Genesis 36 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Αὗται δὲ αἱ γενέσεις Ησαυ· αὐτός ἐστιν Εδωμ.

These are the generations of Esau — he is Edom.

Toledoth headingΑὗται δέ

The resumptive δέ links this toledoth to the close of Gen 35 (where Esau and Jacob buried Isaac). Αὗται αἱ γενέσεις calques תּוֹלְדֹת, the standard genealogical heading; cf. 2:4; 5:1; 25:12, 19. The appositional clause αὐτός ἐστιν Εδωμ equates the individual with his nation — a formula repeated at vv.8 and 19 as a structural bracket.

Word-by-word analysis· 8 words

ΑὗταιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (cataphoric)→ participant referenceοὗτος fem. nom. pl.; cataphoric — points forward to the genealogical register; calques Hebrew אֵלֶּה of the toledoth formula.

δὲnowtransitional particle (narrative continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γενέσειςgenerationsNominativepredicate nominative / subject (toledoth heading noun)→ participant prominenceγένεσις: 'origin / genealogy / generation'; renders תּוֹלְדֹת (toledoth), the standard LXX calque for the Hebrew genealogical heading (cf. 2:4; 5:1; 10:1; 25:12, 19; 37:2). The LXX title of the whole book (ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ) derives from this noun.

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (whose generations)→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliteration of עֵשָׂו; the firstborn twin of Isaac and Rebekah who sold his birthright (Gen 25:29–34) and lost the blessing (Gen 27). The name is linked by the narrator to redness/Edom (25:30). In prophetic literature Esau/Edom becomes the emblematic enemy of Israel: Obad 1; Isa 34; Jer 49:7–22; Mal 1:2–3 ('Esau I hated') → quoted at Rom 9:13 as proof of sovereign election.

αὐτόςheNominativeintensive/appositive pronoun (identifying equation)→ participant referenceαὐτός: not reflexive but identifying — 'he himself is Edom'; the formula αὐτός ἐστιν Εδωμ occurs at vv.1, 8, 19 as a structural marker tying the man Esau to the nation he founds.

ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίequative verb (identification formula)→ gnomic present (permanent identification)εἰμί: copula.

ΕδωμEdompredicate nominative (national / territorial identifier)→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliteration of אֱדוֹם; the name derives from אָדֹם ('red'), alluding to Esau's red appearance (25:25) and the red lentil stew (25:30). The territory southeast of the Dead Sea; known in Hellenistic times as Idumaea. Edom looms large in the prophets (Obad; Isa 34; Jer 49:7–22; Ezek 35); Mal 1:2–3 invokes the Esau/Edom polarity as a demonstration of divine election, cited verbatim by Paul at Rom 9:13.

2

Ησαυ δὲ ἔλαβεν γυναῖκας ἑαυτῷ ἀπὸ τῶν θυγατέρων Χανααν· Αδα θυγάτηρ Αιλων τοῦ Χετταίου, καὶ Ελιβεμα θυγάτηρ Ανα τοῦ υἱοῦ Σεβεγων τοῦ Ευαίου,

And Esau took wives for himself from the daughters of Canaan: Ada daughter of Ailon the Hittite, and Elibema daughter of Ana son of Sebegeon the Hivite,

Genealogical opening — wives namedΗσαυ δέ

The δέ picks up directly from the heading. The two Canaanite wives are introduced with their full patronymics; the Canaanite origin flags the theological tension noted throughout Gen 24–28 (Jacob was explicitly sent not to marry Canaanites). The names here diverge from those in Gen 26:34 and 28:9 — a tension unresolved in the text.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

ΗσαυEsausubject (proper noun)→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (proper noun).

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (marriage formula)→ constative aorist (completed act)λαμβάνω: the idiom λαμβάνειν γυναῖκα ('take a wife') is the standard LXX marriage formula (cf. Gen 4:19; 11:29); renders Hebrew לָקַח.

γυναῖκαςwivesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; plural — three wives will be named across vv.2–3.

ἑαυτῷfor himselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive)→ sphere or referenceἑαυτῷ: meaning 'for himself'; it serves as dative of advantage (reflexive).

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive source).

τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυγατέρωνdaughtersGenitivepartitive genitive (source of wives)→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the Canaanite provenance is emphasized — earlier narratives explicitly forbid such marriages (Gen 24:3; 26:35; 28:1).

ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun, genitive of ethnicity / territory→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliteration of כְּנַעַן; the Canaanite affiliation is theologically problematic from the Israelite narrator's perspective.

ΑδαAdasubject (first wife, in appositive genealogical clause)→ participant identificationΑδα: transliteration of עָדָה; the name recurs at Gen 4:19 for Lamech's wife — coincidence of name only. In the MT at 26:34 Esau's first wife is named יְהוּדִית (Judith); the different names across chapters are a textual tension the LXX inherits.

θυγάτηρdaughterNominativepredicate nominative (genealogical apposition: 'Ada — daughter of')→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as predicate nominative (genealogical apposition: 'Ada — daughter of').

ΑιλωνAilonindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (father)→ participant identificationΑιλων: transliteration of אֵילוֹן (Elon, 'oak / terebinth'); in MT 26:34 this same father is Elon the Hittite, father of Judith/Basemath; the name recurs as a Zebulunite judge (Judg 12:11–12).

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΧετταίουHittiteGenitivegenitive of ethnicity→ relational specificationΧετταῖος: 'Hittite'; renders הַחִתִּי; the Hittites are among the Canaanite peoples (Gen 10:15) and appear as landowners in Canaan (Gen 23: Ephron the Hittite).

καὶandconnective (listing second wife)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΕλιβεμαElibemasubject (second wife)→ participant identificationΕλιβεμα: LXX form of אָהֳלִיבָמָה (Oholibamah, 'tent of the high place'); the LXX spelling Ελιβεμα departs markedly from the Hebrew consonants; some mss have Ολιβεμα. The name recurs at vv.5, 14, 18, 25 and in the chief-list at v.41.

θυγάτηρdaughterNominativepredicate nominative (genealogical apposition)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as predicate nominative (genealogical apposition).

ΑναAnaindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (father)→ participant identificationΑνα: transliteration of עֲנָה (Anah); this Anah is the son of Sebegeon (v.2), distinct from a second Anah at 36:20 who is a son of Seir — the two Anahs create a known interpretive difficulty.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relation (son of Sebegeon)→ relational specificationυἱοῦ: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive of relation (son of Sebegeon).

ΣεβεγωνSebegeonindeclinable proper noun, genitive (grandfather of Elibema)→ participant identificationΣεβεγων: transliteration of צִבְעוֹן (Zibeon); a Horite name linking Elibema's lineage to the pre-Edomite inhabitants of Seir (cf. 36:20, 24, where Sebegeon appears as a son of Seir the Horite).

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΕυαίουHiviteGenitivegenitive of ethnicity→ relational specificationΕὐαῖος: 'Hivite'; renders הַחִוִּי; the Hivites are a Canaanite sub-group (Gen 10:17). At 36:20 Sebegeon appears instead as a Horite (Χορραῖος) — a discrepancy between 'Hivite' here and 'Horite' there that commentators note as either a textual variant or an ethnic ambiguity in the tradition.

3

καὶ Βασεμμαθ θυγάτηρ Ισμαηλ ἀδελφὴ Ναβαιωθ.

and Basemath daughter of Ishmael, sister of Nabaioth.

Continuation (third wife listed)καὶ

The verse is a brief nominal continuation of v.2's list — no verb, no finite clause, just appositive identification. Basemath is distinguished from the Canaanite wives by her Ishmaelite lineage, linking Esau's household to the other branch of Abraham's seed. The sisterhood note (ἀδελφὴ Ναβαιωθ) identifies her precisely within the Ishmaelite twelve-prince genealogy of Gen 25:13–16.

Word-by-word analysis· 6 words

καὶandconnective (continuing wife list)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΒασεμμαθBasemathsubject (third wife, in appositive clause)→ participant identificationΒασεμμαθ: transliteration of בָּשְׂמַת (Basemath, 'fragrant'); at Gen 26:34 this name is given to a different wife of Esau (daughter of Elon the Hittite) — the name-discrepancy across the Esau narratives is unresolved in the LXX. Here she is an Ishmaelite daughter, connecting Esau's genealogy to Abraham's non-elect line.

θυγάτηρdaughterNominativepredicate nominative (genealogical apposition: 'daughter of')→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as predicate nominative (genealogical apposition: 'daughter of').

ΙσμαηλIshmaelindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (father)→ participant identificationΙσμαηλ: transliteration of יִשְׁמָעֵאל; Abraham's firstborn by Hagar (Gen 16); his twelve princes parallel Jacob's twelve tribes (Gen 25:12–16), making both Esau and the Ishmaelites Abrahamic peoples outside the covenant line of promise (cf. Rom 9:7–9).

ἀδελφὴsisterNominativepredicate nominative (second apposition: 'sister of')→ participant prominenceἀδελφὴ: meaning 'sister'; it serves as predicate nominative (second apposition: 'sister of').

ΝαβαιωθNabaiothindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (brother)→ participant identificationΝαβαιωθ: transliteration of נְבָיוֹת (Nebaioth); Ishmael's firstborn (Gen 25:13); associated by later tradition with the Nabataean Arabs (cf. Isa 60:7 LXX). The sisterhood note pins Basemath within the Ishmaelite genealogy precisely.

4

ἔτεκεν δὲ Αδα τῷ Ησαυ τὸν Ελιφας, καὶ Βασεμμαθ ἔτεκεν τὸν Ραγουηλ,

And Ada bore to Esau Eliphaz, and Basemath bore Raguel,

Genealogical birth-record (first sons)ἔτεκεν δέ

The wife-list pivots to birth-records; each wife's offspring will be named across vv.4–5. Ελιφας (son of Ada) and Ραγουηλ (son of Basemath) are introduced here; Elibema's three sons follow in v.5. The structure parallels the Jacob/Leah-Rachel lists of Gen 29–30 without name-etymologies.

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth report)→ constative aorist (single completed birth event)τίκτω: 'bear / give birth to'; standard genealogical birth verb throughout the LXX (cf. Gen 4:1, 2; 16:15; 29:32 etc.).

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΑδαAdasubject (first wife)→ participant identificationΑδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (first wife).

τῷtoDativearticle with dative→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΗσαυEsaudative of advantage (bore to Esau)→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (bore to Esau).

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (accusative direct object marker)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΕλιφαςEliphazdirect object (first son named)→ participant identificationΕλιφας: transliteration of אֱלִיפַז (Eliphaz, 'my God is fine gold' or 'my God is strong'); firstborn of Esau. Most significant: his son Teman (v.11) gives his name to Ελιφας ὁ Θαιμανίτης — Job's first friend (Job 2:11; 4:1; 15:1; 22:1; 42:7, 9). The Temanite-Edomite wisdom tradition had genuine prestige in Israel (Jer 49:7: 'Is there no longer wisdom in Teman?').

καὶandconnective (paratactic, listing second birth)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΒασεμμαθBasemathsubject (third wife, birth report)→ participant identificationΒασεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (third wife, birth report).

ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (second birth report)→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. ἔτεκεν): 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; the long-awaited birth that resolves the chapter's central crisis.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΡαγουηλRagueldirect object (second son named)→ participant identificationΡαγουηλ: transliteration of רְעוּאֵל (Reuel, 'friend of God'); also the name of Moses' father-in-law (Exod 2:18; Num 10:29) and of Tobias' father-in-law in Tobit (Tob 3:7 LXX) — a widely shared onomastic tradition across Semitic genealogies.

5

καὶ Ελιβεμα ἔτεκεν τὸν Ιεους καὶ τὸν Ιεγλομ καὶ τὸν Κορε· οὗτοι υἱοὶ Ησαυ οἳ ἐγεννήθησαν αὐτῷ ἐν γῇ Χανααν.

And Elibema bore Jeush and Jeglom and Core. These are the sons of Esau who were born to him in the land of Canaan.

Continuation + summaryκαὶ

Elibema's three sons close the birth-list (vv.4–5). The summary sentence — 'these are the sons of Esau born to him in the land of Canaan' — marks the geographic frame: all five sons belong to the Canaanite period before the migration to Seir (v.6). The Canaan-birth note will contrast with the Seir-dwelling of vv.6–8.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΕλιβεμαElibemasubject (second wife, birth report)→ participant identificationΕλιβεμα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (second wife, birth report).

ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth report)→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. ἔτεκεν): 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; the long-awaited birth that resolves the chapter's central crisis.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙεουςJeushdirect object (first son)→ participant identificationΙεους: transliteration of יְעוּשׁ (Jeush / Jeaus); the name recurs in 1 Chr 1:35 and as a Benjaminite name at 1 Chr 8:39. Light genealogical note.

καὶandconnective (listing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙεγλομJeglomdirect object (second son)→ participant identificationΙεγλομ: transliteration of יַעְלָם (Jalam); the LXX form Ιεγλομ is a notable phonetic rendering; the name appears only in the Edomite lists.

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΚορεCoredirect object (third son)→ participant identificationΚορε: transliteration of קֹרַח (Korah); the same name as the Levite Korah of Num 16 who led the rebellion against Moses — distinct individuals, but the shared name connects Edomite and Israelite onomastic traditions.

οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (summary clause)→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (summary clause).

υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative (summary: 'these are the sons')→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative (summary: 'these are the sons').

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun, subject of relative clause→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun, subject of relative clause.

ἐγεννήθησανwere bornAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · γεννάωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (birth events)γεννάω: 'beget / bear'; the passive 'were born' renders a Hebrew niphal or qal of יָלַד; the passive frame shifts focus to the sons as recipients of the genealogical act.

αὐτῷto himDativedative of advantage (born to him)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (born to him).

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of place (locative).

ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun, genitive of location→ participant identificationΧανααν: the geographic frame 'in the land of Canaan' distinguishes these sons from any later Seir-born offspring; the Canaan setting ties the narrative to the patriarchal homeland before Esau's separation.

6

ἔλαβεν δὲ Ησαυ τὰς γυναῖκας αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα τὰ κτήνη καὶ πάντα τὰ τετράποδα αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐκτήσατο ἐν γῇ Χανααν, καὶ ἐπορεύθη εἰς γῆν ἀπὸ προσώπου Ιακωβ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ.

And Esau took his wives and his sons and his daughters and all the people of his household and all the livestock and all his four-footed animals and all that he had acquired in the land of Canaan, and went to a land away from the face of Jacob his brother.

Narrative action — migrationἔλαβεν δέ

The fivefold πάντα anaphora (all the wives, all the household, all the livestock, all the four-footed animals, all that he acquired) creates a sweeping inventory that echoes the Abraham-Lot separation of Gen 13:6. The formula ἀπὸ προσώπου Ιακωβ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ is gentle — it is Esau's choice, not an expulsion — but the narrative effect is the formal separation of the two lineages.

Word-by-word analysis· 47 words

ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (migration action)→ constative aorist (completed act of gathering/departure)λαμβάνω: here in the sense 'take up / gather' rather than the marriage sense of v.2; the verb frames Esau's departure as a deliberate, organized removal of his entire household.

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΗσαυEsausubject→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γυναῖκαςwivesAccusativedirect object (first element of inventory)→ object specificationγυναῖκας: meaning 'wives'; it serves as direct object (first element of inventory).

αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.

καὶandconnective (enumerative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object (second element)→ object specificationυἱοὺς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as direct object (second element).

αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object (third element)→ object specificationθυγατέρας: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as direct object (third element).

αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πάνταςallAccusativeadjective-quantifier (fourth element)→ object specificationπάντας: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective-quantifier (fourth element).

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativedirect object (household personnel)→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'person / man'; τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοῦ οἴκου = 'the persons of the household,' i.e., servants and retainers; echoes Gen 13:2 (Abraham's household inventory).

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἴκουhouseholdGenitivegenitive of relation→ relational specificationοἴκου: meaning 'household'; it serves as genitive of relation.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πάνταallAccusativeadjective-quantifier→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective-quantifier.

τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κτήνηlivestockAccusativedirect object (fifth element — livestock)→ object specificationκτῆνος: 'livestock / cattle'; renders Hebrew בְּהֵמָה; a broad term for domesticated animals, especially cattle and sheep — the index of patriarchal wealth.

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πάνταallAccusativeadjective-quantifier→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective-quantifier.

τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τετράποδαfour-footed animalsAccusativedirect object (sixth element)→ object specificationτετράπους: 'four-footed animal'; a more expansive term than κτήνη, picking up smaller livestock and beasts of burden (cf. Acts 10:12; Rom 1:23); the doubled inventory (κτήνη + τετράποδα) emphasizes the scale of the migration.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πάνταallAccusativeadjective-quantifier→ object specificationπάντα: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective-quantifier.

ὅσαwhateverAccusativecorrelative pronoun (object of relative clause)→ participant referenceὅσα: meaning 'whatever'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as correlative pronoun (object of relative clause).

ἐκτήσατοhe had acquiredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · κτάομαιverb of relative clause (summarizing acquisitions)→ consummative aorist (totality of acquisitions up to departure)κτάομαι: 'acquire / gain possession of'; middle voice is standard for personal acquisition; renders Hebrew קָנָה; the same verb and form appear at Gen 12:5; 13:2 for Abraham's acquisitions.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of place.

ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun, genitive of location→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of location.

καὶandconnective (main clause resumption)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (migration: departure)→ constative aorist (single completed journey)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel / journey'; deponent; the verb of journey that formally separates Esau from Canaan and from Jacob.

εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).

γῆνa landAccusativeaccusative of goal (destination: 'to a land')→ object specificationγῆ: anarthrous here — 'into a land,' not 'into the land'; the indefiniteness is deliberate: the destination (Seir) is named only in v.8, leaving the departure direction unmarked.

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).

προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive of separation (Hebraism: 'from the face of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἀπὸ προσώπου renders Hebrew מִפְּנֵי ('from before / because of'); a common LXX Hebraism expressing separation from a person's sphere or presence (cf. Gen 4:16; 10:9; 27:46).

ΙακωβJacobindeclinable proper noun, genitive of separation→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliteration of יַעֲקֹב; the younger twin, now heir of the Canaanite promise; Esau's voluntary departure from Canaan permanently cedes the promised land to Jacob's descendants.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relation (Jacob his brother)→ relational specificationἀδελφοῦ: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive of relation (Jacob his brother).

αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.

7

ἦν γὰρ ἡ ὑπάρξις αὐτῶν πολλὴ τοῦ οἰκεῖν ἅμα, καὶ οὐκ ἐδύνατο ἡ γῆ τῆς παροικήσεως αὐτῶν φέρειν αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ πλήθους τῶν κτηνῶν αὐτῶν.

For their possessions were too many for them to dwell together, and the land of their sojourning could not support them because of the multitude of their livestock.

Explanatory groundγάρ

The γάρ clause supplies the economic rationale for Esau's migration — a near-verbatim parallel to the Abraham-Lot separation at Gen 13:6 (οὐκ ἐχώρει αὐτοὺς ἡ γῆ κατοικεῖν ἅμα). The explanation normalizes Esau's departure: it is not a flight or an expulsion but a practical necessity of pastoral wealth.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential: state of affairs)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing condition)εἰμί: the imperfect marks an ongoing situation — the land had been unable to support them for some time, driving the migration.

γὰρforexplanatory particle (causal ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: introduces the rationale for Esau's departure (v.6); in the LXX as in classical Greek γάρ marks backward-looking explanation.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὑπάρξιςpossessionsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceὕπαρξις: 'property / resources / possessions'; renders Hebrew רְכוּשׁ; a somewhat formal term for accumulated wealth (cf. Gen 13:6 where the parallel has ἡ κτῆσις αὐτῶν). The dual possessive αὐτῶν ('their') embraces both Esau's and Jacob's households.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (both brothers' combined wealth)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive (both brothers' combined wealth).

πολλὴmuch / greatNominativepredicate adjective (intensive: 'too much')→ participant prominenceπολύς: 'much / many / great'; predicative — 'their possessions were great' = they were too numerous; the positive adjective functions as an implicit comparative in context.

τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive (genitive of result / purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἰκεῖνdwellPres Act Inf · οἰκέωgenitive articular infinitive (result: 'too much for dwelling together')→ progressive infinitive (ongoing shared residence)οἰκέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; genitive articular infinitive expressing result or purpose; the idiom τοῦ + infinitive expressing impossibility echoes Gen 13:6.

ἅμαtogetheradverb (manner: together / simultaneously)→ clausal contributionἅμα: 'together / at the same time'; renders Hebrew יַחְדָּו; the same word appears at Gen 13:6 in the Lot parallel.

καὶandconnective (adding second explanatory clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐκnotnegation→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.

ἐδύνατοwas ableImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (impossibility: the land could not)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing incapacity)δύναμαι: 'be able / have power to'; the imperfect marks the land's ongoing inability to sustain them — an economic threshold already passed.

ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆlandNominativesubject (of ἐδύνατο)→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; here the land itself is the subject — personified as incapable of bearing them, a striking agricultural image.

τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

παροικήσεωςsojourningGenitivegenitive of description (the land of their sojourning)→ relational specificationπαροίκησις: 'sojourn / temporary residence'; renders Hebrew מְגוּרִים; the same root as παροικέω used throughout the patriarchal narratives for the status of the ancestors as resident aliens in Canaan (cf. Ruth 1:1 LXX).

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.

φέρεινto bear / supportPres Act Inf · φέρωcomplementary infinitive (after ἐδύνατο)→ progressive infinitive (sustained capacity)φέρω: 'bear / carry / support'; here in the sense 'sustain / bear the weight of'; renders Hebrew שָׂאָה or נָשָׂא; the land as bearer of population is an agricultural idiom.

αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of infinitive.

ἀπὸbecause ofpreposition + genitive (causal: because of)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here causal — 'because of the multitude'; renders Hebrew מִפְּנֵי / מֵרֹב.

πλήθουςmultitudeGenitivegenitive of cause (the multitude of livestock)→ relational specificationπλῆθος: 'multitude / abundance'; renders Hebrew רֹב; the noun emphasizes the scale of wealth that makes cohabitation impossible.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κτηνῶνlivestockGenitivegenitive of content (multitude of livestock)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as genitive of content (multitude of livestock).

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as possessive genitive.

8

κατῴκησεν δὲ Ησαυ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σηιρ· Ησαυ αὐτός ἐστιν Εδωμ.

And Esau settled in Mount Seir. Esau — he is Edom.

Narrative resolution + structural bracketκατῴκησεν δέ

The verse closes the first movement: Esau's migration terminates in Seir, and the identifying formula αὐτός ἐστιν Εδωμ closes the bracket opened at v.1. The repetition is structural: the man is the nation, the nation is the land. Σηιρ will recur as the Edomite homeland throughout vv.9–30.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

κατῴκησενsettledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (settlement report)→ constative aorist (permanent establishment)κατοικέω: 'settle / dwell permanently'; the κατά- prefix reinforces the settled permanence of the settlement, distinguishing it from the sojourning (παροίκησις) of v.7.

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΗσαυEsausubject→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain / hill-country'; renders Hebrew הַר; Mount Seir is the highland region southeast of the Dead Sea, the ancestral territory of Edom. The same expression τὸ ὄρος Σηιρ recurs throughout this chapter (vv.9, 21, 30).

ΣηιρSeirindeclinable proper noun, genitive of location (Mount Seir)→ participant identificationΣηιρ: transliteration of שֵׂעִיר (Seir, 'hairy / rugged'); the mountain range southeast of the Dead Sea, homeland of the Horites before Esau's arrival (cf. Deut 2:12). The name may connect with Esau's hairy appearance (Gen 25:25: δασύς). Seir as Edomite territory appears in the prophets (Isa 21:11; Ezek 25:8; 35:2–15).

ΗσαυEsausubject (identifying formula, resumptive)→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (identifying formula, resumptive).

αὐτόςheNominativeintensive pronoun (identifying appositive)→ participant referenceαὐτός: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as intensive pronoun (identifying appositive).

ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίequative verb (identification formula)→ gnomic presentεἰμί: copula.

ΕδωμEdompredicate nominative (second occurrence of the identifying equation)→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as predicate nominative (second occurrence of the identifying equation).

9

Αὗται δὲ αἱ γενέσεις Ησαυ πατρὸς Εδωμ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σηιρ.

And these are the generations of Esau, father of Edom, in Mount Seir.

Second toledoth headingΑὗται δέ

The second toledoth heading expands the first (v.1) with two additions: πατρὸς Εδωμ ('father of Edom') and ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σηιρ ('in Mount Seir'). The geographical and relational expansion signals that the genealogy is now to be narrated from the Seir perspective, looking back at Esau as the progenitor of the Edomite nation.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

ΑὗταιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (cataphoric)→ participant referenceΑὗται: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (cataphoric).

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γενέσειςgenerationsNominativesubject (toledoth heading)→ participant prominenceγενέσεις: meaning 'generations'; it serves as subject (toledoth heading).

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of relation (Esau as father of Edom)→ relational specificationπατήρ: the title πατὴρ Εδωμ is new to this heading (absent from v.1); it frames the genealogy as the founding narrative of a nation.

ΕδωμEdomindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (Edom)→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (Edom).

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceὄρει: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as dative of place (locative).

ΣηιρSeirindeclinable proper noun, genitive (Mount Seir)→ participant identificationΣηιρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive (Mount Seir).

10

καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν υἱῶν Ησαυ· Ελιφας υἱὸς Αδας γυναικὸς Ησαυ, καὶ Ραγουηλ υἱὸς Βασεμμαθ γυναικὸς Ησαυ.

And these are the names of the sons of Esau: Eliphaz son of Ada wife of Esau, and Raguel son of Basemath wife of Esau.

Resumptive name-list (sons by wife)καὶ

The formula ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα ('these are the names') is the standard LXX introduction to a name-list (cf. Gen 25:13; Exod 1:1). Each son is identified by both his name and his mother, providing the organizational key for the chief-lists of vv.15–19. The two sons named here are the progenitors of the genealogical sub-lines traced in vv.11–13.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

καὶandconnective (narrative continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (cataphoric)→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (cataphoric).

τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀνόματαnamesNominativepredicate nominative (list heading: 'these are the names')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the formula ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα is a standard LXX list-introduction (cf. Gen 25:13; Exod 1:1; Num 1:5).

τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relation (the sons of Esau)→ relational specificationυἱῶν: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive of relation (the sons of Esau).

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

ΕλιφαςEliphazsubject (first son named)→ participant identificationΕλιφας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (first son named).

υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (genealogical apposition)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as predicate nominative (genealogical apposition).

ΑδαςAdaGenitiveindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother)→ participant identificationΑδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother).

γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive of apposition (Ada — wife of Esau)→ relational specificationγυναικὸς: meaning 'wife'; it serves as genitive of apposition (Ada — wife of Esau).

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΡαγουηλRaguelsubject (second son named)→ participant identificationΡαγουηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (second son named).

υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (genealogical apposition)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as predicate nominative (genealogical apposition).

ΒασεμμαθBasemathGenitiveindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother)→ participant identificationΒασεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother).

γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive of apposition→ relational specificationγυναικὸς: meaning 'wife'; it serves as genitive of apposition.

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

11

ἐγένοντο δὲ υἱοὶ Ελιφας· Θαιμαν, Ωμαρ, Σωφαρ, Γοθομ, Κενεζ.

And the sons of Eliphaz were: Teman, Omar, Sophar, Gothom, and Kenez.

Genealogical sub-list (grandsons through Eliphaz)ἐγένοντο δέ

Five sons of Eliphaz are named; Teman leads the list and is the most significant name theologically (see lexical note). Kenez at the end of the list gives his name to the Kenizzites — a Canaanite clan (Gen 15:19) from whom the Israelite Caleb and Othniel are called 'Kenizzites' (Num 32:12; Josh 14:6). Amalek, Eliphaz's sixth son, is omitted here because he is born to a concubine, not a wife, and is listed separately in v.12.

Word-by-word analysis· 9 words

ἐγένοντοwere / becameAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (genealogical existence: 'there were')→ ingressive aorist (they came into being)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; in genealogical lists ἐγένοντο υἱοί = 'the sons were' / 'had'; renders Hebrew וַיִּהְיוּ.

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (predicate-nominative structure: 'the sons of Eliphaz were:')→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as subject (predicate-nominative structure: 'the sons of Eliphaz were:').

ΕλιφαςEliphazindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (whose sons)→ participant identificationΕλιφας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (whose sons).

ΘαιμανTemansubject in list (first son of Eliphaz)→ participant identificationΘαιμαν: transliteration of תֵּימָן (Teman, 'south / right hand'); the most theologically loaded name in the chapter: the land of Teman / Θαιμανίτης gives Job's first friend his epithet (Job 2:11 — Ελιφας ὁ Θαιμανίτης). Jeremiah 49:7 asks 'Is there no longer wisdom in Teman?' — Edomite wisdom was proverbial in Israel. Habakkuk 3:3 has God coming from Teman.

ΩμαρOmarsubject in list (second son)→ participant identificationΩμαρ: transliteration of אוֹמָר (Omar); appears only in the Edomite lists.

ΣωφαρSopharsubject in list (third son)→ participant identificationΣωφαρ: transliteration of צְפוֹ (Zepho) in the MT; LXX Σωφαρ reflects a different vocalization or manuscript tradition. The name does not appear elsewhere in the narrative.

ΓοθομGothomsubject in list (fourth son)→ participant identificationΓοθομ: transliteration of גַּעְתָּם (Gatam) in MT; only in Edomite lists.

ΚενεζKenezsubject in list (fifth son)→ participant identificationΚενεζ: transliteration of קְנַז (Kenaz/Kenez); the eponymous ancestor of the Kenizzites (Gen 15:19), a Canaanite/Transjordanian clan. The Israelite judges Caleb and Othniel are called 'son of Kenaz' (υἱὸς Κενεζ, Josh 14:6; 15:17; Judg 1:13; 3:9), suggesting assimilation of a Kenizzite-Edomite family into Judah.

12

Θαμνα δὲ ἦν παλλακὴ Ελιφας τοῦ υἱοῦ Ησαυ, καὶ ἔτεκεν τῷ Ελιφας τὸν Αμαληκ· οὗτοί εἰσιν υἱοὶ Αδας γυναικὸς Ησαυ.

And Thamnah was the concubine of Eliphaz son of Esau, and she bore to Eliphaz Amalek. These are the sons of Ada wife of Esau.

Parenthetical notice (Amalek's descent)Θαμνα δέ

Amalek's birth through a concubine (παλλακή) rather than a wife requires a separate notice, distinguishing him from Eliphaz's sons listed in v.11. The parenthesis is theologically explosive: Αμαληκ — the Amalekites — become Israel's archetypal enemy (Exod 17:8–16; Deut 25:17–19; 1 Sam 15), and their Edomite-Esavite origin is here given for the first time. The closing summary returns to Ada's maternal line.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

ΘαμναThamnahsubject (concubine introduced)→ participant identificationΘαμνα: transliteration of תִּמְנָע (Timna); a Horite woman (cf. v.22, where a Θαμνα is sister of Lotan, son of Seir) — the name may denote the same woman, establishing a Horite connection for Amalek. Her status as παλλακή (concubine) rather than γυνή (wife) explains Amalek's separate genealogical entry.

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (status statement)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing status)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the copula of the name-gloss.

παλλακὴconcubineNominativepredicate nominative (Thamnah's status)→ participant prominenceπαλλακή: 'concubine / secondary wife'; renders Hebrew פִּילֶגֶשׁ; in Israelite law a concubine's sons had lesser inheritance rights than a wife's sons (cf. Gen 21:10, Abraham, Ishmael, and Hagar). Amalek's semi-legitimate status via a concubine frames his descendants as outside the main Edomite genealogical core.

ΕλιφαςEliphazgenitive of relation (concubine of Eliphaz)→ participant identificationΕλιφας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relation (concubine of Eliphaz).

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relation (son of Esau)→ relational specificationυἱοῦ: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive of relation (son of Esau).

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth report)→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. ἔτεκεν): 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; the long-awaited birth that resolves the chapter's central crisis.

τῷtoDativearticle with dative of advantage→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΕλιφαςEliphazdative of advantage (bore to Eliphaz)→ participant identificationΕλιφας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (bore to Eliphaz).

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (accusative direct object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΑμαληκAmalekdirect object (son named)→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: transliteration of עֲמָלֵק; the eponymous ancestor of the Amalekites, Israel's first enemy after the Exodus (Exod 17:8–16). Balaam's oracle (Num 24:20) calls Amalek 'the first of the nations.' Saul's failure to destroy Amalek (1 Sam 15) costs him the kingdom. The Amalekite Haman in Esther (Esth 3:1) represents the perpetuation of this enmity. Tracing Amalek to Edomite/Esavite stock through a Horite concubine gives the genealogical depth to the long Israelite-Amalekite conflict.

οὗτοίtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (summary)→ participant referenceοὗτοί: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (summary).

εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίequative verb (summary formula)→ gnomic presentεἰμί: see v.11.

υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative.

ΑδαςAdaGenitiveindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother)→ participant identificationΑδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother).

γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive of apposition→ relational specificationγυναικὸς: meaning 'wife'; it serves as genitive of apposition.

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

13

οὗτοι δὲ υἱοὶ Ραγουηλ· Ναχοθ, Ζαρε, Σομε, Μοζε· οὗτοι ἦσαν υἱοὶ Βασεμμαθ γυναικὸς Ησαυ.

And these are the sons of Raguel: Nachoth, Zare, Some, and Moze. These were the sons of Basemath wife of Esau.

Genealogical sub-list (grandsons through Raguel)οὗτοι δέ

Four sons of Raguel are named; the closing summary formula ties them to Basemath, completing the sub-line of wife number three. Ζαρε (Zerah) and Ναχοθ (Nahath) are the most significant names in later tradition.

Word-by-word analysis· 14 words

οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject.

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative (list heading)→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative (list heading).

ΡαγουηλRaguelindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΡαγουηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

ΝαχοθNachothsubject in list (first son)→ participant identificationΝαχοθ: LXX form of נַחַת (Nahath); a chief (ἡγεμών) at v.17; also appears as a Kohathite Levite at 1 Chr 6:26 — separate individual.

ΖαρεZaresubject in list (second son)→ participant identificationΖαρε: transliteration of זֶרַח (Zerah); a chief at v.17; the name Zerah recurs in the twin birth of Gen 38:30 (Perez and Zerah, sons of Judah by Tamar) and as a Cushite king defeated by Asa (2 Chr 14:9).

ΣομεSomesubject in list (third son)→ participant identificationΣομε: LXX form of שַׁמָּה (Shammah); a chief in v.17; appears in other Edomite and Israelite name-lists.

ΜοζεMozesubject in list (fourth son)→ participant identificationΜοζε: LXX form of מִזָּה (Mizzah); a chief in v.17; only in the Edomite genealogy.

οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (closing summary)→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (closing summary).

ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίequative verb (summary)→ progressive imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦσαν with the perfect participle ἠτιμασμένοι forms a periphrastic pluperfect-like construction ('had been / were in a state of being dishonored'), stressing the men's continuing condition of shame.

υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative.

ΒασεμμαθBasemathGenitiveindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother)→ participant identificationΒασεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother).

γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive of apposition→ relational specificationγυναικὸς: meaning 'wife'; it serves as genitive of apposition.

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

14

οὗτοι δὲ υἱοὶ Ελιβεμα θυγατρὸς Ανα τοῦ υἱοῦ Σεβεγων, γυναικὸς Ησαυ· ἔτεκεν δὲ τῷ Ησαυ τὸν Ιεους καὶ τὸν Ιεγλομ καὶ τὸν Κορε.

And these are the sons of Elibema daughter of Ana son of Sebegeon, wife of Esau: and she bore to Esau Jeush and Jeglom and Core.

Genealogical sub-list (grandsons through Elibema)οὗτοι δέ

Elibema's three sons (already listed at v.5) are repeated here with Elibema's full patronymic restored — daughter of Ana son of Sebegeon. The repetition of the full genealogical identification underscores the organizational principle of vv.9–14: every son must be traceable back to his specific maternal line.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject.

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative (list heading)→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative (list heading).

ΕλιβεμαElibemaindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother)→ participant identificationΕλιβεμα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (mother).

θυγατρὸςdaughterGenitivegenitive of apposition (Elibema — daughter of Ana)→ relational specificationθυγατρὸς: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as genitive of apposition (Elibema — daughter of Ana).

ΑναAnaindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (father)→ participant identificationΑνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (father).

τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relation (son of Sebegeon)→ relational specificationυἱοῦ: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive of relation (son of Sebegeon).

ΣεβεγωνSebegeonindeclinable proper noun, genitive (grandfather of Elibema)→ participant identificationΣεβεγων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive (grandfather of Elibema).

γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive of apposition (Elibema — wife of Esau)→ relational specificationγυναικὸς: meaning 'wife'; it serves as genitive of apposition (Elibema — wife of Esau).

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

ἔτεκενboreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (birth report)→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. ἔτεκεν): 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; the long-awaited birth that resolves the chapter's central crisis.

δὲandtransitional particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τῷtoDativearticle with dative→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΗσαυEsaudative of advantage→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙεουςJeushdirect object (first son)→ participant identificationΙεους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object (first son).

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙεγλομJeglomdirect object (second son)→ participant identificationΙεγλομ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object (second son).

καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΚορεCoredirect object (third son)→ participant identificationΚορε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object (third son).

15

Οὗτοι ἡγεμόνες υἱοὶ Ησαυ· υἱοὶ Ελιφας πρωτοτόκου Ησαυ· ἡγεμὼν Θαιμαν, ἡγεμὼν Ωμαρ, ἡγεμὼν Σωφαρ, ἡγεμὼν Κενεζ,

These are the chiefs, sons of Esau: the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn of Esau: chief Teman, chief Omar, chief Sophar, chief Kenez,

Chief-list heading (section C opens)Οὗτοι

The new formula Οὗτοι ἡγεμόνες opens Section C: the ἡγεμών-list. The repeated heading structure (υἱοὶ Ελιφας πρωτοτόκου Ησαυ) emphasizes Eliphaz's primacy. The ἡγεμών formula — ἡγεμὼν + name — will be applied to each chief in turn across vv.15–43. The verse breaks mid-list, continuing in v.16.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words

ΟὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject→ participant referenceΟὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject.

ἡγεμόνεςchiefsNominativepredicate nominative (section heading: 'these are the chiefs')→ participant prominenceἡγεμών: 'leader / chief / commander'; the standard LXX rendering of Hebrew אַלּוּף (alluph, 'chief / clan-leader'), a term for the tribal heads of Edom; the root אֶלֶף ('thousand / clan') suggests leadership of a clan-unit. ἡγεμών is used across vv.15–43 with great formulaic regularity.

υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition: 'chiefs who are sons of Esau')→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative (in apposition: 'chiefs who are sons of Esau').

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (sub-heading: sons of Eliphaz)→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as subject (sub-heading: sons of Eliphaz).

ΕλιφαςEliphazindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΕλιφας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

πρωτοτόκουfirstbornGenitivegenitive of apposition (Eliphaz — firstborn of Esau)→ relational specificationπρωτότοκος: 'firstborn'; renders Hebrew בְּכוֹר; the primacy of Eliphaz among Esau's sons is marked here explicitly for the first time, justifying his listing first across vv.10–16.

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (ἡγεμών formula, first chief)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (ἡγεμών formula, first chief).

ΘαιμανTemanindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΘαιμαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (second chief)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (second chief).

ΩμαρOmarindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΩμαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (third chief)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (third chief).

ΣωφαρSopharindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΣωφαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (fourth chief)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (fourth chief).

ΚενεζKenezindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΚενεζ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

16

ἡγεμὼν Κορε, ἡγεμὼν Γοθομ, ἡγεμὼν Αμαληκ· οὗτοί εἰσιν ἡγεμόνες τοῦ Ελιφας ἐν γῇ Εδωμ· οὗτοί εἰσιν υἱοὶ Αδας.

chief Core, chief Gothom, chief Amalek. These are the chiefs of Eliphaz in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Ada.

Continuation of chief-list + sub-section summaryἡγεμὼν Κορε

The three remaining chiefs of Eliphaz's line are listed, including Αμαληκ — his presence in the chief-list confirms Amalek's legitimacy within the Eliphaz genealogy despite his concubine birth. The double summary — 'chiefs of Eliphaz in the land of Edom' then 'sons of Ada' — closes the Eliphaz-Ada sub-section with both a territorial and a maternal anchor.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (fifth chief in Eliphaz list)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (fifth chief in Eliphaz list).

ΚορεCoreindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΚορε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (sixth chief)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (sixth chief).

ΓοθομGothomindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΓοθομ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (seventh chief)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (seventh chief).

ΑμαληκAmalekindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: Amalek appears in the chief-list despite his concubine-birth status (v.12), indicating full recognition in the Edomite clan structure. As chief (ἡγεμών) he represents the formal political instantiation of the Amalekite nation.

οὗτοίtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (first summary)→ participant referenceοὗτοί: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (first summary).

εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίequative verb→ gnomic presentεἰμί: see v.11.

ἡγεμόνεςchiefsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἡγεμόνες: meaning 'chiefs'; it serves as predicate nominative.

τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΕλιφαςEliphazindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (chiefs of Eliphaz)→ participant identificationΕλιφας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (chiefs of Eliphaz).

ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).

γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of place.

ΕδωμEdomindeclinable proper noun, genitive of location→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of location.

οὗτοίtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject (second summary)→ participant referenceοὗτοί: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject (second summary).

εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίequative verb→ gnomic presentεἰμί: see v.11.

υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative.

ΑδαςAdaGenitiveindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (Ada's sons)→ participant identificationΑδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation (Ada's sons).

17

καὶ οὗτοι υἱοὶ Ραγουηλ υἱοῦ Ησαυ· ἡγεμὼν Ναχοθ, ἡγεμὼν Ζαρε, ἡγεμὼν Σομε, ἡγεμὼν Μοζε· οὗτοί εἰσιν ἡγεμόνες Ραγουηλ ἐν γῇ Εδωμ· οὗτοί εἰσιν υἱοὶ Βασεμμαθ γυναικὸς Ησαυ.

And these are the sons of Raguel son of Esau: chief Nachoth, chief Zare, chief Some, chief Moze. These are the chiefs of Raguel in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Basemath wife of Esau.

Chief-list sub-section (Raguel's line)καὶ

The formula repeats for Raguel's four sons, each designated ἡγεμών. The double closing summary is identical in structure to v.16 — territorial ('in the land of Edom') then maternal ('sons of Basemath wife of Esau') — confirming the organizational logic of the section.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

καὶandconnective (opening next sub-section)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun, subject→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative pronoun, subject.

υἱοὶsonsNominativepredicate nominative (sub-section heading)→ participant prominenceυἱοὶ: meaning 'sons'; it serves as predicate nominative (sub-section heading).

ΡαγουηλRaguelindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΡαγουηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of apposition (Raguel — son of Esau)→ relational specificationυἱοῦ: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive of apposition (Raguel — son of Esau).

ΗσαυEsauindeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun, genitive of relation.

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (first chief of Raguel)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (first chief of Raguel).

ΝαχοθNachothindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΝαχοθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (second)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (second).

ΖαρεZareindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΖαρε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (third)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (third).

ΣομεSomeindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΣομε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).

ἡγεμὼνchiefNominativepredicate nominative (fourth)→ participant prominenceἡγεμὼν: meaning 'chief'; it serves as predicate nominative (fourth).

ΜοζεMozeindeclinable proper noun (chief's name)→ participant identificationΜοζε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (chief's name).