Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Genesis, Chapter 47ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ ΜΖ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The chapter's crown is 47:31: after swearing the burial oath, Israel προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ — 'bowed upon the top of his staff.' The LXX read the unpointed Hebrew מטה as maṭṭeh ('staff'), where the Masoretes vocalized miṭṭāh ('bed').

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Genesis 47 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter's crown is 47:31: after swearing the burial oath, Israel προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ — 'bowed upon the top of his staff.' The LXX read the unpointed Hebrew מטה as maṭṭeh ('staff'), where the Masoretes vocalized miṭṭāh ('bed'). Hebrews 11:21 quotes this LXX phrase verbatim — one of the clearest demonstrations that a NT author explicitly cites the LXX against the Hebrew tradition. At 47:7 and 47:10 Jacob ηὐλόγησεν τὸν Φαραω: the patriarch of the covenant people pronounced blessing upon the most powerful ruler of the ancient world. The axiom of Heb 7:7 — 'the lesser is blessed by the greater' — is here operative in pointed reversal: the covenant heir blesses the emperor. Joseph's diplomatic presentation of five selected brothers (47:2) enables them to identify as ποιμένες προβάτων and request settlement in Gesem (47:3–4); Pharaoh grants the best land and the opportunity for capable men to serve as livestock-overseers (47:5–6). Jacob's autobiographical summary (47:8–9) is among the most poignant in the patriarchal narratives: μικραὶ καὶ πονηραὶ γεγόνασιν αἱ ἡμέραι τῶν ἐτῶν τῆς ζωῆς μου — 'few and evil have been the days of my life.' The famine administration of 47:13–26 moves through four stages: money (47:13–15), livestock (47:16–17), land and persons (47:18–21), with the priests' holdings exempt throughout (47:22, 26). The fifth part (τὸ πέμπτον) becomes a statutory grain-tithe to Pharaoh (47:24, 26). The settlement in Ραμεσση (47:11) anticipates the store-city of Exod 1:11. Jacob lives seventeen years in Egypt and one hundred and forty-seven in total (47:28); the chapter closes with the patriarch's thigh-oath (47:29–30, cf. Gen 24:2) sealed by Israel's bow upon his staff (47:31).

1

Εἰσελθὼν δὲ Ιωσηφ ἀπήγγειλεν τῷ Φαραω λέγων· Ὁ πατήρ μου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί μου καὶ τὰ κτήνη αὐτῶν καὶ πάντα ὅσα αὐτοῖς ἐστιν παρεγένοντο ἐκ γῆς Χανααν· καὶ ἰδοὺ εἰσὶν ἐν γῇ Γεσεμ.

And Joseph went in and reported to Pharaoh, saying: 'My father and my brothers and their livestock and all that belongs to them have come from the land of Canaan; and behold, they are in the land of Gesem.'

Narrative transition — Joseph's official report to PharaohΕἰσελθὼν δέ
The participial opening Εἰσελθὼν δέ moves seamlessly from 46:34 (the brothers' scripted response) to the actual royal audience. Joseph speaks with both filial and official authority: 'my father and my brothers' asserts the family bond publicly before the throne. The phrase παρεγένοντο ἐκ γῆς Χανααν frames the arrival as a completed migration from the promised land into Egyptian exile, setting up Pharaoh's grant.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
Εἰσελθὼνhaving gone inAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg M · εἰσέρχομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent action to ἀπήγγειλεν)→ antecedent aorist actionεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, come in'; the aorist participle frames Joseph's entry into the royal presence as completed before the report; entry-participles introduce formal audience scenes in the patriarchal narrative (cf. Gen 41:14; 43:26).
δὲandnarrative connective (mild continuation from ch. 46)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: LXX transliteration of יוֹסֵף; indeclinable in Greek; subject of ἀπήγγειλεν.
ἀπήγγειλενreportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (official report to the sovereign)→ constative aorist (single completed act of reporting)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce, bring word back'; the prefix ἀπό marks communication from an outside agent to a superior — the vizier formally briefing the king.
τῷto theDativearticle with dative indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative indirect object (indeclinable royal title)→ participant identificationΦαραω: LXX transliteration of פַּרְעֹה, from Egyptian pr-ʿ3 ('great house'); indeclinable in Greek.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg M · λέγωparticiple introducing direct speech (pleonastic Hebraism calquing לֵאמֹר)→ coincident present participleλέγω: the participle λέγων as a speech-introducer is a pervasive Hebraism throughout the LXX, directly calquing the infinitive לֵאמֹר after any verb of communication; it marks the opening of direct quotation.
theNominativearticle (definite, with πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὉ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject of παρεγένοντο (first member of compound subject)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Joseph publicly names Jacob as 'my father', asserting the patriarch's dignity before the royal court.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (first-person singular pronoun)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (first-person singular pronoun).
καὶandconnective (enumerating compound subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοίbrothersNominativesubject (second member of compound subject)→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; the enumeration father–brothers–livestock follows the social order of the patriarchal clan.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηlivestockNominativesubject (third member of compound subject)→ participant prominenceκτῆνος: 'livestock, domesticated animals'; renders בְּהֵמָה; the livestock is both the family's livelihood and the crux of the brothers' occupational self-presentation in vv.3–4.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to the brothers)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (referring to the brothers).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubject (fourth member: 'all that is theirs')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: neuter plural πάντα ὅσα is a comprehensive claim echoing the departure language of Gen 46:1, 5–7 — the entire household and its possessions have made the journey.
ὅσαas many as / all thatNominativeindefinite relative pronoun specifying πάντα→ participant referenceὅσος: correlative relative 'as many/much as'; with πάντα it exhausts the category comprehensively.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of possession with ἐστιν ('is theirs')→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession with ἐστιν ('is theirs').
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential/copulative verb within relative clause→ descriptive present (standing fact at the moment of reporting)εἰμί: the present-tense ἐστιν within the relative clause gives the possessive sense 'all that belongs to them.'
παρεγένοντοhave come / arrivedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb of the reported speech (formal arrival verb)→ culminative aorist (arrival as the reached terminus)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive, come, be present'; a formal arrival verb (cf. Matt 2:1 — the Magi 'arriving'; 3:1 — John 'appearing'); the aorist marks the journey's completion.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: point of origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: point of origin).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of origin (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; ἐκ γῆς Χανααν ('from the land of Canaan') is the standard geographical tag for the family's origin in the patriarchal narratives.
ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context, object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΧανααν: LXX transliteration of כְּנָעַן; indeclinable; the land of promise now left behind as the family enters Egyptian exile.
καὶandconnective (adding deictic parenthesis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic particle (arresting attention to current location)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: standard LXX rendering of הִנֵּה; here it points to the brothers' current location in Gesem as an observable, verifiable fact — 'look, they are right there.'
εἰσὶνthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (existential: current location of the family)→ descriptive present (fact as it stands)εἰμί: the present reports the brothers' current status in Gesem as an empirically verifiable fact.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of location (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location (object of ἐν).
ΓεσεμGesemindeclinable proper noun (dative by context, specifying location)→ participant identificationΓεσεμ: LXX form of Hebrew גֹּשֶׁן (Goshen), the delta-region; the goal of the entire migration (46:34; 47:1, 4, 6, 27).
2

Ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτοῦ παρέλαβεν πέντε ἄνδρας καὶ ἔστησεν αὐτοὺς ἐναντίον Φαραω.

And from his brothers he took five men and set them before Pharaoh.

Narrative elaboration — the selected delegationἈπὸ δέ
The detail of 'five men' is a diplomatic protocol: a representative subset presented for formal audience rather than the entire clan. The number five may have a symbolic dimension (it recurs as the tax-fraction in vv.24–26), or it may simply be the customary size for a court delegation. The verb ἔστησεν ('set/stood them') before Pharaoh echoes the same verb used for Joseph's own appointment before Pharaoh (41:46).
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
Ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from among his brothers')→ spatial or relational framingἈπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive: 'from among his brothers').
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with partitive genitive→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivepartitive genitive (source from which five are selected)→ relational specificationἀδελφός: the brothers collectively are the larger group from which Joseph selects the five; this is the same group whose coaching for the audience was scripted in 46:33–34.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to Joseph)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (referring to Joseph).
παρέλαβενtook / selectedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb (deliberate selection for presentation)→ constative aorist (single act of selection)παραλαμβάνω: 'take alongside, receive, take with oneself'; the verb implies a deliberate choice — Joseph selects and brings the five, not randomly but as a curated delegation.
πέντεfiveindeclinable numeral (modifying ἄνδρας)→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; a representative number — perhaps echoing Gen 43:34 where Benjamin receives five portions; the same fraction reappears in the fifth-part taxation of vv.24–26.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of παρέλαβεν→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man, male'; the use of ἄνδρας rather than a pronoun or 'brothers' frames the delegation formally — these are adult males fit for royal audience.
καὶandnarrative connective (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενset / stoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (formal presentation before the sovereign)→ constative aorist (single act of positioning)ἵστημι (causative aorist): 'cause to stand, set before'; the same verb describes Joseph standing before Pharaoh at his appointment (Gen 41:46: ἔστη ἐναντίον Φαραω); the vizier now does for his brothers what Pharaoh once did for him.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔστησεν.
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofimproper preposition + genitive (before the face of the king)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the presence of'; a common LXX term for official presentation before a superior; renders לִפְנֵי; the repeated use of ἐναντίον Φαραω in this chapter underscores the royal-audience register of the narrative.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context with ἐναντίον)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context with ἐναντίον).
3

Καὶ εἶπεν Φαραω τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς Ιωσηφ· Τί τὸ ἔργον ὑμῶν; Οἱ δὲ εἶπον τῷ Φαραω· Ποιμένες προβάτων εἰσμεν οἱ παῖδές σου, καὶ ἡμεῖς καὶ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν.

And Pharaoh said to the brothers of Joseph: 'What is your occupation?' And they said to Pharaoh: 'Your servants are shepherds of sheep, both we and our fathers.'

Exchange — royal inquiry and the scripted occupational self-identificationΚαὶ εἶπεν
Pharaoh's Τί τὸ ἔργον ὑμῶν is precisely the question Joseph coached the brothers to anticipate (46:33). Their answer follows the script: self-designation as παῖδές σου ('your servants') is standard court protocol, and the claim to be ποιμένες προβάτων ('shepherds of sheep') — hereditary, 'we and our fathers' — positions them as traditional pastoralists rather than opportunistic immigrants, strengthening the case for Gesem.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
Καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis: sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing royal question)→ constative aoristλέγω: standard LXX narrative verb of speech; the aorist εἶπεν is the predominant verb introducing direct speech throughout the patriarchal narrative.
ΦαραωPharaohnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τοῖςto theDativearticle with dative indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῖςbrothersDativedative indirect object (those addressed)→ sphere or referenceἀδελφός: their identification as 'brothers of Joseph' (not 'brothers of Israel') marks their social standing through the vizier, their already-established patron.
ΙωσηφJosephindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose brothers they are)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose brothers they are).
Τίwhatinterrogative pronoun (predicate of τὸ ἔργον)→ participant referenceτίς/τί: interrogative 'what'; Pharaoh's question is the standard royal vetting of petitioners at court, precisely the question Joseph predicted (46:33).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργονwork / occupationNominativesubject of implied copula with Τί (predicate question: 'what is your occupation?')→ participant prominenceἔργον: 'work, deed, occupation'; renders מַעֲשֶׂה ('work, deed'); in the context of a formal royal interview the word functions as the equivalent of 'profession, vocation.'
ὑμῶνof you / yourGenitivegenitive of possession (specifying whose occupation is asked about)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'of you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (specifying whose occupation is asked about).
ΟἱtheNominativearticle used as demonstrative pronoun (Hebraism: 'they/those')→ noun-phrase markingὁ, ἡ, τό: the nominative article οἱ δέ is a standard Hebraism for 'and they' (וְהֵם), frequently used in the LXX to switch speakers without naming them.
δὲand / butcontrastive/responsive connective (marking speaker change)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (response of the brothers)→ constative aoristλέγω: the third-person plural εἶπον introduces the brothers' scripted reply.
τῷto theDativearticle with dative indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative indirect object (the one addressed)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (the one addressed).
ΠοιμένεςshepherdsNominativepredicate nominative (identity-claim: 'we are shepherds')→ participant prominenceποιμήν: 'shepherd, herdsman'; renders רֹעֶה; the brothers adopt the term Joseph coached them to use (46:32, 34). The word carries theological weight in the tradition — Israel's patriarchs were all shepherds, and the shepherd-king metaphor runs from David (2 Sam 5:2; Ps 78:70–72) to the Good Shepherd of John 10; here it is also, pointedly, a βδέλυγμα to the Egyptians (46:34).
προβάτωνof sheepGenitiveobjective genitive (what kind of shepherds: shepherds of sheep)→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; ποιμένες προβάτων precisely mirrors the phrasing of Gen 46:32 (ποιμαίνοντες κτήνη) — the brothers deliver exactly the scripted self-identification.
εἰσμενwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίcopulative verb (identity statement)→ gnomic / characterizing presentεἰμί: the present εἰσμεν states a hereditary, enduring identity — 'we are [and always have been] shepherds.'
οἱtheNominativearticle with παῖδές (substantival use in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδέςservantsNominativepredicate nominative in apposition (self-designation of humble dependence)→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant, child'; as a term of self-address before a king, παῖδές σου renders עֲבָדֶיךָ ('your servants') — the standard court humility formula asserting dependency and deference.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (the king as master/patron)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the king as master/patron).
καὶboth … andcorrelative conjunction (καὶ ἡμεῖς καὶ = 'both we and')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'both … and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμεῖςweNominativeemphatic personal pronoun (resuming the subject)→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as emphatic personal pronoun (resuming the subject).
καὶandconnective (second member of correlative pair)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersNominativesubject in apposition (the ancestors, co-predicated with ἡμεῖς)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father, ancestor'; 'both we and our fathers' extends the family's pastoral identity backward across generations — Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were all shepherds (Gen 13:2; 26:14; 30:43); the hereditary claim strengthens the appeal for permanent settlement.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
4

Εἶπον δὲ τῷ Φαραω· Παροικεῖν ἐν τῇ γῇ ἥκαμεν· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν νομὴ τοῖς κτήνεσιν τῶν παίδων σου, ἐνίσχυσεν γὰρ ὁ λιμὸς ἐν γῇ Χανααν· νῦν οὖν κατοικήσομεν ἐν γῇ Γεσεμ.

And they said to Pharaoh: 'We have come to sojourn in the land, for there is no pasture for the livestock of your servants, since the famine has grown severe in the land of Canaan; and now therefore let us dwell in the land of Gesem.'

Narrative continuation — the petition for settlementΕἶπον δέ
The brothers' elaborated petition names the economic necessity (no pasture, severe famine) as the reason for coming, framing themselves as refugees driven by survival rather than opportunists. The key word παροικεῖν ('to sojourn') marks their legal status: they are גֵּרִים (resident aliens), not permanent settlers, a distinction that has ironic resonance given that their descendants will be enslaved. The request for Gesem specifically fulfils Joseph's coaching (46:34).
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
Εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (continuation of the brothers' speech to Pharaoh)→ constative aoristλέγω: the third-person plural aorist continues the brothers' address, now shifting from self-identification to formal petition.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle with dative indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (indeclinable).
Παροικεῖνto sojournPres Act Inf · παροικέωinfinitive of purpose (epexegetical: stating the reason for coming)→ progressive infinitive (ongoing intended residence)παροικέω: 'reside as a foreigner, sojourn'; renders לָגוּר; the verb marks the brothers as גֵּרִים (resident aliens), legally distinct from native Egyptians — a status that becomes tragically ironic as their descendants are later enslaved; cf. παροικέω at Ruth 1:1 and Heb 11:9 of Abraham's sojourning.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the anarthrous 'land' of v.1 (ἐκ γῆς Χανααν) contrasts with the articular 'the land' here — Egypt as the definite, known destination.
ἥκαμενwe have comePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἥκωmain verb (perfect-sense present of arrival)→ stative present (present state of having arrived)ἥκω: 'have come, be present'; this verb functions with a perfect sense — 'we are here [having arrived]'; it is the formal declaration of the petitioners' presence before the throne.
οὐnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction (giving the reason for the petition)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for, because'; introduces the economic rationale for the petition — the famine has destroyed the pasture-land.
ἐστινis / there isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (asserting the non-existence of pasture)→ descriptive presentεἰμί: existential use 'there is no pasture'; the negative existential frames the situation as absolute — the land of Canaan has no remaining resource for their herds.
νομὴpastureNominativesubject of existential ἐστιν (the thing that does not exist)→ participant prominenceνομή: 'pasture, pasturage, grazing'; renders מִרְעֶה; used in Gen 47:4 and Ps 22(23):2 (εἰς τόπον χλόης, but cf. νομή in related contexts); John 10:9 uses νομή of the pasture the Good Shepherd provides.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle with dative of interest→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνεσινlivestockDativedative of interest / disadvantage (for whose benefit no pasture exists)→ sphere or referenceκτῆνος: 'livestock'; the dative of disadvantage specifies who suffers from the absence of pasture — the entire herding operation of the family is at risk.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with genitive of possession→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservantsGenitivegenitive of possession (the livestock belonging to 'your servants')→ relational specificationπαῖς: 'servant'; genitive παίδων σου ('of your servants') continues the court-humility formula — the livestock is framed as Pharaoh's indirect possession, since the brothers are his servants.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (the king as patron)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the king as patron).
ἐνίσχυσενhas grown severe / has prevailedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐνισχύωmain verb of causal clause (explaining the pasture-failure)→ culminative aorist (the famine has reached its full strength)ἐνισχύω: 'grow strong, prevail, intensify'; the aorist marks a reached peak — the famine has not merely started but has consolidated its grip on Canaan.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (specifying the cause of the pasture-failure)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λιμὸςfamineNominativesubject of ἐνίσχυσεν→ participant prominenceλιμός: 'famine, hunger'; the article makes it the previously established famine of Gen 41–42 — the cosmic catastrophe Joseph predicted and prepared for.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun (dative by context)→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (dative by context).
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (drawing a present consequence from the stated facts)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; marks the transition from explanation to request — given the stated facts, the petition follows as a logical consequence.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (introducing the conclusion/petition)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: 'therefore, then'; νῦν οὖν together form a standard petition-conclusion formula rendering Hebrew וְעַתָּה ('and now') — the transition from premise to formal request.
κατοικήσομενlet us dwell / we will dwellFut Act Indic 1 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (future as a polite request / petition)→ deliberative/volitional future (petition for permission)κατοικέω: 'settle, dwell permanently'; a stronger term than παροικεῖν ('sojourn as an alien') — the brothers are now requesting permanent residence, an escalation from their initial self-presentation as temporary sojourners; the distinction between παροικεῖν and κατοικεῖν is theologically significant throughout the LXX.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
ΓεσεμGesemindeclinable proper noun (dative by context, specifying requested location)→ participant identificationΓεσεμ: Goshen/Gesem, the specific fertile delta-region Joseph had already targeted (46:34); the brothers' named request for Gesem reveals that the audience is carefully scripted.
5

Εἶπεν δὲ Φαραω τῷ Ιωσηφ λέγων· Ὁ πατήρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί σου ἥκασιν πρός σε·

And Pharaoh said to Joseph, saying: 'Your father and your brothers have come to you;'

Royal response — Pharaoh's grant (part 1: acknowledgement)Εἶπεν δέ
Pharaoh's reply is addressed not to the brothers but to Joseph — a significant shift marking the chain of authority. The acknowledgement (ὁ πατήρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί σου ἥκασιν πρός σε) is the royal recognition of the family's arrival, which then opens the royal grant in v.6. The verse functions as the first half of a period completed by v.6.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (royal response)→ constative aoristλέγω: standard speech-introduction verb.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦαραωPharaohnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τῷtoDativearticle with dative indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσηφJosephdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: the address shifts from the brothers to Joseph — Pharaoh conducts the actual settlement transaction with his vizier, not with the petitioners directly.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg M · λέγωpleonastic speech-introducing participle (Hebraism calquing לֵאמֹר)→ coincident present participleλέγω: the λέγων-participle here is the LXX's standard speech-quotation marker; see note at v.1.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὉ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject of ἥκασιν (first member of compound subject)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: Pharaoh mirrors Joseph's own language from v.1 ('my father') by saying 'your father', acknowledging Jacob's familial role before granting the settlement.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective (enumerating compound subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοίbrothersNominativesubject (second member of compound subject)→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; Pharaoh recognizes the entire family group in a royal acknowledgement before granting the land.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἥκασινhave comePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἥκωmain verb (stative present of arrival: 'they are here')→ stative present (current state of having arrived)ἥκω: 'have come, be present'; the perfect-sense present confirms the family's arrival as a current, publicly acknowledged fact before the royal grant proceeds.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (movement toward a person)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (movement toward a person).
σεyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Joseph as the destination of the family)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (Joseph as the destination of the family).
6

ἰδοὺ ἡ γῆ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἐναντίον σού ἐστιν· ἐν τῇ βελτίστῃ γῇ κατοίκισον τὸν πατέρα σου καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφούς σου· κατοικείτωσαν ἐν γῇ Γεσεμ· εἰ δὲ ἐπίστῃ ὅτι εἰσὶν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἄνδρες δυνατοί, κατάστησον αὐτοὺς ἄρχοντας τῶν ἐμῶν κτηνῶν.

Behold, the land of Egypt is before you; settle your father and your brothers in the best land; let them dwell in the land of Gesem; and if you know that there are capable men among them, appoint them overseers of my own livestock.

Royal grant — Pharaoh awards Gesem and a royal appointmentἰδοὺ
Pharaoh's response grants more than was asked: he offers the entire land of Egypt ('ἐναντίον σού ἐστιν' — 'it is before you', signalling unrestricted access through Joseph), specifies the best land (βελτίστῃ γῇ), confirms Gesem, and additionally offers the brothers a royal appointment as livestock-overseers if they are capable (ἄνδρες δυνατοί). This exceeds the petition and mirrors the fulfilment language of Gen 45:18–20.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
ἰδοὺbeholddeictic particle (marking the royal pronouncement as emphatic and present)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: standard LXX rendering of הִנֵּה; used here to open a royal declaration — 'look, the whole land of Egypt is yours to dispose of.' The word frames Pharaoh's grant as an observable reality already in existence.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐστιν→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; 'the land of Egypt' is offered in its totality — Joseph may settle his family wherever he judges best.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with genitive of attribution→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution / location (which land)→ participant identificationΑἴγυπτος: LXX transliteration of מִצְרַיִם; the land-name is the genitive of the proper noun, indeclinable in its proper-name form but here in the genitive of the noun Αἴγυπτος used as a common noun.
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofimproper preposition + genitive (expressing availability / disposal: 'before you = at your disposal')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in front of'; here with the sense of 'at your disposal, within your authority to assign' — a royal declaration of unlimited mandate.
σούyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (Joseph as the one given full disposal)→ relational specificationσού: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον (Joseph as the one given full disposal).
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (predicating the land's availability)→ descriptive presentεἰμί: copula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: specifying where to settle them)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: specifying where to settle them).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βελτίστῃbestDativeattributive adjective in superlative (modifying γῇ: 'the best land')→ sphere or referenceβέλτιστος: superlative of ἀγαθός ('good'); renders the Hebrew בְּמֵיטַב ('in the best of'); used again at 47:11 of the actual settlement — the word frames Pharaoh's grant as the maximum possible generosity.
γῇlandDativedative of location (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location (object of ἐν).
κατοίκισονsettleAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κατοικίζωmain verb (royal command / authorization to Joseph)→ ingressive aorist imperative (get them settled)κατοικίζω: 'settle, establish as inhabitants'; the causative -ίζω suffix: Joseph is to cause the settlement to happen. The aorist imperative is a decisive command, not a process.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with accusative direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect object of κατοίκισον (first)→ object specificationπατέρα: meaning 'father'; it serves as direct object of κατοίκισον (first).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective (enumerating objects of κατοίκισον)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with accusative direct object→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφούςbrothersAccusativedirect object of κατοίκισον (second)→ object specificationἀδελφούς: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as direct object of κατοίκισον (second).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κατοικείτωσανlet them dwellPres Act Impv 3 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (third-person imperative: royal decree specifying the location)→ progressive imperative (ongoing settled residence)κατοικέω: 'dwell, inhabit'; the third-person imperative is a royal decree — 'let them settle there'; the present tense implies ongoing, permanent residence.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
ΓεσεμGesemindeclinable proper noun (dative by context)→ participant identificationΓεσεμ: Pharaoh confirms exactly the region the brothers requested (v.4) — the petition is fully granted.
εἰifconditional particle (introducing a real/open condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: first-class condition (assumed as a real possibility); Pharaoh knows Joseph can evaluate his brothers.
δὲand / moreovermild connective (introducing additional instruction)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίστῃyou knowPres Mid/Pass Indic 2 Sg · ἐπίσταμαιverb of the conditional clause (Joseph's knowledge as the trigger)→ descriptive present (ongoing knowledge)ἐπίσταμαι: 'know, understand, be expert in'; a stronger epistemic verb than οἶδα, implying practical, expert knowledge — Joseph as the one best positioned to evaluate his brothers' competence.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing indirect statement (content of Joseph's knowing)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσὶνthere arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίexistential verb in indirect statement→ descriptive presentεἰμί (pres. εἰσίν): 'are / there are'; existential use in the protasis: 'if there are … loaves on hand.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (partitive: 'among them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (partitive: 'among them').
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (partitive: within the group of brothers)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν (partitive: within the group of brothers).
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of existential εἰσὶν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; ἄνδρες δυνατοί is a standard LXX phrase for capable, competent men (cf. Exod 18:21 — Jethro's advice on selecting officials; Acts 6:3 — the Seven).
δυνατοίcapable / ableNominativepredicate adjective with ἄνδρες ('capable men')→ participant prominenceδυνατός: 'capable, powerful, strong'; renders גִּבֹּרֵי חָיִל ('men of valor/capability'); Pharaoh is offering a royal appointment based on merit — the brothers could serve as livestock-chiefs, an honorable position in the Egyptian bureaucracy.
κατάστησονappointAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καθίστημιmain verb (royal authorization to Joseph to make appointments)→ constative aorist imperative (decisive appointment)καθίστημι: 'appoint, establish, set in charge'; the technical term for official appointment (cf. Gen 39:4–5 — Joseph appointed over Potiphar's house; Acts 7:10 — God appointed Joseph over Egypt).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κατάστησον→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κατάστησον.
ἄρχονταςoverseers / rulersAccusativeaccusative of role/office (predicate accusative: 'appoint them as overseers')→ object specificationἄρχων: 'ruler, chief, overseer'; a term of authority that spans civil and military domains in the LXX; here it designates a managerial role over livestock, positioning the Israelites within the Egyptian administrative structure — foreshadowing the administrative importance they will lose in Exodus.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with genitive of object (what they oversee)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμῶνmyGenitivegenitive of possession (Pharaoh's own livestock)→ relational specificationἐμός: the emphatic possessive 'my own livestock' is significant — Pharaoh is offering the brothers authority over the royal herds, a privilege and a mark of high trust.
κτηνῶνlivestockGenitivegenitive of object (the animals under their oversight)→ relational specificationκτῆνος: 'livestock'; the irony is sharp — the family identified themselves as shepherds because Egyptians despise shepherds (46:34), yet Pharaoh immediately offers them royal herding appointments, turning their stigma into a privilege.
7

Εἰσήγαγεν δὲ Ιωσηφ Ιακωβ τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔστησεν αὐτὸν ἐναντίον Φαραω· καὶ ηὐλόγησεν Ιακωβ τὸν Φαραω.

And Joseph brought in Jacob his father and stood him before Pharaoh; and Jacob blessed Pharaoh.

Narrative action — Jacob's royal audience and first blessingΕἰσήγαγεν δέ
The patriarch Jacob is brought before Pharaoh by his son the vizier — a scene of remarkable dignity. The verb ηὐλόγησεν ('blessed') is theologically charged: Jacob blesses Pharaoh, the lesser conferring blessing on the greater by worldly reckoning. Hebrews 7:7 articulates the axiom operative here — 'the lesser is blessed by the greater' (τὸ ἔλαττον ὑπὸ τοῦ κρείττονος εὐλογεῖται) — but in this scene the covenant-bearer is the greater, regardless of political power; the blessing flows from the one who carries the promises. The double ηὐλόγησεν (vv.7 and 10) frames the conversation about Jacob's age as the content of his blessing.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
Εἰσήγαγενbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (Joseph escorting Jacob into the royal presence)→ constative aoristεἰσάγω: 'bring in, lead in'; the causative sense — Joseph acts as escort, bringing his father before the throne as one who has the authority to grant that access.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
ΙακωβJacobaccusative direct object (indeclinable; Jacob as the one brought in)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: the patriarch is named by his personal name (not covenant name Ισραηλ) in the royal narrative context; the LXX alternates the two names in Gen 46–50 with theological intentionality.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle in apposition→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeappositive accusative (identifying Ιακωβ as Joseph's father)→ object specificationπατήρ: the appositive 'his father' reaffirms the filial relationship — Joseph does not merely bring a patriarch to court but presents his own father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative connective (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησενstood / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (formal presentation before the sovereign)→ constative aoristἵστημι (causative): 'cause to stand, set before'; Joseph does for his father what he himself experienced at Gen 41:46 — the same verb, the same royal presence. The gesture is both protocol and honor.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔστησεν.
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofimproper preposition + genitive (royal presence)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the presence of'; the same phrase used for the brothers in v.2 (ἐναντίον Φαραω); Jacob stands in the same royal space now as a patriarch, not a petitioner.
ΦαραωPharaohgenitive object of ἐναντίον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative connective (introducing the climactic action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὐλόγησενblessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb (the patriarch blesses the sovereign — the theological climax of the scene)→ constative aorist (single formal act of blessing)εὐλογέω: 'bless, speak well of, pronounce blessing upon'; renders וַיְבָרֶךְ; the verb is the cornerstone of the Abrahamic promise ('I will bless those who bless you,' Gen 12:3) and here achieves a remarkable inversion: Jacob blesses the sovereign of the ancient world. Cf. Heb 7:7 — 'the lesser is blessed by the greater' (τὸ ἔλαττον ὑπὸ τοῦ κρείττονος εὐλογεῖται) — the covenant patriarch IS the greater, by the logic of promise.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with accusative direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohaccusative direct object (indeclinable; Pharaoh as the recipient of the blessing)→ participant identificationΦαραω: Jacob blesses Pharaoh — the covenant bearer pronounces the Abrahamic blessing on the representative of the gentile world; this is the covenant's universal reach made concrete.
8

Εἶπεν δὲ Φαραω τῷ Ιακωβ· Πόσα ἔτη ζωῆς σου;

And Pharaoh said to Jacob: 'How many are the years of your life?'

Royal inquiry — Pharaoh asks about Jacob's ageΕἶπεν δέ
Pharaoh's question about Jacob's age is a natural court courtesy, but it also invites the remarkable autobiographical lament of v.9. The briefness of the question (Πόσα ἔτη ζωῆς σου;) creates a pregnant pause before Jacob's extended reflection on the 'few and evil' days of his life. The question is sandwiched between the two blessings (vv.7 and 10), making Jacob's age-speech function as the content of the patriarchal blessing — a meditation on the hard grace of a long life.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (royal question)→ constative aoristλέγω: standard speech-introduction.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΦαραωPharaohnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τῷtoDativearticle with dative indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙακωβJacobdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (indeclinable).
Πόσαhow manyNominativeinterrogative adjective (predicate: 'how many are ...')→ participant prominenceπόσος: 'how many, how much'; the neuter plural πόσα with ἔτη asks about the quantity of years; in the LXX narrative context it opens the standard patriarchal age-declaration that follows major episodes in the ancestral genealogies.
ἔτηyearsNominativesubject of implied copula (with Πόσα as predicate)→ participant prominenceἔτος: 'year'; the age-question formula 'how many are the years of your life' echoes the genealogical notation patterns of Genesis 5 and 11; cf. 'all the days of …' in the patriarchal death-notices.
ζωῆςof lifeGenitivegenitive of definition (what kind of years: the years constituting a life)→ relational specificationζωή: 'life'; 'the years of your life' is the characteristic OT formula for expressing a lifespan; in the LXX it renders הַיֵּי ('the life of') in the patriarchal genealogies.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (whose life is in view)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (whose life is in view).
9

Εἶπεν δὲ Ιακωβ τῷ Φαραω· Αἱ ἡμέραι τῶν ἐτῶν τῆς παροικήσεώς μου ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα ἔτη· μικραὶ καὶ πονηραὶ γεγόνασιν αἱ ἡμέραι τῶν ἐτῶν τῆς ζωῆς μου καὶ οὐκ ἀφίκοντο εἰς τὰς ἡμέρας τῶν ἐτῶν τῆς ζωῆς τῶν πατέρων μου, ἃς αὐτοὶ ἔζησαν.

And Jacob said to Pharaoh: 'The days of the years of my sojourning are one hundred and thirty years; few and evil have been the days of the years of my life, and they have not reached the days of the years of the life of my fathers, which they themselves lived.'

Autobiographical lament — Jacob's reflection on the brevity and hardship of his lifeΕἶπεν δέ
Jacob's reply is one of the most poignant autobiographical statements in Genesis. The key phrase μικραὶ καὶ πονηραὶ — 'few and evil' — is simultaneously a theological confession and a personal lament: the patriarch at 130 years acknowledges that his days have been shorter and harder than those of Abraham (175 years) and Isaac (180). The word παροικήσεως ('sojourning') rather than 'life' for the first clause signals that Jacob has never been fully at home; he is always the alien, even now in Egypt. Heb 11:13 generalizes this confession to all the patriarchs: 'they confessed they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth.'
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's response)→ constative aoristΕἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τῷto theDativearticle with dative indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (indeclinable).
ΑἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingΑἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of implied copula (the opening declaration)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the formula 'the days of the years of my sojourning' is the characteristic LXX expression for a lifespan; the triple genitive chain (ἡμέραι τῶν ἐτῶν τῆς παροικήσεως) is a Hebraism rendering יְמֵי שְׁנֵי מְגוּרַי.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with genitive (days of the years)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (the years making up the days)→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; the genitive chain 'days of the years of sojourning' is a Hebraism; Hebrew uses this nested construction to express the total span of a life measured in years.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with genitive of definition→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παροικήσεώςsojourningGenitivegenitive of definition (defining the character of the years: sojourning, not settled life)→ relational specificationπαροίκησις: 'sojourning, residence as an alien'; renders מְגוּרִים; Jacob consciously chooses the alien-residence word for his years — he was a גֵּר, a sojourner, throughout his life: in Laban's house, in Canaan, and now in Egypt. Heb 11:13 generalizes this to all the patriarchs: 'they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth' (ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοί).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (Jacob's own sojourning)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Jacob's own sojourning).
ἑκατὸνone hundredindeclinable numeral (part of the compound number 130)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; indeclinable.
τριάκονταthirtyindeclinable numeral (completing 130)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable; Jacob is 130 years old at this point, significantly fewer than Abraham (175) and Isaac (180).
ἔτηyearsNominativepredicate nominative (the number of years predicated of the subject αἱ ἡμέραι)→ participant prominenceἔτη: meaning 'years'; it serves as predicate nominative (the number of years predicated of the subject αἱ ἡμέραι).
μικραὶfew / smallNominativepredicate adjective (first of two coordinate predicates with γεγόνασιν)→ participant prominenceμικρός: 'small, few, little'; in the context of a lifespan, μικραί means 'short, few in number' — Jacob acknowledges he will not reach the ages of his fathers. The diminutive quality is a theological statement of human smallness before the patriarchal ideal.
καὶandconnective (joining the two predicate adjectives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πονηραὶevil / grievousNominativepredicate adjective (second coordinate predicate)→ participant prominenceπονηρός: 'evil, bad, grievous, toilsome'; renders רָעוֹת ('evil, bad'); the word covers the full range of misfortune — Jacob's life encompassed the deception of his father, flight from Esau, Laban's exploitation, the loss of Joseph, the rape of Dinah, the deaths of Rachel and Leah. 'Few and evil' is simultaneously complaint and confession; there is no self-pity in the Hebrew idiom, only honest assessment.
γεγόνασινhave beenPf Act Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (perfect: the state of the days as they currently stand)→ intensive perfect (permanent resultant state: 'they have turned out to be and remain few and evil')γίνομαι: the perfect γεγόνασιν ('they have become and are') is significant: the days do not merely 'were' but 'have become' — the perfect tense captures the accumulated result of a life.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of γεγόνασιν (resumed subject after the number statement)→ participant prominenceἡμέραι: meaning 'days'; it serves as subject of γεγόνασιν (resumed subject after the number statement).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationἐτῶν: meaning 'years'; it serves as genitive of measure.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with genitive of definition→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive of definition (the years constituting life)→ relational specificationζωή: 'life'; the shift from παροικήσεως ('sojourning') in the first clause to ζωῆς ('life') in the second is deliberate: the first frames his years as a sojourner's; the second acknowledges the full span of his biological life.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective (adding the comparison with the fathers)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφίκοντοhave reached / attainedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀφικνέομαιmain verb (the days have not reached the fathers' days)→ constative aorist (they have not achieved that measure)ἀφικνέομαι: 'arrive at, reach, attain'; the aorist with negation: Jacob's years have not 'reached' the years of Abraham (175) or Isaac (180) — he is 130 at this point and will live only 17 more years to 147.
εἰςto / untopreposition + accusative (goal: the standard not reached)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal: the standard not reached).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the goal: the days of the fathers)→ object specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'days'; it serves as accusative object of εἰς (the goal: the days of the fathers).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure→ relational specificationἐτῶν: meaning 'years'; it serves as genitive of measure.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with genitive of definition→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive of definition→ relational specificationζωῆς: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive of definition.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with genitive of reference→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive of possession (whose life is the standard: the patriarchs Abraham and Isaac)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father, ancestor'; the plural 'fathers' refers specifically to Abraham (175 years, Gen 25:7) and Isaac (180 years, Gen 35:28); Jacob at 147 years will fall short of both.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (Jacob's ancestral line)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Jacob's ancestral line).
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative feminine plural, antecedent ἡμέρας: referring to the days)→ participant referenceἃς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (accusative feminine plural, antecedent ἡμέρας: referring to the days).
αὐτοὶthey themselvesNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (the fathers as the ones who actually lived those days)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive pronoun; αὐτοὶ ἔζησαν emphasizes that the fathers actually achieved and lived out those long days — Jacob by contrast has not.
ἔζησανlivedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ζάωverb of relative clause (the fathers' completed lives as the standard)→ constative aorist (their full life-spans as completed wholes)ζάω: 'live'; the aorist ἔζησαν treats the patriarchs' lifespans as completed, totalized facts — they fully lived those long days, whereas Jacob's are 'few and evil' by comparison.
10

Καὶ ηὐλόγησεν Ιακωβ τὸν Φαραω καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ.

And Jacob blessed Pharaoh and went out from before him.

Narrative closure — second blessing and departureΚαὶ ηὐλόγησεν
The second ηὐλόγησεν closes the frame opened in v.7 and confirms that Jacob's age-speech functions as the content of a double blessing. The departure ἐξῆλθεν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ends the royal audience: the patriarch has blessed the sovereign twice and now withdraws. The pattern — blessing, conversation, blessing again — marks Jacob as both petitioner and benefactor within the same scene.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
Καὶandnarrative connective (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὐλόγησενblessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb (second formal blessing of Pharaoh — closing the frame of v.7)→ constative aorist (single formal act of benediction)εὐλογέω: the repetition of ηὐλόγησεν from v.7 creates a literary envelope: Jacob blesses Pharaoh at entry (v.7) and again at departure (v.10), with the poignant age-speech between them. The double blessing underlines that the covenant patriarch is the channel of blessing to the nations (Gen 12:3: 'in you all the families of the earth will be blessed').
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with accusative direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohaccusative direct object (indeclinable; recipient of the blessing)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative direct object (indeclinable; recipient of the blessing).
καὶandnarrative connective (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (departure from the royal presence)→ constative aorist (completed departure)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart'; the verb mirrors εἰσελθὼν of v.1 — the audience that began with Joseph 'going in' ends with Jacob 'going out'; the narrative frame is complete.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (ablative: from the king's presence)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: from the king's presence).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Pharaoh as the one departed from)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (Pharaoh as the one departed from).
11

Καὶ κατῴκισεν Ιωσηφ τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς κατάσχεσιν ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτου, ἐν τῇ βελτίστῃ γῇ, ἐν γῇ Ραμεσση, καθὰ προσέταξεν Φαραω.

And Joseph settled his father and his brothers and gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the best land, in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded.

Narrative fulfillment — Joseph executes Pharaoh's grantΚαὶ κατῴκισεν
The settlement is narrated as direct fulfillment of Pharaoh's command (καθὰ προσέταξεν Φαραω), with the land named three times in descending specificity: Egypt → best land → Rameses. The term κατάσχεσις ('possession, holding') is legally significant — it is not mere habitation but a recognized property right. Ραμεσση anticipates the Rameses of Exod 1:11, where Israelite slaves build the store-city for Pharaoh — the same geographical names frame both the privilege and the later oppression.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
Καὶandnarrative connective (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατῴκισενsettledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικίζωmain verb (Joseph executing the settlement as authorized in v.6)→ constative aorist (completed act of settlement)κατοικίζω: 'settle, establish as inhabitants'; the same verb used in Pharaoh's command (v.6 κατοίκισον); the aorist signals the completion and fulfillment of that command.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with accusative direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect object of κατῴκισεν (first: Jacob)→ object specificationπατέρα: meaning 'father'; it serves as direct object of κατῴκισεν (first: Jacob).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective (enumerating objects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with accusative direct object→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersAccusativedirect object of κατῴκισεν (second: the brothers)→ object specificationἀδελφοὺς: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as direct object of κατῴκισεν (second: the brothers).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative connective (sequential action)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (giving a legal possession to the family)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the giving of κατάσχεσιν ('a possession') is a legal act — Joseph grants them a recognized, inheritable holding in the land.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the family as recipients)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the family as recipients).
κατάσχεσινpossession / holdingAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (the legal property right granted)→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession, holding, property right'; renders אֲחֻזָּה, the technical legal term for a hereditary property right (used for the Promised Land in Gen 17:8; 48:4; Lev 14:34); here Israel receives in Egypt the kind of secure territorial holding that normally describes their claim to Canaan — an ironic anticipation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: first, broadest designation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: first, broadest designation).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution (which land: Egypt; indeclinable in proper-noun form)→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of attribution (which land: Egypt; indeclinable in proper-noun form).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: second, more specific designation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: second, more specific designation).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βελτίστῃbestDativeattributive adjective in superlative (echoing Pharaoh's grant in v.6)→ sphere or referenceβέλτιστος: the superlative 'best land' confirms that Pharaoh's grant (v.6) has been faithfully executed — Joseph gives his family nothing less than the maximum.
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: third, most specific designation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: third, most specific designation).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
ΡαμεσσηRamesesindeclinable proper noun (dative by context: the named region)→ participant identificationΡαμεσση: LXX transliteration of the Egyptian toponym Rʿmsss / רַעְמְסֵס; the name deliberately anticipates the store-city Raamses of Exod 1:11, built by Israelite forced labor. The same geography that marks the family's privilege here marks their oppression there.
καθὰjust as / according ascomparative conjunction (marking faithful execution of the royal command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as, according as'; the fulfillment formula καθὰ προσέταξεν Φαραω is a standard LXX compliance-notice confirming that what was commanded was done to the letter.
προσέταξενhad commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προστάσσωverb of comparative clause (Pharaoh's prior command as the standard of fulfillment)→ constative aorist (the command as a completed speech-act)προστάσσω: 'command, order, prescribe'; the aorist looks back to vv.5–6 as the antecedent command now fulfilled.
ΦαραωPharaohnominative subject of προσέταξεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject of προσέταξεν (indeclinable).
12

Καὶ ἐσιτομέτρει Ιωσηφ τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ σῖτον κατὰ σῶμα.

And Joseph provided grain to his father and his brothers and all the household of his father, according to each person.

Narrative summary — Joseph's ongoing provisioning of the familyΚαὶ ἐσιτομέτρει
The imperfect ἐσιτομέτρει signals ongoing, repeated action — Joseph does not make a single provision but continues to supply grain. The distributive phrase κατὰ σῶμα ('according to person, per head') ensures proportional equity. The verse closes movement A before the shift to the general famine narrative in v.13.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
Καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσιτομέτρειwas providing grainImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · σιτομετρέωmain verb (imperfect: ongoing, habitual provisioning)→ progressive/iterative imperfect (repeated supply of grain over time)σιτομετρέω: 'measure out grain, ration bread'; a compound of σῖτος ('grain') + μετρέω ('measure'); a technical provisioning term — the vizier operates as the official food-distributor, a role established at Gen 41:48–49. The imperfect emphasizes the ongoing, sustained nature of this care throughout the famine years.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with accusative direct object→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect object (first: Jacob)→ object specificationπατέρα: meaning 'father'; it serves as direct object (first: Jacob).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersAccusativedirect object (second: the brothers)→ object specificationἀδελφοὺς: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as direct object (second: the brothers).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeaccusative adjective (comprehensive: 'all the household')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the neuter-accusative πάντα modifying τὸν οἶκον extends the provision to every member of the household, not just the principal males.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseholdAccusativedirect object (third: the whole household)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house, household'; the extended family unit including servants, wives, and children — the entire 70/75 persons of Gen 46:27.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with genitive of possession→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive of possession (Jacob's household)→ relational specificationπατρὸς: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive of possession (Jacob's household).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
σῖτονgrain / breadAccusativedirect object of ἐσιτομέτρει (the commodity supplied)→ object specificationσῖτος: 'grain, wheat, food'; the standard LXX term for the grain stored and distributed in the famine; the word appears 17 times in Gen 37–47 as the central commodity of the Joseph narrative.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive: per individual)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (distributive: per individual).
σῶμαperson / bodyAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive standard: 'per person')→ object specificationσῶμα: 'body'; κατὰ σῶμα renders לְפִי הַטַּף ('according to the little ones / dependents') in MT, but LXX reads per individual body — a distributive formula for equitable rationing, matching need to provision.
13

Σῖτος δὲ οὐκ ἦν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ· ἐνίσχυσεν γὰρ ὁ λιμὸς σφόδρα· ἐξέλιπεν δὲ ἡ γῆ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἡ γῆ Χανααν ἀπὸ τοῦ λιμοῦ.

And there was no grain in all the land, for the famine was very severe; and the land of Egypt and the land of Canaan were exhausted by the famine.

Narrative transition — setting the scene of total famine before the economic administrationΣῖτος δέ
The chapter pivots from Israel's blessed settlement (vv.11–12) to the dire condition of the rest of Egypt and Canaan. The transition is stark: immediately after Joseph's family is cared for, the narrator reveals that everyone else is starving. ἐξέλιπεν ('was exhausted, gave out') is an intensive term indicating complete resource-failure. The verse establishes the conditions that will drive the four-stage economic capitulation of vv.13–26.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ΣῖτοςgrainNominativesubject of existential ἦν (the thing that does not exist)→ participant prominenceσῖτος: 'grain, food'; the anaphoric reference looks back to the σῖτον of v.12 — what Joseph is carefully rationing to his family, the outside world entirely lacks.
δὲbut / andnarrative connective (mild adversative: contrasting the family's provision with universal scarcity)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwas / there wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (imperfect: ongoing absence of grain)→ progressive imperfect (sustained state of absence throughout the famine)εἰμί: the imperfect ἦν marks the absence of grain as a sustained, ongoing condition — not a momentary shortage but a total, persisting dearth.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying τῇ γῇ: 'all the land')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all, every'; the universal scope — no corner of any land has grain — underscores the catastrophic totality of the famine.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of location (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location (object of ἐν).
ἐνίσχυσενwas severe / had grown strongAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐνισχύωmain verb of explanatory clause (giving the reason for the grain-absence)→ culminative aorist (the famine has reached maximum intensity)ἐνισχύω: 'grow strong, intensify, prevail'; the same verb used at v.4 — the famine's strength is reiterated to explain why even Egypt's vast stores are now depleted.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λιμὸςfamineNominativesubject of ἐνίσχυσεν→ participant prominenceλιμός: 'famine'; the article makes it the same famine predicted in Gen 41 and now at its height.
σφόδραvery / exceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying ἐνίσχυσεν)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly, very much'; a standard LXX intensifier rendering Hebrew מְאֹד; emphasizes the extreme, unprecedented severity of the famine.
ἐξέλιπενwas exhausted / gave outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωmain verb (the land's resources completely exhausted)→ culminative aorist (total depletion as a reached endpoint)ἐκλείπω: 'give out, fail completely, be exhausted'; a stronger term than mere shortage — the land's resources have entirely failed; the same verb appears at Luke 22:32 (ἵνα μὴ ἐκλίπῃ ἡ πίστις σου) and Luke 16:9 (ὅταν ἐκλίπῃ) for something running out entirely.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐξέλιπεν (first: Egypt)→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject of ἐξέλιπεν (first: Egypt).
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution (which land: Egypt)→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of attribution (which land: Egypt).
καὶandconnective (enumerating the second depleted land)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐξέλιπεν (second: Canaan)→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject of ἐξέλιπεν (second: Canaan).
ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: the land of Canaan)→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: the land of Canaan).
ἀπὸbecause of / frompreposition + genitive (causal: 'because of the famine')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here with causal force — 'exhausted because of the famine'; the preposition marks the famine as the agent of the depletion.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with genitive of cause→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λιμοῦfamineGenitivegenitive of cause (object of ἀπό: the cause of exhaustion)→ relational specificationλιμός: repeated from earlier in the verse, forming a lexical bracket — the verse opens with the effect (no grain) and closes with the cause (the famine), emphasizing the inescapable connection.
14

Συνέλεξεν δὲ Ιωσηφ πᾶν τὸ ἀργύριον τὸ εὑρεθὲν ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἐν γῇ Χανααν τοῦ σίτου οὗ ἠγόραζον, καὶ εἰσήνεγκεν Ιωσηφ τὸ ἀργύριον εἰς τὸν οἶκον Φαραω.

And Joseph collected all the silver found in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan for the grain which they were buying, and Joseph brought the silver into the house of Pharaoh.

Narrative action — Phase 1 of the famine administration: monetizationΣυνέλεξεν δέ
The first phase of Joseph's administration is the systematic collection of all available money (silver). The aorist Συνέλεξεν ('collected') describes a completed sweep of both Egypt and Canaan — the entire ancient Near Eastern silver supply concentrated into Pharaoh's treasury. The imperfect ἠγόραζον ('they were buying') frames this as the ongoing grain-for-silver exchange that has now depleted all private capital. The verse sets the stage for the transition to livestock-barter in v.16.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
Συνέλεξενcollected / gatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συλλέγωmain verb (systematic collection of all silver as vizier)→ constative aorist (completed collection across both lands)συλλέγω: 'collect, gather together'; the prefix συν- ('together') indicates comprehensive gathering — Joseph pulls all available silver into a single royal treasury; a financial concentration unprecedented in the ancient world.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
πᾶνallAccusativeaccusative adjective (universal scope: 'every piece of silver')→ object specificationπᾶς: the neuter singular πᾶν τὸ ἀργύριον — 'all the silver in total' — emphasizes the exhaustive sweep; not some but all.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilver / moneyAccusativedirect object of Συνέλεξεν→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver, money'; in the ancient Near East silver was the primary medium of exchange — coins as such were not yet in use; 'all the silver' represents the total monetary wealth of both Egypt and Canaan.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with attributive participle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθὲνfoundAor Pass Ptcp Acc Sg N · εὑρίσκωattributive participle (restricting τὸ ἀργύριον: 'the silver found/available in')→ antecedent aorist actionεὑρίσκω: 'find'; the passive participle τὸ εὑρεθέν ('that which was found') has the practical sense 'all the available silver' — every piece that existed, wherever it could be found.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: first territory)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: first territory).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of attribution.
καὶandconnective (extending the collection to Canaan)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: second territory)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: second territory).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context)→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context).
τοῦfor theGenitivearticle with genitive of price/exchange→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σίτουgrainGenitivegenitive of exchange/price ('in exchange for the grain')→ relational specificationσῖτος: 'grain'; the genitive τοῦ σίτου οὗ ἠγόραζον specifies the commodity for which the silver was paid — grain; every piece of silver flowed to Pharaoh in exchange for food.
οὗwhichGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (attracted into genitive by antecedent σίτου)→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive relative pronoun (attracted into genitive by antecedent σίτου).
ἠγόραζονthey were buyingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγοράζωverb of relative clause (imperfect: the ongoing grain-purchasing)→ progressive/iterative imperfect (repeated purchases over the famine years)ἀγοράζω: 'buy, purchase in the marketplace'; the imperfect reflects the sustained, repeated purchases made throughout the famine years; this is the commercial activity that has transferred all silver to Pharaoh.
καὶandnarrative connective (sequential action: after collecting, depositing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήνεγκενbrought in / depositedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (transferring the collected silver to the royal treasury)→ constative aoristεἰσφέρω: 'bring in, carry in, deposit'; the verb implies a formal transfer — Joseph does not keep the silver but brings it entirely to Pharaoh's house, acting as a scrupulously loyal agent.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (repeated for clarity after the long clause)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (repeated for clarity after the long clause).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverAccusativedirect object of εἰσήνεγκεν→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as direct object of εἰσήνεγκεν.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal: the royal treasury)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal: the royal treasury).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / treasuryAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the royal house as destination)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house, household, treasury'; 'the house of Pharaoh' is the royal palace and its treasury — the institutional destination of the concentrated silver; cf. the royal storehouse of Joseph's grain-preparations at Gen 41:48–49.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: Pharaoh's house)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: Pharaoh's house).
15

Καὶ ἐξέλιπεν τὸ ἀργύριον ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἐκ γῆς Χανααν. Ἦλθον δὲ πάντες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι πρὸς Ιωσηφ λέγοντες· Δὸς ἡμῖν ἄρτους· ἵνα τί ἀποθνῄσκομεν ἐναντίον σου; ἐκλέλοιπεν γὰρ τὸ ἀργύριον ἡμῶν.

And the silver was exhausted from the land of Egypt and from the land of Canaan. And all the Egyptians came to Joseph, saying: 'Give us bread; why should we die before you? For our silver is gone.'

Narrative consequence — money fails; the Egyptians petition for breadΚαὶ ἐξέλιπεν
The exhaustion of silver triggers the next phase: the Egyptians' direct appeal to Joseph for bread. Their petition is framed as a rhetorical question (ἵνα τί ἀποθνῄσκομεν; — 'why should we die?'), a lament that implies Joseph can and should prevent their death. The perfect ἐκλέλοιπεν ('has run out and is now gone') states the completed depletion as the grounds for the appeal. The scene transitions to the livestock-for-bread exchange of v.16.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
Καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέλιπενwas exhausted / gave outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωmain verb (the silver completely exhausted)→ culminative aorist (total depletion as a reached endpoint)ἐκλείπω: the same verb used at v.13 for the land's exhaustion; now the silver — the medium of exchange — is itself exhausted; the famine's economic logic has run its course to zero.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverNominativesubject of ἐξέλιπεν→ participant prominenceἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as subject of ἐξέλιπεν.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: from where the silver departed)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: from where the silver departed).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of origin→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive of origin.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of attribution.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (ablative: second territory)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: second territory).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of origin→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive of origin.
ΧαναανCanaanindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context)→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context).
ἮλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the Egyptians' collective approach to Joseph)→ constative aorist (mass movement as a single event)ἔρχομαι: 'come, go, arrive'; the aorist records the Egyptians' collective approach to Joseph as a crisis-response — they come en masse to the one man who controls the food supply.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective emphasizing universal scope→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all, every'; πάντες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι is hyperbolic for the complete populace — no one in Egypt can feed themselves independently; all are now Joseph's dependents.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιοιEgyptiansNominativesubject of Ἦλθον→ participant prominenceΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the gentilic adjective used substantivally for the Egyptian people as a collective.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (movement toward a person)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (movement toward a person).
ΙωσηφJosephaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl M · λέγωparticiple introducing direct speech (pleonastic Hebraism)→ coincident present participleλέγω: λέγοντες here introduces the Egyptians' collective plea.
ΔὸςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of petition (aorist imperative: urgent, single request)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin giving us bread now)δίδωμι: the aorist imperative Δός is an urgent request — 'give us bread now'; the simplicity and directness of the petition underscores the desperation.
ἡμῖνto usDativedative indirect object (the Egyptians as recipients)→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the Egyptians as recipients).
ἄρτουςloaves / breadAccusativedirect object of Δός→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread, loaf'; the most basic foodstuff; renders לֶחֶם ('bread, food'); the choice of ἄρτους over σῖτος signals that the Egyptians are begging for immediate food, not grain to store.
ἵναwhyconjunction in rhetorical question (ἵνα τί = 'for what purpose / why')→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα τί: a Hebraism for לָמָּה ('why, for what reason'), using ἵνα with τί to form a purpose-question; here it is rhetorical — 'why should we die?' implies 'surely we should not.'
τίwhat / whyinterrogative part of the ἵνα τί idiom→ participant referenceτί: meaning 'what'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as interrogative part of the ἵνα τί idiom.
ἀποθνῄσκομενare we dyingPres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of the rhetorical question→ futuristic present (imminent and ongoing dying process)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the present tense ἀποθνῄσκομεν is vivid — 'we are dying [right now, before your eyes]'; it is both a description of the present process and a rhetorical appeal that Joseph must intervene.
ἐναντίονbefore / in front ofimproper preposition + genitive (in Joseph's presence: 'before your eyes')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before, in the presence of'; the Egyptians are dying 'before Joseph' — in his sight, under his authority — and the phrase implies both physical presence and moral responsibility.
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον.
ἐκλέλοιπενhas run out / is gonePf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωmain verb of explanatory clause (perfect: completed depletion with present result)→ intensive perfect (the silver has run out and is now completely gone)ἐκλείπω: the perfect ἐκλέλοιπεν states the current state as the result of a completed process — the silver has definitively run out; the contrast with the aorist ἐξέλιπεν at the verse-opening is notable: the aorist narrates the historical event of exhaustion; the perfect states its present consequence as the grounds for the petition.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (giving the reason for the petition)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverNominativesubject of ἐκλέλοιπεν→ participant prominenceἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as subject of ἐκλέλοιπεν.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (the Egyptians' own silver)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Egyptians' own silver).
16

Εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς Ιωσηφ· Φέρετε τὰ κτήνη ὑμῶν, καὶ δώσω ὑμῖν ἄρτους ἀντὶ τῶν κτηνῶν ὑμῶν, εἰ ἐκλέλοιπεν τὸ ἀργύριον.

And Joseph said to them: 'Bring your livestock, and I will give you bread in exchange for your livestock, if the silver has run out.'

Joseph's counter-proposal — Phase 2: livestock for breadΕἶπεν δέ
Joseph's response is businesslike: when money runs out, the next asset is livestock. The conditional εἰ ἐκλέλοιπεν τὸ ἀργύριον ('if the silver has run out') is not doubt but confirmation — he has just collected all the silver and knows it is gone. The exchange ἀντὶ τῶν κτηνῶν ('in exchange for the livestock') introduces the second phase of asset-for-food transfers, systematically moving Egyptian wealth from private to royal hands.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Joseph's response to the petition)→ constative aoristΕἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the Egyptians)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the Egyptians).
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
ΦέρετεbringPres Act Impv 2 Pl · φέρωmain verb (command to bring livestock as payment)→ progressive/iterative imperative (ongoing action: keep bringing)φέρω: 'bring, carry'; the present imperative implies a process — bring your livestock as an ongoing exchange, not a single transaction.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηlivestockAccusativedirect object of Φέρετε→ object specificationκτῆνος: 'livestock'; the family's animals — the very assets used to self-identify as shepherds (v.3) — now become the only currency of survival for the Egyptian populace.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective (linking command to promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Joseph's promise: bread in exchange for livestock)→ predictive future (Joseph's binding promise)δίδωμι: 'give'; the future δώσω is Joseph's authoritative commitment — he will supply bread if the livestock are surrendered; the exchange is legally binding.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ἄρτουςbreadAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread, loaf'; the sustenance promised — bread in exchange for the asset-class of livestock.
ἀντὶin exchange forpreposition + genitive (exchange value: 'in exchange for')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of, in exchange for'; the exchange preposition specifies the barter transaction — livestock is the new currency now that silver is gone.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with genitive of exchange→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνlivestockGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (what is exchanged)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as genitive object of ἀντί (what is exchanged).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰifconditional particle (first-class condition: assumed as fact)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: first-class conditional; Joseph uses εἰ not to express doubt but to acknowledge the stated premise — the silver has run out (as he well knows from v.14); the condition is virtually equivalent to 'since.'
ἐκλέλοιπενhas run outPf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωverb of the conditional clause (perfect: the current state of depletion)→ intensive perfectἐκλείπω: the same perfect used by the Egyptians in v.15 — Joseph echoes their own language back to them, confirming that he accepts their premise and is moving to the next phase of the plan.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverNominativesubject of ἐκλέλοιπεν→ participant prominenceἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as subject of ἐκλέλοιπεν.
17

Ἤγαγον δὲ τὰ κτήνη πρὸς Ιωσηφ, καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς Ιωσηφ ἄρτους ἀντὶ τῶν ἵππων καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν προβάτων καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν βοῶν καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν ὄνων· καὶ ἐξέθρεψεν αὐτοὺς ἐν ἄρτοις ἀντὶ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν αὐτῶν ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ ἐκείνῳ.

And they brought their livestock to Joseph, and Joseph gave them bread in exchange for the horses and in exchange for the sheep and in exchange for the cattle and in exchange for the donkeys; and he fed them on bread in exchange for all their livestock in that year.

Narrative fulfillment — livestock surrendered; the people fed for a yearἬγαγον δέ
The fourfold enumeration (horses, sheep, cattle, donkeys) constitutes a complete catalogue of Egyptian domesticated animals — the entire livestock economy surrendered. The summary clause ἐξέθρεψεν αὐτοὺς ἐν ἄρτοις ἀντὶ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν clarifies that the livestock-for-bread exchange sustained the entire population through that year. After this year, both silver and livestock are gone, setting up the third phase (land and persons) in v.18.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
ἬγαγονbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb (the Egyptians comply with Joseph's command)→ constative aorist (completed act of bringing)ἄγω: 'lead, bring'; the Egyptians' compliance with v.16 is narrated as a single completed event.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηlivestockAccusativedirect object of Ἤγαγον→ object specificationκτήνη: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as direct object of Ἤγαγον.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (movement toward Joseph as the authority)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (movement toward Joseph as the authority).
ΙωσηφJosephaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (Joseph's fulfillment of his promise)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: Joseph gives bread exactly as promised — the transaction is completed on both sides.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the Egyptians)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the Egyptians).
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (repeated for emphasis after the indirect object)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (repeated for emphasis after the indirect object).
ἄρτουςbreadAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationἄρτους: meaning 'bread'; it serves as direct object of ἔδωκεν.
ἀντὶin exchange forpreposition + genitive (exchange value — repeated four times for each animal class)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: the fourfold repetition of ἀντί creates a formulaic exchange-list that emphasizes the systematic, category-by-category nature of the transfer.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππωνhorsesGenitivegenitive of exchange (first animal class: horses)→ relational specificationἵππος: 'horse'; horses are listed first — the most prestigious and militarily valuable animal, which Egypt was famous for breeding and trading (cf. 1 Kgs 10:28–29; Ezek 27:14).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντὶin exchange forexchange preposition (second instance)→ spatial or relational framingἀντὶ: meaning 'in exchange for'; here it marks the relation signaled by exchange preposition (second instance).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheepGenitivegenitive of exchange (second animal class: sheep)→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; the pastoral animal — the same word used by the brothers to describe themselves as ποιμένες προβάτων (v.3).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντὶin exchange forexchange preposition (third instance)→ spatial or relational framingἀντὶ: meaning 'in exchange for'; here it marks the relation signaled by exchange preposition (third instance).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοῶνcattle / oxenGenitivegenitive of exchange (third animal class: cattle)→ relational specificationβοῦς: 'ox, cow, cattle'; the agricultural draft animal and the primary sacrificial animal.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀντὶin exchange forexchange preposition (fourth instance)→ spatial or relational framingἀντὶ: meaning 'in exchange for'; here it marks the relation signaled by exchange preposition (fourth instance).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνωνdonkeysGenitivegenitive of exchange (fourth animal class: donkeys)→ relational specificationὄνος: 'donkey, ass'; the principal beast of burden and transport in the ancient Near East; completing the four-class catalogue of Egyptian domestic animals.
καὶandnarrative connective (introducing the summary statement)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέθρεψενfed / sustainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτρέφωmain verb (summary: Joseph sustains the population through the year)→ constative aorist (the entire year's feeding as a completed provision)ἐκτρέφω: 'bring up, nourish, feed'; the prefix ἐκ- intensifies — Joseph brings the people through the year, sustaining them fully; cf. Eph 5:29 where ἐκτρέφω describes caring for one's own body.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the Egyptians as recipients of sustained provision)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the Egyptians as recipients of sustained provision).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: the means of sustenance)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: the means of sustenance).
ἄρτοιςbreadDativedative of instrument (bread as the means of feeding)→ sphere or referenceἄρτοις: meaning 'bread'; it serves as dative of instrument (bread as the means of feeding).
ἀντὶin exchange forexchange preposition (summary: in exchange for all livestock)→ spatial or relational framingἀντὶ: meaning 'in exchange for'; here it marks the relation signaled by exchange preposition (summary: in exchange for all livestock).
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive adjective (comprehensive: 'all their livestock')→ relational specificationπάντων: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive adjective (comprehensive: 'all their livestock').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνlivestockGenitivegenitive of exchange (the total livestock surrendered)→ relational specificationκτηνῶν: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as genitive of exchange (the total livestock surrendered).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in that year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in that year').
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time (the year in which the livestock-exchange took place)→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the livestock exchange sustained Egypt for one complete year — at the end of which, with silver and livestock gone, the Egyptians will return with only their land and bodies (v.18).
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (specifying which year: the year of the livestock exchange)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: demonstrative 'that'; marks the specific year as distinct from the years following — the famine's second phase occupies a single named year.
18

Παρῆλθεν δὲ ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς ἐκεῖνος, καὶ ἦλθον πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ δευτέρῳ καὶ εἶπον αὐτῷ· Μή ποτε ἐκτριβῶμεν ἀπὸ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν· εἰ γὰρ ἐκλέλοιπεν τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ τὰ ὑπάρχοντα καὶ τὰ κτήνη πρὸς σέ, κύριε, οὐχ ὑπολείπεται ἐναντίον τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν, ἀλλ᾿ ἢ τὸ σῶμα ἡμῶν καὶ ἡ γῆ ἡμῶν.

And that year passed, and they came to him in the second year and said to him: 'Lest we be destroyed before our lord — for if the silver and the livestock and the cattle have gone to you, lord, nothing remains before our lord except our bodies and our land.'

Narrative transition — the second year; the Egyptians offer themselves and their landΠαρῆλθεν δέ
The temporal notice Παρῆλθεν δὲ ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς ἐκεῖνος marks the transition from the livestock year to the following year's crisis. The Egyptians' speech is a formal inventory of depletion: silver gone (ἐκλέλοιπεν τὸ ἀργύριον), livestock gone (τὰ κτήνη πρὸς σέ), and therefore only two assets remain — their bodies and their land. This logical progression sets up Joseph's acquisition of both in vv.19–21. The term κύριος ('lord, master') applied to Joseph throughout this speech anticipates his role as effective sovereign over Egypt's population.
Word-by-word analysis· 53 words
ΠαρῆλθενpassedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb (the year comes to an end — temporal transition)→ constative aorist (the completed passing of a year)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by, pass away, elapse'; the narrative-time marker signals the transition from one phase of the famine to the next; cf. the same verb at Matt 24:35 ('heaven and earth will pass away').
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτὸςyearNominativesubject of Παρῆλθεν→ participant prominenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the year personified as the entity that 'passes by.'
ἐκεῖνοςthatNominativedemonstrative adjective (the specific livestock year now ended)→ participant prominenceἐκεῖνος: anaphoric reference to ἐνιαυτῷ ἐκείνῳ of v.17 — confirming the transition.
καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the Egyptians return to Joseph)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: their return is necessitated by the continuing famine; they have no remaining assets except what they will offer in this speech.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (movement toward)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (movement toward).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Joseph)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (Joseph).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: in the second year)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: in the second year).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτῷ: meaning 'year'; it serves as dative of time.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ordinal adjective)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeordinal adjective (identifying the year: the second year of the livestock exchange)→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; specifying which of the seven famine years this is — likely the sixth or seventh overall (the earlier grain-for-silver exchange consumed several years before v.13).
καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the Egyptians' second petition)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'say / speak'; the men of Jabesh collectively appeal to Nahash; the 3rd plural form introduces their offer of vassalage.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Joseph)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Joseph).
Μήlest / may it not benegative particle in a wish/fear clause→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with the subjunctive, expressing a fear or entreaty — 'may we not be destroyed'; the construction is a Hebraism.
ποτεeverindefinite temporal particle (reinforcing the negative wish)→ discourse linkage or contrastποτε: 'ever, at any time'; μή ποτε together form the fear-negation 'lest ever we perish.'
ἐκτριβῶμενwe may be destroyed / wiped outAor Pass Subj 1 Pl · ἐκτρίβωverb of the negative wish/fear clause→ aorist subjunctive (feared event: complete annihilation)ἐκτρίβω: 'wear away completely, destroy, exterminate'; the passive ἐκτριβῶμεν — 'lest we be wiped out' — is a strong, desperate plea; the prefix ἐκ- intensifies to total destruction.
ἀπὸfrom / beforepreposition + genitive (separation: from the lord's presence / oversight)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: from the lord's presence / oversight).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Joseph addressed as 'our lord')→ relational specificationκύριος: 'lord, master'; the Egyptians address Joseph as κύριος throughout this speech — the vizier has become effectively their lord and master; the term is used six times in vv.18–26, foreshadowing the absolute dependency of vv.19–21.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰfor ifconditional particle (introducing the premise of the inventory of depletion)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: first-class condition, assumed as true — 'since the silver and livestock have all gone.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (giving the grounds for the fear)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλέλοιπενhas run outPf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωverb of the conditional clause (perfect: current state of depletion)→ intensive perfectἐκλείπω: the perfect states the present reality — the silver is definitively gone (as established in vv.14–15).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverNominativesubject of ἐκλέλοιπεν (first depleted asset)→ participant prominenceἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as subject of ἐκλέλοιπεν (first depleted asset).
καὶandconnective (enumerating the depleted assets)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπάρχονταpossessionsPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl N · ὑπάρχωsubstantival participle (neuter plural: 'the things that exist / possessions')→ participial qualificationὑπάρχω: 'exist, belong, be possessed of'; the substantival participle τὰ ὑπάρχοντα ('possessions, existing goods') is the standard Greek term for movable property and assets (cf. Luke 12:15, 33; Acts 4:32).
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτήνηlivestockNominativesubject (third depleted asset: livestock, surrendered in v.17)→ participant prominenceκτήνη: meaning 'livestock'; it serves as subject (third depleted asset: livestock, surrendered in v.17).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: 'have gone to you' = transferred to you)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'have gone to you' = transferred to you).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Joseph as recipient of all assets)→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (Joseph as recipient of all assets).
κύριεlordVocativevocative of address (Joseph addressed mid-speech as 'lord')→ direct addressκύριος: 'lord'; the vocative κύριε in the middle of the speech is a respectful interruption — the Egyptians pause to address Joseph directly and deferentially before completing the inventory.
οὐχnotnegation particle (with ὑπολείπεται: 'nothing remains')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπολείπεταιremains / is left overPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὑπολείπωmain verb (the residue after complete depletion)→ descriptive present (the current state: nothing left)ὑπολείπω: 'leave behind, leave remaining'; the negative οὐχ ὑπολείπεται asserts that nothing remains — the complete depletion of all assets except the two being offered.
ἐναντίονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in the lord's presence / reckoning)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by improper preposition + genitive (in the lord's presence / reckoning).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (in Joseph's reckoning)→ relational specificationκυρίου: meaning 'lord'; it serves as genitive object of ἐναντίον (in Joseph's reckoning).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀλλ᾿but / exceptadversative conjunction (introducing the exception: what is left)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but'; with ἢ following, ἀλλ᾿ ἢ = 'except, but only'; marks the sole remaining assets.
than / exceptdisjunctive particle (in the idiom ἀλλ᾿ ἢ = 'except')→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'than'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyNominativesubject of ὑπολείπεται (first remaining asset: their bodies = themselves)→ participant prominenceσῶμα: 'body, person'; here 'our bodies' means 'ourselves as persons who can be enslaved'; the willingness to surrender bodily freedom is the extreme last resort.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective (second remaining asset)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ὑπολείπεται (second remaining asset: their agricultural land)→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the agricultural land is the last asset — the means of production itself — which the Egyptians are about to offer in v.19.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
19

Ἵνα οὖν μὴ ἀποθάνωμεν ἐναντίον σου καὶ ἡ γῆ ἐρημωθῇ, κτῆσαι ἡμᾶς καὶ τὴν γῆν ἡμῶν ἀντὶ ἄρτου, καὶ ἐσόμεθα ἡμεῖς καὶ ἡ γῆ ἡμῶν παῖδες Φαραω· δὸς σπέρμα ἵνα σπείρωμεν καὶ ζήσωμεν καὶ μὴ ἀποθάνωμεν, καὶ ἡ γῆ οὐκ ἐρημωθήσεται.

So then, that we may not die before you and the land be made desolate, acquire us and our land in exchange for bread, and we and our land will be servants of Pharaoh; give seed so that we may sow and live and not die, and the land will not be desolated.

Formal petition — the Egyptians offer themselves and their land as Pharaoh's servantsἽνα οὖν
The Egyptians' petition is remarkably self-aware: they offer to become Pharaoh's serfs (παῖδες Φαραω) in exchange for bread and seed-grain. The purpose clauses (ἵνα … ζήσωμεν καὶ μὴ ἀποθάνωμεν) frame the transaction as survival-logic: death and desertification are the only alternatives to servitude. The request for seed-grain (σπέρμα) anticipates the fifth-part statute of vv.23–26, where the redistributed seed becomes the foundation of the new agrarian system.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
Ἵναso thatpurpose conjunction (introducing the purpose of the petition)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'so that, in order that'; the petition is framed as purposive — the acquisition of their bodies and land serves the goal of not dying and not abandoning the land.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (drawing consequence from the inventory of v.18)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: 'therefore, then'; ἵνα οὖν transitions from the premise (everything is gone) to the logical petition (therefore, acquire us).
μὴnotnegation particle (with subjunctive in purpose clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθάνωμενwe may dieAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of purpose clause (death as the feared outcome to be avoided)→ aorist subjunctive (feared event: death)ἀποθνῄσκω: the aorist subjunctive in a purpose clause expresses the feared outcome — dying; the Egyptians frame servitude as preferable to death.
ἐναντίονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive ('before you' = in your presence)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by improper preposition + genitive ('before you' = in your presence).
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον.
καὶandconnective (adding second feared outcome: the land's desolation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐρημωθῇ (the land as the second thing to be saved)→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject of ἐρημωθῇ (the land as the second thing to be saved).
ἐρημωθῇbe made desolateAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἐρημόωverb of second purpose clause (desolation as the second feared outcome)→ aorist subjunctive (feared event: desolation)ἐρημόω: 'make desolate, lay waste'; if the people die, the land will be abandoned — both the human and agricultural dimension of the crisis are at stake; ἔρημος / ἐρημόω is used throughout OT prophetic texts for the consequence of divine judgment (Jer 4:7; Ezek 6:14).
κτῆσαιacquire / buyAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb of the petition (the Egyptians' formal offer of themselves and their land)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin the acquisition)κτάομαι: 'acquire, obtain, buy'; the middle voice marks personal acquisition; the Egyptians explicitly invite Joseph to buy them — an extraordinary voluntary self-surrender born of desperation.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of κτῆσαι (first: their persons)→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κτῆσαι (first: their persons).
καὶandconnective (enumerating what is offered)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κτῆσαι (second: their agricultural land)→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as direct object of κτῆσαι (second: their agricultural land).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντὶin exchange forpreposition + genitive (exchange: what they receive in return)→ spatial or relational framingἀντὶ: meaning 'in exchange for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (exchange: what they receive in return).
ἄρτουbreadGenitivegenitive of exchange (what is given in return for their persons and land)→ relational specificationἄρτος: 'bread'; the ultimate reduction — people and land exchanged for basic bread; the text does not moralize on this transaction but presents it as the logical outcome of total asset depletion.
καὶandconnective (introducing the consequence: they become Pharaoh's servants)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσόμεθαwe will beFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (the consequence of the acquisition: servitude)→ predictive futureεἰμί: the future ἐσόμεθα states the consequence of the transaction — 'we will become servants of Pharaoh'; voluntary self-sale into servitude as the price of survival.
ἡμεῖςweNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (the Egyptians themselves)→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as emphatic subject pronoun (the Egyptians themselves).
καὶandconnective (enumerating: we and our land)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject (the land also to become Pharaoh's)→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject (the land also to become Pharaoh's).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
παῖδεςservantsNominativepredicate nominative (the new status: servants of Pharaoh)→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant'; παῖδες Φαραω is the technical status — bondservants of the crown; the same word the brothers used in court humility at v.3, but now the Egyptians use it of themselves in a legal, absolute sense.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose servants they will be)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose servants they will be).
δὸςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of second petition (requesting seed-grain to restart agriculture)→ ingressive aorist imperativeδίδωμι: the second imperative adds the forward-looking request for seed-grain to restart production — servitude must be combined with the means to survive and cultivate.
σπέρμαseedAccusativedirect object of δὸς→ object specificationσπέρμα: 'seed, grain for sowing'; the shift from ἄρτος ('bread') to σπέρμα ('seed') marks a forward-looking request: bread sustains now; seed rebuilds for the future. The word σπέρμα also carries its theological resonance (the seed of Abraham, Gen 12:7; 15:5).
ἵναso thatpurpose conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπείρωμενwe may sowAor Act Subj 1 Pl · σπείρωverb of purpose clause (first purpose: agricultural restoration)→ aorist subjunctiveσπείρω: 'sow, plant seed'; cf. the parable of the sower (Matt 13) and Paul's seed/resurrection analogy (1 Cor 15:35–37).
καὶandconnective (enumerating the purposes)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ζήσωμενwe may liveAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ζάωverb of purpose clause (second purpose: survival)→ aorist subjunctiveζάω: 'live'; the paired opposites ζήσωμεν / μὴ ἀποθάνωμεν ('live and not die') form the most basic human request — survival.
καὶandconnective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθάνωμενwe may dieAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of purpose clause (third purpose: avoidance of death)→ aorist subjunctiveἀποθνῄσκω (aor. subj. ἀποθάνωμεν): 'die'; the people fear that their sin, exposed by the sign, exposes them to death; they seek Samuel's prayer to avert it.
καὶandconnective (adding the benefit to the land)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐρημωθήσεται→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject of ἐρημωθήσεται.
οὐκnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρημωθήσεταιwill be desolatedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐρημόωmain verb (the positive consequence if seed is given: the land avoids desolation)→ predictive future passiveἐρημόω: the future passive closes the petition with the positive outcome — if seed is granted, the land will not become desolate; the language echoes prophetic warnings of divine judgment, now inverted as a positive promise contingent on seed-provision.
20

Ἐκτήσατο δὲ Ιωσηφ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν τῶν Αἰγυπτίων τῷ Φαραω· ἐπώλησαν γὰρ οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν τῷ Φαραω, ἐπεκράτησεν γὰρ αὐτῶν ὁ λιμός· καὶ ἐγένετο ἡ γῆ Φαραω.

And Joseph acquired all the land of the Egyptians for Pharaoh; for the Egyptians sold their land to Pharaoh, for the famine prevailed over them; and the land became Pharaoh's.

Narrative fulfillment — total land acquisition; the double explanatory noteἘκτήσατο δέ
The narrator closes the land-acquisition with a decisive aorist (Ἐκτήσατο) and then offers a double explanatory γάρ: (1) because the Egyptians sold their land, and (2) because the famine prevailed over them. The two explanatory clauses make explicit the compulsion behind what appears to be voluntary sale — it was the famine that forced it. The climactic summary καὶ ἐγένετο ἡ γῆ Φαραω ('and the land became Pharaoh's') is a narrative landmark: all Egypt is now royal property.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἘκτήσατοacquiredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (Joseph's acquisition of all Egypt's land for Pharaoh)→ constative aorist (completed acquisition as a single transaction)κτάομαι: 'acquire, buy, obtain'; middle voice marks personal acquisition; the same root used in the Egyptians' petition at v.19 (κτῆσαι) — Joseph executes precisely what they offered.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
πᾶσανallAccusativeaccusative adjective (universal scope: 'all the land')→ object specificationπᾶς: the feminine accusative πᾶσαν modifying τὴν γῆν — every parcel of land in Egypt, without remainder (except the priestly holdings, v.22).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of Ἐκτήσατο→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as direct object of Ἐκτήσατο.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with genitive of attribution→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγυπτίωνEgyptiansGenitivegenitive of attribution (whose land it was)→ relational specificationΑἰγύπτιος: 'Egyptian'; the genitive τῶν Αἰγυπτίων specifies the previous owners — the land has changed hands from private Egyptian ownership to the crown.
τῷforDativearticle with dative of advantage→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative of advantage (the beneficiary of the acquisition: Pharaoh)→ participant identificationΦαραω: Joseph acts as agent — he acquires the land not for himself but τῷ Φαραω, for the king; his integrity as a royal servant is emphasized.
ἐπώλησανsoldAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πωλέωverb of first explanatory clause (explaining why Joseph could acquire all the land)→ constative aoristπωλέω: 'sell'; the Egyptians sold their own land — the acquisition was a legal sale, not seizure; the narrator insists on the voluntary (if compelled) nature of the transaction.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (first of two explanatory γάρ clauses)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰγύπτιοιEgyptiansNominativesubject of ἐπώλησαν→ participant prominenceΑἰγύπτιοι: meaning 'Egyptians'; it serves as subject of ἐπώλησαν.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἐπώλησαν→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as direct object of ἐπώλησαν.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (emphasizing it was their own land they sold)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (emphasizing it was their own land they sold).
τῷtoDativearticle with dative indirect object→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative indirect object (the buyer: Pharaoh through Joseph)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative indirect object (the buyer: Pharaoh through Joseph).
ἐπεκράτησενprevailed / overpoweredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικρατέωverb of second explanatory clause (explaining why the Egyptians sold)→ constative aoristἐπικρατέω: 'prevail over, overpower, gain the upper hand'; the famine is personified as an overwhelming force that compelled the Egyptians — it 'overpowered' them, leaving no option but to sell.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (second γάρ: explaining why they sold)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐπεκράτησεν (the ones overpowered: the Egyptians)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπεκράτησεν (the ones overpowered: the Egyptians).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λιμὸςfamineNominativesubject of ἐπεκράτησεν (the famine as the compelling force)→ participant prominenceλιμός: the famine is the true agent behind all the economic transfers of vv.13–20 — not Joseph's cunning or Pharaoh's greed, but the inexorable force of hunger.
καὶandnarrative connective (introducing the summary statement)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (the transformation of the land's ownership)→ ingressive aorist (the beginning of Pharaoh's ownership: 'became')γίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; the ingressive aorist ἐγένετο marks the transition to a new state — Pharaoh's land is not merely acquired but has become something categorically different from what it was.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as subject of ἐγένετο.
ΦαραωPharaoh'sindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: Pharaoh's possession)→ participant identificationΦαραω: the simple predicate 'and the land became Pharaoh's' is the narrative climax of the acquisition — the entire agrarian economy of Egypt is now royal property.
21

Καὶ τὸν λαὸν κατεδουλώσατο αὐτῷ εἰς παῖδας ἀπ᾿ ἄκρων ὁρίων Αἰγύπτου ἕως τῶν ἄκρων.

And the people he reduced to servitude for him, as servants, from the extremities of the borders of Egypt to the extremities.

Narrative summary — the Egyptian people bound as royal servantsΚαὶ τὸν λαόν
The acquisition of persons completes the third phase: money (v.14), livestock (v.17), land and persons (vv.20–21). The verb κατεδουλώσατο ('reduced to servitude') is direct — the Egyptians have gone from free landowners to royal bondservants. The geographical formula ἀπ᾿ ἄκρων ὁρίων … ἕως τῶν ἄκρων ('from the extremities of the borders to the extremities') emphasizes the totality and universal scope of the servitude — no Egyptian is exempt except the priests (v.22).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
Καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (fronted for emphasis: 'as for the people…')→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of κατεδουλώσατο (fronted before the verb for emphasis)→ object specificationλαός: 'people, populace'; the whole Egyptian populace — τὸν λαόν as a collective singular encompassing all Egyptians from border to border.
κατεδουλώσατοreduced to servitudeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · καταδουλόωmain verb (the complete reduction of the Egyptian people to royal serfdom)→ constative aorist (completed act of enslavement)καταδουλόω: 'reduce to slavery, enslave'; the intensive prefix κατα- marks complete, thorough subjugation; the same root appears at 2 Cor 11:20 (εἴ τις ὑμᾶς καταδουλοῖ — 'if anyone enslaves you') and Gal 2:4 (καταδουλώσουσιν). The LXX uses a different verb than the MT (which has הֶעֱבִיר — 'transferred'), but the sense is amplified.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage (Pharaoh as the beneficiary of the enslavement)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the dative αὐτῷ refers to Pharaoh — Joseph reduces the people to servitude for Pharaoh's benefit, not for his own.
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (expressing the resulting status: 'as servants')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς with predicate accusative marks the new status — they are reduced into the category of παῖδας.
παῖδαςservantsAccusativeaccusative of result/status (the category into which the people are placed)→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant'; εἰς παῖδας designates the legal status — bondservants of the crown; the whole population has been reduced from free citizens to royal serfs.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (ablative: starting point of the geographical sweep)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: starting point of the geographical sweep).
ἄκρωνextremities / endsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the starting extremities)→ relational specificationἄκρον: 'tip, end, extremity'; the same word used at v.31 (ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου — 'tip of the staff'); here in the geographical sense 'from the outermost edges of the borders.'
ὁρίωνborders / boundariesGenitivegenitive of definition (the borders of Egypt — what the extremities are)→ relational specificationὅριον: 'boundary, border, territory'; the extremities of Egypt's borders — the southernmost (Aswan) to the northernmost (the Mediterranean delta) points.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution (whose borders: Egypt's)→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of attribution (whose borders: Egypt's).
ἕωςto / untilpreposition + genitive (marking the terminal endpoint of the sweep)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until, as far as, to the extent of'; with ἄκρων, the formula ἀπ᾿ ἄκρων … ἕως τῶν ἄκρων is a polar expression for totality — 'from one end to the other.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρωνextremitiesGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (the terminal extremities — the opposite end of Egypt)→ relational specificationἄκρον: the repetition of ἄκρον on both sides of the formula ('from the extremities to the extremities') is a merism expressing the total geographic scope — every person in Egypt, without exception.
22

Πλὴν τὴν γῆν τῶν ἱερέων μόνον οὐκ ἐκτήσατο· ἡ γὰρ μερὶς τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ἐκ τοῦ Φαραω, καὶ ἤσθιον τὴν μερίδα αὐτῶν, ἣν ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς Φαραω· διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἐπώλησαν τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν.

Except only the land of the priests he did not acquire; for the allotment to the priests came from Pharaoh, and they were eating their allotment which Pharaoh had given them; therefore they did not sell their land.

Narrative exception — the priestly exemptionΠλήν
The adversative Πλήν introduces the single exception to the total land-acquisition: the priests of Egypt retain their holdings because Pharaoh's own grant sustains them — they never ran out of income and therefore never needed to sell. The threefold explanation (allotment from Pharaoh; they ate it; therefore no need to sell) justifies the exemption on grounds of existing royal subsidy. Historically, Egyptian priests held significant tax-exempt temple estates — this notice reflects genuine Egyptian administrative practice.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
Πλὴνexcept / but onlyadversative particle introducing the exception to v.20→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except, however, but only'; a strong exception marker; here it is the single qualification to the absolute statement of v.20 ('the land became Pharaoh's') — the priestly holdings are the sole exemption.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (fronted with exception: the priests' land is excluded)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of οὐκ ἐκτήσατο (the land he did NOT acquire)→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as direct object of οὐκ ἐκτήσατο (the land he did NOT acquire).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with genitive of attribution→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωνpriestsGenitivegenitive of attribution (whose land: the priests')→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; Egyptian temples held vast tax-exempt estates under the Pharaonic system; the priestly lands were institutionally protected and exempt from royal acquisition — this reflects genuine Egyptian temple-economy practice.
μόνονonly / aloneadverb restricting the exception (emphasizing the uniqueness of this exclusion)→ clausal contributionμόνον: 'only, alone'; the combination πλήν … μόνον intensifies the restriction — the priests' land and nothing else is excluded.
οὐκnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτήσατοhe acquiredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb negated (the one acquisition that did NOT take place)→ constative aoristκτάομαι: the same verb as v.20; the negative here creates the counter-statement to the total acquisition.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (explaining why the priests did not sell)→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μερὶςallotment / portionNominativesubject of implied ἦν (the priests' portion, subsisting by royal grant)→ participant prominenceμερίς: 'portion, share, allotment'; renders חֹק ('statute, allotment, fixed portion'); the term is used in the LXX for statutory food-portions, priestly allotments, and divine portions (cf. Luke 10:42 — Mary's 'good portion'; Col 1:12 — the inheritance portion).
τοῖςto theDativearticle with dative of interest/advantage→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῦσινpriestsDativedative of advantage (the priests as the beneficiaries of the royal allotment)→ sphere or referenceἱερεῦσιν: meaning 'priests'; it serves as dative of advantage (the priests as the beneficiaries of the royal allotment).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: from Pharaoh)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: from Pharaoh).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohgenitive object of ἐκ (Pharaoh as the source of the priestly allotment)→ participant identificationΦαραω: the royal source of the priestly stipend means the priests were already on a royal salary — they never experienced the monetary crisis that drove others to sell.
καὶandnarrative connective (adding the practical consequence of the allotment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤσθιονthey were eatingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (imperfect: the priests' ongoing consumption of their royal allotment)→ progressive/iterative imperfect (sustained eating throughout the famine years)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the imperfect ἤσθιον marks continuous action — throughout the famine years the priests were continuously fed from their royal stipend; they had no hunger, no need to sell.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδαportion / allotmentAccusativedirect object of ἤσθιον (the specific portion they ate)→ object specificationμερίς: the repetition of μερίς (nom. v.22a, acc. v.22b) is deliberate — the allotment is both the noun-subject of the grant and the object consumed; the chiastic structure emphasizes sufficiency.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the priests' own allotment)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the priests' own allotment).
ἣνwhichAccusativeaccusative relative pronoun (referring to μερίδα: the allotment which…)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative relative pronoun (referring to μερίδα: the allotment which…).
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (Pharaoh's prior gift as the grounds of sufficiency)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: Pharaoh's gift of the priestly allotment is the historical basis for their exemption.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the priests as recipients of Pharaoh's gift)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the priests as recipients of Pharaoh's gift).
ΦαραωPharaohnominative subject of ἔδωκεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject of ἔδωκεν (indeclinable).
διὰbecause of / thereforepreposition + accusative (causal: διὰ τοῦτο = 'for this reason')→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'because of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (causal: διὰ τοῦτο = 'for this reason').
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (resuming the entire prior argument as the reason)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; διὰ τοῦτο is the standard resumptive causal phrase — 'for this reason (= because of all the above), therefore they did not sell their land.'
οὐκnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπώλησανsoldAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πωλέωmain verb (the conclusion: the priests did not sell their land)→ constative aoristπωλέω: the same verb used at v.20 for the Egyptians who DID sell; the contrast is deliberate — everyone sold except the priests.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἐπώλησαν (negated: the land they did not sell)→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as direct object of ἐπώλησαν (negated: the land they did not sell).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
23

Εἶπεν δὲ Ιωσηφ παντὶ τῷ λαῷ· Ἰδοὺ κέκτημαι ὑμᾶς καὶ τὴν γῆν ὑμῶν σήμερον τῷ Φαραω· λάβετε ἑαυτοῖς σπέρμα καὶ σπείρετε τὴν γῆν·

And Joseph said to all the people: 'Behold, I have acquired you and your land today for Pharaoh; take seed for yourselves and sow the land;'

Joseph's decree — announcing the acquisition and distributing seedΕἶπεν δέ
Joseph addresses all the people directly (παντὶ τῷ λαῷ) to announce the completed acquisition (κέκτημαι — perfect: 'I have now acquired you and your land for Pharaoh') and immediately follow with seed-distribution. The perfect tense is legally significant: the acquisition is a settled, present fact. The simultaneous giving of seed ensures that servitude is not mere exploitation but a productive arrangement — the new tenant-farmers are immediately equipped to cultivate.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Joseph's official proclamation to all the people)→ constative aoristΕἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
παντὶto allDativeattributive adjective with dative (universal audience: 'to all the people')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the address to the whole people marks this as a public declaration rather than a private negotiation.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative indirect object (the recipients of the announcement)→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; the same word used at v.21 for those reduced to servitude — now Joseph addresses them formally as their new administrative head.
Ἰδοὺbeholddeictic particle (marking the formal declaration)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold, look'; marks the official declaration as a present, verifiable reality — 'look, this is now the legal situation.'
κέκτημαιI have acquiredPf Mid Indic 1 Sg · κτάομαιmain verb (perfect: the acquisition is a settled legal present reality)→ intensive perfect (the acquisition is complete and its effects now stand)κτάομαι: the perfect κέκτημαι — 'I have acquired and now hold' — is the legally decisive statement; the same root in aorist at vv.19, 20, 22 narrates the process; the perfect here declares the accomplished result.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of κέκτημαι (first: the people as acquired persons)→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of κέκτημαι (first: the people as acquired persons).
καὶandconnective (enumerating what is acquired)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κέκτημαι (second: the land)→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as direct object of κέκτημαι (second: the land).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (previously theirs, now acquired)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (previously theirs, now acquired).
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb (marking the present legal moment of the acquisition)→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; the temporal marker underscores the immediacy — the acquisition is legally complete at this moment, not a future intention.
τῷforDativearticle with dative of advantage→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative of advantage (Pharaoh as the beneficiary of the acquisition)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (Pharaoh as the beneficiary of the acquisition).
λάβετεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (second command: distribution of seed to the new tenant-farmers)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive instruction to take seed now)λαμβάνω: 'take, receive'; the aorist imperative moves immediately from the declaration of acquisition to the practical restoration — seed is given so cultivation can begin.
ἑαυτοῖςfor yourselvesDativereflexive dative (for their own use and benefit)→ sphere or referenceἑαυτός: 'oneself'; the reflexive ἑαυτοῖς indicates that the seed is given to them for their own benefit — they take it, sow it, and benefit from four-fifths of the harvest.
σπέρμαseedAccusativedirect object of λάβετε→ object specificationσπέρμα: 'seed for sowing'; the Egyptians had requested σπέρμα at v.19; Joseph fulfills the request immediately alongside the announcement of their servitude — the two go together.
καὶandconnective (introducing the parallel command to sow)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπείρετεsowPres Act Impv 2 Pl · σπείρωmain verb (progressive imperative: begin sowing and continue)→ progressive imperative (ongoing agricultural activity)σπείρω: 'sow, plant'; the present imperative is progressive — not just 'sow once' but begin the agricultural cycle that will sustain them. The restoration of sowing closes the circle of the famine: what the famine stopped, the seed begins again.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of σπείρετε (the land to be sowed — the land they have just surrendered)→ object specificationγῆ: the land they are now sowing is Pharaoh's land — they are tenant-farmers on what was once their own soil; this is the structural implication of the fifth-part statute in v.24.
24

καὶ ἔσται τὰ γενήματα αὐτῆς, καὶ δώσετε τὸ πέμπτον τῷ Φαραω, τὰ δὲ τέσσαρα μέρη ἔσται ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς εἰς σπέρμα τῇ γῇ καὶ εἰς βρῶσιν ὑμῖν καὶ πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις ὑμῶν.

And its produce will come, and you shall give the fifth part to Pharaoh, and the four parts will be for you yourselves — for seed for the land and for food for you and for all who are in your houses.

Joseph's statute — the fifth-part rule establishing the ongoing agricultural arrangementκαὶ ἔσται
The fifth-part statute (τὸ πέμπτον — 20% to Pharaoh) is the legal heart of the famine administration's resolution. The ratio is notably moderate: four-fifths (80%) remains with the cultivators, covering seed (future production), food (present consumption), and household needs. The statute is established for all time — v.26 will confirm it as law to the present day. In the broader Genesis-Exodus narrative, this arrangement of tenant-farming under a divine-proxy administrator anticipates the Israelites' own situation under a Pharaoh who 'did not know Joseph' (Exod 1:8).
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative connective (continuation of Joseph's decree)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιwill be / will comeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (future: the expected production of the land)→ predictive futureεἰμί: the future ἔσται with τὰ γενήματα ('the produce will be') establishes the statutory framework for when the harvest comes — the arrangement is prospective and permanent.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενήματαproduce / yieldNominativesubject of ἔσται (the agricultural produce when it comes)→ participant prominenceγένημα: 'fruit, produce, yield of the ground'; renders תְּבוּאָה ('produce, harvest yield'); a collective term for everything the land produces in a harvest.
αὐτῆςof itGenitivegenitive of source (the land's produce — γῆν from v.23 is the antecedent)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'of it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of source (the land's produce — γῆν from v.23 is the antecedent).
καὶandconnective (introducing the statutory obligation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσετεyou shall giveFut Act Indic 2 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (future with imperatival force: the statutory tithe to Pharaoh)→ imperatival future (a legal obligation stated as a binding rule)δίδωμι: the future δώσετε here functions as a legislative command — 'you SHALL give'; the statute-language uses the future indicative as a binding obligation, not merely a prediction.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέμπτονfifth partAccusativedirect object of δώσετε (the portion owed to Pharaoh: one-fifth = 20%)→ object specificationπέμπτος: 'fifth'; τὸ πέμπτον = one-fifth of the produce. The 20% tax rate is notably moderate compared to ancient Near Eastern norms (some systems ran 33%–50%); the arrangement is sustainable for the cultivators who retain four-fifths.
τῷtoDativearticle with dative of advantage→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative of advantage (the recipient of the fifth-part tithe)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (the recipient of the fifth-part tithe).
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲand / butcontrastive connective (the other four-fifths as the counter-portion)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τέσσαραfourNominativeindeclinable numeral (modifying μέρη: four parts)→ measure or countτέσσαρες: 'four'; τὰ τέσσαρα μέρη = four-fifths (80%) — the larger portion for the cultivators.
μέρηpartsNominativesubject of ἔσται (the four parts that belong to the people)→ participant prominenceμέρος: 'part, portion, share'; the same root as μερίς (v.22) — the statutory fraction of the harvest.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the four parts allocated to the people)→ predictive/imperatival futureεἰμί (fut.): copula.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of advantage (the cultivators as beneficiaries of the four-fifths)→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (the cultivators as beneficiaries of the four-fifths).
αὐτοῖςyourselvesDativeintensive/reflexive pronoun (emphasizing that the four-fifths belongs to the people themselves)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the intensive ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς — 'for you yourselves' — emphasizes that the cultivators genuinely keep four-fifths; it is not merely theoretical.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: what the four-fifths is for)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: what the four-fifths is for).
σπέρμαseedAccusativeaccusative of purpose (first use of the four-fifths: seed for next year)→ object specificationσπέρμα: 'seed'; one portion of the four-fifths must be set aside as seed-grain to ensure next year's planting cycle continues — a sustainable agricultural provision.
τῇfor theDativearticle with dative→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of advantage (seed given to the land — for the land to produce)→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of advantage (seed given to the land — for the land to produce).
καὶandconnective (adding second purpose of the four-fifths)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: second use)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: second use).
βρῶσινfood / eatingAccusativeaccusative of purpose (second use: food for the people and households)→ object specificationβρῶσις: 'food, nourishment, act of eating'; renders אֹכֶל ('food'); cf. John 6:27 (βρῶσις ἡ μένουσα — 'the food that endures'); the allocation ensures both agricultural reproduction (seed) and human sustenance (food).
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of advantage (food for the cultivators themselves)→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (food for the cultivators themselves).
καὶandconnective (extending the food allocation to dependents)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσινallDativedative adjective (comprehensive: 'all those in your houses')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: the food is not just for the primary cultivators but for all household dependents — wives, children, and servants — a household-comprehensive provision.
τοῖςthoseDativearticle used as demonstrative (substantival: 'those who are')→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: in the houses)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: in the houses).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκοιςhouses / householdsDativedative of location (the household members as the recipients of food)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house, household'; the phrase 'all in your houses' extends the food provision to every member of the family unit — a comprehensive welfare element within the statute.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
25

Καὶ εἶπον· Σεσωκας ἡμᾶς· εὕρομεν χάριν ἐναντίον τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν· ἐσόμεθα παῖδες Φαραω.

And they said: 'You have saved us; may we find favor before our lord; we will be servants of Pharaoh.'

The people's acceptance and gratitudeΚαὶ εἶπον
The Egyptians' response is one of gratitude rather than resentment: σεσωκας ἡμᾶς ('you have saved us') acknowledges that Joseph's administration, however stringent, has preserved their lives. The perfect σεσωκας states a present reality — they are saved, alive. The willing declaration ἐσόμεθα παῖδες Φαραω ('we will be servants of Pharaoh') confirms their acceptance of the new status. The word σῴζω ('save') here echoes its uses throughout the Joseph narrative (Gen 45:7; 50:20) and prefigures its NT resonance as the salvific verb par excellence.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
Καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the people's response to Joseph's decree)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'say / speak'; the men of Jabesh collectively appeal to Nahash; the 3rd plural form introduces their offer of vassalage.
Σεσωκαςyou have saved usPf Act Indic 2 Sg · σῴζωmain verb (perfect: the accomplished salvation now standing as present reality)→ intensive perfect (completed salvation with ongoing effect: 'we are now saved')σῴζω: 'save, preserve, rescue'; the perfect σεσωκας — 'you have saved us and the salvation stands' — is the theological climax of the people's speech. Joseph's famine administration, seen from inside, is an act of salvation. The verb σῴζω runs through Gen 45:7 (God sent me to save life) and 50:20 (to bring many people to life); here the Egyptians themselves name it. NT σωτηρία language grows from this root.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of σεσωκας→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of σεσωκας.
εὕρομενwe have foundAor Act Indic 1 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (second statement: gratitude expressed as finding favor)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; εὕρομεν χάριν ('we have found favor') is a Hebraism of מָצָאנוּ חֵן — the standard idiom for receiving gracious reception and goodwill from a superior (cf. Gen 6:8 — Noah found favor; Gen 32:5 — Jacob seeks Esau's favor; Luke 1:30 — Mary found favor with God).
χάρινfavor / graceAccusativedirect object of εὕρομεν→ object specificationχάρις: 'grace, favor, goodwill'; the object of the Hebraic find-favor formula; in the LXX χάρις renders חֵן, the undeserved benevolence of a superior; the Egyptians acknowledge that Joseph has treated them with favor, not merely with cold administration.
ἐναντίονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in the presence/eyes of our lord)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by improper preposition + genitive (in the presence/eyes of our lord).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (Joseph addressed as 'our lord')→ relational specificationκυρίου: meaning 'lord'; it serves as genitive object of ἐναντίον (Joseph addressed as 'our lord').
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐσόμεθαwe will beFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (the voluntary acceptance of servant-status as the arrangement's conclusion)→ predictive future (voluntary commitment to the new arrangement)εἰμί: the future ἐσόμεθα echoes v.19 (ἐσόμεθα παῖδες Φαραω) — what the Egyptians offered in desperation, they now confirm in gratitude; the circular quotation seals the agreement.
παῖδεςservantsNominativepredicate nominative (the new legal and relational status: Pharaoh's servants)→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant'; the agreement is complete — the Egyptians voluntarily confirm the servitude they offered in v.19; the social contract of the famine is sealed by mutual consent.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose servants they are)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose servants they are).
26

Καὶ ἔθετο αὐτοῖς Ιωσηφ εἰς πρόσταγμα ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ἐπὶ γῆν Αἰγύπτου τῷ Φαραω ἀποπεμπέσθαι τὸ πέμπτον· χωρὶς τῆς γῆς τῶν ἱερέων μόνον, ἣ οὐκ ἦν Φαραω.

And Joseph established for them as a statute to this day over the land of Egypt that the fifth part should be sent to Pharaoh; except only the land of the priests, which did not belong to Pharaoh.

Legal codification — the fifth-part statute as permanent lawΚαὶ ἔθετο
Joseph formalizes the fifth-part arrangement into permanent statute (εἰς πρόσταγμα): it is law 'to this day' (ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης), the narrator's own time. The priestly exemption (vv.22, 26) is repeated to close the unit, creating a frame. The word πρόσταγμα ('commandment, statute, decree') is the legal term for binding legislation — what was agreed in conversation is now codified as royal decree.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
Καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοestablished / setAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (Joseph formally codifying the arrangement as law)→ constative aorist (single act of legal codification)τίθημι: 'set, place, establish'; the middle ἔθετο has the sense 'established for them' — Joseph sets the statute in place on behalf of Pharaoh. The verb is used for establishing laws and covenants throughout the LXX (cf. Gen 17:2; Exod 21:1).
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage (the Egyptians as those for whom the statute is established)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'for them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (the Egyptians as those for whom the statute is established).
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (expressing the resulting legal status: 'as a statute')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (expressing the resulting legal status: 'as a statute').
πρόσταγμαstatute / decreeAccusativeaccusative of result/status (the legal category into which Joseph places the arrangement)→ object specificationπρόσταγμα: 'commandment, decree, statute'; renders חֹק ('statute, fixed rule'); a binding legal ordinance — not merely a practical arrangement but a permanently codified law; cf. πρόσταγμα at Rom 13:2 ('ordinance of God') and Acts 17:7 ('decrees of Caesar').
ἕωςuntil / topreposition + genitive (temporal limit: to this day)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until, as far as'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης is the narrator's own reference point — 'up to the present day'; the formula recurs throughout the Pentateuch to connect ancient events to the narrator's time (cf. Gen 26:33; Deut 34:6).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (the temporal terminus: 'until this day')→ relational specificationἡμέρας: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive of time (the temporal terminus: 'until this day').
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (pointing to the narrator's own present)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the narrator asserts that the statute was still in force in his own time — a historical claim that grounds the narrative in real institutional memory.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (scope of authority: over the land of Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (scope of authority: over the land of Egypt).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the territory under the statute)→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί (the territory under the statute).
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution (which land: Egypt)→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of attribution (which land: Egypt).
τῷtoDativearticle with dative of advantage→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαραωPharaohdative of advantage (the beneficiary of the statutory tithe)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative of advantage (the beneficiary of the statutory tithe).
ἀποπεμπέσθαιto be sent / renderedPres Pass Inf · ἀποπέμπωinfinitive (content of the statute: what is legally required — the fifth to be rendered)→ progressive infinitive (ongoing, repeated obligation)ἀποπέμπω: 'send away, dispatch, render'; the passive infinitive specifies the statutory obligation — the fifth part 'to be sent' to Pharaoh; the progressive present implies an ongoing, annual obligation.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέμπτονfifth partAccusativeaccusative subject of ἀποπεμπέσθαι (the subject of the passive infinitive)→ object specificationπέμπτος: the 20% grain-tithe — repeated from v.24 (τὸ πέμπτον) as the definitional content of the statute.
χωρὶςexcept / apart fromimproper preposition + genitive (exception: the priestly land)→ spatial or relational framingχωρίς: 'apart from, without, except'; the exception-preposition marks the single exemption, closing the unit with the same priestly carve-out noted at v.22.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with genitive of exception→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of exception (object of χωρίς)→ relational specificationγῆς: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive of exception (object of χωρίς).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωνpriestsGenitivegenitive of attribution (the priestly land that is exempt)→ relational specificationἱερέων: meaning 'priests'; it serves as genitive of attribution (the priestly land that is exempt).
μόνονonlyadverb restricting the exemption to the priestly land alone→ clausal contributionμόνον: meaning 'only'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
whichNominativenominative relative pronoun (antecedent γῆς: the priestly land which…)→ participant referenceἣ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominative relative pronoun (antecedent γῆς: the priestly land which…).
οὐκnotnegation particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause (the priestly land never became Pharaoh's)→ progressive imperfect (the state of non-ownership throughout the period)εἰμί: the imperfect ἦν ('was' — and had been, and continued to be) states the enduring non-ownership of the priestly land — it was not, is not, and was never Pharaoh's.
ΦαραωPharaohindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: the land did not belong to Pharaoh)→ participant identificationΦαραω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: the land did not belong to Pharaoh).
27

Κατῴκησεν δὲ Ισραηλ ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτου, ἐν τῇ Γεσεμ, καὶ ἐκληρονόμησαν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ηὐξήθησαν καὶ ἐπληθύνθησαν σφόδρα.

And Israel dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Gesem, and they took possession in it and they grew and they multiplied greatly.

Narrative counterpoint — Israel thrives while Egypt is impoverishedΚατῴκησεν δέ
The verse is the sharpest contrast in the chapter: while the entire Egyptian population has just been reduced to landless bondservants (vv.20–21), Israel in Gesem is dwelling, possessing, growing, and multiplying greatly. The fourfold positive verbs (κατῴκησεν, ἐκληρονόμησαν, ηὐξήθησαν, ἐπληθύνθησαν) echo the blessing-language of the creation mandate (Gen 1:28) and the Abrahamic promises (Gen 17:2, 6). The name-shift to Ισραηλ (covenant name, not personal name Ιακωβ) signals that the covenantal community is in view, not merely a family. The fulfillment anticipates Exod 1:7, which almost verbatim repeats this growth-language as the trigger for the oppression.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
Κατῴκησενdwelt / settledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (Israel's permanent, settled residence in Gesem)→ constative aorist (the settlement as a decisive, completed establishment)κατοικέω: 'settle, dwell permanently'; the same root that Pharaoh used in granting the settlement (v.6, κατοικείτωσαν); now the narrative confirms it as an accomplished fact.
δὲandnarrative connective (contrastive: marking the pivot from Egypt's impoverishment to Israel's flourishing)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelnominative subject (indeclinable; covenant name, not personal name Ιακωβ)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the covenant name is used for the community as a whole — not the individual patriarch Jacob but the collective covenantal people; this signals that the growth described is not merely demographic but the fulfillment of Abrahamic promise.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of attribution.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: more specific designation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: more specific designation).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓεσεμGesemindeclinable proper noun (dative by context: the region of Goshen)→ participant identificationΓεσεμ: the region specifically granted to Israel as a κατάσχεσις (v.11); here qualified by the article (τῇ Γεσεμ) — the known, specific region. It is used again at Exod 8:22; 9:26 as the region God protects from the plagues.
καὶandnarrative connective (sequential and cumulative: each verb adds to the flourishing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκληρονόμησανthey took possession / inheritedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κληρονομέωmain verb (Israel's legal possession of Gesem as their inherited territory)→ constative aoristκληρονομέω: 'inherit, take as one's possession, receive as an inheritance'; the verb is loaded with covenantal meaning — the promised land is to be Israel's κληρονομία ('inheritance'); here Israel takes possession (κληρονομεῖ) of Gesem, a foreshadowing in Egyptian territory of the inheritance promised in Canaan.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: within Gesem)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: within Gesem).
αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν (referring to γῇ Γεσεμ: in the land of Gesem)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν (referring to γῇ Γεσεμ: in the land of Gesem).
καὶandconnective (adding the third verb of flourishing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ηὐξήθησανthey grewAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · αὐξάνωmain verb (third verb of increase: growth in population and strength)→ constative aorist (summarizing growth over the period)αὐξάνω: 'grow, increase, become great'; the passive ηὐξήθησαν implies divine blessing as the agent — they were made to grow; cf. Gen 1:28 (αὐξάνεσθε καὶ πληθύνεσθε — 'grow and multiply') and Exod 1:7 (ηὐξήθησαν — the precise resumption of this verse).
καὶandconnective (adding the fourth verb of increase)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπληθύνθησανthey multipliedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πληθύνωmain verb (fourth verb: numerical multiplication of the population)→ constative aoristπληθύνω: 'multiply, increase in number'; the divine-blessing verb of Gen 1:28 and the Abrahamic covenant (Gen 17:2, 6; 22:17). The twin verbs ηὐξήθησαν καὶ ἐπληθύνθησαν echo the creation blessing and the patriarchal promises simultaneously — Israel's growth in Egypt is covenant-fulfillment.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying both verbs of increase)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly, very much'; the same adverb used in v.13 of the famine's severity — the intensity of the growth of Israel matches and surpasses the intensity of Egypt's affliction; the word is deliberate: while Egypt is σφόδρα afflicted, Israel σφόδρα multiplies.
28

Ἔζησεν δὲ Ιακωβ ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτου δέκα ἑπτὰ ἔτη· ἐγένοντο δὲ αἱ ἡμέραι Ιακωβ, τὰ ἔτη τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ, ἑκατὸν τεσσαράκοντα ἑπτά.

And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years; and the days of Jacob, the years of his life, were one hundred and forty-seven.

Narrative hinge — Jacob's seventeen years in Egypt and total lifespanἜζησεν δέ
The dual notice — years in Egypt (17) and total lifespan (147) — is a standard patriarchal death-notice formula (cf. Gen 5; Gen 25:7; 35:28). The symmetry of the numbers is striking: Jacob spent 17 years raising Joseph in Canaan (Gen 37:2 — Joseph was 17 at the time of his sale) and now 17 years with Joseph in Egypt; the mirrored numbers form an inclusio in the Jacob-Joseph narrative. The total 147 years falls short of Abraham (175) and Isaac (180) — Jacob's own lament at v.9 is confirmed in the arithmetic.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἜζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (Jacob's years in Egypt: the summary of his Egyptian sojourn)→ constative aorist (the completed period of Egyptian residence)ζάω: 'live'; the aorist summarizes the 17 years as a completed whole; the same verb used in v.9 by Jacob to describe what the fathers did ('which they themselves lived') — now his own remaining years are counted and closed.
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobnominative subject (indeclinable; personal name, not covenant name)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: the personal name is used for the death-notice, as it is throughout the patriarchal genealogical records; the narrative reverts to the personal name for the mortality register.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of location→ sphere or referenceγῇ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative of location.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of attribution→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of attribution.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral (part of the compound 17)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (completing 17 = δέκα ἑπτά)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the 17 years in Egypt mirrors Jacob's 17 years with Joseph before the sale (Gen 37:2) — a biographical symmetry framing the Joseph narrative.
ἔτηyearsNominativeaccusative of duration (the period of time in Egypt)→ participant prominenceἔτος: 'year'; the unit of measurement for the Egyptian sojourn.
ἐγένοντοwere / came to beAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (the total lifespan stated as a narrative fact)→ constative aorist (the lifespan summed as a completed whole)γίνομαι: 'become, be, amount to'; ἐγένοντο here is an arithmetical-summary verb — 'the days amounted to X years.'
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of ἐγένοντο (patriarchal lifespan formula)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the 'days of Jacob' is the standard patriarchal formula (cf. Gen 5:4, 8, 11 etc.) rendering יְמֵי — the total count of a life expressed as days.
ΙακωβJacobindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose days are counted)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose days are counted).
τὰtheNominativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτηyearsNominativeappositive to αἱ ἡμέραι (explaining the unit: 'the years of his life')→ participant prominenceἔτος: the appositive τὰ ἔτη τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ restates 'the days' in terms of 'the years' — a standard patriarchal formula used to give the total lifespan.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with genitive of definition→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive of definition (the life constituted by those years)→ relational specificationζωῆς: meaning 'life'; it serves as genitive of definition (the life constituted by those years).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Jacob's life)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Jacob's life).
ἑκατὸνone hundredindeclinable numeral→ measure or countἑκατὸν: meaning 'one hundred'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
τεσσαράκονταfortyindeclinable numeral→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: meaning 'forty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἑπτάsevenindeclinable numeral (completing 147 total years)→ measure or countἑπτά: Jacob at 147 years falls short of Abraham (175, Gen 25:7) and Isaac (180, Gen 35:28) — confirming his own lament at v.9 that his days were 'few'; yet 147 is itself a long life, and the 17 years in Egypt add the sweetest final chapter.
29

Ἤγγισαν δὲ αἱ ἡμέραι Ισραηλ τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν, καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ Ιωσηφ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Εἰ εὕρηκα χάριν ἐναντίον σου, ὑπόθες τὴν χεῖρά σου ὑπὸ τὸν μηρόν μου καὶ ποιήσεις ἐπ᾿ ἐμὲ ἔλεος καὶ ἀλήθειαν τοῦ μὴ θάψαι με ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ·

And the days of Israel drew near to die, and he called his son Joseph and said to him: 'If I have found favor before you, place your hand under my thigh and you will deal with me in steadfast love and faithfulness, not to bury me in Egypt;'

Narrative transition — approaching death; the patriarchal thigh-oath invokedἬγγισαν δέ
The approach of death (ἤγγισαν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν) triggers the formal oath-taking sequence. The name-shift to Ισραηλ signals again the covenant dimension: the dying patriarch, as covenant bearer, must secure the perpetuation of the promise by ensuring burial in the promised land. The thigh-oath (ὑπόθες τὴν χεῖρά σου ὑπὸ τὸν μηρόν μου) is the most solemn form of oath in the patriarchal tradition, first used by Abraham in Gen 24:2; the physical gesture places the oath under the covenant of circumcision. The paired ἔλεος καὶ ἀλήθεια ('steadfast love and faithfulness') renders the Hebrew חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת — the covenant-loyalty dyad; cf. John 1:14 (χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας).
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
Ἤγγισανdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐγγίζωmain verb (the days approaching: death imminent)→ ingressive aorist (the beginning of the dying process)ἐγγίζω: 'draw near, approach'; the aorist Ἤγγισαν marks the onset of proximity to death — the days have begun to close in. Cf. Luke 21:20 (ἤγγισεν ἡ ἐρήμωσις — 'the desolation has drawn near'); James 5:8 (ἤγγικεν ἡ παρουσία — 'the coming has drawn near').
δὲandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of Ἤγγισαν (the days personified as approaching death)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the 'days' drawing near to die echoes the death-notice formula of v.28 — Jacob's 'days' (lifespan) are now at their terminus.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitive by context: whose days)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the covenant name returns — in the dying patriarch's final acts, the covenantal dimension is foregrounded.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (genitive of purpose: 'to die')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποθανεῖνto dieAor Act Inf · ἀποθνῄσκωinfinitive of purpose/goal (the approach has death as its terminus)→ ingressive/culminative aorist infinitiveἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν specifies the telos of the approaching days — death as the endpoint; the construction is a Hebraism calquing לָמוּת.
καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / summonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Jacob's summons of Joseph for the death-bed oath)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, summon'; the aorist ἐκάλεσεν is the formal summons for a serious purpose; the same verb marks significant divine and human callings throughout Genesis.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the filial relationship underlines the personal and covenantal nature of the oath — not a legal formality with a servant but a patriarchal charge upon the chosen heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΙωσηφJosephaccusative in apposition (identifying the son: Joseph)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative in apposition (identifying the son: Joseph).
καὶandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing Jacob's deathbed charge)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Joseph as the recipient of the charge)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Joseph as the recipient of the charge).
Εἰifconditional particle introducing a polite request (first-class condition used as courtesy formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: the first-class conditional εἰ εὕρηκα χάριν ('if I have found favor') is not an expression of doubt but a Near Eastern courtesy formula — 'if you regard me with favor, then do this'; cf. the same formula at Gen 18:3; 33:10; 34:11.
εὕρηκαI have foundPf Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of the conditional clause (perfect: the established relationship of favor)→ intensive perfect (favor found and now standing in the relationship)εὑρίσκω: the perfect εὕρηκα — 'I have found [and hold] favor' — asserts the existing relationship of grace between Jacob and Joseph as the ground for the petition.
χάρινfavorAccusativedirect object of εὕρηκα (the found favor as the basis of the appeal)→ object specificationχάρις: 'grace, favor'; see v.25 note; the favor-formula here inverts the Egyptians' usage — there it was the people finding favor with their lord; here the dying patriarch appeals to his son.
ἐναντίονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (in your eyes / estimation)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by improper preposition + genitive (in your eyes / estimation).
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον (Joseph as the one whose favor is sought)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐναντίον (Joseph as the one whose favor is sought).
ὑπόθεςplace / put underAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑποτίθημιmain verb (the oath-gesture: placing the hand under the thigh)→ ingressive aorist imperative (perform the gesture now)ὑποτίθημι: 'place under'; the compound ὑπό + τίθημι specifies the direction — the hand goes under the thigh. This is the most solemn oath-gesture in the patriarchal tradition (cf. Gen 24:2 — Abraham to his servant); placing the hand under the thigh is associated with the covenant of circumcision, invoking the Abrahamic covenant as the frame of the oath.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandAccusativedirect object of ὑπόθες (the hand as the instrument of the oath-gesture)→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the hand placed under the thigh is the physical embodiment of the oath — a solemn gesture that cannot be retracted.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (Joseph's hand)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Joseph's hand).
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (direction: under the thigh)→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: under the thigh).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηρόνthighAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό (the location: under Jacob's thigh)→ object specificationμηρός: 'thigh'; the thigh is the site of circumcision and thus the covenant sign par excellence; the oath by placing the hand here invokes the Abrahamic covenant as the binding framework (cf. Gen 24:2, 9 — Abraham's servant; Gen 46:26 — 'from his thigh' as a genealogical formula).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (Jacob's thigh)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Jacob's thigh).
καὶandconnective (adding the content of the covenant obligation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou will do / dealFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future: the binding obligation of the oath)→ imperatival future (a binding commitment to act)ποιέω: 'do, make, perform'; ποιήσεις ἔλεος καὶ ἀλήθειαν — 'you will deal in steadfast love and faithfulness' — is a covenant-action formula rendering עֲשֵׂה חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת; cf. Mic 7:20; John 1:14.
ἐπ᾿upon / towardpreposition + accusative (direction of the covenant action: toward Jacob)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of the covenant action: toward Jacob).
ἐμὲmeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the beneficiary of the covenant action: Jacob himself)→ participant referenceἐμὲ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (the beneficiary of the covenant action: Jacob himself).
ἔλεοςsteadfast love / mercyAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις (first: the covenant quality of loyal love)→ object specificationἔλεος: 'mercy, loving-kindness'; renders חֶסֶד (ḥesed), the covenant-loyalty that goes beyond obligation — the same word at Ruth 1:8; 3:10 and throughout the LXX for loyal covenant love; cf. Heb 4:16 (θρόνον τῆς χάριτος — 'throne of grace').
καὶandconnective (joining the two covenant qualities)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλήθειανfaithfulness / truthAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις (second: faithful reliability in keeping the commitment)→ object specificationἀλήθεια: 'truth, faithfulness'; renders אֱמֶת; the dyad ἔλεος καὶ ἀλήθεια ('steadfast love and faithfulness') is a fixed pair in covenantal contexts (Gen 24:27; 32:10; Ps 25:10; 85:11; John 1:14, 17 — the Prologue uses χάριν καὶ ἀλήθειαν for the incarnate Word).
τοῦso as not toGenitivearticle with negative infinitive of purpose→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegation particle (with infinitive: negative purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάψαιto buryAor Act Inf · θάπτωinfinitive of purpose/result (the specific content of the covenant action: NOT to bury in Egypt)→ constative aorist infinitiveθάπτω: 'bury'; the negative purpose clause τοῦ μὴ θάψαι με ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ specifies the exact content of the covenant obligation — not burial in Egypt but in the ancestral tomb of Canaan.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (Jacob as the one not to be buried in Egypt)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive (Jacob as the one not to be buried in Egypt).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: the forbidden burial site)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: the forbidden burial site).
ΑἰγύπτῳEgyptDativedative of location (the land where Jacob must NOT be buried)→ sphere or referenceΑἴγυπτος: Egypt is the land of sojourning (παροίκησις, v.9) and the place of exile; Jacob's bones must return to Canaan — the land of promise — to embody the physical enactment of the covenant's land-promise (cf. Gen 49:29–32; 50:12–14; Heb 11:22 — Joseph by faith made mention of the bones of the Israelites).
30

ἀλλὰ κοιμηθήσομαι μετὰ τῶν πατέρων μου, καὶ ἄρεις με ἐξ Αἰγύπτου καὶ θάψεις με ἐν τῷ τάφῳ αὐτῶν. Εἶπεν δὲ Ιωσηφ· Ἐγὼ ποιήσω κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου.

'but I will lie down with my fathers, and you will carry me out of Egypt and bury me in their tomb.' And Joseph said: 'I myself will do according to your word.'

The patriarch's burial wish and Joseph's sworn promiseἀλλά
The adversative ἀλλά ('but') pivots from the negative (not buried in Egypt) to the positive (buried with the fathers). The three future tenses (κοιμηθήσομαι, ἄρεις, θάψεις) articulate the covenant content of the oath: Jacob will 'lie down' (κοιμηθήσομαι, the LXX's standard euphemism for death — cf. 1 Kgs 2:10; 11:43; Acts 13:36 — 'David fell asleep'); Joseph will carry him out and bury him in the ancestral cave. Joseph's response Ἐγὼ ποιήσω κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου ('I myself will do according to your word') is emphatic: the intensive Ἐγώ singles out Joseph as the one who personally guarantees the obligation.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction (pivoting from what Jacob does not want to what he does want)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: the strong adversative pivots from the negative (τοῦ μὴ θάψαι με ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ) to the positive covenant content.
κοιμηθήσομαιI will lie down / sleepFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb (euphemism for death: 'I will lie down with my fathers')→ predictive futureκοιμάω: 'put to sleep; (pass.) lie down, fall asleep, sleep'; the passive κοιμηθήσομαι is the standard LXX euphemism for death (renders יִשְׁכַּב עִם אֲבֹתָיו), used throughout Kings and Chronicles for royal deaths; NT uses the same: Acts 7:60 (Stephen 'fell asleep'); 1 Cor 15:20 (Christ 'the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep'); 1 Thess 4:13–14.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association: lying down with)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association: lying down with).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά (the ancestors: Abraham and Isaac, buried at Machpelah)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father, ancestor'; 'lying down with the fathers' means joining them in the ancestral tomb at the cave of Machpelah (Gen 23:19; 25:9–10) — burial in the promised land as physical enactment of covenant claim.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconnective (adding Joseph's two obligations)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρειςyou will carry / liftFut Act Indic 2 Sg · αἴρωmain verb (Joseph's first obligation: removing Jacob's body from Egypt)→ imperatival future (binding obligation)αἴρω: 'take up, lift, carry away'; the future ἄρεις is imperatival — Joseph must physically carry Jacob's body out of Egypt; cf. Joseph's own bones carried out at the Exodus (Exod 13:19; Heb 11:22).
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἄρεις (Jacob's body to be removed from Egypt)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἄρεις (Jacob's body to be removed from Egypt).
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (ablative: removal from Egypt)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (ablative: removal from Egypt).
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (the place of departure)→ participant identificationΑἰγύπτου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of ἐξ (the place of departure).
καὶandconnective (Joseph's second obligation: burial in the ancestral tomb)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάψειςyou will buryFut Act Indic 2 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (Joseph's second obligation: burial in the family tomb at Machpelah)→ imperatival futureθάπτω: 'bury'; the positively specified obligation — burial in the ancestral tomb — completes the covenant content; the future θάψεις echoes the negative τοῦ μὴ θάψαι of v.29, forming the two sides of the same obligation.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of θάψεις→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θάψεις.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: the place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: the place of burial).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφῳtombDativedative of location (the ancestral tomb at Machpelah)→ sphere or referenceτάφος: 'tomb, burial place'; the family tomb purchased by Abraham at Machpelah (Gen 23) where Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah, and Leah are buried (Gen 49:31); this is the first piece of real property the patriarchs owned in Canaan — burial there is a physical assertion of covenant claim.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the tomb of the patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, and their wives)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the tomb of the patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, and their wives).
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Joseph's response to the charge)→ constative aoristΕἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δὲandnarrative connective (marking the speaker change)→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσηφJosephnominative subject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative subject (indeclinable).
ἘγὼI myselfNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (intensive: Joseph personally guaranteeing the obligation)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the expressed subject pronoun is emphatic where no ambiguity requires it — Joseph singles himself out as the one who will personally act: 'I, yes I, will do it.'
ποιήσωwill doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (Joseph's commitment to execute the obligation)→ predictive/commissive future (solemn personal commitment)ποιέω: 'do, perform'; the future ποιήσω is a solemn commissive — 'I will do it'; before the oath (v.31) this functions as the preliminary acceptance; the oath formalizes it.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard of compliance: 'according to your word')→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (standard of compliance: 'according to your word').
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμάwordAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the authoritative word as the standard)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word, saying, command'; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου ('according to your word') is the standard compliance formula in the LXX (cf. Gen 41:55; Num 20:24; Matt 4:4 — 'on every ῥῆμα that comes from God's mouth'); Joseph will act to the letter of his father's charge.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (Jacob's authoritative charge)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Jacob's authoritative charge).
31

Εἶπεν δέ· Ὄμοσόν μοι· καὶ ὤμοσεν αὐτῷ. Καὶ προσεκύνησεν Ισραηλ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ.

And he said: 'Swear to me'; and he swore to him. And Israel bowed upon the top of his staff.

Climax and crown — the oath formalized; Israel bows upon his staffΕἶπεν δέ
CROWN VERSE. The chapter closes with two actions: the oath sworn (ὤμοσεν αὐτῷ), and the act of reverential bowing (προσεκύνησεν Ισραηλ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ). The second action is one of the most consequential textual cruxes in the entire LXX-NT relationship. The unpointed Hebrew מטה can be vocalized as (a) maṭṭeh ('staff') — the LXX and SP reading — or (b) miṭṭāh ('bed') — the Masoretic vocalization. The LXX read 'staff'; Hebrews 11:21 quotes this LXX phrase verbatim: καὶ προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ. This is not a loose allusion — it is a word-for-word citation of the LXX against the MT vocalization, proving that the author of Hebrews worked from a Greek scriptural text and treated the LXX wording as authoritative Scripture. The staff-image carries additional covenant freight: the ῥάβδος is the patriarchal sign of authority (Gen 38:18, 25 — Judah's staff; Gen 49:10 — 'the scepter shall not depart from Judah'). Israel bowing upon the top of his staff in solemn thanksgiving after the oath is secured is an act of covenantal worship — the same verb προσκυνέω used for obeisance to God and to royalty — here directed as reverent gratitude before God, the covenant keeper, now that the land-promise will be enacted even by his bones.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Jacob's demand for the formal oath)→ constative aoristΕἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
δέandnarrative connective→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὌμοσόνswearAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὀμνύωmain verb (Jacob's imperative: formalize the commitment as a sworn oath)→ ingressive aorist imperative (perform the oath-act now)ὀμνύω: 'swear, take an oath'; the aorist imperative Ὄμοσόν μοι elevates Joseph's spoken commitment (v.30: ποιήσω κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου) to a sworn guarantee invoking God as witness. The verb's family underlies ὅρκος ('oath') — the same vocabulary as Beer-sheba (φρέαρ τοῦ ὅρκου, 'well of the oath') at 46:1.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object (Jacob as the beneficiary of the oath)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jacob as the beneficiary of the oath).
καὶandnarrative connective (the immediate fulfillment of the demand)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσενsworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀμνύωmain verb (the oath completed: the obligation is now covenantally binding)→ constative aorist (the oath-act completed as a single event)ὀμνύω: the aorist ὤμοσεν records the formal completion of the oath. Cf. Heb 6:13–17: 'when God made his promise to Abraham, since he had no one greater to swear by, he swore by himself ... an oath for confirmation is the end of all dispute.' Joseph's oath before Jacob mirrors the divine oath-pattern: the guarantor binds himself irrevocably.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Jacob as the recipient of the sworn oath)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Jacob as the recipient of the sworn oath).
ΚαὶAndnarrative connective (introducing the crown action of the chapter)→ discourse linkage or contrastΚαὶ: meaning 'And'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενbowed / did obeisance / worshippedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωCROWN VERB — the closing act of the chapter: reverential bowing upon the top of the staff→ constative aorist (the completed act of worshipping obeisance)προσκυνέω: 'bow down, do obeisance, worship'; from πρός + κυνέω ('toward' + 'kiss') — the gesture of prostration or bowing that signifies reverence before supreme authority, divine or royal. Here Ισραηλ (the covenant name, not personal name — this is a covenantal-theological act) bows in reverential thanksgiving to God now that the burial oath is secured. TEXTUAL CRUX AND NT CITATION: Hebrews 11:21 quotes this verse verbatim — καὶ προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ — as an act of faith: 'by faith Jacob, while dying, blessed each of the sons of Joseph and bowed upon the top of his staff.' The MT vocalizes מטה as miṭṭāh ('bed'), yielding 'he bowed at the head of the bed.' The LXX vocalized the same consonants as maṭṭeh ('staff'), yielding the ῥάβδος image. The author of Hebrews cites the LXX phrase verbatim and treats it as authoritative Scripture — one of the clearest demonstrations in the entire NT that the early church's scriptural text was the Greek LXX, and that an NT author consciously prefers the LXX reading over what the Hebrew tradition will come to vocalize.
ΙσραηλIsraelnominative subject (indeclinable; the covenant name: the act is a covenantal-theological gesture)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the covenant name is used at the chapter's climax — not the personal name Ιακωβ — to signal the full theological weight of the moment. The patriarch of the covenant people, oath secured, bows in reverential gratitude to God. Hebrews 11:21 also uses Ιακωβ for the dying patriarch but quotes the LXX's ῥάβδου verbatim.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (the object upon which Israel leans and bows: the top of the staff)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: 'upon, on'; the dying patriarch leans his weight upon his staff and bows his head upon it — the physical posture of an elderly man requiring support rendered theologically as an act of worship. Heb 11:21 cites ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ verbatim.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρονtop / tipAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the top of the staff — the point of the bowing posture)→ object specificationἄκρον: 'top, extremity, tip'; from the root ἄκρος ('topmost'); renders the Hebrew רֹאשׁ ('head, top'). The phrase τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ is quoted verbatim in Heb 11:21.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with genitive→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥάβδουstaffGenitivegenitive of definition — the CRUX WORD of the chapter→ relational specificationῥάβδος: 'staff, rod, scepter' — THE CRUX WORD. Hebrew מטה (unpointed) was read as maṭṭeh ('staff') by the LXX and Samaritan Pentateuch; the Masoretes later vocalized it as miṭṭāh ('bed'). The LXX's ῥάβδος is quoted verbatim in Heb 11:21, where the author treats the staff-image as the authoritative scriptural reading and interprets Jacob's bowing as an act of dying faith. The ῥάβδος carries patriarchal-covenantal resonance throughout the OT: Judah's staff as pledge-token (Gen 38:18, 25); Moses' staff as the instrument of the Exodus plagues; the rod of Jesse (Isa 11:1); the rod of Aaron inside the ark of the covenant (Heb 9:4); the iron scepter of Ps 2:9 (cited at Rev 2:27; 12:5; 19:15). Israel bowing upon his staff as his final act in chapter 47 merges mortality (the dying old man who needs the staff to stand) with covenant authority (the staff as the symbol of patriarchal office) into a single image of worshipping faith — exactly what the author of Hebrews reads it as: faith in action, even in dying.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Israel's staff — the instrument of the worshipping posture)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: 'his'; Hebrews 11:21 quotes τῆς ῥάβδου αὐτοῦ verbatim — the possessive pronoun is part of the cited phrase. The image is complete: the aged, dying patriarch leans his full weight on his staff and bows his head upon its top — physical frailty and covenant faith merged in a single gesture that one NT author will read as the very definition of faith: acting on the promise even while dying.