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The Book of Judges, Chapter 12ΚΡΙΤΑΙ ΙΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Jephthah's victory ends in civil bloodshed, and the book passes briefly through a line of minor judges.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Judges 12 follows the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition of the Septuagint (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Judges survives in two divergent Greek text-forms (the so-called A and B traditions), and Rahlfs prints both in parallel for much of the book; the reference text annotated here is the verbatim Rahlfs line as supplied. Judges 12 falls into two unequal halves: the Ephraimite war against Jephthah, climaxing in the shibboleth test at the fords of the Jordan (vv. 1–7), and a terse list of three minor judges — Ibzan of Bethlehem, Elon the Zebulunite, and Abdon son of Hillel (vv. 8–15). The famous shibboleth episode (vv. 5–6) turns on a dialect password: the Ephraimite fugitives could not pronounce the test-word, and here the LXX renders the Hebrew שִׁבֹּלֶת not by transliteration but by its sense, στάχυς ('ear of grain'); the giveaway is that the Ephraimite 'did not direct himself to speak it thus' (οὐ κατεύθυνεν τοῦ λαλῆσαι οὕτως), whereupon forty-two thousand of Ephraim fell (v. 6). The verb ἔθυσαν ('they slaughtered', lit. 'sacrificed') at the fords gives the killing a grim ritual coloring. The closing minor-judge notices (vv. 8–15) follow a fixed formula — judged Israel, the number of years, died, was buried — punctuated by note of large families (Ibzan's thirty sons and thirty daughters; Abdon's forty sons and thirty grandsons riding on seventy colts) as a sign of honor and prosperity.

1

καὶ ἐβόησεν ἀνὴρ Εφραιμ καὶ παρῆλθαν εἰς βορρᾶν καὶ εἶπαν πρὸς Ιεφθαε διὰ τί παρῆλθες παρατάξασθαι ἐν υἱοῖς Αμμων καὶ ἡμᾶς οὐ κέκληκας πορευθῆναι μετὰ σοῦ τὸν οἶκόν σου ἐμπρήσομεν ἐπὶ σὲ ἐν πυρί

And the men of Ephraim were called out and crossed northward and said to Jephthah, 'Why did you cross over to fight against the sons of Ammon, and you did not call us to go with you? We will burn your house over you with fire.'

New narrative scene (main narrative)καὶ ἐβόησεν ἀνὴρ Εφραιμ
The chapter opens with the Hebraizing καί-parataxis typical of Judges; the collective singular ἀνὴρ Εφραιμ ('the man/men of Ephraim') denotes the tribal levy as a unit. The Ephraimite complaint mirrors their identical grievance against Gideon (Judg 8:1), but here it escalates to an arson threat, setting up the civil war that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐβόησενwas called out / cried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb (with collective subject ἀνὴρ Εφραιμ)→ ingressive aorist (the tribal levy raises a cry / is mustered)βοάω: 'cry out / shout / call'; the singular verb agrees with the collective ἀνὴρ Εφραιμ; the B-text idiom here describes the Ephraimites being summoned/raising the war-cry as they move against Jephthah.
ἀνὴρthe man / menNominativesubject (collective singular: the tribal levy of Ephraim)ἀνήρ: 'man'; the collective singular ἀνὴρ Εφραιμ renders אִישׁ אֶפְרַיִם, a Hebrew idiom for the fighting men of a tribe taken as a single body (cf. ἀνὴρ Ισραηλ in Judg 20).
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'man of Ephraim')Εφραιμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶפְרַיִם; indeclinable in the LXX; the dominant northern tribe, recurrently aggrieved at being left out of military glory (cf. Judg 8:1).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρῆλθανthey crossed overAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρέρχομαιmain verb (movement of the Ephraimite levy)→ constative aorist (single act of crossing)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by / go over / cross'; the Hellenistic aorist ending -αν (for -ον) is common in the LXX; here the Ephraimites cross the Jordan northward to confront Jephthah in Gilead.
εἰςto / towardpreposition + accusative (direction)εἰς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
βορρᾶνnorthAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (direction: 'northward')βορρᾶς: 'north / north wind'; here a directional accusative for the crossing toward Gilead; renders צָפוֹנָה (toward Zaphon / northward), a notorious crux that the LXX reads geographically.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the Hellenistic aorist εἶπαν (for εἶπον) introduces the Ephraimite accusation against Jephthah.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΙεφθαεJephthahaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)Ιεφθαε: transliteration of Hebrew יִפְתָּח ('he opens / God opens'); indeclinable in the LXX; the Gileadite judge whose Ammonite victory (ch. 11) provokes the Ephraimite quarrel.
διὰbecause of / whypreposition + accusative (in interrogative idiom διὰ τί)διά + acc.: in the fixed interrogative phrase διὰ τί ('on account of what? / why?'), rendering Hebrew מַדּוּעַ / לָמָּה.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of διά: 'why')τίς, τί: interrogative pronoun; the neuter accusative τί with διά forms the causal question 'why?'
παρῆλθεςdid you cross overAor Act Indic 2 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb of interrogative clause→ constative aorist (Jephthah's completed crossing to war)παρέρχομαι: here 'cross over / go across' to make war; the Ephraimites object that Jephthah crossed to fight Ammon without them.
παρατάξασθαιto draw up for battle / to fightAor Mid Inf · παρατάσσωinfinitive of purpose (with παρῆλθες)→ aorist infinitive of purpose (to take the field)παρατάσσω (mid. παρατάσσομαι): 'draw up in battle array / engage in battle'; the middle infinitive expresses the purpose of the crossing; renders Hebrew לְהִלָּחֵם ('to fight').
ἐνagainst / amongpreposition + dative (Hebraizing: 'fight against')ἐν + dat.: here a Hebraism for hostile engagement ('fight with/against'), calquing the Hebrew נִלְחַם בְּ.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative object of ἐν (the foe: 'sons of Ammon')υἱός: 'son'; the idiom υἱοὶ Αμμων ('sons of Ammon') is the standard LXX designation of the Ammonites, rendering בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן.
ΑμμωνAmmongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Ammon')Αμμων: transliteration of Hebrew עַמּוֹן; indeclinable; the trans-Jordanian foe defeated by Jephthah in ch. 11.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adversative force in context)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of κέκληκας (fronted for emphasis)ἐγώ (pl. ἡμεῖς): the fronted accusative ἡμᾶς emphasizes the grievance — 'and us you did not call!'
οὐnotnegative particleοὐ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέκληκαςyou have calledPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · καλέωmain verb (perfect of standing grievance)→ resultative perfect (the failure to summon stands as an abiding affront)καλέω: 'call / summon / invite'; the perfect κέκληκας presents the non-summoning as a settled state of insult that still rankles; renders Hebrew קָרָא.
πορευθῆναιto goAor Pass Inf · πορεύομαιinfinitive complement (of κέκληκας: 'call us to go')→ constative aorist (purposive)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey / march'; the deponent aorist passive infinitive completes the sense of καλέω ('summon to go along to war').
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)μετὰ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά (accompaniment)σύ: second-person pronoun; the genitive σοῦ with μετά ('with you') names Jephthah as the leader the Ephraimites claim they should have accompanied.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκόν)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόνhouseAccusativedirect object of ἐμπρήσομεν (fronted before the verb)οἶκος: 'house / household'; renders בַּיִת; the threatened object of arson — the same threat the Ephraimites carry out against Samson's father-in-law's house (Judg 15:6) and that recurs at Judg 14:15.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἶκόν)σύ: enclitic genitive σου ('your'); the second accent on οἶκόν reflects the enclitic following it.
ἐμπρήσομενwe will burnFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ἐμπίμπρημιmain verb (threat of arson)→ minatory future (threat against Jephthah)ἐμπίμπρημι (ἐμπίπρημι): 'set on fire / burn up'; renders שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ; the future expresses a violent threat — they will burn Jephthah's house over him.
ἐπὶupon / overpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'over you')ἐπί + acc.: here 'upon / over against' in a hostile sense — the house will be burned down on top of Jephthah.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the victim of the arson)σύ: accusative σέ; the threat is comprehensive — both house and owner consumed.
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with fire')ἐν + dat.: instrumental Hebraism (בְּאֵשׁ, 'with fire').
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument (the means of burning)πῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the instrumental dative completes the arson threat.
2

καὶ εἶπεν Ιεφθαε πρὸς αὐτούς ἀνὴρ μαχητὴς ἤμην ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ λαός μου καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων σφόδρα καὶ ἐβόησα ὑμᾶς καὶ οὐκ ἐσώσατέ με ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτῶν

And Jephthah said to them, 'I was a man of strife, I and my people, and the sons of Ammon greatly oppressed me; and I called out to you, and you did not save me from their hand.'

Responsive speech-act (Jephthah's rebuttal)καὶ εἶπεν Ιεφθαε πρὸς αὐτούς
Jephthah answers the accusation point for point: he was locked in a fierce conflict (ἀνὴρ μαχητὴς ἤμην), he did summon Ephraim (ἐβόησα ὑμᾶς, answering their οὐ κέκληκας in v. 1), and they failed to deliver him. The verbal echo βοάω (their ἐβόησεν, v. 1; his ἐβόησα here) ties accusation and defense together.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces Jephthah's rebuttal of the Ephraimite charge.
ΙεφθαεJephthahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Ιεφθαε: see v. 1; here the nominative subject of εἶπεν, though formally indeclinable.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the Ephraimites)αὐτός: third-person pronoun; the accusative plural αὐτούς refers to the Ephraimite delegation of v. 1.
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominative (with ἤμην: 'I was a man')ἀνήρ: 'man'; the predicate ἀνὴρ μαχητής ('a man of war / strife') characterizes Jephthah as one embattled, rendering אִישׁ רִיב ('a man of contention').
μαχητὴςof strife / contentiousNominativeattributive/appositive (with ἀνὴρ: 'a fighting man')μαχητής: 'warrior / fighter / contentious man'; the phrase ἀνὴρ μαχητής renders אִישׁ רִיב, presenting Jephthah as a man caught in fierce conflict with Ammon.
ἤμηνI wasImpf Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with predicate ἀνὴρ μαχητής)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing past state of conflict)εἰμί: 'be'; the late-Greek imperfect ἤμην (for classical ἦν) describes Jephthah's continuing state of embattlement.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (resuming ἤμην)ἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun underlines Jephthah's personal involvement, expanded by 'and my people.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject (coordinate with ἐγώ: 'my people')λαός: 'people'; here Jephthah's own Gileadite forces, rendering עַם.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying λαός)ἐγώ: enclitic genitive μου ('my').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the adversary)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (the oppressors: 'the sons of Ammon')υἱός: in the idiom οἱ υἱοὶ Αμμων ('the Ammonites'); here the subject of the implied verb of oppression intensified by σφόδρα.
ΑμμωνAmmongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Ammon')Αμμων: see v. 1; indeclinable.
σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying the implied oppression)σφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; standard LXX rendering of מְאֹד; here it intensifies the pressure the Ammonites exerted ('humbled me greatly').
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐβόησαI called out / cried outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · βοάωmain verb (Jephthah's summons)→ constative aorist (the act of summoning, answering Ephraim's charge)βοάω: 'cry out / call / summon'; Jephthah's ἐβόησα ὑμᾶς directly rebuts the Ephraimite οὐ κέκληκας of v. 1 — he insists he did call them.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐβόησα (the Ephraimites summoned)σύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): accusative ὑμᾶς; the direct object of the summons-verb, a Hebraizing construction (calling someone rather than calling to).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adversative force)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὐκnotnegative particleοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐσώσατέyou savedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · σῴζωmain verb (Ephraim's failure to deliver)→ constative aorist (the failure to rescue)σῴζω: 'save / rescue / deliver'; renders יָשַׁע / הוֹשִׁיעַ; the charge is that Ephraim did not come to deliver Jephthah from Ammonite hands; the final acute accent reflects the following enclitic με.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐσώσατεἐγώ: enclitic accusative με ('me').
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (deliverance from)ἐκ: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ ('out of the hand')χείρ: 'hand'; the idiom ἐκ χειρός ('from the hand/power of') renders מִיַּד, a standard Hebraism for deliverance from an enemy's grip.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the Ammonites' hand)αὐτός: genitive plural αὐτῶν ('their'), referring to the sons of Ammon.
3

καὶ εἶδον ὅτι οὐκ εἶ σωτήρ καὶ ἔθηκα τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐν χειρί μου καὶ παρῆλθον πρὸς υἱοὺς Αμμων καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοὺς κύριος ἐν χειρί μου καὶ εἰς τί ἀνέβητε ἐπ᾿ ἐμὲ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ παρατάξασθαι ἐν ἐμοί

'And I saw that you were no deliverer, and I put my life in my own hand and crossed over against the sons of Ammon, and the LORD gave them into my hand. So why have you come up against me this day to fight against me?'

Continuation of Jephthah's defense (consequence and counter-question)καὶ εἶδον ὅτι
Jephthah completes his self-justification: seeing no deliverer, he risked his own life (the idiom ἔθηκα τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐν χειρί μου), and YHWH — not Ephraim — gave the victory. The rebuttal closes with a sharp counter-question (εἰς τί ἀνέβητε ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ) that throws the Ephraimite διὰ τί of v. 1 back upon them.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶδονI sawAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception)→ constative aorist (Jephthah's realization)ὁράω: 'see / perceive / realize'; the aorist εἶδον (suppletive from ὁράω) reports Jephthah's recognition that no help would come from Ephraim.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause of εἶδον)ὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of what Jephthah perceived.
οὐκnotnegative particleοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἶyou are / werePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula of object clause (with predicate σωτήρ)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; present εἶ ('you are'), here retained in the reported clause where English idiom prefers 'were' — 'I saw that you are/were no deliverer.'
σωτήρdeliverer / saviorNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶ)σωτήρ: 'savior / deliverer'; renders מוֹשִׁיעַ; Jephthah denies Ephraim the role of rescuer that belongs, in the event, to YHWH alone (v. 3b).
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔθηκαI put / placedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (idiom of self-risk)→ constative aorist (the decisive act of risking his life)τίθημι: 'put / place / set'; the idiom ἔθηκα τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐν χειρί μου ('I put my life in my hand') renders שִׂים נַפְשִׁי בְכַפִּי, meaning to take a mortal risk (cf. 1 Sam 19:5; 28:21; Job 13:14).
τὴνthe / myAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)τὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήνlife / soulAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκαψυχή: 'life / soul / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here 'life' as that which is risked in battle.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ψυχήν)ἐγώ: enclitic genitive μου.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative within the idiom)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
χειρίhandDativedative of place (within the risk-idiom: 'in my hand')χείρ: here 'hand' in the idiom of self-exposure to deadly risk.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χειρί)ἐγώ: enclitic genitive μου.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρῆλθονI crossed overAor Act Indic 1 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb (Jephthah's advance to battle)→ constative aorist (single act of crossing against Ammon)παρέρχομαι: 'pass over / cross'; Jephthah's παρῆλθον echoes the Ephraimite charge παρῆλθες (v. 1) — yes, he crossed, but at his own peril and by divine warrant.
πρὸςagainst / topreposition + accusative (hostile direction)πρὸς: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός ('against the sons of Ammon')υἱός: in the idiom υἱοὺς Αμμων ('the Ammonites'); accusative as object of πρός in hostile sense.
ΑμμωνAmmongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Αμμων: see v. 1; indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine giving of victory)→ constative aorist (the decisive divine act)δίδωμι: 'give / hand over'; the idiom ἔδωκεν … ἐν χειρί μου ('gave them into my hand') renders נָתַן בְּיָדִי, the standard holy-war formula of divine victory; the agent is κύριος, not Ephraim.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (the Ammonites)αὐτός: accusative plural αὐτούς, the Ammonites given into Jephthah's hand.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (divine agent of the victory)κύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; placed emphatically as the true giver of the victory — Jephthah credits YHWH, not the absent Ephraimites.
ἐνinto / inpreposition + dative (Hebraizing: 'into my hand')ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
χειρίhandDativedative within the victory-idiom ('into my hand')χείρ: in the holy-war idiom ἐν χειρί μου ('into my hand / power').
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying χειρί)ἐγώ: enclitic genitive μου.
καὶand / socoordinate conjunction (introducing counter-question)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἰςfor / topreposition + accusative (in interrogative idiom εἰς τί)εἰς + acc.: in the phrase εἰς τί ('for what? / why?'), a counter-question matching the Ephraimite διὰ τί of v. 1.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of εἰς: 'why')τίς, τί: interrogative; neuter accusative τί with εἰς ('for what purpose / why').
ἀνέβητεyou have come upAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb of counter-question→ constative aorist (the Ephraimite hostile advance)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / come up'; military verb for advancing against; renders עָלָה; Jephthah asks why Ephraim has marched up against him after the war is already won.
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile: elided before vowel)ἐπί + acc.: 'against' in a hostile sense; elided ἐπ᾿ before the following vowel.
ἐμὲmeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the target of the advance)ἐγώ: emphatic accusative ἐμέ ('against me').
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)τῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (with demonstrative: 'on this day')ἡμέρα: 'day'; the phrase ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ('on this day') renders בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)οὗτος: demonstrative; the dative ταύτῃ agrees with ἡμέρᾳ ('this day').
παρατάξασθαιto fightAor Mid Inf · παρατάσσωinfinitive of purpose (with ἀνέβητε)→ aorist infinitive of purpose (to take the field)παρατάσσω (mid.): 'draw up for battle / engage in battle'; the purpose infinitive echoes the same verb in the Ephraimite charge of v. 1, framing the irony — they came to fight the very man YHWH had vindicated.
ἐνagainstpreposition + dative (Hebraizing: 'fight against me')ἐν + dat.: Hebraism for hostile engagement ('fight against'), calquing נִלְחַם בְּ.
ἐμοίmeDativedative object of ἐν (the one fought against)ἐγώ: emphatic dative ἐμοί; the object of the hostile παρατάξασθαι.
4

καὶ συνέστρεψεν Ιεφθαε τοὺς πάντας ἄνδρας Γαλααδ καὶ παρετάξατο τῷ Εφραιμ καὶ ἐπάταξαν ἄνδρες Γαλααδ τὸν Εφραιμ ὅτι εἶπαν οἱ διασῳζόμενοι τοῦ Εφραιμ ὑμεῖς Γαλααδ ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ Εφραιμ καὶ ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ Μανασση

And Jephthah gathered all the men of Gilead and fought with Ephraim; and the men of Gilead struck down Ephraim, because the fugitives of Ephraim said, 'You Gileadites are in the midst of Ephraim and in the midst of Manasseh.'

Narrative escalation (the dispute becomes civil war)καὶ συνέστρεψεν Ιεφθαε
The verbal quarrel turns to slaughter: Jephthah musters Gilead and defeats Ephraim. The motive clause (ὅτι εἶπαν …) supplies the taunt that provoked the war — Ephraim despised the Gileadites as 'fugitives' (διασῳζόμενοι) caught between Ephraim and Manasseh, denying them a legitimate tribal identity. The same participle διασῳζόμενοι is turned against the Ephraimites themselves in vv. 5–6.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
συνέστρεψενgathered together / musteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συστρέφωmain verb (Jephthah musters his forces)→ constative aorist (single act of mustering)συστρέφω: 'gather together / assemble / muster'; renders קָבַץ / אָסַף; Jephthah rallies the whole Gileadite levy for war against Ephraim.
ΙεφθαεJephthahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Ιεφθαε: see v. 1; indeclinable.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄνδρας)τοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄνδρας: 'all the men')πᾶς: 'all / every'; the accusative plural πάντας stresses the totality of the Gileadite muster.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of συνέστρεψενἀνήρ: 'man'; the fighting men of Gilead gathered for battle.
ΓαλααδGileadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Gilead')Γαλααδ: transliteration of Hebrew גִּלְעָד; indeclinable; the trans-Jordanian region of Jephthah's clan, here standing for its inhabitants.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
παρετάξατοhe fought / drew up in battleAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παρατάσσωmain verb (engagement with Ephraim)→ constative aorist (the act of giving battle)παρατάσσω (mid.): 'draw up for / engage in battle'; the same verb used in the speeches of vv. 1, 3 now describes the actual fighting against Ephraim.
τῷthe / withDativearticle (with Εφραιμ, marking the dative complement)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕφραιμEphraimdative complement of παρετάξατο (the foe fought: 'with/against Ephraim')Εφραιμ: indeclinable; though formally indeclinable, the preposed article τῷ marks it as the dative complement of παρατάσσομαι ('fought against Ephraim').
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπάταξανthey struck / smoteAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πατάσσωmain verb (the defeat of Ephraim)→ constative aorist (decisive military blow)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat'; renders נָכָה (Hiphil); the standard LXX verb for inflicting a military defeat or slaughter.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of ἐπάταξαν ('the men of Gilead')ἀνήρ: nominative plural ἄνδρες; the Gileadite warriors as the agents of the defeat.
ΓαλααδGileadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Gilead')Γαλααδ: see above; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Εφραιμ, marking the accusative object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕφραιμEphraimaccusative object of ἐπάταξαν (the defeated, marked by τὸν)Εφραιμ: indeclinable; the preposed article τὸν marks it as the accusative object of πατάσσω.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing the provoking taunt)ὅτι: 'because'; introduces the reason for the war — the insulting words of the Ephraimites.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωverb of causal clause (the Ephraimite taunt)→ constative aorist (the offending speech)λέγω: Hellenistic aorist εἶπαν; reports the taunt that provoked the slaughter.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with the participle διασῳζόμενοι)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διασῳζόμενοιthe fugitives / survivorsPres Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Masc · διασῴζωsubstantival participle (subject of εἶπαν)διασῴζω (mid./pass.): 'escape / be rescued / survive'; the substantival participle οἱ διασῳζόμενοι means 'the escapees / fugitives'; the Ephraimites use it contemptuously of the Gileadites, but the same term recoils on the fleeing Ephraimites in vv. 5–6.
τοῦthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Εφραιμ, marking the genitive)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable, marked by τοῦ: 'of Ephraim')Εφραιμ: indeclinable; the preposed article τοῦ marks the genitive ('the fugitives of Ephraim').
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (vocative-like address to Gilead)σύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): the emphatic plural ('you Gileadites') opens the taunt with contempt.
ΓαλααδGileadapposition / address (indeclinable: 'you, Gilead')Γαλααδ: indeclinable; in apposition to ὑμεῖς, addressing the Gileadites collectively.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative within the taunt)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
μέσῳmidstDativedative of place (in the idiom ἐν μέσῳ: 'in the midst')μέσος: 'middle / midst'; the phrase ἐν μέσῳ ('in the midst of') renders בְּתוֹךְ; the taunt denies Gilead independent standing — they are mere refugees lodged among the real tribes.
τοῦthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Εφραιμ)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive (indeclinable, marked by τοῦ: 'of Ephraim')Εφραιμ: indeclinable; genitive after ἐν μέσῳ.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, parallel)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
μέσῳmidstDativedative of place (parallel ἐν μέσῳ)μέσος: see above; the repetition extends the taunt to Manasseh as well.
τοῦthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Μανασση)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜανασσηManassehgenitive (indeclinable, marked by τοῦ: 'of Manasseh')Μανασση: transliteration of Hebrew מְנַשֶּׁה; indeclinable; the tribe geographically associated with Gilead, here named to deny Gilead its own identity.
5

καὶ προκατελάβετο Γαλααδ τὰς διαβάσεις τοῦ Ιορδάνου τοῦ Εφραιμ καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς οἱ διασῳζόμενοι Εφραιμ διαβῶμεν καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς οἱ ἄνδρες Γαλααδ μὴ Εφραθίτης εἶ καὶ εἶπεν οὔ

And Gilead seized beforehand the fords of the Jordan against Ephraim; and when the fugitives of Ephraim said to them, 'Let us cross,' the men of Gilead would say to him, 'Are you an Ephraimite?' and he would say, 'No.'

Tactical development (the trap is set at the fords)καὶ προκατελάβετο Γαλααδ
Gilead's pre-emptive seizure of the Jordan crossings cuts off the Ephraimite retreat and sets the stage for the password test. The exchange is iterative (each fleeing fugitive faces the same challenge), captured by the repeated εἶπαν / εἶπεν; the fugitive's denial (οὔ) only triggers the dialect test of v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
προκατελάβετοseized beforehand / took control ofAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προκαταλαμβάνωmain verb (Gilead secures the fords)→ constative aorist (decisive pre-emptive seizure)προκαταλαμβάνω (mid.): 'seize in advance / occupy beforehand'; the double-compound προ-κατα- stresses pre-emption — Gilead takes the fords before the Ephraimites can escape across them; renders לָכַד.
ΓαλααδGileadsubject (indeclinable: the Gileadites as a body)Γαλααδ: see v. 4; here the collective subject seizing the crossings.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with διαβάσεις)τὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαβάσειςfords / crossingsAccusativedirect object of προκατελάβετοδιάβασις: 'crossing / ford'; renders מַעְבְּרוֹת ('fords'); the shallow river-crossings of the Jordan, the only escape route for the fleeing Ephraimites.
τοῦthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Ιορδάνου)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιορδάνουof the JordanGenitivegenitive (specifying which fords: 'of the Jordan')Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): 'Jordan'; transliteration of Hebrew יַרְדֵּן, but declined as a first-declension Greek noun (hence the genitive ending); the boundary river between Gilead and Ephraim.
τοῦthe / againstGenitivearticle (with Εφραιμ, marking the genitive)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of disadvantage (indeclinable: the fords belonging to / facing Ephraim)Εφραιμ: indeclinable; the genitive τοῦ Εφραιμ specifies the fords as those on the Ephraimite side / cutting off Ephraim's escape.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the fugitives' request)→ iterative aorist (repeated with each fleeing group)λέγω: Hellenistic aorist εἶπαν; the request of each fleeing band to be allowed across.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (to the Gileadite guards)αὐτός: dative plural αὐτοῖς; the Gileadites holding the fords.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with the participle διασῳζόμενοι)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διασῳζόμενοιthe fugitivesPres Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Masc · διασῴζωsubstantival participle (subject: the Ephraimite escapees)διασῴζω: 'escape / survive'; the same participle the Ephraimites had used contemptuously of Gilead (v. 4) now names the fleeing Ephraimites themselves — a pointed reversal.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'fugitives of Ephraim')Εφραιμ: indeclinable; here without article, in apposition/genitive with διασῳζόμενοι.
διαβῶμενlet us cross overAor Act Subj 1 Pl · διαβαίνωhortatory subjunctive (the fugitives' request)→ hortatory subjunctive (request/proposal to cross)διαβαίνω: 'cross over / pass through'; the hortatory subjunctive διαβῶμεν ('let us cross') is the fugitives' plea to be let over the Jordan.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπανthey said / would sayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the Gileadites' challenge)→ iterative aorist (the standing challenge at the ford)λέγω: Hellenistic aorist εἶπαν; the guards' interrogation of each would-be crosser.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (to the fugitives)αὐτός: dative plural αὐτοῖς; the fugitives addressed.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄνδρες)οἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject ('the men of Gilead')ἀνήρ: nominative plural ἄνδρες; the Gileadite sentries posted at the fords.
ΓαλααδGileadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Gilead')Γαλααδ: see v. 4; indeclinable.
μὴ(question particle)interrogative particle (introducing a tentative question)μή: here the interrogative particle introducing a question expecting (or probing for) a negative answer — 'You're not an Ephraimite, are you?'
Εφραθίτηςan EphraimiteNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶ: 'are you an Ephraimite?')Εφραθίτης: gentilic 'Ephraimite / Ephrathite', rendering אֶפְרָתִי; a declinable Greek gentilic noun (nom. in -της); the ethnic identity the test seeks to expose.
εἶare youPres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula of the interrogative→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; present εἶ ('you are') in the identity-probing question.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπενhe said / would sayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the fugitive's denial)→ iterative aorist (each fugitive's reply)λέγω: aorist εἶπεν; the singular shifts to the individual fugitive answering the challenge.
οὔnonegative adverb (the fugitive's false denial)οὔ: the emphatic negative 'no'; the denial that fails — the dialect test of v. 6 will betray the truth the word cannot conceal.
6

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ εἰπὸν δὴ στάχυς καὶ οὐ κατεύθυνεν τοῦ λαλῆσαι οὕτως καὶ ἐπελάβοντο αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔθυσαν αὐτὸν πρὸς τὰς διαβάσεις τοῦ Ιορδάνου καὶ ἔπεσαν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ἀπὸ Εφραιμ τεσσαράκοντα δύο χιλιάδες

And they said to him, 'Say now, "ear of grain"'; and he did not manage to pronounce it so, and they seized him and slaughtered him at the fords of the Jordan. And there fell at that time of Ephraim forty-two thousand.

Climax (the shibboleth test and the slaughter)καὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ
The dialect password exposes the fugitive: he cannot pronounce the test-word correctly (οὐ κατεύθυνεν τοῦ λαλῆσαι οὕτως). The LXX renders Hebrew שִׁבֹּלֶת not by transliteration but by sense, στάχυς ('ear of grain'). The grim verb ἔθυσαν ('they sacrificed/slaughtered') lends the killing a ritual cast, and the chapter's first half ends with the staggering toll: forty-two thousand Ephraimites.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the test command)→ iterative aorist (the standing test)λέγω: Hellenistic aorist εἶπαν; the Gileadites issue the dialect test to the suspected Ephraimite.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (the suspected fugitive)αὐτός: dative singular αὐτῷ; the individual put to the test.
εἰπὸνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (imperative: the test command)→ aorist imperative (single demanded utterance)λέγω: the second aorist imperative εἰπόν (Hellenistic for εἰπέ); 'say!' — the command to pronounce the password.
δὴnow / prayparticle (urging the imperative)δή: enclitic particle of urgency or insistence; with the imperative ('say now / go on, say') it presses for the immediate utterance, rendering Hebrew נָא.
στάχυςear of grainNominativequoted test-word (object of the command, in citation form)στάχυς: 'ear of grain / head of corn'; the LXX renders the Hebrew password שִׁבֹּלֶת ('ear of grain / flowing stream') by its sense rather than transliterating it; the test exploited the Ephraimite inability to pronounce the Hebrew sound (sh/s), giving the word its byword status, 'shibboleth.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction (adversative force)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
οὐnotnegative particleοὐ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατεύθυνενhe did not manage / direct rightlyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατευθύνωmain verb (the failed pronunciation)→ constative aorist (the decisive failure that betrays him)κατευθύνω: 'make straight / direct / manage correctly'; here 'he did not get it right / could not frame his speech so'; the failure to pronounce the word correctly is the giveaway.
τοῦthe (to)Genitivearticle (with the articular infinitive λαλῆσαι)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαλῆσαιto speakAor Act Inf · λαλέωarticular infinitive (epexegetic with κατεύθυνεν: 'to speak it so')→ aorist infinitiveλαλέω: 'speak / utter'; the articular infinitive τοῦ λαλῆσαι complements κατεύθυνεν — he could not 'direct himself to speak' the word correctly.
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner (modifying λαλῆσαι: 'to speak it thus')οὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; 'so' = in the correct Gileadite pronunciation; the adverb pinpoints that it was the manner of speaking, not the word itself, that betrayed him.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (consequence)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐπελάβοντοthey seizedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιλαμβάνομαιmain verb (the seizure)→ constative aorist (the act of laying hold)ἐπιλαμβάνομαι: 'take hold of / seize'; the middle with the genitive object (αὐτοῦ) is the regular construction; the guards lay hold of the exposed Ephraimite.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐπελάβοντο (regular with verbs of grasping)αὐτός: genitive singular αὐτοῦ; the object seized, in the genitive required by ἐπιλαμβάνομαι.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔθυσανthey slaughteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θύωmain verb (the killing)→ constative aorist (the act of slaughter)θύω: properly 'sacrifice / slaughter (a victim)'; its use here for the killing of the Ephraimite at the ford lends the execution a chilling sacrificial coloring; renders שָׁחַט ('slaughter').
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔθυσαναὐτός: accusative singular αὐτόν; the slaughtered fugitive.
πρὸςat / bypreposition + accusative (location: 'at the fords')πρός + acc.: here locational, 'at / by'; the killing happens right at the river-crossings.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with διαβάσεις)τὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαβάσειςfordsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (place of execution)διάβασις: see v. 5; the fords of the Jordan, now the place of slaughter.
τοῦthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Ιορδάνου)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ιορδάνουof the JordanGenitivegenitive (specifying the fords)Ιορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): see v. 5; the Jordan whose crossings frame the slaughter.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (summary statement)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔπεσανthere fellAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb (the death-toll summary)→ constative aorist (the total fallen)πίπτω: 'fall'; the Hellenistic aorist ἔπεσαν; the military idiom 'fall' = die in battle, summarizing the casualties of the civil war.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)τῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time (with demonstrative: 'at that time')καιρός: 'time / season / occasion'; the phrase ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time') renders בָּעֵת הַהִיא, a standard narrative time-marker.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative (modifying καιρῷ)ἐκεῖνος: demonstrative 'that'; the dative ἐκείνῳ agrees with καιρῷ.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of Ephraim')ἀπό + gen.: here partitive, 'of/from (the ranks of) Ephraim.'
ΕφραιμEphraimobject of ἀπό (indeclinable: the source of the casualties)Εφραιμ: indeclinable; the tribe from whose ranks the slain are counted.
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (with δύο χιλιάδες: 'forty-two thousand')τεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable numeral; with δύο forms 'forty-two' modifying χιλιάδες.
δύοtwonumeral (with τεσσαράκοντα: 'forty-two')δύο: 'two'; here indeclinable in form; completes the compound number 'forty-two thousand.'
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativesubject of ἔπεσαν (the number of the fallen)χιλιάς (pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand / unit of a thousand'; nominative plural as the grammatical subject — 'forty-two thousand (of Ephraim) fell.'
7

καὶ ἔκρινεν Ιεφθαε τὸν Ισραηλ ἑξήκοντα ἔτη καὶ ἀπέθανεν Ιεφθαε ὁ Γαλααδίτης καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν πόλει αὐτοῦ ἐν Γαλααδ

And Jephthah judged Israel sixty years; and Jephthah the Gileadite died and was buried in his city in Gilead.

Closure of the Jephthah cycle (judge-formula)καὶ ἔκρινεν Ιεφθαε
The Jephthah narrative ends with the standard judge-formula: the length of his rule and the notice of his death and burial. The figure 'sixty years' (ἑξήκοντα) is a textual peculiarity of this tradition (most witnesses read 'six'). The death-and-burial notice mirrors the minor-judge formulae that follow in vv. 8–15, knitting Jephthah to the list of minor judges.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔκρινενjudgedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (the judge-formula)→ constative aorist (summary of his whole tenure)κρίνω: 'judge / govern / lead'; renders שָׁפַט; in Judges the verb denotes the broad leadership of a 'judge' (deliverer-ruler), not merely forensic judging; the formulaic ἔκρινεν τὸν Ισραηλ + a number of years recurs for each minor judge.
ΙεφθαεJephthahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Ιεφθαε: see v. 1; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking the object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἔκρινεν (indeclinable, marked by τὸν)Ισραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the people over whom Jephthah judged; the preposed τὸν marks the accusative.
ἑξήκονταsixtynumeral (with ἔτη: 'sixty years')ἑξήκοντα: 'sixty'; indeclinable numeral; this tradition's figure for Jephthah's rule (a variant where many witnesses read 'six years').
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for sixty years')ἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; the accusative of extent of time states the duration of the judgeship; the standard element of the judge-formula.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aorist (the fact of death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the death notice is the fixed second element of the judge-formula (cf. vv. 10, 12, 15).
ΙεφθαεJephthahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Ιεφθαε: see v. 1; indeclinable.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Γαλααδίτης)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Γαλααδίτηςthe GileaditeNominativeappositive (epithet of Jephthah)Γαλααδίτης: gentilic 'Gileadite', rendering הַגִּלְעָדִי; a declinable Greek gentilic; the epithet ties Jephthah to his region, fittingly recalled at his burial in Gilead.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aorist (the fact of burial)θάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the burial notice is the fixed closing element of the judge-formula (cf. vv. 10, 12, 15).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
πόλειcityDativedative of place (place of burial)πόλις: 'city / town'; renders עִיר; 'in his city' marks burial in his own ancestral town.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πόλει)αὐτός: genitive singular αὐτοῦ ('his').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, specifying the region)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΓαλααδGileadobject of ἐν (indeclinable: the region of burial)Γαλααδ: see v. 4; indeclinable; specifies the region in which Jephthah's city lay.
8

καὶ ἔκρινεν μετ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸν Ισραηλ Αβαισαν ἀπὸ Βαιθλεεμ

And after him Ibzan from Bethlehem judged Israel.

New unit: first minor judge (Ibzan)καὶ ἔκρινεν μετ᾿ αὐτὸν
The minor-judge list begins. The opening formula ἔκρινεν μετ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸν Ισραηλ ('judged Israel after him') recurs verbatim for Elon (v. 11) and Abdon (v. 13). Ibzan is located 'from Bethlehem' — probably the Bethlehem of Zebulun (Josh 19:15) rather than the Judahite Bethlehem.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔκρινενjudgedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (minor-judge formula)→ constative aorist (summary of tenure)κρίνω: 'judge / govern'; see v. 7; the opening verb of the recurring minor-judge formula.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (succession: 'after him'; elided)μετά + acc.: 'after'; elided μετ᾿ before the vowel; marks succession in the chain of judges.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of μετ᾿ (the predecessor Jephthah)αὐτός: accusative singular αὐτόν; refers to Jephthah, the predecessor.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking the object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἔκρινεν (indeclinable, marked by τὸν)Ισραηλ: see v. 7; indeclinable.
ΑβαισανIbzansubject (indeclinable proper noun)Αβαισαν: transliteration of Hebrew אִבְצָן (Ibzan); indeclinable; the first of the three minor judges in this chapter.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (place of origin)ἀπό + gen.: 'from'; marks Ibzan's town of origin.
ΒαιθλεεμBethlehemobject of ἀπό (indeclinable place-name)Βαιθλεεμ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם ('house of bread'); indeclinable; here probably the Bethlehem of Zebulun (Josh 19:15) given the northern setting of the surrounding judges.
9

καὶ ἦσαν αὐτῷ τριάκοντα υἱοὶ καὶ τριάκοντα θυγατέρες ἃς ἐξαπέστειλεν ἔξω καὶ τριάκοντα θυγατέρας εἰσήνεγκεν τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ ἔξωθεν καὶ ἔκρινεν τὸν Ισραηλ ἑπτὰ ἔτη

And he had thirty sons and thirty daughters, whom he sent away abroad, and thirty daughters he brought in from outside for his sons; and he judged Israel seven years.

Expansion (Ibzan's large family as a mark of honor)καὶ ἦσαν αὐτῷ τριάκοντα υἱοὶ
The notice of a large progeny — thirty sons and thirty daughters, with thirty daughters-in-law brought in from outside the clan — signals prosperity, status, and far-reaching marriage alliances, the same honor-motif attached to Jair (10:4) and Abdon (12:14). The years-judged element then closes Ibzan's notice before the death-and-burial of v. 10.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἦσανthere were / he hadImpf Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (existence/possession with dative αὐτῷ)→ descriptive imperfect (state of having a family)εἰμί: 'be'; the construction ἦσαν αὐτῷ ('there were to him' = 'he had') is the standard Greek dative-of-possession idiom, rendering the Hebrew וַיְהִי־לוֹ.
αὐτῷto him / hisDativedative of possession (with ἦσαν: 'he had')αὐτός: dative singular αὐτῷ; the possessor in the dative-of-possession construction.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (modifying υἱοὶ: 'thirty sons')τριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable numeral; the recurring round number marking the abundance of Ibzan's household.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἦσανυἱός: 'son'; nominative plural; thirty sons as a sign of dynastic strength.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (modifying θυγατέρες: 'thirty daughters')τριάκοντα: see above; indeclinable.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersNominativesubject of ἦσαν (coordinate with υἱοὶ)θυγάτηρ (pl. θυγατέρες): 'daughter'; renders בַּת; thirty daughters given in marriage 'outside' the clan secure wide alliances.
ἃςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξαπέστειλεν, antecedent θυγατέρες)ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the feminine accusative plural ἅς refers back to the thirty daughters sent away in marriage.
ἐξαπέστειλενhe sent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωverb of relative clause (giving daughters in marriage)→ constative aorist (the act of marrying them off)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / send out'; here of giving daughters in marriage outside the clan; the compound ἐξαπο- stresses sending them right out (ἔξω) beyond the family.
ἔξωoutside / abroadadverb of place (direction: 'outside the clan')ἔξω: 'outside / out / abroad'; the daughters are married 'outside' — to husbands beyond Ibzan's own clan, building external alliances.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (the reciprocal arrangement)καὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (modifying θυγατέρας: 'thirty daughters[-in-law]')τριάκοντα: see above; indeclinable; the matching thirty brides brought in for his sons.
θυγατέραςdaughtersAccusativedirect object of εἰσήνεγκεν (brides for his sons)θυγάτηρ (acc. pl. θυγατέρας): here 'daughters (of others)' = the brides brought in for Ibzan's sons; the reciprocal of the daughters sent out.
εἰσήνεγκενhe brought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb (bringing brides into the household)→ constative aorist (the act of arranging marriages in)εἰσφέρω: 'bring in / carry in'; the counterpart to ἐξαποστέλλω — outward marriage of daughters balanced by inward marriage of brides for the sons; the compound εἰσ- mirrors the ἐξ-/ἔξω of the preceding clause.
τοῖςthe / forDativearticle (with υἱοῖς, marking the dative)τοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of advantage ('for his sons')υἱός: dative plural υἱοῖς; the sons for whom the brides are brought in.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱοῖς)αὐτός: genitive singular αὐτοῦ ('his').
ἔξωθενfrom outsideadverb of place (source: 'from outside the clan')ἔξωθεν: 'from outside / from without'; the brides are brought in 'from outside' the clan, completing the picture of wide-ranging exogamous alliances.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔκρινενjudgedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (years-judged element of the formula)→ constative aorist (summary of tenure)κρίνω: 'judge / govern'; see v. 7; here closing Ibzan's notice with the length of his rule.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking the object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἔκρινεν (indeclinable, marked by τὸν)Ισραηλ: see v. 7; indeclinable.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (with ἔτη: 'seven years')ἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable numeral; the length of Ibzan's judgeship.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for seven years')ἔτος (pl. ἔτη): see v. 7; accusative of extent of time.
10

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αβαισαν καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν Βαιθλεεμ

And Ibzan died and was buried in Bethlehem.

Closure of Ibzan's notice (death-and-burial formula)καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αβαισαν
The fixed death-and-burial formula closes Ibzan's notice, exactly paralleling the closures of Jephthah (v. 7), Elon (v. 12), and Abdon (v. 15). The burial in Bethlehem rounds off the notice begun in v. 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aorist (the fact of death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; see v. 7; the fixed death element of the judge-formula.
ΑβαισανIbzansubject (indeclinable proper noun)Αβαισαν: see v. 8; indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aorist (the fact of burial)θάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'bury'; see v. 7; the fixed burial element of the judge-formula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΒαιθλεεμBethlehemobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name: place of burial)Βαιθλεεμ: see v. 8; indeclinable; Ibzan is buried in his own town.
11

καὶ ἔκρινεν μετ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸν Ισραηλ Αιλωμ ὁ Ζαβουλωνίτης δέκα ἔτη

And after him Elon the Zebulunite judged Israel ten years.

New unit: second minor judge (Elon)καὶ ἔκρινεν μετ᾿ αὐτὸν
Elon's notice is the briefest of the three, compressing succession-formula, name, gentilic, and years into a single clause. The gentilic ὁ Ζαβουλωνίτης roots him in the northern tribe of Zebulun, the only judge so identified.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔκρινενjudgedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (minor-judge formula)→ constative aorist (summary of tenure)κρίνω: 'judge / govern'; see v. 7.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (succession; elided)μετά + acc.: 'after'; elided μετ᾿; marks succession (after Ibzan).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of μετ᾿ (the predecessor Ibzan)αὐτός: accusative singular αὐτόν; refers to Ibzan.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking the object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἔκρινεν (indeclinable, marked by τὸν)Ισραηλ: see v. 7; indeclinable.
ΑιλωμElonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Αιλωμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֵילוֹן (Elon); indeclinable; the second minor judge, of the tribe of Zebulun.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Ζαβουλωνίτης)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ζαβουλωνίτηςthe ZebuluniteNominativeappositive (gentilic epithet of Elon)Ζαβουλωνίτης: gentilic 'Zebulunite', from Zebulun (זְבוּלֻן); a declinable Greek gentilic in -της; locates Elon in the northern tribe of Zebulun.
δέκαtennumeral (with ἔτη: 'ten years')δέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable numeral; the length of Elon's judgeship.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for ten years')ἔτος (pl. ἔτη): see v. 7; accusative of extent of time.
12

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αιλωμ ὁ Ζαβουλωνίτης καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν Αιλωμ ἐν γῇ Ζαβουλων

And Elon the Zebulunite died and was buried in Elon in the land of Zebulun.

Closure of Elon's notice (death-and-burial formula)καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αιλωμ
The death-and-burial formula closes Elon's notice. A wordplay arises in the text-tradition: the judge Αιλωμ is buried 'in Αιλωμ' — the same form serving as both personal and place name (a town in Zebulun), reinforcing his tribal rootedness.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aorist (the fact of death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; see v. 7.
ΑιλωμElonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Αιλωμ: see v. 11; indeclinable; here the personal name of the judge.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Ζαβουλωνίτης)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ζαβουλωνίτηςthe ZebuluniteNominativeappositive (gentilic epithet of Elon)Ζαβουλωνίτης: see v. 11; gentilic.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aorist (the fact of burial)θάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'bury'; see v. 7.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΑιλωμElon (town)object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name: place of burial)Αιλωμ: here the place-name Elon/Aijalon, a town in Zebulun (cf. Josh 19:43); the identity of personal and place name produces a homonymic wordplay — Elon buried in Elon.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, specifying the region)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
γῇlandDativedative of place (specifying the region: 'in the land of Zebulun')γῆ: 'land / earth / territory'; renders אֶרֶץ; the phrase ἐν γῇ Ζαβουλων locates the town within Zebulun's tribal territory.
ΖαβουλωνZebulungenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'land of Zebulun')Ζαβουλων: transliteration of Hebrew זְבוּלֻן; indeclinable; the northern tribe and its territory.
13

καὶ ἔκρινεν μετ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸν Ισραηλ Αβδων υἱὸς Ελληλ ὁ Φαραθωνίτης

And after him Abdon son of Hillel the Pirathonite judged Israel.

New unit: third minor judge (Abdon)καὶ ἔκρινεν μετ᾿ αὐτὸν
Abdon's notice opens with the same succession-formula and adds both patronymic (son of Hillel) and gentilic (the Pirathonite), the fullest identification of the three. Pirathon lay in the hill country of Ephraim (v. 15).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔκρινενjudgedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (minor-judge formula)→ constative aorist (summary of tenure)κρίνω: 'judge / govern'; see v. 7.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (succession; elided)μετά + acc.: 'after'; elided μετ᾿; marks succession (after Elon).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of μετ᾿ (the predecessor Elon)αὐτός: accusative singular αὐτόν; refers to Elon.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking the object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἔκρινεν (indeclinable, marked by τὸν)Ισραηλ: see v. 7; indeclinable.
ΑβδωνAbdonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Αβδων: transliteration of Hebrew עַבְדּוֹן (Abdon, 'servant'); indeclinable; the third minor judge, of Pirathon in Ephraim.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive (patronymic: 'son of Hillel')υἱός: 'son'; in the patronymic idiom υἱὸς Ελληλ ('son of Hillel'), rendering בֶּן־הִלֵּל.
ΕλληλHillelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Hillel')Ελληλ: transliteration of Hebrew הִלֵּל (Hillel); indeclinable; Abdon's father.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Φαραθωνίτης)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Φαραθωνίτηςthe PirathoniteNominativeappositive (gentilic epithet of Abdon)Φαραθωνίτης: gentilic 'Pirathonite', from Pirathon (פִּרְעָתוֹן); a declinable Greek gentilic in -της; locates Abdon's family in Pirathon in the Ephraimite hill country (v. 15).
14

καὶ ἦσαν αὐτῷ τεσσαράκοντα υἱοὶ καὶ τριάκοντα υἱῶν υἱοὶ ἐπιβαίνοντες ἐπὶ ἑβδομήκοντα πώλους καὶ ἔκρινεν τὸν Ισραηλ ὀκτὼ ἔτη

And he had forty sons and thirty grandsons who rode on seventy colts; and he judged Israel eight years.

Expansion (Abdon's large household as a mark of honor)καὶ ἦσαν αὐτῷ τεσσαράκοντα υἱοὶ
Like Ibzan (v. 9) and Jair (10:4), Abdon is honored by a notice of numerous offspring riding on donkeys — forty sons and thirty grandsons on seventy colts, a sign of wealth and dignity (riding mounts marked status in the period). The years-judged element then closes his active notice before the death-and-burial of v. 15.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἦσανthere were / he hadImpf Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (dative-of-possession: 'he had')→ descriptive imperfect (state of having a family)εἰμί: 'be'; the construction ἦσαν αὐτῷ ('he had') is the dative-of-possession idiom; see v. 9.
αὐτῷto him / hisDativedative of possession (with ἦσαν: 'he had')αὐτός: dative singular αὐτῷ; the possessor.
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (modifying υἱοὶ: 'forty sons')τεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable numeral; the number of Abdon's sons.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἦσανυἱός: 'son'; nominative plural; forty sons as a sign of dynastic strength.
καὶandcoordinate conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (modifying the following υἱοὶ: 'thirty grandsons')τριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable numeral; the number of Abdon's grandsons.
υἱῶνof sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱοὶ: 'sons of sons' = grandsons)υἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): the idiom υἱῶν υἱοί ('sons of sons') is a Hebraism for grandsons, rendering בְּנֵי בָנִים.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (with υἱῶν: 'grandsons')υἱός: nominative plural; the second member of the idiom υἱῶν υἱοί ('grandsons').
ἐπιβαίνοντεςriding / mountingPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιβαίνωattributive participle (describing the sons and grandsons)ἐπιβαίνω: 'go upon / mount / ride'; the present participle ἐπιβαίνοντες ('riding') describes the sons and grandsons mounted on donkey-colts, a visible token of family wealth and rank (cf. Judg 5:10; 10:4).
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + accusative (the mounts ridden)ἐπί + acc.: 'upon'; governs the colts ridden by Abdon's descendants.
ἑβδομήκονταseventynumeral (modifying πώλους: 'seventy colts')ἑβδομήκοντα: 'seventy'; indeclinable numeral; one mount apiece for the forty sons and thirty grandsons.
πώλουςcolts / young donkeysAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπὶ (the mounts)πῶλος: 'colt / foal / young donkey'; renders עֲיָרִים ('donkey-colts'); riding such mounts was a mark of dignity and standing in pre-monarchic Israel.
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἔκρινενjudgedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (years-judged element of the formula)→ constative aorist (summary of tenure)κρίνω: 'judge / govern'; see v. 7; closing Abdon's notice with the length of his rule.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking the object)τὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἔκρινεν (indeclinable, marked by τὸν)Ισραηλ: see v. 7; indeclinable.
ὀκτὼeightnumeral (with ἔτη: 'eight years')ὀκτώ: 'eight'; indeclinable numeral; the length of Abdon's judgeship.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of duration ('for eight years')ἔτος (pl. ἔτη): see v. 7; accusative of extent of time.
15

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αβδων υἱὸς Ελληλ ὁ Φαραθωνίτης καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν Φαραθωμ ἐν γῇ Εφραιμ ἐν ὄρει τοῦ Αμαληκ

And Abdon son of Hillel the Pirathonite died and was buried in Pirathon in the land of Ephraim, in the mountain of Amalek.

Closure of Abdon's notice and of the chapter (death-and-burial formula)καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αβδων
The chapter closes with the death-and-burial formula for Abdon. The burial site is unusually specified threefold — in Pirathon, in the land of Ephraim, in the mountain of Amalek — the last phrase (ἐν ὄρει τοῦ Αμαληκ) a relic of old Amalekite presence in the Ephraimite hill country (cf. Judg 5:14).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death notice)→ constative aorist (the fact of death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; see v. 7.
ΑβδωνAbdonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)Αβδων: see v. 13; indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive (patronymic: 'son of Hillel')υἱός: in the patronymic idiom υἱὸς Ελληλ; see v. 13.
ΕλληλHillelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Hillel')Ελληλ: see v. 13; indeclinable.
theNominativearticle (with the gentilic Φαραθωνίτης)ὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Φαραθωνίτηςthe PirathoniteNominativeappositive (gentilic epithet of Abdon)Φαραθωνίτης: see v. 13; gentilic 'Pirathonite.'
καὶandnarrative conjunctionκαὶ: connective element linking clauses, phrases, or discourse developments in the passage.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aorist (the fact of burial)θάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'bury'; see v. 7; the chapter's final formulaic verb.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ΦαραθωμPirathonobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name: place of burial)Φαραθωμ: transliteration of Hebrew פִּרְעָתוֹן (Pirathon); indeclinable; Abdon's home town in the Ephraimite hills, from which his gentilic Φαραθωνίτης derives.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, specifying the region)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
γῇlandDativedative of place (region: 'in the land of Ephraim')γῆ: 'land / territory'; the phrase ἐν γῇ Εφραιμ places Pirathon in Ephraimite territory.
ΕφραιμEphraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'land of Ephraim')Εφραιμ: see v. 1; indeclinable; here the tribal territory in which Pirathon lay.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, further specifying)ἐν: preposition governing its complement and marking the relation specified by the clause.
ὄρειmountain / hill countryDativedative of place ('in the mountain/hill country')ὄρος: 'mountain / hill country'; renders הַר; here the hill-region designated 'the mountain of Amalek.'
τοῦthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Αμαληκ, marking the genitive)τοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμαληκAmalekgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'mountain of Amalek')Αμαληκ: transliteration of Hebrew עֲמָלֵק; indeclinable; the phrase 'mountain of Amalek' preserves a memory of Amalekite settlement in the Ephraimite highlands (cf. Judg 5:14).