1
καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου πρός με λέγων
And the word of the Lord came to me, saying,
The lament over Tyre is introduced with the standard word-event formula, marking it as a divinely given dirge.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πρόςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
2
υἱὲ ἀνθρώπου λαβὲ ἐπὶ Σορ θρῆνον
Son of man, take up a lament over Tyre,
The prophet is told not merely to announce judgment but to sing the city's downfall as a funeral song.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
υἱὲSonN2 VSM · υἱόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressυἱός: meaning 'Son'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ἀνθρώπουmanN2 GSM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
λαβὲtakeVB AAD2S · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΣορTyreN ASF · Σορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
θρῆνονlamentationN2 ASM · θρῆνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθρῆνος: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
3
καὶ ἐρεῖς τῇ Σορ τῇ κατοικούσῃ ἐπὶ τῆς εἰσόδου τῆς θαλάσσης τῷ ἐμπορίῳ τῶν λαῶν ἀπὸ νήσων πολλῶν τάδε λέγει κύριος τῇ Σορ σὺ εἶπας ἐγὼ περιέθηκα ἐμαυτῇ κάλλος μου
and you shall say to Tyre, who dwells at the entrance of the sea, the trader of the peoples from many islands, Thus says the Lord to Tyre: You said, I have set beauty upon myself.
The city is introduced as a maritime gate of commerce whose self-understanding is shaped by crafted splendor.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςsayVF2 FAI2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἶπον: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣορTyreN DSF · Σορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικούσῃto her who dwellsV2 · παπδσφ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπδσφ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'to her who dwells'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσόδουentranceN2 GSF · εἴσοδοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεἴσοδος: meaning 'entrance'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμπορίῳἐμπορίῳN2N DSN · ἐμπόριονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἐμπόριον: meaning 'ἐμπορίῳ'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῶνpeopleN2 GPM · λαόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νήσωνislandsN2 GPF · νήσοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνήσος: meaning 'islands'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πολλῶνmany / muchA1 GPF · πολύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣορTyreN DSF · Σορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἶπαςeiponVAI AAI2S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐγὼIRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιέθηκαset aroundVAI AAI1S · τίθημι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι + περι: meaning 'set around'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμαυτῇἐμαυτῇRD DSF · ἐμαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐμαυτῇ: meaning 'ἐμαυτῇ'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κάλλοςbeautyN3E ASN · κάλλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκάλλος: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης τῷ Βεελιμ υἱοί σου περιέθηκάν σοι κάλλος
In the heart of the sea, at Beelim, your sons set beauty upon you.
The lament casts the city as a vessel perfected at sea by those who belonged to her.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒεελιμBeelimN DSM · Βεελιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒεελιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱοίsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
περιέθηκάνπεριέθηκάνVAI AAI3P · τίθημι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι + περι: meaning 'περιέθηκάν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κάλλοςbeautyN3E ASN · κάλλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκάλλος: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
κέδρος ἐκ Σανιρ ᾠκοδομήθη σοι ταινίαι σανίδων κυπαρίσσου ἐκ τοῦ Λιβάνου ἐλήμφθησαν τοῦ ποιῆσαί σοι ἱστοὺς ἐλατίνους
With cedar from Senir they built for you planks of cypress, and from Lebanon timber was taken to make for you fir masts.
Tyre's magnificence is described through costly imported materials fit for a royal vessel.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
κέδροςcedarN2 NSF · κέδροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκέδρος: meaning 'cedar'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΣανιρSenirN GS · Σανιρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣανιρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ᾠκοδομήθηwas builtVCI API3S · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'was built'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ταινίαιplanksN1A NPF · ταινίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceταινία: meaning 'planks'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σανίδωνσανίδωνN3D GPF · σανίδοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσανίδος: meaning 'σανίδων'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
κυπαρίσσουcypressN2 GSF · κυπάρισσοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκυπάρισσος: meaning 'cypress'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνουLebanonN2 GSM · Λίβανοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΛιβάνου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐλήμφθησανἐλήμφθησανVVI API3P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'ἐλήμφθησαν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαίdoing / workingVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἱστοὺςmastsN2 APM · ἱστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱστός: meaning 'masts'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐλατίνουςἐλατίνουςA1 APM · ἐλάτινοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐλάτινος: meaning 'ἐλατίνους'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
6
ἐκ τῆς Βασανίτιδος ἐποίησαν τὰς κώπας σου τὰ ἱερά σου ἐποίησαν ἐξ ἐλέφαντος οἴκους ἀλσώδεις ἀπὸ νήσων τῶν Χεττιιν
From Bashan they made your oars; your sacred things they made from ivory, woodland houses from the islands of the Kittim.
Even practical and sacred elements are made from prestigious and far-flung materials.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒασανίτιδοςBashanN3D GSF · Βασανίτιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΒασανίτιδος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κώπαςoarsN1 APF · κώπηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκώπη: meaning 'oars'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱεράἱεράA1A APN · ἱερόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱερός: meaning 'ἱερά'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐλέφαντοςἐλέφαντοςN3 GSM · ἔλεφαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔλεφας: meaning 'ἐλέφαντος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἴκουςhousesN2 APM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀλσώδειςἀλσώδειςA3H APM · ἀλσώδηςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀλσώδης: meaning 'ἀλσώδεις'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νήσωνislandsN2 GPF · νήσοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνήσος: meaning 'islands'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧεττιινKittimN GPM · Χεττιινnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧεττιιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
7
βύσσος μετὰ ποικιλίας ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἐγένετό σοι στρωμνὴ τοῦ περιθεῖναί σοι δόξαν καὶ περιβαλεῖν σε ὑάκινθον καὶ πορφύραν ἐκ τῶν νήσων Ελισαι καὶ ἐγένετο περιβόλαιά σου
Fine linen with embroidery from Egypt became for you a couch, to place glory upon you and clothe you; blue and purple from the islands of Elishah became your coverings.
The ship-city is not merely sturdy but luxuriously dressed in fabrics that display prestige and reach.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
βύσσοςβύσσοςN2 NSF · βύσσοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβύσσος: meaning 'βύσσος'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ποικιλίαςποικιλίαςN1A GSF · ποικιλίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationποικιλία: meaning 'ποικιλίας'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐγένετόit happenedVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it happened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στρωμνὴbedN1 NSF · στρωμνήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceστρωμνή: meaning 'bed'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιθεῖναίπεριθεῖναίVE AAN · τίθημι + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementτίθημι + περι: meaning 'περιθεῖναί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιβαλεῖνπεριβαλεῖνVF2 FAN · βάλλω + περιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementβάλλω + περι: meaning 'περιβαλεῖν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὑάκινθονblue clothN2 ASF · ὑάκινθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑάκινθος: meaning 'blue cloth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορφύρανpurple robeN1A ASF · πορφύραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπορφύρα: meaning 'purple robe'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νήσωνislandsN2 GPF · νήσοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνήσος: meaning 'islands'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΕλισαιελισαιN GS · Ελισαιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕλισαι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
περιβόλαιάπεριβόλαιάN2N NPN · περιβόλαιονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπεριβόλαιον: meaning 'περιβόλαιά'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντές σου οἱ κατοικοῦντες Σιδῶνα καὶ Αράδιοι ἐγένοντο κωπηλάται σου οἱ σοφοί σου Σορ οἳ ἦσαν ἐν σοί οὗτοι κυβερνῆταί σου
And your rulers dwelling in Sidon and the Aradians became your rowers; your wise men, Tyre, who were in you, these were your pilots.
The city draws skill from across the Phoenician maritime world to propel and steer its greatness.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντέςcommanders / rulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'commanders'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣιδῶνασιδῶναN ASF · Σιδώνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣιδῶνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑράδιοιAradiansN2 NPM · Αράδιοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΑράδιοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγένοντοcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
κωπηλάταιrowersN1M NPM · κωπηλάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκωπηλάτης: meaning 'rowers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφοίwiseA1 NPM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΣορTyreN VSF · Σορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οἳwho / whichRR NPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοίyourRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοί: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κυβερνῆταίpilotsN1M NPM · κυβερνήτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκυβερνήτης: meaning 'pilots'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
9
οἱ πρεσβύτεροι Βυβλίων καὶ οἱ σοφοὶ αὐτῶν ἦσαν ἐν σοί οὗτοι ἐνίσχυον τὴν βουλήν σου καὶ πάντα τὰ πλοῖα τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ οἱ κωπηλάται αὐτῶν ἐγένοντό σοι ἐπὶ δυσμὰς δυσμῶν
The elders of Byblos and their wise men were in you; these strengthened your counsel, and all the ships of the sea and their rowers came to you from the farthest west.
Tyre's intelligence network and commercial presence stretch across the whole sea-lane system.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτεροιeldersA1A NPMC · πρεσβύτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elders'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
Βυβλίωνof ByblosN GP · Βύβλιοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒυβλίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφοὶthe wiseA1 NPM · σοφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσοφός: meaning 'the wise'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοίyourRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοί: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνίσχυονstrengthenedV1 IAI3P · ἰσχύω + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἰσχύω + ἐν: meaning 'strengthened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουλήνcounselN1 ASF · βουλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλοῖαshipN2N NPN · πλοῖονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλοῖον: meaning 'ship'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωπηλάταιrowersN1M NPM · κωπηλάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκωπηλάτης: meaning 'rowers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐγένοντόcame to beVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'came to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δυσμὰςwestN1 APF · δυσμήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδυσμή: meaning 'west'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δυσμῶνsettingN1 GPF · δυσμήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδυσμή: meaning 'setting'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
10
Πέρσαι καὶ Λυδοὶ καὶ Λίβυες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ δυνάμει σου ἄνδρες πολεμισταί σου πέλτας καὶ περικεφαλαίας ἐκρέμασαν ἐν σοί οὗτοι ἔδωκαν τὴν δόξαν σου
Persians and Lydians and Libyans were in your strength, your men of war; they hung shields and helmets in you; these gave your glory.
Military force, like commerce, is multinational and becomes part of the city's displayed splendor.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ΠέρσαιPersianN1M NPM · Πέρσηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΠέρσαι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛυδοὶλυδοὶN2 NPM · Λυδοίnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΛυδοὶ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛίβυεςλίβυεςN3 NPM · Λίβυεςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΛίβυες: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμειstrengthN3I DSF · δύναμιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: meaning 'strength'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἄνδρεςmanN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
πολεμισταίwarriorsN1 NPM · πολεμιστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολεμιστής: meaning 'warriors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πέλταςπέλταςN1 APF · πέλτηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπέλτη: meaning 'πέλτας'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περικεφαλαίαςhelmetN1A APF · περικεφαλαίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπερικεφαλαία: meaning 'helmet'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκρέμασανthey hungVAI AAI3P · κρεμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρεμάζω: meaning 'they hung'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοίyourRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοί: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδόξα: meaning 'glory'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
11
υἱοὶ Αραδίων καὶ ἡ δύναμίς σου ἐπὶ τῶν τειχέων σου φύλακες ἐν τοῖς πύργοις σου ἦσαν τὰς φαρέτρας αὐτῶν ἐκρέμασαν ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρμων σου κύκλῳ οὗτοι ἐτελείωσάν σου τὸ κάλλος
The sons of Arad and your force were guards upon your walls; watchers were in your towers; they hung their quivers upon your harbors all around; these perfected your beauty.
Security itself is aestheticized, becoming one more element of perfected beauty.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΑραδίωναραδίωνN2 GPM · Αράδιοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΑραδίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύναμίςstrengthN3I NSF · δύναμιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδύναμις: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τειχέωνwallN3E GPN · τεῖχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φύλακεςwatchmenN3K NPM · φύλαξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφύλαξ: meaning 'watchmen'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύργοιςtowersN2 DPM · πύργοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπύργος: meaning 'towers'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαρέτραςquiverN1A APF · φαρέτραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφαρέτρα: meaning 'quiver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκρέμασανthey hungVAI AAI3P · κρεμάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρεμάζω: meaning 'they hung'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρμωνὅρμωνN1 GPF · ὁρμήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὁρμή: meaning 'ὅρμων'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κύκλῳaroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'around'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐτελείωσάνἐτελείωσάνVAI AAI3P · τελειόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτελειόω: meaning 'ἐτελείωσάν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κάλλοςbeautyN3E ASN · κάλλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκάλλος: meaning 'beauty'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
12
Καρχηδόνιοι ἔμποροί σου ἀπὸ πλήθους πάσης ἰσχύος σου ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον καὶ σίδηρον καὶ κασσίτερον καὶ μόλυβον ἔδωκαν τὴν ἀγοράν σου
Carthaginians were your merchants because of the abundance of all your strength; silver and gold and iron and tin and lead they gave for your market.
The trade list begins by showing the city's power to attract strategic metals from major western partners.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ΚαρχηδόνιοιCarthaginiansN NPM · Καρχηδόνιοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚαρχηδόνιοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλήθουςplethosN3E GSN · πλῆθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'plethos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἰσχύοςarmy / forceN3U GSF · ἰσχύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἰσχύς: meaning 'army'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σίδηρονironN2 ASM · σίδηροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσίδηρος: meaning 'iron'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κασσίτερονκασσίτερονN2 ASM · κασσίτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκασσίτερος: meaning 'κασσίτερον'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μόλυβονleadN2 ASM · μόλιβοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμόλιβος: meaning 'lead'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγοράνἀγοράνN1A ASF · ἀγοράaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγορά: meaning 'ἀγοράν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ ἡ σύμπασα καὶ τὰ παρατείνοντα οὗτοι ἐνεπορεύοντό σοι ἐν ψυχαῖς ἀνθρώπων καὶ σκεύη χαλκᾶ ἔδωκαν τὴν ἐμπορίαν σου
Greece and the whole company and the extending coasts traded with you in human lives, and they gave bronze vessels for your merchandise.
The lament exposes the moral scale of Tyre's commerce by naming human lives among her goods.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἙλλὰςἑλλὰςN3 NSF · Ἑλλάςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationἙλλὰς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύμπασαthe wholeA1S NSF · σύμπαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύμπας: meaning 'the whole'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρατείνονταπαρατείνονταV1 · παπνπν τείνω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπν τείνω + παρα: meaning 'παρατείνοντα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνεπορεύοντόἐνεπορεύοντόV1I IMI3P · πορεύομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι + ἐν: meaning 'ἐνεπορεύοντό'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ψυχαῖςsouls / dead personsN1 DPF · ψυχήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceψυχή: meaning 'souls'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σκεύηimplementsN3E APN · σκεῦοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσκεῦος: meaning 'implements'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
χαλκᾶbronzeA1C APN · χαλκοῦςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχαλκοῦς: meaning 'bronze'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμπορίανἐμπορίανN1A ASF · ἐμπορίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμπορία: meaning 'ἐμπορίαν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
14
ἐξ οἴκου Θεργαμα ἵππους καὶ ἱππεῖς ἔδωκαν ἀγοράν σου
From the house of Togarmah they gave horses and horsemen as your market.
The city is fed by inland trade routes that supply mobility, status, and force.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΘεργαμαTogarmahN GS · Θεργαμαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘεργαμα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἵππουςhorseN2 APM · ἵπποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἵππος: meaning 'horse'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱππεῖςhorsemanN3V APM · ἱππεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱππεύς: meaning 'horseman'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀγοράνἀγοράνN1A ASF · ἀγοράaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγορά: meaning 'ἀγοράν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
υἱοὶ Ῥοδίων ἔμποροί σου ἀπὸ νήσων ἐπλήθυναν τὴν ἐμπορίαν σου ὀδόντας ἐλεφαντίνους καὶ τοῖς εἰσαγομένοις ἀντεδίδους τοὺς μισθούς σου
The sons of the Rhodians were your merchants; from islands they multiplied your trade; ivory tusks, and to those who brought them in you repaid your wages.
The sea routes continually thicken Tyre's commercial web and luxury intake.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ῬοδίωνRhodiansN2 GPM · Ῥόδιοιgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationῬοδίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
νήσωνislandsN2 GPF · νήσοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνήσος: meaning 'islands'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπλήθυνανmultipliedVAI AAI3P · πληθύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπληθύνω: meaning 'multiplied'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμπορίανἐμπορίανN1A ASF · ἐμπορίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμπορία: meaning 'ἐμπορίαν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὀδόνταςὀδούςN3 APM · ὀδούςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀδούς: meaning 'ὀδούς'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐλεφαντίνουςἐλεφαντίνουςA1 APM · ἐλεφάντινοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐλεφάντινος: meaning 'ἐλεφαντίνους'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσαγομένοιςεἰσαγομένοιςV1 · πμπδπμ ἄγω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπδπμ ἄγω + εἰς: meaning 'εἰσαγομένοις'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀντεδίδουςἀντεδίδουςV8I IAI2S · δίδωμι + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδίδωμι + ἀντι: meaning 'ἀντεδίδους'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθούςμισθούςN2 APM · μισθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμισθός: meaning 'μισθούς'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
16
ἀνθρώπους ἐμπορίαν σου ἀπὸ πλήθους τοῦ συμμίκτου σου στακτὴν καὶ ποικίλματα ἐκ Θαρσις καὶ Ραμωθ καὶ Χορχορ ἔδωκαν τὴν ἀγοράν σου
People traded your merchandise from the abundance of your mixed goods; stacte and embroidered things from Tarshish and Ramoth and Chorchor they gave for your market.
It emphasizes Tyre's role as the place where many kinds of goods are blended and redistributed.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleN2 APM · ἄνθρωποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐμπορίανἐμπορίανN1A ASF · ἐμπορίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμπορία: meaning 'ἐμπορίαν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλήθουςplethosN3E GSN · πλῆθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'plethos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμμίκτουmixed tradeA1B GSM · συμμικτόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυμμικτός: meaning 'mixed trade'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
στακτὴνστακτήN1 ASF · στακτήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστακτή: meaning 'στακτή'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποικίλματαποικίλματαN3M APN · ποίκιλμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationποίκιλμα: meaning 'ποικίλματα'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΘαρσιςΘαρσιςN GS · Θαρσιςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘαρσις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡαμωθραμωθN N · Ραμωθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαμωθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΧορχορχορχορN N · Χορχορnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧορχορ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγοράνἀγοράνN1A ASF · ἀγοράaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγορά: meaning 'ἀγοράν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
17
Ιουδας καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Ισραηλ οὗτοι ἔμποροί σου ἐν σίτου πράσει καὶ μύρων καὶ κασίας καὶ πρῶτον μέλι καὶ ἔλαιον καὶ ῥητίνην ἔδωκαν εἰς τὸν σύμμικτόν σου
Judah and the sons of Israel, these were your merchants; in the sale of wheat and perfumes and cassia and first honey and oil and resin they gave into your mixture.
Even the covenant peoples appear inside Tyre's commercial orbit, supplying staple and luxury goods alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΙουδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σίτουgrainN2 GSM · σῖτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσῖτος: meaning 'grain'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πράσειπράσειN3E DSF · πρᾶσιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπρᾶσις: meaning 'πράσει'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μύρωνointmentN2N GPN · μύρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμύρον: meaning 'ointment'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κασίαςκασίαςN1A GSF · κασίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκασία: meaning 'κασίας'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρῶτονπρῶτονA1 ASNS · πρῶτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρῶτος: meaning 'πρῶτον'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μέλιthan honeyN3 ASN · μέλιaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέλι: meaning 'than honey'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαιονoilN2N ASN · ἔλαιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλαιον: meaning 'oil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ῥητίνηνresinN1 ASF · ῥητίνηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥητίνη: meaning 'resin'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύμμικτόνσύμμικτόνA1B ASM · συμμικτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυμμικτός: meaning 'σύμμικτόν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
18
Δαμασκὸς ἔμπορός σου ἐκ πλήθους πάσης δυνάμεώς σου οἶνος ἐκ Χελβων καὶ ἔρια ἐκ Μιλήτου
Damascus was your merchant because of the abundance of all your power: wine from Helbon and wool from Miletus.
The trade map keeps widening, tying urban powers to Tyre's exchange system.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ΔαμασκὸςDamascusN2 NS · Δαμασκόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΔαμασκὸς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἔμπορόςἔμπορόςN2 NSM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμπορός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πλήθουςplethosN3E GSN · πλῆθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'plethos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'everyone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
δυνάμεώςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδύναμις: meaning 'force'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΧελβωνχελβωνN G · Χελβωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧελβων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔριαwoolN2N APN · ἔριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔριον: meaning 'wool'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΜιλήτουμιλήτουN2 GS · Μίλητοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΜιλήτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
19
καὶ οἶνον εἰς τὴν ἀγοράν σου ἔδωκαν ἐξ Ασηλ σίδηρος εἰργασμένος καὶ τροχὸς ἐν τῷ συμμίκτῳ σού ἐστιν
And wine for your market they gave from Uzal; wrought iron and a wheel are in your mixture.
Trade is not limited to raw produce; crafted materials and industrial items also flow through Tyre.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγοράνἀγοράνN1A ASF · ἀγοράaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγορά: meaning 'ἀγοράν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΑσηλασηλN GS · Ασηλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
σίδηροςironN2 NSM · σίδηροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσίδηρος: meaning 'iron'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
εἰργασμένοςεἰργασμένοςVT · χμπνσμ ἐργάζομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνσμ ἐργάζομαι: meaning 'εἰργασμένος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τροχὸςwheelN2 NSM · τροχόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτροχός: meaning 'wheel'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμμίκτῳσυμμίκτῳA1B DSM · συμμικτόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυμμικτός: meaning 'συμμίκτῳ'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σούyourRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσού: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
20
Δαιδαν ἔμποροί σου μετὰ κτηνῶν ἐκλεκτῶν εἰς ἅρματα
Dedan were your merchants with choice cattle for chariots.
Caravan wealth and land transport are folded into Tyre's maritime economy.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ΔαιδανδαιδανN NS · Δαιδανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαιδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κτηνῶνlivestockN3E GPN · κτῆνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκτῆνος: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκλεκτῶνἐκλεκτῶνA1 GPN · ἐκλεκτόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐκλεκτός: meaning 'ἐκλεκτῶν'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἅρματαchariotN3M APN · ἅρμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἅρμα: meaning 'chariot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
21
ἡ Ἀραβία καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Κηδαρ οὗτοι ἔμποροί σου διὰ χειρός σου καμήλους καὶ κριοὺς καὶ ἀμνοὺς ἐν οἷς ἐμπορεύονταί σε
Arabia and all the rulers of Kedar, these were your merchants through your hand, camels and rams and lambs, in which they traded with you.
Desert trade routes are fully integrated into the city's commercial system.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈραβίαἀραβίαN1A NSF · Ἀραβίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationἈραβία: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΚηδαρKedarN GS · Κηδαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚηδαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χειρόςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καμήλουςcamelN2 APM · κάμηλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκάμηλος: meaning 'camel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κριοὺςramN2 APM · κριόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκριός: meaning 'ram'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀμνοὺςlambN2 APM · ἀμνόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀμνός: meaning 'lamb'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἷςwho / whichRR DPM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐμπορεύονταίἐμπορεύονταίV1 PMI3P · πορεύομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπορεύομαι + ἐν: meaning 'ἐμπορεύονταί'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
22
ἔμποροι Σαβα καὶ Ραγμα οὗτοι ἔμποροί σου μετὰ πρώτων ἡδυσμάτων καὶ λίθων χρηστῶν καὶ χρυσίον ἔδωκαν τὴν ἀγοράν σου
The merchants of Sheba and Raamah, these were your merchants; with choice spices and precious stones and gold they gave for your market.
The city's market appears inexhaustible because every prestige good of the wider world is present in it.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἔμποροιmerchantsN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'merchants'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣαβαShebaN GS · Σαβαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαβα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡαγμαραγμαN GS · Ραγμαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαγμα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πρώτωνchiefA1 GPNS · πρῶτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρῶτος: meaning 'chief'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἡδυσμάτωνperfumeN3M GPN · ἥδυσμαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἥδυσμα: meaning 'perfume'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λίθωνstoneN2 GPM · λίθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
χρηστῶνχρηστῶνA1 GPM · χρηστόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχρηστός: meaning 'χρηστῶν'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'gold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἔδωκανgaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγοράνἀγοράνN1A ASF · ἀγοράaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγορά: meaning 'ἀγοράν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
23
Χαρραν καὶ Χαννα οὗτοι ἔμποροί σου Ασσουρ καὶ Χαρμαν ἔμποροί σου
Haran and Canneh, these were your merchants, Asshur and Charman your merchants,
The east too is fully entangled in Tyre's prosperity.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ΧαρρανχαρρανN NS · Χαρρανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧαρραν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΧανναχανναN NS · Χανναnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧαννα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΑσσουρασσουρN NS · Ασσουρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσσουρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΧαρμανχαρμανN NS · Χαρμανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΧαρμαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
24
φέροντες ἐμπορίαν ὑάκινθον καὶ θησαυροὺς ἐκλεκτοὺς δεδεμένους σχοινίοις καὶ κυπαρίσσινα
bringing merchandise, blue cloth and select treasures bound with cords and cypress goods.
The description of packed treasures reinforces the precision and richness of long-distance trade.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
φέροντεςbringV1 · παπνπμ φέρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ φέρω: meaning 'bring'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐμπορίανἐμπορίανN1A ASF · ἐμπορίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐμπορία: meaning 'ἐμπορίαν'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑάκινθονblue clothN2 ASF · ὑάκινθοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑάκινθος: meaning 'blue cloth'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θησαυροὺςthesaurosN2 APM · θησαυρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθησαυρός: meaning 'thesauros'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐκλεκτοὺςchosenA1 APM · ἐκλεκτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεδεμένουςχμπαπμ δεωVM · χμπαπμ δέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπαπμ δέω: meaning 'χμπαπμ δεω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σχοινίοιςwith cordsN2N DPN · σχοινίονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσχοινίον: meaning 'with cords'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κυπαρίσσινακυπαρίσσιναA1 APN · κυπαρίσσινοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκυπαρίσσινος: meaning 'κυπαρίσσινα'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
25
πλοῖα ἐν αὐτοῖς Καρχηδόνιοι ἔμποροί σου ἐν τῷ πλήθει ἐν τῷ συμμίκτῳ σου καὶ ἐνεπλήσθης καὶ ἐβαρύνθης σφόδρα ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης
Ships among them, Carthaginians, were your merchants in the multitude, in your mixed trade; and you were filled and became very heavy in the heart of the sea.
The catalog reaches its climax in fullness: the ship-city is laden with wealth almost to the point of danger.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
πλοῖαshipN2N NPN · πλοῖονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλοῖον: meaning 'ship'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΚαρχηδόνιοιCarthaginiansN NPM · Καρχηδόνιοιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚαρχηδόνιοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἔμποροίἔμποροίN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'ἔμποροί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλήθειmultitudeN3E DSN · πλῆθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμμίκτῳσυμμίκτῳA1B DSM · συμμικτόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσυμμικτός: meaning 'συμμίκτῳ'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνεπλήσθηςyou were filledVSI API2S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'you were filled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβαρύνθηςbecame heavyVCI API2S · βαρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαρύνω: meaning 'became heavy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
26
ἐν ὕδατι πολλῷ ἦγόν σε οἱ κωπηλάται σου τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ νότου συνέτριψέν σε ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης
In much water your rowers led you; the south wind shattered you in the heart of the sea.
What once bore Tyre's power now becomes the place of sudden and total breaking.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ὕδατιwaterN3T DSN · ὕδωρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
πολλῷmuchA1 DSN · πολύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἦγόνἦγόνV1I IAI3P · ἄγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἄγω: meaning 'ἦγόν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωπηλάταιrowersN1M NPM · κωπηλάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκωπηλάτης: meaning 'rowers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεῦμαspiritN3M NSN · πνεῦμαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: meaning 'spirit'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νότουsouthN2 GSM · νότοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνότος: meaning 'south'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
συνέτριψένshatteredVAI AAI3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'shattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
27
ἦσαν δυνάμεις σου καὶ ὁ μισθός σου καὶ τῶν συμμίκτων σου καὶ οἱ κωπηλάται σου καὶ οἱ κυβερνῆταί σου καὶ οἱ σύμβουλοί σου καὶ οἱ σύμμικτοί σου ἐκ τῶν συμμίκτων σου καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ πολεμισταί σου οἱ ἐν σοὶ καὶ πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγή σου ἐν μέσῳ σου πεσοῦνται ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς πτώσεώς σου
Your powers and your wage and your mixed trade and your rowers and your pilots and your counselors and your merchants from your mixed trade and all your men of war who are in you and all your assembly in the midst of you shall fall in the heart of the sea on the day of your fall.
Cargo, labor, wisdom, soldiers, and people all go down together; the whole Tyrian system collapses as one body.
Word-by-word analysis· 59 words
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
δυνάμειςforcesN3I NPF · δύναμιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδύναμις: meaning 'forces'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθόςrewardN2 NSM · μισθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμισθός: meaning 'reward'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμμίκτωνσυμμίκτωνA1B GPM · συμμικτόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυμμικτός: meaning 'συμμίκτων'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωπηλάταιrowersN1M NPM · κωπηλάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκωπηλάτης: meaning 'rowers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυβερνῆταίpilotsN1M NPM · κυβερνήτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκυβερνήτης: meaning 'pilots'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύμβουλοίσύμβουλοίN2 NPM · σύμβουλοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύμβουλος: meaning 'σύμβουλοί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύμμικτοίσύμμικτοίA1B NPM · συμμικτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυμμικτός: meaning 'σύμμικτοί'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμμίκτωνσυμμίκτωνA1B GPM · συμμικτόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυμμικτός: meaning 'συμμίκτων'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmanN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμισταίwarriorsN1 NPM · πολεμιστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολεμιστής: meaning 'warriors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σοὶyouRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοὶ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγήσυναγωγήN1 NSF · συναγωγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: meaning 'συναγωγή'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSM · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πεσοῦνταιfellVF2 FMI3P · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτώσεώςπτώσεώςN3I GSF · πτῶσιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπτῶσις: meaning 'πτώσεώς'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
28
πρὸς τὴν φωνὴν τῆς κραυγῆς σου οἱ κυβερνῆταί σου φόβῳ φοβηθήσονται
At the sound of your cry your pilots shall be afraid with fear.
Even those who once knew how to steer are undone by the city's ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κραυγῆςoutcryN1 GSF · κραυγήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκραυγή: meaning 'outcry'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυβερνῆταίpilotsN1M NPM · κυβερνήτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκυβερνήτης: meaning 'pilots'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
φόβῳfearN2 DSM · φόβοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
φοβηθήσονταιfearVC FPI3P · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
29
καὶ καταβήσονται ἀπὸ τῶν πλοίων πάντες οἱ κωπηλάται σου καὶ οἱ ἐπιβάται καὶ οἱ πρωρεῖς τῆς θαλάσσης ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν στήσονται
And all your rowers and your passengers and the ship-masters of the sea shall come down from the ships and stand upon the land.
Tyre's fall forces the maritime world into stunned disembarkation and helpless witnessing.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταβήσονταικαταVF FMI3P · βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + κατα: meaning 'κατα'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλοίωνshipsN2N GPN · πλοῖονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλοῖον: meaning 'ships'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωπηλάταιrowersN1M NPM · κωπηλάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκωπηλάτης: meaning 'rowers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιβάταιἐπιβάταιN1M NPM · ἐπιβάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐπιβάτης: meaning 'ἐπιβάται'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωρεῖςship-mastersN3V NPM · πρωρεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπρωρεύς: meaning 'ship-masters'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
στήσονταιwill standVF FMI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι: meaning 'will stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
30
καὶ ἀλαλάξουσιν ἐπὶ σὲ τῇ φωνῇ αὐτῶν καὶ κεκράξονται πικρὸν καὶ ἐπιθήσουσιν ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτῶν γῆν καὶ σποδὸν ὑποστρώσονται
And they shall wail over you with their voice and cry out bitterly, and they shall throw dust upon their heads and spread ashes beneath themselves.
The reaction is liturgical and communal: dust and ashes mark the death of a world they depended on.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλαλάξουσινshall wailVF FAI3P · ἀλαλάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἀλαλάζω: meaning 'shall wail'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῇvoiceN1 DSF · φωνήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κεκράξονταιthey will cry outVFX FMI3P · κράζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκράζω: meaning 'they will cry out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πικρὸνbitterA1A ASM · πικρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπικρός: meaning 'bitter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσουσινthey will placeVF FAI3P · τίθημι + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureτίθημι + ἐπι: meaning 'they will place'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σποδὸνashesN2 ASF · σποδόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσποδός: meaning 'ashes'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ὑποστρώσονταιὑποστρώσονταιVF FMI3P · στρωννύω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureστρωννύω + ὑπο: meaning 'ὑποστρώσονται'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
32
καὶ λήμψονται οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ σὲ θρῆνον καὶ θρήνημά σοι
And their sons shall take up a lament over you and a lamentation for you,
The loss is great enough to become a transmitted dirge, not just a momentary cry.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψονταιwill take upVF FMI3P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'will take up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
θρῆνονlamentationN2 ASM · θρῆνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθρῆνος: meaning 'lamentation'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θρήνημάθρήνημάN3M ASN · θρήνημαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθρήνημα: meaning 'θρήνημά'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
33
πόσον τινὰ εὗρες μισθὸν ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης ἐνέπλησας ἔθνη ἀπὸ τοῦ πλήθους σου καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ συμμίκτου σου ἐπλούτισας πάντας βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς
How much pay did you find from the sea? You filled nations from your abundance, and from your mixed trade you enriched all the kings of the earth.
The lament looks back on how extensively Tyre enriched nations and kings through maritime commerce.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
πόσονπόσονA1 ASM · πόσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόσος: meaning 'πόσον'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τινὰa certainRI ASM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτινὰ: meaning 'a certain'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εὗρεςehyriskoVB AAI2S · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'ehyrisko'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
μισθὸνrewardN2 ASM · μισθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμισθός: meaning 'reward'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaN1S GSF · θάλασσαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐνέπλησαςἐνέπλησαςVAI AAI2S · πίμπλημι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίμπλημι + ἐν: meaning 'ἐνέπλησας'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλήθουςplethosN3E GSN · πλῆθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλῆθος: meaning 'plethos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμμίκτουmixed tradeA1B GSM · συμμικτόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationσυμμικτός: meaning 'mixed trade'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐπλούτισαςἐπλούτισαςVAI AAI2S · πλουτίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπλουτίζω: meaning 'ἐπλούτισας'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V APM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandN1 GSF · γῆgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
34
νῦν συνετρίβης ἐν θαλάσσῃ ἐν βάθει ὕδατος ὁ σύμμικτός σου καὶ πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγή σου ἐν μέσῳ σου ἔπεσον πάντες οἱ κωπηλάται σου
Now you are broken in the sea, in the depth of the water; your mixed trade and all your assembly in the midst of you have fallen, all your rowers.
The image returns to the central reversal: commercial fullness disappears into deep water.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετρίβηςσυνετρίβηςVDI API2S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'συνετρίβης'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θαλάσσῃseaN1S DSF · θάλασσαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθάλασσα: meaning 'sea'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
βάθειβάθειA3U DSM · βαθύςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceβαθύς: meaning 'βάθει'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύμμικτόςσύμμικτόςA1B NSM · συμμικτόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυμμικτός: meaning 'σύμμικτός'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγήσυναγωγήN1 NSF · συναγωγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: meaning 'συναγωγή'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσῳmidstA1 DSM · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἔπεσονfellVBI AAI3P · πίπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristπίπτω: meaning 'fell'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωπηλάταιrowersN1M NPM · κωπηλάτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκωπηλάτης: meaning 'rowers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
35
πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὰς νήσους ἐστύγνασαν ἐπὶ σέ καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς αὐτῶν ἐκστάσει ἐξέστησαν καὶ ἐδάκρυσεν τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτῶν
All those dwelling on the islands were appalled over you, and their kings were amazed with amazement, and their faces wept.
The grief is political and emotional; those who lived by Tyre's system cannot absorb her disappearance.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νήσουςislandsN2 APF · νήσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνήσος: meaning 'islands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐστύγνασανwere appalledVAI AAI3P · στυγνάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστυγνάζω: meaning 'were appalled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
σέyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingN3V NPM · βασιλεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκστάσειastonishmentN3I DSF · ἔκστασιςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔκστασις: meaning 'astonishment'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἐξέστησανwere terrified / panickedVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἐκ: meaning 'were terrified'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδάκρυσενἐδάκρυσενVAI AAI3S · δακρύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδακρύω: meaning 'ἐδάκρυσεν'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονface / presenceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
36
ἔμποροι ἀπὸ ἐθνῶν ἐσύρισάν σε ἀπώλεια ἐγένου καὶ οὐκέτι ἔσῃ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα
Merchants from the nations hissed at you; you became a destruction, and you shall no longer exist forever.
The final note is harsh: astonishment gives way to hissing, and Tyre's splendid permanence is exposed as illusion.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἔμποροιmerchantsN2 NPM · ἔμποροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔμπορος: meaning 'merchants'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐσύρισάνhissedVAI AAI3P · συρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσυρίζω: meaning 'hissed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἀπώλειαdestructionN1A NSF · ἀπώλειαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐγένουegenoyVBI AMI2S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'egenoy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκέτιno longerD · οὐκέτιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκέτι: meaning 'no longer'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσῃyou shall beVF FMI2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'you shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.