Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 29ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ ΚΘ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The chapter opens with the unique Hebraism ἐξάρας τοὺς πόδας (29:1) — 'lifting his feet' — a phrase found nowhere else in the LXX, calquing the Hebrew וַיִּשָּׂא יַעֲקֹב רַגְלָיו; it conveys the energized purpose of a man sent out by a fresh theophany.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 29 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter opens with the unique Hebraism ἐξάρας τοὺς πόδας (29:1) — 'lifting his feet' — a phrase found nowhere else in the LXX, calquing the Hebrew וַיִּשָּׂא יַעֲקֹב רַגְלָיו; it conveys the energized purpose of a man sent out by a fresh theophany. The well and its great stone (λίθος μέγας, 29:2–3) form the typological and dramatic center of the arrival scene: three flocks wait because the communal watering convention requires the stone to be moved together, but Jacob rolls it alone for Rachel (29:10) — an acted parable of heroic love. The historical present ὁρᾷ ('he sees,' 29:2) interrupts the aorist-dominated narrative with cinematic immediacy. Rachel (Ραχηλ) is introduced as a shepherdess — ἔβοσκεν τὰ πρόβατα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς (29:9) — an active figure rather than a passive object. Jacob's kiss and weeping (ἐφίλησεν … ἔκλαυσεν, 29:11) are the chapter's first explicitly emotional acts. Laban's welcome formula at 29:14 — ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων μου καὶ ἐκ τῆς σαρκός μου εἶ σύ — echoes the covenant-bonding language of Gen 2:23; its warmth is retrospectively ironic given the deception that follows. The lyrical center is 29:20: ὡς ἡμέραι ὀλίγαι παρὰ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν αὐτήν — 'as a few days, because of his love for her' — one of Scripture's most celebrated sentences. Leah's eyes (ἀσθενεῖς, 29:17) render the ambiguous Hebrew רַכּוֹת (rakkot, 'tender' or 'weak'); the LXX takes the less flattering sense. The theological crux is the deception of 29:23–25: the man who wore goat-skins to deceive his blind father (Gen 27) is deceived under darkness by his father-in-law with a different daughter — the deceiver is deceived, measure for measure. The four birth-etymologies of 29:32–35 root the tribal system in Leah's prayer: Ρουβην (εἶδεν κύριος τὴν ταπείνωσίν μου, 29:32), Συμεων (ἤκουσεν κύριος, 29:33), Λευι (πρὸς ἐμοῦ ἔσται ὁ ἀνήρ μου from the root לוה 'to be joined,' 29:34), and Ιουδα (ἐξομολογήσομαι κυρίῳ, 29:35) — the verb ἐξομολογέω is the great Psalter-word of praise and confession; from Judah's name all of 'Judaism' derives, and 'the Lion of the tribe of Judah' is the NT's messianic title (Rev 5:5).

1

Ἐξάρας δὲ Ιακωβ τοὺς πόδας ἦλθεν εἰς γῆν ἀνατολῶν.

And Jacob lifted his feet and came to the land of the east.

Narrative transition (new scene: the journey east begins)Ἐξάρας δέ
The chapter opens with a participial construction (Ἐξάρας δέ) that simultaneously continues from ch. 28 (Jacob at Bethel) and launches the new scene. The Hebraizing idiom ἐξάρας τοὺς πόδας — unique in the LXX — carries the sense of purposeful, energized departure following the theophany. The δέ marks a narrative hinge rather than mere addition.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
Ἐξάραςhaving liftedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐξαίρωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance: the lifting motivates the going)→ constative aorist (single vigorous act)ἐξαίρω: 'lift up from'; ἐξάρας τοὺς πόδας ('lifting his feet') is a Hebraism unique in the LXX, calquing the Hebrew idiom וַיִּשָּׂא יַעֲקֹב רַגְלָיו; the idiom conveys energized, purposeful movement — the legs of a man revived by divine encounter. It has no parallel in Greek idiom and signals the LXX's literalistic translation method.
δὲand / nowtransitional particle (narrative hinge)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliteration of יַעֲקֹב; the name carries the etymology 'he grasps the heel / supplanter' (Gen 25:26; 27:36), already resonant for a reader who has followed the deception of ch. 27 — Jacob is heading toward his match in Laban.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδαςfeetAccusativedirect object of participial idiom (ἐξάρας τοὺς πόδας)→ object specificationπούς: 'foot'; the plural τοὺς πόδας in this idiom renders Hebrew רַגְלָיו; 'lifting the feet' is a Semitic metonymy for vigorous departure — contrast the flat aorist ἐπορεύθη used of ordinary travel.
ἦλθενcame / wentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (narrative action: the journey itself)→ constative aorist (entire journey viewed as a unit)ἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; renders Hebrew וַיֵּלֶךְ; the aorist closes the journey as a completed whole in a single word — the narrator wastes no time on the road, leaping straight to the destination.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (directional goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional goal).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative of direction (goal of travel)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land, earth'; γῆν ἀνατολῶν renders the Hebrew phrase for the eastern regions (Mesopotamia/Aram); the eastward journey is structurally the inverse of the exodus-return of ch. 31.
ἀνατολῶνof the eastGenitivegenitive of definition (attributive: 'eastern land')→ relational specificationἀνατολή: 'east, rising (of the sun)'; the plural ἀνατολῶν is the LXX's standard compass-point east; the 'land of the east' is the ancestral homeland of the Terachites (Gen 11:31) and the source from which Rebekah also came (Gen 24:4).
2

καὶ ὁρᾷ, καὶ ἰδοὺ φρέαρ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, ἦσαν δὲ ἐκεῖ τρία ποίμνια προβάτων ἀναπαυόμενα ἐπ' αὐτῷ· ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ φρέατος ἐκείνου ἐπότιζον τὰ ποίμνια· λίθος δὲ ἦν μέγας ἐπὶ τῷ στόματι τοῦ φρέατος.

And he sees — and behold, a well in the field; and there were three flocks of sheep resting beside it, for from that well they watered the flocks; and a great stone was upon the mouth of the well.

Scene disclosure (ἰδοὺ-formula: what Jacob sees)καὶ ὁρᾷ
The historic present ὁρᾷ ('he sees') interrupts the aorist-dominated narrative to shift to Jacob's immediate perspective — a cinematic cut to his viewpoint. The double ἰδοὺ is a deictic zoom: first on the well itself, then (implicitly) on the three flocks and the great stone. The explanatory γάρ-clause (ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ φρέατος ἐκείνου ἐπότιζον) gives the reader information Jacob himself is about to learn from the shepherds.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (paratactic continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁρᾷhe seesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωhistorical present (foregrounding Jacob's perception)→ historical/dramatic present (narrative vividness)ὁράω: 'see, behold'; the historic present interrupts surrounding aorists to dramatize the moment of first sight — a cinematic technique used for pivotal discoveries in LXX narrative (cf. Gen 22:13 of the ram; 28:12 of the ladder).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing ἰδοὺ-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic particle (ἰδοὺ-formula: what the eye falls upon)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: frozen imperative ('look!'), a direct calque of Hebrew הִנֵּה; focuses the reader's gaze on the object disclosed — the well — functioning as a narrative zoom; the formula καὶ ἰδοὺ is among the most frequent dramatic devices in the LXX.
φρέαρa wellNominativesubject (nominal existential: 'there was a well')→ participant prominenceφρέαρ: 'well, cistern'; the well is the typological locus of betrothal in the patriarchal narratives: Isaac's servant meets Rebekah at a well (Gen 24:11–20), Moses meets Zipporah at a well (Exod 2:15–21) — Jacob follows the pattern; the Fourth Gospel's well-scene at Sychar (John 4) continues the typology.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίῳfield / plainDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceπεδίον: 'plain, open field'; renders Hebrew שָׂדֶה; the open plain makes the approaching Rachel visible from a distance (v.6, v.9).
ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίimperfect existential (descriptive background)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state when Jacob arrived)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦσαν with the perfect participle ἠτιμασμένοι forms a periphrastic pluperfect-like construction ('had been / were in a state of being dishonored'), stressing the men's continuing condition of shame.
δὲandtransitional particle (continuing the scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (beside the well)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
τρίαthreeNominativenumeral attributive (modifying ποίμνια)→ measure or countτρεῖς/τρία: 'three'; three flocks imply a communal watering rotation — no single flock's shepherds could move the great stone alone; the constraint explains both the waiting and the impact of Jacob's solo feat.
ποίμνιαflocksNominativesubject of ἦσαν→ participant prominenceποίμνιον: 'flock (of sheep or livestock)'; the three flocks are passive, their capacity to drink dependent on the communal stone-removal — they are waiting, as the participle ἀναπαυόμενα confirms.
προβάτωνof sheepGenitivepartitive genitive (sheep-flocks specifically)→ relational specificationπροβάτων: meaning 'of sheep'; it serves as partitive genitive (sheep-flocks specifically).
ἀναπαυόμεναrestingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · ἀναπαύωattributive participle (modifying ποίμνια: resting flocks)→ progressive/durative (ongoing state of waiting)ἀναπαύω: 'rest, give rest'; the passive/middle 'resting' pictures the flocks constrained by the stone — they cannot be watered until the stone is moved. The image of waiting flocks frames Jacob's solo act of rolling the stone as a liberation.
ἐπ'beside / bypreposition + dative (locative: beside it)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: beside it).
αὐτῷitDativepronoun (dative: beside the well, φρέαρ neut.)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun (dative: beside the well, φρέαρ neut.).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative source).
γὰρforexplanatory particle (γάρ-clause giving the reason for the scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwellGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (ablative: source of water)→ relational specificationφρέατος: meaning 'well'; it serves as genitive object of ἐκ (ablative: source of water).
ἐκείνουthatGenitivedemonstrative adjective (anaphoric: 'that well' just mentioned)→ relational specificationἐκείνου: meaning 'that'; it serves as demonstrative adjective (anaphoric: 'that well' just mentioned).
ἐπότιζονthey wateredImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ποτίζωmain verb of γάρ-clause (imperfect: habitual practice)→ iterative imperfect (customary past: they regularly watered)ποτίζω: 'give to drink, water (animals)'; the iterative imperfect records the habitual protocol — from that well the community of shepherds regularly watered all the flocks; the custom Jacob is about to circumvent with singular initiative.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίμνιαflocksAccusativedirect object of ἐπότιζον→ object specificationποίμνια: meaning 'flocks'; it serves as direct object of ἐπότιζον.
λίθοςa stoneNominativesubject (new clause: description of the obstacle)→ participant prominenceλίθος: 'stone'; introduced here as the chapter's central prop; recurs at vv. 3, 8, 10 — too heavy for one shepherd alone, yet Jacob rolls it single-handed when Rachel appears (v. 10), the act serving as an emblem of eros.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimperfect existential / descriptive→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
μέγαςgreat / largeNominativepredicate adjective (postpositive for emphasis: a definitively large stone)→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great, large'; placed after the existential verb for emphasis — this stone is the obstacle; its size explains the communal requirement and makes Jacob's solo feat in v. 10 remarkable.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + dative (location: resting on)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: resting on).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματιmouthDativedative of location (on the mouth of the well)→ sphere or referenceστόμα: 'mouth'; ἐπὶ τῷ στόματι τοῦ φρέατος renders the Hebrew idiom עַל פִּי הַבְּאֵר ('upon the mouth of the well') word-for-word — a Hebraism the LXX calques literally; the stone 'upon the mouth' seals and guards the water.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwellGenitivegenitive of definition (specifying the mouth)→ relational specificationφρέατος: meaning 'well'; it serves as genitive of definition (specifying the mouth).
3

καὶ συνήγοντο ἐκεῖ πάντα τὰ ποίμνια, καὶ ἀπεκύλιον τὸν λίθον ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ φρέατος καὶ ἐπότιζον τὰ πρόβατα, καὶ ἀπεκαθίστων τὸν λίθον ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα τοῦ φρέατος εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ.

And all the flocks would gather there, and they would roll the stone from the mouth of the well and water the sheep, and then put the stone back upon the mouth of the well to its place.

Explanatory elaboration (custom of the place: iterative)καὶ συνήγοντο
Three iterative imperfects (συνήγοντο, ἀπεκύλιον, ἀπεκαθίστων) describe the habitual social ritual of the site: gather → roll stone → water → replace stone. The circular protocol — the stone returns 'to its place' (εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ) — underscores the communal constraint Jacob will break at v. 10.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήγοντοthey would gatherImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb (iterative: the habitual assembly of all flocks)→ iterative imperfect (customary past)συνάγω: 'gather, assemble'; the passive denotes the flocks converging together; the iterative imperfect frames the entire triple-sequence (gather → roll → water → replace) as a recurrent communal rite.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (at the well)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
πάνταallNominativeuniversal adjective (modifying ποίμνια)→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as universal adjective (modifying ποίμνια).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίμνιαflocksNominativesubject of συνήγοντο→ participant prominenceποίμνια: meaning 'flocks'; it serves as subject of συνήγοντο.
καὶandsequential conjunction (first step of the ritual)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκύλιονthey would roll awayImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκυλίωmain verb (iterative: communal stone-rolling)→ iterative imperfect (habitual sequence: step 2)ἀποκυλίω: 'roll away'; the ἀπο-compound marks removal from the wellmouth; the same verb appears in NT at the resurrection accounts (Matt 28:2; Mark 16:3–4; Luke 24:2) where the stone from the tomb is ἀποκεκύλισται — the stone-rolling motif is a typological thread.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (anaphoric: the stone just described)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of ἀπεκύλιον→ object specificationλίθον: meaning 'stone'; it serves as direct object of ἀπεκύλιον.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: away from the mouth)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: away from the mouth).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματοςmouthGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (from the mouth of the well)→ relational specificationστόματος: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό (from the mouth of the well).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwellGenitivegenitive of definition→ relational specificationφρέατος: meaning 'well'; it serves as genitive of definition.
καὶandsequential conjunction (step 3: watering)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπότιζονthey wateredImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ποτίζωmain verb (iterative: the purpose of the whole assembly)→ iterative imperfect (habitual: the goal of rolling the stone)ποτίζω: meaning 'they watered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (iterative: the purpose of the whole assembly).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object of ἐπότιζον→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; here the individual animals (πρόβατα) rather than the collective flock (ποίμνιον) — the watering is done sheep by sheep.
καὶandsequential conjunction (final step: restoration)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκαθίστωνthey would put backImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκαθίστημιmain verb (iterative: closing the ritual cycle)→ iterative imperfect (habitual: the cycle is complete when stone is restored)ἀποκαθίστημι: 'restore, put back'; the compound marks return to the original position; the stone being restored 'to its place' (εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ) closes the cycle — a ritual of communal water-stewardship that Jacob will disrupt by love-driven initiative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of ἀπεκαθίστων→ object specificationλίθον: meaning 'stone'; it serves as direct object of ἀπεκαθίστων.
ἐπὶontopreposition + accusative (motion: back onto the wellmouth)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'onto'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (motion: back onto the wellmouth).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόμαmouthAccusativeaccusative of goal (onto the mouth)→ object specificationστόμα: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as accusative of goal (onto the mouth).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwellGenitivegenitive of definition→ relational specificationφρέατος: meaning 'well'; it serves as genitive of definition.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal: to its place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal: to its place).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative of goal (εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ: to its place)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place'; the stone has a designated τόπος — a term theologically resonant throughout Genesis as the site of theophany (Gen 28:11, 16, 17, 19); even the communal water-site has an ordered place that reflects the created order.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivepossessive genitive (the stone's regular place)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (the stone's regular place).
4

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς Ιακωβ Ἀδελφοί, πόθεν ἐστέ; οἱ δὲ εἶπαν Ἐκ Χαρραν ἐσμέν.

And Jacob said to them, 'Brothers, where are you from?' And they said, 'We are from Haran.'

Dialogue exchange (interrogation: origin of the shepherds)εἶπεν δέ
Jacob's first word is Ἀδελφοί — 'brothers' — a courteous kinship-address to strangers that is also, unknowingly, literally true. The question πόθεν ἐστέ is the typological question of the well-encounter; the answer (Χαρραν) confirms Jacob is in exactly the right place.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech act)εἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object (to the shepherds)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (to the shepherds).
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἈδελφοίBrothers!Vocativevocative of address (courteous solidarity-address to strangers)→ direct addressἀδελφός: 'brother'; Ἀδελφοί as an address to strangers is a social gesture of belonging — ironic here because Jacob is in fact addressing kinsmen without yet knowing it.
πόθενfrom where?interrogative adverb of origin→ clausal contributionπόθεν: 'from where?'; the standard question of the well-encounter typology (cf. John 4:9 where the Samaritan woman asks by implication); Jacob orients himself — practically and typologically.
ἐστέare you?Pres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (interrogative: identity question)→ present indicative (question about permanent origin)εἰμί: meaning 'are you?'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (interrogative: identity question).
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle used as demonstrative pronoun ('they')→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandtransitional particle (reply marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (reply)→ constative aorist (single speech act)λέγω (aor. εἶπαν, Koine form): introduces the third invitation.
Ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: origin)→ spatial or relational framingἘκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: origin).
ΧαρρανHaranindeclinable proper noun (place of origin, object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΧαρραν: transliteration of חָרָן (Haran); the city in Upper Mesopotamia, ancestral home of the Terachite family (Gen 11:31–32) and the source of Rebekah (Gen 24:10); hearing this name Jacob knows he has arrived exactly where the covenant-mission requires.
ἐσμένwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (identification: permanent home-city claim)→ present indicative (permanent identity)εἰμί: meaning 'we are'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (identification: permanent home-city claim).
5

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς Γινώσκετε Λαβαν τὸν τοῦ Ναχωρ; οἱ δὲ εἶπαν Γινώσκομεν.

And he said to them, 'Do you know Laban the son of Nahor?' And they said, 'We know him.'

Dialogue exchange (second question: identification of Laban)εἶπεν δέ
Jacob's second question escalates from geography (v.4) to personal identification. The name Λαβαν is introduced for the first time — Jacob's goal all along. The shepherds' laconic Γινώσκομεν confirms the connection; Jacob is on the right threshold.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object.
ΓινώσκετεDo you know?Pres Act Indic 2 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb (interrogative: direct question about acquaintance)→ present indicative (ongoing relationship implied)γινώσκω: 'know, recognize'; the question asks not merely intellectual knowledge but active acquaintance — whether Laban is within their social network; repeated in mirror image as the answer (Γινώσκομεν).
ΛαβανLabandirect object of Γινώσκετε (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliteration of לָבָן ('white'); Jacob's uncle and future father-in-law; the name is introduced here for the first time in the chapter — the target of the entire journey.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (specifying Laban by patronymic)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦthe (son) ofGenitivearticle with elided noun (τοῦ [υἱοῦ] Ναχωρ: 'the son of Nahor')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝαχωρNahorindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship: son of Nahor)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: transliteration of נָחוֹר; Abraham's brother (Gen 11:26–27); Rebekah was Nahor's granddaughter (Gen 22:20–23); by identifying Laban as 'of Nahor,' Jacob specifies the exact kinship line the covenant requires.
οἱtheyNominativearticle as demonstrative pronoun ('they')→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandtransitional particle (reply marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (reply)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπαν, Koine form): introduces the third invitation.
ΓινώσκομενWe know himPres Act Indic 1 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb (confirmation: echoing Jacob's question)→ present indicative (ongoing acquaintance)γινώσκω: the exact root of Jacob's question mirrored back — a tight echo structure (Γινώσκετε / Γινώσκομεν) that the LXX retains from the Hebrew ידע / ידענו.
6

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς Ὑγιαίνει; οἱ δὲ εἶπαν Ὑγιαίνει· καὶ ἰδοὺ Ραχηλ ἡ θυγάτηρ αὐτοῦ ἤρχετο μετὰ τῶν προβάτων.

And he said to them, 'Is he well?' And they said, 'He is well'; and behold, Rachel his daughter was coming with the sheep.

Dialogue + narrative disclosure (ἰδοὺ: Rachel's arrival announced)εἶπεν δέ
The third exchange is compressed to a single word per side — Ὑγιαίνει / Ὑγιαίνει ('Is he well?' / 'He is well') — and then immediately broken open by the ἰδοὺ-formula disclosing Rachel's arrival. The discourse shifts from dialogue to narrative vision in the same verse, mirroring the technique of v.2.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object.
ὙγιαίνειIs he well?Pres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑγιαίνωmain verb (interrogative: wellbeing of Laban)→ present indicative (current state of health)ὑγιαίνω: 'be well, be in good health'; the single-word question ὑγιαίνει; renders the Hebrew הֲשָׁלוֹם לוֹ ('is peace to him?') — shalom-language compressed into one verb; the same verb appears in the Prodigal Son's return (Luke 15:27 ὑγιαίνοντα αὐτὸν ἀπέλαβεν).
οἱtheyNominativearticle as demonstrative pronoun→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲandtransitional particle (reply marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (reply)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπαν, Koine form): introduces the third invitation.
ὙγιαίνειHe is wellPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑγιαίνωmain verb (affirmation: echoing the question word for word)→ present indicativeὑγιαίνω: meaning 'He is well'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (affirmation: echoing the question word for word).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing ἰδοὺ-disclosure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic particle (narrative attention marker: Rachel now visible)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: the deictic particle focuses the narrative eye on Rachel's arrival — the moment the whole journey has been leading to; see v.2 for the same function with the well.
ΡαχηλRachelsubject (indeclinable proper noun, introduced for the first time)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliteration of רָחֵל ('ewe'); the name itself is pastoral — a shepherd's daughter named for a sheep. She is introduced mid-discourse, her arrival interrupting the dialogue precisely as the shepherds confirm her father is well.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativeappositive to Ραχηλ (identifying her relationship to Laban)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the identification ἡ θυγάτηρ αὐτοῦ is essential — she is not just any shepherdess but the daughter of the man Jacob is seeking.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (Laban's daughter)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Laban's daughter).
ἤρχετοwas comingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (imperfect: Rachel's approach in progress as the shepherds speak)→ progressive imperfect (action in progress: she was on her way)ἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the imperfect ἤρχετο ('was coming') captures the coincidence of timing: while the shepherds are still reporting that Laban is well, Rachel is already arriving — the narrative compresses discovery into simultaneity.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheepGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (with the sheep)→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; Rachel's first act is pastoral — she arrives with sheep, as a shepherdess; v.9 will confirm she herself pastures them.
7

εἶπεν δὲ Ιακωβ Ἔτι ἐστὶν ἡμέρα πολλή, οὔπω ὥρα συναχθῆναι τὰ κτήνη· ποτίσαντες τὰ πρόβατα ἀπελθόντες βόσκετε.

And Jacob said, 'There is still much daylight — it is not yet time to gather the animals. Water the sheep and go and pasture them.'

Exhortation / indirect pressure (Jacob urges the shepherds to act)εἶπεν δέ
Jacob's speech has a practical surface (it is early, there is time to work) and a social sub-text: he wants the other shepherds to leave so he can be alone with Rachel. The two aorist participial imperatives (ποτίσαντες … ἀπελθόντες) followed by the main imperative βόσκετε create a compressed sequence of dispatch.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
Ἔτιstilladverb of time (modifying ἐστίν)→ participant identificationἜτι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as adverb of time (modifying ἐστίν).
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: there is still daylight)→ present indicative (current fact about time remaining)εἰμί: equative 'is'; the question of identity is the question of the whole chapter — is this really the woman who left full?
ἡμέραday / daylightNominativesubject of ἐστίν (existential: 'daylight remains')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day, daylight'; the phrase ἡμέρα πολλή ('much day = a lot of daylight') renders the Hebrew עוֹד הַיּוֹם גָּדוֹל ('still the day is great'); Jacob's argument is that the afternoon is long — no need to quit early.
πολλήmuch / greatNominativepredicate adjective (modifying ἡμέρα)→ participant prominenceπολλή: meaning 'much'; it serves as predicate adjective (modifying ἡμέρα).
οὔπωnot yetnegative adverb of time→ clausal contributionοὔπω: meaning 'not yet'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ὥραtime / hourNominativesubject (existential: 'it is not yet the hour')→ participant prominenceὥρα: 'hour, time, season'; the phrase οὔπω ὥρα + infinitive ('not yet the time to…') is an idiomatic expression of premature timing; compare John 2:4 (οὔπω ἥκει ἡ ὥρα μου) — the 'hour' that is not yet come.
συναχθῆναιto gatherAor Pass Inf · συνάγωinfinitive of the delayed action ('not yet time for the animals to be gathered')→ constative aorist infinitiveσυνάγω: 'gather, assemble'; the passive infinitive denotes the animals being gathered in for the evening — the standard end-of-day pasturing practice; Jacob is saying this is still hours away.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηanimals / livestockAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (passive: the animals to be gathered)→ object specificationκτῆνος: 'livestock, domestic animal'; broader than πρόβατον; the evening gathering of all herds is the standard pastoral day-closer.
ποτίσαντεςhaving wateredAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ποτίζωadverbial participle of means/manner (imperatival: 'water and then go')→ constative aorist (action before the main command)ποτίζω: 'give to drink, water'; the participle functions as an imperative in sequence with βόσκετε — the commanded order is: water first, then go pasture. Jacob is directing the shepherds' schedule with unusual authority for a stranger.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object of ποτίσαντες→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as direct object of ποτίσαντες.
ἀπελθόντεςgoing awayAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ἀπέρχομαιadverbial participle (attendant circumstance: 'go and pasture')→ constative aorist (departure preceding pasturing)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart'; the participle underscores Jacob's desire to be rid of the other shepherds — go away and pasture — a sub-text only the reader hears.
βόσκετεpasture (them)!Pres Act Imper 2 Pl · βόσκωmain verb (imperative command: the directive to the shepherds)→ present imperative (ongoing activity commanded)βόσκω: 'pasture, tend (animals)'; the same verb used of Rachel's activity in v.9 (ἔβοσκεν) — Jacob's command to the shepherds uses the very word that describes Rachel, linking his directive to his desire.
8

οἱ δὲ εἶπαν Οὐ δυνησόμεθα, ἕως τοῦ συναχθῆναι πάντας τοὺς ποιμένας καὶ ἀποκυλίσωσιν τὸν λίθον ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ φρέατος· καὶ τότε ποτιοῦμεν τὰ πρόβατα.

But they said, 'We cannot, until all the shepherds are gathered and they roll the stone from the mouth of the well; and then we will water the sheep.'

Counter-response (rejection of Jacob's directive, citing the communal custom)οἱ δέ
The shepherds' refusal Οὐ δυνησόμεθα ('we are not able') closes the dialogue and reasserts the communal constraint established in vv.2–3. The structure is negative + ἕως-clause (condition) + τότε-clause (promised action): they cannot water until all have gathered to move the stone. This sets up the contrast with Jacob's solo act in v.10.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
οἱtheyNominativearticle as demonstrative pronoun (the shepherds)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / andadversative/transitional particle (mild contrast with Jacob's directive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (reply)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπαν, Koine form): introduces the third invitation.
Οὐwe cannotnegation (modifying δυνησόμεθα)→ participant referenceΟὐ: meaning 'we cannot'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (modifying δυνησόμεθα).
δυνησόμεθαwe will be ableFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (potential future: 'we cannot')→ futuristic/potential (impossibility without the condition)δύναμαι: 'be able, have power to'; the future indicative Οὐ δυνησόμεθα ('we shall not be able') states a practical impossibility rooted in the communal constraint — a gentle refusal of Jacob's directive.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (ἕως + articular infinitive: condition for watering)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with infinitive (genitive: ἕως τοῦ + inf.)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναχθῆναιto be gatheredAor Pass Inf · συνάγωarticular infinitive (temporal: until all have gathered)→ constative aorist infinitive (the completed gathering as condition)συνάγω: meaning 'to be gathered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as articular infinitive (temporal: until all have gathered).
πάνταςallAccusativeaccusative subject of passive infinitive→ object specificationπάντας: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative subject of passive infinitive.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιμέναςshepherdsAccusativeaccusative subject of passive infinitive (all the shepherds gathered)→ object specificationποιμήν: 'shepherd'; the requirement is that all (πάντας) the shepherds assemble — no individual stone-rolling allowed; the collective watering convention is social as well as practical.
καὶandsequential conjunction (then they roll the stone)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκυλίσωσινthey roll awayAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀποκυλίωaorist subjunctive in ἕως-clause (indefinite temporal)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the rolling as a completed condition)ἀποκυλίω: 'roll away'; the subjunctive after ἕως marks the action as the condition for what follows — until they have rolled the stone, watering cannot begin. The same verb of NT resurrection (Matt 28:2; Mark 16:3–4) echoes here.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (anaphoric: the stone)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of ἀποκυλίσωσιν→ object specificationλίθον: meaning 'stone'; it serves as direct object of ἀποκυλίσωσιν.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: away from the mouth)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: away from the mouth).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματοςmouthGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationστόματος: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwellGenitivegenitive of definition→ relational specificationφρέατος: meaning 'well'; it serves as genitive of definition.
καὶandsequential conjunction (then — promised action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τότεthentemporal adverb (apodosis: what happens after the condition is met)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: meaning 'then'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ποτιοῦμενwe will waterFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ποτίζωmain verb (apodosis: the promised action once the stone is rolled)→ futuristic indicative (certain consequence once condition met)ποτίζω: 'water, give to drink'; the future ποτιοῦμεν presents watering as certain once the condition (all gathered, stone rolled) is satisfied — a future Jacob will circumvent by rolling the stone alone.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object of ποτιοῦμεν→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as direct object of ποτιοῦμεν.
9

Ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος αὐτοῖς, καὶ Ραχηλ ἦλθεν μετὰ τῶν προβάτων τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς· αὕτη γὰρ ἔβοσκεν τὰ πρόβατα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς.

While he was still speaking with them, Rachel came with her father's sheep; for she herself pastured her father's sheep.

Temporal coincidence (genitive absolute: Rachel's arrival interrupts the conversation)Ἔτι … λαλοῦντος
The genitive absolute (αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος — 'while he was still speaking') is the LXX's rendering of a Hebrew temporal clause, placing Rachel's arrival as precisely simultaneous with Jacob's words. The explanatory γάρ-clause confirms her active role: she herself (αὕτη) was the shepherdess — the feminine labor normally performed by sons (cf. Exod 2:16 Jethro's daughters).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
Ἔτιstilltemporal adverb (modifying the genitive absolute)→ participant identificationἜτι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as temporal adverb (modifying the genitive absolute).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive subject of absolute construction→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive subject of absolute construction.
λαλοῦντοςspeakingPres Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · λαλέωgenitive absolute (temporal: 'while he was still speaking')→ progressive present (ongoing speech interrupted by Rachel's arrival)λαλέω: 'speak, talk'; the genitive absolute with ἔτι constructs the vivid temporal overlap — Jacob's words are still in the air when Rachel arrives; the narrator compresses the two events to a single moment.
αὐτοῖςwith themDativedative of indirect object (with the shepherds)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'with them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (with the shepherds).
καὶand / whennarrative conjunction (introducing the main clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡαχηλRachelsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (narrative: the arrival)→ constative aorist (arrival as a completed event)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; here 'came to pass / were realized'; the singular verb with the neuter plural subject πάντα τὰ σημεῖα follows the regular Greek rule.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheepGenitivegenitive of accompaniment→ relational specificationπροβάτων: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as genitive of accompaniment.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (her father's sheep)→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession (her father's sheep).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (specifying whose father)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (specifying whose father).
αὕτηshe herselfNominativeemphatic demonstrative pronoun (subject of γάρ-clause: she herself, not a servant)→ participant referenceαὕτη: 'she herself'; the emphatic feminine demonstrative underscores Rachel's personal agency — she was the one who pastured the flock, doing the work normally assigned to sons (cf. Jethro's seven daughters at the well, Exod 2:16–17).
γὰρforexplanatory particle (explaining why Rachel has the sheep)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔβοσκενwas pasturingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · βόσκωmain verb (imperfect: her standing occupation)→ habitual imperfect (her regular role: she was the shepherdess)βόσκω: 'pasture, tend (animals)'; the same verb Jacob used in his imperative to the other shepherds (v.7 βόσκετε) — Rachel does professionally what Jacob urged the others to do; the shared verb quietly aligns Jacob's command with Rachel's vocation.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object of ἔβοσκεν→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as direct object of ἔβοσκεν.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
10

ἐγένετο δὲ ὡς εἶδεν Ιακωβ τὴν Ραχηλ θυγατέρα Λαβαν ἀδελφοῦ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ πρόβατα Λαβαν ἀδελφοῦ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ προσελθὼν Ιακωβ ἀπεκύλισεν τὸν λίθον ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ φρέατος καὶ ἐπότισεν τὰ πρόβατα Λαβαν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ.

And it came to pass, when Jacob saw Rachel the daughter of Laban his mother's brother, and the sheep of Laban his mother's brother, Jacob came forward and rolled the stone from the mouth of the well and watered the sheep of Laban his mother's brother.

Narrative climax (the pivotal action: Jacob rolls the stone alone)ἐγένετο δὲ ὡς
The ἐγένετο … ὡς formula (calquing וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר) marks the narrative hinge. The triple repetition of Λαβαν ἀδελφοῦ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ ('Laban his mother's brother') hammers the kinship identification — Jacob knows exactly who this is — and makes his solo stone-rolling an act of covenantal recognition rather than mere chivalry. Three actions in a single main clause (προσελθών / ἀπεκύλισεν / ἐπότισεν) contrast with the communal three-step of v.3.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (framing formula: ἐγένετο … ὡς)→ constative aorist (narrative hinge)γίνομαι: 'come to pass, happen'; the formula ἐγένετο δὲ ὡς + aorist indicative calques the Hebrew וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר — the standard LXX formula for marking a pivotal turning point in the narrative.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (ὡς + aorist: 'when he saw')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενhe sawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of the temporal clause (the seeing triggers the action)→ constative aorist (moment of recognition)ὁράω: 'see, behold'; the sight of Rachel is the cause of everything that follows; the same root drives the Reuben etymology at v.32 (εἶδεν κύριος) — divine seeing and human seeing are structurally parallel in the chapter.
ΙακωβJacobsubject of εἶδεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of εἶδεν (indeclinable proper noun).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαχηλRachelAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of εἶδεν (indeclinable proper noun).
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativeappositive to Ραχηλ (Rachel identified as daughter of Laban)→ object specificationθυγατέρα: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as appositive to Ραχηλ (Rachel identified as daughter of Laban).
ΛαβανLabanindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship: daughter of Laban)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship: daughter of Laban).
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (Laban identified as brother of his mother)→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; the triple repetition of Λαβαν ἀδελφοῦ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ ('Laban his mother's brother') is a Hebraizing anaphoric formula — it hammers the kinship identification three times, making clear Jacob is acting with full recognition of who this family is.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; Rebekah, Jacob's mother, is Laban's sister — the connection that sent Jacob to this place (Gen 27:43: φεῦγε πρὸς Λαβαν τὸν ἀδελφόν μου).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second element of what Jacob saw)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativesecond direct object of εἶδεν (Jacob saw the sheep as well as Rachel)→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as second direct object of εἶδεν (Jacob saw the sheep as well as Rachel).
ΛαβανLabangenitive of possession (Laban's sheep, second instance)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (Laban's sheep, second instance).
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (second occurrence of the kinship formula)→ relational specificationἀδελφοῦ: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive of relationship (second occurrence of the kinship formula).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμητρὸς: meaning 'mother'; it serves as genitive of relationship.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandsequential conjunction (introducing Jacob's action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσελθὼνhaving come forwardAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · προσέρχομαιadverbial participle (attendant circumstance: Jacob's approach precedes the rolling)→ constative aorist (decisive step forward)προσέρχομαι: 'come forward, approach'; the aorist participle marks Jacob's purposeful step toward the well — the single decisive movement that makes everything else possible.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (named again for emphasis at the climactic action)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (named again for emphasis at the climactic action).
ἀπεκύλισενrolled awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκυλίωmain verb (first action: the heroic solo stone-rolling)→ constative aorist (single completed act — done alone)ἀποκυλίω: 'roll away'; the aorist (singular subject) where the imperfect in v.3 required a plural communal effort — the contrast is stark and deliberate: what the whole community required, Jacob does alone in the moment he sees Rachel.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (anaphoric: the great stone of vv.2–3)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of ἀπεκύλισεν→ object specificationλίθον: meaning 'stone'; it serves as direct object of ἀπεκύλισεν.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (ablative)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματοςmouthGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationστόματος: meaning 'mouth'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwellGenitivegenitive of definition→ relational specificationφρέατος: meaning 'well'; it serves as genitive of definition.
καὶandsequential conjunction (second action: the watering)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπότισενhe wateredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποτίζωmain verb (second action: Jacob waters the flock)→ constative aoristποτίζω: 'water, give to drink'; Jacob alone does what the community did together — rolling and watering; the narrative pace is compressed into two verbs, signaling that eros accelerates what communal inertia delayed.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object of ἐπότισεν→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as direct object of ἐπότισεν.
ΛαβανLabangenitive of possession (third and final occurrence of the kinship formula)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (third and final occurrence of the kinship formula).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ἀδελφοῦ→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (third occurrence: full recognition stated again)→ relational specificationἀδελφοῦ: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive of relationship (third occurrence: full recognition stated again).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμητρὸς: meaning 'mother'; it serves as genitive of relationship.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
11

καὶ ἐφίλησεν Ιακωβ τὴν Ραχηλ καὶ βοήσας τῇ φωνῇ αὐτοῦ ἔκλαυσεν.

And Jacob kissed Rachel, and he lifted up his voice and wept.

Emotional climax (the first expression of kinship-love and longing)καί
The verse's brevity is its power: two verbs (ἐφίλησεν, ἔκλαυσεν) and a participial attendant circumstance (βοήσας) — no explanation, no motive stated. The kiss (φιλέω) is a greeting of kinship (Gen 29:13; 33:4); the weeping (κλαίω + βοάω) is the outburst of one who has been running for his life and has finally arrived. The LXX calques the Hebrew idiom וַיִּשָּׂא אֶת קֹלוֹ וַיֵּבְךְּ exactly.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐφίλησενkissedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φιλέωmain verb (action: the greeting kiss)→ constative aorist (the kiss as a single completed act)φιλέω: 'kiss, love'; the kiss is a standard greeting of kinship (cf. Laban's kiss at v.13; Esau's kiss at Gen 33:4); it should not be read as romantic before Jacob has identified himself — the kiss comes first, words second.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαχηλRachelAccusativedirect object of ἐφίλησεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἐφίλησεν (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοήσαςhaving cried outAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · βοάωadverbial participle (manner: 'crying aloud, he wept')→ constative aorist (the cry accompanies the weeping)βοάω: 'cry out, shout'; βοήσας τῇ φωνῇ αὐτοῦ ('lifting his voice' / 'crying with his voice') is a Hebraism rendering וַיִּשָּׂא אֶת קֹלוֹ — a pleonastic idiom for sobbing aloud; the cry is emotional, unashamed, the outburst of relief and longing.
τῇtheDativearticle (dative with φωνῇ: instrumental)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῇvoiceDativedative of means (with his voice: vocal audible weeping)→ sphere or referenceφωνή: 'voice, sound'; βοήσας τῇ φωνῇ αὐτοῦ is a Hebraizing pleonasm — 'he cried with his voice' — that intensifies the emotional disclosure; audible, public weeping.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἔκλαυσενweptAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλαίωmain verb (emotional climax of the encounter)→ constative aorist (the weeping as a whole)κλαίω: 'weep, cry'; the verb of grief and intense feeling; Jacob's tears here are likely relief (he has arrived safe after fleeing Esau), homesickness (Rachel resembles his world), and perhaps the first stirrings of love — the narrator leaves the cause tantalizingly open.
12

καὶ ἀνήγγειλεν τῇ Ραχηλ ὅτι ἀδελφὸς τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν καὶ ὅτι υἱὸς Ρεβεκκας ἐστίν· καὶ δραμοῦσα ἀπήγγειλεν τῷ πατρὶ αὐτῆς κατὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα.

And he told Rachel that he was her father's kinsman and that he was Rebekah's son; and she ran and told her father all these things.

Identification and transmission (Jacob names himself; Rachel reports)καὶ ἀνήγγειλεν
Jacob's self-identification proceeds in two stages: kinship (ἀδελφὸς τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς, 'her father's kinsman/brother') and lineage (υἱὸς Ρεβεκκας, 'son of Rebekah'). The double ὅτι-clause renders the Hebrew אֲחִי אָבִיהָ הוּא. Rachel's response is immediate: δραμοῦσα ('running') — the same verb used of Laban in v.13 — communicates urgency and joy.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγγειλενhe told / announcedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (speech act: Jacob's self-identification to Rachel)→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω: 'announce, report, tell'; the compound ἀνα- adds a sense of formal disclosure; Jacob makes a declarative statement of identity, not just small talk.
τῇto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαχηλRachelDativedative of indirect object (indeclinable; treated as dative by context)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of indirect object (indeclinable; treated as dative by context).
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing indirect statement (first ὅτι-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφὸςkinsman / brotherNominativepredicate nominative (he is the kinsman of her father)→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother, kinsman'; the LXX uses ἀδελφός broadly for male relatives (cf. Gen 13:8 Abraham and Lot); here it renders Hebrew אָח in the extended sense 'kinsman of your father' (actually Jacob is Laban's nephew, not literal brother).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship (kinsman of her father)→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of relationship (kinsman of her father).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (first ὅτι-clause: identity statement)→ present indicative (permanent relationship)εἰμί: copula.
καὶandconjunction (introducing second ὅτι-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing second indirect statement→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (second identification: son of Rebekah)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the second identification — υἱὸς Ρεβεκκας — is the genealogical credential: Rebekah is Laban's sister (Gen 24:29), so Jacob is Laban's nephew; naming the mother rather than the father underscores the matrilineal connection that brought Jacob here.
ΡεβεκκαςRebekahGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun; son of Rebekah)→ participant identificationΡεβεκκας: genitive of the indeclinable Ρεβεκκα (LXX rendering of רִבְקָה); Laban's sister (Gen 22:23) and Jacob's mother — the kinship link that makes this journey covenantally necessary.
ἐστίνhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (second ὅτι-clause)→ present indicativeεἰμί: copula.
καὶandsequential conjunction (Rachel's response)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δραμοῦσαhaving runAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · τρέχωadverbial participle (manner/attendant circumstance: Rachel runs first, then reports)→ constative aorist (the running precedes the reporting)τρέχω: 'run'; the aorist participle δραμοῦσα signals Rachel's urgency and excitement — she ran to tell her father; the same verb (ἔδραμεν) describes Laban's response in v.13.
ἀπήγγειλενshe reportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (Rachel's report to her father)→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce'; the ἀπο-compound marks the relay of news away from the source; Rachel becomes the messenger who triggers Laban's reception.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὶfatherDativedative of indirect object (she told her father)→ sphere or referenceπατρὶ: meaning 'father'; it serves as dative of indirect object (she told her father).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (manner: 'according to these words')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (manner: 'according to these words').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwords / thingsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the content of Jacob's disclosure)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word, saying, matter'; κατὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα ('according to these words') is a Hebraism rendering כְּדִבְרֵי הָאֵלֶּה; Rachel reports Jacob's self-identification verbatim.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (referring to Jacob's words)→ object specificationταῦτα: meaning 'these'; it serves as demonstrative adjective (referring to Jacob's words).
13

ἐγένετο δὲ ὡς ἤκουσεν Λαβαν τὸ ὄνομα Ιακωβ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ, ἔδραμεν εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῦ καὶ περιλαβὼν αὐτὸν ἐφίλησεν αὐτὸν καὶ εἰσήγαγεν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ· καὶ διηγήσατο τῷ Λαβαν πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους.

And it came to pass, when Laban heard the name of Jacob his sister's son, he ran to meet him and embraced him and kissed him and brought him into his house; and Jacob told Laban all these things.

Narrative reception (Laban's welcome mirrors Rachel's running in v.12)ἐγένετο δὲ ὡς
The ἐγένετο … ὡς formula again marks a pivotal response. Laban's quadruple action (ἔδραμεν / περιλαβών / ἐφίλησεν / εἰσήγαγεν) is effusive — this is the kinship welcome at its fullest, echoing Abraham's welcome of the three visitors (Gen 18:2). The reader who knows the rest of the story receives Laban's warmth with irony: the effusive welcome masks the calculating mind of the deceiver to come.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιframing verb (ἐγένετο … ὡς + aorist: narrative hinge)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο, narrative time-marker.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of temporal clause (trigger: hearing Jacob's name)→ constative aorist (the hearing as a completed event)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the same root drives the Simeon etymology at v.33 (ἤκουσεν κύριος) — divine hearing and human hearing are structurally parallel in the chapter.
ΛαβανLabansubject of ἤκουσεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἤκουσεν (indeclinable proper noun).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν (he heard the name)→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; hearing a name in the ancient world is hearing an identity — Laban reacts not to a description but to the name Ιακωβ, which encodes lineage and covenant.
ΙακωβJacobgenitive with ὄνομα (the name of Jacob)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive with ὄνομα (the name of Jacob).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦkinsman / brotherGenitivegenitive appositive to Ιακωβ (Jacob identified as the kinsman of Laban's wife's sister)→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother, kinsman'; τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ — 'the kinsman/brother of his wife'; Laban's 'wife' here refers to his sister Rebekah (the LXX uses γυναῖκα loosely for female kin); Jacob is thus identified as Rebekah's son.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικὸςwife / womanGenitivegenitive of relationship (sister/wife of Laban)→ relational specificationγυνή: 'woman, wife'; the LXX uses γυναικός here for Laban's sister Rebekah — a usage that stretches the word but reflects the Hebrew אֲחֹת ('sister').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἔδραμενhe ranAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τρέχωmain verb (first of four rapid actions: the running-to-meet)→ constative aorist (urgent, immediate response)τρέχω: 'run'; the same verb as Rachel's δραμοῦσα in v.12 — the whole household runs at the news of Jacob; Laban's running mirrors the Prodigal Father's reception (Luke 15:20 ἔδραμεν).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (directional: toward Jacob)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: toward Jacob).
συνάντησινmeetingAccusativeaccusative of goal (εἰς συνάντησιν: to meet him)→ object specificationσυνάντησις: 'meeting, encounter'; εἰς συνάντησιν is the LXX idiom for going out to meet someone (cf. Gen 18:2; Exod 4:27); the gesture of going-out-to-meet is an honor-welcome.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of εἰς συνάντησιν→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of εἰς συνάντησιν.
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιλαβὼνhaving embracedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · περιλαμβάνωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance: second action in the sequence)→ constative aorist (embrace precedes kiss)περιλαμβάνω: 'embrace, take around'; the physical encircling of arms — a full kinship embrace; renders Hebrew וַיְחַבֶּק.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of περιλαβών→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of περιλαβών.
ἐφίλησενkissedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φιλέωmain verb (third action: the kiss of greeting)→ constative aoristφιλέω: 'kiss / love'; renders נָשַׁק; the kiss is an act of homage and recognition of Saul's new royal-leader status (cf. Ps 2:12).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐφίλησεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐφίλησεν.
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήγαγενbrought … inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (fourth action: Jacob is brought into the house)→ constative aorist (the hospitality welcome: entry into the home)εἰσάγω: 'bring into, lead in'; the fourth verb in Laban's rapid sequence of welcome — run, embrace, kiss, bring in; the formal entry into the house seals the hospitality obligation.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of εἰσήγαγεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εἰσήγαγεν.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (directional: into the house)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: into the house).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative of goal (into his house)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house, household'; entry into the οἶκος is entry into the family sphere — legally and socially significant; Jacob is no longer a wandering fugitive but a guest-member of the household.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandsequential conjunction (Jacob's disclosure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διηγήσατοhe recountedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διηγέομαιmain verb (Jacob tells the full story)→ constative aorist (the entire narrative as a single act of disclosure)διηγέομαι: 'recount, narrate in full'; the compound δια- ('through') marks thorough, complete narration — Jacob told everything (πάντας τοὺς λόγους).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛαβανLabanDativedative of indirect object (indeclinable, treated as dative)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of indirect object (indeclinable, treated as dative).
πάνταςallAccusativeuniversal adjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationπάντας: meaning 'all'; it serves as universal adjective (modifying λόγους).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwords / thingsAccusativedirect object of διηγήσατο (all these things)→ object specificationλόγος: 'word, matter, account'; πάντας τοὺς λόγους ταύτους = 'all these words/things'; Jacob recounts the entire backstory — the deception of Isaac, Esau's threat, Rebekah's commission — everything Laban needs to understand why his nephew has arrived alone.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective→ object specificationτούτους: meaning 'these'; it serves as demonstrative adjective.
14

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ Λαβαν Ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων μου καὶ ἐκ τῆς σαρκός μου εἶ σύ· καὶ ἦν μετ' αὐτοῦ μῆνα ἡμερῶν.

And Laban said to him, 'You are of my bones and of my flesh.' And he was with him a month of days.

Formal kinship recognition + narrative time-lapseεἶπεν δέ
Laban's formula — ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων μου καὶ ἐκ τῆς σαρκός μου — is the covenant-bonding language of Gen 2:23 (Adam and Eve) and Gen 37:27 (Judah on Joseph). Here it functions as formal acceptance: Jacob is blood-kin, not a stranger. The narrative then compresses an entire month (μῆνα ἡμερῶν, 'a month of days') into a single clause — a temporal bridge to the contract of v.15.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (to Jacob)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (to Jacob).
ΛαβανLabansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
Ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive origin: 'of my bones')→ spatial or relational framingἘκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive origin: 'of my bones').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστέωνbonesGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (partitive: 'of my bones')→ relational specificationὀστέον: 'bone'; the formula ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων μου καὶ ἐκ τῆς σαρκός μου ('from my bones and from my flesh') renders עֶצֶם מֵעֲצָמַי וּבָשָׂר מִבְּשָׂרִי — the covenant-bonding formula of Gen 2:23 (Adam's recognition of Eve); here Laban uses it as the formal declaration of kinship recognition.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (first person)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (first person).
καὶandcopulative conjunction (parallel formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (second element: 'of my flesh')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (second element: 'of my flesh').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαρκόςfleshGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (partitive: 'of my flesh')→ relational specificationσάρξ: 'flesh'; the bone-and-flesh merism (ὀστέον / σάρξ) expresses totality of shared nature — complete kinship; the formula will later describe Israel's bond (2 Sam 5:1; 19:13–14) and is the linguistic precursor of the NT's 'flesh of my flesh' Christology (Eph 5:30).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of quotation (kinship declaration)→ present indicative (permanent ontological statement)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the predicate-adjective construction; though present in form, it carries the past sense of Saul's former lowliness.
σύyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (σύ placed last for emphasis)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic personal pronoun; placed after the verb for emphasis — 'you indeed are of my bones' — the formal declaration of Laban directed personally at Jacob.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (temporal transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwas / stayedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (imperfect: Jacob's residence during the month)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state: a month of staying)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: living with him)→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment: living with him).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά (with Laban)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (with Laban).
μῆναa monthAccusativeaccusative of duration (for a month of days)→ object specificationμήν: 'month'; μῆνα ἡμερῶν ('a month of days') is a pleonastic Hebraism rendering חֹדֶשׁ יָמִים — 'a month of days'; the phrase emphasizes the specific unit of time that passed before the contract of v.15.
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivepartitive genitive (month of days: Hebraizing pleonasm)→ relational specificationἡμερῶν: meaning 'of days'; it serves as partitive genitive (month of days: Hebraizing pleonasm).
15

εἶπεν δὲ Λαβαν τῷ Ιακωβ Ὅτι ἀδελφός μου εἶ, δουλεύσεις μοι δωρεάν; ἀπάγγειλόν μοι τίς ὁ μισθός σου.

And Laban said to Jacob, 'Because you are my kinsman, should you serve me for nothing? Tell me, what shall your wages be?'

Contractual proposal (Laban initiates the wage-negotiation)εἶπεν δέ
Laban's speech is a rhetorical maneuver: framed as generosity ('you should not work for nothing, kinsman'), it actually converts Jacob's month of freely-given labor into a formal labor contract on Laban's terms. The rhetorical question δουλεύσεις μοι δωρεάν; ('will you serve me for free?') triggers Jacob's declaration of love for Rachel.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τῷto theDativearticle with indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobDativedative of indirect object (indeclinable, treated as dative)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of indirect object (indeclinable, treated as dative).
ὍτιBecausecausal conjunction (grounds for the rhetorical question)→ discourse linkage or contrastὍτι: meaning 'Because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀδελφόςkinsman / brotherNominativepredicate nominative (you are my kinsman)→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother, kinsman'; Laban recycles his own earlier kinship-recognition (v.14) as the grounds (ὅτι) for the wage-question — the logic: kinsmen should not work without pay (or, read cynically: kinsmen who work without pay become indentured).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (causal clause: the kinship-fact that grounds the question)→ present indicativeεἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the predicate-adjective construction; though present in form, it carries the past sense of Saul's former lowliness.
δουλεύσειςwill you serve?Fut Act Indic 2 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb (rhetorical question: future interrogative)→ deliberative future (will you serve…? — implying the answer should be no)δουλεύω: 'serve as a slave/servant'; the verb used throughout for Jacob's labor-service (cf. vv.18, 20, 25, 30) — Laban's word-choice is revealing: Jacob's work is structured as servitude (δουλεύω), not wage-labor.
μοιmeDativedative of indirect object (serve me)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (serve me).
δωρεάνfor nothing / freelyAccusativeadverbial accusative (manner: 'for free, without wages')→ object specificationδωρεά: 'gift, gratuity'; the adverbial accusative δωρεάν ('for free, gratis') renders the Hebrew חִנָּם; the same word appears in the NT for the free gift of grace (Rom 3:24 δωρεὰν τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι; cf. 2 Cor 11:7).
ἀπάγγειλόνtellAor Act Imper 2 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (imperative command: name your wage)→ constative aorist imperative (single declaration required)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'announce, report'; the imperative invites Jacob to name his price — but it is Laban who controls what follows the naming.
μοιmeDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object.
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate: 'what is your wage?')→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (predicate: 'what is your wage?').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθόςwage / rewardNominativesubject of implied copula (τίς ὁ μισθός σου; = 'what is your wage?')→ participant prominenceμισθός: 'wage, reward'; the same word used in the Psalter for divine recompense (cf. Ps 18:12 LXX) and in the NT for both earthly wages and eschatological reward (Matt 5:12; 6:1–6); here the question of μισθός opens the love-contract that determines the tribal genealogy of Israel.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (your wage)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (your wage).
16

τῷ δὲ Λαβαν ἦσαν δύο θυγατέρες· ὄνομα τῇ μείζονι Λεια, καὶ ὄνομα τῇ νεωτέρᾳ Ραχηλ.

Now Laban had two daughters; the name of the elder was Leah, and the name of the younger was Rachel.

Narrative exposition (introducing the two daughters before Jacob names his choice)τῷ δέ
The narrator pauses Jacob's reply to introduce the two daughters with a formal exposition — a deliberate rhetorical delay before v.18 names Jacob's choice. Leah is introduced first (the elder), Rachel second — but the order will be reversed in Jacob's love and desire. The verse frames the contrast that drives the rest of the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τῷto theDativearticle with possessive dative ('to Laban there were': Hebraizing existential)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲnowtransitional particle (narrative aside: introducing new information)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabanDativedative of possession (Laban had two daughters: Hebraizing construction)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: the dative τῷ Λαβαν with ἦσαν is the LXX's Hebraizing possessive construction (לְלָבָן שְׁתֵּי בָנוֹת) — 'to Laban were two daughters' = Laban had two daughters.
ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίexistential verb (Hebraizing possessive: 'Laban had')→ descriptive imperfect (state of affairs: he had daughters)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦσαν with the perfect participle ἠτιμασμένοι forms a periphrastic pluperfect-like construction ('had been / were in a state of being dishonored'), stressing the men's continuing condition of shame.
δύοtwoNominativenumeral (modifying θυγατέρες)→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersNominativesubject of ἦσαν→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the narrative pause to introduce both daughters before Jacob names his wage ensures the reader understands the full situation — two options, elder and younger, with the crucial detail of v.17 to follow.
ὄνομαthe nameNominativesubject (existential: 'the name was')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the name-formula ὄνομα τῇ μείζονι Λεια calques the Hebrew שֵׁם הַגְּדֹלָה לֵאָה — 'the name of the elder was Leah'; naming in Hebrew narrative is characterological disclosure.
τῇtheDativearticle with dative of reference (to/for the elder)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μείζονιelder / greaterDativedative of reference (the name belonging to the elder one)→ sphere or referenceμείζων: comparative of μέγας ('great, large'); used here for the elder daughter — 'the greater one'; in the OT the elder's precedence is the social norm Laban will invoke in v.26 to justify his deception.
ΛειαLeahpredicate (the name: indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛεια: transliteration of לֵאָה; the name's Hebrew meaning is uncertain (possibly 'weary' or 'wild cow'); introduced here before Rachel for narrative order — elder before younger — though Jacob's love will reverse the priority.
καὶandcopulative conjunction (parallel name-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαthe nameNominativesubject (parallel existential: the younger's name)→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'the name'; it serves as subject (parallel existential: the younger's name).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεωτέρᾳyoungerDativedative of reference (the name belonging to the younger one)→ sphere or referenceνέος/νεώτερος: comparative 'younger'; the younger daughter is the one Jacob will love and work for — the social conventions of elder-first that Laban will exploit are established by this word.
ΡαχηλRachelpredicate (the name: indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliteration of רָחֵל ('ewe'); already introduced as a shepherdess in v.6 and v.9; now formally named as the younger daughter in the narrative exposition of the two sisters.
17

οἱ δὲ ὀφθαλμοὶ Λειας ἀσθενεῖς· Ραχηλ δὲ ἦν καλὴ τῷ εἴδει καὶ ὡραία τῇ ὄψει σφόδρα.

But the eyes of Leah were weak; and Rachel was beautiful in form and very lovely to look upon.

Character contrast (physical description: Leah vs. Rachel)οἱ δέ
The verse is a compact character-contrast: Leah's eyes (ἀσθενεῖς) set against Rachel's double-beauty formula (καλὴ τῷ εἴδει καὶ ὡραία τῇ ὄψει). The description of Leah's eyes is the crux: ἀσθενεῖς renders the ambiguous Hebrew רַכּוֹת (rakkot = 'tender/weak'). The contrast explains Jacob's choice of Rachel (v.18) and prepares the pathos of Leah's ignored status in the birth narratives.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbut / nowtransitional/adversative particle (contrast with implied expectation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesNominativesubject (ὀφθαλμοὶ Λειας: Leah's eyes)→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; eyes in the OT are the seat of perception, emotion, and moral discernment; Leah's eyes being ἀσθενεῖς is the only physical description she receives — and it stands in implied contrast with Rachel's beauty.
ΛειαςLeah'sGenitivegenitive of possession (indeclinable proper noun treated as genitive)→ participant identificationΛειας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable proper noun treated as genitive).
ἀσθενεῖςweak / delicateNominativepredicate adjective (the eyes were weak)→ participant prominenceἀσθενής: 'weak, feeble, sickly'; the key crux of the verse: the Hebrew רַכּוֹת (rakkot) can mean 'tender/soft' (and some read it as an attractiveness, 'lovely eyes') or 'weak/diseased' (poor eyesight or dull appearance). The LXX ἀσθενεῖς ('weak, feeble') takes the less flattering reading — the Targums, some rabbis, and Jerome's Vulgate (lippis, 'bleary') similarly. The rendering shapes the entire reader-sympathy structure of vv.31–35.
ΡαχηλRachelsubject (indeclinable proper noun, contrast with Leah)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun, contrast with Leah).
δὲbutadversative particle (contrast: Rachel vs. Leah)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (descriptive imperfect: Rachel's appearance)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
καλὴbeautifulNominativepredicate adjective (first element of the double beauty-formula)→ participant prominenceκαλός: 'beautiful, fine, good'; καλὴ τῷ εἴδει ('beautiful in form') is the same formula used of Joseph (Gen 39:6 καλὸς τῇ ὄψει) and points back to the ancestral beauty-type: the matriarchs are often beautiful in ways that create narrative complications.
τῷin theDativearticle with dative of respect→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδειform / appearanceDativedative of respect (beautiful with respect to form)→ sphere or referenceεἶδος: 'form, appearance, shape'; the dative of respect (καλὴ τῷ εἴδει) is the standard Greek idiom for describing physical beauty; renders the Hebrew יְפַת תֹּאַר ('beautiful of form').
καὶandcopulative conjunction (second element of the beauty-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡραίαlovely / fairNominativesecond predicate adjective (ὡραία τῇ ὄψει: lovely to look upon)→ participant prominenceὡραῖος: 'beautiful, fair, in the prime of life'; from ὥρα ('season, prime time'); ὡραία τῇ ὄψει = 'beautiful/lovely in appearance'; the LXX uses the double formula (καλή / ὡραία) to render the full Hebrew idiom יְפַת תֹּאַר וִיפַת מַרְאֶה ('beautiful of form and beautiful of appearance').
τῇin theDativearticle with dative of respect→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψειappearance / sightDativedative of respect (lovely with respect to appearance)→ sphere or referenceὄψις: 'appearance, face, sight'; τῇ ὄψει = 'in appearance'; the phrase calques Hebrew מַרְאֶה ('appearance, sight'); the double dative-of-respect formula (τῷ εἴδει … τῇ ὄψει) covers both form (body-shape) and face.
σφόδραvery much / exceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying ὡραία)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very much, exceedingly'; common LXX intensifier rendering מְאֹד; it closes the description with unmistakable emphasis — Rachel's beauty was not merely conventional but exceptional.
18

ἠγάπησεν δὲ Ιακωβ τὴν Ραχηλ καὶ εἶπεν Δουλεύσω σοι ἑπτὰ ἔτη περὶ Ραχηλ τῆς θυγατρός σου τῆς νεωτέρας.

And Jacob loved Rachel and said, 'I will serve you seven years for Rachel your younger daughter.'

Motivation + vow (love drives the offer; the offer names the price)ἠγάπησεν δέ
The aorist ἠγάπησεν ('he loved') — the first use of ἀγαπάω in this chapter — grounds Jacob's offer in eros, not calculation. The term ἀγαπάω is the LXX's main word for both covenantal love and personal affection; here it is personal and immediate. Jacob's offer is precise: seven years (ἑπτὰ ἔτη), for (περὶ) Rachel specifically, identified as the younger (τῆς νεωτέρας) to forestall any ambiguity — an ambiguity Laban will exploit anyway.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἠγάπησενhe lovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαπάωmain verb (the motivating fact: Jacob's love for Rachel)→ constative aorist (love as a completed state entered into)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; the LXX's primary word for covenantal love (Deut 6:5; 7:8) applied here to personal human eros; Jacob's love for Rachel is the emotional engine of the entire Jacob-cycle's next fourteen years, and its expression in v.20 ('as a few days') is one of Scripture's most celebrated.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαχηλRachelAccusativedirect object of ἠγάπησεν (indeclinable, treated as acc.)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἠγάπησεν (indeclinable, treated as acc.).
καὶandsequential conjunction (love leads to the offer)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΔουλεύσωI will serveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb of quotation (solemn commitment: Jacob's wage-offer)→ futuristic indicative (solemn pledge of future service)δουλεύω: 'serve as a slave/servant'; Jacob accepts Laban's framing of the work as δουλεύω — bondservant-labor — in exchange for Rachel. The term is theologically pointed: the free man voluntarily enters servitude for love.
σοιyouDativedative of indirect object (serve you = Laban)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (serve you = Laban).
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the sacred number of completion in Hebrew thought (Gen 2:2–3; cf. the seven-year service cycles of Lev 25); seven years for a bride was a recognized bride-price in the ancient Near East.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration (seven years of service)→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of duration (seven years of service).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (in exchange for: bride-price preposition)→ spatial or relational framingπερί: normally 'about, concerning' but here renders the Hebrew בְּ ('for, in exchange for'); the preposition marks the bride-price transaction: seven years of labor in exchange for Rachel.
ΡαχηλRachelgenitive object of περί (for Rachel: the bride-price object)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of περί (for Rachel: the bride-price object).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρόςdaughterGenitivegenitive appositive to Ραχηλ (identifying her precisely)→ relational specificationθυγατρός: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as genitive appositive to Ραχηλ (identifying her precisely).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (your daughter)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (your daughter).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεωτέραςyoungerGenitivegenitive adjective (specifying the younger daughter: a deliberate disambiguation)→ relational specificationνέος/νεώτερος: 'younger'; Jacob specifies τῆς νεωτέρας — the younger one — to remove all ambiguity about which daughter he means; the specification is poignant in retrospect, since Laban will exploit the age-custom Jacob has just acknowledged.
19

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ Λαβαν Βέλτιον δοῦναί με αὐτὴν σοί, ἢ δοῦναι αὐτὴν ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ· οἴκει μετ' ἐμοῦ.

And Laban said to him, 'It is better for me to give her to you than to give her to another man; stay with me.'

Acceptance (Laban accepts the terms — ambiguously)εἶπεν δέ
Laban's acceptance is notably vague: he does not say 'I will give you Rachel' but 'it is better that I give her to you than to another' — a comparative preference statement that never specifies which daughter he means. The final imperative (οἴκει μετ' ἐμοῦ) seals the arrangement with Jacob entering the household rather than with a named promise of Rachel specifically.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (to Jacob)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (to Jacob).
ΛαβανLabansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ΒέλτιονbetterNominativepredicate adjective (comparative: it is better that…)→ participant prominenceβελτίων: comparative of ἀγαθός ('good'); the comparative Βέλτιον introduces a preference-statement ('better that I give her to you') that strategically avoids a direct promise — Laban never says the name Ραχηλ in his acceptance.
δοῦναίto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive subject of Βέλτιον (it is better for me to give)→ constative aorist infinitiveδίδωμι: 'give'; the infinitive δοῦναί με αὐτὴν σοί ('for me to give her to you') uses the accusative με as subject of the infinitive — a Greek construction for the idiom 'it is better for me to give.'
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (I as actor in 'me to give')→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive (I as actor in 'me to give').
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of δοῦναι (the daughter, unnamed)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: Laban uses the pronoun αὐτήν ('her') without specifying which daughter — a lexical vagueness that enables the later deception.
σοίto youDativedative of indirect object (give her to you = Jacob)→ participant reference or interestσοί: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (give her to you = Jacob).
thancomparative conjunction (comparing the two options)→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'than'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive (second term of comparison: 'than to give her to another')→ constative aorist infinitiveδίδωμι (aor. inf. δοῦναι): 'give'; in the construction τοῦ μὴ δοῦναι ('so as not to give'), the negated articular infinitive states the effect of the LORD's closing — Hannah remains without a child.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of second δοῦναι→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of second δοῦναι.
ἀνδρὶto a manDativedative of indirect object (another man as alternative recipient)→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: 'man, husband'; the 'other man' (ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ) frames Laban's preference as concern for suitable marriage — but the subtext is that Jacob is the better deal economically.
ἑτέρῳother / anotherDativedative adjective (modifying ἀνδρί: another man)→ sphere or referenceἕτερος: 'other, another (different)'; ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ = 'to a different man'; the comparison positions Jacob as preferable to any outside suitor.
οἴκειstay / livePres Act Imper 2 Sg · οἰκέωmain verb (imperative: the directive sealing the deal)→ present imperative (ongoing command: keep living with me)οἰκέω: 'dwell, live (in a house)'; the imperative οἴκει μετ' ἐμοῦ ('live with me') is the practical seal of the contract: Jacob is to take up residence in Laban's household as the foundation of the labor arrangement.
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of μετά (with me = Laban)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of μετά (with me = Laban).
20

καὶ ἐδούλευσεν Ιακωβ περὶ Ραχηλ ἔτη ἑπτά, καὶ ἦσαν ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ ὡς ἡμέραι ὀλίγαι παρὰ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν αὐτήν.

And Jacob served for Rachel seven years, and they were in his sight as a few days because of his love for her.

Narrative summary (the seven years compressed into eros: the chapter's lyrical apex)καί
The verse is the lyrical and theological center of the chapter's first half. The seven years of labor are compressed into a single clause, and the explanation (ὡς ἡμέραι ὀλίγαι παρὰ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν αὐτήν — 'as a few days because of his love for her') is one of Scripture's most celebrated sentences. The παρὰ + articular infinitive construction ('on account of his loving her') is a Hebraizing causal idiom. The sentence is the narrative's counterpoint to the deception that follows: the very love that made seven years feel like days is the love Laban weaponizes.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential: the service follows the agreement)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδούλευσενservedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb (the seven years of service as a completed whole)→ constative aorist (the entire seven years viewed as a unit)δουλεύω: 'serve, be a slave/servant'; the aorist compresses seven years into a single word — the narrator passes over the labor itself in silence; only its emotional quality (as a few days) is disclosed.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
περὶforpreposition + genitive (bride-price: in exchange for Rachel)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (bride-price: in exchange for Rachel).
ΡαχηλRachelgenitive object of περί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of περί (indeclinable proper noun).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration (seven years served)→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of duration (seven years served).
ἑπτάsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἔτη, postpositive for emphasis)→ measure or countἑπτά: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the lyrical aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (the years as they appeared to Jacob)→ descriptive imperfect (how the years felt throughout the period)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦσαν with the perfect participle ἠτιμασμένοι forms a periphrastic pluperfect-like construction ('had been / were in a state of being dishonored'), stressing the men's continuing condition of shame.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (perspective: in his sight/perception)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the sight/eyes of'; renders Hebrew בְּעֵינָיו ('in his eyes') — ἦσαν ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ = 'they were before him / in his perception'; love reframes the experience of time.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (in Jacob's sight/perception)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον (in Jacob's sight/perception).
ὡςas / likecomparative conjunction (the simile: the years were like a few days)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of the comparative clause (the years seemed like days)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the comparative ὡς ἡμέραι ὀλίγαι ('as a few days') renders כְּיָמִים אֲחָדִים; the contrast of seven years and a few days is the measure of eros — love that compresses time.
ὀλίγαιfewNominativepredicate adjective (the days were few: the comparative standard)→ participant prominenceὀλίγος: 'few, small'; ὡς ἡμέραι ὀλίγαι ('as a few days') is the measure of love's compression of time — the greatest love-sentence in the OT.
παρὰon account of / because ofpreposition + articular infinitive (causal: because of his love)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά: normally 'beside'; here in a causal sense with the articular infinitive (παρὰ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν) = 'on account of the fact that he loved her'; this Hebraizing causal construction (παρὰ + inf.) appears in several LXX causal clauses.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive (articular infinitive construction)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαπᾶνto love / lovingPres Act Inf · ἀγαπάωarticular infinitive (subject of causal clause: his loving her)→ progressive present infinitive (ongoing, continuous love)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; the articular infinitive τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν αὐτήν ('his loving her') is the causal explanation for the compression of time — love is not merely the motivation for service but the hermeneutic through which all seven years are experienced.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (Jacob as lover)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive (Jacob as lover).
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object of infinitive (Rachel as beloved)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of infinitive (Rachel as beloved).
21

εἶπεν δὲ Ιακωβ τῷ Λαβαν Ἀπόδος μοι τὴν γυναῖκά μου· πεπλήρωνται γὰρ αἱ ἡμέραι μου, ἵνα εἰσέλθω πρὸς αὐτήν.

And Jacob said to Laban, 'Give me my wife, for my days are fulfilled, that I may go in to her.'

Demand (Jacob claims the fulfillment of the contract)εἶπεν δέ
Jacob's demand is legally precise: Ἀπόδος ('give back, render what is owed') uses the ἀπο-compound that implies legal obligation, not gift; πεπλήρωνται ('have been fulfilled') is a perfect that emphasizes the completed, irrevocable character of the seven years. He calls Rachel τὴν γυναῖκά μου ('my wife') — legally she already is his, the bride-price paid; he simply demands delivery.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τῷto theDativearticle with dative of indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛαβανLabanDativedative of indirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of indirect object (indeclinable proper noun).
Ἀπόδοςgive back / renderAor Act Imper 2 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (imperative: legal demand for what is owed)→ constative aorist imperative (single, definitive delivery required)ἀποδίδωμι: 'give back, render, pay'; the ἀπο-compound marks not a gift but the return of something already legally owed — the bride-price has been paid, delivery is now due. The verb appears in legal contexts for debt-payment (cf. Matt 5:26; 18:25–34).
μοιmeDativedative of indirect object (give me)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (give me).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκάwifeAccusativedirect object of Ἀπόδος (give me my wife)→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman, wife'; Jacob calls Rachel τὴν γυναῖκά μου — 'my wife' — not 'the daughter of Laban'; in the legal framework, she is already his wife (the bride-price having been paid); he is demanding consummation and delivery.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (my wife)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (my wife).
πεπλήρωνταιhave been fulfilledPerf Pass Indic 3 Pl · πληρόωmain verb of causal clause (perfect: the completed, irrevocable fulfillment of the days)→ intensive perfect (the days stand in a state of completion)πληρόω: 'fulfill, complete, fill'; the perfect πεπλήρωνται ('have been fulfilled' — state of completion) underscores that the seven years are irreversibly done; the same verb in the NT for the fulfillment of Scripture (Matt 1:22; Mark 1:15).
γὰρforexplanatory particle (causal: the reason for the demand)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of πεπλήρωνται (the days that constitute the contract term)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; αἱ ἡμέραι μου ('my days') refers to the contracted days of service — seven years spoken of as 'his days' because they belong to him as labor rendered.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (the days owed from my service)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the days owed from my service).
ἵναthat / so thatpurpose/result conjunction (ἵνα + subjunctive: so that I may go in to her)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσέλθωI may go inAor Act Subj 1 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιsubjunctive in ἵνα-clause (purpose: marital consummation)→ constative aorist subjunctive (the act of entering as a single event)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in'; the euphemism εἰσελθεῖν πρός ('go in to') is the standard LXX idiom for sexual union in marriage (cf. Gen 6:4; 16:2; 38:2), rendering the Hebrew בּוֹא אֶל; the demand is for the covenanted marital relationship to begin.
πρὸςto / to be withpreposition + accusative (directional: toward her, into her presence)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: toward her, into her presence).
αὐτήνherAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (to her = to Rachel)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (to her = to Rachel).
22

συνήγαγεν δὲ Λαβαν πάντας τοὺς ἄνδρας τοῦ τόπου καὶ ἐποίησεν γάμον.

And Laban gathered all the men of the place and made a wedding feast.

Scene-setting (the wedding assembly prepares the deception)συνήγαγεν δέ
Laban responds to Jacob's demand by organizing a communal feast — gathering 'all the men of the place' (πάντας τοὺς ἄνδρας τοῦ τόπου). The public assembly creates the social cover and communal witness for the deception about to occur; Laban needs witnesses present but ensures the crucial moment (v.23) happens in the dark.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
συνήγαγενgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (Laban's assembly of the community for the wedding feast)→ constative aorist (single act of gathering)συνάγω: 'gather, assemble'; Laban assembles the community — a politically astute move that gives the deception a veneer of public legitimacy; all the men of the place will be present at the feast, which occurs before the night-substitution.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πάνταςallAccusativeuniversal adjective (modifying ἄνδρας)→ object specificationπάντας: meaning 'all'; it serves as universal adjective (modifying ἄνδρας).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of συνήγαγεν→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man, husband'; 'all the men of the place' (πάντας τοὺς ἄνδρας τοῦ τόπου) = the community's adult males, the witnesses and participants at a wedding feast; their presence lends public legitimacy to Laban's arrangement.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive of location (the men of that place = of Haran)→ relational specificationτόπος: 'place'; τοῦ τόπου (anaphoric: the place he arrived at in v.1) — the 'place' is Haran; the theologically loaded word from ch. 28 (Bethel as τόπος) now applies to an ordinary social venue — the contrast is deliberate.
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (organized the feast)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, do'; γάμον ἐποίησεν = 'made a wedding feast' (Hebraizing idiom for מִשְׁתֶּה); the same verbal formula ποιεῖν γάμον appears in NT parables for the wedding banquet (Matt 22:2).
γάμονwedding / feastAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν (ποιεῖν γάμον = make a wedding feast)→ object specificationγάμος: 'wedding, marriage, marriage feast'; the seven-day wedding feast (ἑβδομάς, v.27 — 'week') is the social container within which the night-substitution occurs.
23

καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα, καὶ λαβὼν Λαβαν Λειαν τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτοῦ εἰσήγαγεν αὐτὴν πρὸς Ιακωβ, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς αὐτήν.

And when evening came, Laban took Leah his daughter and brought her to Jacob, and Jacob went in to her.

Narrative pivot (the deception executed under cover of darkness)καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα
The ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα formula ('and evening came') marks the decisive moment — nightfall is the cover for the substitution. The narrator states the event with stark brevity: Laban took Leah (not Rachel) and brought her to Jacob. The name Λεια falls in the middle of the sentence where Ραχηλ was expected — the reader knows before Jacob does. Jacob's going-in (εἰσῆλθεν) is stated without his knowing; the darkness of v.25 will make that clear.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιframing verb (ἐγένετο + temporal: 'evening came')→ constative aorist (onset of evening)γίνομαι: 'come to pass, become'; ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα = 'evening came' — the temporal hinge; darkness is essential to the deception and the narrator records it with a word.
ἑσπέραeveningNominativesubject of ἐγένετο (evening as the onset of the deception's setting)→ participant prominenceἑσπέρα: 'evening'; the word that makes the deception possible — under darkness, in the bridal tent, Jacob cannot see his bride's face; Laban's plan requires the night.
καὶandsequential conjunction (Laban's action follows immediately upon nightfall)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβὼνhaving takenAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance: Laban takes Leah first)→ constative aorist (the taking precedes the bringing)λαμβάνω: 'take'; λαβὼν Λαβαν Λειαν — the three-fold alliteration of Λ (λαβών/Λαβαν/Λειαν) in the Greek is probably coincidental but unmistakable: Laban takes Leah.
ΛαβανLabansubject of the participial and main clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of the participial and main clause (indeclinable proper noun).
ΛειανLeahAccusativedirect object of λαβών (Leah, not Rachel: the deception)→ participant identificationΛεια: the name falls here where Ραχηλ was expected — the narrative shock is felt by any reader following the story; Jacob, in the dark, does not know.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativeappositive to Λειαν (Leah identified as Laban's daughter)→ object specificationθυγατέρα: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as appositive to Λειαν (Leah identified as Laban's daughter).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (his daughter = Laban's daughter)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (his daughter = Laban's daughter).
εἰσήγαγενbrought … inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (Laban brings Leah to Jacob's tent)→ constative aorist (the deceptive act completed)εἰσάγω: 'bring into, lead in'; the same verb used of Laban's welcome of Jacob in v.13 (εἰσήγαγεν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ) — there it was hospitality, here it is deception; the shared verb invites comparison.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of εἰσήγαγεν (her = Leah, brought to Jacob)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εἰσήγαγεν (her = Leah, brought to Jacob).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (directional: brought her to Jacob)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: brought her to Jacob).
ΙακωβJacobaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
καὶandsequential conjunction (Jacob's unknowing response)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Jacob's act of marital union — unknowingly with Leah)→ constative aorist (the act completed)εἰσέρχομαι: 'go in, enter'; the same euphemism as in Jacob's demand (v.21 εἰσέλθω πρὸς αὐτήν) — now consummated, but with the wrong woman; the identical phrase creates a painful irony: he asked for this, and got it — but not whom he asked for.
πρὸςto / withpreposition + accusative (marital union idiom)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (marital union idiom).
αὐτήνherAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (her = Leah, unknowingly)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (her = Leah, unknowingly).
24

καὶ ἔδωκεν Λαβαν Λειᾳ τῇ θυγατρὶ αὐτοῦ Ζελφαν τὴν παιδίσκην αὐτοῦ αὐτῇ παιδίσκην.

And Laban gave to Leah his daughter Zilpah his maidservant as a maidservant.

Narrative aside (Leah's dowry: the maidservant)καί
The verse is a narrative parenthesis recording Leah's dowry-maidservant — a structural parallel with v.29 (Rachel's Bilhah). The repetitive παιδίσκην … παιδίσκην is a Hebraizing pleonasm (handmaid as handmaid = as her personal maidservant). Both maidservants (Zilpah and Bilhah) will later become surrogate mothers of four of the twelve tribes (Gen 30).
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Laban's gift of the maidservant to Leah)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; ἔδωκεν Λαβαν … Ζελφαν: the giving of a maidservant as part of the bride's dowry is a standard ancient Near Eastern practice (cf. Gen 24:59 Rebekah's nurse; Gen 29:29 Bilhah to Rachel).
ΛαβανLabansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
Λειᾳto LeahDativedative of indirect object (indeclinable proper noun treated as dative)→ participant identificationΛειᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of indirect object (indeclinable proper noun treated as dative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὶdaughterDativedative appositive to Λειᾳ (Leah identified as Laban's daughter)→ sphere or referenceθυγατρὶ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as dative appositive to Λειᾳ (Leah identified as Laban's daughter).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΖελφανZilpahdirect object of ἔδωκεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΖελφαν: transliteration of זִלְפָּה (Zilpah); Leah's maidservant who will become the surrogate mother of Gad and Asher (Gen 30:10–13); her name may mean 'short-nosed' or 'frailty' in Hebrew — uncertain etymology.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίσκηνmaidservantAccusativeappositive to Ζελφαν (Zilpah identified as maidservant)→ object specificationπαιδίσκη: 'young girl, maidservant, slave girl'; the term denotes a female household slave given as part of the bride-dowry; the same word used of Hagar (Gen 16:1–2) as Sarai's παιδίσκη.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Laban's own maidservant, given to Leah)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Laban's own maidservant, given to Leah).
αὐτῇto herDativedative of advantage (to/for Leah, as her personal maidservant)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (to/for Leah, as her personal maidservant).
παιδίσκηνas a maidservantAccusativepredicate accusative (Hebraizing pleonasm: gave Zilpah as maidservant)→ object specificationπαιδίσκη: the second occurrence clarifies the role: Laban gave Zilpah 'to her as a maidservant' — the double παιδίσκην renders a Hebrew construction (לָהּ לְשִׁפְחָה: 'to her as a handmaid') that specifies the nature of the gift.
25

ἐγένετο δὲ πρωΐ, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἦν Λεια· εἶπεν δὲ Ιακωβ τῷ Λαβαν Τί τοῦτο ἐποίησάς μοι; οὐ περὶ Ραχηλ ἐδούλευσά σοι; ἵνα τί παρελογίσω με;

And in the morning, behold, it was Leah! And Jacob said to Laban, 'What is this you have done to me? Did I not serve you for Rachel? Why have you deceived me?'

Narrative reversal (the morning discovery: the deceiver is deceived)ἐγένετο δὲ πρωΐ
The morning-discovery ἐγένετο δὲ πρωΐ is the structural counterpart to Gen 27:1 (Isaac's blindness) and Gen 27:18–29 (Jacob under the skin): as Jacob deceived his blind father in the dark, so Laban deceives Jacob under cover of night. The ἰδοὺ ἦν Λεια ('behold, it was Leah') is the moment of recognition — the same deictic of disclosure used for the well in v.2, now employed for the discovered deception. Jacob's three-part accusation (τί τοῦτο / οὐ περὶ Ραχηλ / ἵνα τί παρελογίσω) echoes the register of complaint against covenant-violation.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιframing verb (temporal frame: morning came)→ constative aorist (onset of morning)γίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο, narrative time-marker.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρωΐin the morningtemporal adverb (morning = when light exposes the deception)→ clausal contributionπρωΐ: 'early morning, at dawn'; the adverb marks the temporal reversal: what darkness concealed, morning reveals; ἐγένετο δὲ πρωΐ is the structural inverse of ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα (v.23).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing ἰδοὺ-formula of discovery)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic particle (the discovery formula: behold, it was…)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: the same deictic of disclosure used for the well (v.2) and Rachel's arrival (v.6) — now applied to the devastating recognition; the ἰδοὺ of revelation becomes the ἰδοὺ of horror.
ἦνit wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (existential: 'it was Leah')→ descriptive imperfect (the state Jacob discovers upon waking)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
ΛειαLeahpredicate (the revealed identity: the wrong woman)→ participant identificationΛεια: the name that falls in the place where Ραχηλ was expected — the same structural deception Jacob perpetrated in Gen 27 (he was where Esau was expected); the narrator's irony is unmistakable.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's protest)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τῷto theDativearticle with indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛαβανLabanDativedative of indirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of indirect object (indeclinable proper noun).
ΤίWhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (direct object of ἐποίησάς: 'what is this you did?')→ participant referenceΤί: meaning 'What'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (direct object of ἐποίησάς: 'what is this you did?').
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (appositional: Τί τοῦτο = 'what is this thing?')→ participant referenceτοῦτο: the indignant question τί τοῦτο ἐποίησάς μοι is a standard biblical formula of accusation (cf. Gen 3:13; 12:18; 20:9; 26:10) — always addressed to one who has deceived; Jacob's use of the formula is deeply ironic.
ἐποίησάςdid / have doneAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of first question (what have you done to me?)→ constative aorist (the completed act of deception)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the good David 'did' = his act of sparing Saul.
μοιto meDativedative of disadvantage (done against me)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage (done against me).
οὐdid I not?negation with rhetorical question (expecting 'yes')→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'did I not?'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation with rhetorical question (expecting 'yes').
περὶforpreposition + genitive (bride-price: 'for Rachel')→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (bride-price: 'for Rachel').
ΡαχηλRachelgenitive object of περί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of περί (indeclinable proper noun).
ἐδούλευσάI servedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb of second question (the contract claim: I served for Rachel)→ constative aorist (the seven years of service completed)δουλεύω: meaning 'I served'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of second question (the contract claim: I served for Rachel).
σοιyouDativedative of indirect object (served you, Laban)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (served you, Laban).
ἵναwhyinterrogative ἵνα τί ('why?') — interrogative particle of purpose→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα τί: 'why? for what purpose?'; a Greek idiom for the rhetorical question of motive (lit. 'in order that what?'); renders Hebrew לָמָּה.
τίwhat / whyinterrogative (ἵνα τί = 'why? to what end?')→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative (ἵνα τί = 'why? to what end?').
παρελογίσωdid you deceive?Aor Mid Indic 2 Sg · παραλογίζομαιmain verb of third question (the accusation: deception)→ constative aorist (the completed act of cheating)παραλογίζομαι: 'deceive, cheat, beguile'; the compound παρα- marks reasoning that deviates or misleads; this is the sharpest word in Jacob's three-part accusation — not merely a mistake but a calculated fraud. The LXX uses this verb to render the Hebrew רִמָּה ('deceive'); ironically the same root (related to יַעֲקֹב, 'he supplanted/deceived') is Jacob's own name.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of παρελογίσω→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρελογίσω.
26

εἶπεν δὲ Λαβαν Οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτως ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ἡμῶν, δοῦναι τὴν νεωτέραν πρὸ τῆς πρεσβυτέρας.

And Laban said, 'It is not so done in our place, to give the younger before the elder.'

Counter-justification (Laban invokes local custom as pretext)εἶπεν δέ
Laban's defense — appealing to local custom (ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ἡμῶν) — is at once legally coherent and morally evasive: he never told Jacob this before accepting seven years of service. The appeal to the elder-before-younger convention mirrors exactly the social order Jacob himself violated when he took his brother's birthright and blessing; Laban's pretext thus ironically echoes the very principle Jacob transgressed.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
Οὐκit is notnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisΟὐκ: meaning 'it is not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινis / is donePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'it is not the custom')→ present indicative (permanent social custom stated as current fact)εἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς = 'which do not have.'
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner (οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτως = 'it is not thus done')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus, so, in this way'; the idiom οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτως ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ἡμῶν ('it is not so done in our place') appeals to local custom as the ground of the deception — a strategy that transfers moral responsibility to social norms.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπῳplaceDativedative of location (in our place = our local custom)→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ἡμῶν = 'in our place' — Haran's local social convention; the theologically charged word τόπος (locus of Bethel's theophany, Gen 28:11–19) now grounds a fraudulent pretext.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (our place = the local custom)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (our place = the local custom).
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιepexegetic infinitive (explaining what 'is not done': giving the younger first)→ constative aorist infinitiveδίδωμι (aor. inf. δοῦναι): 'give'; in the construction τοῦ μὴ δοῦναι ('so as not to give'), the negated articular infinitive states the effect of the LORD's closing — Hannah remains without a child.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεωτέρανyoungerAccusativedirect object of δοῦναι (the younger daughter)→ object specificationνέος/νεώτερος: 'younger'; the very word Jacob used in specifying Rachel (τῆς νεωτέρας, v.18) is now Laban's pretext; Jacob acknowledged the elder-younger order — Laban exploited it.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (temporal priority: before the elder)→ spatial or relational framingπρό: 'before'; πρὸ τῆς πρεσβυτέρας ('before the elder one') is the custom invoked: the elder daughter must be given in marriage first; this is the social convention Jacob himself violated as younger-born (taking Esau's rights) — the poetic justice is unmistakable.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέραςelderGenitivegenitive object of πρό (before the elder daughter = Leah)→ relational specificationπρεσβύτερος: 'elder, older'; the elder-precedence rule (πρεσβύτερος before νεώτερος) is precisely the rule Jacob violated with his brother Esau — here it is enforced against him by a man who knew perfectly well which daughter Jacob wanted.
27

συντέλεσον οὖν τὰ ἑπτὰ ταύτης, καὶ δώσω σοι καὶ ταύτην ἀντὶ τῆς ἐργασίας ἧς ἐργᾷ παρ' ἐμοί, ἔτι ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἕτερα.

Complete therefore the week of this one, and I will give you this one also in exchange for the service you will render me — another seven years.

Counterproposal (Laban offers Rachel in exchange for another seven years)συντέλεσον οὖν
Laban's counterproposal is a masterpiece of exploitation: finish the seven-day wedding week for Leah (τὰ ἑπτὰ ταύτης), and then I will give you Rachel too — for another seven years (ἔτι ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἕτερα). He will give Rachel now (before the service is rendered), but the debt of seven more years stands. Jacob receives Rachel in exchange for a promise, not yet for payment — Laban holds the leverage.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
συντέλεσονcomplete / fulfillAor Act Imper 2 Sg · συντελέωmain verb (imperative: Jacob commanded to complete the wedding week)→ constative aorist imperative (single, definitive completion required)συντελέω: 'complete, finish, fulfill'; the ἀπο-compound marks bringing-to-full-end; Jacob must complete the seven-day feast-week of Leah before receiving Rachel.
οὖνtherefore / theninferential particle (οὖν: the logical consequence of the custom-explanation)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (neuter plural: the days of the week)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (the seven days of the bridal week)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; τὰ ἑπτὰ ταύτης = 'the seven of this one' = the seven-day bridal feast of Leah (Hebrew שְׁבֻעַ הַזֹּאת = 'the week/seven of this one'); the seven-day wedding feast was the cultural norm.
ταύτηςof this oneGenitivegenitive of reference (the seven days belonging to/for Leah)→ relational specificationαὕτη: 'this one' (feminine), referring to Leah; Laban refers to Leah as ταύτης without naming her — a distancing gesture that treats her as a quantity to be managed.
καὶandsequential conjunction (the promise to follow completion)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Laban's promise: the future commitment to give Rachel)→ futuristic indicative (solemn promise contingent on Jacob's compliance)δίδωμι: 'give'; the future δώσω is Laban's binding promise — ironically the very verb Jacob demanded (Ἀπόδος, v.21) now appears as Laban's conditional offer.
σοιto youDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object.
καὶalsoadverb of addition ('also, even this one')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'also'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταύτηνthis oneAccusativedirect object of δώσω (Rachel, referred to without her name)→ participant referenceαὕτη: 'this one' (accusative ταύτην), referring to Rachel — again named only by pronoun, maintaining Laban's strategic vagueness; Jacob understands who is meant.
ἀντὶin exchange forpreposition + genitive (exchange: in exchange for the service)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'in exchange for, instead of'; ἀντὶ τῆς ἐργασίας ('in exchange for the service') frames the second seven years as a wage-debt incurred by accepting Rachel early.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐργασίαςservice / laborGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (the service that Jacob will render)→ relational specificationἐργασία: 'work, labor, business'; the noun renders the Hebrew עֲבֹדָה ('service/labor'); the second seven-year contract is framed as ἐργασία — work in exchange for a bride.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive: the service which he will render)→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (genitive: the service which he will render).
ἐργᾷyou will workFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐργάζομαιrelative clause verb (the future service Jacob will render)→ futuristic indicative (Jacob's future obligation specified)ἐργάζομαι: 'work, labor'; the future form ἐργᾷ specifies that the service has not yet been rendered — Jacob receives Rachel now, on credit, with the debt of seven more years ahead.
παρ'with / forpreposition + dative (in service to me)→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (in service to me).
ἐμοίmeDativedative of advantage (serving alongside / for me = Laban)→ participant reference or interestἐμοί: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (serving alongside / for me = Laban).
ἔτιstill / anotheradverb of addition (ἔτι ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἕτερα: yet another seven years)→ clausal contributionἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration (seven more years)→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of duration (seven more years).
ἕτεραother / additionalAccusativeadjective (ἕτερα: the years as additional, distinct from the first seven)→ object specificationἕτερος: 'other, another (different kind)'; ἔτι ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἕτερα ('still another seven different years') — a second complete cycle; Jacob will serve fourteen years in total.
28

ἐποίησεν δὲ Ιακωβ οὕτως καὶ ἀνεπλήρωσεν τὴν ἑβδομάδα ταύτης· καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ Λαβαν Ραχηλ τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτοῦ αὐτῷ γυναῖκα.

And Jacob did so and fulfilled the week of this one; and Laban gave him Rachel his daughter as a wife.

Compliance + fulfillment (Jacob obeys; Rachel is finally given)ἐποίησεν δέ
Jacob's compliance (ἐποίησεν οὕτως) is stated without comment; he fulfills the bridal week of Leah and receives Rachel. The narrative note αὐτῷ γυναῖκα ('to him as a wife') formally records the second marriage. The verse is structurally sparse — seven words where v.20 lavished poetic feeling on the same relationship.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Jacob complies with Laban's terms)→ constative aoristποιέω: summarises the king's deeds.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner (as Laban commanded)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: meaning 'so'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεπλήρωσενfulfilled / completedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναπληρόωmain verb (Jacob completes the bridal week of Leah)→ constative aorist (the fulfillment of the wedding week as a whole)ἀναπληρόω: 'fill up, complete, fulfill'; the ἀνα-compound marks completion to the full measure; Jacob's ἀνεπλήρωσεν echoes Jacob's earlier demand πεπλήρωνται αἱ ἡμέραι μου (v.21) — the vocabulary of contractual fulfillment.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδομάδαweekAccusativedirect object of ἀνεπλήρωσεν (the seven-day bridal week)→ object specificationἑβδομάς: 'week, period of seven'; the technical term for the seven-day wedding feast — render Hebrew שְׁבֻעַ; ἑβδομάδα explicitly names what τὰ ἑπτὰ (v.27) implied.
ταύτηςof this oneGenitivegenitive of reference (Leah's wedding week)→ relational specificationταύτης: meaning 'of this one'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of reference (Leah's wedding week).
καὶandsequential conjunction (Laban's fulfillment of his promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Laban gives Rachel as promised)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; in the idiom ἔδωκεν ἐν χειρί ('gave into the hand of') it denotes the formal transfer of command authority to Abishai.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (to Jacob)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (to Jacob).
ΛαβανLabansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ΡαχηλRacheldirect object of ἔδωκεν (indeclinable proper noun: finally named as the gift)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: the name appears at last after all of Laban's pronouns (ταύτης, ταύτην) — the narrator withholds it until the moment of actual giving.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativeappositive to Ραχηλ→ object specificationθυγατέρα: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as appositive to Ραχηλ.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of advantage (to/for him as wife)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (to/for him as wife).
γυναῖκαas wifeAccusativepredicate accusative (Hebraizing construction: gave her to him as wife)→ object specificationγυνή: 'wife'; ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ … αὐτῷ γυναῖκα is the Hebraizing formula for marriage: 'gave her to him as wife' (לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה) — the formal recording of the second marriage.
29

καὶ ἔδωκεν Λαβαν Ραχηλ τῇ θυγατρὶ αὐτοῦ Βαλλαν τὴν παιδίσκην αὐτοῦ αὐτῇ παιδίσκην.

And Laban gave to Rachel his daughter Bilhah his maidservant as her maidservant.

Parallel aside (Rachel's dowry: her maidservant, parallel to v.24)καί
The verse parallels v.24 exactly in structure (Laban gives daughter X his maidservant Y as her maidservant): Leah received Zilpah; Rachel receives Bilhah. Both maidservants will function as surrogate mothers in ch.30. The parallelism underscores that both wives are formally equipped; the asymmetry of Jacob's love (v.30) is not in their domestic provisions but in his heart.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Laban's gift of maidservant to Rachel)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; in the idiom ἔδωκεν ἐν χειρί ('gave into the hand of') it denotes the formal transfer of command authority to Abishai.
ΛαβανLabansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ΡαχηλRachelDativedative of indirect object (indeclinable proper noun, treated as dative)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of indirect object (indeclinable proper noun, treated as dative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατρὶdaughterDativedative appositive to Ραχηλ→ sphere or referenceθυγατρὶ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as dative appositive to Ραχηλ.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΒαλλανBilhahdirect object of ἔδωκεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒαλλαν (Βαλλά): LXX transliteration of בִּלְהָה (Bilhah); Rachel's maidservant who will become surrogate mother of Dan and Naphtali (Gen 30:3–8); the name's meaning is uncertain in Hebrew.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίσκηνmaidservantAccusativeappositive to Βαλλαν (identifying her as a maidservant)→ object specificationπαιδίσκην: meaning 'maidservant'; it serves as appositive to Βαλλαν (identifying her as a maidservant).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Laban's own maidservant)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Laban's own maidservant).
αὐτῇto herDativedative of advantage (for Rachel, as her personal maidservant)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (for Rachel, as her personal maidservant).
παιδίσκηνas a maidservantAccusativepredicate accusative (Hebraizing pleonasm: given as maidservant)→ object specificationπαιδίσκην: meaning 'as a maidservant'; it serves as predicate accusative (Hebraizing pleonasm: given as maidservant).
30

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς Ραχηλ· ἠγάπησεν δὲ Ραχηλ μᾶλλον ἢ Λειαν· καὶ ἐδούλευσεν αὐτῷ ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἕτερα.

And he went in to Rachel also; and he loved Rachel more than Leah, and served him another seven years.

Narrative consequence (consummation with Rachel; the disparity of love stated)καί
The verse is the pivot between the deception-narrative and the birth-narrative. Jacob's love for Rachel (ἠγάπησεν Ραχηλ μᾶλλον ἢ Λειαν) is stated as a comparative — more than Leah, not exclusively — but the imbalance is the root of Leah's suffering in vv.31–35 and the whole of ch.30. The final clause (ἐδούλευσεν αὐτῷ ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἕτερα) closes the contractual transaction with the second seven years.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (marital union with Rachel)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in'; the same euphemism as vv.21, 23 — now finally with Rachel, the woman he contracted for.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (marital union idiom)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (marital union idiom).
ΡαχηλRachelaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
ἠγάπησενhe lovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαπάωmain verb (the disparity of love: Rachel more than Leah)→ constative aorist (love entered into and maintained)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; the comparative ἠγάπησεν Ραχηλ μᾶλλον ἢ Λειαν frames the domestic tragedy: Leah is not unloved but less loved — the narrative will show that divine compassion compensates for human preference.
δὲand / buttransitional/contrastive particle (love-statement introduces the contrast with Leah)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡαχηλRacheldirect object of ἠγάπησεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἠγάπησεν (indeclinable proper noun).
μᾶλλονmorecomparative adverb (more than Leah)→ clausal contributionμᾶλλον: 'more, rather'; the comparative μᾶλλον ἢ Λειαν ('more than Leah') is the key: the love is comparative, not exclusive, but the preference creates the narrative inequality that drives vv.31–35 and all of ch.30.
thancomparative conjunction (the standard of comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'than'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛειανLeahaccusative of comparison (indeclinable proper noun, treated as acc.)→ participant identificationΛειαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative of comparison (indeclinable proper noun, treated as acc.).
καὶandsequential conjunction (the contractual closure)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδούλευσενservedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb (the second seven-year labor completed)→ constative aorist (the entire second seven years as a unit)δουλεύω: 'serve'; the verb that opened the contract (δουλεύσω σοι ἑπτὰ ἔτη, v.18) now closes it (ἐδούλευσεν … ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἕτερα, v.30) — the second seven years complete the total of fourteen.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of indirect object (served him = Laban)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (served him = Laban).
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration (seven years served)→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of duration (seven years served).
ἕτεραother / additionalAccusativeadjective (additional: the second seven-year term)→ object specificationἕτερα: meaning 'other'; it serves as adjective (additional: the second seven-year term).
31

ἰδὼν δὲ κύριος ὅτι μισεῖται Λεια, ἤνοιξεν τὴν μήτραν αὐτῆς· Ραχηλ δὲ ἦν στεῖρα.

And when the LORD saw that Leah was hated, he opened her womb; but Rachel was barren.

Divine intervention (the LORD as the hidden agent who compensates Leah's suffering)ἰδὼν δέ
The verse opens the chapter's theological climax. The participle ἰδὼν κύριος ('the LORD seeing') — using the same verb (ὁράω) that drives the Reuben etymology (εἶδεν κύριος, v.32) — frames the divine act as responsive to observation: God sees the human situation and acts. The contrast of ἤνοιξεν τὴν μήτραν αὐτῆς ('opened her womb') with Ραχηλ δὲ ἦν στεῖρα ('Rachel was barren') sets up the reversal: the loved wife is barren; the hated wife bears.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἰδὼνseeing / having seenAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωadverbial participle (causal/temporal: God's seeing triggers his action)→ constative aorist (divine observation as a completed act of recognition)ὁράω: 'see, behold'; ἰδὼν κύριος ('the LORD seeing') is the divine counterpart to Jacob's εἶδεν Ραχηλ (v.10) — both seeings trigger decisive action; the verb will recur in the Reuben etymology (εἶδεν κύριος τὴν ταπείνωσίν μου, v.32), making divine seeing the chapter's theological thread.
δὲandtransitional particle (introducing the divine response)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (divine agent who intervenes)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the divine name יהוה; κύριος enters the narrative for the first time in this chapter in v.31 — the LORD has been absent from the stage since Bethel (ch.28), but now intervenes on behalf of the despised wife.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing indirect statement (the content of what God saw)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισεῖταιis hatedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · μισέωmain verb of ὅτι-clause (Leah's current state of being hated)→ present passive (ongoing state of hatred)μισέω: 'hate'; the present passive μισεῖται ('is hated') is the theological crux: this is not mild dislike but the extreme of the love-hate contrast — in Hebrew idiom (שְׂנוּאָה) 'hated' can mean 'less favored' (cf. Deut 21:15–17; Mal 1:2–3 cited in Rom 9:13); the LXX's μισέω is unambiguous in force.
ΛειαLeahsubject of μισεῖται (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛεια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of μισεῖται (indeclinable proper noun).
ἤνοιξενopenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb (God's intervention: opening the womb)→ constative aorist (the divine act as a single decisive deed)ἀνοίγω: 'open'; ἤνοιξεν τὴν μήτραν αὐτῆς ('opened her womb') is the standard OT formula for divine granting of fertility to a barren or disadvantaged woman (Gen 30:22 of Rachel; 1 Sam 1:5–6 of Hannah; cf. Ps 127:3 LXX); the womb is under divine sovereignty, not human control.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μήτρανwombAccusativedirect object of ἤνοιξεν→ object specificationμήτρα: 'womb'; the opening of the womb is the central theological act of the birth-narrative: divine sovereign fertility conferred upon the woman the human economy has devalued.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (Leah's womb)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Leah's womb).
ΡαχηλRachelsubject of contrastive clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of contrastive clause (indeclinable proper noun).
δὲbutadversative particle (contrast: Rachel the loved but barren)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (Rachel's continuing barrenness)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state: barrenness as Rachel's condition at this point)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
στεῖραbarrenNominativepredicate adjective (Rachel was barren)→ participant prominenceστεῖρος: 'barren, sterile'; Rachel's barrenness is the narrative reversal: the loved wife cannot conceive; the hated wife bears four sons in succession; divine sovereignty distributes fertility in inverse proportion to human preference.
32

καὶ συλλαβοῦσα Λεια ἔτεκεν υἱὸν τῷ Ιακωβ· ἐκάλεσεν δὲ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ρουβην λέγουσα Διότι εἶδεν κύριος τὴν ταπείνωσίν μου· νῦν οὖν ἀγαπήσει με ὁ ἀνήρ μου.

And Leah conceived and bore a son to Jacob; and she called his name Reuben, saying, 'Because the LORD has seen my humiliation; now therefore my husband will love me.'

Birth-naming (first son: Reuben; etymology from divine seeing and Leah's hope)καὶ συλλαβοῦσα
The first birth-naming follows the LXX pattern: conception (συλλαβοῦσα) → birth (ἔτεκεν) → naming (ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα) → etymology in Leah's direct speech. The Reuben etymology links the name to εἶδεν κύριος ('the LORD saw') — the verb of divine observation used in v.31 (ἰδὼν κύριος). The name Ρουβην echoes the Hebrew רְאוּבֵן (re'u-ben = 'see, a son' or 'the LORD has seen'). Leah's hope (νῦν ἀγαπήσει με ὁ ἀνήρ μου) will recur in each subsequent birth — hope deferred.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συλλαβοῦσαhaving conceivedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · συλλαμβάνωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance: conception precedes birth)→ constative aorist (the act of conception as completed)συλλαμβάνω: 'conceive, take in'; the term for conception will be repeated at vv.33, 34, 35 (συλλαβοῦσα πάλιν, ἔτι) — creating the rhythmic pattern of the four births.
ΛειαLeahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛεια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (the birth: the central event of each naming-unit)→ constative aorist (the birth as a completed event)τίκτω: 'bear, give birth'; the same verb closes the chapter at v.35 (ἔστη τοῦ τίκτειν — 'she ceased from bearing'), creating a narrative ring for the birth-sequence.
υἱὸνa sonAccusativedirect object of ἔτεκεν (she bore a son)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the birth of sons is the dominant goal of the competition between Leah and Rachel in ch.30; each son names a tribe of Israel.
τῷtoDativearticle with dative of advantage→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobDativedative of advantage (bore a son for/to Jacob)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (bore a son for/to Jacob).
ἐκάλεσενshe calledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (the naming: Leah as the one who names)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, name'; Leah names each son — the naming is her prerogative and her theological statement; in each case the name encodes her experience of God and of her marriage.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as direct object of ἐκάλεσεν.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the son's name)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the son's name).
ΡουβηνReubenpredicate (the name: indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡουβην: LXX transliteration of רְאוּבֵן (Reuben); the name is parsed as a compound of רְאוּ ('see!') + בֵּן ('son') or interpreted as 'the LORD has seen (a son)'; it is the tribal name of the eldest son of Israel — the tribe that will lose primacy (Gen 49:4).
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing Leah's etymological explanation)→ present participle (simultaneous with naming)λέγω (fem. ptcp.): redundant λέγουσα (= לֵאמֹר) introducing Michal's words.
ΔιότιBecausecausal conjunction (etymology: the reason for the name)→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: 'because'; introduces the theological rationale that grounds the name; each of the four etymologies is introduced by a speech of Leah beginning with ὅτι/διότι ('because').
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of etymology (the LORD saw: key verb of the Reuben-name)→ constative aorist (divine seeing as a completed act of compassion)ὁράω: 'see'; εἶδεν κύριος ('the LORD saw') echoes ἰδὼν κύριος (v.31) and is the theological root of the name Ρουβην; the chapter's theme of seeing (Jacob sees Rachel, v.10; God sees Leah, v.31; the name sees-a-son) is woven through the same verb.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (the LORD as divine agent)→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the LORD'; it serves as subject (the LORD as divine agent).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταπείνωσίνhumiliation / lowlinessAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν (what the LORD saw: Leah's humiliation)→ object specificationταπείνωσις: 'humiliation, lowliness, abasement'; renders Hebrew עָנְיִי ('my affliction/humiliation'); the same word used of Hannah's suffering (1 Sam 1:11 LXX) and of the Magnificat's θεὸς ὅτι ἐπέβλεψεν ἐπὶ τὴν ταπείνωσιν τῆς δούλης αὐτοῦ (Luke 1:48) — Leah's theology anticipates Mary's.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (my humiliation)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (my humiliation).
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (now, in consequence of the birth)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (νῦν οὖν: now therefore, in consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαπήσειwill loveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαπάωmain verb (Leah's hope: a future love from her husband)→ futuristic indicative (hope as expected future outcome)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; the same verb that drove Jacob's seven years (ἠγάπησεν τὴν Ραχηλ, v.18) is now Leah's hope for herself — νῦν ἀγαπήσει με ὁ ἀνήρ μου ('now my husband will love me'); the hope is stated and then quietly disappointed in each subsequent verse.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἀγαπήσει→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀγαπήσει.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνήρhusbandNominativesubject (Leah's husband = Jacob)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man, husband'; ὁ ἀνήρ μου ('my husband') is Leah's way of referring to Jacob — she speaks of marital right and expectation; the phrase recurs at vv.34, 35.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship (my husband)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (my husband).
33

καὶ συλλαβοῦσα πάλιν ἔτεκεν υἱὸν καὶ εἶπεν Ὅτι ἤκουσεν κύριος ὅτι μισοῦμαι, καὶ προσέδωκεν μοι καὶ τοῦτον· καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Συμεων.

And she conceived again and bore a son, and said, 'Because the LORD heard that I am hated, he gave me this one also'; and she called his name Simeon.

Birth-naming (second son: Simeon; etymology from divine hearing)καὶ συλλαβοῦσα πάλιν
The second naming follows the same pattern as v.32 but the theological verb shifts: where Reuben's name encodes divine seeing (εἶδεν), Simeon's encodes divine hearing (ἤκουσεν). The progression — God sees (v.32) → God hears (v.33) → God will join (v.34) → Leah praises (v.35) — traces a movement from reception to praise. The name Συμεων recalls the Hebrew שְׁמָעוֹן from שָׁמַע ('hear'). Leah's self-description μισοῦμαι ('I am hated') repeats the verdict of v.31, now voiced by Leah herself.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συλλαβοῦσαhaving conceivedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · συλλαμβάνωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance: conception precedes birth)→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: meaning 'having conceived'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as adverbial participle (attendant circumstance: conception precedes birth).
πάλινagainadverb (the second conception in the sequence)→ adverbial qualificationπάλιν: meaning 'again'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (the birth)→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. ἔτεκεν): 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; the long-awaited birth that resolves the chapter's central crisis.
υἱὸνa sonAccusativedirect object of ἔτεκεν→ object specificationυἱὸν: meaning 'a son'; it serves as direct object of ἔτεκεν.
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Leah's etymological speech follows)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ὍτιBecausecausal conjunction (introducing the etymology)→ discourse linkage or contrastὍτι: meaning 'Because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb of etymology (the LORD heard: root of the Simeon-name)→ constative aorist (divine hearing as a completed act of compassion)ἀκούω: 'hear'; ἤκουσεν κύριος ('the LORD heard') grounds the name Συμεων in Hebrew שָׁמַע ('hear'). The pattern of divine perception in the birth-names traces a theology: seeing (v.32) → hearing (v.33) → promised attachment (v.34) → praise (v.35).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the LORD'; it serves as subject.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing indirect statement (the content of what God heard)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μισοῦμαιI am hatedPres Pass Indic 1 Sg · μισέωmain verb of indirect statement (Leah's self-described state)→ present passive (ongoing state of being hated)μισέω: 'hate'; Leah's self-identification μισοῦμαι ('I am being hated') echoes the narrator's μισεῖται Λεια of v.31 — she is aware of her social reality and names it before God.
καὶandsequential conjunction (divine response to hearing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέδωκενgave in additionAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσδίδωμιmain verb (the LORD's giving: this son also)→ constative aoristπροσδίδωμι: 'give in addition, give besides'; the compound (πρός + δίδωμι) marks this son as a second divine gift beyond the first; Leah interprets each birth as God hearing and responding.
μοιto meDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object.
καὶalsoadverbial καί ('also, even': this son also)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'also'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτονthis oneAccusativedirect object of προσέδωκεν→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this one'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of προσέδωκεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the naming follows)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενshe calledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (the naming act)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; David calls one of his retinue to carry out the sentence.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as direct object of ἐκάλεσεν.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΣυμεωνSimeonpredicate (the name: indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣυμεων: LXX transliteration of שִׁמְעוֹן (Simeon), from שָׁמַע ('hear'); the tribal ancestor of the tribe of Simeon, later subsumed into Judah (Josh 19:1–9); the name is carried into the NT as Simeon (Luke 2:25; Acts 15:14).
34

καὶ συλλαβοῦσα πάλιν ἔτεκεν υἱόν, καὶ εἶπεν Ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ πρὸς ἐμοῦ ἔσται ὁ ἀνήρ μου· ἔτεκον γὰρ αὐτῷ τρεῖς υἱούς· διὰ τοῦτο ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Λευι.

And she conceived again and bore a son, and said, 'At this time my husband will be attached to me, for I have borne him three sons'; therefore she called his name Levi.

Birth-naming (third son: Levi; etymology from attachment/joining)καὶ συλλαβοῦσα πάλιν
The third naming marks an escalation in Leah's hope: νῦν οὖν ἀγαπήσει με (v.32) → ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ πρὸς ἐμοῦ ἔσται ('now at last he will be joined to me', v.34). The Levi etymology derives from the Hebrew לָוָה (lwh, 'to be joined, to attach'): three sons are now the warrant for Jacob's attachment. The tribal name Λευι becomes the foundation of the levitical priesthood — from Leah's longing for attachment comes the priestly tribe; the irony of sacred lineage from domestic sorrow is characteristic of the Genesis narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συλλαβοῦσαhaving conceivedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · συλλαμβάνωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: meaning 'having conceived'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as adverbial participle (attendant circumstance).
πάλινagainadverb (the third conception in the sequence)→ adverbial qualificationπάλιν: meaning 'again'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (the birth)→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. ἔτεκεν): 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; the long-awaited birth that resolves the chapter's central crisis.
υἱόνa sonAccusativedirect object of ἔτεκεν→ object specificationυἱόν: meaning 'a son'; it serves as direct object of ἔτεκεν.
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Leah's etymological speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἘνIn / Atpreposition + dative (temporal: at this time)→ spatial or relational framingἘν: meaning 'In'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: at this time).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νῦνnowDativetemporal adverb used substantivally within ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
καιρῷtime / seasonDativedative of time (at this particular time)→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'appointed time, season'; ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ ('at this present season') connotes a critical turning point — Leah believes three sons will be sufficient warrant for Jacob's attachment.
πρὸςtoward / withpreposition + genitive (attachment: 'on my side, joined to me')→ spatial or relational framingπρός (+ gen.): πρὸς ἐμοῦ ἔσται ὁ ἀνήρ μου ('my husband will be toward me / will belong to me') captures the etymology of Levi (לָוָה, 'to join, attach').
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive with πρός→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive with πρός.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (Leah's anticipated future)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): copula.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνήρhusbandNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'husband'; it serves as subject of ἔσται.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἔτεκονI boreAor Act Indic 1 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (the ground: I have borne him three sons)→ constative aorist (cumulative: all three births as the basis for the claim)τίκτω: 'bear'; the shift from third-person narrative (ἔτεκεν) to Leah's first-person voice (ἔτεκον) places her theological counting at center.
γὰρforcausal particle (explaining the ground for the hope)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of advantage (I bore for him = Jacob)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (I bore for him = Jacob).
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying υἱούς)→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
υἱούςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἔτεκον→ object specificationυἱούς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object of ἔτεκον.
διὰthereforepreposition + accusative (causal: therefore she named him)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'therefore'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (causal: therefore she named him).
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of διά.
ἐκάλεσενshe calledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (the naming act)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; David calls one of his retinue to carry out the sentence.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as direct object of ἐκάλεσεν.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΛευιLevipredicate (the name: indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛευι: LXX transliteration of לֵוִי (Levi), from לָוָה ('to join, to attach'); the tribal ancestor of the levitical priests and the entire temple-service lineage (Num 3:6–13); from Leah's longing for marital attachment springs the tribe set apart for attachment to God's sanctuary.
35

καὶ συλλαβοῦσα ἔτι ἔτεκεν υἱόν, καὶ εἶπεν Νῦν ἔτι τοῦτο ἐξομολογήσομαι κυρίῳ· διὰ τοῦτο ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ιουδα· καὶ ἔστη τοῦ τίκτειν.

And she conceived yet again and bore a son, and said, 'NOW I will praise the LORD for this'; therefore she called his name Judah; and she ceased from bearing.

Birth-naming climax (fourth son: Judah; the shift from petition to pure praise; chapter closure)καὶ συλλαβοῦσα ἔτι
The climax of the birth-narrative is marked in every element: (1) the particle ἔτι replaces πάλιν — not simply 'again' but 'yet, still, moreover,' conveying accumulation and crescendo; (2) Leah's speech makes no petition and states no hope for Jacob's love — she turns entirely toward God; (3) ἐξομολογήσομαι is the great Psalter-word of praise and confession (LXX Pss 6:6; 9:2; 17:50; 29:13 etc.) — the future indicative is a vow of praise; (4) the name Ιουδα (יְהוּדָה) resonates with תּוֹדָה ('praise, confession') and with the divine name יהוה; from this name all of 'Judaism' (Ἰουδαϊσμός) derives; (5) ἔστη τοῦ τίκτειν ('she ceased from bearing') closes the chapter with the same verb τίκτω that opened the birth-sequence at v.32 — a narrative ring.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συλλαβοῦσαhaving conceivedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · συλλαμβάνωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance: conception before birth)→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: meaning 'having conceived'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as adverbial participle (attendant circumstance: conception before birth).
ἔτιyet / stilladverb (climactic: 'yet again' — marks the fourth and culminating conception)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'yet, still, moreover'; the substitution of ἔτι for πάλιν (used at vv.33, 34) marks a climactic rather than merely sequential continuation — lending the fourth birth a sense of accumulating divine grace.
ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (the birth of Judah)→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. ἔτεκεν): 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; the long-awaited birth that resolves the chapter's central crisis.
υἱόνa sonAccusativedirect object of ἔτεκεν→ object specificationυἱόν: meaning 'a son'; it serves as direct object of ἔτεκεν.
καὶandsequential conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing Leah's vow of praise)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΝῦνNOWtemporal adverb (emphatic: now — the pivot from petition to praise)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; in contrast to νῦν … ἀγαπήσει of v.32 (hope directed toward Jacob) and ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ of v.34 (expectation directed toward Jacob), this νῦν is directed entirely toward God — 'NOW I will praise the LORD'; the pivot is complete.
ἔτιyet / for thisadverb (emphatic resumption: intensifying νῦν — 'now even yet, now at last')→ clausal contributionἔτι: here in a strengthening role alongside νῦν — the combination νῦν ἔτι τοῦτο ἐξομολογήσομαι is Leah's climactic statement of pure doxology, stripped of petition.
τοῦτοthisAccusativeaccusative (object of ἐξομολογήσομαι: praise for this)→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative (object of ἐξομολογήσομαι: praise for this).
ἐξομολογήσομαιI will praise / I will give thanksFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐξομολογέωmain verb (Leah's vow of praise — the theological climax of the chapter)→ volitive future (a vow or commitment to praise)ἐξομολογέω: 'confess, acknowledge, praise, give thanks'; the great Psalter-verb of praise and confession throughout the LXX (Pss 6:6; 9:2; 17:50; 29:13; 32:5; 106:1 etc.); ἐξομολογήσομαι κυρίῳ ('I will praise the LORD') is the standard formula of doxological response to divine rescue; it is from this verb's root (Hebrew יָדָה, hiphil תּוֹדָה 'praise') that the name יְהוּדָה (Judah, Ιουδα) derives — Leah's fourth son is literally named 'Praise-to-the-LORD'; the tribal name becomes the basis for all later 'Judea', 'Judah', 'Judaism', 'Jew' (Ἰουδαῖος); the NT carries this doxological charge: Matt 11:25; Rom 14:11; 15:9 (citing Ps 17:50 LXX); Phil 2:11.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of indirect object (praise directed to the LORD)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the LXX rendering of יהוה; the LORD who saw Leah's humiliation (v.31) and whose name was cited in Reuben's and Simeon's etymologies (vv.32–33) is now the direct recipient of Leah's praise — the trajectory of the birth-narrative ends in doxology.
διὰthereforepreposition + accusative (causal: on account of this she named him)→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'therefore'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (causal: on account of this she named him).
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of διά.
ἐκάλεσενshe calledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (the naming: the culminating act of the chapter)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; David calls one of his retinue to carry out the sentence.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as direct object of ἐκάλεσεν.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΙουδαJudahpredicate (the name: indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: LXX transliteration of יְהוּדָה (Yehudah, Judah); the name derives from the hiphil root יָדָה ('to give thanks, praise, confess') — Judah is 'Praise-to-the-LORD'; tribal ancestor of the tribe of Judah, the royal tribe from which David and ultimately Jesus the Messiah descend (Matt 1:2–3; Heb 7:14; Rev 5:5 'the Lion of the tribe of Judah'); from this name derive יְהוּדִי ('Judahite, Jew'), Ἰουδαῖος ('Jew'), Ἰουδαία ('Judea'), and Ἰουδαϊσμός ('Judaism') — the entire naming-history of the covenant people flows from Leah's doxology.
καὶandsequential conjunction (chapter-closing clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηceased / stoppedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (Leah ceased bearing: the narrative closure of the chapter)→ constative aorist (the cessation as a completed state)ἵστημι (intr.): 'stand still, cease, stop'; ἔστη τοῦ τίκτειν ('she ceased from bearing') uses the genitive infinitive of τίκτω as a genitive of separation after a verb of cessation; the same verb τίκτω (bear) that structured the four births (ἔτεκεν, vv.32–35) here reaches its final form — stopped bearing — closing the chapter with a narrative ring; Rachel's barrenness (ἦν στεῖρα, v.31) will be resolved only in Gen 30:22–24 when God opens her womb for Joseph.
τοῦfromGenitivegenitive article (with articular infinitive of cessation)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τίκτεινbearing / giving birthPres Act Infin · τίκτωcomplementary infinitive (specifying what was ceased)→ present infinitive (the ongoing activity of bearing now arrested)τίκτω: 'bear, give birth'; the final word of the chapter; the chapter opened with Jacob's arrival (v.1) and closes with Leah's womb at rest after four sons — the narrative arc has moved from Jacob's erotic longing (v.20) through Laban's deception to the silent fruitfulness of the wife he did not choose, who named in four sons half of Israel's tribes.