSF · φωνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφωνή: meaning 'sound'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὑπεράνωθενfrom aboveD · ὑπεράνωθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὑπεράνωθεν: meaning 'from above'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στερεώματοςfirmamentN3M GSN · στερέωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationστερέωμα: meaning 'firmament'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄντοςbeing / while wasV9 · participle of εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateparticiple of εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κεφαλῆςheadN1 GSF · κεφαλήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνhisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
26
ὡς ὅρασις λίθου σαπφείρου ὁμοίωμα θρόνου ἐπ' αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὁμοιώματος τοῦ θρόνου ὁμοίωμα ὡς εἶδος ἀνθρώπου ἄνωθεν
Like the appearance of sapphire stone was the likeness of a throne upon it, and upon the likeness of the throne was a likeness like the appearance of a man above.
The vision culminates in the throne and the human-like figure above it. The language remains cautiously analogical, preserving transcendence while depicting divine kingship.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
λίθουstoneN2 GSM · λίθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σαπφείρουsapphireN2 GSF · σάπφειροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσάπφειρος: meaning 'sapphire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁμοίωμαomoiomaN3M NSN · ὁμοίωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμοίωμα: meaning 'omoioma'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
θρόνουthroneN2 GSM · θρόνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθρόνος: meaning 'throne'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁμοιώματοςlikenessN3M GSN · ὁμοίωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁμοίωμα: meaning 'likeness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneN2 GSM · θρόνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθρόνος: meaning 'throne'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁμοίωμαomoiomaN3M NSN · ὁμοίωμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὁμοίωμα: meaning 'omoioma'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδοςappearanceN3E NSN · εἶδοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεἶδος: meaning 'appearance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἄνωθενabove / from aboveD · ἄνωθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἄνωθεν: meaning 'above'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
27
καὶ εἶδον ὡς ὄψιν ἠλέκτρου ἀπὸ ὁράσεως ὀσφύος καὶ ἐπάνω καὶ ἀπὸ ὁράσεως ὀσφύος καὶ ἕως κάτω εἶδον ὡς ὅρασιν πυρὸς καὶ τὸ φέγγος αὐτοῦ κύκλῳ
And I saw something like the appearance of electrum, from the appearance of the loins upward; and from the appearance of the loins and downward I saw something like the appearance of fire, and its brightness was all around.
The fiery brightness above and below the loins marks the figure as superhuman glory. Electrum and fire communicate both splendor and consuming holiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψινsightN3I ASF · ὄψιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄψις: meaning 'sight'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἠλέκτρουelectrumN2N GSN · ἠλέκτρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἠλέκτρον: meaning 'electrum'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁράσεωςvisionN3I GSF · ὅρασιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὀσφύοςloinsN3U GSF · ὀσφύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάνωand upwardD · ἐπάνωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπάνω: meaning 'and upward'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὁράσεωςvisionN3I GSF · ὅρασιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὀσφύοςloinsN3U GSF · ὀσφύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςas far asD · ἕωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'as far as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάτωlowerD · κάτωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκάτω: meaning 'lower'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅρασινvisionN3I ASF · ὅρασιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πυρὸςfireN3 GSN · πῦρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φέγγοςlightN3E ASN · φέγγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφέγγος: meaning 'light'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κύκλῳaroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'around'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
28
ὡς ὅρασις τόξου ὅταν ᾖ ἐν τῇ νεφέλῃ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὑετοῦ οὕτως ἡ στάσις τοῦ φέγγους κυκλόθεν αὕτη ἡ ὅρασις ὁμοιώματος δόξης κυρίου καὶ εἶδον καὶ πίπτω ἐπὶ πρόσωπόν μου καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν λαλοῦντος
Like the appearance of a bow when it is in the cloud on a rainy day, so was the appearance of the brightness all around. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD; and when I saw it, I fell upon my face, and I heard the voice of one speaking.
The rainbow-like brightness identifies the scene as the likeness of the glory of the LORD. Ezekiel's falling on his face turns vision into vocation: revelation issues in humbled listening.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τόξουbowN2N GSN · τόξονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτόξον: meaning 'bow'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὅτανwhenD · ὅτανadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾖeimiV9 PAS3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyεἰμί: meaning 'eimi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέλῃcloudN1 DSF · νεφέληdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceνεφέλη: meaning 'cloud'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὑετοῦrainN2 GSM · ὑετόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὑετός: meaning 'rain'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στάσιςstandingN3I NSF · στάσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστάσις: meaning 'standing'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φέγγουςlightN3E GSN · φέγγοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφέγγος: meaning 'light'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυκλόθενall aroundD · κυκλόθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκυκλόθεν: meaning 'all around'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὕτηthisRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁμοιώματοςlikenessN3M GSN · ὁμοίωμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁμοίωμα: meaning 'likeness'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'I saw'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίπτωI fellV1 PAI1S · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπίπτω: meaning 'I fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσαheardVAI AAI1S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λαλοῦντοςspeakingV2 · παπγσμ λαλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ λαλέω: meaning 'speaking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.