Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 31ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ ΛΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The chapter is a single sustained episode: Jacob's clandestine flight from Paddan-Aram, Laban's seven-day pursuit, the confrontation on Mount Gilead, and the covenant sealed by a heap of stones and a shared meal on the mountain.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 31 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is a single sustained episode: Jacob's clandestine flight from Paddan-Aram, Laban's seven-day pursuit, the confrontation on Mount Gilead, and the covenant sealed by a heap of stones and a shared meal on the mountain. Versification note: LXX Genesis 31 ends at v.54 — the covenant meal and the night on the mountain (ἔφαγον καὶ ἔπιον καὶ ἐκοιμήθησαν ἐν τῷ ὄρει); what English Bibles number as 31:55 (Laban rising early, kissing his grandchildren, and returning home) is LXX 32:1 and belongs to chapter 32. The most consequential translation choice is the rendering of Hebrew תְּרָפִים (teraphim, household cult-figurines) as τὰ εἴδωλα ('the idols,' 31:19, 34, 35) — the standard LXX term for pagan idols (cf. Hos 3:4 LXX; 1 Kgdms 15:23), a polemical decision that turns the ancestors' ambiguous practice into straightforward idolatry. Rachel hides the idols in the camel's saddle-bag (σαγμοί, 31:34) and pleads τὰ κατὰ τὰς γυναῖκας ('the things of women,' 31:35), a Hebraism for menstruation rendering Hebrew דֶּרֶךְ נָשִׁים. God's double dream-intervention — to Jacob at Bethel (31:10–13) and to Laban by night (31:24) — frames the entire narrative as divinely superintended. Jacob's self-defence speech (31:36–42) is the rhetorical climax: the famous merism of heat by day (καύσων) and frost by night (παγετός, 31:40), rendering Hebrew חֹרֶב and קֶרַח, became a locus classicus for rhetoric of endurance. The divine epithet ὁ φόβος Ισαακ ('the Fear of Isaac,' 31:42, 53) preserves the unusual Hebrew פַּחַד יִצְחָק verbatim — unique in the patriarchal narratives as a divine name derived from Isaac's experiential dread rather than a covenantal self-declaration. At 31:47–48 both the Aramaic heap-name Yegar-sahadutha and the Hebrew Galeed are translated rather than transliterated: Laban's form becomes Βουνὸς τοῦ μάρτυρος and Jacob's Βουνὸς μάρτυς ('Hill of the Witness / Witness-Heap') — the LXX renders both source languages transparently into Greek. At 31:49, the site-name Mizpah is not transliterated but interpreted as ἡ Ὅρασις ('the Watch-Vision'), and the Mizpah benediction follows: ἐπίδοι κύριος ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ ('may the Lord watch between me and you') — less a blessing than a mutual surveillance oath, the optative ἐπίδοι playing on the name-etymology of Mizpah (Hebrew מִצְפָּה, 'watch-post').

1

Ἤκουσεν δὲ Ιακωβ τῶν λόγων τῶν υἱῶν Λαβαν λεγόντων Εἴληφεν Ιακωβ πάντα τὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν πεποίηκεν πᾶσαν τὴν δόξαν ταύτην.

And Jacob heard the words of Laban's sons, who said, 'Jacob has taken everything belonging to our father, and from what was our father's he has made all this wealth.'

Narrative opening: hearsay triggers the crisisδέ
The chapter opens with Ἤκουσεν — overhearing as narrative trigger. The participle λεγόντων introduces the reported speech without an explicit ὅτι, a Hebraizing paratactic construction. The two perfect verbs within the reported speech (Εἴληφεν, πεποίηκεν) emphasise the already-accomplished fact of Jacob's acquisition — the sons present it as a settled state, not mere speculation. The word δόξαν ('wealth/glory') is the LXX's rendering of Hebrew כָּבוֹד, here in the material sense of livestock-based prosperity.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἬκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (narrative action: perception as trigger)→ constative aorist (single act of overhearing)ἀκούω: 'hear, listen'; takes the genitive of the thing heard (τῶν λόγων), the standard LXX construction rendering Hebrew שָׁמַע with genitive. The verb opens the chapter and sets the entire episode in motion — Jacob's flight is a response to what he heard.
δέand/nownarrative particle (mild adversative transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: standard LXX transliteration of Hebrew יַעֲקֹב; indeclinable throughout.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (genitive of the thing heard)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνwordsGenitivegenitive of content (ἀκούω + gen: 'heard the words')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word, speech, report'; plural τῶν λόγων here = 'the things said'; the accusation is characterised as hearsay — Jacob overhears rather than confronts directly.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of source (whose words Jacob heard)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; these unnamed sons of Laban are the narrative catalyst; they do not appear again in the chapter.
ΛαβανLabangenitive of possession (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: LXX form of Hebrew לָבָן ('white'); the Aramean uncle of Jacob, the chapter's antagonist.
λεγόντωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Gen Pl Masc · λέγωgenitive participle of content (introducing reported speech without ὅτι)→ progressive present (they were saying — ongoing talk Jacob overheard)λέγω: 'say, speak'; the present tense of the participle suggests Jacob overheard ongoing conversation rather than a single utterance — a Hebraizing construction.
Εἴληφενhas takenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb of reported speech (in recitative direct discourse)→ perfect of resultant state (Jacob has taken — and the transfer stands)λαμβάνω: 'take, receive'; the perfect emphasises the accomplished fact of the transfer, framing it as an irreversible dispossession.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject in reported speech→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject in reported speech.
πάνταall / everythingAccusativedirect object (accusative of the thing taken)→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as direct object (accusative of the thing taken).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with genitive phrase τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν: 'the things of our father')→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; the sons' framing — 'our father's possessions' — asserts a proprietary claim that contrasts sharply with Jacob's counter-argument that God transferred those possessions to him (31:9).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source: 'from what was our father's')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from what was our father's').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (repeated — anaphoric)→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession (repeated — anaphoric).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun (repeated — anaphoric)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun (repeated — anaphoric).
πεποίηκενhe has madePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (second clause of reported speech: resultant state)→ perfect of resultant state (the wealth is now made and stands as a fact)ποιέω: 'make, do, create'; the second perfect verb clinches the accusation: not only has Jacob taken what was theirs, he has converted it into his own spectacular δόξα.
πᾶσανallAccusativeaccusative adjective (intensive: 'all this wealth')→ object specificationπᾶσαν: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative adjective (intensive: 'all this wealth').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξανwealth / gloryAccusativedirect object (accusative of result)→ object specificationδόξα: 'glory, honour, wealth'; here in the material sense of livestock-based prosperity, rendering Hebrew כָּבוֹד ('heaviness / wealth / honour'). The LXX's choice of δόξα — normally denoting divine glory or human honour — lends the accusation an ironic grandeur: Jacob has acquired not just cattle but 'glory.'
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (deictic: pointing to visible wealth)→ participant referenceταύτην: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative adjective (deictic: pointing to visible wealth).
2

καὶ εἶδεν Ιακωβ τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ Λαβαν, καὶ ἰδοὺ οὐκ ἦν πρὸς αὐτὸν ὡς ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτης ἡμέρας.

And Jacob saw Laban's face, and behold, it was not toward him as yesterday and the day before.

Narrative continuation (confirming observation corroborates the hearsay of v.1)καί
The twofold witness-structure — overhearing (v.1) then seeing (v.2) — establishes the situation beyond dispute. The idiom 'not as yesterday and the day before' (ὡς ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτης ἡμέρας) is a Hebraism for 'not as before / as in former times' (כִּתְמוֹל שִׁלְשׁוֹם), recurring at Exod 5:14 and 1 Sam 10:11 LXX. The ἰδού flags a moment of perception with narrative weight — Jacob does not merely look but sees and draws a conclusion.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (narrative perception)→ constative aorist (completed act of seeing)ὁράω: 'see, perceive, observe'; the verb of sight here functions as a second trigger alongside the verb of hearing in v.1 — Jacob both hears the accusation and sees the evidence.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face, countenance, presence'; 'seeing the face of Laban' is a Hebraism (פְּנֵי לָבָן) for reading his disposition. The face is an index of inner attitude — what Jacob sees confirms the changed relationship.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with proper noun Λαβαν in attributive genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛαβανLabangenitive of possession (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the ἰδού apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbehold / and lookdeictic particle (presenting the content of Jacob's perception with narrative immediacy)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: frozen imperative of ὁράω; the standard LXX rendering of Hebrew הִנֵּה, introducing a surprising or vivid observation; its use here focuses the reader on the significance of what Jacob sees.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνwas / it wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential / predicative: 'it was not toward him as before')→ imperfect of ongoing state (Laban's changed disposition was now a settled condition)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect describes the new persistent state of estrangement.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (orientation: 'toward him')→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (orientation: 'toward him').
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (referent: Jacob)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (referent: Jacob).
ὡςas / likecomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχθὲςyesterdaytemporal adverb (in idiomatic phrase: 'as yesterday and the day before')→ clausal contributionἐχθές: 'yesterday'; the idiom ὡς ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτης ἡμέρας = 'as formerly / as in the past' — a Hebraism calquing כִּתְמוֹל שִׁלְשׁוֹם, recurring at Exod 4:10; 5:14 LXX.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (within temporal idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίτηςthirdGenitivegenitive (within temporal idiom: 'the third day back')→ relational specificationτρίτης: meaning 'third'; it serves as genitive (within temporal idiom: 'the third day back').
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive (completing temporal idiom)→ relational specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive (completing temporal idiom).
3

εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Ιακωβ Ἀποστρέφου εἰς τὴν γῆν τοῦ πατρός σου καὶ εἰς τὴν γενεάν σου, καὶ ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ.

And the Lord said to Jacob, 'Return to the land of your father and to your kindred, and I will be with you.'

Divine commission (response to vv.1–2: God authorises and commands the flight)δέ
The divine speech transforms Jacob's flight from an act driven by fear or self-preservation into an act of obedience. The imperative Ἀποστρέφου ('return') echoes the covenant-return vocabulary that will recur in 31:13; the promise καὶ ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ ('I will be with you') repeats the Bethel pledge of 28:15 verbatim, anchoring the flight in the ongoing patriarchal covenant. The verb is present middle/passive imperative — a command to be continuously in the act of returning.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrative: divine speech-act)→ constative aorist (single completed utterance)λέγω: 'say, speak'; introduces divine direct address — a formula of divine commission matched at Exod 3:7 LXX and elsewhere.
δέand/nownarrative particle (continuation; mild contrast with the preceding human situation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLordNominativenominative subject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the divine name יהוה (the Tetragrammaton); the divine intervention at this precise moment — after Jacob sees the danger but before he acts — underlines divine superintendence of the patriarchal narrative.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (indirect object of speech: 'said to Jacob')→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (indirect object of speech: 'said to Jacob').
ΙακωβJacobaccusative object of πρός (addressee of divine speech)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (addressee of divine speech).
Ἀποστρέφουreturn! / turn back!Pres Mid/Pass Impv 2 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb of divine command (imperative: direct order)→ present imperative (continuous: 'keep returning / set yourself to return')ἀποστρέφω: 'turn back, return'; the middle voice of the imperative emphasises self-directed turning — Jacob is to set himself toward home. The same verb at 31:13 (in the ηὔξω context) ties the angel's command to this opening divine word.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (directional: destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: destination).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative of destination→ object specificationγῆ: 'land, earth, territory'; the promised land toward which the entire patriarchal narrative is oriented — Jacob's return is a covenant movement.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; the genitive links this return to Isaac at Hebron — the generational transmission of the covenant land-promise.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (second destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (second destination).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεάνkindred / familyAccusativeaccusative of destination (parallel to γῆν)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation, kindred, family stock'; renders Hebrew מוֹלֶדֶת ('birthplace, kindred') — the social equivalent of the geographical γῆ. Both together express full reintegration: land and kin.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introducing the promise clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσομαιI will beFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of promise clause→ futuristic indicative (certain divine commitment)εἰμί: 'be'; ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ = 'I will be with you' — the covenant presence-formula, repeated verbatim from 28:15 (the original Bethel promise). Its restatement here closes the circle: the flight home is an act of covenant obedience.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
4

ἀποστείλας δὲ Ιακωβ ἐκάλεσεν Ραχηλ καὶ Λειαν εἰς τὸ πεδίον, οὗ τὰ ποίμνια.

And Jacob sent word and called Rachel and Leah to the field where the flocks were.

Narrative action (Jacob's immediate response to the divine command: summoning his wives)δέ
The participle ἀποστείλας ('having sent') with the main verb ἐκάλεσεν ('called') describes a single act: Jacob sent a summons. The choice of location — εἰς τὸ πεδίον, οὗ τὰ ποίμνια ('to the field where the flocks were') — is significant: Jacob takes the conversation away from Laban's household into his own domain, among the livestock that are the physical evidence of his argument in vv.5–12.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἀποστείλαςhaving sentAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀποστέλλωattendant circumstance participle ('sent and called')→ constative aorist (preliminary act before the main verb)ἀποστέλλω: 'send, dispatch'; the aorist participle here functions as a prelude to ἐκάλεσεν — Jacob dispatched a messenger or sent a summons before calling. The verb is the root of ἀπόστολος ('apostle').
δέand/nownarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / summonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (narrative action: summons)→ constative aorist (single completed act of calling)καλέω: 'call, summon, name'; here the formal sense of calling someone to one's presence; the same verb at 31:47 for naming the heap.
ΡαχηλRachelaccusative object (indeclinable proper noun, first of two wives summoned)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: LXX form of Hebrew רָחֵל; Jacob's beloved second wife and mother of Joseph, the chapter's dramatic agent — she steals the idols (v.19) and protects them by her ruse (vv.34–35).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛειανLeahaccusative object (indeclinable proper noun, second wife summoned)→ participant identificationΛεια: LXX form of Hebrew לֵאָה; Laban's elder daughter and Jacob's first wife. That both wives respond with a single voice in vv.14–16 underlines their solidarity against their father.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (directional: destination of the summons)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: destination of the summons).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεδίονfield / open plainAccusativeaccusative of destination→ object specificationπεδίον: 'plain, open field'; the location where the flocks graze — away from Laban's ears. The private meeting in the field mirrors Abraham's negotiations in open spaces (Gen 23); it is a culturally appropriate setting for serious family deliberation.
οὗwhererelative adverb (locative: 'where the flocks were')→ participant referenceοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative adverb (locative: 'where the flocks were').
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίμνιαflocksNominativenominative subject of implied ἦν (elliptical: 'where the flocks [were]')→ participant prominenceποίμνιον / ποίμνη: 'flock'; the living argument for Jacob's case — his accumulated wealth from the selective-breeding of ch.30 is visible right there. NT: ποίμνιον as the church community (Luke 12:32; 1 Pet 5:2–3).
5

καὶ εἶπεν αὐταῖς Ὁράω τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν πρὸς ἐμὲ ὡς ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτης· ὁ δὲ θεὸς τοῦ πατρός μου ἦν μετ' ἐμοῦ.

And he said to them, 'I see your father's face, that it is not toward me as yesterday and the day before; but the God of my father has been with me.'

Direct speech: Jacob's opening argument (contrast between Laban's hostility and God's loyalty)καί
Jacob's speech to his wives in vv.5–13 is a sustained legal-style argument with three parts: Laban's change of disposition (vv.5–6), God's providential control of the flock-wages (vv.7–9), and God's dream-instruction (vv.10–13). The rhetorical contrast of the verse is sharp: Laban's face (hostile) vs. the God of my father (protective). The present tense Ὁράω ('I see / I observe') gives the report an immediacy — Jacob is presenting evidence, not memory.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-act)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐταῖςto themDativedative of indirect object (referent: Rachel and Leah)→ sphere or referenceαὐταῖς: meaning 'to them'; it serves as dative of indirect object (referent: Rachel and Leah).
ὉράωI see / I observePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of speech (present of ongoing observation)→ progressive present (Jacob is currently observing Laban's demeanour)ὁράω: 'see, observe'; the present tense in contrast to the aorist εἶδεν of v.2 shifts from narrative past to Jacob's own presentational rhetoric — he offers himself as a live witness to Laban's changed disposition.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; the same Hebraism as v.2 (פְּנֵי לָבָן): face = disposition, inner attitude made visible.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun (2 pl: 'your father')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun (2 pl: 'your father').
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (introducing content of observation)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of ὅτι-clause (predicative)→ present of current stateεἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς = 'which do not have.'
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (orientation)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (orientation).
ἐμέmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceἐμέ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
ὡςascomparative particle (in temporal idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχθὲςyesterdaytemporal adverb (Hebraism: 'as of old')→ clausal contributionἐχθὲς: meaning 'yesterday'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (within temporal idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίτηςthe third dayGenitivegenitive (temporal idiom: 'yesterday and the day before')→ relational specificationτρίτης: meaning 'the third day'; it serves as genitive (temporal idiom: 'yesterday and the day before').
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέbutadversative particle (strong contrast: Laban hostile — God loyal)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject of second clause→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the contrast between Laban's πρόσωπον and ὁ θεὸς τοῦ πατρός μου is the chapter's theological axis: human hostility met by divine faithfulness.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession ('the God of my father')→ relational specificationπατρός: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession ('the God of my father').
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun.
ἦνwas / has beenImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of contrast clause→ imperfect of continuous past state (God's presence was the constant backdrop to Laban's hostility)εἰμί: the imperfect marks God's abiding with Jacob as a sustained reality throughout the period of Laban's bad faith.
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: divine presence)→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment: divine presence).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of μετά.
6

καὶ αὐταὶ δὲ οἴδατε ὅτι ἐν πάσῃ τῇ ἰσχύι μου δεδούλευκα τῷ πατρὶ ὑμῶν.

And you yourselves know that with all my strength I have served your father.

Appeal to witnesses (the wives as first-hand observers of Jacob's service)καὶ … δέ
The combination καὶ … δέ functions as an emphatic additive: 'moreover even you.' Jacob appeals to Rachel and Leah as eye-witnesses of his twenty years of service (v.41), making them his first witnesses before he argues his legal case. The perfect δεδούλευκα ('I have served') emphasises the completed record that stands as an unimpeachable fact.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandadditive conjunction (with δέ: emphatic additive 'and indeed')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐταὶyou yourselvesNominativenominative subject (intensive pronoun: 2 pl fem — emphatic 'you yourselves')→ participant referenceαὐτός: used as intensive pronoun in the nominative, reinforcing the personal address — Jacob distinguishes the wives' direct knowledge from any hearsay.
δέand / indeedparticle (with καί: emphatic additive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb (appeal to the wives' personal knowledge)→ perfect of resultant state (they know — and this knowledge stands as their standing awareness)οἶδα: 'know' (a perfect with present meaning); the appeal to οἴδατε transforms the wives from silent passengers in v.4 into active witnesses and judges of Jacob's case.
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (introducing content of their knowledge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (manner: 'with all my strength')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: 'with all my strength').
πάσῃallDativedative adjective (modifying ἰσχύι)→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative adjective (modifying ἰσχύι).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰσχύιstrengthDativedative of manner ('with all my strength')→ sphere or referenceἰσχύς: 'strength, might, capacity'; renders Hebrew כֹּחַ ('power'). The phrase ἐν πάσῃ τῇ ἰσχύι μου echoes the Shema vocabulary of Deut 6:5 LXX (ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ἰσχύος σου), implying Jacob served Laban with a totality of devotion that should have been reserved for God.
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
δεδούλευκαI have servedPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb of ὅτι-clause→ perfect of completed action with standing result (the service record is finished and stands as evidence)δουλεύω: 'serve as a slave, work for'; the word connotes not merely employment but the total submission of a slave. Jacob frames his labour for Laban in the strongest possible terms — he was effectively a slave — to sharpen the contrast with Laban's faithlessness.
τῷtheDativearticle (dative with πατρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὶfatherDativedative of indirect object (to/for your father)→ sphere or referenceπατρὶ: meaning 'father'; it serves as dative of indirect object (to/for your father).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun (2 pl: Laban is addressed as 'your father')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun (2 pl: Laban is addressed as 'your father').
7

ὁ δὲ πατὴρ ὑμῶν παρεκρούσατό με καὶ ἤλλαξεν τὸν μισθόν μου δεκάκις· καὶ οὐκ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ θεὸς κακοποιῆσαί με.

But your father has deceived me and changed my wages ten times; yet God did not allow him to harm me.

Adversative: Laban's bad faith contrasted with divine protectionδέ
The adversative δέ sets Laban's duplicity (v.7a) against God's protective counter-action (v.7b), structurally mirroring v.5. The verb παρεκρούσατό ('deceived, cheated') is strong — literally 'struck beside' or 'deflected' — rendering Hebrew הִתֵּל ('mocked, deceived'). The adverb δεκάκις ('ten times') renders Hebrew עֲשֶׂרֶת מֹנִים and is a rhetorical round number for 'repeatedly'; the exact number recurs in v.41.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέbutadversative particle (Laban's failure contrasts with God's faithfulness in v.5)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατὴρfatherNominativenominative subject→ participant prominenceπατὴρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative subject.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive possessive (Jacob refers to Laban indirectly as 'your father')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Jacob refers to Laban indirectly as 'your father').
παρεκρούσατόdeceived / cheatedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παρακρούωmain verb (narrative: Laban's bad faith action)→ constative aorist (completed act of deception)παρακρούω: 'deceive, cheat, strike aside'; a strong verb rendering Hebrew הִתֵּל ('mock, deceive'); the middle voice emphasises Laban's self-interested deception. The term will recur conceptually in v.41 (παρελογίσω, 'reckoned falsely').
μεmeAccusativeaccusative direct object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤλλαξενchangedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀλλάσσωmain verb (Laban's repeated alteration of the wage agreement)→ constative aorist (summarising repeated acts of changing)ἀλλάσσω: 'change, alter, exchange'; rendering Hebrew חָלַף ('pass by / change'). The changing of wages is the concrete expression of παρακρούω — Laban's deception took the legal form of repeated wage-adjustments.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθόνwage / paymentAccusativedirect object→ object specificationμισθός: 'wage, pay, reward'; the term that structures the entire Jacob–Laban relationship (30:28, 31, 32; 31:7, 8, 41); NT: μισθός for spiritual reward (Matt 5:12; 1 Cor 3:8).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
δεκάκιςten timesadverb of frequency→ clausal contributionδεκάκις: 'ten times'; LXX rendering of Hebrew עֲשֶׂרֶת מֹנִים; a rhetorical round number for repeated, persistent deception. Repeated in v.41 to frame Jacob's whole service record.
καὶand / yetcoordinating conjunction (with adversative nuance: 'yet')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔδωκενgave / allowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb with infinitive (permissive: 'did not allow him')→ constative aorist (God's restraint as a completed counter-action)δίδωμι: 'give'; with infinitive, 'give [ability/permission] to' = 'allow'; God restrains Laban's power precisely at the point of potential harm — the same divine constraint that will be made explicit in 31:24 (the night-dream warning).
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object (Laban as recipient of the non-given ability)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Laban as recipient of the non-given ability).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject (postposed for emphasis: contrast with Laban)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject (postposed for emphasis: contrast with Laban).
κακοποιῆσαίto harm / to do evil toAor Act Inf · κακοποιέωinfinitive of complementary purpose (content of what God did not allow)→ constative aorist infinitiveκακοποιέω: 'do evil, harm, mistreat'; used at Gen 31:29 for the same idea — the same verb in Laban's mouth ('power to harm you') — creating a deliberate verbal echo: Jacob knows Laban has this power in principle but knows God has restrained it.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of κακοποιῆσαι→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of κακοποιῆσαι.
8

ἐὰν οὕτως εἴπῃ Τὰ ποικίλα ἔσται σου ὁ μισθός, τέξεται πάντα τὰ πρόβατα ποικίλα· ἐὰν δὲ εἴπῃ Τὰ λευκὰ ἔσται σου ὁ μισθός, τέξεται πάντα τὰ πρόβατα λευκά.

If he said thus, 'The spotted shall be your wage,' then all the sheep bore spotted; and if he said, 'The white shall be your wage,' then all the sheep bore white.

Elaboration: two conditional scenarios demonstrating God's control over the flock-colourἐὰν … ἐὰν δέ
The two parallel conditional clauses (both with ἐὰν + aorist subjunctive εἴπῃ followed by a future indicative) demonstrate that whichever colour Laban stipulated as Jacob's wage, God overrode the arrangement and made all the animals bear that very colour. The irony is complete: Laban's repeated wage-changes (v.7) were always frustrated by divine superintendence of the flock genetics first narrated in ch.30.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἐὰνifconditional particle (with subjunctive: real or open condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὕτωςthus / in this wayadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
εἴπῃhe said / he were to sayAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λέγωverb in protasis of conditional→ aorist subjunctive (open condition reflecting past contingency)λέγω: 'say'; the aorist subjunctive in the conditional clause.
ΤὰtheNominativearticle (with ποικίλα: substantive use)→ noun-phrase markingΤὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποικίλαspotted / variegatedNominativenominative subject (predicate in wage-stipulation)→ participant prominenceποικίλος: 'variegated, spotted, many-coloured'; renders Hebrew נָקֹד ('speckled'); this is the colour-vocabulary from ch.30 (30:39 LXX) — the flock-colour agreed upon as Jacob's wage in the selective-breeding arrangement.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb in Laban's wage-stipulation→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): copula.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive (predicate: 'shall be yours')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (predicate: 'shall be yours').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθόςwageNominativenominative subject (predicate nominative construction)→ participant prominenceμισθός: meaning 'wage'; it serves as nominative subject (predicate nominative construction).
τέξεταιwill bearFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb of apodosis (the miraculous result: all sheep bear the stipulated colour)→ predictive future (the flock-result as certain divine action)τίκτω: 'give birth, bear'; the miraculous flock-births reproduce exactly the colour-category Laban had just stipulated — the divine hand turns Laban's own contractual terms into Jacob's advantage.
πάνταallNominativeaccusative adjective (modifying τὰ πρόβατα)→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative adjective (modifying τὰ πρόβατα).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepNominativenominative subject of τέξεται→ participant prominenceπρόβατον: 'sheep'; often used broadly for small livestock including goats (cf. v.10 where goats are also mentioned); a key term throughout the Jacob narrative.
ποικίλαspottedNominativepredicate adjective (colour-result of the births)→ participant prominenceποικίλα: meaning 'spotted'; it serves as predicate adjective (colour-result of the births).
ἐὰνifconditional particle (parallel second condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέbut / andparticle (marking the contrasting second scenario)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴπῃhe saidAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λέγωverb in protasis (parallel to first)→ aorist subjunctiveλέγω: 'say'; the aorist subjunctive in the conditional clause.
ΤὰtheNominativearticle (substantive)→ noun-phrase markingΤὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λευκὰwhiteNominativenominative subject of second wage-stipulation→ participant prominenceλευκός: 'white'; the contrast colour to the spotted cattle; in the arrangement of ch.30, Laban had reserved the all-white animals for himself — the appearance of λευκά offspring as Jacob's wage would have seemed equally disadvantageous to whichever side had just agreed to the opposite.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb in Laban's second stipulation→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): copula.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθόςwageNominativenominative predicate→ participant prominenceμισθός: meaning 'wage'; it serves as nominative predicate.
τέξεταιwill bearFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb of second apodosis→ predictive futureτίκτω: meaning 'will bear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of second apodosis.
πάνταallNominativeadjective modifying τὰ πρόβατα→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying τὰ πρόβατα.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepNominativenominative subject→ participant prominenceπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as nominative subject.
λευκάwhiteNominativepredicate adjective (parallel to ποικίλα in first apodosis)→ participant prominenceλευκά: meaning 'white'; it serves as predicate adjective (parallel to ποικίλα in first apodosis).
9

καὶ ἀφείλατο ὁ θεὸς πᾶσαν τὴν κτῆσιν τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ἔδωκέν μοι αὐτήν.

And God took away all the livestock of your father and gave it to me.

Summary conclusion (theological interpretation of the selective-breeding outcome of ch.30)καί
This verse is the theological summary of ch.30's flock-scheme: what the selective-breeding rods accomplished mechanically was in reality God's act of redistribution. The verb ἀφείλατο ('took away') echoes Rachel's cry at 30:23 (ἀφεῖλεν ὁ θεός μου τὸ ὄνειδος); the same God who removed Rachel's reproach also removed Laban's livestock.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (summary conclusion)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφείλατοtook awayAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (divine action: removal of Laban's wealth)→ constative aorist (completed divine act)ἀφαιρέω: 'take away, remove, appropriate'; the middle voice emphasises the divine initiative. The same verb at 30:23 (Rachel: 'God has taken away my reproach') creates an ironic parallel: God removes both Rachel's barrenness and Laban's cattle.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject (postposed for emphasis: the divine agent)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject (postposed for emphasis: the divine agent).
πᾶσανallAccusativeadjective modifying κτῆσιν (intensive: 'all the livestock')→ object specificationπᾶσαν: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective modifying κτῆσιν (intensive: 'all the livestock').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτῆσινlivestock / propertyAccusativedirect object→ object specificationκτῆσις: 'possession, property, livestock'; renders Hebrew מִקְנֶה ('livestock / acquisition'); the term for the animal wealth that was the subject of the whole wage-dispute.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκένgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine gift to Jacob)→ constative aorist (completed gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; the divine double-action — take from Laban, give to Jacob — is the theological claim underpinning the entire flock-breeding narrative. The same two-verb structure (ἀφαιρέω / δίδωμι) appears in Job 1:21 (κύριος ἔδωκεν, κύριος ἀφείλατο).
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
αὐτήνitAccusativeaccusative direct object (anaphoric: referring to κτῆσιν)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object (anaphoric: referring to κτῆσιν).
10

καὶ ἐγένετο ἡνίκα ἐκίσσων τὰ πρόβατα, καὶ εἶδον ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς, καὶ ἰδοὺ οἱ τράγοι καὶ οἱ κριοὶ ἀναβαίνοντες ἐπὶ τὰ πρόβατα καὶ τὰς αἶγας διάλευκοι καὶ ποικίλοι καὶ σποδοειδεῖς ῥαντοί.

And it came to pass at the season when the sheep were in heat, I lifted up my eyes and saw in a dream; and behold, the he-goats and the rams mounting the sheep and the goats were striped and variegated and ash-speckled.

Narrative flashback: the dream-vision explaining vv.8–9καὶ ἐγένετο
The καὶ ἐγένετο formula introduces a flashback to Jacob's dream (now disclosed for the first time) that provides the divine key to the flock-colour miracle. The four colour-adjectives — διάλευκοι ('striped/white-marked'), ποικίλοι ('variegated'), σποδοειδεῖς ('ash-grey'), ῥαντοί ('dappled/speckled') — correspond to the colour-vocabulary of 30:37–40, but the dream reveals God's agency behind the biological outcome.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιframing verb (narrative formula: καὶ ἐγένετο + temporal clause)→ constative aorist (inaugurating the flashback scene)γίνομαι: 'come to pass, happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο calques Hebrew וַיְהִי — the standard LXX narrative opener for a new episode-scene.
ἡνίκαwhen / at the time whentemporal conjunction (introducing the time-setting of the dream)→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: 'when, at the time that'; a temporal connector used especially in the LXX to render Hebrew temporal clauses; less common than ὅτε/ὡς but found regularly in Genesis.
ἐκίσσωνwere in heat / were matingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · κισσάωverb in temporal clause (describing the flock's rutting season)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing seasonal activity)κισσάω: 'be in heat, rut'; a technical zoological term rendering Hebrew יָחַם ('be hot / in heat'); the imperfect marks the duration of the mating season during which the dream occurred.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepNominativenominative subject of temporal clause→ participant prominenceπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as nominative subject of temporal clause.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονI sawAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (Jacob's dream-vision: first person narrative)→ constative aorist (single dream-event)ὁράω: 'see'; the shift to first-person narrative (εἶδον) signals Jacob's embedded retrospective account of his dream.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/mode: 'in a dream')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere/mode: 'in a dream').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕπνῳdream / sleepDativedative of sphere ('in sleep / in a dream')→ sphere or referenceὕπνος: 'sleep, dream'; the LXX often uses ὕπνος for the state of sleep in which dreams occur (cf. 31:11, 24); later NT texts preserve this sense (Matt 1:20, 2:12 — dream-communications all occur ἐν ὕπνῳ / κατ' ὄναρ).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὀφθαλμοῖς: Hebraism for personal agency)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of instrument (Hebraism: 'saw with my eyes')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; 'I saw with my eyes in a dream' is a Hebraism rendering Hebrew אֶשָּׂא עֵינַי ('I lifted up my eyes'); the phrase emphasises the vividness of the dream-perception — it was as real as waking sight.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introducing ἰδού)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic particle (presenting the dream-content with vividness)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράγοιhe-goatsNominativenominative subject (first of two subjects of ἀναβαίνοντες)→ participant prominenceτράγος: 'he-goat / billy-goat'; renders Hebrew עַתּוּד; the breeding males whose colouring in the dream determines the offspring's colour.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριοὶramsNominativenominative subject (second breeding male: rams for the sheep)→ participant prominenceκριός: 'ram'; the breeding male of the ovine flock, paired with τράγος (caprine) to cover both kinds of small livestock.
ἀναβαίνοντεςmounting / going up ontoPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ἀναβαίνωpredicate participle (describing the action of the breeding males in the dream)→ progressive present (ongoing act of mounting at the time of the dream-vision)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up, mount'; here technical for the male mounting the female during copulation — the moment that determines the offspring's colour in Jacob's dream theology.
ἐπὶupon / ontopreposition + accusative (direction of mounting)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of mounting).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (females being mounted)→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί (females being mounted).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἶγαςshe-goatsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (parallel to πρόβατα)→ object specificationαἴξ: 'goat (female)'; paired with the sheep to cover both kinds of small livestock — the dream includes both the ovine and caprine flocks.
διάλευκοιstriped / white-markedNominativepredicate adjective (first colour-description of the dream-males)→ participant prominenceδιάλευκος: 'white-streaked, striped'; renders Hebrew עֲקֻדִּים ('banded/ring-streaked'); the specific pattern of Jacob's selective-breeding rods in ch.30. The four colour-terms here recall 30:37–40.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (linking colour-adjectives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποικίλοιvariegated / spottedNominativepredicate adjective (second colour-description)→ participant prominenceποικίλος: 'many-coloured, spotted'; renders Hebrew נְקֻדִּים; cf. v.8 — the same term Laban used in his wage-stipulation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σποδοειδεῖςash-grey / ashenNominativepredicate adjective (third colour-description)→ participant prominenceσποδοειδής: 'ash-coloured, ashen grey'; from σποδός ('ash') + εἶδος ('appearance'); a LXX technical term for the ash-grey colour of certain sheep; also used at Gen 30:35 LXX.
ῥαντοίdappled / speckledNominativepredicate adjective (fourth colour-description)→ participant prominenceῥαντός: 'sprinkled, speckled, dappled'; from ῥαίνω ('sprinkle'); the image of droplets or spots scattered over the coat; also at 30:39 LXX. The four colour-terms together cover the full range of non-uniform markings that characterised Jacob's acquired flock.
11

καὶ εἶπέν μοι ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ θεοῦ καθ' ὕπνον Ιακωβ· εἶπον δέ Τί ἐστιν;

And the angel of God said to me in a dream, 'Jacob!' And I said, 'What is it?'

Dialogue: divine address within the dream (the angel identifies Jacob by name)καί
The angel calls Jacob by name alone — Ιακωβ — a form of direct personal address that recalls God's naming of Abraham (22:1) and Moses (Exod 3:4), always signalling a pivotal moment of divine commissioning. Jacob's response Τί ἐστιν; ('What is it?') renders Hebrew הִנֵּנִי ('Here I am') in some traditions, though the LXX formulates it as a genuine question, slightly deflating the solemnity of the moment while retaining the responsiveness.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπένsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech within the dream)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; the content of Samuel's speech is what the kinsman wishes to know.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object (Jacob as addressee)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jacob as addressee).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄγγελοςangel / messengerNominativenominative subject→ participant prominenceἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ θεοῦ ('the angel of God') renders Hebrew מַלְאַךְ הָאֱלֹהִים — a divine envoy who speaks with the full authority of God, often identified with God himself in the context (cf. v.13 where the angel says 'I am the God who appeared to you'). NT: ἄγγελος as 'angel' throughout.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relation ('the angel of God')→ relational specificationθεοῦ: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive of relation ('the angel of God').
καθ'in / duringpreposition + accusative (temporal: 'during sleep / in a dream')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'during, in the course of'; καθ' ὕπνον = 'in a dream / during sleep.' The same construction appears at 31:24 for Laban's night-dream.
ὕπνονsleep / dreamAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (temporal)→ object specificationὕπνον: meaning 'sleep'; it serves as accusative object of κατά (temporal).
ΙακωβJacobvocative (divine address by name: direct call within the dream)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: the indeclinable name used as a vocative — the angel identifies Jacob by his name, a form of divine address that in the patriarchal narratives marks commissioning moments (cf. Exod 3:4 LXX: Μωυσῆ Μωυσῆ).
εἶπονI saidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's response in the dream)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; David refers back to his own assertion of v. 1.
δέandnarrative particle (marking Jacob's turn in dialogue)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (direct question)→ participant referenceΤί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (direct question).
ἐστινis itPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of Jacob's question→ present indicative (direct question of response)εἰμί: copula.
12

εἶπεν δέ Ἀνάβλεψον τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς σου καὶ ἴδε τοὺς τράγους καὶ τοὺς κριοὺς ἀναβαίνοντας ἐπὶ τὰ πρόβατα καὶ τὰς αἶγας, διαλεύκους καὶ ποικίλους καὶ σποδοειδεῖς ῥαντούς· ἑώρακα γὰρ πάντα ὅσα Λαβαν ποιεῖ σοι.

And he said, 'Lift up your eyes and see the he-goats and the rams mounting the sheep and the goats, striped and variegated and ash-speckled; for I have seen all that Laban is doing to you.'

Divine speech: interpretation and explanation of the dream-visionδέ
The angel directs Jacob to see what he has already been shown (v.10), now giving the divine interpretation: ἑώρακα γὰρ πάντα ὅσα Λαβαν ποιεῖ σοι — 'for I have seen all that Laban is doing to you.' The perfect ἑώρακα ('I have seen and my seeing stands') frames God as a watchful witness who has observed the injustice. The γάρ is explanatory: the coloured animals in the dream exist as divine evidence of God's awareness of and response to Laban's exploitation.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (angel's interpretive speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Ἀνάβλεψονlift up! / look up!Aor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβλέπωmain verb of divine command (aorist imperative: sharp directive)→ constative aorist imperative (immediate specific act of looking)ἀναβλέπω: 'look up, lift one's eyes, regain sight'; rendering Hebrew שָׂא ('lift'); often signals a crucial moment of seeing: Gen 13:14 (God to Abram: ἀνάβλεψον); John 9:11 (blind man receiving sight). Here: the angel directs Jacob's dream-gaze to the evidence.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (dative with ὀφθαλμοῖς: instrument of seeing)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of instrument (Hebraism: 'with your eyes')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμοῖς: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as dative of instrument (Hebraism: 'with your eyes').
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδεsee!Aor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράωsecond imperative (coordinated with ἀνάβλεψον: look and see)→ constative aorist imperativeὁράω: meaning 'see!'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as second imperative (coordinated with ἀνάβλεψον: look and see).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράγουςhe-goatsAccusativedirect object of ἴδε (first livestock group)→ object specificationτράγους: meaning 'he-goats'; it serves as direct object of ἴδε (first livestock group).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριοὺςramsAccusativedirect object of ἴδε (second livestock group)→ object specificationκριοὺς: meaning 'rams'; it serves as direct object of ἴδε (second livestock group).
ἀναβαίνονταςmountingPres Act Ptcp Acc Pl Masc · ἀναβαίνωaccusative participle (object complement: describes the he-goats and rams in action)→ progressive present (ongoing act within the dream)ἀναβαίνω: meaning 'mounting'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as accusative participle (object complement: describes the he-goats and rams in action).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἶγαςgoatsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (parallel)→ object specificationαἶγας: meaning 'goats'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί (parallel).
διαλεύκουςstripedAccusativepredicate adjective in accusative (colour of the males)→ object specificationδιαλεύκους: meaning 'striped'; it serves as predicate adjective in accusative (colour of the males).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (linking colour-terms)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποικίλουςvariegatedAccusativepredicate adjective in accusative→ object specificationποικίλους: meaning 'variegated'; it serves as predicate adjective in accusative.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σποδοειδεῖςash-speckledAccusativepredicate adjective in accusative→ object specificationσποδοειδεῖς: meaning 'ash-speckled'; it serves as predicate adjective in accusative.
ῥαντούςdappledAccusativepredicate adjective in accusative (fourth colour-term)→ object specificationῥαντούς: meaning 'dappled'; it serves as predicate adjective in accusative (fourth colour-term).
ἑώρακαI have seenPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of explanatory clause (γάρ: God's omniscient witness)→ perfect of resultant state (God has seen — and his seeing stands as basis for action)ὁράω: the perfect ἑώρακα introduces the divine grounds: God's knowledge of Laban's injustice is not new but a settled, ongoing awareness that now moves to intervention. Cf. Exod 3:7 LXX: ἰδὼν εἶδον ('I have seen indeed') — same idiom of divine witness before deliverance.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction (giving the divine reason for the dream-content)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativedirect object (anticipating the relative clause)→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as direct object (anticipating the relative clause).
ὅσαwhatever / all thatAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative with πάντα: 'all that')→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'whatever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (correlative with πάντα: 'all that').
ΛαβανLabannominative subject of relative clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject of relative clause (indeclinable).
ποιεῖis doingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ progressive present (Laban's ongoing exploitation)ποιέω: 'do, make'; the present tense frames Laban's exploitation as a currently ongoing state — God is watching in real time, not retrospectively.
σοιto youDativedative indirect object (Jacob as victim of Laban's actions)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jacob as victim of Laban's actions).
13

ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ θεὸς ὁ ὀφθείς σοι ἐν τόπῳ θεοῦ, οὗ ἤλειψάς μοι ἐκεῖ στήλην καὶ ηὔξω μοι ἐκεῖ εὐχήν· νῦν οὖν ἀνάστα καὶ ἔξελθε ἐκ τῆς γῆς ταύτης καὶ ἄπελθε εἰς τὴν γῆν τῆς γενέσεώς σου.

I am the God who appeared to you in the place of God, where you anointed a pillar for me and made a vow to me there; now then arise and depart from this land and go to the land of your birth.

Divine self-identification and commission (climax of the dream-speech: Bethel recalled, return commanded)ἐγώ εἰμι
The emphatic ἐγώ εἰμι ('I am') echoes Exod 3:14 and recurs throughout the Gospel of John as a formula of divine self-disclosure. The self-identification as 'the God who appeared to you at Bethel' anchors the present command in the Bethel covenant (28:10–22): the vow made there — if God brings him home safely, he will return — is now being called in. The three imperatives (ἀνάστα, ἔξελθε, ἄπελθε) pile up urgency: arise, go out, depart.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
ἐγώInominative pronoun (emphatic: divine self-identification)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic personal pronoun in the predicate position with εἰμί forms the 'I am' formula — a mode of divine self-disclosure found at key moments in the LXX (Exod 3:14; Isa 43:10 LXX) and taken up in the Johannine ἐγώ εἰμι sayings.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (in ἐγώ εἰμι formula)→ present of continuous divine being/identityεἰμί: 'be'; ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος renders אֲנִי יהוה.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative (subject of identification)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as predicate nominative (subject of identification).
theNominativearticle (with articular participle: 'the one who appeared')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθείςwho appearedAor Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωarticular participle (substantival: identifying descriptor of God)→ constative aorist (the specific past appearance at Bethel)ὁράω passive: 'appear, be seen'; the passive ὀφθείς ('having been seen / who appeared') is the standard LXX idiom for divine theophanies — God 'appears' to the patriarchs (12:7; 17:1; 18:1; 26:2, 24). The specific reference is to 28:13.
σοιto youDativedative indirect object (Jacob as recipient of the appearance)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jacob as recipient of the appearance).
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (locative: place of theophany)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: place of theophany).
τόπῳplaceDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceτόπος: 'place'; ἐν τόπῳ θεοῦ = 'in the place of God / Bethel'; the LXX renders the proper name Bethel (בֵּית-אֵל = 'house of God') by its semantic content — 'place of God' — rather than a straight transliteration here.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of description ('the place of God' = Bethel)→ relational specificationθεοῦ: meaning 'of God'; it serves as genitive of description ('the place of God' = Bethel).
οὗwhererelative adverb (locative: introducing the vow-recall clause)→ participant referenceοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative adverb (locative: introducing the vow-recall clause).
ἤλειψάςyou anointedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀλείφωmain verb of relative clause (recalling the Bethel pillar-anointing)→ constative aorist (completed past ritual act)ἀλείφω: 'anoint, smear with oil'; renders Hebrew מָשַׁח; the anointing of the stone pillar at Bethel (28:18) was Jacob's act of consecration — the same root as Messiah/Christ (מָשִׁיחַ / Χριστός). God recalls this specific act as the ground of the obligation being called in.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage (the anointing was dedicated to God)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (the anointing was dedicated to God).
ἐκεῖtherelocative adverb (pointing back to Bethel)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
στήληνpillar / stone monumentAccusativedirect object of ἤλειψας→ object specificationστήλη: 'pillar, standing stone, stele'; renders Hebrew מַצֵּבָה — the cultic standing stone Jacob erected at Bethel (28:18, 22). The same word will be used at v.45 for the pillar Jacob now erects for the covenant heap.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὔξωyou vowedAor Mid Indic 2 Sg · εὔχομαιmain verb (second clause of recall: the Bethel vow)→ constative aorist (the vow as a completed and binding past act)εὔχομαι: 'vow, pray, wish'; renders Hebrew נָדַר ('vow'); Jacob's Bethel vow (28:20–22) was conditional — if God brings me back safely, I will return and give a tenth. The angel now recalls the vow to show that the command to return is simultaneously the call to fulfil it.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object (the vow was addressed to God)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the vow was addressed to God).
ἐκεῖtherelocative adverb (repeated for emphasis: Bethel again)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
εὐχήνvowAccusativedirect object of ηὔξω→ object specificationεὐχή: 'vow, prayer'; the cognate of εὔχομαι, here in the technical sense of a conditional vow. The figura etymologica εὔχομαι + εὐχήν is a Hebraism calquing Hebrew נָדַר נֶדֶר ('to vow a vow').
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (marking the transition from recall to command: 'now therefore')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οὖνtherefore / theninferential particle (drawing the consequence: the vow-call issues in a command)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνάσταarise!Aor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνίστημιfirst of three imperatives (get up: preparation for departure)→ constative aorist imperative (urgent single act)ἀνίστημι: 'rise, arise'; a standard narrative-action verb often beginning a sequence (cf. Ruth 1:6: ἀνέστη μετὰ τῶν νυμφῶν αὐτῆς). Here begins the three-verb departure command.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (linking imperative sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔξελθεgo out! / depart!Aor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιsecond imperative (exit from the region)→ constative aorist imperativeἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart'; the Exodus-vocabulary of departure — the same root in LXX of Exod 12:31 (ἐξέλθατε 'go out from Egypt'). Jacob's return home carries an exodus-resonance.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: point of departure)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: point of departure).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (the land being left behind: Paddan-Aram)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive object of ἐκ (the land being left behind: Paddan-Aram).
ταύτηςthisGenitivegenitive demonstrative adjective (deictic: 'this land here')→ relational specificationταύτης: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive demonstrative adjective (deictic: 'this land here').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄπελθεgo away! / proceed!Aor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιthird imperative (proceed to the destination)→ constative aorist imperativeἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart, proceed'; the three imperatives ἀνάστα, ἔξελθε, ἄπελθε form a rising urgency: get up — get out — go there. The third specifies the destination in the following εἰς-phrase.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (directional: destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: destination).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative of destination→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative of destination.
τῆςofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενέσεώςof your birth / birthplaceGenitivegenitive of description ('the land of your origin')→ relational specificationγένεσις: 'origin, birth, generation'; renders Hebrew מוֹלֶדֶת ('birthplace, kindred'); γῆ τῆς γενέσεώς σου = 'the land of your origin' — a phrase linking Jacob's return to the primary covenant-promise of land given to Abraham's line.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
14

ἀποκριθεῖσαι δὲ Ραχηλ καὶ Λεια εἶπαν αὐτῷ Μὴ ἔστιν ἡμῖν ἔτι μερὶς ἢ κληρονομία ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν;

And Rachel and Leah answered and said to him, 'Have we still any share or inheritance in our father's house?'

Response: Rachel and Leah's rhetorical question (alienation from Laban's household)δέ
The wives' response is unanimous — both answer together, a significant narrative detail. Their opening rhetorical question (μὴ ἔστιν … ;) expects a negative answer: 'Surely there is no share for us, is there?' The terms μερίς ('share, portion') and κληρονομία ('inheritance') are legal vocabulary for property rights within the paternal household — Rachel and Leah are claiming that Laban has already forfeited any claim on their loyalty by treating them as foreigners and consuming their bridal-price.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἀποκριθεῖσαιanswering / having answeredAor Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Fem · ἀποκρίνομαιattendant circumstance participle (Hebrew-style doubled verb: 'answered and said')→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, respond'; the LXX pattern ἀποκρίνομαι + λέγω renders Hebrew וַתַּעֲנֶה … וַתֹּאמֶר — the doubled verb of speech-introduction is a Hebraism. The feminine plural form marks both women responding together.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡαχηλRachelnominative subject (indeclinable, first of two joint subjects)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable, first of two joint subjects).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛειαLeahnominative subject (second, indeclinable)→ participant identificationΛεια: that Rachel is named before Leah here (reversing birth-order) reflects Jacob's perspective and primary attachment.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the response: direct speech)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπαν, Koine form): introduces the third invitation.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Jacob as addressee)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jacob as addressee).
Μὴnot / surely notnegative particle in interrogative (expects negative answer: 'Is there not…?' = 'Surely there isn't?')→ discourse linkage or contrastμή with indicative question: in LXX Greek, μή in a question expects the answer 'no' — 'Surely we don't have a share?' = 'We have no share at all, do we?' This is the rhetorical form of a declaration.
ἔστινis / there isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (in rhetorical question)→ present of current reality (or lack thereof)εἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς = 'which do not have.'
ἡμῖνfor usDativedative of possession (with ἔστιν: 'we have' or 'there is for us')→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'for us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (with ἔστιν: 'we have' or 'there is for us').
ἔτιstill / any longeradverb of time (emphasising the loss: 'do we still have any…?')→ clausal contributionἔτι: meaning 'still'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μερὶςshare / portionNominativenominative subject of ἔστιν (first of two items they claim to lack)→ participant prominenceμερίς: 'portion, share, part'; legal term for a portion in an estate or family property. In the LXX it often renders Hebrew חֵלֶק ('share'); cf. Deut 12:12 LXX for Levitical shares.
ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κληρονομίαinheritanceNominativenominative subject (second item: legal inheritance-share in father's estate)→ participant prominenceκληρονομία: 'inheritance, allotment'; renders Hebrew נַחֲלָה — the legally transmitted property of a family across generations; a loaded term in Genesis where the land-promise is repeatedly called Israel's κληρονομία. The wives argue they have already been disinherited.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: sphere of the inheritance)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: sphere of the inheritance).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouse / householdDativedative of sphere ('in our father's household')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house, household, estate'; the social and economic unit within which inheritance rights operate.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun.
15

οὐχὶ ὡς αἱ ἀλλότριαι λελογίσμεθα αὐτῷ; ἀπέδοτο γὰρ ἡμᾶς καὶ κατέφαγεν καταφαγὼν τὸ ἀργύριον ἡμῶν.

Have we not been reckoned as foreigners by him? For he sold us and has utterly devoured our silver.

Elaboration: the wives specify the double injustice — treated as outsiders, sold, dowry consumedοὐχί
The two rhetorical questions of vv.14–15 build the wives' case. οὐχί expects 'yes' — the affirmative rhetorical negative: 'Haven't we been treated as foreigners?' The perfect λελογίσμεθα ('we have been and remain reckoned as') is the crux: the daughters have been classified as ἀλλότριαι (outsiders/aliens) in their own father's house. The figura etymologica κατέφαγεν καταφαγών (literally 'ate up, having eaten up') is a Hebraism calquing Hebrew אָכֹל אָכַל for intensive, total consumption.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
οὐχὶhave not / surelynegative interrogative particle (expects affirmative answer: 'Yes, we have been!')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχί: emphatic form of οὐ in questions — expects the answer 'yes'; cf. Luke 17:17: οὐχὶ οἱ δέκα ἐκαθαρίσθησαν; The contrast with μή (v.14, expecting 'no') shows the wives first denying what they should have, then affirming what has been done to them.
ὡςas / likecomparative particle (comparing them to foreign women)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλότριαι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλότριαιforeigners / outsidersNominativepredicate nominative (in comparison: 'as foreign women')→ participant prominenceἀλλότριος: 'belonging to another, foreign, alien'; the daughters charge that Laban has treated them as if they were not his daughters at all but outsiders with no kin-claim on the household. The word is the opposite of οἰκεῖος ('member of the household').
λελογίσμεθαwe have been reckoned / countedPerf Pass Indic 1 Pl · λογίζομαιmain verb of rhetorical question→ perfect of resultant state (we have been and remain classified as foreigners)λογίζομαι: 'reckon, count, classify'; the perfect passive describes a standing classification, not a past act alone — Laban's attitude toward his daughters has become a fixed status. NT: λογίζομαι for the reckoning of faith as righteousness (Rom 4:3–5 LXX citations).
αὐτῷby him / to himDativedative of agent (with passive: 'reckoned by him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'by him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of agent (with passive: 'reckoned by him').
ἀπέδοτοhe soldAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb of causal clause (γάρ: explaining the foreigners-charge)→ constative aorist (the sale as a completed and irreversible act)ἀποδίδωμι: 'give away, sell'; the middle voice here stresses Laban's personal gain from the transaction — he sold his own daughters for Jacob's labour and then kept the proceeds.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction (giving the evidence for the foreigners-charge)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object (the daughters as the thing sold)→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the daughters as the thing sold).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέφαγενhas devoured / consumedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb (second indictment: consumption of the bride-price)→ constative aorist (completed act of total consumption)κατεσθίω: 'eat down, devour, consume utterly'; a vivid metaphor for financial exploitation — Laban consumed the mohar (bride-price), which should have constituted Rachel and Leah's security. NT: κατεσθίω for devouring widows' houses (Mark 12:40).
καταφαγὼνhaving devouredAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · κατεσθίωcognate participle (Hebraism: intensifying the main verb — 'devoured, having devoured')→ constative aorist (completed intensive action)κατεσθίω: the figura etymologica κατέφαγεν καταφαγών is a Hebraism calquing the Hebrew infinitive absolute construction אָכֹל אָכַל ('eating he ate' = 'utterly ate up'). The LXX uses this device frequently to render Hebrew intensive expressions.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilver / moneyAccusativedirect object of κατέφαγεν→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver, money'; renders Hebrew כֶּסֶף — the bride-price (mohar) that Jacob's fourteen years of labour represented and which Laban had collected. The wives call it 'our money' — legally it should have been held in trust for them.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive possessive (the silver was legally theirs)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (the silver was legally theirs).
16

πάντα τὸν πλοῦτον καὶ τὴν δόξαν, ἣν ἀφείλατο ὁ θεὸς τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν, ἡμῖν ἔσται καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις ἡμῶν· νῦν οὖν ὅσα εἶπέν σοι ὁ θεός, ποίει.

All the wealth and the honour that God has taken from our father shall be ours and our children's; now then, do whatever God has said to you.

Conclusion: the wives affirm Jacob's divine mandate and consent to the flightasyndeton
The asyndetic opening (no conjunction) gives the conclusion emphatic directness. The wives frame Jacob's wealth not as theft (contra Laban's sons, v.1) but as a divine transfer (ἀφείλατο ὁ θεός, echoing v.9) — they have been listening to Jacob's theological argument and endorse it. The final imperative ποίει ('do it') is the wives' active consent — they are not passive passengers but agents who commission Jacob to act on God's word. This verse closes section A.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
πάνταallNominativenominative subject (intensive: 'all of the wealth')→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative subject (intensive: 'all of the wealth').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλοῦτονwealthAccusativeaccusative (appositive/direct object of relative clause — loose construction; effectively 'all the wealth … shall be ours')→ object specificationπλοῦτος: 'wealth, riches'; renders Hebrew עֹשֶׁר — material abundance in livestock and goods. NT: πλοῦτος of spiritual riches (Eph 1:7, 18; 2:7).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόξανglory / honour / wealthAccusativeaccusative (coordinated with πλοῦτον: second item in the relative clause)→ object specificationδόξα: 'glory, honour'; the same word used in v.1 (τὴν δόξαν ταύτην — the wealth Jacob was accused of taking). The wives now reverse the charge: this glory rightfully belongs to the family through God's transfer.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative object of ἀφείλατο in the relative clause)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative object of ἀφείλατο in the relative clause).
ἀφείλατοtook away / transferredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb of relative clause (divine action echoing v.9)→ constative aoristἀφαιρέω: the same verb as v.9 — the wives have been listening and now cite Jacob's own theological claim about divine redistribution as the basis for their consent.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject of relative clause→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject of relative clause.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (their father's God — also implicitly Jacob's God)→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession (their father's God — also implicitly Jacob's God).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive possessive pronoun→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive pronoun.
ἡμῖνours / for usDativedative of possession (with ἔσται: 'it shall be ours')→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'ours'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (with ἔσται: 'it shall be ours').
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of sentence (predictive/declarative future)→ predictive future (certain consequence: the wealth legally belongs to the family)εἰμί (fut.): copula.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildrenDativedative of possession (the children as co-inheritors: 'ours and our children's')→ sphere or referenceτέκνον: 'child'; the extension of the claim to the children anchors the wives' statement in the generational logic of covenant promise — the transferred wealth is also the children's rightful inheritance.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transitioning to the command: 'now therefore')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (drawing the consequence: given all of the above, do this)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσαwhatever / all thatAccusativerelative pronoun (correlative accusative: direct object of ποίει)→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'whatever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (correlative accusative: direct object of ποίει).
εἶπένsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause (God's word to Jacob in the dream)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; the content of Samuel's speech is what the kinsman wishes to know.
σοιto youDativedative indirect object (Jacob as the one addressed by God)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jacob as the one addressed by God).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativenominative subject of relative clause→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject of relative clause.
ποίειdo it!Pres Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperative: the wives commission Jacob to act)→ present imperative (ongoing: 'go ahead and do it')ποιέω: 'do, make, carry out'; the present imperative implies not a single act but the whole course of action God commanded — leaving, travelling, returning. The wives have heard Jacob's argument and now send him with their authority.
17

ἀναστὰς δὲ Ιακωβ ἀνέλαβεν τὰς γυναῖκας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ παιδία αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὰς καμήλους.

And Jacob arose and set his wives and children upon the camels.

Narrative action: immediate execution of the divine commandδέ
The opening participle ἀναστάς ('having arisen') echoes the first of the angel's three imperatives (ἀνάστα, v.13), confirming that Jacob's departure is immediate obedience to the divine command. The verse is narrated with the characteristic paratactic brevity of LXX narrative action sequences — no deliberation, no delay.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀναστὰςhaving arisenAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιattendant circumstance participle (echoing the divine command ἀνάστα of v.13)→ constative aorist (immediate response)ἀνίστημι: 'arise, rise up'; the participle mirrors the imperative ἀνάστα of v.13 — Jacob's rising is the narrative enactment of the angel's first command.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
ἀνέλαβενlifted / set uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναλαμβάνωmain verb (loading the camels)→ constative aoristἀναλαμβάνω: 'take up, lift, load upon'; the practical act of seating the wives and children on the camels for travel. NT: ἀνελήμφθη for the Ascension (Acts 1:2, 11).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαςwivesAccusativedirect object (first group loaded)→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman, wife'; the plural includes both Rachel and Leah, and likely their maidservants Bilhah and Zilpah (cf. v.33).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδίαchildrenAccusativedirect object (second group loaded)→ object specificationπαιδίον: 'child, young child'; diminutive of παῖς — at this point Jacob has eleven sons (Benjamin not yet born) and a daughter Dinah, all still young enough to ride.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction: onto the camels)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: onto the camels).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καμήλουςcamelsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the pack animals for the journey)→ object specificationκάμηλος: 'camel'; renders Hebrew גָּמָל; Laban had given Jacob camels as part of the original household (30:43 records their acquisition). The camel's saddle-bag (σαγμός) will be the hiding-place of the stolen idols (v.34).
18

καὶ ἀπήγαγεν πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀποσκευὴν αὐτοῦ, ἣν περιεποιήσατο ἐν τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ, ἀπελθεῖν πρὸς Ισαακ τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ εἰς γῆν Χανααν.

And he drove away all his possessions and all his baggage, which he had acquired in Mesopotamia, to go to Isaac his father in the land of Canaan.

Narrative continuation: the full scope of the migrationκαί
The verse functions as a geographical and logistical summary of the departure. The destination is stated explicitly for the first time: Ισαακ, the father in Χανααν — placing Jacob's flight within the larger covenant narrative of the return to the land promised to Abraham and Isaac. The relative clause (ἣν περιεποιήσατο ἐν τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ) underscores the legal weight of the transfer: these are assets validly acquired through Jacob's labour.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγαγενdrove away / led awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπάγωmain verb (driving the livestock and wagons away)→ constative aorist (completed act of departure with all possessions)ἀπάγω: 'lead away, drive away'; usually of leading people or livestock; here Jacob drives his entire establishment away from Laban's territory.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (intensive: 'all his possessions')→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (intensive: 'all his possessions').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπάρχονταpossessions / belongingsPres Act Ptcp Acc Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantival participle (used as noun: 'the things belonging to him')→ present (ongoing ownership)ὑπάρχω: 'belong to, be under one's control'; the participle τὰ ὑπάρχοντα = 'one's possessions, belongings'; a standard LXX-Greek idiom for personal property. NT: τὰ ὑπάρχοντα at Luke 12:15, 33; 16:1.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσανallAccusativeadjective (intensive: 'all his baggage')→ object specificationπᾶσαν: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (intensive: 'all his baggage').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποσκευὴνbaggage / gearAccusativedirect object (parallel to τὰ ὑπάρχοντα)→ object specificationἀποσκευή: 'luggage, baggage, moveable property'; renders Hebrew רְכוּשׁ ('property, wealth'); the term covers the household equipment, tents, and supplies carried by a migrating family.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative object of περιεποιήσατο)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative object of περιεποιήσατο).
περιεποιήσατοhe had acquired / earnedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · περιποιέωverb of relative clause (the legitimate acquisition of the possessions)→ constative aorist (completed process of acquisition through labour)περιποιέω: 'acquire for oneself, procure'; the middle voice emphasises personal acquisition — Jacob earned all of this through his own labour. The LXX uses this verb to stress valid title as opposed to theft.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: where acquired)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: where acquired).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜεσοποταμίᾳMesopotamiadative of place (indeclinable proper noun in LXX Greek — 'Aram-Naharaim')→ participant identificationΜεσοποταμία: 'Mesopotamia' (Greek: 'land between the rivers') — the LXX rendering of Hebrew אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם ('Aram of the two rivers'); the region of Paddan-Aram, Laban's homeland and Jacob's place of sojourn.
ἀπελθεῖνto go away / to departAor Act Inf · ἀπέρχομαιinfinitive of purpose ('in order to go to Isaac')→ constative aorist infinitive (the purpose of the entire migration)ἀπέρχομαι: 'depart, go away'; the purpose infinitive makes explicit what is implicit in the entire narrative: Jacob's destination is his father Isaac and the covenant land.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: to Isaac)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: to Isaac).
ΙσαακIsaacaccusative object of πρός (destination: the father)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: LXX form of Hebrew יִצְחָק ('he laughs'); the covenant patriarch to whom Jacob is returning — and by whose 'Fear' the covenant oath will be sworn in v.53.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeaccusative appositive to Ισαακ→ object specificationπατέρα: meaning 'father'; it serves as accusative appositive to Ισαακ.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (directional: destination land)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: destination land).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative of destination→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the promised land — Canaan — is the ultimate theological destination of the entire patriarchal journey.
ΧαναανCanaangenitive of description (indeclinable proper noun: 'the land of Canaan')→ participant identificationΧανααν: LXX transliteration of Hebrew כְּנַעַן; the covenant land promised to Abraham (12:7; 17:8) and the geographical goal of the patriarchal movement.
19

Λαβαν δὲ ᾤχετο κεῖραι τὰ πρόβατα αὐτοῦ· ἔκλεψεν δὲ Ραχηλ τὰ εἴδωλα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς.

Now Laban had gone to shear his sheep; and Rachel stole the idols of her father.

Explanatory parenthesis and dramatic complication (the stolen idols)δέ
The two δέ-clauses of this verse are structurally contrastive: Laban's absence (the occasion) — Rachel's theft (the act). The word τὰ εἴδωλα is the chapter's most theologically charged translation choice: Hebrew תְּרָפִים (teraphim) denotes household cult-figurines of ambiguous religious status, but the LXX renders them as τὰ εἴδωλα — the standard term for pagan idols, used in the Decalogue (Exod 20:4) and the prophets. This polemical rendering transforms the ancestral family's possession of teraphim from a culturally neutral practice into outright idolatry.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ΛαβανLabannominative subject (indeclinable; the verse opens with Laban as a temporal foil)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable; the verse opens with Laban as a temporal foil).
δέnow / andnarrative particle (introducing explanatory circumstance: 'now Laban had gone')→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾤχετοhad gone / was goneImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · οἴχομαιmain verb (circumstantial background: Laban's absence)→ imperfect of ongoing absence (Laban was away — and that absence is the enabling circumstance)οἴχομαι: 'go away, be gone, have departed'; found in the imperfect to describe a character's ongoing absence; a literary device explaining how the theft was possible: the guardian of the household gods was absent.
κεῖραιto shearAor Act Inf · κείρωinfinitive of purpose ('had gone in order to shear')→ constative aorist infinitive (the purpose of Laban's trip)κείρω: 'shear, clip'; renders Hebrew גָּזַז; sheep-shearing was a festive occasion (cf. 1 Sam 25:4, 11 LXX) that would have drawn Laban and his household away for an extended period.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object of κεῖραι→ object specificationπρόβατα: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as direct object of κεῖραι.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive (Laban's flock)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Laban's flock).
ἔκλεψενstoleAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλέπτωmain verb (Rachel's act of theft: the chapter's narrative complication)→ constative aorist (single completed act)κλέπτω: 'steal, take secretly'; the same verb root will appear at v.20 (Jacob's concealment), v.26 (Laban's accusation of Jacob), and v.30 (stolen gods). The theft-vocabulary saturates the chapter, with ironic reversals throughout.
δέandnarrative particle (contrastive: Laban gone — Rachel steals)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡαχηλRachelnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: Rachel's theft of the idols is one of the most debated acts in Genesis — was it to deny Laban a means of divination, to claim an inheritance, to protect the family, or for religious reasons? The LXX's rendering of τεράφιμ as εἴδωλα removes any ambiguity about the nature of the objects.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδωλαidolsAccusativedirect object (the stolen objects: τεράφιμ rendered as idols)→ object specificationεἴδωλον: 'idol, image, phantom'; renders Hebrew תְּרָפִים (teraphim — household cult objects, possibly ancestral figurines used for divination: Ezek 21:21; Zech 10:2). The LXX's choice of εἴδωλον — the term for forbidden pagan images (Exod 20:4; Isa 2:8 LXX; Acts 7:41; 1 Cor 8:4) — is a polemical domestication that indicts Laban's household as practising idolatry. FLAG: teraphim as εἴδωλα is a deliberate LXX translation policy with theological consequences.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (the idols belong to Laban)→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession (the idols belong to Laban).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive possessive (Rachel's father = Laban)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Rachel's father = Laban).
20

ἔκρυψεν δὲ Ιακωβ Λαβαν τῷ Σύρῳ τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι αὐτῷ ὅτι ἀποδιδράσκει.

And Jacob concealed his intent from Laban the Syrian, not telling him that he was fleeing.

Narrative: Jacob's deliberate secrecy about the departureδέ
The LXX rendering of the Hebrew idiom 'Jacob stole the heart of Laban' (גָּנַב אֶת-לֵב לָבָן) as ἔκρυψεν ('concealed') shifts the MT's psychological idiom ('stole Laban's heart/mind' = caught him off guard) to a deliberate act of concealment. The genitive articular infinitive τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι is a rare negative purpose construction in LXX Greek, literally 'of not informing him' — emphasising that Jacob's silence was deliberate strategy, not accident.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἔκρυψενconcealed / hidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρύπτωmain verb (Jacob's active concealment of the departure from Laban)→ constative aorist (completed act of concealment)κρύπτω: 'hide, conceal'; the LXX renders the Hebrew idiom גָּנַב לֵב ('steal the heart') with ἔκρυψεν — removing the idiomatic flavour in favour of a more literal 'concealed from.' NT: κρύπτω for hidden things revealed (Matt 13:44; Luke 18:34).
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
ΛαβανLabandative object (indirect object: the person from whom the information was concealed)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative object (indirect object: the person from whom the information was concealed).
τῷtheDativearticle (dative with Σύρῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣύρῳSyrian / ArameanDativedative appositive to Λαβαν (ethnic identifier)→ sphere or referenceΣύρος: 'Syrian, Aramean'; renders Hebrew הָאֲרַמִּי ('the Aramean'); the LXX uses Σύρος as the standard equivalent for the Aramean ethnic group. The epithet recurs at vv.22, 24 — marking Laban's foreignness from Jacob's perspective and justifying the escape.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (introducing genitive articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegation (with articular infinitive: negative purpose)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀναγγεῖλαιto report / to tellAor Act Inf · ἀναγγέλλωgenitive articular infinitive (negative purpose: 'so as not to tell him')→ constative aorist infinitive (the negated act of disclosure)ἀναγγέλλω: 'announce, report, declare'; the negative purpose genitive infinitive (τοῦ μὴ + inf.) is a Hebraizing construction in LXX Greek — 'Jacob concealed from Laban … so as not to inform him.'
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object of ἀναγγεῖλαι→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object of ἀναγγεῖλαι.
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (introducing the content not disclosed)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποδιδράσκειhe was fleeing / running awayPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδιδράσκωverb of ὅτι-clause (the fact concealed: Jacob's flight)→ progressive present (the flight is ongoing at the time of concealment)ἀποδιδράσκω: 'flee, run away, escape'; a stronger term than the simple πορεύομαι — it is the verb used for escaping from servitude (cf. Deut 23:16 LXX). The present tense vividly represents the ongoing nature of the flight: Jacob was in the very act of fleeing even as he concealed this from Laban.
21

καὶ ἀπέδρα αὐτὸς καὶ πάντα τὰ αὐτοῦ, καὶ διέβη τὸν ποταμὸν καὶ ὥρμησεν εἰς τὸ ὄρος Γαλααδ.

And he fled, he and all that was his, and he crossed the river and set out for the mountain of Gilead.

Narrative: the crossing of the Euphrates — Jacob exits Laban's territoryκαί
The crossing of τὸν ποταμόν ('the river' = the Euphrates) is the decisive geographical boundary — it marks Jacob's exit from Paddan-Aram and entry into territory beyond Laban's normal jurisdiction. The three-verb sequence (ἀπέδρα, διέβη, ὥρμησεν) gives the narrative momentum: he fled — he crossed — he pushed on. The destination Γαλααδ (Gilead, the Transjordanian highlands) sets the stage for the confrontation of vv.22–35.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέδραfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδιδράσκωmain verb (the flight: same root as v.20's ἀποδιδράσκει — now actualised)→ constative aorist (completed act of flight)ἀποδιδράσκω: 'flee, escape'; the same root as the infinitive-form in v.20 — the what-was-concealed is now narrated as fact. The verb picks up v.20's dramatic irony.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativenominative pronoun (intensive: 'he himself fled')→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative pronoun (intensive: 'he himself fled').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (enumerative: 'he and all that was his')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativenominative (co-subject: 'all that was his')→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative (co-subject: 'all that was his').
τὰtheNominativearticle (substantival: 'the things belonging to him')→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive (attributive to τά)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (attributive to τά).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέβηcrossed overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαβαίνωmain verb (crossing the Euphrates: the territorial boundary)→ constative aoristδιαβαίνω: 'cross over, traverse'; the verb of major boundary-crossings in the LXX — Israel crossing the Jordan (Deut 27:2–3 LXX), here the Euphrates. Crossing τὸν ποταμόν puts Jacob beyond Laban's territory.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμὸνriverAccusativedirect object of διέβη (articular: 'the river' = the Euphrates, assumed known)→ object specificationποταμός: 'river'; the articular 'the river' (without specifying Euphrates) is a Hebraism — הַנָּהָר ('the River') was the standard reference to the Euphrates in Hebrew texts from this region.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (third sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥρμησενset out / pushed onAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρμάωmain verb (directional movement toward Gilead)→ ingressive aorist (onset of movement toward the destination)ὁρμάω: 'rush, set out, push on'; renders Hebrew שִׂים פָּנָיו ('set his face toward') — a directional idiom for determined movement. The verb has urgency: Jacob 'pressed on' toward Gilead.
εἰςtoward / topreposition + accusative (directional: destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: destination).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative of destination→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain, hill country'; τὸ ὄρος Γαλααδ = the Gilead hill-country of Transjordan, a rugged highland region east of the Jordan. The mountain setting of the confrontation (vv.23, 25, 54) gives the episode its solemn, liminal quality.
ΓαλααδGileadgenitive of description (indeclinable: proper name of the mountain region)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: LXX transliteration of Hebrew גִּלְעָד ('Gilead'); the hill country of Transjordan, roughly corresponding to modern northern Jordan. The name will be etymologised in vv.47–48 as 'Witness-Heap.'
22

καὶ ἀνηγγέλη Λαβαν τῷ Σύρῳ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ ὅτι ἀπέδρα Ιακωβ.

And it was reported to Laban the Syrian on the third day that Jacob had fled.

Narrative: the discovery of Jacob's flight (three-day delay gives Jacob a head start)καί
The three-day delay between Jacob's flight (v.20) and Laban's notification is significant: it represents the journey head-start Jacob had secured by the concealment of v.20. The passive ἀνηγγέλη ('it was reported') leaves the informant unidentified — the narrative focuses on Laban's receipt of the news, not its source. The τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ is structurally parallel to the 'third day' that frequently marks narrative turning-points in biblical narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνηγγέληit was reported / it was toldAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (passive: the news reaches Laban; agent unspecified)→ constative aorist (the single event of disclosure)ἀναγγέλλω: 'announce, report'; the passive voice removes any specific informant — someone reported, but who is irrelevant. The irony: the very verb Jacob 'concealed' (τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι, v.20) now happens anyway, three days later.
ΛαβανLabandative indirect object (recipient of the news; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (recipient of the news; indeclinable).
τῷtheDativearticle (with Σύρῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣύρῳSyrian / ArameanDativedative appositive (ethnic identifier, repeated from v.20)→ sphere or referenceΣύρῳ: meaning 'Syrian'; it serves as dative appositive (ethnic identifier, repeated from v.20).
τῇtheDativearticle (dative: temporal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when the news came)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the temporal dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ — 'on the third day' — marks the gap between flight and detection, and gives Jacob a three-day head start that Laban then closes with seven days of pursuit (v.23).
τῇtheDativearticle (with τρίτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτῃthirdDativedative ordinal numeral (attributive with ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceτρίτῃ: meaning 'third'; it serves as dative ordinal numeral (attributive with ἡμέρᾳ).
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (introducing the content of the report)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέδραhad fledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδιδράσκωverb of ὅτι-clause (the reported fact)→ constative aoristἀποδιδράσκω: same root as vv.20–21 — the verbal thread (concealment of flight → actual flight → report of flight) is now complete.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject of ὅτι-clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject of ὅτι-clause.
23

παραλαβὼν δὲ Λαβαν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ ἐδίωξεν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ὁδὸν ἑπτὰ ἡμερῶν καὶ κατέλαβεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τοῦ Γαλααδ.

And Laban, taking his kinsmen with him, pursued after him a seven days' journey and overtook him in the mountain of Gilead.

Narrative: Laban's pursuit closes the gapδέ
The seven-day pursuit across a distance of several hundred kilometres underlines both Laban's determination and the urgency of the situation. The participle παραλαβών ('having taken with him') shows Laban was not alone but marshalled a kinship-group — the same 'brothers' (ἀδελφοί) who will witness the covenant in v.37. The verb κατέλαβεν ('overtook') creates the confrontation's setting: Laban catches Jacob at Mount Gilead, the location of the chapter's climax.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
παραλαβὼνhaving taken / bringing alongAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · παραλαμβάνωattendant circumstance participle (Laban mobilises his group before pursuing)→ constative aoristπαραλαμβάνω: 'take along, bring with'; renders Hebrew לָקַח ('take'); Laban doesn't pursue alone but takes his extended kinship group — a show of force. NT: παραλαμβάνω for Jesus taking disciples (Matt 4:8; 17:1).
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabannominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςbrothers / kinsmenAccusativedirect object of παραλαβών (the kinsmen mobilised for the pursuit)→ object specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; in the wider Semitic sense of 'kinsman, clan-member'; Laban's 'brothers' = his extended family and allies. These same ἀδελφοί serve as witnesses at the covenant (v.37).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
μεθ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
ἑαυτοῦhimselfGenitivereflexive genitive (Laban takes them with himself)→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: meaning 'himself'; it serves as reflexive genitive (Laban takes them with himself).
ἐδίωξενpursuedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διώκωmain verb (the seven-day pursuit)→ constative aorist (covering seven days in a single narrative action)διώκω: 'pursue, chase'; the standard word for chasing an enemy or fugitive; in the NT also for persecution (Matt 5:10–12; Acts 9:4). The pursuit is a legal action — Laban is claiming what he considers his right.
ὀπίσωafter / behindadverb + genitive (directional: 'after him')→ clausal contributionὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω (Jacob as the one pursued)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω (Jacob as the one pursued).
ὁδὸνjourneyAccusativeaccusative of extent (cognate: 'a journey of seven days')→ object specificationὁδός: 'road, journey, way'; the accusative of extent ὁδὸν ἑπτὰ ἡμερῶν = 'a journey of seven days' — a Hebraism (דֶּרֶךְ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים). Seven days of hard travel covers a substantial distance — enough to close a three-day head start.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral adjective (within the extent phrase)→ measure or countἑπτὰ: meaning 'seven'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of measure (with ὁδόν: duration of the journey)→ relational specificationἡμερῶν: meaning 'days'; it serves as genitive of measure (with ὁδόν: duration of the journey).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result of the pursuit)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέλαβενovertook / caught up withAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (Laban catches Jacob: the confrontation is now set up)→ constative aorist (single completed act of overtaking)καταλαμβάνω: 'catch up with, seize, comprehend'; renders Hebrew דָּבַק ('cleave / overtake'). The verb will recur at v.25 (same event restated with added detail). NT: καταλαμβάνω for comprehending (John 1:5) and seizing (Phil 3:12–13).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Jacob as the one overtaken)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Jacob as the one overtaken).
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative: the confrontation site)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: the confrontation site).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceὄρει: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as dative of place.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαλααδGileadgenitive of identification (proper noun; place of the confrontation)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of identification (proper noun; place of the confrontation).
24

ἦλθεν δὲ ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Λαβαν τὸν Σύρον ἐν ὕπνῳ τῆς νυκτὸς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Φύλαξαι σεαυτόν, μήποτε λαλήσῃς μετὰ Ιακωβ πονηρά.

And God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream of the night and said to him, 'Take heed to yourself, lest you speak to Jacob anything evil.'

Divine intervention: God warns Laban before the confrontation (the night before v.25)δέ
The divine dream to Laban (the only such dream to a non-Israelite in Genesis other than Abimelech's, 20:3) frames the entire confrontation: Laban has force (he says so in v.29) but is constrained by God's warning. The phrase μήποτε λαλήσῃς … πονηρά ('lest you speak anything evil') echoes v.7's kακοποιῆσαί and v.29's κακοποιῆσαί σε — establishing a verbal web around Laban's restrained power. God appears to Laban as a moral limiting force, not a covenanting partner.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (divine approach in a dream)→ constative aorist (single divine appearance)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; God's coming to a pagan in a dream is a reminder that God's sovereignty over the patriarchal story extends to non-covenant figures — he restrains Laban as he will restrain Balaam (Num 22–24 LXX).
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (directional: toward Laban)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: toward Laban).
ΛαβανLabanaccusative object of πρός (addressee of the divine dream)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (addressee of the divine dream).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣύρονSyrianAccusativeaccusative appositive to Λαβαν→ object specificationΣύρος: ethnic descriptor repeated for the third time (vv.20, 22, 24) — as God approaches Laban the Aramean, his foreignness is foregrounded, making the divine visit to him all the more striking.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/mode: 'in a dream')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere/mode: 'in a dream').
ὕπνῳdream / sleepDativedative of sphere (mode of divine communication)→ sphere or referenceὕπνος: 'sleep'; ἐν ὕπνῳ τῆς νυκτός = 'in a dream of the night' — the standard phrase for nocturnal divine communication in the LXX (cf. Job 4:13; 33:15 LXX). The temporal genitive τῆς νυκτός adds atmosphere and locates the dream in the night before the confrontation (v.25).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (genitive with νυκτός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νυκτὸςnightGenitivegenitive of time ('of the night' — the dream occurred at night)→ relational specificationνυκτὸς: meaning 'night'; it serves as genitive of time ('of the night' — the dream occurred at night).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Laban as addressee)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Laban as addressee).
Φύλαξαιtake heed! / watch yourself!Aor Mid Impv 2 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb of divine command (reflexive middle: 'guard yourself')→ constative aorist imperative (sharp, preventive warning)φυλάσσω: 'guard, keep, watch'; the middle Φύλαξαι σεαυτόν ('guard yourself') is an idiom for self-protection or a warning about dangerous behaviour; renders Hebrew הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ ('take care for yourself'). The same phrase occurs at v.29 in Laban's repetition of the divine warning — he cites it verbatim to Jacob.
σεαυτόνyourselfAccusativereflexive accusative (object of Φύλαξαι: 'guard yourself')→ object specificationσεαυτόν: meaning 'yourself'; it serves as reflexive accusative (object of Φύλαξαι: 'guard yourself').
μήποτεlestnegative purpose particle (introducing the prohibited action)→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: 'lest, that never'; introduces the content of the warning in a negative purpose clause with the subjunctive.
λαλήσῃςyou speakAor Act Subj 2 Sg · λαλέωverb of negative purpose clause (the prohibited speech)→ aorist subjunctive (preventive: 'don't speak')λαλέω: 'speak, say'; a more colloquial synonym of λέγω, often rendered the Hebrew דָּבַר ('speak'). The specific prohibition on speaking πονηρά encompasses any threatening or aggressive words — Laban may not bully Jacob verbally.
μετὰto / withpreposition + genitive (here: 'speak with/to Jacob')→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (here: 'speak with/to Jacob').
ΙακωβJacobgenitive object of μετά (the one Laban must not threaten)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (the one Laban must not threaten).
πονηράevil / harmful thingsAccusativedirect object of λαλήσῃς ('speak evil things')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil, harmful, bad'; renders Hebrew רַע; the neuter plural πονηρά = 'evil things' = threatening, harmful speech. The divine prohibition covers Laban's entire arsenal of potential intimidation.
25

κατέλαβεν δὲ Λαβαν τὸν Ιακωβ· Ιακωβ δὲ ἔπηξεν τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ ὄρει· Λαβαν δὲ ἔστησεν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Γαλααδ.

And Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent on the mountain; and Laban pitched with his kinsmen on the mountain of Gilead.

Narrative scene-setting: both parties camp on the mountain before the confrontationδέ
The triple δέ structure (Laban overtakes — Jacob had pitched — Laban pitches) creates a static tableau: both parties are on the mountain, encamped and facing each other. The mountain setting elevates the confrontation, and the detail that Laban's ἀδελφοί camp separately underscores the tribal/clan dimension of the dispute. The scene-setting verse prepares for Laban's formal accusation speech in v.26.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
κατέλαβενovertookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλαμβάνωmain verb (the confrontation accomplished: v.23 restated)→ constative aoristκαταλαμβάνω (aor. κατέλαβεν): 'seize / capture / take'; renders לָכַד; the compound κατα- intensifies — Joab captures the key part of the city.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabannominative subject→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobaccusative object (the one overtaken)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object (the one overtaken).
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject (second clause: Jacob's encampment)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (second clause: Jacob's encampment).
δέand / nownarrative particle (second clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπηξενpitched / set upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πήγνυμιmain verb (pitching the tent: establishing Jacob's camp)→ constative aoristπήγνυμι: 'fix, fasten, pitch'; technical term for pitching a tent — renders Hebrew נָטָה אֹהֶל. Cf. Exod 40:18 LXX for the Tabernacle pitching.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativedirect object→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent, tabernacle'; the patriarchal dwelling — the same word used for Israel's Tabernacle (σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου). Jacob's camp on the mountain is both a physical reality and a symbolic boundary.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceὄρει: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as dative of place.
ΛαβανLabannominative subject (third clause: Laban's camp)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (third clause: Laban's camp).
δέandnarrative particle (third clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενstationed / set upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (Laban establishes his camp)→ constative aoristἵστημι transitive: 'set up, station, place'; here in the sense of establishing a camp with his kinsmen — a show of force facing Jacob's camp.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςkinsmenAccusativedirect object (Laban stations his clan)→ object specificationἀδελφοὺς: meaning 'kinsmen'; it serves as direct object (Laban stations his clan).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceὄρει: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as dative of place.
ΓαλααδGileadgenitive of description (proper noun: the mountain of Gilead)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of description (proper noun: the mountain of Gilead).
26

εἶπεν δὲ Λαβαν τῷ Ιακωβ Τί ἐποίησας; ἵνα τί κρύβων ἀπέδρας καὶ ἀπήγαγες τὰς θυγατέρας μου ὡς αἰχμαλωτίδας ἐν μαχαίρᾳ;

And Laban said to Jacob, 'What have you done? Why did you flee secretly and carry away my daughters as captives of the sword?'

Accusation: Laban's formal grievance speech (two rhetorical questions)δέ
Laban's speech (vv.26–30) opens with two biting rhetorical questions before pivoting to injured innocence (vv.27–28) and concluding with the real issue: the stolen gods (v.30). The phrase ὡς αἰχμαλωτίδας ἐν μαχαίρᾳ ('as captives of the sword') is the most dramatic charge — Laban claims Jacob has taken his daughters by force as if they were war-captives, an accusation that deliberately misrepresents a voluntary departure as violent seizure.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Laban's formal accusation speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabannominative subject→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobdative indirect object (addressee)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (addressee).
Τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (first rhetorical question: general accusation)→ participant referenceΤί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (first rhetorical question: general accusation).
ἐποίησαςhave you doneAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of first rhetorical question→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make'; Τί ἐποίησας; is the standard opening of a formal grievance — cf. Gen 3:13; 4:10; 12:18; 20:9; 26:10 LXX — a formulaic expression of moral reproach.
ἵναwhyinterrogative conjunction (ἵνα τί = 'why?' — a Hebraism for לָמָּה)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα τί: a LXX idiom for the interrogative 'why?' rendering Hebrew לָמָּה / לָמָּה זֶּה; literally 'for the purpose of what?' — not a purpose clause but a rhetorical question of cause.
τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (completing the ἵνα τί idiom)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (completing the ἵνα τί idiom).
κρύβωνsecretly / in hidingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · κρύπτωadverbial participle (manner: 'fled in a secretive/hidden way')→ progressive present (the secrecy was the ongoing mode of the flight)κρύπτω: 'hide, conceal'; the participle κρύβων renders the adverb בַּסֵּתֶר ('in secret'); the LXX uses the verbal form to describe the manner of flight.
ἀπέδραςyou fledAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποδιδράσκωmain verb of second rhetorical question (the flight itself)→ constative aoristἀποδιδράσκω: the flight-verb running through vv.20–22 now appears in Laban's accusatory second person: 'you fled.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγαγεςyou carried awayAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀπάγωmain verb (the carrying away of the daughters: Laban's claim of force)→ constative aoristἀπάγω: 'lead away, carry off'; the same verb as v.18 (Jacob 'led away' his possessions), but now in Laban's mouth it becomes an accusation of abduction.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object of ἀπήγαγες→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; Laban's repeated claim of ownership over his daughters (cf. 31:43: 'the daughters are my daughters') contrasts sharply with their own expression of alienation in vv.14–16.
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ὡςas / likecomparative particle (introducing the inflammatory comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἰχμαλωτίδαςcaptives / prisoners of warAccusativeaccusative predicate (in comparison: daughters treated as war-captives)→ object specificationαἰχμαλωτίς: 'female captive, woman taken in war'; renders Hebrew שְׁבֻיוֹת חֶרֶב ('captives of the sword'); a highly inflammatory term that frames Jacob's legal and voluntary departure as a violent abduction. The charge is disingenuous — the daughters consented (v.16).
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrument: 'by the sword')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument: 'by the sword').
μαχαίρᾳswordDativedative of instrument (the violent means Laban falsely alleges)→ sphere or referenceμάχαιρα: 'sword, dagger'; renders Hebrew חֶרֶב ('sword'); the military imagery — αἰχμαλωτίδας ἐν μαχαίρᾳ — maximises Laban's rhetorical outrage, portraying Jacob as a raider.
27

καὶ εἰ ἀνήγγειλάς μοι, ἐξαπέστειλα ἄν σε μετὰ εὐφροσύνης καὶ μετὰ μουσικῶν, τυμπάνων καὶ κιθάρας·

And if you had told me, I would have sent you away with joy and with music, with timbrels and harp;

Counter-factual: Laban's injured innocence (what he claims he would have done)καί
The counter-factual condition (εἰ + aorist indicative … aorist indicative with ἄν) describes what Laban claims would have happened had Jacob told him: a joyful farewell with music. The μουσικῶν (music instruments), τυμπάνων (timbrels/tambourines), and κιθάρας (harp/lyre) paint an idealised departure-scene that v.28 explains was denied by Jacob. Whether Laban would truly have sent Jacob off in joy is doubtful given his track record — the counter-factual functions rhetorically to emphasise the personal offence.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifconditional particle (introducing counter-factual: 'if you had')→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγγειλάςyou had told / reportedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωverb of protasis (counter-factual condition: the disclosure that did not happen)→ constative aorist (negated past act)ἀναγγέλλω: same verb as τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι (v.20) — Jacob had specifically hidden his departure precisely so that Laban could not respond. The echo is ironic.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ἐξαπέστειλαI would have sent awayAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωverb of apodosis (with ἄν: counter-factual conclusion)→ constative aorist (the counter-factual completed action that would have occurred)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away, dispatch'; a compound of ἀποστέλλω; here Laban would have given Jacob a formal departure — the formal farewell denied by the secret flight.
ἄνwouldmodal particle (marking the counter-factual apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle that together with the indicative forms the counter-factual: 'I would have sent you.' Characteristic of contra-factual conditions in Greek.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative direct object (Jacob as the one sent off)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object (Jacob as the one sent off).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with joy')→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with joy').
εὐφροσύνηςjoy / festivityGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationεὐφροσύνη: 'joy, gladness, festivity'; renders Hebrew שִׂמְחָה — the festive mood of a proper farewell celebration. The term is associated with covenant meal-celebrations and festivals in the LXX.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (second accompaniment phrase)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (second accompaniment phrase).
μουσικῶνmusic / musical instrumentsGenitivegenitive object of μετά (collective: music-making)→ relational specificationμουσικός: 'musical'; μουσικῶν here = musical instruments or music-makers; the LXX uses the term broadly for the accompaniment of song and dance in festive contexts (cf. 1 Macc 9:41).
τυμπάνωνtimbrels / tambourinesGenitivegenitive (in apposition / specification of μουσικῶν: first instrument)→ relational specificationτύμπανον: 'timbrel, tambourine, frame drum'; renders Hebrew תֹּף; the percussion instrument of festive celebration, associated with the song of Miriam (Exod 15:20 LXX) and of Jephthah's daughter (Judg 11:34 LXX).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κιθάραςharp / lyreGenitivegenitive (second instrument in apposition to μουσικῶν)→ relational specificationκιθάρα: 'lyre, harp, kithara'; renders Hebrew כִּנּוֹר ('lyre'); the string instrument of Israelite worship and celebration (Ps 32:2; 48:4 LXX). The combination of percussion and strings represents full festive music.
28

καὶ οὐ κατηξίωσάς με καταφιλῆσαι τοὺς υἱούς μου καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας μου· νῦν δὲ ἀφρόνως πέπραχας.

And you did not see fit to let me kiss my sons and daughters. Now you have acted foolishly.

Continuation of Laban's grievance (the personal emotional injury: no farewell kiss)καί
The verse moves from public accusation to personal pathos: Laban claims he was denied the grandfather's farewell kiss, framing himself as a wronged patriarch. The perfect πέπραχας ('you have done / acted') implies the deed is done and stands with irreversible consequences. The assessment ἀφρόνως ('foolishly, senselessly') is the strongest epithet in the speech — not 'wickedly' but 'stupidly,' as if Jacob has acted against his own interest.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation.
κατηξίωσάςyou saw fit / you deignedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · καταξιόωmain verb (Laban's charge of disrespect)→ constative aoristκαταξιόω: 'deem worthy, condescend to, see fit'; the verb implies that what follows is an honour that should have been granted — Laban frames the farewell kiss as something Jacob was obligated to offer him.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object (Laban as the one denied the kiss)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object (Laban as the one denied the kiss).
καταφιλῆσαιto kissAor Act Inf · καταφιλέωinfinitive complementing κατηξίωσας (the refused action)→ constative aorist infinitiveκαταφιλέω: 'kiss warmly, kiss affectionately'; the κατα-prefix intensifies — not a greeting peck but a heartfelt farewell kiss (cf. Luke 15:20: the father καταφιλέω the prodigal). Laban claims the paternal right to a warm farewell.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱούςsonsAccusativedirect object of καταφιλῆσαι (grandchildren: Jacob's sons are Laban's grandsons)→ object specificationυἱούς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object of καταφιλῆσαι (grandchildren: Jacob's sons are Laban's grandsons).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive (Laban claims the grandsons as 'my sons': cf. 31:43)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Laban claims the grandsons as 'my sons': cf. 31:43).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object of καταφιλῆσαι (parallel: granddaughters and daughters)→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object of καταφιλῆσαι (parallel: granddaughters and daughters).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transition to the verdict)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
δέand/butadversative particle (transitioning to the accusation's climax)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφρόνωςfoolishly / senselesslyadverb of manner (Laban's characterisation of Jacob's act)→ clausal contributionἀφρόνως: 'foolishly, without sense'; from ἄφρων ('fool, senseless'); renders Hebrew אִוֶּלֶת ('folly'). Laban's charge is not of wickedness but stupidity — a calculated rhetorical diminishment.
πέπραχαςyou have acted / donePerf Act Indic 2 Sg · πράσσωmain verb (verdict: the perfect marks the irreversible done deed)→ perfect of resultant state (Jacob has acted and the consequences stand)πράσσω: 'do, act, accomplish'; a more formal synonym of ποιέω; the perfect πέπραχας closes Laban's first accusation-cycle with a verdict that the deed is done and Jacob must live with it.
29

καὶ νῦν ἰσχύει ἡ χείρ μου κακοποιῆσαί σε· ὁ δὲ θεὸς τοῦ πατρός σου ἐχθὲς εἶπέν μοι λέγων Φύλαξαι σεαυτόν, μήποτε λαλήσῃς μετὰ Ιακωβ πονηρά.

And now it is in my power to do you harm; but the God of your father spoke to me last night, saying, 'Take heed to yourself, lest you speak to Jacob anything evil.'

Laban acknowledges his power but invokes God's constraint as the reason for restraintκαί
This is the rhetorical and theological crux of Laban's speech: he acknowledges having the power to harm Jacob (ἰσχύει ἡ χείρ μου) — precisely what God had prevented in v.7 (οὐκ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ θεὸς κακοποιῆσαί με) — but credits God's nocturnal warning (v.24) as the restraint. Laban's citing of the divine command verbatim (repeating φύλαξαι σεαυτόν … πονηρά from v.24) is both self-serving and legally significant: he establishes that he is complying with divine instruction, not acting out of weakness.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (present reality)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἰσχύειit is powerful / it is ablePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb of power-claim→ present of current abilityἰσχύω: 'be strong, have power, be able'; renders Hebrew לְאֵל יָדִי ('it is in the power of my hand'). The claim is blunt: physically Laban has the advantage.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείρhandNominativenominative subject (ἡ χείρ μου = 'my hand' = my power)→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἡ χείρ μου = 'my hand / my power'; a Hebraism (יָד) for one's capacity and authority; cf. Exod 13:3 LXX (ἐν χειρὶ κραταιᾷ = 'with a mighty hand'). Jacob had cited the same metaphor in reverse: God's hand was behind his prospering (v.6).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
κακοποιῆσαίto harm / to do evil toAor Act Inf · κακοποιέωcomplementary infinitive of ἰσχύει→ constative aorist infinitiveκακοποιέω: exactly the same infinitive God had withheld from Laban in v.7 (οὐκ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ θεὸς κακοποιῆσαί με) — now Laban admits the capacity God restrained.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative object of κακοποιῆσαι (Jacob)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of κακοποιῆσαι (Jacob).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέbutadversative particle (the divine constraint: God vs. Laban's power)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject (the restraining agent)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject (the restraining agent).
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατρός: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive (Laban acknowledges Jacob's God as 'your father's God')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Laban acknowledges Jacob's God as 'your father's God').
ἐχθὲςyesterday / last nighttemporal adverb (the timing of the divine warning: last night = v.24)→ clausal contributionἐχθές: 'yesterday'; here in context = 'last night' — the night just passed before the morning confrontation. The same word used for the temporal idiom in vv.2, 5.
εἶπένsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the divine speech Laban received in the dream)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; the content of Samuel's speech is what the kinsman wishes to know.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωredundant participle (Hebraism: λέγων introduces direct speech — לֵאמֹר)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the participle λέγων before direct speech is a LXX calque of the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר (the standard introducer of quoted speech in the Hebrew Bible), here simply marking the transition to quotation.
Φύλαξαιtake heed!Aor Mid Impv 2 Sg · φυλάσσωfirst verb of divine quotation (verbatim repeat of v.24's warning)→ constative aorist imperativeφυλάσσω: meaning 'take heed!'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as first verb of divine quotation (verbatim repeat of v.24's warning).
σεαυτόνyourselfAccusativereflexive accusative→ object specificationσεαυτόν: meaning 'yourself'; it serves as reflexive accusative.
μήποτεlestnegative purpose particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: meaning 'lest'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαλήσῃςyou speakAor Act Subj 2 Sg · λαλέωverb of negative purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive (preventive)λαλέω: 'speak'; 'good words' (λόγους ἀγαθούς) are the gentle, conciliatory reply the elders recommend, the opposite of the σκληρά ('harsh things') Rehoboam will actually speak (v. 13).
μετὰwith / topreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
ΙακωβJacobgenitive object of μετά→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
πονηράevil thingsAccusativedirect object of λαλήσῃς→ object specificationπονηρά: meaning 'evil things'; it serves as direct object of λαλήσῃς.
30

νῦν οὖν πεπόρευσαι, ὅτι ἐπιποθῶν ἐπεπόθεις εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρός σου· ἵνα τί ἔκλεψας τοὺς θεούς μου;

Now then you have gone on your way, because you longed greatly for your father's house; but why have you stolen my gods?

Conclusion and pivot: Laban grants the departure but reveals his real concernνῦν οὖν
The reluctant concession νῦν οὖν πεπόρευσαι ('well, now you have gone') followed by the explanatory ὅτι ('because you longed') is Laban's way of acknowledging Jacob's motivation while pivoting sharply to his actual concern: the stolen gods. The figura etymologica ἐπιποθῶν ἐπεπόθεις ('longing you longed') is a Hebraism for intense desire (כָּסֹף נִכְסַפְתָּ). The final question about the gods is the speech's true climax — what Laban really wants recovered.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
νῦνnowtemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οὖνtherefore / theninferential particle (drawing a reluctant conclusion from vv.26–29)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεπόρευσαιyou have gone / you are gonePerf Mid/Pass Indic 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (perfect of resultant state: Jacob is gone — a fait accompli)→ perfect of resultant state (the departure is done and stands)πορεύομαι: 'go, travel, proceed'; the perfect πεπόρευσαι = 'you have gone and are (now) gone' — Laban acknowledges the accomplished departure rather than demanding Jacob return.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (giving the motive for Jacob's departure)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιποθῶνlongingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιποθέωcognate participle (Hebraism: intensifying the main verb — 'longing you longed')→ present participle (intensive: ongoing yearning as the characteristic attitude)ἐπιποθέω: 'long for, yearn, desire intensely'; the intensified compound (ἐπι- + ποθέω); NT: ἐπιποθέω for the longing of the Holy Spirit (Jas 4:5) and apostolic longing (Phil 1:8). The figura etymologica ἐπιποθῶν ἐπεπόθεις renders Hebrew כָּסֹף נִכְסַפְתָּ.
ἐπεπόθειςyou longed / you yearnedImpf Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιποθέωmain verb of causal clause (the intense longing as Jacob's motive)→ imperfect of continuous past state (Jacob had been longing for home throughout his stay)ἐπιποθέω: meaning 'you longed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of causal clause (the intense longing as Jacob's motive).
εἰςfor / towardpreposition + accusative (direction of longing)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of longing).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπεπόθεις (via εἰς)→ object specificationοἶκον: meaning 'house'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπεπόθεις (via εἰς).
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationπατρός: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ἵναwhyinterrogative conjunction (ἵνα τί = 'why?' — Hebraism)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'why'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (completing the ἵνα τί idiom)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (completing the ἵνα τί idiom).
ἔκλεψαςdid you stealAor Act Indic 2 Sg · κλέπτωverb of the climactic question (the real concern: the stolen gods)→ constative aoristκλέπτω: 'steal'; the speech's true destination — everything before has been rhetorical preparation for this accusation. The theft of the idols is Laban's real grievance, not the flight or the farewell.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεούςgods / idolsAccusativedirect object of ἔκλεψας (the stolen idols: here called θεοί, not εἴδωλα)→ object specificationθεός: 'god'; Laban calls his teraphim θεούς ('gods') — a candid acknowledgment of their divine status in his worldview. The narrator had called them εἴδωλα (v.19); Laban uses θεοί — underlining the difference between the LXX's polemical translator's perspective and Laban's own religious self-understanding.
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive (Laban claims ownership of the cult-objects)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Laban claims ownership of the cult-objects).
31

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ Ιακωβ εἶπεν τῷ Λαβαν Εἶπον γάρ Μήποτε ἀφέλῃς τὰς θυγατέρας σου ἀπ' ἐμοῦ.

And Jacob answered and said to Laban, 'Because I said, "Perhaps you would take your daughters away from me."'

Jacob's first response: explaining his motive for secrecy (fear of losing his wives)δέ
Jacob's answer is notably brief: he answers only the charge of secret flight (not the charge of theft), explaining the secrecy with a fear of losing Rachel and Leah. The γάρ is explanatory: 'I said [to myself]: perhaps you would take your daughters away from me.' The subjunctive ἀφέλῃς ('you would take') in the μήποτε-clause expresses Jacob's feared scenario. By answering this charge first, Jacob avoids directly confronting the idol-theft accusation — perhaps because he does not yet know of it.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἀποκριθεὶςanswering / having answeredAor Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιattendant circumstance participle (Hebraism: 'answered and said')→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the doubled verb (ἀποκριθείς + εἶπεν) is the standard LXX rendering of the Hebrew double verb of response וַיַּעַן … וַיֹּאמֶר.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's reply)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛαβανLabandative indirect object (addressee)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (addressee).
ΕἶπονI saidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of Jacob's speech (reporting his interior reasoning)→ constative aorist (reporting past inner speech)λέγω: Jacob reports his own past reasoning — not to Laban but to himself. The γάρ makes this the explanation of his conduct.
γάρfor / becauseexplanatory conjunction (giving the reason for the secret flight)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Μήποτεperhaps / lestnegative particle (introducing the feared scenario)→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: 'lest, perhaps'; in Jacob's inner speech it introduces the feared possibility rather than a prohibition — 'I said [to myself]: perhaps you would…'
ἀφέλῃςyou would take awayAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀφαιρέωverb of the feared clause (with μήποτε: the feared action)→ aorist subjunctive (apprehension of a possible action)ἀφαιρέω: 'take away, remove'; the same root as vv.9, 16 (God taking Laban's livestock). Now Jacob uses it for his fear that Laban would take his wives — a fear that Rachel and Leah had confirmed was legitimate (vv.14–15).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object of ἀφέλῃς→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object of ἀφέλῃς.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive (Jacob acknowledges Laban's claim by using 'your daughters')→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Jacob acknowledges Laban's claim by using 'your daughters').
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitive (separation: 'away from me')→ spatial or relational framingἀπ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'away from me').
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Jacob as the one who would be separated from his wives)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό (Jacob as the one who would be separated from his wives).
32

παρ' ᾧ δ' ἂν εὕρῃς τοὺς θεούς σου, οὐ ζήσεται· ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν ἐπίγνωθι τί ἐστιν παρ' ἐμοί, καὶ λαβέ. καὶ οὐκ ᾔδει Ιακωβ ὅτι Ραχηλ ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἔκλεψεν αὐτούς.

With whoever you find your gods, that person shall not live. Before our kinsmen, identify what is yours with me and take it.' And Jacob did not know that Rachel his wife had stolen them.

Jacob's bold counter-challenge (and the narrator's fatal irony)asyndeton
Jacob's response to the idol-theft charge is a sweeping counter-search challenge — search everything, and whoever has the idols forfeits their life. The irony is immediately underlined by the narrator (καὶ οὐκ ᾔδει Ιακωβ …): Jacob has just unknowingly condemned his beloved wife to death. The death-penalty declaration (οὐ ζήσεται) creates the most intense dramatic tension of the chapter, resolved only by Rachel's ruse in vv.34–35.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
παρ'with / besidepreposition + dative (possession: 'with whoever has them')→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (possession: 'with whoever has them').
whoeverDativerelative pronoun (dative: 'with whomever')→ participant reference or interestᾧ: meaning 'whoever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (dative: 'with whomever').
δ'and/butparticle (within relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastδ': meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἂνevermodal particle (with relative + subjunctive: generalising 'whoever')→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: generalising particle with the relative pronoun (παρ' ᾧ ἂν εὕρῃς = 'with whomever you find') — a standard indefinite relative construction.
εὕρῃςyou findAor Act Subj 2 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of relative clause (indefinite with ἄν)→ aorist subjunctive (general conditional)εὑρίσκω: 'find, discover'; the verb of the tent-search (vv.33–35) is embedded here in Jacob's challenge — the very word that will structure the following narrative.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεούςgodsAccusativedirect object of εὕρῃς (the stolen idols)→ object specificationθεός: Jacob uses Laban's own word θεούς — not εἴδωλα — showing he is engaging on Laban's terms.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation.
ζήσεταιshall liveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of apodosis (death-penalty declaration: 'shall not live')→ predictive future (solemn declaration with the force of a sentence)ζάω: 'live'; οὐ ζήσεται = 'shall not live' = death sentence. Jacob pronounces a self-curse without knowing it applies to Rachel. The dramatic irony is one of the sharpest in Genesis.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (presence of the witnesses: a legal call for a public search)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of'; renders Hebrew נֶגֶד ('in front of'); Jacob invites a legally witnessed search — the kinsmen serve as a tribunal.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνkinsmen / brothersGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the witnesses: the assembled kin-group)→ relational specificationἀδελφῶν: meaning 'kinsmen'; it serves as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (the witnesses: the assembled kin-group).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive possessive (both parties share a common kinship: Jacob's 'our brothers')→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (both parties share a common kinship: Jacob's 'our brothers').
ἐπίγνωθιidentify! / recognise!Aor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιγινώσκωimperative (Jacob invites Laban to identify his property)→ constative aorist imperative (the legal act of identification)ἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognise, identify, know fully'; renders Hebrew הַכֶּר ('recognise!') — a legal term for identification of property (cf. Gen 37:32–33 LXX: Tamar's items). Jacob submits to a formal property-recognition process.
τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (introducing indirect question: 'identify what is yours')→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (introducing indirect question: 'identify what is yours').
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indirect question→ present of current possessionεἰμί: copula.
παρ'withpreposition + dative (possession: 'what is with me')→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (possession: 'what is with me').
ἐμοίmeDativedative object of παρά (Jacob claims to hold Laban's items in his company)→ participant reference or interestἐμοί: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of παρά (Jacob claims to hold Laban's items in his company).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαβέtake it!Aor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωimperative (the consequent action: take what you identify)→ constative aorist imperativeλαμβάνω: 'take, receive'; Jacob offers Laban unconditional recovery of anything that legitimately belongs to him — confident (wrongly) that no such thing exists.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (narrator's aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ᾔδειknewPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb of narrator's aside (pluperfect of resultant state: Jacob had not known — and at this point still didn't)→ pluperfect (describing a state of ignorance that was in place throughout)οἶδα: 'know'; the pluperfect ᾔδει = 'he had not known / he did not know'; the narrator breaks in to explain Jacob's ignorance, essential to understanding both the search-scene and the tragic irony of the death-penalty declaration.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject of narrator's aside→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject of narrator's aside.
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (content of Jacob's ignorance)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡαχηλRachelnominative subject of narrator's aside (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject of narrator's aside (indeclinable).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwifeNominativenominative appositive to Ραχηλ (the narrator clarifies the relationship)→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'wife'; it serves as nominative appositive to Ραχηλ (the narrator clarifies the relationship).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ἔκλεψενhad stolenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλέπτωverb of narrator's aside (the fact Jacob did not know)→ constative aorist (Rachel's completed theft, narrated in v.19)κλέπτω: the same verb as v.19 — the narrator closes the circle on Rachel's act, making explicit what was only implied in v.19 and setting up the tent-search scene.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object (the idols: anaphoric referent from vv.19, 30)→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the idols: anaphoric referent from vv.19, 30).
33

εἰσῆλθεν δὲ Λαβαν καὶ ἠρεύνησεν τὸν οἶκον Ιακωβ καὶ τὸν οἶκον Λειας καὶ τὸν οἶκον τῶν δύο παιδισκῶν καὶ οὐχ εὗρεν· καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου Λειας καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον Ραχηλ.

And Laban went in and searched Jacob's tent and Leah's tent and the tent of the two maidservants and did not find them; and he came out of Leah's tent and entered Rachel's tent.

Narrative: Laban's systematic tent-search (four tents searched in sequence)δέ
The verse narrates the meticulous search of four tents in sequence, building suspense: Jacob's (safe), Leah's (safe), the maidservants' (safe), and finally — after the intermediate οὐχ εὗρεν ('did not find') — the approach to Rachel's tent. The repetition of εἰσῆλθεν / ἐξῆλθεν / εἰσῆλθεν creates a cinematic rhythm of entry and exit that heightens the dramatic tension before v.34's resolution.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
εἰσῆλθενwent in / enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (beginning of systematic search)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go into'; the verb of entry that will govern the search-sequence: εἰσῆλθεν (Jacob's tent), implied entry into Leah's, παιδισκῶν's, then ἐξῆλθεν / εἰσῆλθεν (exit Leah's / enter Rachel's).
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabannominative subject→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρεύνησενsearchedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρευνάωmain verb (the search itself: systematic examination of each tent)→ constative aorist (each search as a discrete completed act)ἐρευνάω: 'search, investigate, examine'; renders Hebrew חָפַשׂ ('search through'); a thorough, methodical inspection. NT: ἐρευνάω for searching the Scriptures (John 5:39) and the Spirit searching all things (1 Cor 2:10).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονtent / houseAccusativedirect object (first tent searched: Jacob's)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house, tent, household'; in a nomadic context = 'tent.' Each wife and the maidservants had their own tent — a standard polygamous patriarchal household arrangement.
ΙακωβJacobgenitive of possession (indeclinable: Jacob's tent)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable: Jacob's tent).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adding second tent)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονtentAccusativedirect object (second tent: Leah's)→ object specificationοἶκον: meaning 'tent'; it serves as direct object (second tent: Leah's).
ΛειαςLeahgenitive of possession (indeclinable: Leah's tent)→ participant identificationΛειας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable: Leah's tent).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονtentAccusativedirect object (third tent: the maidservants')→ object specificationοἶκον: meaning 'tent'; it serves as direct object (third tent: the maidservants').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwonumeral (modifying παιδισκῶν)→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
παιδισκῶνmaidservantsGenitivegenitive of possession (the maidservants' tent: Bilhah and Zilpah)→ relational specificationπαιδίσκη: 'maidservant, female slave'; renders Hebrew שִׁפְחָה; the two maidservants are Bilhah (Rachel's) and Zilpah (Leah's), who had borne four of Jacob's sons.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (with result: 'and did not find')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of negative result (three tents searched, nothing found)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: the verb embedded in Jacob's challenge (v.32: εὕρῃς) — now Laban is doing the finding, and failing. The repeated οὐχ εὗρεν (also v.34, 35) builds a pattern of frustrated search.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transition to the climactic fourth tent)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent out / came outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (exit from Leah's tent before entering Rachel's)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: see v. 1.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (ablative: exit from Leah's tent)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: exit from Leah's tent).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουtentGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationοἴκου: meaning 'tent'; it serves as genitive object of ἐκ.
ΛειαςLeahgenitive of possession→ participant identificationΛειας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (entry into Rachel's tent: the climactic fourth search)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; renders בּוֹא; the subject is Bathsheba ('she came in to him'); the idiom εἰσέρχομαι πρός can carry sexual overtones (cf. Gen 6:4; 16:2 LXX), preparing for ἐκοιμήθη.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (directional: entry)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (directional: entry).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονtentAccusativeaccusative of destination (fourth and final tent)→ object specificationοἶκον: meaning 'tent'; it serves as accusative of destination (fourth and final tent).
ΡαχηλRachelgenitive of possession (the tent where the idols are hidden)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (the tent where the idols are hidden).
34

Ραχηλ δὲ ἔλαβεν τὰ εἴδωλα καὶ ἔβαλεν αὐτὰ εἰς τὰ σαγμάτια τῆς καμήλου καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐπ' αὐτοῖς· καὶ ἠρεύνησεν Λαβαν ὅλον τὸν οἶκον καὶ οὐχ εὗρεν.

And Rachel had taken the idols and put them in the camel's saddle-bags and sat upon them; and Laban searched the whole tent and did not find them.

Narrative: Rachel's concealment (pluperfect act before Laban enters) and Laban's frustrated searchδέ
The verse uses a retrospective pluperfect sequence (Rachel had taken / put / sat — before Laban entered) to explain why the search would fail. The detail of Rachel sitting on the saddle-bags — a specific, practical hiding-in-plain-sight — sets up the stratagem of v.35. The σαγμάτια ('saddle-bags / pack-saddle cushions') are the camel furniture that a woman would naturally sit on for travel and rest; Laban searches ὅλον τὸν οἶκον ('the whole tent') and still οὐχ εὗρεν — the fourth negative result.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ΡαχηλRachelnominative subject (the agent of the concealment: flashback to before Laban's entry)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (the agent of the concealment: flashback to before Laban's entry).
δέand / nownarrative particle (introducing retrospective background)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενhad takenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (prior action: Rachel's pre-emptive concealment)→ constative aorist (action completed before Laban's entry)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the same verb as v.32 (λαβέ — Jacob's permission to take what Laban finds) — ironic: Jacob said 'take what you find'; Rachel has already taken the idols before anyone could find them.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδωλαidolsAccusativedirect object (the teraphim: narrator's term εἴδωλα resumes from v.19)→ object specificationεἴδωλον: the narrator returns to using εἴδωλα (not θεούς as Laban said) — maintaining the polemical characterisation even in the dramatic climax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔβαλενput / placedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (the hiding act: putting idols in the saddle-bags)→ constative aoristβάλλω: 'throw, place, put'; renders Hebrew שִׂים ('place, put'); here the practical act of placing the idols inside the camel-pack cushions where they would be concealed under her weight.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (anaphoric: the idols)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (anaphoric: the idols).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (into the saddle-bags)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (into the saddle-bags).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαγμάτιαsaddle-bags / pack-saddle cushionsAccusativeaccusative of destination (the hiding place)→ object specificationσαγμάτιον: diminutive of σαγμός ('pack-saddle, saddle-bag'); renders Hebrew כַּר הַגָּמָל ('the camel's saddle / saddle-cushion'); the soft cushioned furniture of a camel on which a rider sits. Placing the idols in this and then sitting on it is both a practical hiding strategy and a symbolic humiliation of the objects.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καμήλουcamelGenitivegenitive of possession (the saddle-bags belong to the camel)→ relational specificationκαμήλου: meaning 'camel'; it serves as genitive of possession (the saddle-bags belong to the camel).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενsatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (Rachel's strategic posture: sitting on the hidden idols)→ constative aoristκαθίζω: 'sit down, be seated'; Rachel's sitting on the saddle-bags hides the idols physically under her person and prepares the menstruation-excuse of v.35 that will prevent Laban from asking her to rise.
ἐπ'upon / onpreposition + dative (position: sitting on the saddle-bags)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (position: sitting on the saddle-bags).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐπί (the saddle-bags with the hidden idols inside)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐπί (the saddle-bags with the hidden idols inside).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transition: Laban's search begins)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρεύνησενsearchedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρευνάωmain verb (Laban's thorough search of Rachel's tent)→ constative aoristἐρευνάω: meaning 'searched'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (Laban's thorough search of Rachel's tent).
ΛαβανLabannominative subject (postposed for emphasis after the background on Rachel)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (postposed for emphasis after the background on Rachel).
ὅλονthe wholeAccusativeadjective (intensive: 'the whole tent' — nothing was left unsearched except what Rachel sat on)→ object specificationὅλον: meaning 'the whole'; it serves as adjective (intensive: 'the whole tent' — nothing was left unsearched except what Rachel sat on).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονtentAccusativedirect object (Rachel's tent)→ object specificationοἶκον: meaning 'tent'; it serves as direct object (Rachel's tent).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of negative result (the fourth and final failure of the search)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω (aor. εὗρεν): 'find'; the idiom 'find favor in (someone's) eyes' renders מָצָא חֵן בְּעֵינֵי; Hannah's deferential acknowledgment of Eli's goodwill.
35

εἶπεν δὲ τῷ πατρί Μὴ ὀργισθήτω ὁ κύριός μου, ὅτι οὐ δύναμαι ἀναστῆναι ἐνώπιόν σου, ὅτι τὰ κατὰ τὰς γυναῖκας μοί ἐστιν. καὶ ἠρεύνησεν καὶ οὐχ εὗρεν τὰ εἴδωλα.

And she said to her father, 'Let my lord not be angry, for I am not able to rise before you, because the way of women is upon me.' And he searched and did not find the idols.

Rachel's ruse: the menstruation claim that halts the searchδέ
Rachel's stratagem combines two elements: the deferential address (ὁ κύριός μου = 'my lord') and the biological excuse that invokes a menstrual taboo — τὰ κατὰ τὰς γυναῖκας ('the things of women') — which renders Hebrew דֶּרֶךְ נָשִׁים, the same idiom as Gen 18:11 LXX for the cessation of menstruation. The excuse is effective because a menstruating woman in a ritual purity context could not be required to rise, and anything she sat on would be considered ritually impure — making the search of her saddle-bags socially impossible. The verse ends with the definitive narrative resolution: καὶ οὐχ εὗρεν τὰ εἴδωλα.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Rachel's speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative with πατρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρίfatherDativedative indirect object (Laban as the addressee, referred to as 'father')→ sphere or referenceπατρί: meaning 'father'; it serves as dative indirect object (Laban as the addressee, referred to as 'father').
Μὴlet … notnegation (with subjunctive: prohibitive/precatory)→ clausal qualification or emphasisΜὴ: meaning 'let … not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ὀργισθήτωlet him be angryAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · ὀργίζωthird-person prohibitive (with μή: 'let my lord not be angry')→ constative aorist imperative (prohibitive: 'don't let anger happen')ὀργίζω: 'make angry'; the passive ὀργισθήτω = 'let not anger be kindled in'; the deferential formulaic opening of a request to a superior, acknowledging the power differential while making an appeal.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlord / masterNominativenominative subject of ὀργισθήτω (Rachel addresses Laban as 'my lord')→ participant prominenceκύριος: 'lord, master'; Rachel uses the formal address of a subordinate to a superior — she positions herself as submissive even as she is deceiving. The same word used for God throughout the LXX is here used for Laban.
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive (Rachel's address: 'my lord')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Rachel's address: 'my lord').
ὅτιbecause / forcausal conjunction (giving the reason for not rising)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation.
δύναμαιI am ablePres Mid/Pass Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (inability to rise: the excuse)→ present of ongoing inabilityδύναμαι: 'be able, be capable'; the claim of physical incapacity provides a socially acceptable reason for not performing the required act of deference (rising before one's father).
ἀναστῆναιto rise / to stand upAor Act Inf · ἀνίστημιcomplementary infinitive (the action Rachel claims she cannot perform)→ constative aorist infinitiveἀνίστημι: 'rise, stand up'; rising before a senior was a standard social duty of respect. Rachel claims physical inability to perform this duty — the very act that would remove her from the saddle-bags and expose the hidden idols.
ἐνώπιόνbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (before Laban: the act of respectful rising)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιόν: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (before Laban: the act of respectful rising).
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (Laban as the one before whom she would rise)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (Laban as the one before whom she would rise).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (giving the specific reason for inability)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (substantival: 'the things of women')→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατὰaccording to / ofpreposition + accusative (within idiomatic phrase)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (within idiomatic phrase).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαςwomenAccusativeaccusative in idiomatic phrase (τὰ κατὰ τὰς γυναῖκας = 'the way of women')→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman'; the phrase τὰ κατὰ τὰς γυναῖκας ('the things according to / of women') is a Hebraism for דֶּרֶךְ נָשִׁים ('the way of women') = menstruation. The LXX renders it more circumspectly than the Hebrew. FLAG: a key Hebraism; the idiom recurs at Gen 18:11 LXX for the cessation of Sarahʼs menses.
μοίupon me / with meDativedative of possession (the condition is 'mine': 'is upon me')→ participant reference or interestμοί: meaning 'upon me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession (the condition is 'mine': 'is upon me').
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential/predicative: 'the way of women is upon me')→ present of current conditionεἰμί: copula.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transition: Laban searches but fails)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρεύνησενsearchedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρευνάωmain verb (final search: Laban does not abandon the search entirely)→ constative aoristἐρευνάω: meaning 'searched'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (final search: Laban does not abandon the search entirely).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐχnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of final negative result→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω (aor. εὗρεν): 'find'; the idiom 'find favor in (someone's) eyes' renders מָצָא חֵן בְּעֵינֵי; Hannah's deferential acknowledgment of Eli's goodwill.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδωλαidolsAccusativedirect object of εὗρεν (the definitive non-finding closes the search-narrative)→ object specificationεἴδωλον: the narrator uses εἴδωλα for the last time in the chapter's search-narrative, returning to the polemic term after Laban's θεούς (v.30) — ensuring the reader's theological judgment is maintained throughout.
36

καὶ ὠργίσθη Ιακωβ καὶ ἐμαχέσατο Λαβαν· καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς Ιακωβ εἶπεν τῷ Λαβαν Τί τὸ ἀδίκημά μου καὶ τί τὸ ἁμάρτημά μου, ὅτι κατεδίωξας ὀπίσω μου;

And Jacob was angry and contended with Laban; and Jacob answered and said to Laban, 'What is my transgression and what is my sin, that you have pursued after me?'

Turning point: Jacob's anger releases his self-defence speech (section D begins)καί
The search has been completed (finding nothing) and Jacob's anger now breaks out — ὠργίσθη (the same root as Rachel's μὴ ὀργισθήτω in v.35, a verbal echo). The verb ἐμαχέσατο ('contended, quarrelled') suggests a heated dispute beyond mere verbal exchange. Jacob then opens his formal legal self-defence with two parallel rhetorical questions — τί τὸ ἀδίκημα / τί τὸ ἁμάρτημα — legal terminology: ἀδίκημα = 'injustice, wrong' and ἁμάρτημα = 'sin, offence,' two distinct categories of wrongdoing he claims to have committed neither of.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠργίσθηwas angryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀργίζωmain verb (emotional reaction: Jacob's anger after the fruitless search)→ ingressive aorist (onset of anger)ὀργίζω: 'anger'; the passive ὠργίσθη = 'became angry / anger flared in him'; renders Hebrew וַיִּחַר לְיַעֲקֹב ('and it burned for Jacob'). Jacob's anger is the emotional engine of his subsequent defence speech.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμαχέσατοcontended / quarrelledAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · μάχομαιmain verb (the heated dispute: verbal and possibly physical confrontation)→ constative aoristμάχομαι: 'fight, contend, quarrel'; the middle voice of a dispute — Jacob confronted Laban in an animated argument. The word escalates beyond polite disagreement; NT: μάχεσθε for quarrelling (Jas 4:2).
ΛαβανLabandative object of ἐμαχέσατο (the one Jacob quarrelled with)→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative object of ἐμαχέσατο (the one Jacob quarrelled with).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introducing Jacob's formal speech)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιattendant participle (Hebraism: 'answered and said')→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: meaning 'answering'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as attendant participle (Hebraism: 'answered and said').
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's formal self-defence speech begins)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛαβανLabandative indirect object→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object.
Τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (first rhetorical question: legal term)→ participant referenceΤί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (first rhetorical question: legal term).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδίκημάtransgression / wrongNominativenominative subject of first rhetorical question→ participant prominenceἀδίκημα: 'injustice, wrong, transgression'; a legal term for an act contrary to justice; renders Hebrew פֶּשַׁע ('transgression, rebellion'). The two-term question (ἀδίκημα + ἁμάρτημα) covers both civil wrong and moral sin.
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (parallel question)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (second rhetorical question)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (second rhetorical question).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμάρτημάsin / offenceNominativenominative subject of second question→ participant prominenceἁμάρτημα: 'sin, error, offence'; renders Hebrew חַטָּאת ('sin, sin-offering'); the moral/religious category alongside the legal ἀδίκημα. The two terms constitute a comprehensive claim of innocence. NT: ἁμάρτημα as sin (Rom 3:25; 1 Cor 6:18).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ὅτιthat / so thatcausal/result conjunction ('that you pursued after me')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεδίωξαςyou pursued / chased downAor Act Indic 2 Sg · καταδιώκωverb of ὅτι-clause (the pursuit as the alleged justification for accusation)→ constative aoristκαταδιώκω: 'pursue down, chase after'; the compound intensifies διώκω (v.23); Jacob uses the very word of the pursuit to frame it as an overreaction to a non-existent offence.
ὀπίσωafteradverb + genitive (directional: 'after me')→ clausal contributionὀπίσω: meaning 'after'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω.
37

ὅτι ἠρεύνησας πάντα τὰ σκεύη μου, τί εὗρες ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν σκευῶν τοῦ οἴκου σου; θὲς ὧδε ἐναντίον τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου καὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν σου, καὶ ἐλεγξάτωσαν ἀνὰ μέσον ἀμφοτέρων ἡμῶν.

For you have searched all my goods — what have you found from all your household goods? Set it here before my kinsmen and your kinsmen, and let them decide between us both.

Jacob's legal challenge: the search produced nothing; demand for public arbitrationὅτι
Jacob's interrogatory logic: because (ὅτι) you searched everything and found nothing (implied by τί εὗρες — 'what did you find?'), any accusation is without foundation. He then demands a public arbitration — θὲς ὧδε ('set it here') before both families, and ἐλεγξάτωσαν ('let them reprove/decide'). The verb ἐλέγχω carries a quasi-legal sense of cross-examination and conviction.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (the ground of Jacob's claim of innocence)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρεύνησαςyou searchedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐρευνάωmain verb (the completed search turned against Laban as evidence of innocence)→ constative aoristἐρευνάω: the same verb used in vv.33–35 of Laban's physical search — Jacob turns the act against Laban: the search happened and produced nothing.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (modifying σκεύη: 'all my goods')→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (modifying σκεύη: 'all my goods').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηgoods / belongingsAccusativedirect object of ἠρεύνησας→ object specificationσκεῦος: 'vessel, implement, equipment, goods'; renders Hebrew כֵּלִים ('implements, goods'); Jacob's entire camp was subjected to search.
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (rhetorical question: expected answer = nothing)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (rhetorical question: expected answer = nothing).
εὗρεςdid you findAor Act Indic 2 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of rhetorical question (Laban found nothing)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω (aor. εὗρες): 'you have found'; deliberately echoes Achish's own οὐχ εὕρηκα (vv. 3, 6), turning the king's exoneration into the basis of David's protest — 'you yourself have found nothing.'
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of all your household goods')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'of all your household goods').
πάντωνallGenitiveadjective (modifying σκευῶν)→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (modifying σκευῶν).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκευῶνgoods / belongingsGenitivegenitive partitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationσκευῶν: meaning 'goods'; it serves as genitive partitive object of ἀπό.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouse / householdGenitivegenitive possessive (Laban's household)→ relational specificationοἴκου: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive possessive (Laban's household).
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
θὲςset / placeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · τίθημιimperative (demand: produce whatever you found before the witnesses)→ constative aorist imperative (immediate demand)τίθημι: 'place, set, put'; the imperative θές ('set it!') calls Laban's bluff.
ὧδεhereadverb of place (the public arbitration space)→ clausal contributionὧδε: meaning 'here'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofpreposition + genitive (in the presence of the arbitrators)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (in the presence of the arbitrators).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνkinsmen / brothersGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (first witness group: Jacob's kinsmen)→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; in patriarchal context 'kinsmen, clan-members'; the dispute is settled by traditional tribal arbitration.
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνkinsmenGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (second witness group: Laban's kinsmen)→ relational specificationἀδελφῶν: meaning 'kinsmen'; it serves as genitive object of ἐναντίον (second witness group: Laban's kinsmen).
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλεγξάτωσανlet them judge / decideAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ἐλέγχωthird-person imperative (demand for formal arbitration by both families)→ constative aorist imperativeἐλέγχω: 'expose, convict, reprove, decide'; a legal term for bringing evidence to a verdict; renders Hebrew יוֹכִיחוּ ('let them adjudicate'). NT: ἐλέγχω for conviction of sin (John 16:8).
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (within ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (within ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative within idiomatic phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('between')→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative within idiomatic phrase ἀνὰ μέσον ('between').
ἀμφοτέρωνbothGenitivegenitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (the two parties)→ relational specificationἀμφοτέρων: meaning 'both'; it serves as genitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (the two parties).
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive possessive (partitive with ἀμφοτέρων: 'both of us')→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (partitive with ἀμφοτέρων: 'both of us').
38

ταῦτά μοι εἴκοσι ἔτη ἐγώ εἰμι μετὰ σοῦ· τὰ πρόβατά σου καὶ αἱ αἶγές σου οὐκ ἠτέκνωσαν, κριοὺς τῆς ποίμνης σου οὐ κατέφαγον.

These twenty years I have been with you; your ewes and your she-goats did not miscarry, and the rams of your flock I did not eat.

Asyndeton: opening of flock-fidelity record (twenty years; no miscarriage; no consumption of rams)asyndeton
Jacob opens the positive catalogue of his faithful service with asyndeton (ταῦτά μοι — 'these things are my account'): twenty years (εἴκοσι ἔτη) with a flock that never miscarried (οὐκ ἠτέκνωσαν) and whose rams he never consumed. The asyndeton opening signals a shift from challenge (v.37) to formal service-record enumeration.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ταῦτάthese things / thisNominativenominative (asyndeton subject of implied ἐστίν: 'this is my account')→ participant prominenceοὗτος: the asyndeton opener functions as 'here is my record' — signalling the shift from challenge to formal enumeration.
μοιto me / for meDativedative of reference (the matter from Jacob's perspective)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of reference (the matter from Jacob's perspective).
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (twenty years of service)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: meaning 'twenty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of duration.
ἐγώINominativeemphatic nominative subject→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as emphatic nominative subject.
εἰμιam / have beenPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (progressive present: 'I have been with you')→ progressive present (ongoing duration)εἰμί: 'be'; ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος renders אֲנִי יהוה.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόβατάewes / sheepNominativenominative subject (first category: female sheep)→ participant prominenceπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders Hebrew רְחֵלֶיךָ ('your ewes'); non-miscarriage is the first metric of shepherding competence.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἶγέςshe-goatsNominativenominative subject (second category: female goats)→ participant prominenceαἴξ: 'goat'; renders Hebrew עִזֶּיךָ ('your she-goats').
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἠτέκνωσανmiscarried / lost youngAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀτεκνόωmain verb (negative: no losses from miscarriage under Jacob's care)→ constative aoristἀτεκνόω: 'make childless, cause to miscarry'; renders Hebrew שִׁכֵּל ('cause to be bereaved/miscarry').
κριοὺςramsAccusativedirect object of κατέφαγον (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationκριός: 'ram'; renders Hebrew אֵילֵי ('rams of'); not eating the rams proves Jacob never supplemented his own food from the flock.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποίμνηςflockGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationποίμνη: 'flock'; the breeding males of Laban's flock.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation.
κατέφαγονI ate / devouredAor Act Indic 1 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb (Jacob never consumed the flock's males)→ constative aoristκατεσθίω: 'eat up, devour, consume'; the compound intensifies — Jacob did not devour a single ram.
39

θηριάλωτον οὐκ ἀνέφερον πρὸς σέ· ἐγὼ ἀπετίννυον παρ' ἐμαυτοῦ κλέμματα ἡμέρας καὶ κλέμματα νυκτός.

What was torn by wild beasts I did not bring to you; I made good the thefts of the day and the thefts of the night from my own.

Asyndeton: Jacob's liability record — beyond legal duty he bore every loss personallyasyndeton
The verse presents a startling reversal of normal ancient shepherd law: Exod 22:13 permitted a shepherd to show a carcass torn by beasts and bear no liability. Jacob never invoked this right — he bore every such loss personally (ἐγὼ ἀπετίννυον, emphatic ἐγώ with imperfect = habitual over twenty years). The explicit distinction of day-theft and night-theft (both covered) underscores the completeness of his personal liability.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
θηριάλωτονwhat was seized by wild beastsAccusativeaccusative direct object (fronted: 'beast-seized animals')→ object specificationθηριάλωτος: 'seized by wild animals'; compound from θηρίον + ἁλίσκομαι; renders Hebrew טְרֵפָה ('what is torn'). Under ancient law a torn animal shown to the owner excused the shepherd from liability (Exod 22:13).
οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀνέφερονI broughtImpf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb (customary imperfect: habitual practice of not claiming the exemption)→ customary imperfect (twenty-year pattern)ἀναφέρω: 'bring up, carry back'; in the shepherd context 'bring back to the owner as proof and claim liability waiver.' Jacob's habitual refusal means he bore every predator loss himself.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (to Laban)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (to Laban).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic nominative subject (ἐγώ: 'I myself' — the contrast with normal practice)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as emphatic nominative subject (ἐγώ: 'I myself' — the contrast with normal practice).
ἀπετίννυονI paid / made restitutionImpf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποτίνωmain verb (customary imperfect: habitual personal restitution)→ customary imperfect (repeated act across twenty years)ἀποτίνω: 'pay back, make restitution'; renders Hebrew חִטָּאתִי ('I bore the loss'); the imperfect signals the repeated habit throughout the service period.
παρ'frompreposition + genitive (source: from himself)→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: from himself).
ἐμαυτοῦmyselfGenitivegenitive reflexive (Jacob paid from his own resources)→ relational specificationἐμαυτοῦ: meaning 'myself'; it serves as genitive reflexive (Jacob paid from his own resources).
κλέμματαthefts / stolen animalsAccusativedirect object of ἀπετίννυον (day-thefts he paid for)→ object specificationκλέμμα: 'theft, thing stolen'; renders Hebrew גְּנֻבְתִי ('what was stolen from me'); livestock stolen counted as a separate loss category from predator attack.
ἡμέραςof the dayGenitivegenitive of time (daytime thefts)→ relational specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'of the day'; it serves as genitive of time (daytime thefts).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλέμματαtheftsAccusativedirect object (night-thefts also paid for: full temporal range covered)→ object specificationκλέμματα: meaning 'thefts'; it serves as direct object (night-thefts also paid for: full temporal range covered).
νυκτόςof the nightGenitivegenitive of time (all losses covered: day and night)→ relational specificationνυκτός: meaning 'of the night'; it serves as genitive of time (all losses covered: day and night).
40

ἐγενόμην τῇ ἡμέρᾳ συγκαιόμενος τῷ καύσωνι καὶ τῇ πάγῳ τῆς νυκτός, καὶ ἀπῴχετο ὁ ὕπνος ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν μου.

In the day I was scorched by the heat and by the frost of the night, and sleep fled from my eyes.

Asyndeton: Jacob's physical suffering — the personal cost of faithful serviceasyndeton
The verse shifts from legal enumeration to personal testimony: burned by the day's καύσων (scorching heat, renders Hebrew חֹרֶב) and frozen by the night's πάγος (frost, renders Hebrew קֶרַח), with sleep habitually departing (ἀπῴχετο, imperfect). The antithesis heat/frost mirrors the day/night merism of v.39 — Jacob suffered the full pastoral range. The sleep-deprivation detail was required by vigilance against nocturnal predators and thieves.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐγενόμηνI became / wasAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (summary of twenty years' condition)→ constative aorist (summary of extended state)γίνομαι: 'become'; predicative with participle συγκαιόμενος — 'I became one burned by the heat.'
τῇin theDativearticle (dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (in the daytime)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρᾳ: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative of time (in the daytime).
συγκαιόμενοςbeing burned / scorchedPres Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · συγκαίωpredicative participle (the condition Jacob was in during the day)→ present = ongoing repeated stateσυγκαίω: 'burn together, scorch completely'; renders Hebrew אֲכָלַנִי חֹרֶב ('the heat consumed me').
τῷby theDativearticle (dative of means)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καύσωνιscorching heatDativedative of means (the day's intense heat)→ sphere or referenceκαύσων: 'burning heat, scorching wind'; renders Hebrew חֹרֶב ('heat, drought'). FLAG: NT καύσων at Matt 20:12 ('burden of the day and heat') — same labour-and-wages context as Jacob's speech; the LXX idiom may have shaped Matthew's parable wording.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adding the night's suffering)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇby theDativearticle (dative of means)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάγῳfrost / freezing coldDativedative of means (the night's cold: opposite extreme from the day's heat)→ sphere or referenceπάγος: 'frost, freeze'; renders Hebrew קֶרַח ('frost, ice'). The antithesis καύσων / πάγος covers the full range of pastoral hardship.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νυκτόςnightGenitivegenitive of time (the nocturnal frost)→ relational specificationνυκτός: meaning 'night'; it serves as genitive of time (the nocturnal frost).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῴχετοdeparted / fledImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποίχομαιmain verb (customary imperfect: sleep habitually left every night)→ customary imperfect (nightly deprivation; twenty years)ἀποίχομαι: 'go away, depart'; sleep personified as departing; renders Hebrew יִדַּד שְׁנָתִי ('my sleep fled').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕπνοςsleepNominativenominative subject (sleep personified as departing)→ participant prominenceὕπνος: 'sleep'; the subject of ἀπῴχετο — sleep leaves him nightly. NT: ὕπνος at Rom 13:11.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: departing from his eyes)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: departing from his eyes).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (eyes as the seat from which sleep departed)→ relational specificationὀφθαλμῶν: meaning 'eyes'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό (eyes as the seat from which sleep departed).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
41

ταῦτά μοι εἴκοσι ἔτη ἐγώ εἰμι ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ σου· ἐδούλευσά σοι δεκατέσσαρα ἔτη ἀντὶ τῶν δύο θυγατέρων σου καὶ ἓξ ἔτη ἐν τοῖς προβάτοις σου, καὶ παρελογίσω τὸν μισθόν μου δέκα ἀμνάσιν.

These twenty years I have been in your house; I served you fourteen years for your two daughters and six years for your flocks, and you cheated me of my wages ten times.

Asyndeton: Jacob's total service account — the arithmetic of twenty years' labourasyndeton
The verse presents the full accounting: 14 years for Rachel and Leah (7 + 7, Gen 29) + 6 years for the flocks = 20 total. Jacob uses the precise commercial terms of the service-and-wage relationship: ἐδούλευσά ('I slaved / served as a slave'), ἀντί ('in exchange for'), and παρελογίσω ('you cheated / falsely reckoned'). The verb παραλογίζομαι ('reckon falsely, cheat, deceive') gives the accusation its sharpest edge. δέκα ἀμνάσιν ('ten times [with] lambs') renders the difficult Hebrew עֲשֶׂרֶת מֹנִים (lit. 'ten countings' = idiom for 'many times').
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ταῦτάthese things / thisNominativenominative (asyndeton: resuming the service-account)→ participant prominenceταῦτά: meaning 'these things'; it serves as nominative (asyndeton: resuming the service-account).
μοιto meDativedative of reference→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of reference.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (total years)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: meaning 'twenty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of duration.
ἐγώINominativeemphatic nominative subject→ participant referenceἐγώ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as emphatic nominative subject.
εἰμιam / have beenPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (progressive present: ongoing twenty-year tenure)→ progressive presentεἰμί: 'be'; ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος renders אֲנִי יהוה.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: in Laban's house/camp)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: in Laban's house/camp).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouse / householdDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceοἴκῳ: meaning 'house'; it serves as dative of place.
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ἐδούλευσάI served / slavedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb (the service: 14 years for the daughters)→ constative aorist (entire service period as a whole)δουλεύω: 'serve as a slave, be in service'; renders Hebrew עָבַדְתִּי ('I served'); the word δουλεύω chooses the slave-service register rather than a lighter 'serve' — underscoring the severity of the obligation Jacob fulfilled.
σοιyouDativedative indirect object (Laban: the one served)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Laban: the one served).
δεκατέσσαραfourteennumeral (14 years of bride-service)→ clausal contributionδεκατέσσαρα: meaning 'fourteen'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of duration.
ἀντὶin exchange for / forpreposition + genitive (commercial exchange: service in lieu of bride-price)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'in place of, in exchange for'; renders Hebrew תַּחַת ('under, in place of'); the 14 years = 7 + 7 for Leah and Rachel (Gen 29).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύοtwonumeral→ measure or countδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
θυγατέρωνdaughtersGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (Rachel and Leah)→ relational specificationθυγατέρων: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as genitive object of ἀντί (Rachel and Leah).
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adding the second work-period)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἓξsixnumeral (6 years for the flocks)→ clausal contributionἓξ: meaning 'six'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative of duration.
ἐνfor / amongpreposition + dative (purpose/sphere: for/among the flocks)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (purpose/sphere: for/among the flocks).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτοιςflocks / sheepDativedative object of ἐν (the flocks Jacob tended for 6 years)→ sphere or referenceπροβάτοις: meaning 'flocks'; it serves as dative object of ἐν (the flocks Jacob tended for 6 years).
σουyourGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the accusation follows)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρελογίσωyou cheated / falsely reckonedAor Mid Indic 2 Sg · παραλογίζομαιmain verb (the accusation: Laban's wage-fraud)→ constative aoristπαραλογίζομαι: 'reckon falsely, cheat, deceive by false reckoning'; renders Hebrew וַתַּחֲלֵף ('and you changed/altered'); the LXX chooses a commercial fraud term — falsifying accounts — rather than just 'change.' NT: παραλογίζομαι at Col 2:4 (deceit through plausible-seeming argument).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισθόνwages / payAccusativedirect object of παρελογίσω (Jacob's wages: the thing cheated)→ object specificationμισθός: 'wage, pay, reward'; the key term of the labour dispute — Laban changed the agreed μισθός ten times (vv.7, 41).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
δέκαtennumeral (ten times: idiom for 'many times')→ measure or countδέκα: meaning 'ten'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἀμνάσινlambs / timesDativedative of manner/measure ('by ten lambs' = 'ten times')→ sphere or referenceἀμνάς: 'ewe-lamb'; renders Hebrew מֹנִים ('countings, times'); the LXX uses 'ten lambs' as a concrete measure of repeated cheating — the Hebrew idiom עֲשֶׂרֶת מֹנִים ('ten times') is rendered with the flock-unit that anchors the pastoral wage dispute.
42

εἰ μὴ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ πατρός μου Αβρααμ καὶ ὁ φόβος Ισαακ ἦν μοι, νῦν ἂν κενόν με ἐξαπέστειλας· τὴν τεπείνωσίν μου καὶ τὸν κόπον τῶν χειρῶν μου εἶδεν ὁ θεός, καὶ ἤλεγξέν σε ἐχθές.

If the God of my father Abraham and the Fear of Isaac had not been for me, surely now you would have sent me away empty; God saw my humiliation and the toil of my hands, and he reproved you last night.

Theological climax: divine vindication over against Laban's fraudεἰ μή
The speech reaches its theological apex: the counter-factual εἰ μή … ἦν μοι ('if [God] had not been for me') grounds Jacob's survival in divine faithfulness. The divine name ὁ φόβος Ισαακ ('the Fear of Isaac') is unique in the patriarchal narratives — a divine epithet derived from Isaac's experiential dread rather than a covenantal self-declaration; it preserves Hebrew פַּחַד יִצְחָק verbatim. FLAG: a major crux. The three verbs of divine action form a climax: ἦν ('was/has been' — ongoing presence), εἶδεν ('saw' — attentive witness to suffering), ἤλεγξεν ('reproved' — last night's dream-judgment on Laban). The adverb ἐχθές ('yesterday/last night') ties the divine reproof to God's nocturnal warning in v.24.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
εἰifconditional particle (opening the counter-factual)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegation (with εἰ: 'if not')→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject (the God of Abraham and the Fear of Isaac)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject (the God of Abraham and the Fear of Isaac).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship (God of my father)→ relational specificationπατρός: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of relationship (God of my father).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ΑβρααμAbrahamgenitive of possession (indeclinable: God of Abraham)→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable: God of Abraham).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (joining the two divine titles)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόβοςFearNominativenominative subject (divine title: 'the Fear of Isaac')→ participant prominenceφόβος: 'fear, dread, reverence'; as a divine epithet, ὁ φόβος Ισαακ ('the Fear of Isaac') is unique in the patriarchal narratives. FLAG: renders Hebrew פַּחַד יִצְחָק (paḥad Yiṣḥāq). The title derives from Isaac's experiential dread of God at the Aqedah (Gen 22) rather than a formal covenantal self-declaration. It recurs at v.53 and is the chapter's most distinctive theological crux. LXX renders verbatim rather than paraphrasing.
ΙσαακIsaacgenitive of possession (indeclinable: the Fear belonging-to / experienced-by Isaac)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable: the Fear belonging-to / experienced-by Isaac).
ἦνhad been / wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of protasis (the condition: if God had not been for me)→ imperfect of ongoing state (in the counter-factual)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.
μοιfor me / with meDativedative of advantage (God being 'for' Jacob: cf. Rom 8:31)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (God being 'for' Jacob: cf. Rom 8:31).
νῦνnowadverb (apodosis: 'now you would have sent me away')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἂνwouldmodal particle (marking the counter-factual apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'would'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κενόνempty / empty-handedAccusativepredicate accusative (Jacob would have been sent away 'empty')→ object specificationκενός: 'empty, without resources'; renders Hebrew רֵיקָם ('empty-handed'); the counter-factual outcome: sent away with nothing after twenty years.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐξαπέστειλας→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐξαπέστειλας.
ἐξαπέστειλαςyou sent away / dismissedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb of apodosis (the counter-factual outcome: dismissal without wages)→ constative aorist (in counter-factual apodosis)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away, dispatch, dismiss'; renders Hebrew שִׁלַּחְתַּנִי ('you sent me away'); the compound emphasises total dismissal — expelled from service without compensation.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεπείνωσίνhumiliation / afflictionAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν (what God witnessed: Jacob's affliction)→ object specificationταπείνωσις: 'lowliness, humiliation, affliction'; renders Hebrew עֳנִי ('affliction, misery'); NT: ταπείνωσις at Luke 1:48 (Mary's 'humble state' in the Magnificat). The LXX word choice places Jacob's experience in the same register as Israel's affliction in Egypt (cf. Exod 3:7).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόπονtoil / labourAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν (the second thing God witnessed: Jacob's physical toil)→ object specificationκόπος: 'toil, labour, exhausting work'; renders Hebrew יְגִיעַ ('toil, produce of toil'); the same word Paul uses for apostolic labour (1 Cor 15:58; 2 Cor 6:5).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive of source (the toil of his hands: the physical labour)→ relational specificationχειρῶν: meaning 'hands'; it serves as genitive of source (the toil of his hands: the physical labour).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (God's witnessing: divine surveillance of Jacob's suffering)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see, behold, witness'; God as the divine witness who saw what Laban would not acknowledge. This is a key LXX motif: God 'seeing' affliction = active divine attention (cf. Exod 3:7 εἶδον).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativenominative subject (God as divine witness and judge)→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject (God as divine witness and judge).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the consequence: God's reproof of Laban)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤλεγξένreproved / convictedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐλέγχωmain verb (God's judicial action: the night-dream reproof of v.24)→ constative aoristἐλέγχω: 'expose, reprove, convict'; the same word Jacob used in v.37 for the arbitrators — now God is the one who ἤλεγξεν Laban (last night in the dream). The legal register pervades the chapter.
σεyouAccusativeaccusative direct object (Laban: the one God reproved)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative direct object (Laban: the one God reproved).
ἐχθέςyesterday / last nightadverb of time (the timing: the nocturnal dream of v.24)→ clausal contributionἐχθές: 'yesterday, last night'; the adverb ties the divine reproof in Jacob's speech to the specific event of v.24 — God's dream-warning to Laban 'last night.' The speech's climax thus explicitly references the dream-frame.
43

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ Λαβαν εἶπεν τῷ Ιακωβ Αἱ θυγατέρες θυγατέρες μου, καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ υἱοί μου, καὶ τὰ κτήνη κτήνη μου, καὶ πάντα ὅσα σὺ ὁρᾷς ἐμά ἐστιν· καὶ τῶν θυγατέρων μου τί ποιήσω ταύταις σήμερον ἢ τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτῶν οἷς ἔτεκον;

And Laban answered and said to Jacob, 'The daughters are my daughters and the sons are my sons and the livestock are my livestock, and everything that you see is mine; and what can I do today for these daughters of mine or for their children whom they have borne?'

Laban's territorial claim: everything Jacob possesses is Laban's by patriarchal right — but he has no counter to the chargesδέ
Laban's response is remarkable for what it does not say: he makes no defence of the wage-fraud charges, no rebuttal of the service record, no answer to the demand for arbitration. Instead he asserts a sweeping patriarchal property-claim in four parallel nominatives (daughters / sons / livestock / everything = mine), then pivots immediately to a rhetorical question: 'What can I do for them?' — acknowledging de facto that he cannot change the situation. The parallelism (θυγατέρες θυγατέρες, υἱοὶ υἱοί, κτήνη κτήνη) functions as a rhetorical claim-staking rather than a legal argument.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιattendant participle (Hebraism: 'answered and said')→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: meaning 'answering'; it contributes descriptive or attendant verbal force; here it functions as attendant participle (Hebraism: 'answered and said').
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabannominative subject→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Laban's response speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobdative indirect object→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ΑἱtheNominativearticle (first of four parallel property-claims)→ noun-phrase markingΑἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersNominativenominative subject of first property-claim→ participant prominenceθυγατέρες: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as nominative subject of first property-claim.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersNominativepredicate nominative (repetition: 'the daughters are daughters of mine' — emphatic reduplication)→ participant prominenceθυγατέρες: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as predicate nominative (repetition: 'the daughters are daughters of mine' — emphatic reduplication).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive (the key claim: Laban's ownership)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (the key claim: Laban's ownership).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (second claim)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativenominative subject of second claim (Jacob's sons = Laban's grandsons, his 'sons')→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative subject of second claim (Jacob's sons = Laban's grandsons, his 'sons').
υἱοίsonsNominativepredicate nominative (reduplication: 'sons are my sons')→ participant prominenceυἱοί: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative (reduplication: 'sons are my sons').
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (third claim)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηlivestock / cattleNominativenominative subject of third claim→ participant prominenceκτῆνος: 'livestock, beast, property-animal'; Laban claims even Jacob's livestock (which God gave Jacob through the flock-breeding miracle) as his own.
κτήνηlivestockNominativepredicate nominative (reduplication)→ participant prominenceκτήνη: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as predicate nominative (reduplication).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (fourth and final sweep)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταeverything / allNominativenominative subject (comprehensive: all that you see is mine)→ participant prominenceπάντα: meaning 'everything'; it serves as nominative subject (comprehensive: all that you see is mine).
ὅσαwhatever / all thatAccusativerelative pronoun (nominative relative clause: 'all that you see')→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'whatever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (nominative relative clause: 'all that you see').
σὺyouNominativenominative subject of ὁρᾷς (emphatic: 'you yourself see')→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative subject of ὁρᾷς (emphatic: 'you yourself see').
ὁρᾷςyou seePres Act Indic 2 Sg · ὁράωrelative clause verb (the visible extent of the claim)→ present of current situationὁράω: meaning 'you see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as relative clause verb (the visible extent of the claim).
ἐμάmineNominativepredicate nominative (possessive pronoun: emphatic 'mine')→ participant referenceἐμός: 'mine'; the emphatic possessive pronoun rather than the enclitic μου — Laban uses ἐμά for rhetorical emphasis: 'all this is MINE.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predication: the claim of ownership)→ present of assertionεἰμί: copula.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the rhetorical pivot: from claim to resignation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (genitive, anticipating the rhetorical question)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρωνdaughtersGenitivegenitive (partitive with τί ποιήσω: 'as for my daughters, what can I do?')→ relational specificationθυγατέρων: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as genitive (partitive with τί ποιήσω: 'as for my daughters, what can I do?').
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (rhetorical question of resignation)→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative pronoun (rhetorical question of resignation).
ποιήσωcan I do / shall I doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive (rhetorical: Laban implicitly concedes he can do nothing)→ deliberative subjunctiveποιέω: 'do / make'; the aorist subjunctive ποιήσω in a question is deliberative — David asks what action will satisfy the wrong.
ταύταιςtheseDativedative of advantage (for these daughters of his)→ sphere or referenceταύταις: meaning 'these'; it serves as dative of advantage (for these daughters of his).
σήμερονtodayadverb of time (now, at this point: the present situation is irrevocable)→ clausal contributionσήμερον: meaning 'today'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκνοιςchildrenDativedative of advantage (for their children)→ sphere or referenceτέκνοις: meaning 'children'; it serves as dative of advantage (for their children).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive possessive (the daughters' children)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (the daughters' children).
οἷςwhomDativerelative pronoun (dative: the children whom they bore)→ participant reference or interestοἷς: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (dative: the children whom they bore).
ἔτεκονthey bore / gave birth toAor Act Indic 3 Pl · τίκτωrelative clause verb→ constative aoristτίκτω: meaning 'they bore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as relative clause verb.
44

νῦν οὖν δεῦρο διαθώμεθα διαθήκην ἐγὼ καὶ σύ, καὶ ἔσται εἰς μαρτύριον ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ.

Now therefore come, let us make a covenant, I and you, and it shall be a witness between me and you.

Conclusion: Laban proposes the covenant as the resolution of the impasseνῦν οὖν
The particle sequence νῦν οὖν ('now therefore') draws the logical conclusion from the preceding concession: since Laban cannot practically do anything more about the situation, the practical resolution is a covenant. The verb διαθώμεθα is a hortatory subjunctive ('let us make') with the cognate noun διαθήκη ('covenant') — a figura etymologica (διαθ- stem doubled). The personal sequence ἐγὼ καὶ σύ ('I and you' — Laban names himself first, subtly asserting precedence) is followed by the purpose: it shall be εἰς μαρτύριον ('for a witness, a testimony') between them — the heap-of-stones theme that will dominate vv.45–52.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (immediate application: 'now')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: meaning 'now'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (drawing the conclusion from the impasse)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: meaning 'therefore'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεῦροcome / come nowimperatival adverb ('come!': initiates the covenant proposal)→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: 'come here, come now'; an imperatival adverb of place used as a summons; renders Hebrew לְכָה ('come, go'). The summons prepares the formal covenant-making that follows.
διαθώμεθαlet us make / establishAor Mid Subj 1 Pl · διατίθημιhortatory subjunctive (the covenant proposal: 'let us make a covenant')→ constative aorist subjunctiveδιατίθημι: 'make a covenant, dispose, arrange'; the verb whose middle is used specifically for covenant-making (διατίθεμαι διαθήκην = 'cut a covenant'). The cognate pair διαθώμεθα / διαθήκην = figura etymologica: 'let us covenant a covenant.' NT: διατίθεμαι at Heb 8:10; 10:16 for the new covenant.
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativecognate accusative (figura etymologica with διαθώμεθα)→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant, testament, agreement'; the LXX's standard rendering of Hebrew בְּרִית ('covenant'); the agreement to be made here is bilateral but not explicitly one of grace — it is a territorial boundary-treaty and mutual non-aggression pact.
ἐγὼINominativenominative (in apposition to the subject of διαθώμεθα: Laban names himself first)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative (in apposition to the subject of διαθώμεθα: Laban names himself first).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύyouNominativenominative (the second party to the covenant: Jacob)→ participant referenceσύ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative (the second party to the covenant: Jacob).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (the covenant's purpose follows)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the purpose of the covenant: to function as witness)→ predictive future (the covenant will function as testimony)εἰμί (fut.): copula.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (purpose/result: 'as a witness')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/result: 'as a witness').
μαρτύριονwitness / testimonyAccusativeaccusative of purpose (what the covenant is: a standing witness)→ object specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony, witness, evidence'; the covenant-heap will be the physical μαρτύριον ('witness-heap') — anticipating the name Βουνὸς μάρτυς ('Witness-Hill') of vv.47–48.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (within ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (within ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative within ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative within ἀνὰ μέσον.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (the first party: Laban)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (the first party: Laban).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (the second party: Jacob)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (the second party: Jacob).
45

λαβὼν δὲ Ιακωβ λίθον ἔστησεν αὐτὸν στήλην.

And Jacob took a stone and set it up as a pillar.

Narrative action: covenant ratified by a single stone pillar (Jacob's act)δέ
The verse is syntactically spare — two words of action (λαβών / ἔστησεν) and the object (λίθον / στήλην). The stone pillar (στήλη) is a menhir — a standing stone that functions as a witness-monument. Jacob's pillar-setting echoes his vow-pillar at Bethel (28:18) and constitutes his contribution to the covenant's physical witness. The heap will follow in v.46 (contributed by both parties) — the two monuments together form the covenant-boundary marker.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
λαβὼνhaving taken / takingAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωattendant circumstance participle (temporal: 'taking a stone, he set it up')→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders לָקַח; the aorist participle λαβών (here and again in vv. 7, 8) is a recurring narrative device of the chapter, attaching the manual act of 'taking' to each successive ritual gesture — the blood, the book, the blood again.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect object of λαβών (a single standing stone)→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; a single stone set upright (στήλη) as distinct from the heap (βουνός) of v.46 — two different covenant-monuments.
ἔστησενset up / erectedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the erection of the standing stone)→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'cause to stand, erect, set up'; renders Hebrew וַיְצִבֶּהָ מַצֵּבָה ('and set it up as a pillar/stele'). The transitive aorist ἔστησεν = 'he erected [it]'.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν (the stone, now erected)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔστησεν (the stone, now erected).
στήληνpillar / steleAccusativepredicate accusative (the stone erected as a στήλη: a standing monument)→ object specificationστήλη: 'pillar, stele, standing stone'; renders Hebrew מַצֵּבָה ('standing stone, pillar'); the sacred standing stone of Canaanite religion; in Genesis used for covenant-marking and divine encounter (28:18, 22; 31:45, 51, 52; 35:14, 20). Later prohibited in the Torah (Deut 16:22) once the Canaanite association became unacceptable.
46

εἶπεν δὲ Ιακωβ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς αὐτοῦ Συλλέξατε λίθους· καὶ συνέλεξαν λίθους καὶ ἐποίησαν βουνόν, καὶ ἔφαγον ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ τοῦ βουνοῦ.

And Jacob said to his kinsmen, 'Gather stones,' and they gathered stones and made a heap, and they ate there upon the heap.

Communal monument-building: the heap made by the kinsmen; covenant meal foreshadowedδέ
Jacob instructs his κinsmen (ἀδελφοί = his men, travelling party) to gather stones — the heap (βουνός) is a communal construction, distinct from Jacob's solo stone-pillar of v.45. The meal ἐπὶ τοῦ βουνοῦ ('upon the heap') anticipates the full covenant-ratification meal of v.54 — this preliminary eating on the heap is a foretaste of the covenantal communion. The verb sequence Συλλέξατε / συνέλεξαν (imperative → indicative) enacts the command immediately.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῖςkinsmen / brothersDativedative indirect object (Jacob's men / travelling companions)→ sphere or referenceἀδελφοῖς: meaning 'kinsmen'; it serves as dative indirect object (Jacob's men / travelling companions).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
Συλλέξατεgather / collectAor Act Impv 2 Pl · συλλέγωimperative (Jacob's command to gather stones)→ constative aorist imperativeσυλλέγω: 'gather together, collect'; the command immediately executed in the next clause (συνέλεξαν).
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of Συλλέξατε→ object specificationλίθους: meaning 'stones'; it serves as direct object of Συλλέξατε.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (immediate fulfilment of the command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέλεξανthey gatheredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συλλέγωmain verb (the commanded action executed)→ constative aoristσυλλέγω (aor. συνέλεξαν): 'gather / collect'; the gathering-keyword; here the act of collecting the manna, performed in differing amounts by different gatherers.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationλίθους: meaning 'stones'; it serves as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανmadeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (the construction of the heap)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the aorist summarizes the Philistines' treatment of Saul's body in vv. 9–10, which the Jabeshites now hear of and resolve to redress.
βουνόνheap / moundAccusativedirect object (the heap of stones: the covenant-monument)→ object specificationβουνός: 'heap, mound, hill'; renders Hebrew גַּל ('heap of stones'); the monument that will receive the name Βουνὸς τοῦ μάρτυρος / Βουνὸς μάρτυς in vv.47–48.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφαγονateAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (communal meal on the heap: covenant-eating)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; eating on or at the covenant-monument ratifies the agreement; anticipates the full covenant-meal of v.54 (ἔφαγον καὶ ἔπιον).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (at that place: on/beside the heap)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
ἐπὶupon / onpreposition + genitive (on the heap: the specific location of the meal)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (on the heap: the specific location of the meal).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνοῦheapGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the heap as the site of the covenant meal)→ relational specificationβουνοῦ: meaning 'heap'; it serves as genitive object of ἐπί (the heap as the site of the covenant meal).
47

καὶ ἐκάλεσεν αὐτὸν Λαβαν Βουνὸς τοῦ μάρτυρος· Ιακωβ δὲ ἐκάλεσεν αὐτὸν Βουνὸς μάρτυς.

And Laban called it 'Hill of the Witness'; but Jacob called it 'Witness-Hill.'

Dual naming of the heap: Laban (Aramaic) and Jacob (Hebrew) both name it 'Witness-Heap'καί
FLAG: This is the chapter's major onomastic crux. The MT presents two distinct names: Laban names the heap יְגַר שָׂהֲדוּתָא (Aramaic: 'Heap of Witness') and Jacob names it גַּלְעֵד (Hebrew: 'Witness-Heap' / 'Galeed'). The LXX translates both rather than transliterating either: Laban's Aramaic = Βουνὸς τοῦ μάρτυρος ('Hill of the Witness' — with the genitive article, reflecting the Aramaic construct) and Jacob's Hebrew = Βουνὸς μάρτυς ('Witness-Hill' — without the article, a more compressed Greek compound). The translation choice preserves the bilingual name-giving in transparent Greek while losing the linguistic distinction between Aramaic and Hebrew — both become Greek 'hill' + 'witness' variants.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / namedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (the naming act: Laban's name for the heap)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, name'; the naming verb used for place-name etiologies throughout Genesis.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object (the heap being named)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the heap being named).
ΛαβανLabannominative subject→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
ΒουνὸςHill / HeapNominativepredicate nominative (Laban's name for the heap — first element)→ participant prominenceβουνός: 'heap, mound, hill'; LXX renders Aramaic יְגַר ('heap') as βουνός. FLAG: The LXX translates both Laban's Aramaic and Jacob's Hebrew versions of the name, preserving the bilingual etiology but in Greek.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (genitive with μάρτυρος — Laban's form has the article, reflecting the Aramaic construct chain)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μάρτυροςwitnessGenitivegenitive of characterisation ('Hill of the Witness')→ relational specificationμάρτυς: 'witness'; renders Aramaic שָׂהֲדוּ ('witness'). The genitive μάρτυρος with article distinguishes Laban's form from Jacob's μάρτυς (without article, v.47b). The heap is the standing witness that neither party may cross the boundary.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject (second naming: Jacob's Hebrew name)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (second naming: Jacob's Hebrew name).
δέbut / andcontrastive particle (distinguishing Jacob's name from Laban's)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / namedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Jacob's naming act)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; David calls one of his retinue to carry out the sentence.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object (the same heap)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the same heap).
ΒουνὸςWitness-Heap / HillNominativepredicate nominative (Jacob's Hebrew name — without the article)→ participant prominenceβουνός: renders Hebrew גַּלְעֵד (Galeed, 'Witness-Heap'). Without the genitive article, this form is more compressed than Laban's Βουνὸς τοῦ μάρτυρος — reflecting the distinction in the Hebrew source between Laban's Aramaic construct and Jacob's Hebrew compound.
μάρτυςwitnessNominativenominative in apposition (Jacob's name: 'Witness-Hill' — without the genitive article of Laban's form)→ noun-phrase markingμάρτυς: 'witness'; nominative appositive to Βουνός — 'Witness-Hill.' Contrast with v.47a Βουνὸς τοῦ μάρτυρος (genitive form, Laban's Aramaic). The article-less nominative form is the LXX's way of distinguishing the two linguistically distinct names in the MT.
48

εἶπεν δὲ Λαβαν τῷ Ιακωβ Ἰδοὺ ὁ βουνὸς οὗτος καὶ ἡ στήλη αὕτη μαρτυρεῖ ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ σήμερον· διὰ τοῦτο ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Βουνὸς μάρτυς.

And Laban said to Jacob, 'Behold, this heap and this pillar witness between me and you today; therefore its name was called Witness-Heap.'

Interpretation: Laban explains the heap's and pillar's joint witness function; the name-etiologyδέ
Laban now interprets the monuments he has just named: ὁ βουνὸς οὗτος καὶ ἡ στήλη αὕτη ('this heap and this pillar') — both monuments together constitute the witness. The verb μαρτυρεῖ (present: ongoing, continuous witnessing) gives the stones a quasi-juridical agency: they are standing witnesses at all times. The onomastic formula follows: διὰ τοῦτο ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα ('therefore its name was called') is the standard LXX place-name etiology formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabannominative subject→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobdative indirect object→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ἸδοὺBehold / Lookpresentational particle (directs attention to the visible monuments)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold, look, see'; renders Hebrew הִנֵּה ('behold'); a standard LXX Hebraism. Here it performs a deictic function — directing attention to the physical monuments now in place.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνὸςheapNominativenominative subject (first monument)→ participant prominenceβουνὸς: meaning 'heap'; it serves as nominative subject (first monument).
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (deictic: 'this very heap')→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun (deictic: 'this very heap').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (joining the two monuments)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήληpillarNominativenominative subject (second monument: Jacob's standing stone from v.45)→ participant prominenceστήλη: meaning 'pillar'; it serves as nominative subject (second monument: Jacob's standing stone from v.45).
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (deictic: 'this very pillar')→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun (deictic: 'this very pillar').
μαρτυρεῖwitnesses / testifiesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μαρτυρέωmain verb (present: ongoing witnessing function of both monuments)→ present of continuous actionμαρτυρέω: 'witness, testify, bear witness'; the monuments are juridically personified as ongoing witnesses. The present tense gives the stones a continuous, perpetual witnessing function — they will keep witnessing long after both parties are gone.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative within ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative within ἀνὰ μέσον.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive (Laban: first party witnessed between)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive (Laban: first party witnessed between).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive (Jacob: second party)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (Jacob: second party).
σήμερονtodayadverb of time (the covenant takes effect today — its commencement)→ clausal contributionσήμερον: meaning 'today'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
διὰtherefore / because of thispreposition (in διὰ τοῦτο: 'therefore')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'therefore'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (in διὰ τοῦτο: 'therefore').
τοῦτοthisAccusativeaccusative object of διά (the reason: the witnessing function just described)→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of διά (the reason: the witnessing function just described).
ἐκλήθηwas called / namedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (the onomastic etiology: the place received its name)→ constative aorist passiveκαλέω (aor. pass.): 'be called / named'; the formula ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τόπου ('the name of the place was called') is the standard LXX etiological naming-formula (cf. Gen 11:9; 28:19).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameNominativenominative subject of ἐκλήθη→ participant prominenceὄνομα: meaning 'name'; it serves as nominative subject of ἐκλήθη.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive possessive (the heap's name)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (the heap's name).
ΒουνὸςWitness-HeapNominativepredicate nominative (the official name: Βουνὸς μάρτυς = Galeed)→ participant prominenceΒουνὸς: meaning 'Witness-Heap'; it serves as predicate nominative (the official name: Βουνὸς μάρτυς = Galeed).
μάρτυςwitnessNominativenominative appositive (completing the place-name: 'Witness-Heap')→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: 'witness'; the definitive name assigned in the etiology formula — Βουνὸς μάρτυς = Hebrew גַּלְעֵד (Galeed). This is the chapter's name-etiology crux: the LXX renders both Aramaic and Hebrew names transparently as Greek 'Witness-Heap' variants rather than transliterating them.
49

καὶ ἡ Ὅρασις, ἣν εἶπεν Ἐπίδοι κύριος ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ, ὅτι ἀποστησόμεθα ἕτερος ἀπὸ ἑτέρου.

And also the Watch-Vision, which he said: 'May the Lord watch between me and you, because we will be absent from one another.'

Second site-name: ἡ Ὅρασις = Mizpah; the mutual-surveillance oathκαί
FLAG: The major crux. Where the MT reads הַמִּצְפָּה (ha-Mizpah, 'the Watch-post'), the LXX renders as ἡ Ὅρασις ('the Watch-Vision, the Seeing-Place'), deriving the name from the root רָאָה ('see') via ὁράω rather than from Hebrew צָפָה ('watch, look out'). The Mizpah benediction (ἐπίδοι κύριος … ὅτι ἀποστησόμεθα ἕτερος ἀπὸ ἑτέρου) is less a blessing than a mutual-surveillance oath: 'may the Lord watch [as a witnessing presence] between us because we will be apart from each other' — the optative ἐπίδοι plays on the name-etymology ὁράω. When they cannot see each other, the Lord sees for both of them. The phrase became a popular benediction but its original context is a boundary-treaty with enforcement clauses.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶand / alsoadditive conjunction (introducing the second site-name)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὍρασιςWatch-Vision / Seeing-PlaceNominativenominative subject (the second site-name: LXX's rendering of Mizpah)→ participant prominenceὅρασις: 'seeing, vision, the act of seeing'; renders Hebrew הַמִּצְפָּה ('the Watch-post / Mizpah'). FLAG: The LXX connects the name to ὁράω ('see') rather than to Hebrew צָפָה ('keep watch, look out for'). The resulting name ἡ Ὅρασις ('the Vision/Watch-Vision') slightly shifts the emphasis from 'watchtower' to 'divine seeing' — appropriate given the covenant-oath that follows (ἐπίδοι κύριος, 'may the Lord look/watch'). The optative ἐπίδοι (from ἐφοράω) echoes the name semantically.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative: introducing the content of the name-speech)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative: introducing the content of the name-speech).
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωrelative clause verb (introducing the Mizpah-oath)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
Ἐπίδοιmay he look / may he watchAor Act Opt 3 Sg · ἐφοράωoptative of wish (the Mizpah-oath: 'may the Lord watch between us')→ optative of wish / imprecationἐφοράω: 'look upon, watch over, oversee'; the optative ἐπίδοι = 'may he look down upon, may he watch.' The verb plays on the name ἡ Ὅρασις (from ὁράω): Laban names the site 'the Watch-Vision' because YHWH will watch (ἐπίδοι) when they cannot watch each other. The oath is quasi-legal: God as third-party surveillance witness.
κύριοςthe LordNominativenominative subject (YHWH as the divine witness-watcher)→ participant prominenceκύριος: renders Hebrew יְהוָה (YHWH); this is one of the few places in Genesis 31 where the divine name appears in direct speech rather than the narrator's 'God' (θεός).
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative within ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative within ἀνὰ μέσον.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (Laban: first party)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive with ἀνὰ μέσον (Laban: first party).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive (Jacob: second party)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (Jacob: second party).
ὅτιbecause / forcausal conjunction (the reason for the oath: mutual absence)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'because'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστησόμεθαwe will be separated / absentFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · ἀφίστημιmain verb (the condition requiring divine surveillance: they will be apart)→ predictive future (the anticipated physical separation)ἀφίστημι: 'stand away from, withdraw, be absent'; the future indicates that separation is certain — which is why divine surveillance is needed. Renders Hebrew נִסָּתֵר ('when we are hidden from each other').
ἕτεροςoneNominativenominative subject (first element of the ἕτερος ἀπὸ ἑτέρου reciprocal: 'each from each')→ participant prominenceἕτερος: 'other, another'; in the reciprocal expression ἕτερος ἀπὸ ἑτέρου = 'each from the other, one from another.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the other')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the other').
ἑτέρουthe otherGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the reciprocal: 'from one another')→ relational specificationἑτέρου: meaning 'the other'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό (the reciprocal: 'from one another').
50

εἰ ταπεινώσεις τὰς θυγατέρας μου, εἰ λήμψῃ γυναῖκας ἐπὶ ταῖς θυγατράσιν μου, ὅρα, οὐδεὶς μεθ' ἡμῶν ἐστιν· ὁ θεὸς μάρτυς ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ.

If you humiliate my daughters, if you take wives besides my daughters — look, no one is with us; God is witness between me and you.

Covenant boundary clauses: protection of the daughters; God as the enforcement witnessεἰ
Laban now states the covenant's first enforcement clauses: two conditional protases (εἰ ταπεινώσεις … εἰ λήμψῃ …) with an implied apodosis ('God will see'). The ὅρα ('look, see') pivot is emphatic — Laban acknowledges that no human witness is present (οὐδεὶς μεθ' ἡμῶν) and therefore divine witness is the only recourse: ὁ θεὸς μάρτυς ('God is witness'). The two clauses protect the daughters from humiliation (ταπεινώσεις = sexual/domestic mistreatment) and from displacement by additional wives.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
εἰifconditional particle (first covenant clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταπεινώσειςyou humiliate / afflictFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ταπεινόωprotasis verb (the first forbidden act: humiliation of the daughters)→ predictive future in conditional protasisταπεινόω: 'humiliate, afflict, oppress'; renders Hebrew תְּעַנֶּה ('if you afflict/humiliate'); in the context of a wife, ταπεινόω often specifically implies sexual humiliation, withholding conjugal rights, or domestic mistreatment. cf. ταπείνωσις at v.42.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object of ταπεινώσεις→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object of ταπεινώσεις.
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
εἰifconditional particle (second covenant clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψῃyou take / take to yourselfFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · λαμβάνωprotasis verb (the second forbidden act: polygamy beyond Laban's daughters)→ predictive future in conditional protasisλαμβάνω: 'take'; λαμβάνω γυναῖκα = 'take a wife' — the technical idiom for marriage; the clause prohibits Jacob from marrying additional wives beyond Rachel and Leah.
γυναῖκαςwivesAccusativedirect object of λήμψῃ (additional wives: the prohibited act)→ object specificationγυναῖκας: meaning 'wives'; it serves as direct object of λήμψῃ (additional wives: the prohibited act).
ἐπὶin addition to / besidespreposition + dative (in addition to: ἐπί used for 'on top of, besides')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in addition to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (in addition to: ἐπί used for 'on top of, besides').
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατράσινdaughtersDativedative object of ἐπί (besides Laban's daughters: the existing wives)→ sphere or referenceθυγατράσιν: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as dative object of ἐπί (besides Laban's daughters: the existing wives).
μουmyGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
ὅραlook / seePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράωimperative (pivotal appeal to attention: 'look — no one is with us')→ present imperative (demand for attention)ὁράω: 'see, look'; the imperatival ὅρα ('look!') pivots from the protases to the consequence. The echoes ὅρα / ὅρασις / ἐπίδοι tie this verse into the onomastic wordplay of v.49.
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativenominative subject of ἐστιν (the practical situation: no human witness)→ participant prominenceοὐδεὶς: meaning 'no one'; it serves as nominative subject of ἐστιν (the practical situation: no human witness).
μεθ'withpreposition + genitive (association: 'with us')→ spatial or relational framingμεθ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association: 'with us').
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μετά (the two parties: no human witness present)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (the two parties: no human witness present).
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'no one is present with us')→ present of situationεἰμί: copula.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject (God as the sole witness and enforcer)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject (God as the sole witness and enforcer).
μάρτυςwitnessNominativepredicate nominative (divine title: 'God is witness')→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: 'witness'; echoes vv.47–48 (Βουνὸς μάρτυς) — God himself is the ultimate μάρτυς of whom the heap is only a physical reminder.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative within ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative within ἀνὰ μέσον.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive (first party: Laban)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive (first party: Laban).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive (second party: Jacob)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (second party: Jacob).
51

εἶπεν δὲ Λαβαν τῷ Ιακωβ Ἰδοὺ ὁ βουνὸς οὗτος καὶ ἡ στήλη αὕτη, ἣν ἔστησα ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ·

And Laban said to Jacob, 'Behold this heap and this pillar, which I have set up between me and you —'

Laban resumes the covenant-boundary speech: the monuments as legal marksδέ
The verse is a sentence interrupted — ἣν ἔστησα ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ breaks off without an explicit apodosis (anacoluthon), with the consequence spelled out in the next verse. The deictic ἰδού repeats from v.48, reinforcing the physical monuments' role. Laban here says he set up the pillar (ἔστησα) — in v.45 Jacob erected it, so this is either Laban co-claiming the monument or the text reflects a harmonising double tradition.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandnarrative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΛαβανLabannominative subject→ participant identificationΛαβαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobdative indirect object→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ἸδοὺBeholdpresentational particle (deictic: directing attention to the monuments)→ discourse linkage or contrastἸδοὺ: meaning 'Behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνὸςheapNominativenominative subject (the heap of stones)→ participant prominenceβουνὸς: meaning 'heap'; it serves as nominative subject (the heap of stones).
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (deictic: 'this very heap')→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (deictic: 'this very heap').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήληpillarNominativenominative subject (the standing stone)→ participant prominenceστήλη: meaning 'pillar'; it serves as nominative subject (the standing stone).
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative (deictic)→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (deictic).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative: the pillar, which Laban now claims to have set up)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative: the pillar, which Laban now claims to have set up).
ἔστησαI set up / erectedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἵστημιrelative clause verb (Laban claims he erected the pillar — cf. Jacob in v.45)→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'set up, erect'; Laban uses 'I set up' (ἔστησα), though v.45 attributed the erection to Jacob. The textual tension may reflect the blending of two traditions about who erected which monument.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative within ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative within ἀνὰ μέσον.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive (first party: Laban)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive (first party: Laban).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive (second party: Jacob)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (second party: Jacob).
52

μάρτυς ὁ βουνὸς οὗτος, καὶ μάρτυς ἡ στήλη· ὅτι ἐγὼ οὐ διελεύσομαι πρὸς σέ, οὐδὲ σὺ διελεύσῃ πρός με εἰς κακόν.

This heap is a witness and this pillar is a witness, that I will not cross over to you and you will not cross over to me with evil intent.

The covenant boundary clause: mutual non-aggression beyond the heapμάρτυς
The verse states the covenant's practical territorial content — a mutual non-crossing agreement: neither party may cross the boundary (the heap) εἰς κακόν ('for evil / with hostile intent'). The phrase εἰς κακόν qualifies the crossing — normal crossing for peaceful purposes is not excluded, only hostile encroachment. The double μάρτυς … μάρτυς ('witness … witness' — the two monuments as dual witnesses) forms an emphatic rhetorical pair before the ὅτι-clause that specifies what they witness.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
μάρτυςwitnessNominativepredicate nominative (the heap as witness: first declaration)→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: 'witness'; the heap and the pillar are both μάρτυς — the word now governs both monuments. The double statement without connective functions as an emphatic declaration.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βουνὸςheapNominativenominative subject (the heap = Witness-Heap / Galeed)→ participant prominenceβουνὸς: meaning 'heap'; it serves as nominative subject (the heap = Witness-Heap / Galeed).
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (deictic)→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative (deictic).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μάρτυςwitnessNominativepredicate nominative (the pillar as witness: second declaration)→ participant prominenceμάρτυς: meaning 'witness'; it serves as predicate nominative (the pillar as witness: second declaration).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήληpillarNominativenominative subject (the standing stone)→ participant prominenceστήλη: meaning 'pillar'; it serves as nominative subject (the standing stone).
ὅτιthatcontent conjunction (specifying what the monuments witness: the non-crossing covenant)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic nominative subject (Laban: his side of the mutual oath)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as emphatic nominative subject (Laban: his side of the mutual oath).
οὐnotnegation→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation.
διελεύσομαιwill cross over / pass throughFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · διέρχομαιmain verb (Laban's covenant commitment: not to cross into Jacob's territory)→ predictive future (binding commitment)διέρχομαι: 'go through, cross, pass over'; renders Hebrew אֶעֱבֹר ('I will cross'); crossing the boundary heap is the prohibited act — the covenant establishes a territorial division.
πρὸςto / againstpreposition + accusative (direction: to/against Jacob's side)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: to/against Jacob's side).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction (adding Jacob's reciprocal commitment)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐδὲ: meaning 'nor'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic nominative subject (Jacob: his reciprocal commitment)→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as emphatic nominative subject (Jacob: his reciprocal commitment).
διελεύσῃwill cross overFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · διέρχομαιmain verb (Jacob's bound commitment: not to cross into Laban's territory)→ predictive future (binding commitment)διέρχομαι: 'go through / pass through'; the negated future οὐ διελεύσῃ ('you shall not pass through') is a categorical refusal; renders עָבַר; it directly denies the request of v. 17.
πρόςto / againstpreposition + accusative (direction: to/against Laban's side)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: to/against Laban's side).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
εἰςfor / with intent ofpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'with hostile intent')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'with hostile intent').
κακόνevil / harmAccusativeaccusative of purpose (εἰς κακόν = 'for evil, with hostile purpose')→ object specificationκακός: 'bad, evil, harmful'; εἰς κακόν qualifies the crossing — neither party may cross the boundary with hostile intent. Peaceful crossing is not excluded. The qualifier gives the covenant a practical rather than absolute character.
53

ὁ θεὸς Αβρααμ καὶ ὁ θεὸς Ναχωρ κρινεῖ ἀνὰ μέσον ἡμῶν. καὶ ὤμοσεν Ιακωβ κατὰ τοῦ φόβου τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Ισαακ.

The God of Abraham and the God of Nahor will judge between us. And Jacob swore by the Fear of his father Isaac.

Asyndeton: the divine-judiciary invocation and Jacob's oath by the Fear of Isaacasyndeton
Laban invokes both family deities — the God of Abraham (Jacob's line) and the God of Nahor (Laban's line) — as the judicial witness and enforcer: κρινεῖ ἀνὰ μέσον ἡμῶν ('will judge between us'). This is the only place in the narrative where both family lines' gods are invoked in parallel, acknowledging that the two men come from a common Terahite ancestry but have diverged. Jacob's response is notably singular: he does not swear by the God of Nahor — he swears κατὰ τοῦ φόβου τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Ισαακ ('by the Fear of his father Isaac'). FLAG: The second occurrence of ὁ φόβος Ισαακ (first at v.42); Jacob's oath exclusively references the Abrahamic line's experiential divine-dread, not the syncretic double-invocation Laban has just made.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject (first divine name: God of Abraham)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject (first divine name: God of Abraham).
ΑβρααμAbrahamgenitive of possession (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (joining the two family gods)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative subject (second divine name: God of Nahor — Laban's ancestor)→ participant prominenceθεὸς: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative subject (second divine name: God of Nahor — Laban's ancestor).
ΝαχωρNahorgenitive of possession (indeclinable: Nahor, brother of Abraham, Laban's ancestor)→ participant identificationΝαχωρ: Nahor was Abraham's brother (Gen 11:26); Laban and Rebekah were Nahor's grandchildren. The parallel invocation places the treaty on a kinship basis.
κρινεῖwill judgeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (divine juridical function: God/the gods will enforce the treaty)→ predictive future (the divine enforcement mechanism)κρίνω: 'judge, decide, adjudicate'; the predictive future — God will judge between us if the covenant is violated. The legal terminology (κρίνω) climaxes Jacob's self-defence speech's legal register (ἐλέγχω / κρίνω / ὁρκίζω).
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between').
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative within ἀνὰ μέσον→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative within ἀνὰ μέσον.
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object with ἀνὰ μέσον ('between us')→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object with ἀνὰ μέσον ('between us').
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Jacob's response to Laban's invocation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσενsworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀμνύωmain verb (Jacob's oath-taking: the ratification of the covenant)→ constative aoristὀμνύω: 'swear, take an oath'; renders Hebrew וַיִּשָּׁבַע ('and he swore'); the oath seals the covenant. Jacob does not respond to Laban's double-deity invocation — he swears by his own exclusive divine name.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
κατὰbypreposition + genitive (oath formula: 'swear by')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (oath formula: 'swear by').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φόβουFearGenitivegenitive object of κατά (the divine name sworn by: the Fear of Isaac)→ relational specificationφόβος: 'fear, dread'; as divine epithet, ὁ φόβος … Ισαακ ('the Fear of Isaac') = God as experienced by Isaac in dread. FLAG: The second occurrence of this unique epithet (cf. v.42); Jacob's oath exclusively names this god and not Nahor's. This silent theological choice — swearing only by the God of his father Isaac and not by Laban's god — is the narrative's quiet declaration of exclusive Yahwistic commitment.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship (Isaac as Jacob's father)→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of relationship (Isaac as Jacob's father).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive (Jacob's father)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive (Jacob's father).
ΙσαακIsaacgenitive of possession (indeclinable: Isaac, whose experience of God grounds the divine name)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable: Isaac, whose experience of God grounds the divine name).
54

καὶ ἔθυσεν Ιακωβ θυσίαν ἐν τῷ ὄρει καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ φαγεῖν ἄρτον· καὶ ἔφαγον καὶ ἔπιον καὶ ἐκοιμήθησαν ἐν τῷ ὄρει.

And Jacob offered a sacrifice on the mountain and called his kinsmen to eat bread; and they ate and drank and slept on the mountain.

Covenant ratification: the sacrifice and communal meal on the mountain — the chapter's closing anchorκαί
The covenant is now sealed by a sacrifice (θυσίαν ἔθυσεν — a cognate pair, figura etymologica: 'sacrificed a sacrifice') and a covenant meal. The tripartite closing formula ἔφαγον καὶ ἔπιον καὶ ἐκοιμήθησαν ἐν τῷ ὄρει ('they ate and drank and slept on the mountain') is the chapter's narrative anchor — the verbal closing bracket that corresponds to v.1's opening (Jacob heard / fled). The three aorists in paratactic sequence give the closing a ceremonial finality. The meal on the mountain (v.54b) echoes v.46b (they ate on the heap) — the full covenant-ratification meal now supersedes the preliminary eating. Versification note: this is LXX v.54; what English Bibles call 31:55 (Laban rising early to kiss his grandchildren and return home) = LXX 32:1 and belongs to chapter 32.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθυσενoffered / sacrificedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θύωmain verb (the sacrificial ratification of the covenant)→ constative aoristθύω: 'sacrifice, offer, slaughter'; renders Hebrew וַיִּזְבַּח ('and he slaughtered/sacrificed'); the covenant is ratified by sacrifice, giving it a religious as well as legal character.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject.
θυσίανsacrifice / offeringAccusativecognate accusative (figura etymologica with ἔθυσεν: 'sacrificed a sacrifice')→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice, offering'; cognate to θύω — the pairing θυσίαν ἔθυσεν is a figura etymologica, a Hebraism reflecting the Hebrew pattern וַיִּזְבַּח זֶבַח. The sacrifice precedes the covenant meal — the proper sequence for covenant ratification.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (location: on the mountain)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: on the mountain).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (Mount Gilead: the covenant site)→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain'; ἐν τῷ ὄρει = on Mount Gilead (the heap bears the name Galeed; the setting is the hill country of Gilead, Trans-Jordan). The mountain as covenant-ratification site echoes Sinai and anticipates the mountain covenants of Israelite tradition.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / invitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Jacob's invitation to the covenant meal)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, invite'; the covenant meal is a communal invitation — ἐκάλεσεν … φαγεῖν ('called [them] to eat').
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςkinsmen / brothersAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν (those invited: Jacob's kinsmen, presumably including Laban's men)→ object specificationἀδελφοὺς: meaning 'kinsmen'; it serves as direct object of ἐκάλεσεν (those invited: Jacob's kinsmen, presumably including Laban's men).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive possessive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive possessive.
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωcomplementary infinitive (purpose of the invitation: to eat the covenant meal)→ constative aorist infinitiveἐσθίω (aor. inf. φαγεῖν): 'eat'; the suppletive aorist infinitive in μετὰ τὸ φαγεῖν ('after the eating') marks the time as following the sacrificial meal.
ἄρτονbread / foodAccusativedirect object of φαγεῖν (the meal: 'bread' as synecdoche for a full meal)→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread'; renders Hebrew לֶחֶם ('bread, food'); ἄρτον φαγεῖν ('to eat bread') is a Hebraism for eating a meal. The covenant-meal echoes Exod 24:11 (Moses and the elders eating before God on the mountain).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (beginning the three-part closing formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφαγονateAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (first of three closing aorists: the covenant meal)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; part of the tripartite closing formula ἔφαγον καὶ ἔπιον καὶ ἐκοιμήθησαν — the chapter's closing verbal anchor.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπιονdrankAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίνωmain verb (second of three closing aorists: drinking at the covenant-meal)→ constative aoristπίνω: 'drink'; the covenant-meal includes wine/drink — the full communal ratification. ἔφαγον καὶ ἔπιον echoes Exod 24:11 (Moses and the elders 'ate and drank' in God's presence after the Sinai covenant-ratification).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθησανslept / lodgedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · κοιμάομαιmain verb (third and final closing aorist: they slept on the mountain)→ constative aoristκοιμάομαι: 'sleep, lie down, lodge'; renders Hebrew וַיָּלִינוּ ('and they spent the night'). The final verb of the chapter: the covenant-parties sleep together on the mountain — a final image of peaceful coexistence before they depart in opposite directions (Laban returns east; Jacob continues west to Canaan).
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (location: on the mountain)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: on the mountain).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (the final word: on the mountain — the chapter's closing image)→ sphere or referenceὄρος: the final word of the chapter, ἐν τῷ ὄρει ('on the mountain'), frames the whole covenant ceremony within a mountain setting. This is the chapter's versification boundary: LXX 31:54 ends here; what English Bibles call 31:55 (Laban's departure the next morning) = LXX 32:1.