Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 33ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ ΛΓ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The chapter is the narrative resolution of the Jacob–Esau cycle: the reunion after twenty years' estrangement (cf. Gen 27–28).

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 33 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is the narrative resolution of the Jacob–Esau cycle: the reunion after twenty years' estrangement (cf. Gen 27–28). Its most arresting formal feature is the sevenfold prostration at 33:3 — προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἑπτάκις — drawn from ancient Near Eastern court protocol requiring seven bows before a superior. The theological centre is 33:4, where five compressed verbs render the cascade of Esau's grace: he ran (προσέδραμεν), embraced (περιελάβεν), fell upon his neck (ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ), kissed (ἐφίλησεν), and they wept together (ἔκλαυσαν ἀμφότεροι). The phrase ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον is the exact wording echoed at Luke 15:20 in the parable of the prodigal son, making Gen 33:4 the OT type-scene for that parable. At 33:10 Jacob's extraordinary declaration — εἶδον τὸ πρόσωπόν σου, ὡς ἄν τις ἴδοι πρόσωπον θεοῦ — deliberately recalls 32:30 (Peniel); Esau's merciful face becomes, for the trembling Jacob, a second theophanic encounter. At 33:11 Jacob presses his gift on Esau as τὰς εὐλογίας μου ('my blessings') — the charged covenantal term of Gen 27, now ironically returned to the one from whom it was stolen. At 33:14 the imagery of κατὰ σχολὴν τῆς ἀγωγῆς ('at the leisure of the drove') and κατὰ πόδα τοῦ παιδαρίου ('at the pace of the little ones') is the chapter's pastoral masterpiece. At 33:17 the LXX renders the Hebrew toponym סֻכּוֹת as Σκηναί ('Booths'), making the etymology transparent rather than transliterating; the same word denotes the festival of Σκηνοπηγία. At 33:19 the obscure Hebrew price-term קְשִׂיטָה (qesitah — a coin or weight of uncertain value, found only at Gen 33:19, Josh 24:32, Job 42:11) is rendered as ἑκατὸν ἀμνάδων ('a hundred she-lambs'); Acts 7:16 refers to a Shechem purchase, generating textual-critical interest about whether Abraham or Jacob made it. At 33:20 the LXX converts the MT's altar-name אֵל אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל into a verbal phrase — ἐπεκαλέσατο τὸν θεὸν Ισραηλ ('he called upon the God of Israel') — substituting a cultic act for a name-inscription, and for the first time defining the divine under the name Ισραηλ first given to Jacob at 32:28.

1

Ἀναβλέψας δὲ Ιακωβ εἶδεν, καὶ ἰδοὺ Ησαυ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐρχόμενος, καὶ τετρακόσιοι ἄνδρες μετ' αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἐπεμέρισεν Ιακωβ τὰ παιδία ἐπὶ Λειαν καὶ Ραχηλ καὶ τὰς δύο παιδίσκας.

And Jacob lifted up his eyes and saw, and behold, Esau his brother coming, and with him four hundred men; and Jacob divided the children among Leah and Rachel and the two maidservants.

Narrative resumption / suspense peakἈναβλέψας δέ
The participial opener Ἀναβλέψας δέ ('and having lifted up his eyes') mirrors the gesture of sight that punctuates the patriarchal narratives at moments of theophany and destiny (cf. Gen 18:2; 22:13; 24:63). The ἰδοὺ clause delivers the dreaded vision — Esau with four hundred men — as a shock of direct perception; the syntax holds the reader in Jacob's terrified viewpoint. The second καί-clause gives Jacob's immediate tactical response, splitting the chapter-opening into threat-seen and countermeasure-taken.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
Ἀναβλέψαςhaving lifted up his eyesAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβλέπωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance / prior action)→ constative aorist (single upward glance)ἀναβλέπω: 'look up / lift the eyes'; the compound ἀνα- marks the upward direction; a standard LXX idiom for a decisive glance that precipitates narrative action (Gen 18:2; 22:13; 24:63); renders Hebrew וַיִּשָּׂא ... עֵינָיו.
δὲandtransitional particle (narrative development)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΙακωβJacobNominativesubject (nominative in apposition to the participle)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōb); the heel-grasper of Gen 25:26, now returning to Canaan after twenty years in Mesopotamia with a new name (Ισραηλ, 32:28) but still using the old one.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aorist (completed act of perception)ὁράω: 'see / perceive'; the aorist reports the single completed act; the content of the sight is given by the ἰδοὺ clause.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing ἰδού clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἰδοὺbeholdexclamatory particle (presenting vivid direct perception)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; calques Hebrew הִנֵּה, the standard LXX presentational particle that places the reader inside the perceiver's startled viewpoint; here it delivers the dread object of the glance — Esau and his host.
ΗσαυEsauNominativesubject of ἰδού clause→ participant identificationΗσαυ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew עֵשָׂו (ʿĒśāw); Jacob's elder twin, the aggrieved party of Gen 27; last mentioned at 32:6 when his advance with four hundred men was first reported.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀδελφὸςbrotherNominativepredicate noun / appositive in ἰδού clause→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; the narrator's designation here is quietly significant — 'his brother' is coming, not 'his enemy'; the kinship term holds open the possibility of reconciliation even as the four hundred men suggest threat.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐρχόμενοςcomingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιsupplementary participle (predicate of ἰδού clause)→ progressive (approach in progress)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the present participle emphasizes the ongoing approach — Esau is even now drawing near, not yet arrived; the tension is held in the imperfective aspect.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adding the escort detail)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τετρακόσιοιfour hundredNominativenumerical adjective (predicate: subject of implied εἰσίν)→ participant prominenceτετρακόσιοι: 'four hundred'; renders Hebrew אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת; the number recurs from Gen 32:7 and 32:8 where Jacob had already heard it and divided his camp. Four hundred armed men is a substantial war-band; the same number appears at 1 Sam 22:2 of David's force in the wilderness.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (of implied existential verb)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / adult male'; the word specifically denotes men as warriors or capable adult males, appropriate to the military overtone of the escort.
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ': preposition rendered 'with' here, functioning according to its local construction.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of accompaniment (object of μετά)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential action: Jacob's response)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐπεμέρισενdividedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιμερίζωmain verb (tactical distribution)→ constative aorist (single completed action)ἐπιμερίζω: 'distribute / divide among'; a compound of μερίζω ('divide') with ἐπί (distributive direction); renders Hebrew וַיַּחַץ (wayyaḥaṣ, 'he divided'); the same root appears at Gen 32:8 when Jacob divided his camp into two groups.
ΙακωβJacobNominativesubject (resumptive after ἰδού parenthesis)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: indeclinable form rendered 'Jacob' here, used according to its local clause function.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παιδίαchildrenAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπαιδίον: 'child / young child'; diminutive of παῖς; here the collective term for Jacob's offspring, to be specified by their mothers in v.2.
ἐπὶamongpreposition + accusative (distributive: 'assigned to')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'among' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΛειανLeahAccusativeobject of ἐπί (first recipient group)→ participant identificationΛεια: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew לֵאָה (Lēʾāh); Jacob's first wife, mother of Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, and Dinah; placed in the middle position of Jacob's procession.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΡαχηλRachelAccusativeobject of ἐπί (second recipient group)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew רָחֵל (Rāḥēl); Jacob's beloved wife, mother of Joseph; placed last (safest position) as v.2 will specify.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral adjective→ measure or countδύο: indeclinable form rendered 'two' here, used according to its local clause function.
παιδίσκαςmaidservantsAccusativeobject of ἐπί (third recipient group)→ object specificationπαιδίσκη: 'maidservant / slave-girl'; the two are Bilhah (Rachel's maid, mother of Dan and Naphtali) and Zilpah (Leah's maid, mother of Gad and Asher); they occupy the vanguard — the most exposed position — in Jacob's tactical arrangement.
2

καὶ ἔθηκεν τὰς δύο παιδίσκας καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτῶν ἐν πρώτοις καὶ Λειαν καὶ τὰ παιδία αὐτῆς ὀπίσω καὶ Ραχηλ καὶ Ιωσηφ ἐσχάτους.

And he placed the two maidservants and their sons first, and Leah and her children behind, and Rachel and Joseph last.

Elaboration (tactical arrangement made explicit)καὶ
The verse elaborates the distribution of v.1b with brutal clarity of priority: those most expendable at the front (the maidservants and their sons), those moderately loved in the middle (Leah and her children), and the most beloved at the rear (Rachel and Joseph). Not a word of moral evaluation is offered; the narrator simply records the placement, leaving the reader to make the inference about Jacob's emotional calculus.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔθηκενplacedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (positional arrangement)→ constative aorist (single completed act of arrangement)τίθημι: 'place / set / put'; used here in the sense of positioning people in a procession order; renders Hebrew וַיָּשֶׂם (wayyāśem).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral adjective→ measure or countδύο: indeclinable form rendered 'two' here, used according to its local clause function.
παιδίσκαςmaidservantsAccusativedirect object (first group)→ object specificationπαιδίσκας: lexical item rendered 'maidservants' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativecoordinate direct object→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the maidservants' sons are Dan, Naphtali (Bilhah's) and Gad, Asher (Zilpah's) — four of Jacob's twelve sons.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'their' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (positional: 'in the first position')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πρώτοιςthe first placeDativesubstantival adjective (dative of place / position)→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; as a substantive ἐν πρώτοις = 'in the first ranks / at the front'; the position of maximum exposure to Esau's host.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second group)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΛειανLeahAccusativedirect object (second group)→ participant identificationΛειαν: indeclinable form rendered 'Leah' here, used according to its local clause function.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παιδίαchildrenAccusativecoordinate direct object→ object specificationπαιδία: lexical item rendered 'children' here in the immediate context.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'her' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὀπίσωbehindadverb of place (positional: 'behind / after')→ clausal contributionὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; as an adverb of position it places Leah's group in the middle of the procession, behind the maidservants but before Rachel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (third group)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΡαχηλRachelAccusativedirect object (third group, last)→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: indeclinable form rendered 'Rachel' here, used according to its local clause function.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΙωσηφJosephAccusativecoordinate direct object→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יוֹסֵף (Yôsēp̄); Rachel's firstborn and Jacob's beloved son; his position at the very rear — safest of all — anticipates his narrative centrality in the chapters that follow (Gen 37–50).
ἐσχάτουςlastAccusativepredicate adjective (positional: 'last / hindmost')→ object specificationἔσχατος: 'last / furthest back'; the superlative of position; Rachel and Joseph occupy the rearmost place, farthest from danger.
3

αὐτὸς δὲ προῆλθεν ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν καὶ προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἑπτάκις, ἕως τοῦ ἐγγίσαι τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ.

But he himself went on ahead of them and bowed down to the ground seven times, until he came near to his brother.

Contrast / narrative focus (emphatic self-placement)αὐτὸς δέ
The emphatic pronoun αὐτός singles Jacob out from the family he has arranged behind him: he himself steps forward ahead of all. The sevenfold prostration ἑπτάκις is the chapter's defining ritual gesture — ancient Near Eastern diplomatic protocol for greeting a superior, documented in the Amarna letters (e.g., EA 147: 'At the feet of the king my lord I bow seven times and seven times'). Jacob performs the maximum act of submission as he advances, each bow bringing him one step closer to Esau.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceαὐτός: used as an intensive pronoun in the nominative ('he himself / he for his part'); singles Jacob out from the group he has stationed behind him; renders Hebrew הוּא.
δὲbutadversative/continuative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προῆλθενwent aheadAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προέρχομαιmain verb (deliberate vanguard advance)→ constative aorist (single completed advance)προέρχομαι: 'go forward / advance ahead of'; the compound προ- is significant — Jacob places himself between his family and Esau's host, a protective and courageous act despite his terror.
ἔμπροσθενahead ofpreposition/adverb + genitive (spatial: 'in front of')→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: preposition rendered 'ahead of' here, functioning according to its local construction.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive (object of ἔμπροσθεν)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'them' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσεκύνησενbowed downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (ritual prostration)→ constative aorist (repeated act summarized)προσκυνέω: 'bow down / prostrate oneself / worship'; the standard LXX term for full prostration, used both for human homage and divine worship; renders Hebrew וַיִּשְׁתַּחוּ (wayyištaḥû); the ἑπτάκις modifies the single aorist to summarize seven individual bows.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction of prostration: 'down to the ground')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γῆνgroundAccusativeobject of ἐπί (goal of prostration)→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground'; ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν = 'to the earth / face to the ground'; the full prostration with face touching the ground, not a mere bow of the head.
ἑπτάκιςseven timesadverb of number (modifying the action)→ clausal contributionἑπτάκις: 'seven times'; renders Hebrew שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים; the number seven in ancient Near Eastern protocol signals the maximum degree of deference, documented in the Amarna correspondence (EA 147) as the standard greeting of a vassal before a great king.
ἕωςuntilsubordinating conjunction/preposition (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: preposition rendered 'until' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (genitive after ἕως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐγγίσαιto come nearAor Act Inf · ἐγγίζωarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'until his brother approached')→ constative aorist (point of arrival)ἐγγίζω: 'draw near / approach'; the advance is from Esau's side — Esau is closing the gap while Jacob prostrates; the two are converging simultaneously.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ object specificationἀδελφός: the narrator again uses the kinship term ('his brother'), not 'his enemy' — the designation frames Esau's approach as a family reunion rather than a military confrontation.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
4

καὶ προσέδραμεν Ησαυ εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτῷ καὶ περιελάβεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐφίλησεν αὐτόν, καὶ ἔκλαυσαν ἀμφότεροι.

And Esau ran to meet him and embraced him and fell upon his neck and kissed him, and both wept.

Narrative climax (reconciliation)καὶ
Five main verbs cascade in asyndetic-καί sequence with no subordination: ran, embraced, fell upon, kissed, wept. The paratactic rush — one action tumbling immediately after another — conveys an overwhelming, unrehearsed emotion that no subordinating grammar could capture. The phrase ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ is echoed verbatim at Luke 15:20 (ἔδραμεν καὶ ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ καὶ κατεφίλησεν αὐτόν) in the parable of the prodigal son — a clear LXX allusion that makes the father's reception of the returning son an Esau-and-Jacob type-scene.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (inaugurating the five-verb sequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσέδραμενran to meetAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προστρέχωmain verb (first action: the run)→ ingressive aorist (onset of running)προστρέχω: 'run toward / run to meet'; the compound προσ- marks the direction toward Jacob; the running itself is an act of unguarded emotion — a dignitary does not run; Luke 15:20 echoes this with ἔδραμεν. The initiative is entirely Esau's.
ΗσαυEsauNominativesubject→ participant identificationΗσαυ: indeclinable form rendered 'Esau' here, used according to its local clause function.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal/purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
συνάντησινa meetingAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose noun: 'for a meeting / to meet')→ object specificationσυνάντησις: 'meeting / encounter'; εἰς συνάντησιν is a standard LXX idiom for going out to meet someone (cf. 1 Sam 4:1; Judg 4:18); renders Hebrew לִקְרָאתוֹ ('to meet him').
αὐτῷhimDativedative of reference (with συνάντησιν: 'a meeting with him')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
περιελάβενembracedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περιλαμβάνωmain verb (second action: the embrace)→ constative aorist (single completed act)περιλαμβάνω: 'take around / embrace / encircle with the arms'; the compound περι- ('around') graphically describes arms encircling — a full embrace; renders Hebrew וַיְחַבְּקֵהוּ (wayyeḥabbəqēhû).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (third action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐπέπεσενfell uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιπίπτωmain verb (third action: falling on the neck)→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon'; ἐπί + πίπτω; the idiom ἐπιπίπτω ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον ('fall upon the neck') is an embrace of overwhelming emotion, collapsing onto the other; this phrase is verbatim in Luke 15:20, the parable of the prodigal son — a deliberate LXX allusion.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (spatial contact: 'upon')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: preposition rendered 'upon' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τράχηλονneckAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationτράχηλος: 'neck / throat'; the act of falling on the neck is an ancient Near Eastern expression of emotional reunion and forgiveness; the word recurs in the Luke 15:20 echo and at Acts 20:37 (Paul's farewell at Miletus).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (fourth action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐφίλησενkissedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φιλέωmain verb (fourth action: the kiss)→ constative aorist (single completed act)φιλέω: 'kiss / love'; the kiss of greeting between kinsmen; renders Hebrew וַיִּשָּׁקֵהוּ (wayyiššāqēhû); the MT marks this word with dots above each letter (puncta extraordinaria), a scribal signal that the kiss was surprising or problematic — the LXX preserves no such reservation.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτόν: pronominal or article form rendered 'him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (fifth action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔκλαυσανweptAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κλαίωmain verb (fifth action: mutual weeping; subject shifts to 'both')→ constative aorist (burst of weeping)κλαίω: 'weep / cry'; the only verb in the sequence with a plural subject — both brothers weep, equalizing them in grief and joy. The tears mark the end of the estrangement begun in Gen 27:41.
ἀμφότεροιbothNominativesubject (nominative: 'both of them')→ participant prominenceἀμφότεροι: 'both / both together'; renders Hebrew וַיִּבְכּוּ ('and they wept'); the LXX supplies ἀμφότεροι to make explicit what the Hebrew implied — both men, not merely Jacob, are overcome.
5

καὶ ἀναβλέψας Ησαυ εἶδεν τὰς γυναῖκας καὶ τὰ παιδία καὶ εἶπεν Τί ταῦτά σοί ἐστιν; εἶπεν δέ Τὰ παιδία, οἷς ἠλέησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν παῖδά σου.

And Esau lifted up his eyes and saw the women and the children and said, 'What are these to you?' He said, 'The children with whom God has shown mercy to your servant.'

Dialogue (Esau's curious inquiry)καὶ
Esau's upward glance (ἀναβλέψας ... εἶδεν) mirrors Jacob's at v.1, creating an inclusio of sight that brackets the moment of encounter. His question about the children — Τί ταῦτά σοί ἐστιν — is curious, not hostile; the weeping of v.4 has already dissolved tension. Jacob's answer — 'God has shown mercy to your servant' — is the chapter's first explicit theological statement, acknowledging divine grace as the source of his family and framing the entire encounter in terms of the mercy (ἔλεος) God shows.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἀναβλέψαςlifting up his eyesAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβλέπωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist (single upward glance)ἀναβλέπω: mirrors v.1's Ἀναβλέψας; now Esau performs the identical gesture, creating a symmetry of perception: Jacob saw Esau coming; now Esau looks and sees the family.
ΗσαυEsauNominativesubject→ participant identificationΗσαυ: indeclinable form rendered 'Esau' here, used according to its local clause function.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristεἶδεν: verbal form rendered 'saw' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
γυναῖκαςwomenAccusativedirect object (first object of sight)→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; here the wives of Jacob (Leah, Rachel, and implicitly the maidservants).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παιδίαchildrenAccusativedirect object (second object of sight)→ object specificationπαιδία: lexical item rendered 'children' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate of the question)→ participant referenceτίς / τί: interrogative pronoun; 'what are these to you?' — a request for identification or explanation.
ταῦτάtheseNominativesubject of interrogative clause→ participant prominenceταῦτά: lexical item rendered 'these' here in the immediate context.
σοίto youDativedative of reference / possession→ participant reference or interestσοί: pronominal or article form rendered 'to you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐστινarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ gnomic present (existential identification)ἐστιν: verbal form rendered 'are' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's response)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'he said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΤὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingΤὰ: proper name rendered 'the' in this chapter's immediate context.
παιδίαchildrenNominativesubject (elliptical answer: 'These are the children...')→ participant prominenceπαιδία: lexical item rendered 'children' here in the immediate context.
οἷςwith whomDativedative relative pronoun (instrument/association: 'with/by whom')→ participant reference or interestοἷς: lexical item rendered 'with whom' here in the immediate context.
ἠλέησενshowed mercyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐλεέωmain verb of relative clause→ constative aorist (completed act of divine mercy)ἐλεέω: 'show mercy / have compassion'; renders Hebrew חָנַן (ḥānan, 'be gracious to'); the theological vocabulary of grace runs through this chapter: ἔλεος here, χάριν at vv.8, 10, 15, εὐλογίας at v.11.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of relative clause→ participant prominenceθεός: Jacob uses the generic θεός (not κύριος) in speaking to Esau — a careful choice of common rather than covenant-specific divine naming.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παῖδάservantAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant / child / boy'; here used as a term of self-deprecating address — 'your servant' = Jacob himself; the παῖς-idiom for humble self-reference before a social superior recurs at vv.8, 14.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
6

καὶ προσήγγισαν αἱ παιδίσκαι καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν καὶ προσεκύνησαν.

And the maidservants and their children drew near and bowed down.

Narrative continuation (orderly homage, first group)καὶ
The three-stage arrangement of v.2 now plays out in ceremonial sequence: the maidservants with their sons come first (v.6), then Leah with her children (v.7a), then Rachel and Joseph last (v.7b). The repeated προσεκύνησαν creates an anaphoric rhythm of formal submission, each group enacting the deference Jacob had modeled with his sevenfold bow in v.3.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσήγγισανdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσεγγίζωmain verb (formal approach)→ constative aorist (completed act of approach)προσεγγίζω: 'draw near / approach'; compound of ἐγγίζω with προσ-; renders Hebrew וַתִּגַּשְׁןָ (waṭṭiggašnā, 'and they drew near'); the word marks each group's formal presentation.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παιδίσκαιmaidservantsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπαιδίσκαι: lexical item rendered 'maidservants' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τέκναchildrenNominativecoordinate subject→ participant prominenceτέκνον: 'child / offspring'; used interchangeably with παιδίον in this chapter; the slight preference for τέκνα in v.6–7 when the maidservants' and Leah's children are in view may simply follow the Hebrew rendering.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'their' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσεκύνησανbowed downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσκυνέωmain verb (ritual prostration)→ constative aorist (completed act of homage)προσκυνέω: the third use of this verb in the chapter (cf. vv.3, 6, 7 twice); the anaphora of bowing creates a liturgical rhythm of submission that ratifies the reconciliation formally.
7

καὶ προσήγγισεν Λεια καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς καὶ προσεκύνησαν, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα προσήγγισεν Ραχηλ καὶ Ιωσηφ καὶ προσεκύνησαν.

And Leah with her children drew near and bowed down; and after these things Rachel and Joseph drew near and bowed down.

Narrative continuation (second and third homage)καὶ
The temporal marker μετὰ ταῦτα ('after these things') separates the two presentations and subtly heightens the climax: Rachel and Joseph, the most beloved, appear last. The chiastic parallelism — group / approach / bow // group / approach / bow — has the deliberate quality of a formal court ceremony, echoing ancient Near Eastern protocols of royal audience. The verse's symmetry transforms what began as a defensive tactical arrangement (vv.1–2) into an ordered act of honor.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσήγγισενdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσεγγίζωmain verb (Leah's approach; singular because Leah leads)→ constative aoristπροσήγγισεν: verbal form rendered 'drew near' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΛειαLeahNominativesubject→ participant identificationΛεια: indeclinable; the first wife of Jacob, now presenting herself and her children to Esau as a formal act of recognition.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τέκναchildrenNominativecoordinate subject→ participant prominenceτέκνα: lexical item rendered 'children' here in the immediate context.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'her' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσεκύνησανbowed downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσκυνέωmain verb (ritual prostration)→ constative aoristπροσεκύνησαν: verbal form rendered 'bowed down' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: preposition rendered 'after' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of μετά (temporal reference)→ object specificationμετὰ ταῦτα: the standard LXX temporal connector ('after these things'); separates the two presentations to create a moment of suspense before the most beloved pair appear.
προσήγγισενdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσεγγίζωmain verb (Rachel's approach)→ constative aoristπροσήγγισεν: verbal form rendered 'drew near' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΡαχηλRachelNominativesubject→ participant identificationΡαχηλ: indeclinable; Jacob's beloved wife, placed last in both the tactical arrangement (v.2) and the ceremonial presentation (v.7b), the most protected and the most honored position.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΙωσηφJosephNominativecoordinate subject→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: indeclinable; Rachel's son; his appearance here alongside his mother at the rear, last of all, subtly marks him as the most cherished — the narrative setup for his starring role in Gen 37–50.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
προσεκύνησανbowed downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσκυνέωmain verb (ritual prostration)→ constative aoristπροσεκύνησαν: verbal form rendered 'bowed down' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
8

καὶ εἶπεν Τί ταῦτά σοί ἐστιν, πᾶσαι αἱ παρεμβολαὶ αὗται ἃς ἀπήντηκα; εἶπεν δέ Ἵνα εὕρῃ ὁ παῖς σου χάριν ἐναντίον σου, κύριε.

And he said, 'What are all these camps to you, which I encountered?' He said, 'That your servant might find favor in your sight, my lord.'

Dialogue (inquiry about the gift-procession)καὶ
Esau asks about the gift-convoy he had met en route — the drove of animals sent ahead in Gen 32:13–21. The question repeats the formula of v.5 (Τί ταῦτά σοί ἐστιν) but extends it with πᾶσαι αἱ παρεμβολαί ('all these camps'). Jacob's response reintroduces the key diplomatic idiom of the chapter — χάριν εὑρεῖν ἐναντίον ('to find favor before') — which frames the entire encounter in the language of a vassal seeking a superior's good will; the vocative κύριε ('my lord') sustains this register of formal deference.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Esau's question)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'he said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun→ participant referenceΤί: indeclinable form rendered 'what' here, used according to its local clause function.
ταῦτάtheseNominativesubject of interrogative clause→ participant prominenceταῦτά: lexical item rendered 'these' here in the immediate context.
σοίto youDativedative of reference→ participant reference or interestσοί: pronominal or article form rendered 'to you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐστινarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ gnomic presentἐστιν: verbal form rendered 'are' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πᾶσαιallNominativeadjective in apposition to the expanded restatement of ταῦτά→ participant prominenceπᾶσαι: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παρεμβολαὶcampsNominativesubject (in apposition to ταῦτά)→ participant prominenceπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment / body of troops'; primarily a military term for an armed encampment; applied here to Jacob's gift-droves, each sent in a separate wave (Gen 32:16–21), which would have looked to Esau like successive squadrons of tribute.
αὗταιtheseNominativedemonstrative adjective→ participant prominenceαὗται: lexical item rendered 'these' here in the immediate context.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative: direct object of ἀπήντηκα)→ participant referenceἃς: lexical item rendered 'which' here in the immediate context.
ἀπήντηκαI encounteredPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀπαντάωmain verb of relative clause→ intensive perfect (the meeting is a present fact with past cause)ἀπαντάω: 'meet / encounter'; the perfect tense indicates that Esau has already met these droves — he now asks about what he has experienced.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's answer)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'he said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
Ἵναso thatsubordinating conjunction (purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastἽνα: connective or particle rendered 'so that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εὕρῃmight findAor Act Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωpurpose clause verb→ constative aorist (prospective: hoped-for finding)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; the idiom χάριν εὑρεῖν ἐναντίον / ἐνώπιον ('to find favor before') is standard LXX diplomatic and legal language; renders Hebrew חֵן מָצָא בְּעֵינֵי (māṣāʾ ḥēn bəʿênê).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παῖςservantNominativesubject of purpose clause (Jacob's self-deprecating self-reference)→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant / slave'; Jacob's self-designation before Esau; renders Hebrew עַבְדְּךָ ('your servant'); the consistently subordinate self-address throughout vv.5–15 is partly diplomatic courtesy and partly genuine humility after the deception of Gen 27.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χάρινfavorAccusativedirect object→ object specificationχάρις: 'favor / grace / goodwill'; in diplomatic contexts renders Hebrew חֵן (ḥēn, 'favor / grace'); the term bridges secular diplomacy and theological grace — the same word Jacob uses for divine gift (cf. εὐλογία at v.11).
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (relational: 'in the sight of / before')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in front of / in the sight of'; renders Hebrew בְּעֵינֵי ('in the eyes of'); the spatial metaphor of being seen favorably by a superior.
σουyouGenitivegenitive (object of ἐναντίον)→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κύριεmy lordVocativevocative of address→ direct addressκύριος: 'lord / master'; Jacob addresses Esau as κύριε throughout the dialogue (vv.8, 13, 14, 15) — a sustained posture of deference that reverses the dominance predicted at Gen 25:23 and enacted through the blessing-theft of Gen 27.
9

εἶπεν δὲ Ησαυ Ἔστιν μοι πολλά, ἀδελφέ· ἔστω σοι τὰ σά.

But Esau said, 'I have much, brother; let what is yours be yours.'

Dialogue (magnanimous refusal)εἶπεν δέ
Esau's terse response is the most gracious speech in the chapter. He claims sufficiency — 'I have much' (Ἔστιν μοι πολλά) — which implicitly acknowledges Jacob's prosperity without resentment. The address ἀδελφέ ('brother') restores the kinship term Jacob had forfeited by deception; it is not a diplomatic title but a genuine recognition. The imperatival ἔστω ('let it be') is a voluntary act of renunciation: he is not refusing a gift he cannot use, but releasing Jacob from all debt.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Esau's speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΗσαυEsauNominativesubject→ participant identificationΗσαυ: indeclinable form rendered 'Esau' here, used according to its local clause function.
Ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: 'I have / there is to me')→ gnomic present (statement of current state)εἰμί: in the existential idiom ἔστιν μοι ('there is to me / I have'); renders Hebrew יֶשׁ לִי (yēš lî, 'I have'); compare Jacob's εὐλογίας ... ἔστιν μοι πάντα at v.11.
μοιto meDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestμοι: pronominal or article form rendered 'to me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πολλάmuchNominativesubject (of existential verb: 'many things / much')→ participant prominenceπολύς: 'much / many'; Esau's claim to abundance implicitly concedes that he is not envious of Jacob's wealth; an extraordinary magnanimity given the history of Gen 27.
ἀδελφέbrotherVocativevocative of address→ direct addressἀδελφός: Esau's use of ἀδελφέ — not κύριε or any formal title — signals genuine restoration of the fraternal bond; this is the only place in the chapter where Esau calls Jacob by kinship name; it answers Jacob's repeated 'my lord' (κύριε) with a level address.
ἔστωlet it bePres Act Imper 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (imperatival concession)→ imperative of grant / permissionεἰμί imperative: ἔστω = 'let it be / keep it'; a formal act of waiving any claim to the gift; the present imperative grants ongoing validity to Jacob's possession of what he has brought.
σοιto youDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestσοι: pronominal or article form rendered 'to you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τὰtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the following pronoun)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
σάyoursNominativesubstantival possessive pronoun (subject: 'what is yours')→ participant referenceσός: possessive adjective used as a substantive; τὰ σά = 'your things / what is yours'; Esau declines the whole gift, returning ownership to Jacob without condition.
10

εἶπεν δὲ Ιακωβ Εἰ εὕρηκα χάριν ἐναντίον σου, δέξαι τὰ δῶρά μου ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν μου· ἕνεκεν τούτου εἶδον τὸ πρόσωπόν σου, ὡς ἄν τις ἴδοι πρόσωπον θεοῦ, καὶ εὐδοκήσεις ἐν ἐμοί.

But Jacob said, 'If I have found favor in your sight, receive my gifts from my hands; for this reason I have seen your face as one would see the face of God, and you have shown pleasure in me.'

Dialogue (insistent gift-pressing with theological comparison)εἶπεν δέ
Jacob's appeal is diplomatically sophisticated and theologically remarkable. The conditional εἰ εὕρηκα ('if I have found favor') is not genuine doubt but formal courtesy — the perfect tense implies standing state. The theological comparison — εἶδον τὸ πρόσωπόν σου, ὡς ἄν τις ἴδοι πρόσωπον θεοῦ — is the chapter's theological apex: it deliberately echoes 32:30 (Peniel, 'I have seen God face to face and lived'), inverting the encounter so that Esau's merciful face becomes a second, unexpected theophany. To see divine grace in a human face is a profound theological move.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's response)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΙακωβJacobNominativesubject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: indeclinable form rendered 'Jacob' here, used according to its local clause function.
Εἰifconditional particle (first-class condition of courtesy)→ discourse linkage or contrastΕἰ: connective or particle rendered 'if' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εὕρηκαI have foundPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of protasis→ intensive perfect (finding has present standing result)εὑρίσκω perfect: εὕρηκα states a present state resulting from past finding — 'if I stand in a position of having found favor'; the perfect is chosen for its permanence, not its pastness.
χάρινfavorAccusativedirect object→ object specificationχάριν: lexical item rendered 'favor' here in the immediate context.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (relational)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: preposition rendered 'before' here, functioning according to its local construction.
σουyouGenitivegenitive (object of ἐναντίον)→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
δέξαιreceiveAor Mid Imper 2 Sg · δέχομαιmain verb (imperative / apodosis)→ constative aorist (single act of reception requested)δέχομαι: 'receive / accept'; the middle voice captures the personal appropriation — Esau is being asked to accept something into his own domain; renders Hebrew קַח-נָא ('please take').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
δῶράgiftsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / present'; renders Hebrew בִּרְכָתִי ('my blessing') — but see v.11 where Jacob uses εὐλογίας explicitly for the same gift; here δῶρά is used, perhaps softening the loaded term, or this verse uses a different term from the MT variant.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source / hand-to-hand transfer)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: preposition rendered 'from' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive (object of ἐκ: source of the gift)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν μου is the idiom for personal, hand-to-hand gift-giving, emphasizing the personal dimension of the transaction.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἕνεκενfor this reasonpreposition + genitive (causal: 'because of this')→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: preposition rendered 'for this reason' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τούτουthisGenitivegenitive (object of ἕνεκεν; retrospective reference)→ relational specificationτούτου: lexical item rendered 'this' here in the immediate context.
εἶδονI have seenAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aorist (completed act of sight that stands as present experience)ὁράω: the same verb as v.1 (Jacob saw Esau coming); now inverted — Jacob tells Esau that seeing Esau's face is the supreme experience, akin to seeing God.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; the key word connecting this verse to Peniel (32:30, εἶδον γὰρ θεὸν πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον) and to the theological theme of divine encounter mediated through a human face.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'your' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὡςascomparative conjunction (introducing the potential comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: connective or particle rendered 'as' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἄνwouldmodal particle (with optative: marking potentiality)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: with the optative ἴδοι, marks the comparison as hypothetical / potential — 'as one might see'; the ὡς ἄν + optative construction is rare and deliberately formal.
τιςoneNominativeindefinite subject pronoun ('someone / anyone')→ participant referenceτις: lexical item rendered 'one' here in the immediate context.
ἴδοιmight seeAor Act Opt 3 Sg · ὁράωpotential optative (in hypothetical comparison)→ constative aorist optative (single hypothetical act of seeing)ὁράω optative: the optative mood signals potentiality or hypothesis; the comparison 'as one might see the face of God' invokes the Peniel theophany (32:30) while generalizing it — anyone who survived seeing God would feel as Jacob feels seeing Esau's merciful face.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of ἴδοι→ object specificationπρόσωπον: lexical item rendered 'face' here in the immediate context.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of possession / description→ relational specificationθεός: the face of God — the most dangerous and most blessed sight in the OT (cf. Exod 33:20; Judg 13:22; Isa 6:5); to survive such a vision is the mark of special divine favor; Jacob claims that Esau's gracious face is its functional equivalent.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εὐδοκήσειςyou will be pleasedFut Act Indic 2 Sg · εὐδοκέωmain verb (predictive/resultant future)→ predictive future (expressing the hoped-for outcome)εὐδοκέω: 'be well pleased / take delight in'; renders Hebrew וַתִּרְצֵנִי ('and you received me favorably'); the verb recurs in divine contexts (Matt 3:17 εὐδόκησα, the Father's pleasure in the Son) — here used of Esau's gracious acceptance.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (object of pleasure)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ἐμοίmeDativedative (object of ἐν with εὐδοκέω)→ participant reference or interestἐμοί: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
11

λάβε τὰς εὐλογίας μου ἃς ἤνεγκά σοι, ὅτι ἠλέησέν με ὁ θεὸς καὶ ἔστιν μοι πάντα. καὶ ἐβιάσατο αὐτόν, καὶ ἔλαβεν.

'Take my blessings that I have brought to you, because God has shown me mercy and I have everything.' And he pressed him, and he took them.

Direct appeal (covenantal vocabulary; narrative outcome)λάβε (asyndeton)
The word εὐλογίας ('blessings') for the gift is the chapter's most theologically loaded term — the same noun used for Isaac's stolen covenant blessing in Gen 27 and for divine εὐλογία throughout the patriarchal narratives. Jacob is symbolically returning to Esau the 'blessing' that was taken from him (27:35–36). The theological grounding — 'God has shown me mercy and I have everything' — is the fullest confession of the chapter. The narrative coda — he pressed him (ἐβιάσατο), and he took — records Esau's gracious yielding to Jacob's insistence.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
λάβεtakeAor Act Imper 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative appeal)→ constative aorist (single act of reception requested)λαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the imperative presses the gift; the same verb appears at the end of the verse (ἔλαβεν) when Esau finally takes it — an elegant closure.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
εὐλογίαςblessingsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationεὐλογία: 'blessing'; renders Hebrew בִּרְכָתִי ('my blessing'); the word is charged throughout Genesis with the covenant blessing transmitted father-to-son (12:2; 27:12, 35, 36, 38, 41; 28:4). Jacob calling his gift 'my blessings' and offering them to Esau is an act of symbolic restitution for the deception of Gen 27.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative: direct object of ἤνεγκα)→ participant referenceἃς: lexical item rendered 'which' here in the immediate context.
ἤνεγκάI broughtAor Act Indic 1 Sg · φέρωmain verb of relative clause→ constative aorist (completed act of bringing)φέρω: 'bring / carry'; the suppletive aorist ἤνεγκα from ἐνεγκεῖν; the bringing of this gift from Mesopotamia to Canaan was Jacob's act of intentional reconciliation (Gen 32:13–21).
σοιto youDativeindirect object / dative of destination→ participant reference or interestσοι: pronominal or article form rendered 'to you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὅτιbecausesubordinating conjunction (causal: grounds for the gift)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'because' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἠλέησένhas shown mercyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐλεέωmain verb of causal clause→ constative aorist (completed divine act of mercy)ἐλεέω: 'show mercy / have compassion'; renders Hebrew חַנַּנִי אֱלֹהִים ('God has been gracious to me'); the theological declaration that divine mercy is the source of Jacob's abundance grounds the gift-giving in gratitude rather than appeasement.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθεὸς: lexical item rendered 'God' here in the immediate context.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb→ gnomic present (permanent state of abundance)ἔστιν: verbal form rendered 'there is' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
μοιto meDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestμοι: pronominal or article form rendered 'to me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πάνταeverythingNominativesubject (of existential verb)→ participant prominenceπᾶς / πάντα: 'all things / everything'; Jacob's counter to Esau's πολλά ('much') at v.9 — Esau has much; Jacob has everything; but where Esau attributes his abundance to his own standing, Jacob attributes his to divine mercy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (shifting to action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐβιάσατοpressedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · βιάζομαιmain verb (forceful urging)→ constative aorist (completed act of insistence)βιάζομαι: 'press hard / use force / urge insistently'; the deponent middle; renders Hebrew וַיִּפְצַר-בּוֹ (wayyipṣar-bô, 'and he pressed him'); the same verb appears at Luke 24:29 (παρεβιάσαντο αὐτόν, 'they urged him insistently') — Emmaus echoing the Esau scene.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτόν: pronominal or article form rendered 'him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔλαβενhe tookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Esau's acceptance)→ constative aorist (completed act of acceptance)λαμβάνω: echoes the imperative λάβε at the verse's opening — the command is answered; Esau finally accepts. The brevity — two words — makes the acceptance understated and dignified.
12

καὶ εἶπεν Ἀναζεύξαντες πορευθῶμεν, καὶ πορεύσομαι σύμψυχός σου.

And he said, 'Let us break camp and go, and I will travel as one soul with you.'

Dialogue (Esau's travel proposal)καὶ
Esau's proposal to travel together — πορευθῶμεν ('let us go') — is his most intimate offer: the hortatory subjunctive draws both brothers into a shared first-person plural for the first time since their estrangement. The compound σύμψυχος ('of like soul / together in spirit') is a hapax in the LXX; its rare use suggests that the LXX translator reached for an unusually strong term to capture Esau's offer of soul-solidarity. Paul uses σύμψυχοι at Phil 2:2 for Christian unity of soul.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Esau's proposal)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
Ἀναζεύξαντεςbreaking campAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ἀναζεύγνυμιadverbial participle (antecedent action: 'having broken camp')→ constative aorist (completed prior act)ἀναζεύγνυμι: 'break camp / unyoke / set out'; a military and travel term for lifting camp and departing; renders Hebrew וְנִסְעָה ('and let us journey'); the plural participle addresses both Jacob and Esau as joint travelers.
πορευθῶμενlet us goAor Pass Subj 1 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (hortatory subjunctive)→ constative aorist (single prospective journey)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel / proceed'; the hortatory subjunctive 1 pl. ('let us go') is the most inclusive form of invitation — Esau is not commanding but inviting, drawing Jacob into a shared 'we' of joint travel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
πορεύσομαιI will travelFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (future commitment)→ predictive future (Esau's personal pledge of accompaniment)πορεύομαι: future; Esau personalizes the offer — not just 'let us go' (together) but 'I myself will travel with you'; an act of personal solidarity.
σύμψυχόςas one soulNominativepredicate adjective (describing the manner of Esau's travel)→ participant prominenceσύμψυχος: 'of one soul / in soul-solidarity'; a compound of σύν + ψυχή; hapax in the LXX; cf. Phil 2:2 (σύμψυχοι, 'united in soul') where Paul uses the same rare compound for Christian unity; the term implies not merely physical accompaniment but deep personal solidarity.
σουwith youGenitivegenitive of association (with σύμψυχος)→ relational specificationσου: lexical item rendered 'with you' here in the immediate context.
13

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ Ὁ κύριός μου οἶδεν ὅτι τὰ παιδία ἁπαλώτερα, καὶ τὰ πρόβατα καὶ αἱ βόες λοχεύουσιν ἐπ' ἐμέ· ἐὰν οὖν κατατρέξω αὐτοὺς ἡμέραν μίαν, ἀποθανοῦνται πάντα τὰ ποίμνια.

But he said to him, 'My lord knows that the children are tender, and the sheep and cattle are nursing on me; if I drive them hard for one day, all the flocks will die.'

Dialogue (Jacob's courteous refusal of joint travel)εἶπεν δέ
Jacob declines Esau's escort-offer with a carefully framed argument from pastoral care: the children are ἁπαλώτερα ('more tender / fragile'; comparative of ἁπαλός), and the flocks are λοχεύουσιν ἐπ' ἐμέ — nursing animals that depend on Jacob's pace. The rare verb λοχεύω ('lie in wait / be in confinement for nursing') is used uniquely here for nursing livestock. The conditional ἐὰν ... ἀποθανοῦνται makes catastrophic loss the logical consequence of Esau's well-meant escort, rendering the refusal prudent rather than evasive.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's response)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (dative of recipient)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'to him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὉ: proper name rendered 'the' in this chapter's immediate context.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: used of Esau — 'my lord'; the polite form of address maintained throughout Jacob's speeches (cf. vv.8, 14, 15); renders Hebrew אֲדֹנִי ('my lord').
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
οἶδενknowsPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (appeal to Esau's knowledge)→ intensive/stative perfect (permanent knowledge)οἶδα: 'know' (a perfect-form verb with present meaning); the appeal to Esau's own knowledge is a diplomatic move — Jacob does not lecture but invites Esau to recall what he already knows about pastoral life.
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (content of knowledge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παιδίαchildrenNominativesubject of ὅτι clause→ participant prominenceπαιδία: lexical item rendered 'children' here in the immediate context.
ἁπαλώτεραmore tenderNominativepredicate adjective (comparative: 'more tender / more fragile')→ participant prominenceἁπαλός: 'tender / soft / delicate'; comparative ἁπαλώτερα; renders Hebrew רַכִּים (rakkîm, 'tender'); the word evokes the physical fragility of young children unable to sustain a forced march.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πρόβαταsheepNominativecoordinate subject→ participant prominenceπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders Hebrew הַצֹּאן ('the flock / sheep'); one of the two categories of livestock mentioned.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
βόεςcattleNominativecoordinate subject→ participant prominenceβοῦς: 'ox / cow / cattle'; renders Hebrew הַבָּקָר ('the cattle'); together with πρόβατα, it covers Jacob's entire herd.
λοχεύουσινare nursingPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λοχεύωmain verb of ὅτι clause→ progressive present (ongoing state of lactation / dependency)λοχεύω: 'lie in wait / be in the time of parturition / nurse young'; a rare verb; the primary meaning is 'to be in childbed / nursing'; applied to animals, it captures the state of nursing mothers whose pace is limited by their young; renders Hebrew עָלוֹת עָלַי ('suckling upon me').
ἐπ'onpreposition + accusative (direction of dependence)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': preposition rendered 'on' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the animals' dependence is on Jacob's management)→ participant referenceἐμέ: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (third-class condition: future more vivid)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: connective or particle rendered 'if' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
οὖνtheninferential particle (consequence drawn from what was said)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: connective or particle rendered 'then' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κατατρέξωI drive hardAor Act Subj 1 Sg · κατατρέχωconditional clause verb (protasis)→ constative aorist (hypothetical single day of hard driving)κατατρέχω: 'run down / drive hard / overdrive'; a compound of κατά (intensive) + τρέχω ('run'); renders Hebrew וּדְפָקוּם ('and they overdrive them'); the vivid image of running animals to exhaustion makes the consequence (death) feel plausible rather than alarmist.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the flocks collectively)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: pronominal or article form rendered 'them' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέραν: lexical item rendered 'day' here in the immediate context.
μίανoneAccusativeadjective with ἡμέραν (limiting modifier: even one day)→ measure or countεἷς / μία / ἕν: 'one'; the point is that even a single day of Esau's military march-pace would be fatal to the fragile animals; the brevity of the time-frame makes the argument unanswerable.
ἀποθανοῦνταιwill dieFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb of apodosis (consequence)→ predictive future (certain consequence)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the compound ἀπο- intensifies (die off / die out); the future renders the consequence as certain given the condition.
πάνταallNominativeadjective with ποίμνια (universal: 'all the flocks')→ participant prominenceπάντα: lexical item rendered 'all' here in the immediate context.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ποίμνιαflocksNominativesubject of apodosis→ participant prominenceποίμνιον / ποίμνη: 'flock'; the collective term for all of Jacob's livestock; at stake is the entire wealth represented by the gift-droves of Gen 32 and his remaining animals.
14

προελθέτω ὁ κύριός μου ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ παιδός· ἐγὼ δὲ ἐνισχύσω ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ κατὰ σχολὴν τῆς ἀγωγῆς τῆς ἐναντίον μου καὶ κατὰ πόδα τοῦ παιδαρίου, ἕως τοῦ ἐλθεῖν με πρὸς τὸν κύριόν μου εἰς Σηιρ.

Let my lord go on ahead of his servant; but I will make my way on the journey at the pace of the drove that goes before me and at the pace of the little ones, until I come to my lord at Seir.

Dialogue (Jacob's counter-proposal: separate travel)προελθέτω (asyndeton)
The imperative προελθέτω ('let him go ahead') politely releases Esau from obligation while maintaining the lord/servant register. The phrase κατὰ σχολὴν τῆς ἀγωγῆς ('at the leisure of the drove') is the chapter's most memorable pastoral image: Jacob will travel at the pace that the animals and small children require. Crucially, Jacob promises to come to Esau at Seir — a promise he does not keep; he turns aside to Succoth and then to Shechem, never going to Seir. The ambiguity is unresolved in the text.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
προελθέτωlet him go aheadAor Act Imper 3 Sg · προέρχομαιmain verb (third-person imperative / polite directive)→ constative aorist (prospective single advance)προέρχομαι: 'go forward / proceed ahead'; the third-person imperative is formally more deferential than a second-person command — 'let my lord proceed' rather than 'you go'; renders Hebrew יַעֲבָר-נָא ('let him pass on, please').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject (of third-person imperative)→ participant prominenceκύριός: lexical item rendered 'lord' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἔμπροσθενahead ofpreposition/adverb + genitive (spatial: 'in front of')→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: preposition rendered 'ahead of' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παιδόςservantGenitivegenitive (object of ἔμπροσθεν; Jacob's self-reference as 'your servant')→ relational specificationπαῖς: Jacob calls himself Esau's παῖς ('servant') in the third person, matching the elevated address κύριός μου; a sustained posture of humility throughout this dialogue.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (contrast: 'I for my part')→ participant referenceἐγὼ: lexical item rendered 'I' here in the immediate context.
δὲbutadversative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐνισχύσωwill make my wayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐνισχύωmain verb (Jacob's future commitment)→ predictive future (personal pledge)ἐνισχύω: 'strengthen into / make one's way steadily'; used intransitively here in the sense of 'press on / proceed'; renders Hebrew אֶתְנָהֲלָה ('I will lead gently / make my way at a slow pace'); the LXX choice of ἐνισχύω (strength-word) is ironic — Jacob's 'strong' advance is one of deliberate slowness.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative: 'on the journey')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'on' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὁδῷjourneyDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'road / way / journey'; the literal road to Seir is named but, as the subsequent narrative makes plain, Jacob does not take it.
κατὰatpreposition + accusative (standard/measure: 'according to the pace of')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: preposition rendered 'at' here, functioning according to its local construction.
σχολὴνpaceAccusativeobject of κατά (standard of pace: 'at the leisure of')→ object specificationσχολή: 'leisure / ease / unhurried pace'; renders Hebrew לְרַגְלִי ('at my foot-pace / at the pace I can manage'); the LXX's σχολή ('ease / at leisure') beautifully captures the idea of traveling at the natural, unhurried pace of animals and children — the pastoral heart of the verse.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀγωγῆςdroveGenitivegenitive of specification ('of the drove / the driving')→ relational specificationἀγωγή: 'driving / leading / drove'; the word can mean both the act of driving animals and the group being driven; here it denotes the whole drove of livestock that Jacob is managing.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with relative clause: 'the drove that goes before me')→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition/adverb (relational: 'before me / that goes ahead of me')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in front of / opposite'; used adjectivally with the articular genitive to describe the drove that goes ahead — the animals sent on in front.
μουmeGenitivegenitive (object of ἐναντίον)→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second measure of pace)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
κατὰatpreposition + accusative (second standard: 'at the pace of')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: preposition rendered 'at' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πόδαfoot-paceAccusativeobject of κατά (standard of pace: 'at the foot of / at the pace of')→ object specificationπούς: 'foot'; κατὰ πόδα = 'at the foot-pace of / step by step with'; the idiom captures walking at the pace of the smallest steps — the children's.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παιδαρίουlittle onesGenitivegenitive of specification ('of the children')→ relational specificationπαιδάριον: diminutive of παῖς; 'little child / young boy / little one'; renders Hebrew הַיְלָדִים ('the children'); the diminutive form emphasizes the smallness and vulnerability of the children whose slow pace sets the caravan's speed.
ἕωςuntilsubordinating conjunction (temporal limit)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: connective or particle rendered 'until' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with articular infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'until I come')→ constative aorist (prospective point of arrival)ἔρχομαι: the articular infinitive with ἕως τοῦ ('until the coming of me') = 'until I arrive'; the temporal limit Jacob sets is arrival at Seir — a destination he never reaches in the narrative.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceμε: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κύριόνlordAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationκύριόν: lexical item rendered 'lord' here in the immediate context.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: pronominal or article form rendered 'my' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΣηιρSeirAccusativeplace name (object of εἰς; Esau's homeland)→ participant identificationΣηιρ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew שֵׂעִיר (Śēʿîr); Esau's home territory, identified with Edom (Gen 32:4; 36:8); Jacob promises to come there but instead goes to Succoth (v.17) and then to Shechem (v.18).
15

εἶπεν δὲ Ησαυ Καταλείψω μετὰ σοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ τοῦ μετ' ἐμοῦ. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν Ἱνατί τοῦτο; ἱκανόν ἐστιν ὅτι εὗρον χάριν ἐναντίον σου, κύριε.

And Esau said, 'Let me leave with you some of the people who are with me.' But he said, 'Why this? It is enough that I have found favor in your sight, my lord.'

Dialogue (second offer and second refusal; closure of negotiation)εἶπεν δέ
Esau's second offer — a protective escort — is refused with the same χάριν-idiom that has threaded the chapter's dialogue (vv.8, 10, 15). Jacob's exclamation Ἱνατί τοῦτο ('Why this?') registers genuine surprise at the offer's generosity, not suspicion of its motive; the following ἱκανόν ἐστιν ('it is enough') is a formula of complete satisfaction — the reconciliation itself is more than sufficient. Jacob has no need of escort; he has found grace (χάριν), and that is all.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Esau's second offer)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΗσαυEsauNominativesubject→ participant identificationΗσαυ: indeclinable form rendered 'Esau' here, used according to its local clause function.
ΚαταλείψωI will leave behindFut Act Indic 1 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (offer of escort)→ volitional future (Esau's offer)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / leave with someone'; Esau offers to detach a portion of his force as a protective escort for Jacob's journey; renders Hebrew אַצִּיגָה-נָּא ('let me station, please').
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: preposition rendered 'with' here, functioning according to its local construction.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive (object of μετά)→ relational specificationσοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: preposition rendered 'from' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'some of the people')→ relational specificationλαός: 'people / folk / armed men'; here Esau's four hundred men; the offer of a detachment is generous — a practical protective escort, not a surveillance party.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (relative clause antecedent)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (in relative clause: 'who are with me')→ spatial or relational framingμετ': preposition rendered 'with' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive (object of μετά in relative clause)→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'me' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
heNominativepronoun used as article-subject ('he' = Jacob)→ participant referenceὁ: lexical item rendered 'he' here in the immediate context.
δὲbutadversative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'but' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's refusal)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
Ἱνατίwhyinterrogative adverb (causal: 'for what reason?')→ participant identificationἱνατί: 'why / for what reason?'; a compound of ἵνα + τί ('in order that what?'); a brusque rhetorical question expressing either surprise or polite dismissal; renders Hebrew לָמָּה זֶּה ('why this?').
τοῦτοthisNominativeobject or predicate (object of the rhetorical question)→ participant referenceτοῦτο: lexical item rendered 'this' here in the immediate context.
ἱκανόνenoughNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceἱκανός: 'sufficient / adequate / enough'; ἱκανόν ἐστιν = 'it is enough'; the formula of complete satisfaction; renders Hebrew יֶשׁ-לִי כֹּל ('I have everything'); Jacob needs nothing more, having received Esau's gracious reception.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ gnomic presentἐστιν: verbal form rendered 'is' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ὅτιthatsubordinating conjunction (content or causal: 'because / in that')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: connective or particle rendered 'that' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
εὗρονI have foundAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of ὅτι clause→ constative aorist (completed act of finding, with standing result)εὑρίσκω: the chapter's third use of χάριν εὑρεῖν (cf. vv.8, 10); the repetition of the favor-finding idiom at the chapter's close creates a ring-structure, the dialogue ending where it began.
χάρινfavorAccusativedirect object→ object specificationχάριν: lexical item rendered 'favor' here in the immediate context.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (relational)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: preposition rendered 'before' here, functioning according to its local construction.
σουyouGenitivegenitive (object of ἐναντίον)→ relational specificationσου: pronominal or article form rendered 'you' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κύριεmy lordVocativevocative of address→ direct addressκύριος: Jacob's final use of this respectful address to Esau; the sustained lord/servant register closes here as the brothers finally separate.
16

ἀπέστρεψεν δὲ Ησαυ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ εἰς Σηιρ.

And Esau turned back on that day on his own way to Seir.

Narrative closure (permanent parting of the brothers)ἀπέστρεψεν δέ
The verse closes Esau's role in the narrative with stark economy. The temporal marker ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that same day') gives the parting finality: no further negotiation, no lingering. Esau returns to Seir — τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ ('his own way') is emphatic; the possessive marks the brothers' permanent divergence of paths. The Jacob–Esau narrative, begun in Gen 25:19, closes here. Esau will be mentioned briefly in the Edom genealogy of Gen 36.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀπέστρεψενturned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (permanent departure)→ constative aorist (completed turning-back)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; compound of ἀπό + στρέφω; the ἀπο- marks a definitive turning away and return; renders Hebrew וַיָּשָׁב ('and he returned'); the narrative use of this verb signals Esau's exit from the story.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ΗσαυEsauNominativesubject→ participant identificationΗσαυ: indeclinable form rendered 'Esau' here, used according to its local clause function.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'on' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (temporal: 'on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρᾳ: lexical item rendered 'day' here in the immediate context.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that / that one'; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ = 'on that same day'; the demonstrative specifies that the departure was immediate — the same day as the reconciliation and gift-exchange.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὁδὸνwayAccusativeaccusative of direction (cognate: 'his way / in the direction of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'road / way / journey'; the accusative is directional/cognate — 'he returned on his own way'; τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ ('his own way') emphasizes that Esau takes his own path, distinct from Jacob's.
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: lexical item rendered 'his own' here in the immediate context.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΣηιρSeirAccusativeplace name (object of εἰς; Esau's homeland)→ participant identificationΣηιρ: Esau's territory; the same destination Jacob had promised to reach in v.14 — a promise kept by Esau (who returns there) and silently abandoned by Jacob (who turns north).
17

Ιακωβ δὲ ἀπάρας ἦλθεν εἰς Σκηνάς. καὶ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ αὐτῷ οἰκίας καὶ τοῖς κτήνεσιν αὐτοῦ ἐποίησεν σκηνάς· διὰ τοῦτο ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ τόπου ἐκείνου Σκηναί.

But Jacob, breaking camp, came to Booths. And he built there houses for himself, and for his cattle he made booths; therefore he called the name of that place Booths.

Narrative continuation (Jacob's separate journey; place-name aetiology)Ιακωβ δέ
Jacob does not go to Seir as promised in v.14; instead he journeys north to Succoth. The LXX renders the Hebrew toponym סֻכּוֹת as Σκηναί ('Booths / Tents'), making the etymology transparent — unlike most place-names in the LXX which are transliterated. The chiastic ἐποίησεν ... οἰκίας / ἐποίησεν σκηνάς distinguishes Jacob's permanent house from the temporary shelters for his cattle — and it is the cattle's σκηναί ('booths') that give the place its name, a gentle irony. The word Σκηναί connects to the festival of Σκηνοπηγία (Tabernacles / Booths).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ΙακωβJacobNominativesubject (topicalized at verse-head)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: the narrative resumes with Jacob as subject, now entirely independent of Esau; the separation of v.16 is immediately confirmed by his different destination.
δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἀπάραςbreaking campAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀπαίρωadverbial participle (prior action: 'having broken camp')→ constative aorist (completed breaking of camp)ἀπαίρω: 'lift up / break camp / depart'; renders Hebrew וַיִּסַּע ('and he journeyed / broke camp'); the same verb used throughout the wilderness wanderings for the tabernacle camp's departure (e.g., Num 10:12); its use here at Succoth carries a faint echo of the wilderness-camp motif.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at Succoth)→ constative aorist (completed journey and arrival)ἦλθεν: verbal form rendered 'came' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΣκηνάςBoothsAccusativeplace name (object of εἰς; LXX translates rather than transliterating Succoth)→ participant identificationΣκηναί (acc. Σκηνάς): 'Booths / Tents / Tabernacles'; the LXX renders Hebrew סֻכּוֹת (sukkôṯ) semantically, not as a transliteration Σοκχώθ; the same word is used for booths in the Feast of Tabernacles (Σκηνοπηγία, Lev 23:34 LXX). This choice makes the place-name aetiology at the verse's end immediately legible to a Greek reader.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐποίησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (first construction: houses for himself)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / build'; renders Hebrew וַיִּבֶן ('and he built'); the same verb is reused in the parallel clause (τοῖς κτήνεσιν ... ἐποίησεν σκηνάς), creating a chiastic doublet.
ἐκεῖthereadverb (locative)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: indeclinable form rendered 'there' here, used according to its local clause function.
αὐτῷfor himselfDativedative of benefit→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: lexical item rendered 'for himself' here in the immediate context.
οἰκίαςhousesAccusativedirect object (first construction)→ object specificationοἰκία: 'house / dwelling'; renders Hebrew בָּתִּים ('houses'); Jacob builds permanent structures for himself — a notable contrast to the temporary σκηναί made for his cattle.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second construction)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
κτήνεσινcattleDativedative of benefit (second construction: for his cattle)→ sphere or referenceκτῆνος: 'cattle / livestock / beast of burden'; renders Hebrew לְמִקְנֵהוּ ('for his livestock'); the cattle's shelters are what give the place its name.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (second construction: booths for cattle)→ constative aoristἐποίησεν: verbal form rendered 'made' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
σκηνάςboothsAccusativedirect object (second construction)→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent / booth / tabernacle'; the word that gives the place its name (Σκηναί); the irony: Jacob builds houses (οἰκίας) for himself but only booths (σκηνάς) for his animals, yet it is the animal-word that becomes the place-name.
διὰthereforepreposition + accusative (causal/inferential: 'for this reason')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: preposition rendered 'therefore' here, functioning according to its local construction.
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (causal reference to the booth-building)→ participant referenceδιὰ τοῦτο: 'for this reason / therefore'; the standard LXX formula for an aetiological naming ('this is why the place is called X').
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (naming act)→ constative aorist (completed act of naming)καλέω: 'call / name'; the naming formula ἐκάλεσεν ... τὸ ὄνομα is the standard LXX aetiology; renders Hebrew וַיִּקְרָא (wayyiqrāʾ, 'and he called').
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object (of the naming act)→ object specificationὄνομα: lexical item rendered 'name' here in the immediate context.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive of specification ('the name of the place')→ relational specificationτόπος: 'place / site'; the word τόπος carries theological weight in the patriarchal narratives (cf. Gen 28:11, 16, 17, 19 where it denotes Bethel); here it is used more simply for the settlement site.
ἐκείνουthatGenitivedemonstrative adjective (specifying the place just named)→ relational specificationἐκείνου: lexical item rendered 'that' here in the immediate context.
ΣκηναίBoothsNominativepredicate noun (the name assigned)→ participant identificationΣκηναί: the LXX's translation of Succoth; by choosing to translate rather than transliterate, the LXX makes the naming act fully transparent and connects the site to the booths-language of Tabernacles.
18

Καὶ ἦλθεν Ιακωβ εἰς Σαλημ πόλιν Σικιμων, ἥ ἐστιν ἐν γῇ Χανααν, ἐλθόντι αὐτῷ ἐκ Μεσοποταμίας Συρίας, καὶ παρενέβαλεν κατὰ πρόσωπον τῆς πόλεως.

And Jacob came to Salem, a city of the Shechemites, which is in the land of Canaan, on his coming from Mesopotamia of Syria, and he encamped before the city.

Narrative continuation (arrival at Canaan; return fulfilled)Καὶ
The geographic identifier ἐν γῇ Χανααν ('in the land of Canaan') marks Jacob's return to the promised land, fulfilling the divine promise of Gen 28:15 ('I will bring you back to this land'). The LXX reads Σαλημ as a proper place-name ('Salem') — the Rahlfs text; the Hebrew שָׁלֵם can alternatively be read as an adverb meaning 'safely / peacefully' (i.e., 'Jacob arrived safely at the city of Shechem'), a significant text-critical ambiguity. The verb παρενέβαλεν ('he encamped') uses the military-encampment idiom, foreshadowing the ominous events of Gen 34.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (arrival at Shechem)→ constative aorist (completed journey)ἦλθεν: verbal form rendered 'came' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΙακωβJacobNominativesubject→ participant identificationΙακωβ: indeclinable form rendered 'Jacob' here, used according to its local clause function.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: preposition rendered 'to' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΣαλημSalemAccusativeplace name (object of εἰς; text-critically ambiguous)→ participant identificationΣαλημ: LXX treats as a place-name ('Salem'), perhaps connected to the Σαλημ of Gen 14:18 (Melchizedek's city); the Hebrew שָׁלֵם (šālēm) can equally be read as the adverb 'safely / in peace,' yielding the translation 'Jacob arrived safely at the city of Shechem' — a significant crux. The Rahlfs–Hanhart text treats it as a toponym.
πόλινcityAccusativenoun in apposition to Σαλημ ('a city')→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; in apposition to Σαλημ, identifying it as an urban settlement; the city of Shechem is the locus of the Dinah narrative in Gen 34.
Σικιμωνof the ShechemitesGenitivegenitive of description/possession (identifying the city's people)→ participant identificationΣικιμων: genitive plural of Σικιμ; the Shechemites, inhabitants of Shechem (Hebrew שְׁכֶם, Šeḵem); the LXX here uses a gentilic genitive rather than transliterating the place-name.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (nominative feminine: referring to πόλιν)→ participant referenceἥ: lexical item rendered 'which' here in the immediate context.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of relative clause (locating the city)→ gnomic present (permanent geographic identification)ἐστιν: verbal form rendered 'is' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: preposition rendered 'in' here, functioning according to its local construction.
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; ἐν γῇ Χανααν ('in the land of Canaan') is the key geographic marker confirming Jacob's return to the promised land after twenty years in Mesopotamia (cf. Gen 28:15).
ΧαναανCanaanGenitivegenitive of specification (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΧανααν: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew כְּנַעַן (Kənaʿan); the promised land, given to Abraham (Gen 12:5) and now entered by Jacob fulfilling the Bethel promise.
ἐλθόντιon his comingAor Act Ptcp Dat Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιdative participial phrase (temporal: 'on his coming from Mesopotamia')→ constative aorist (completed journey from Mesopotamia)ἔρχομαι: the dative participle ἐλθόντι αὐτῷ = 'on his coming / when he came'; a temporal participial phrase that provides the narrative context for the land-entry — he is arriving from Mesopotamia, not from Esau.
αὐτῷhimDativedative subject of participial phrase→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: pronominal or article form rendered 'him' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: preposition rendered 'from' here, functioning according to its local construction.
ΜεσοποταμίαςMesopotamiaGenitivegenitive (object of ἐκ: origin of the journey)→ relational specificationΜεσοποταμία: 'Mesopotamia' = 'land between the rivers' (μέσος + ποταμός); the LXX term for the region of Aram-Naharaim where Laban lived (Gen 24:10; 28:2); Jacob's twenty-year sojourn there with Laban (Gen 29–31) is now concluded.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of specification ('Mesopotamia of Syria')→ relational specificationΣυρία: 'Syria'; a broader regional designation; the full phrase Μεσοποταμία Συρίας renders Hebrew פַּדַּן אֲרָם (Paddan-Aram, 'the field of Aram'), the LXX's standard rendering of this geographic term.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
παρενέβαλενencampedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (second action: encampment before the city)→ constative aorist (completed act of encamping)παρεμβάλλω: 'pitch camp beside / encamp opposite'; a primarily military term for an armed camp; its use here rather than σκηνόω or similar foreshadows the martial events of Gen 34 (Dinah's rape and Simeon and Levi's retribution).
κατὰbeforepreposition + accusative (positional: 'opposite / facing')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: preposition rendered 'before' here, functioning according to its local construction.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom: κατὰ πρόσωπον = 'before / opposite / facing')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; κατὰ πρόσωπον τῆς πόλεως = 'facing the city / before the city'; renders Hebrew אֶת-פְּנֵי הָעִיר ('before the face of the city'); the idiom of facing a city carries a slight military connotation.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of specification (the city faced: Shechem)→ relational specificationπόλεως: lexical item rendered 'city' here in the immediate context.
19

καὶ ἐκτήσατο τὴν μερίδα τοῦ ἀγροῦ, οὗ ἔστησεν ἐκεῖ τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ, παρὰ Εμμωρ πατρὸς Συχεμ ἑκατὸν ἀμνάδων.

And he purchased the portion of the field where he had pitched his tent, from Hamor the father of Shechem, for a hundred she-lambs.

Narrative continuation (patriarchal land-purchase in Canaan)καὶ
The purchase echoes Abraham's acquisition of Machpelah in Gen 23: each generation of the covenant family secures a legal foothold in the promised land by purchase. The price renders the obscure Hebrew קְשִׂיטָה (qesitah) — found only at Gen 33:19, Josh 24:32, and Job 42:11 — as ἑκατὸν ἀμνάδων ('a hundred she-lambs'), a concrete livestock equivalent for an untranslatable term. Acts 7:16 (Stephen's speech) mentions a Shechem purchase attributed to Abraham rather than Jacob, a telescoping of patriarchal history that creates a well-known textual crux.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐκτήσατοpurchasedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (land acquisition)→ constative aorist (completed purchase transaction)κτάομαι: 'acquire / purchase / gain possession of'; deponent middle; renders Hebrew וַיִּקֶן (wayyiqen, 'and he bought'); the middle voice emphasizes Jacob's personal acquisition into his own estate.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
μερίδαportionAccusativedirect object→ object specificationμερίς: 'portion / share / plot'; renders Hebrew חֶלְקַת (ḥelqaṯ, 'portion / plot of land'); the same word is used at Josh 24:32 when this field is noted as Joseph's burial site, creating a narrative arc across the Pentateuch.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive of specification ('the portion of the field')→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / cultivated land'; the specific parcel in the field-area adjacent to Shechem.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place ('where')→ participant referenceοὗ: genitive of the relative pronoun used as a locative relative adverb ('where'); the relative clause identifies the field as the site of Jacob's camp.
ἔστησενpitchedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb of relative clause→ constative aorist (completed act of pitching camp)ἵστημι: 'set up / pitch / place'; ἔστησεν τὴν σκηνήν = 'pitched his tent'; renders Hebrew נָטָה ('stretched out / pitched').
ἐκεῖthereadverb (locative)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: indeclinable form rendered 'there' here, used according to its local clause function.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
σκηνὴνtentAccusativedirect object (of ἔστησεν)→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent'; the reappearance of this word (cf. σκηνάς at v.17) links Jacob's Succoth-booths with his Shechem encampment — both are expressions of the semi-nomadic lifestyle of the patriarchs in the land.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: pronominal or article form rendered 'his' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source of purchase: 'from')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + genitive: 'from beside / from'; the commercial idiom for purchasing from a person.
ΕμμωρHamorGenitivegenitive (object of παρά: the seller)→ participant identificationΕμμωρ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew חֲמוֹר (Ḥămôr, 'donkey'); the father of Shechem, the Hivite prince of Gen 34; the purchase from him establishes Jacob's legal standing in the region before the events of Gen 34.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationπατρὸς: lexical item rendered 'father' here in the immediate context.
ΣυχεμShechemGenitivegenitive (object of πατρός: 'father of Shechem')→ participant identificationΣυχεμ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew שְׁכֶם (Šeḵem); the son of Hamor who features prominently in Gen 34; the introduction of his name here as an anticipatory notice prepares the reader for what follows.
ἑκατὸνa hundrednumeral adjective (indeclinable; modifying ἀμνάδων)→ measure or countἑκατὸν: indeclinable form rendered 'a hundred' here, used according to its local clause function.
ἀμνάδωνshe-lambsGenitivegenitive of price ('for a hundred she-lambs')→ relational specificationἀμνάς: 'she-lamb / ewe-lamb'; the LXX's rendering of Hebrew קְשִׂיטָה (qesitah), an obscure term for a unit of value found only at Gen 33:19, Josh 24:32, and Job 42:11; its meaning is unknown — some ancient versions read it as a lamb, others as a piece of silver; the LXX uses ἀμνάδων consistently. Acts 7:16 mentions this purchase (attributing it to Abraham), creating a well-known historical crux in Stephen's speech.
20

καὶ ἔστησεν ἐκεῖ θυσιαστήριον καὶ ἐπεκαλέσατο τὸν θεὸν Ισραηλ.

And he set up there an altar and called upon the God of Israel.

Narrative climax / cultic closure (altar and invocation)καὶ
The chapter's final verse completes the patriarchal pattern — arrive, encamp, purchase, build altar — that follows Abraham at each stage of his Canaanite wandering (Gen 12:7–8; 13:18). The LXX renders the MT's altar-name אֵל אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (El-Elohe-Israel = 'El, God of Israel') as a verbal phrase — ἐπεκαλέσατο τὸν θεὸν Ισραηλ ('he called upon the God of Israel') — converting the MT's name-inscription into a liturgical act of invocation. Critically, the name Ισραηλ (given to Jacob at 32:28) for the first time here becomes a divine epithet: 'the God of Israel' — not of Abraham and Isaac alone, but now specifically of Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἔστησενset upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (first cultic act: erecting the altar)→ constative aorist (completed act of erection)ἵστημι: 'set up / erect / establish'; the same verb used in v.19 for pitching the tent; here for the altar; renders Hebrew וַיַּצֶּב (wayyaṣṣeḇ, 'and he set up / erected'); the erection of a θυσιαστήριον ('altar for sacrifice') is the formal cultic act concluding the patriarchal journey.
ἐκεῖthereadverb (locative: at Shechem)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: indeclinable form rendered 'there' here, used according to its local clause function.
θυσιαστήριονan altarAccusativedirect object→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar for sacrifice' (from θυσία, 'sacrifice'); renders Hebrew מִזְבֵּחַ (mizbēaḥ); the patriarchal altar-building at sacred sites in Canaan marks each stage of covenant itinerary: Abraham at Shechem (Gen 12:7), Bethel (12:8), Hebron (13:18); Isaac at Beersheba (26:25); Jacob now at Shechem, and later at Bethel (35:7).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: connective or particle rendered 'and' here, shaping the clause or discourse flow in context.
ἐπεκαλέσατοcalled uponAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικαλέομαιmain verb (second cultic act: invocation)→ constative aorist (completed act of invocation)ἐπικαλέομαι: 'call upon / invoke'; the standard LXX term for cultic invocation of the deity (cf. Gen 4:26, 12:8); the LXX converts the MT's altar-name El-Elohe-Israel into this verb — substituting a liturgical act (he invoked) for an inscription (he named the altar). This is a LXX–MT divergence of theological significance: the MT has Jacob naming the altar after the divine, the LXX has Jacob performing an act of worship.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: pronominal or article form rendered 'the' here, functioning according to its local inflection and syntax.
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect object of ἐπεκαλέσατο→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; the object of the invocation; the LXX's rendering replaces the MT's divine name אֵל ('El') with the common noun θεός, directing the invocation toward the God defined by the following genitive.
Ισραηλof IsraelGenitivegenitive of description ('the God of Israel'; indeclinable proper name)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yiśrāʾēl); the name given to Jacob at 32:28 ('your name shall no longer be Jacob, but Israel'). Here, for the first time in Genesis, it appears as a divine epithet — 'the God of Israel' — rather than a personal name. The covenant name of the patriarch has become the covenant name of the deity: God is defined in relation to the man Israel, inaugurating the formula that will pervade all subsequent Scripture.