Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Numbers, Chapter 10ΑΡΙΘΜΟΙ Ι′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Numbers 10 is the great hinge of the book: it closes the long Sinai legislation (Num 1–9) and opens the wilderness march toward the land. It falls into four movements.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Numbers 10 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Numbers 10 is the great hinge of the book: it closes the long Sinai legislation (Num 1–9) and opens the wilderness march toward the land. It falls into four movements. (1) The two silver trumpets (vv. 1–10): YHWH commands Moses to make δύο σάλπιγγας ἀργυρᾶς ἐλατάς ('two trumpets of hammered silver') for three civic-cultic functions — summoning the assembly (ἀνακαλεῖν τὴν συναγωγήν), breaking camp by graduated trumpet-signals (σημασία) that move the four camp-divisions out in order, and sounding in war and over the festal sacrifices 'for a memorial before your God' (εἰς ἀνάμνησιν ἔναντι τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν). The trumpet that secures Israel's being 'remembered' and 'saved' (ἀναμνησθήσεσθε … διασωθήσεσθε, v. 9) anticipates the eschatological σάλπιγξ of 1 Cor 15:52 and 1 Thess 4:16. (2) The first departure (vv. 11–28): dated to the second year, second month, twentieth day, the cloud lifts from the tabernacle of testimony (ἀνέβη ἡ νεφέλη) and Israel sets out from the wilderness of Sinai by stages (κατὰ τάγματα) — Judah's standard first, then the Gershonites and Merarites carrying the tabernacle, Reuben's standard, the Kohathites carrying the holy things, then Ephraim's and Dan's standards — a precise marching order in which the LXX renders the tribal-prince roster with its characteristic transliterated Hebrew names. (3) The Hobab episode (vv. 29–32): Moses entreats Ιωβαβ son of Ραγουηλ the Midianite, his γαμβρός ('relative by marriage'), to come as Israel's guide-'eyes' through the wilderness; Hobab demurs, and Moses presses the invitation with the promise of shared blessing. (4) The ark-formulas (vv. 33–36): the ark of the covenant goes a three-days' journey ahead (προεπορεύετο) to seek out a resting-place, and the two ancient war-cries are preserved — at the setting-out, ἐξεγέρθητι κύριε, διασκορπισθήτωσαν οἱ ἐχθροί σου ('Arise, O LORD, and let your enemies be scattered,' echoed in Ps 67[68]:1), and at the resting, ἐπίστρεφε κύριε ('Return, O LORD'). The chapter thus binds cultic order, military readiness, and the LORD's personal leadership of the march into a single theology of the journeying people of God.

1

καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων

And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:

New divine speech-act (main narrative)καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard LXX introduction to a fresh YHWH-command and recurs throughout Numbers at each new legislative unit (cf. 1:1; 5:1; 6:1); the Hebraizing καί-parataxis with the redundant participle λέγων (rendering לֵאמֹר) frames the trumpet-legislation as direct divine speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders Hebrew דִּבֶּר (Piel); the aorist ἐλάλησεν introduces a new divine commission; the formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the recurrent structural marker of the legislative sections of Numbers.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a noun in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (redundant speech-marker = Hebrew לֵאמֹר)λέγω: the nominative participle λέγων reproduces the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), a quotation-marker introducing the verbatim content of the command; idiomatic Greek would omit it, but the LXX preserves the Semitic redundancy.
2

ποίησον σεαυτῷ δύο σάλπιγγας ἀργυρᾶς ἐλατὰς ποιήσεις αὐτάς καὶ ἔσονταί σοι ἀνακαλεῖν τὴν συναγωγὴν καὶ ἐξαίρειν τὰς παρεμβολάς

Make for yourself two silver trumpets; of hammered work you shall make them, and they shall be yours for summoning the assembly and for breaking up the camps.

Divine imperative: content of the command (main directive)ποίησον σεαυτῷ
The aorist imperative ποίησον opens the legislation, immediately reinforced by the cognate future ποιήσεις αὐτάς ('them you shall make') — a Hebraizing emphatic doubling. The two purpose-infinitives ἀνακαλεῖν … καὶ ἐξαίρειν define the trumpets' twin civic functions: gathering and dispatching the camp.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ποίησονmakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (single commissioned act)ποιέω: 'make / do'; renders עָשָׂה; the aorist imperative frames the fashioning of the trumpets as one decisive act of obedience.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive pronoun)→ participant reference or interestσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'yourself'; the dative ποίησον σεαυτῷ renders the Hebrew ethical dative עֲשֵׂה לְךָ ('make for yourself'), marking the trumpets as Moses' own commissioned instruments of leadership.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (modifying σάλπιγγας)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral; the two trumpets correspond to the two priestly trumpeters (the sons of Aaron, v. 8) and suffice for the graduated signal-system that follows.
σάλπιγγαςtrumpetsAccusativedirect object of ποίησον→ object specificationσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet'; renders Hebrew חֲצֹצְרָה (the straight metal trumpet, distinct from the שׁוֹפָר ram's-horn); the LXX σάλπιγξ is the same word used for the eschatological trumpet of 1 Cor 15:52 and 1 Thess 4:16, linking Israel's cultic signaling to the final 'memorial' summons.
ἀργυρᾶςsilverAccusativeattributive adjective (material)→ object specificationἀργυροῦς: 'made of silver'; renders כֶּסֶף; silver, not gold, marks these instruments — a precious but second-rank metal befitting their function as signaling tools rather than altar furniture.
ἐλατὰςhammeredAccusativeattributive adjective (manner of fabrication)→ object specificationἐλατός: 'beaten / hammered out' (from ἐλαύνω, 'to drive/forge'); renders מִקְשָׁה ('hammered work'), the same technique prescribed for the menorah (Exod 25:18) and the cherubim — the trumpets are of one-piece beaten metal, not cast.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (resumptive future, emphatic doubling)→ imperatival future (binding instruction)ποιέω (fut.): the resumptive ποιήσεις αὐτάς ('them you shall make') doubles the opening ποίησον, a Hebraizing emphatic repetition that reinforces the manner-specification ἐλατάς; the future has imperatival force, as commonly in LXX legal prescription.
αὐτάςthemAccusativedirect object (pronoun, resuming σάλπιγγας)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative αὐτάς resumes the two trumpets as the object of the emphatic ποιήσεις.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταίthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predicate of purpose, with σοι)→ predictive future (the trumpets' appointed use)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; the construction ἔσονταί σοι … ἀνακαλεῖν renders a Hebrew 'they shall be for you to summon' — the dative of possession plus epexegetical infinitive defining purpose.
σοιfor youDativedative of possession / advantage (pronoun)→ participant reference or interestσύ: the dative σοι marks Moses (and through him the leadership) as the one for whom the trumpets serve their summoning and marching functions.
ἀνακαλεῖνto summonPres Act Inf · ἀνακαλέωepexegetical infinitive (defining the first purpose)→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing function)ἀνακαλέω: 'call together / summon'; the compound ἀνα- denotes calling up/assembling; the first function of the trumpets is to convene the whole συναγωγή to the tent of meeting.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴνassemblyAccusativedirect object of ἀνακαλεῖν→ object specificationσυναγωγή: 'assembly / congregation / gathering'; renders עֵדָה, the technical term for the cultic-civic community of Israel gathered before YHWH; the same root underlies the marching-camp imagery of the chapter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαίρεινto set out / break campPres Act Inf · ἐξαίρωepexegetical infinitive (defining the second purpose)→ imperfective infinitive (ongoing function)ἐξαίρω: 'lift up / set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע ('pull up [tent-pegs], journey'); the verb is the leitmotif of the chapter's second half (ἐξῆραν, vv. 12–13 etc.), denoting the camp's departure by stages — here the trumpets' second function is to give the marching signal.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολάςcampsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαίρειν→ object specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment / army-formation'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the plural τὰς παρεμβολάς denotes the several tribal camp-divisions that move out in sequence (vv. 5–6); the word also carries a military sense ('battle-array').
3

καὶ σαλπίσεις ἐν αὐταῖς καὶ συναχθήσεται πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγὴ ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου

And you shall sound with them, and the whole assembly shall be gathered to the door of the tent of testimony.

Specification: the first signal and its effect (gathering)καὶ σαλπίσεις
The imperatival future σαλπίσεις with the consequent passive συναχθήσεται sets out the cause-effect logic of the signal: a single blast on both trumpets gathers the entire congregation. The place of assembly is the door of the σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, the cultic center of the camp.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλπίσειςyou shall soundFut Act Indic 2 Sg · σαλπίζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (prescribed signal-act)σαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet / blow'; denominative from σάλπιγξ; renders תָּקַע ('blow [a horn]'); the future has imperatival force; the full, sustained blast (תְּקִיעָה) is the gathering signal, distinguished from the σημασία (the broken alarm-blast) of vv. 5–6.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here instrumental ('with / by means of them'), a Hebraizing use of בְּ; the LXX retains the Semitic instrumental ἐν where classical Greek would use the bare dative.
αὐταῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (instrumental, the trumpets)→ sphere or referenceαὐτός: the dative αὐταῖς refers to the two trumpets as the instruments of the blast.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συναχθήσεταιshall be gatheredFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (consequent: the assembly's response)→ predictive future (resultant action)συνάγω: 'gather together / assemble'; the passive συναχθήσεται renders the Niphal נוֹעֲדוּ / נֶאֶסְפוּ; cognate with συναγωγή — the gathering-word and the gathered-people share a root, underscoring that the trumpet constitutes the assembly.
πᾶσαwholeNominativeattributive adjective (modifying συναγωγή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the feminine πᾶσα stresses that the single blast convenes the entire congregation, not merely its leaders (contrast v. 4).
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴassemblyNominativesubject of συναχθήσεται→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'congregation / assembly'; renders עֵדָה; the whole covenant community as summoned by the trumpet-blast.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal of gathering)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of gathering).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoorAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (place of gathering)→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / entrance'; renders פֶּתַח; the entrance of the tent of meeting is the standard assembly-point for the whole congregation before YHWH (cf. Lev 8:3–4).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive (the tent to which the door belongs)→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל / מִשְׁכָּן; the dwelling of YHWH at the center of the camp; the phrase σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου is the LXX's fixed designation for the tent of meeting.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουtestimonyGenitivegenitive of description ('tent of testimony')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / witness'; renders עֵדוּת ('the testimony' = the tablets of the covenant) and, in the phrase מוֹעֵד, sometimes 'meeting'; the LXX standardly renders אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד as σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, treating the tent as the place of the covenant-testimony.
4

ἐὰν δὲ ἐν μιᾷ σαλπίσωσιν προσελεύσονται πρὸς σὲ πάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες ἀρχηγοὶ Ισραηλ

But if they sound with one only, the rulers, the chiefs of Israel, shall come to you.

Conditional variation: a single-trumpet signal summons only the leadersἐὰν δὲ
δέ marks the contrast with v. 3: a blast on one trumpet (ἐν μιᾷ) rather than both convenes only the tribal princes, not the whole congregation — a graduated signal-code distinguishing levels of assembly. The conditional ἐάν + aorist subjunctive σαλπίσωσιν states the protasis.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; takes the subjunctive (σαλπίσωσιν); introduces a real/prospective condition specifying an alternative signal.
δὲbutmild adversative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle marking the contrast with the whole-congregation summons of v. 3.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with one [trumpet]')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'with one [trumpet]').
μιᾷoneDativenumeral (substantival: 'with one [trumpet]')→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the feminine dative μιᾷ agrees with the implied σάλπιγγι ('with one trumpet'); a single instrument's blast is the reduced signal that calls only the leaders.
σαλπίσωσινthey soundAor Act Subj 3 Pl · σαλπίζωverb of conditional clause (protasis)→ aorist subjunctive (prospective condition)σαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; the aorist subjunctive with ἐάν presents the single-trumpet signal as a contingent event; the third-person plural subject is the priest-trumpeters of v. 8.
προσελεύσονταιshall comeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · προσέρχομαιmain verb (apodosis: response of the leaders)→ predictive future (resultant gathering)προσέρχομαι: 'come to / approach'; renders נוֹעֲדוּ אֵלֶיךָ ('they shall assemble to you'); the middle-deponent future describes the princes' approach to Moses in response to the reduced signal.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Moses)→ participant referenceσύ: the accusative σέ (Moses) is the gathering-point for the leaders, just as the tent-door is for the whole congregation.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄρχοντες)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; emphasizes that the single signal convenes the full college of tribal princes, none excepted.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςrulersNominativesubject of προσελεύσονται→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler / leader / official'; renders נָשִׂיא ('prince / chief'); the tribal heads enumerated in Num 1:5–16 and 7:10–83; they are the second tier of the graduated assembly-system.
ἀρχηγοὶchiefsNominativenominative in apposition to οἱ ἄρχοντες→ participant prominenceἀρχηγός: 'leader / chief / head'; renders רֹאשׁ ('head') or אַלְפֵי ('thousands/clans'); the appositional ἄρχοντες ἀρχηγοὶ Ισραηλ ('the rulers, the chiefs of Israel') intensifies the title, identifying the heads of the tribal divisions of the host.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'chiefs of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a genitive specifying the chiefs as Israel's tribal heads.
5

καὶ σαλπιεῖτε σημασίαν καὶ ἐξαροῦσιν αἱ παρεμβολαὶ αἱ παρεμβάλλουσαι ἀνατολάς

And you shall sound an alarm-blast, and the camps that are encamped toward the east shall set out.

Specification: the marching signal and the order of departure (east first)καὶ σαλπιεῖτε σημασίαν
A new technical term enters: σημασία ('signal / alarm-blast'), the broken staccato blast (Hebrew תְּרוּעָה) distinguished from the sustained gathering-blast of v. 3. The first alarm moves out the eastern camp-division (Judah), beginning the orderly clockwise sequence completed in v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλπιεῖτεyou shall soundFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (imperatival future, plural)→ imperatival future (prescribed marching signal)σαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; the second-plural σαλπιεῖτε now addresses the priestly trumpeters collectively; the future is imperatival in this legal prescription.
σημασίανan alarm-blastAccusativecognate/internal accusative (the kind of blast)→ object specificationσημασία: 'signal / blast / alarm'; renders Hebrew תְּרוּעָה ('battle-shout / staccato alarm'); the LXX coins/employs σημασία to distinguish the broken marching-and-war blast from the sustained convening blast (the simple σαλπίζω of v. 3); the contrast is made explicit at v. 7 (σαλπιεῖτε καὶ οὐ σημασίᾳ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦσινshall set outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (consequent: departure of the camp)→ predictive future (resultant march)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp / journey'; renders נָסַע; the chapter's keyword for departure; the alarm-blast triggers the eastern division's movement.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολαὶcampsNominativesubject of ἐξαροῦσιν→ participant prominenceπαρεμβολή: 'camp / division'; here the camp-division stationed on the east side of the tabernacle (Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Num 2:3–9).
αἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (with attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβάλλουσαιencampingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Pl · παρεμβάλλωattributive participle (modifying παρεμβολαί)→ imperfective participle (settled position of encampment)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / pitch camp / draw up in array'; the articular participle αἱ παρεμβάλλουσαι ('the [camps] encamping') locates the division by its assigned side of the tabernacle; cognate wordplay with παρεμβολή.
ἀνατολάςtoward the eastAccusativeaccusative of direction/place ('on the east side')→ object specificationἀνατολή (pl. ἀνατολαί): 'rising [of the sun] / east'; renders קֵדְמָה / מִזְרָח; the accusative of orientation marks the eastern division as first to march, matching the camp-order of Num 2 where Judah leads on the east.
6

καὶ σαλπιεῖτε σημασίαν δευτέραν καὶ ἐξαροῦσιν αἱ παρεμβολαὶ αἱ παρεμβάλλουσαι λίβα καὶ σαλπιεῖτε σημασίαν τρίτην καὶ ἐξαροῦσιν αἱ παρεμβολαὶ αἱ παρεμβάλλουσαι παρὰ θάλασσαν καὶ σαλπιεῖτε σημασίαν τετάρτην καὶ ἐξαροῦσιν αἱ παρεμβολαὶ αἱ παρεμβάλλουσαι πρὸς βορρᾶν σημασίᾳ σαλπιοῦσιν ἐν τῇ ἐξάρσει αὐτῶν

And you shall sound a second alarm-blast, and the camps that are encamped toward the south shall set out; and you shall sound a third alarm-blast, and the camps encamped toward the sea shall set out; and you shall sound a fourth alarm-blast, and the camps encamped toward the north shall set out; with an alarm-blast they shall sound at their departure.

Continuation: the full four-fold marching sequence (south, west, north)καὶ σαλπιεῖτε σημασίαν δευτέραν
The verse completes the ordered departure by counted alarm-blasts (second, third, fourth) moving out the south (λίβα), west (παρὰ θάλασσαν), and north (πρὸς βορρᾶν) divisions in turn. The summary clause σημασίᾳ σαλπιοῦσιν ἐν τῇ ἐξάρσει αὐτῶν codifies the rule: the alarm-blast, not the sustained blast, is the marching signal.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλπιεῖτεyou shall soundFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (prescribed signal)σαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; the second alarm in the marching sequence.
σημασίανalarm-blastAccusativeinternal accusative→ object specificationσημασία: the marching alarm-blast (תְּרוּעָה); see v. 5.
δευτέρανsecondAccusativeordinal adjective (modifying σημασίαν)→ object specificationδεύτερος: 'second'; renders שֵׁנִית; the counted ordinal-blasts (δευτέραν, τρίτην, τετάρτην) impose a precise sequential order on the camp's departure.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦσινshall set outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (departure of the southern camp)→ predictive future (resultant march)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολαὶcampsNominativesubject of ἐξαροῦσιν→ participant prominenceπαρεμβολή: the southern camp-division (Reuben, Simeon, Gad, Num 2:10–16).
αἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (with attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβάλλουσαιencampingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Pl · παρεμβάλλωattributive participle→ imperfective participle (settled encampment)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp'; see v. 5.
λίβαtoward the southAccusativeaccusative of direction ('on the south side')→ object specificationλίψ (acc. λίβα): properly the southwest wind, then 'south'; renders תֵּימָנָה / נֶגֶב; the accusative of orientation marks the southern division (Reuben) as second to march.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλπιεῖτεyou shall soundFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (prescribed signal)σαλπίζω: the third alarm-blast.
σημασίανalarm-blastAccusativeinternal accusative→ object specificationσημασία: see v. 5.
τρίτηνthirdAccusativeordinal adjective (modifying σημασίαν)→ object specificationτρίτος: 'third'; renders שְׁלִישִׁית; the third counted blast.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦσινshall set outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (departure of the western camp)→ predictive future (resultant march)ἐξαίρω: 'set out'; renders נָסַע.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολαὶcampsNominativesubject of ἐξαροῦσιν→ participant prominenceπαρεμβολή: the western camp-division (Ephraim, Manasseh, Benjamin, Num 2:18–24).
αἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (with attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβάλλουσαιencampingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Pl · παρεμβάλλωattributive participle→ imperfective participle (settled encampment)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp'; see v. 5.
παρὰtowardpreposition + accusative (orientation: 'beside / toward')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'beside / along / toward'; in the directional idiom παρὰ θάλασσαν it marks the west.
θάλασσανthe seaAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (idiom for 'west')→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם, which in Hebrew geographical idiom means 'west' (toward the Mediterranean); the LXX preserves the Semitic orientation-by-sea — παρὰ θάλασσαν = 'westward' (Ephraim's division).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλπιεῖτεyou shall soundFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (prescribed signal)σαλπίζω: the fourth alarm-blast.
σημασίανalarm-blastAccusativeinternal accusative→ object specificationσημασία: see v. 5.
τετάρτηνfourthAccusativeordinal adjective (modifying σημασίαν)→ object specificationτέταρτος: 'fourth'; renders רְבִיעִית; the fourth and final counted blast.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦσινshall set outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (departure of the northern camp)→ predictive future (resultant march)ἐξαίρω: 'set out'; renders נָסַע.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολαὶcampsNominativesubject of ἐξαροῦσιν→ participant prominenceπαρεμβολή: the northern camp-division (Dan, Asher, Naphtali, Num 2:25–31), the rear-guard.
αἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (with attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβάλλουσαιencampingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Pl · παρεμβάλλωattributive participle→ imperfective participle (settled encampment)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp'; see v. 5.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (orientation: north)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (orientation: north).
βορρᾶνthe northAccusativeaccusative object of πρός ('toward the north')→ object specificationβορρᾶς: 'north (wind)'; renders צָפוֹן; the accusative πρὸς βορρᾶν marks the northern division (Dan) as last to march.
σημασίᾳwith an alarm-blastDativedative of manner/instrument (summary rule)→ sphere or referenceσημασία: the dative σημασίᾳ in the closing summary clause codifies the rule — the marching signal is the broken alarm-blast, expressly contrasted with the convening blast at v. 7.
σαλπιοῦσινthey shall soundFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (summary statement of the marching rule)→ gnomic/customary future (standing regulation)σαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; the third-person σαλπιοῦσιν (the priest-trumpeters) generalizes the rule for every departure.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at the time of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'at the time of').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξάρσειdepartureDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'at their setting-out')→ sphere or referenceἔξαρσις: 'a setting-out / breaking of camp / departure'; the noun cognate to ἐξαίρω; renders the Hebrew infinitive of נָסַע ('their journeying'); the alarm-blast accompanies every breaking of camp.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἐξάρσει)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive αὐτῶν ('their') refers to the camp-divisions whose departure the blast governs.
7

καὶ ὅταν συναγάγητε τὴν συναγωγήν σαλπιεῖτε καὶ οὐ σημασίᾳ

But when you gather the assembly, you shall sound a blast, but not an alarm-blast.

Contrastive rule: the convening blast distinguished from the alarm-blastκαὶ ὅταν συναγάγητε
The verse makes the signal-distinction explicit and definitional: gathering the congregation uses the plain sustained blast (σαλπιεῖτε), expressly not the staccato σημασία that means 'march.' The two blasts are functionally opposite — convene versus disperse.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'when(ever)'; takes the subjunctive (συναγάγητε); introduces the generalized circumstance of convening the congregation.
συναγάγητεyou gatherAor Act Subj 2 Pl · συνάγωverb of temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (generalized circumstance)συνάγω: 'gather / assemble'; renders the Hiphil of קהל / אסף; cognate with συναγωγή; the act of convening the congregation is here contrasted with breaking camp.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγήνassemblyAccusativedirect object of συναγάγητε→ object specificationσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; renders קָהָל / עֵדָה; the whole community convened by the sustained blast.
σαλπιεῖτεyou shall soundFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (apodosis: the convening blast)→ imperatival future (prescribed signal)σαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; here the plain, sustained blast that convenes — explicitly not the σημασία.
καὶbutadversative conjunction (καί with negative = 'and not')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative ('but'), forming the contrast σαλπιεῖτε καὶ οὐ σημασίᾳ ('you shall sound, but not with an alarm').
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; negates σημασίᾳ — the convening signal must not be the marching alarm, lest the camp mistakenly break up.
σημασίᾳwith an alarm-blastDativedative of manner (negated: 'not with an alarm')→ sphere or referenceσημασία: the staccato marching/war alarm (תְּרוּעָה); its express exclusion here fixes the semiotic rule of the trumpet-code: sustained = gather, broken = march.
8

καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων οἱ ἱερεῖς σαλπιοῦσιν ταῖς σάλπιγξιν καὶ ἔσται ὑμῖν νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν

And the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall sound the trumpets; and it shall be for you a perpetual ordinance throughout your generations.

Cultic restriction: the trumpets belong to the priesthood (perpetual statute)καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων
The trumpet-office is reserved to the Aaronic priesthood, sealing the signaling-system as a sacral, not merely military, institution. The closing formula νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('a perpetual ordinance throughout your generations') is the standard LXX seal of permanent cultic legislation.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of σαλπιοῦσιν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; οἱ υἱοὶ Ααρων is the standard designation of the priestly line descended from Aaron.
Ααρωνof Aarongenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Aaron')→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; Aaron is the head of the priestly line, and the trumpet-office is restricted to his descendants.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with appositive ἱερεῖς)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsNominativenominative in apposition to υἱοὶ Ααρων→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the appositive οἱ ἱερεῖς specifies the consecrated, trumpet-bearing class — only ordained priests, not Levites generally, may sound the sacred trumpets.
σαλπιοῦσινshall soundFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (priestly prerogative)→ gnomic/customary future (standing prescription)σαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; the future codifies the perpetual priestly prerogative of trumpet-blowing.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάλπιγξινtrumpetsDativedative of instrument (with σαλπιοῦσιν)→ sphere or referenceσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet'; the instrumental dative ταῖς σάλπιγξιν names the means; the same two silver trumpets of v. 2.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (legislative formula)→ predictive future (binding permanence)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; the construction ἔσται ὑμῖν νόμιμον αἰώνιον is the recurring LXX seal of perpetual statute (cf. Exod 12:14; Lev 3:17).
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage (the people)→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): the dative ὑμῖν marks the whole community as bound by and benefiting from the perpetual statute.
νόμιμονordinanceNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceνόμιμον: 'statute / ordinance / legal custom'; renders חֻקָּה; the substantivized neuter adjective denotes a permanent cultic regulation.
αἰώνιονperpetualNominativeattributive adjective (modifying νόμιμον)→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'everlasting / perpetual'; renders עוֹלָם; νόμιμον αἰώνιον = חֻקַּת עוֹלָם, the standard formula for a statute binding for all generations.
εἰςthroughoutpreposition + accusative (extent of time)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here of temporal extent ('throughout / for'); εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν renders לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם ('for your generations').
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative of extent (with εἰς)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation / age'; renders דּוֹר; the phrase εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν projects the trumpet-ordinance perpetually into Israel's future.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with γενεάς)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): the genitive ὑμῶν marks the generations as Israel's own.
9

ἐὰν δὲ ἐξέλθητε εἰς πόλεμον ἐν τῇ γῇ ὑμῶν πρὸς τοὺς ὑπεναντίους τοὺς ἀνθεστηκότας ὑμῖν καὶ σημανεῖτε ταῖς σάλπιγξιν καὶ ἀναμνησθήσεσθε ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ διασωθήσεσθε ἀπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑμῶν

And if you go out to war in your land against the adversaries who oppose you, then you shall sound the alarm with the trumpets, and you shall be remembered before the LORD and saved from your enemies.

Third function: the war-trumpet that secures remembrance and deliveranceἐὰν δὲ ἐξέλθητε εἰς πόλεμον
The trumpets' martial function is given a theological rationale: the alarm-blast in battle is not a mere signal but a covenantal act of memorial — ἀναμνησθήσεσθε ἔναντι κυρίου ('you shall be remembered before the LORD') — that secures divine deliverance (διασωθήσεσθε). The passive voices imply YHWH as agent of both remembering and saving; the eschatological trumpet-and-deliverance pattern (1 Cor 15:52; 1 Thess 4:16) stands in this lineage.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; with subjunctive (ἐξέλθητε); introduces the war-scenario.
δὲand / buttransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the move to the third trumpet-function (war).
ἐξέλθητεyou go outAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιverb of conditional clause (protasis)→ aorist subjunctive (prospective condition)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / march out'; the idiom ἐξέρχομαι εἰς πόλεμον renders יָצָא לַמִּלְחָמָה ('go out to battle'), the standard phrase for mustering for war.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose/goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/goal).
πόλεμονwarAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal: 'to war')→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the trumpet's war-function presupposes the conquest and defense of the land.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; 'in your land' anticipates the settled life in Canaan where the trumpet-law will continue to apply.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with γῇ)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): the genitive ὑμῶν marks the land as Israel's promised possession.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here hostile ('against').
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπεναντίουςadversariesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationὑπεναντίος: 'opposed / adversary / enemy'; renders צַר / אוֹיֵב; a frequent LXX term for Israel's military foes; substantivized here as 'the adversaries.'
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (with attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθεστηκόταςwho opposePf Act Ptcp Acc Masc Pl · ἀνθίστημιattributive participle (modifying ὑπεναντίους)→ perfect participle (settled hostile stance)ἀνθίστημι: 'set oneself against / withstand / resist'; the perfect participle ἀνθεστηκότας ('who have taken their stand against you') denotes the enemies' established, ongoing posture of hostility — a standing opposition, not a momentary clash.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative complement of ἀνθεστηκότας ('against you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): the dative ὑμῖν is the object of the opposition (ἀνθίστημι takes a dative).
καὶthenapodotic καί (introducing main clause after protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here apodotic ('then'), a Hebraizing waw introducing the apodosis of the condition.
σημανεῖτεyou shall sound the alarmFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σημαίνωmain verb (apodosis: the war-signal)→ imperatival future (prescribed war-act)σημαίνω: 'give a signal / sound the alarm'; cognate with σημασία (v. 5); renders הֵרִיעַ ('sound the alarm/shout'); the war-blast is the same staccato σημασία that signals the march, now deployed in battle to summon YHWH's remembrance.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάλπιγξινtrumpetsDativedative of instrument (with σημανεῖτε)→ sphere or referenceσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet'; the same silver trumpets, now the instrument of the war-alarm.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναμνησθήσεσθεyou shall be rememberedFut Pass Indic 2 Pl · ἀναμιμνῄσκωmain verb (theological consequence of the war-blast)→ predictive future passive (divine remembrance, YHWH as implicit agent)ἀναμιμνῄσκω: 'remind / (pass.) be remembered / be brought to remembrance'; renders the Niphal of זָכַר; the passive ἀναμνησθήσεσθε ἔναντι κυρίου makes the trumpet-blast a memorial-act: it 'brings Israel to remembrance' before YHWH, so that he acts to deliver; cognate with ἀνάμνησις (v. 10).
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (presence: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the blast reaches its effect 'before the LORD,' i.e., it moves the divine attention.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive κυρίου marks YHWH as the one before whom Israel is remembered and by whom it is saved.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διασωθήσεσθεyou shall be savedFut Pass Indic 2 Pl · διασῴζωmain verb (climactic consequence: deliverance)→ predictive future passive (divine deliverance)διασῴζω: 'bring safely through / rescue / deliver'; the compound δια- stresses thorough deliverance; renders the Niphal of יָשַׁע; the passive διασωθήσεσθε ἀπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν makes salvation from enemies the trumpet's covenantal payoff — to blow the trumpet is to invoke YHWH's saving remembrance.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation/rescue from)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation/rescue from).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (source of danger)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy / hostile one'; renders אוֹיֵב; the deliverance 'from your enemies' is the saving counterpart to the war-alarm; the same word ἐχθροί reappears in the ark-cry of v. 34.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἐχθρῶν)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): the genitive ὑμῶν identifies the foes as Israel's own.
10

καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς εὐφροσύνης ὑμῶν καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἑορταῖς ὑμῶν καὶ ἐν ταῖς νουμηνίαις ὑμῶν σαλπιεῖτε ταῖς σάλπιγξιν ἐπὶ τοῖς ὁλοκαυτώμασιν καὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς θυσίαις τῶν σωτηρίων ὑμῶν καὶ ἔσται ὑμῖν ἀνάμνησις ἔναντι τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν

And in the days of your gladness, and at your feasts, and at your new moons, you shall sound the trumpets over your burnt offerings and over the sacrifices of your peace offerings, and it shall be for you a memorial before your God: I am the LORD your God.

Fourth function: the festal trumpet over the offerings (memorial before God)καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς εὐφροσύνης ὑμῶν
The final function rounds out the trumpet's range from war to worship: at feasts, new moons, and over the burnt and peace offerings the trumpets sound 'for a memorial before your God.' The self-identification ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν seals the trumpet-legislation with the divine signature-formula that closes major cultic units (cf. Lev 19 passim).
Word-by-word analysis· 43 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'in the days')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; 'the days of your gladness' denotes the festal occasions of cultic joy.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐφροσύνηςgladnessGenitivegenitive of description (with ἡμέραις)→ relational specificationεὐφροσύνη: 'gladness / rejoicing / festal joy'; renders שִׂמְחָה; the days of εὐφροσύνη are the appointed times of cultic celebration before YHWH.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with εὐφροσύνης)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): the genitive ὑμῶν marks the joy as Israel's own festal gladness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορταῖςfeastsDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders מוֹעֵד / חַג; the appointed pilgrimage festivals (Passover, Weeks, Booths) at which the trumpets sound.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἑορταῖς)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): Israel's appointed feasts.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νουμηνίαιςnew moonsDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceνουμηνία (= νεομηνία): 'new moon / first of the month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ / רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ; the monthly festival marking the lunar cycle, a regular occasion for trumpet-blasts over the sacrifices (cf. Ps 80[81]:4).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with νουμηνίαις)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): Israel's new-moon observances.
σαλπιεῖτεyou shall soundFut Act Indic 2 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (the festal trumpet-blast)→ imperatival future (prescribed cultic act)σαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; the festal blast accompanies the offerings, distinct in occasion from both gathering and war.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σάλπιγξινtrumpetsDativedative of instrument (with σαλπιεῖτε)→ sphere or referenceσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet'; the silver trumpets, now sounded over the altar.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + dative (accompaniment: 'over/at the offerings')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'over / at / upon'; here marking the offerings as the occasion accompanied by the blast.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώμασινburnt offeringsDativedative object of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה ('that which goes up' = the wholly-consumed sacrifice); the LXX coinage ὁλο-καύτωμα ('wholly-burnt thing') is precise — the entire victim is consumed on the altar.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (accompaniment).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαιςsacrificesDativedative object of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; renders זֶבַח; the slain offerings of which the peace-offering is one type.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σωτηρίωνpeace offeringsGenitivegenitive of description (with θυσίαις: 'sacrifices of well-being')→ relational specificationσωτήριον: 'deliverance / (pl.) peace/well-being offerings'; renders שְׁלָמִים ('peace/fellowship offerings'); the LXX renders the shared communion-sacrifice with the σωτήριον word-group, the offerings expressing covenant well-being.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with σωτηρίων)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): Israel's own peace offerings.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (memorial-formula)→ predictive future (the appointed effect)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; ἔσται ὑμῖν ἀνάμνησις parallels ἔσται ὑμῖν νόμιμον αἰώνιον (v. 8), framing the festal blast as an enduring memorial.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): the dative ὑμῖν marks Israel as the beneficiary of the memorial.
ἀνάμνησιςmemorialNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἀνάμνησις: 'remembrance / memorial / calling to mind'; cognate with ἀναμνησθήσεσθε (v. 9); renders זִכָּרוֹן; the trumpet-blast over the sacrifices 'calls to mind' Israel before God — the same word Jesus uses at the institution of the Eucharist (Luke 22:19; 1 Cor 11:24, εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν ἀνάμνησιν).
ἔναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (presence)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the memorial is effective 'before God,' echoing v. 9.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; 'before your God' personalizes the covenant relationship sealed by the memorial-blast.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (with θεοῦ)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): 'your God' — the covenant possessive marking the relationship.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun of the self-identification formula)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun opens the divine signature-formula ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('I am the LORD your God'), rendering אֲנִי יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, which seals the legislation with YHWH's own authority.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativepredicate nominative (self-identification)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the self-naming formula identifies the legislator as YHWH himself.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with appositive θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the appositive ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('your God') completes the covenant self-identification.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (with θεός)→ relational specificationσύ (pl.): 'your God' — the covenant bond on which the whole trumpet-law rests.
11

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ δευτέρῳ ἐν τῷ μηνὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ εἰκάδι τοῦ μηνὸς ἀνέβη ἡ νεφέλη ἀπὸ τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου

And it came to pass in the second year, in the second month, on the twentieth of the month, the cloud went up from the tabernacle of testimony.

Major narrative pivot: the first departure dated and triggered by the cloudκαὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ δευτέρῳ
The formulaic καὶ ἐγένετο with the threefold date (second year, second month, twentieth day) opens the book's great transition from Sinai to the wilderness march. The cloud's lifting (ἀνέβη ἡ νεφέλη) is the divine departure-signal; the precise dating ties this to the wider chronology (the tabernacle was erected on the first of the first month of the second year, Exod 40:17).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal-narrative formula)→ constative aorist (narrative onset)γίνομαι: 'become / happen / come to pass'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders וַיְהִי, the classic Hebrew narrative-onset formula introducing a new temporal episode; it frames the departure as a decisive event in salvation-history.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the dating begins the wilderness chronology, counting from the Exodus.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἐνιαυτῷ)→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; the second year after the Exodus — about eleven months after Sinai was reached (Exod 19:1).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὶmonthDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceμήν: 'month'; renders חֹדֶשׁ; the second month (Iyyar) of the second year.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeordinal adjective (modifying μηνί)→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; the second month — just over a month after the Passover commemoration of Num 9:1–5.
εἰκάδιon the twentiethDativedative of time (the specific day)→ sphere or referenceεἰκάς: 'the twentieth (day)'; renders the Hebrew 'on the twentieth of the month' (בְּעֶשְׂרִים לַחֹדֶשׁ); the precise day-count underscores the historical exactitude of the departure-record.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μηνὸςmonthGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'of the month')→ relational specificationμήν: 'month'; the partitive genitive completes the date 'the twentieth of the month.'
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the cloud's lifting = departure-signal)→ constative aorist (single decisive event)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders the Niphal of עָלָה ('was taken up'); the lifting of the cloud is the visible divine command to march (cf. Num 9:17–23) — when the cloud rises, Israel journeys; when it settles, Israel encamps.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἀνέβη→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: 'cloud'; renders עָנָן; the cloud of the divine presence that filled the tabernacle (Exod 40:34) and now governs the march; its movements are YHWH's silent itinerary-commands.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtabernacleGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; the dwelling from which the cloud lifts; see v. 3.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτυρίουtestimonyGenitivegenitive of description ('tabernacle of testimony')→ relational specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony'; see v. 3; the fixed designation σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου.
12

καὶ ἐξῆραν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ σὺν ἀπαρτίαις αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Σινα καὶ ἔστη ἡ νεφέλη ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τοῦ Φαραν

And the sons of Israel set out with their baggage from the wilderness of Sinai; and the cloud stood still in the wilderness of Paran.

Execution: the actual departure and the cloud's resting-placeκαὶ ἐξῆραν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ
The keyword ἐξῆραν ('they set out') now records the historic first march. The geographical movement from the wilderness of Sinai to the wilderness of Paran charts Israel's progress; the cloud's halting (ἔστη) at Paran marks the next encampment, completing the cloud-led itinerary begun in v. 11.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρανset outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (the first march)→ constative aorist (the historic departure)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp / journey'; renders נָסַע; the aorist ἐξῆραν records the first actual breaking of camp; the verb recurs at every stage-marker of the march (vv. 13, 14, 18, 22, 25, 28, 33).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐξῆραν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant people on the march.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; 'sons of Israel' = the whole people.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; marks the baggage that accompanies the march.
ἀπαρτίαιςbaggageDativedative object of σύν→ sphere or referenceἀπαρτία: 'baggage / goods / equipment for a journey'; a rarer Greek term for the movable property and provisions carried on the march; the people travel as a fully-equipped host, not as fugitives.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀπαρτίαις)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive αὐτῶν marks the baggage as the people's own.
ἐνfrom / inpreposition + dative (point of departure, Hebraizing ἐν)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here marking the wilderness of Sinai as the place from which they set out; the LXX's ἐν renders the Hebrew מִמִּדְבַּר, where the verb of departure supplies the 'from' sense.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert'; renders מִדְבָּר; the wilderness of Sinai is the place of the year-long encampment now left behind.
Σιναof Sinaigenitive of apposition (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣινα: transliteration of סִינַי; indeclinable; the wilderness of Sinai, the site of the covenant-making and the year of legislation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstood stillAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the cloud's halting)→ constative aorist (the cloud's settling)ἵστημι (intransitive aor.): 'stand / stop / halt'; renders the Qal of שָׁכַן / עָמַד; the cloud's halting at Paran signals the next encampment — its settling is as authoritative as its rising (v. 11).
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἔστη→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: 'cloud'; see v. 11; the cloud of the divine presence guiding the march.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness'; renders מִדְבָּר; the wilderness of Paran, the next stage of the journey toward Canaan.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαρανParangenitive of apposition (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΦαραν: transliteration of פָּארָן; indeclinable; the wilderness of Paran, the region south of Canaan from which the spies will be sent (Num 13:3).
13

καὶ ἐξῆραν πρῶτοι διὰ φωνῆς κυρίου ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ

And they set out first at the command of the LORD by the hand of Moses.

Summary statement: this first march obeys the divine word through Mosesκαὶ ἐξῆραν πρῶτοι
A theological summary of the march's authorization: the departure happens διὰ φωνῆς κυρίου ('at the command/voice of the LORD') and ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ ('by the hand of Moses') — the dual mediation of divine word and human leader that structures the whole Pentateuchal legislation.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (the authorized first march)→ constative aorist (the departure)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע; the keyword of the march, here summarizing the first departure as obedient to the divine signal.
πρῶτοιfirstNominativepredicate adjective (adverbial: 'for the first time / as the first ones')→ participant prominenceπρῶτος: 'first'; renders בָּרִאשֹׁנָה ('at the first'); here adverbial, marking this as the inaugural march of the wilderness journey, the first time the camp moves under the trumpet-and-cloud system.
διὰby / throughpreposition + genitive (instrument/means)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through / by means of'; here marking the divine word as the agency authorizing the march.
φωνῆςcommand / voiceGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice / sound / command'; renders עַל פִּי ('at the mouth/command of'); διὰ φωνῆς κυρίου = 'at the command of the LORD,' the recurring Numbers idiom for the cloud-mediated divine order (cf. 9:18, 20, 23).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with φωνῆς)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine voice/command is the ultimate authority for the march.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument: Hebraizing 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental ἐν χειρί renders the Hebrew בְּיַד ('by the hand/agency of'); the LXX preserves the Semitic idiom for mediation.
χειρὶthe handDativedative of instrument (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ ('by the hand of Moses') marks Moses as the human mediator through whom the divine command is transmitted to the people.
Μωυσῆof MosesGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρί)→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς: gen. Μωυσῆ in Rahlfs' LXX; Moses as the appointed mediator of the divine itinerary-commands.
14

καὶ ἐξῆραν τάγμα παρεμβολῆς υἱῶν Ιουδα πρῶτοι σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτῶν Ναασσων υἱὸς Αμιναδαβ

And the division of the camp of the sons of Judah set out first with their host; and over their host was Nahshon son of Amminadab.

March-roster begins: Judah's division leads (with its commander)καὶ ἐξῆραν τάγμα παρεμβολῆς υἱῶν Ιουδα
The detailed marching-order opens with Judah's τάγμα ('division / standard-camp'), the leading division on the east. The roster-pattern — division + 'with their host' + 'over their host was N son of N' — repeats for each tribe through v. 27, reproducing the census-prince list of Num 1–2. Nahshon son of Amminadab leads Judah (cf. Ruth 4:20; Matt 1:4).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρανset outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (Judah's division marches)→ constative aorist (departure of the first division)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע; the plural agrees ad sensum with the men of the division.
τάγμαdivisionAccusativeaccusative of respect / internal object ('by division')→ object specificationτάγμα: 'ordered body / division / standard-camp'; renders דֶּגֶל ('standard / banner-division'); each τάγμα is one of the four banner-groups of three tribes (Num 2); the military term denotes an ordered, marshalled formation.
παρεμβολῆςof the campGenitivegenitive of description (with τάγμα)→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / division'; see v. 2; τάγμα παρεμβολῆς = 'the divisional camp.'
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with παρεμβολῆς)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ιουδα = 'of the sons of Judah,' the tribe.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of יְהוּדָה; indeclinable; Judah, the leading tribe of the eastern division and of the whole march.
πρῶτοιfirstNominativepredicate adjective (adverbial: 'first in order')→ participant prominenceπρῶτος: 'first'; marks Judah's division as the vanguard of the march, consistent with its precedence in Num 2:3–9.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with / together with'; marks the host marching as a body.
δυνάμειhost / armyDativedative object of σύν→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'power / force / army / host'; renders צָבָא ('host / army'); σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν ('with their host') is the repeated roster-phrase denoting each tribe's mustered fighting-force.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμει)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive αὐτῶν marks the host as the division's own.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (authority: 'over the host')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of'; the idiom ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως ('over the host') introduces the commander of each division, repeated throughout the roster.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא; the commander stands 'over the host' of his tribe.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμεως)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' host.
ΝαασσωνNahshonnominative (implied 'was'): commander of Judah (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαασσων: transliteration of נַחְשׁוֹן; indeclinable; the prince of Judah (Num 1:7; 2:3), ancestor of David and of the Messiah (Ruth 4:20; Matt 1:4; Luke 3:32).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; introduces the patronymic identifying the commander by his father.
Αμιναδαβof Amminadabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑμιναδαβ: transliteration of עַמִּינָדָב; indeclinable; the father of Nahshon, likewise in the Davidic-messianic genealogy.
15

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Ισσαχαρ Ναθαναηλ υἱὸς Σωγαρ

And over the host of the tribe of the sons of Issachar was Nathanael son of Zuar.

Roster (cont.): the second tribe of Judah's division (Issachar) and its commanderκαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Ισσαχαρ
The verbless roster-formula ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν N + commander repeats for each subordinate tribe; Issachar is the second tribe of the eastern (Judah) division. Nathanael son of Zuar matches Num 1:8; 2:5.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of'; the roster-formula for each tribe's commander.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of description (with δυνάμεως)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe / clan'; renders מַטֶּה / שֵׁבֶט; the subordinate tribes of a division are introduced by φυλῆς υἱῶν N.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with φυλῆς)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ισσαχαρ = 'of the sons of Issachar.'
Ισσαχαρof Issachargenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΙσσαχαρ: transliteration of יִשָּׂשכָר; indeclinable; the second tribe of the eastern division.
ΝαθαναηλNathanaelnominative (implied 'was'): commander of Issachar (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαθαναηλ: transliteration of נְתַנְאֵל ('God has given'); indeclinable; the prince of Issachar (Num 1:8; 2:5).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic connector.
Σωγαρof Zuargenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΣωγαρ: LXX transliteration of צוּעָר (Zuar); indeclinable; the father of Nathanael.
16

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Ζαβουλων Ελιαβ υἱὸς Χαιλων

And over the host of the tribe of the sons of Zebulun was Eliab son of Helon.

Roster (cont.): the third tribe of Judah's division (Zebulun) and its commanderκαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Ζαβουλων
Zebulun completes Judah's eastern division. Eliab son of Helon matches Num 1:9; 2:7. With v. 16 the leading banner-group of three tribes is fully enumerated, and the tabernacle-bearers follow in v. 17.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ζαβουλων.
Ζαβουλωνof Zebulungenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΖαβουλων: transliteration of זְבוּלֻן; indeclinable; the third tribe of the eastern division.
ΕλιαβEliabnominative (implied 'was'): commander of Zebulun (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλιαβ: transliteration of אֱלִיאָב ('my God is father'); indeclinable; the prince of Zebulun (Num 1:9; 2:7).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic connector.
Χαιλωνof Helongenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΧαιλων: LXX transliteration of חֵלֹן (Helon); indeclinable; the father of Eliab.
17

καὶ καθελοῦσιν τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ ἐξαροῦσιν οἱ υἱοὶ Γεδσων καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Μεραρι αἴροντες τὴν σκηνήν

And they shall take down the tabernacle, and the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari shall set out, bearing the tabernacle.

Levitical transport: the tabernacle dismantled and carried after the first divisionκαὶ καθελοῦσιν τὴν σκηνὴν
Between the leading division (Judah) and the second (Reuben) march the Gershonite and Merarite Levites carrying the dismantled tabernacle-structure (its curtains, frames, bars, pillars; cf. Num 4:24–33). The futures καθελοῦσιν / ἐξαροῦσιν have a prescriptive, gnomic force, codifying the standing transport-order.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθελοῦσινthey shall take downFut Act Indic 3 Pl · καθαιρέωmain verb (dismantling of the tabernacle)→ gnomic/customary future (standing transport-rule)καθαιρέω: 'take down / dismantle / pull down'; the compound κατα- denotes lowering/disassembly; renders the Hophal/Qal of הוֹרַד / פָּרַק ('be taken down'); the tabernacle is struck before the march.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtabernacleAccusativedirect object of καθελοῦσιν→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; here the physical dwelling-structure that is dismantled for transport.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦσινshall set outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (Levitical march)→ gnomic/customary future (standing transport-rule)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע; the Gershonites and Merarites move out carrying the tabernacle-fabric.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐξαροῦσιν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Γεδσων = the Gershonite Levites.
Γεδσωνof Gershongenitive of relationship (indeclinable Levitical clan-name)→ participant identificationΓεδσων: transliteration of גֵּרְשׁוֹן; indeclinable; the Gershonites carried the curtains, hangings, and coverings of the tabernacle (Num 4:24–26).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (coordinate with υἱοὶ Γεδσων)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Μεραρι = the Merarite Levites.
Μεραριof Merarigenitive of relationship (indeclinable Levitical clan-name)→ participant identificationΜεραρι: transliteration of מְרָרִי; indeclinable; the Merarites carried the frames, bars, pillars, and bases of the tabernacle (Num 4:31–32).
αἴροντεςbearingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · αἴρωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'carrying')→ imperfective participle (ongoing act of bearing)αἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry'; the participle αἴροντες describes the Levites' transport-task; the same verb used of the Kohathites bearing the holy things (v. 21).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνήνtabernacleAccusativedirect object of αἴροντες→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tabernacle'; the dismantled structure borne by the two Levite clans.
18

καὶ ἐξῆραν τάγμα παρεμβολῆς Ρουβην σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτῶν Ελισουρ υἱὸς Σεδιουρ

And the division of the camp of Reuben set out with their host; and over their host was Elizur son of Shedeur.

Roster (cont.): the second division (Reuben) leads the southern banner-groupκαὶ ἐξῆραν τάγμα παρεμβολῆς Ρουβην
The second τάγμα is Reuben's southern division, marching after the tabernacle-fabric. The roster-pattern resumes (division + 'with their host' + commander). Elizur son of Shedeur matches Num 1:5; 2:10.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρανset outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (Reuben's division marches)→ constative aorist (departure of the second division)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע.
τάγμαdivisionAccusativeaccusative of respect ('by division')→ object specificationτάγμα: 'ordered division / standard-camp'; renders דֶּגֶל; see v. 14.
παρεμβολῆςof the campGenitivegenitive of description (with τάγμα)→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / division'; see v. 2.
Ρουβηνof Reubengenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΡουβην: transliteration of רְאוּבֵן; indeclinable; the leading tribe of the southern division (Num 2:10–16).
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with'; the roster-phrase σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν.
δυνάμειhostDativedative object of σύν→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμει)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' host.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμεως)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' host.
ΕλισουρElizurnominative (implied 'was'): commander of Reuben (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισουρ: transliteration of אֱלִיצוּר ('my God is a rock'); indeclinable; the prince of Reuben (Num 1:5; 2:10).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic connector.
Σεδιουρof Shedeurgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΣεδιουρ: transliteration of שְׁדֵיאוּר (Shedeur); indeclinable; the father of Elizur.
19

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Συμεων Σαλαμιηλ υἱὸς Σουρισαδαι

And over the host of the tribe of the sons of Simeon was Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai.

Roster (cont.): the second tribe of Reuben's division (Simeon) and its commanderκαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Συμεων
Simeon is the second tribe of the southern division. Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai matches Num 1:6; 2:12.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Συμεων.
Συμεωνof Simeongenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΣυμεων: transliteration of שִׁמְעוֹן; indeclinable; the second tribe of the southern division.
ΣαλαμιηλShelumielnominative (implied 'was'): commander of Simeon (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλαμιηλ: transliteration of שְׁלֻמִיאֵל ('peace of God'); indeclinable; the prince of Simeon (Num 1:6; 2:12).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic connector.
Σουρισαδαιof Zurishaddaigenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΣουρισαδαι: transliteration of צוּרִישַׁדָּי (Zurishaddai, 'Shaddai is a rock'); indeclinable; the father of Shelumiel.
20

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Γαδ Ελισαφ ὁ τοῦ Ραγουηλ

And over the host of the tribe of the sons of Gad was Eliasaph the son of Reuel.

Roster (cont.): the third tribe of Reuben's division (Gad) and its commanderκαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Γαδ
Gad completes the southern division. Note the variant patronymic construction ὁ τοῦ Ραγουηλ ('the [son] of Reuel'), with the article alone marking sonship — a Greek idiom alternating with the explicit υἱός. Eliasaph son of Reuel (Deuel) matches Num 1:14; 2:14.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Γαδ.
Γαδof Gadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΓαδ: transliteration of גָּד; indeclinable; the third tribe of the southern division.
ΕλισαφEliasaphnominative (implied 'was'): commander of Gad (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαφ: transliteration of אֶלְיָסָף ('God has added'); indeclinable; the prince of Gad (Num 1:14; 2:14).
ὁthe (son)Nominativearticle (substantival 'son-of' construction)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article alone, with a following genitive (ὁ τοῦ Ραγουηλ), is the Greek idiom for 'the son of Reuel' — υἱός is understood; this construction alternates with the explicit υἱός in the roster (cf. vv. 23, 24, 25).
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with patronymic genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡαγουηλReuelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΡαγουηλ: transliteration of רְעוּאֵל (Reuel; Deuel at Num 1:14 MT, a ד/ר scribal variant); indeclinable; the father of Eliasaph — the same name borne by Hobab's father in v. 29.
21

καὶ ἐξαροῦσιν οἱ υἱοὶ Κααθ αἴροντες τὰ ἅγια καὶ στήσουσιν τὴν σκηνήν ἕως παραγένωνται

And the sons of Kohath shall set out, bearing the holy things; and they shall set up the tabernacle until they arrive.

Levitical transport: the Kohathites carry the holy things, the tent already pitched aheadκαὶ ἐξαροῦσιν οἱ υἱοὶ Κααθ
The Kohathites march between the southern (Reuben) and western (Ephraim) divisions, bearing the most sacred objects — the ark, table, lampstand, altars (Num 4:4–15). The Gershonites and Merarites (v. 17) go ahead so that the tabernacle is re-erected (στήσουσιν) before the Kohathites arrive with the holy things, preserving the sanctity of the sacred vessels.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦσινshall set outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (Kohathite march)→ gnomic/customary future (standing transport-rule)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐξαροῦσιν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Κααθ = the Kohathite Levites.
Κααθof Kohathgenitive of relationship (indeclinable Levitical clan-name)→ participant identificationΚααθ: transliteration of קְהָת; indeclinable; the Kohathites bore the most holy objects (ark, table, lampstand, altars), carried on the shoulder, not on wagons (Num 4:15; 7:9).
αἴροντεςbearingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · αἴρωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'carrying')→ imperfective participle (ongoing act of bearing)αἴρω: 'lift / carry'; the participle describes the Kohathites' sacred transport-task; same verb as v. 17.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅγιαholy thingsAccusativedirect object of αἴροντες (substantivized adjective)→ object specificationἅγιος: 'holy'; the substantivized neuter plural τὰ ἅγια ('the holy things / the sanctuary-objects') renders הַקֹּדֶשׁ; the most sacred furnishings borne by the Kohathites.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήσουσινthey shall set upFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (re-erection of the tabernacle ahead of arrival)→ gnomic/customary future (standing transport-rule)ἵστημι (transitive fut.): 'set up / erect / establish'; here the Gershonites/Merarites (subject from v. 17) re-pitch the tabernacle at the new site before the Kohathites arrive, so the holy things may be installed at once.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνήνtabernacleAccusativedirect object of στήσουσιν→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tabernacle'; the dwelling re-erected at the new encampment.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with the subjunctive παραγένωνται, introduces the temporal limit — the structure is ready by the time the Kohathites reach it.
παραγένωνταιthey arriveAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιverb of temporal clause (with ἕως)→ aorist subjunctive (anticipated arrival)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come / be present'; the aorist subjunctive marks the Kohathites' arrival at the new site, by which point the tabernacle stands ready to receive the holy things.
22

καὶ ἐξαροῦσιν τάγμα παρεμβολῆς Εφραιμ σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτῶν Ελισαμα υἱὸς Εμιουδ

And the division of the camp of Ephraim shall set out with their host; and over their host was Elishama son of Ammihud.

Roster (cont.): the third division (Ephraim) leads the western banner-groupκαὶ ἐξαροῦσιν τάγμα παρεμβολῆς Εφραιμ
The third τάγμα is Ephraim's western division, marching after the Kohathites. The future ἐξαροῦσιν (vs. aorist ἐξῆραν in vv. 14, 18) reflects the LXX's loose alternation of tense in the repeated roster. Elishama son of Ammihud matches Num 1:10; 2:18 (Ephraim, grandfather of Joshua, 1 Chr 7:26).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦσινshall set outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (Ephraim's division marches)→ gnomic/customary future (in the repeated march-roster)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע.
τάγμαdivisionAccusativeaccusative of respect ('by division')→ object specificationτάγμα: 'ordered division / standard-camp'; renders דֶּגֶל; see v. 14.
παρεμβολῆςof the campGenitivegenitive of description (with τάγμα)→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / division'; see v. 2.
Εφραιμof Ephraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliteration of אֶפְרַיִם; indeclinable; the leading tribe of the western division (Num 2:18–24).
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with'; the roster-phrase σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν.
δυνάμειhostDativedative object of σύν→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμει)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' host.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμεως)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' host.
ΕλισαμαElishamanominative (implied 'was'): commander of Ephraim (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαμα: transliteration of אֱלִישָׁמָע ('God has heard'); indeclinable; the prince of Ephraim (Num 1:10; 2:18), grandfather of Joshua (1 Chr 7:26–27).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic connector.
Εμιουδof Ammihudgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΕμιουδ: transliteration of עַמִּיהוּד (Ammihud); indeclinable; the father of Elishama.
23

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Μανασση Γαμαλιηλ ὁ τοῦ Φαδασσουρ

And over the host of the tribe of the sons of Manasseh was Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.

Roster (cont.): the second tribe of Ephraim's division (Manasseh) and its commanderκαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Μανασση
Manasseh is the second tribe of the western division. The article-only patronymic ὁ τοῦ Φαδασσουρ recurs (cf. v. 20). Gamaliel son of Pedahzur matches Num 1:10; 2:20.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Μανασση.
Μανασσηof Manassehgenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΜανασση: transliteration of מְנַשֶּׁה; indeclinable; the second tribe of the western division.
ΓαμαλιηλGamalielnominative (implied 'was'): commander of Manasseh (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαμαλιηλ: transliteration of גַּמְלִיאֵל ('reward of God'); indeclinable; the prince of Manasseh (Num 1:10; 2:20); the name later borne by Paul's teacher (Acts 5:34; 22:3).
ὁthe (son)Nominativearticle (substantival 'son-of' construction)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article-only patronymic ὁ τοῦ Φαδασσουρ ('the [son] of Pedahzur'); see v. 20.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with patronymic genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦαδασσουρPedahzurgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΦαδασσουρ: transliteration of פְּדָהצוּר (Pedahzur); indeclinable; the father of Gamaliel.
24

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Βενιαμιν Αβιδαν ὁ τοῦ Γαδεωνι

And over the host of the tribe of the sons of Benjamin was Abidan the son of Gideoni.

Roster (cont.): the third tribe of Ephraim's division (Benjamin) and its commanderκαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Βενιαμιν
Benjamin completes the western division. Abidan son of Gideoni matches Num 1:11; 2:22.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Βενιαμιν.
Βενιαμινof Benjamingenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliteration of בִּנְיָמִין; indeclinable; the third tribe of the western division.
ΑβιδανAbidannominative (implied 'was'): commander of Benjamin (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβιδαν: transliteration of אֲבִידָן ('my father is judge'); indeclinable; the prince of Benjamin (Num 1:11; 2:22).
ὁthe (son)Nominativearticle (substantival 'son-of' construction)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article-only patronymic ὁ τοῦ Γαδεωνι; see v. 20.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with patronymic genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαδεωνιGideonigenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΓαδεωνι: transliteration of גִּדְעֹנִי (Gideoni); indeclinable; the father of Abidan.
25

καὶ ἐξαροῦσιν τάγμα παρεμβολῆς υἱῶν Δαν ἔσχατοι πασῶν τῶν παρεμβολῶν σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτῶν Αχιεζερ ὁ τοῦ Αμισαδαι

And the division of the camp of the sons of Dan shall set out, last of all the camps, with their host; and over their host was Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.

Roster (cont.): the fourth division (Dan) marches last as rear-guardκαὶ ἐξαροῦσιν τάγμα παρεμβολῆς υἱῶν Δαν
Dan's northern division forms the rear-guard, marked emphatically as ἔσχατοι πασῶν τῶν παρεμβολῶν ('last of all the camps'); in Num 2:31 Dan's camp 'sets out last by their standards.' The rear-guard position (and the gathering function of Dan, cf. Josh 6:9) closes the marching column. Ahiezer son of Ammishaddai matches Num 1:12; 2:25.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦσινshall set outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (Dan's division marches last)→ gnomic/customary future (in the repeated march-roster)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע.
τάγμαdivisionAccusativeaccusative of respect ('by division')→ object specificationτάγμα: 'ordered division / standard-camp'; renders דֶּגֶל; see v. 14.
παρεμβολῆςof the campGenitivegenitive of description (with τάγμα)→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / division'; see v. 2.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Δαν.
Δανof Dangenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΔαν: transliteration of דָּן; indeclinable; the leading tribe of the northern division (Num 2:25–31), the rear-guard of the march.
ἔσχατοιlastNominativepredicate adjective (adverbial: 'last in order')→ participant prominenceἔσχατος: 'last / rearmost'; renders בָּאַחֲרֹנָה ('at the last'); marks Dan as the rear-guard closing the column, in contrast to Judah's πρῶτοι (v. 14).
πασῶνof allGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'last of all')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the partitive genitive πασῶν τῶν παρεμβολῶν ('of all the camps') intensifies the rear-guard position.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῶνcampsGenitivegenitive (partitive, with πασῶν)→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / division'; the four banner-divisions of the host, of which Dan is last.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with'; the roster-phrase σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν.
δυνάμειhostDativedative object of σύν→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμει)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' host.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμεως)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' host.
ΑχιεζερAhiezernominative (implied 'was'): commander of Dan (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχιεζερ: transliteration of אֲחִיעֶזֶר ('my brother is help'); indeclinable; the prince of Dan (Num 1:12; 2:25).
ὁthe (son)Nominativearticle (substantival 'son-of' construction)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article-only patronymic ὁ τοῦ Αμισαδαι; see v. 20.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with patronymic genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμισαδαιAmmishaddaigenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑμισαδαι: transliteration of עַמִּישַׁדָּי (Ammishaddai, 'my kinsman is Shaddai'); indeclinable; the father of Ahiezer.
26

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Ασηρ Φαγαιηλ υἱὸς Εχραν

And over the host of the tribe of the sons of Asher was Pagiel son of Ochran.

Roster (cont.): the second tribe of Dan's division (Asher) and its commanderκαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Ασηρ
Asher is the second tribe of the northern division. Pagiel son of Ochran matches Num 1:13; 2:27.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ασηρ.
Ασηρof Ashergenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΑσηρ: transliteration of אָשֵׁר; indeclinable; the second tribe of the northern division.
ΦαγαιηλPagielnominative (implied 'was'): commander of Asher (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαγαιηλ: transliteration of פַּגְעִיאֵל (Pagiel); indeclinable; the prince of Asher (Num 1:13; 2:27).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic connector.
Εχρανof Ochrangenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΕχραν: transliteration of עָכְרָן (Ochran); indeclinable; the father of Pagiel.
27

καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Νεφθαλι Αχιρε υἱὸς Αιναν

And over the host of the tribe of the sons of Naphtali was Ahira son of Enan.

Roster (close): the third tribe of Dan's division (Naphtali) and its commanderκαὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δυνάμεως φυλῆς υἱῶν Νεφθαλι
Naphtali completes the northern division and the whole twelve-tribe march-roster. Ahira son of Enan matches Num 1:15; 2:29. With this verse the enumeration is done; v. 28 sums it up.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (command)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in command of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςhostGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
φυλῆςof the tribeGenitivegenitive of description→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Νεφθαλι.
Νεφθαλιof Naphtaligenitive of relationship (indeclinable tribal name)→ participant identificationΝεφθαλι: transliteration of נַפְתָּלִי; indeclinable; the third tribe of the northern division, last in the roster.
ΑχιρεAhiranominative (implied 'was'): commander of Naphtali (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχιρε: transliteration of אֲחִירַע (Ahira); indeclinable; the prince of Naphtali (Num 1:15; 2:29).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic connector.
Αινανof Enangenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑιναν: transliteration of עֵינָן (Enan); indeclinable; the father of Ahira.
28

αὗται αἱ στρατιαὶ υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐξῆραν σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν

These are the armies of the sons of Israel, and they set out with their host.

Summary closure of the march-rosterαὗται αἱ στρατιαὶ υἱῶν Ισραηλ
The demonstrative summary αὗται αἱ στρατιαί ('these are the armies') closes the roster of vv. 14–27, gathering the whole ordered host under one rubric. The closing ἐξῆραν σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν reprises the keyword and the roster-phrase, sealing the orderly first departure.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
αὗταιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of the summary)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this / these'; the feminine plural αὗται introduces the summarizing rubric, pointing back over the whole marshalled host.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατιαὶarmiesNominativepredicate nominative (with αὗται)→ participant prominenceστρατιά: 'army / host'; renders צָבָא / מַסַּע; the plural στρατιαί ('armies') sums up the ordered divisions as a single marching host — Israel as the army of YHWH on the move.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with στρατιαί)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ισραηλ = 'of the sons of Israel.'
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the whole covenant people.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (closing the departure-narrative)→ constative aorist (the completed first march)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע; the recurring keyword closes the marching-order section, summing up the whole host's departure.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingσύν: 'with'; the roster-phrase σὺν δυνάμει αὐτῶν, now applied to the whole host.
δυνάμειhostDativedative object of σύν→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'host / army'; renders צָבָא.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυνάμει)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' host.
29

καὶ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς τῷ Ιωβαβ υἱῷ Ραγουηλ τῷ Μαδιανίτῃ τῷ γαμβρῷ Μωυσῆ ἐξαίρομεν ἡμεῖς εἰς τὸν τόπον ὃν εἶπεν κύριος τοῦτον δώσω ὑμῖν δεῦρο μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν καὶ εὖ σε ποιήσομεν ὅτι κύριος ἐλάλησεν καλὰ περὶ Ισραηλ

And Moses said to Hobab son of Reuel the Midianite, the relative of Moses, 'We are setting out for the place of which the LORD said, This I will give to you. Come with us, and we will do you good, for the LORD has spoken good things concerning Israel.'

New episode: Moses' invitation to Hobab the Midianite guideκαὶ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς τῷ Ιωβαβ
A fresh narrative unit turns from the host's order to a personal appeal. Moses invites his Midianite relative Hobab to journey to the promised land, grounding the appeal in the divine promise (ὃν εἶπεν κύριος … δώσω) and in YHWH's pledge of good toward Israel (κύριος ἐλάλησεν καλὰ περὶ Ισραηλ). The imperative δεῦρο μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν ('come with us') opens the persuasion that continues through v. 32.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: 'say'; the aorist εἶπεν introduces Moses' direct appeal to Hobab.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: the speaker, here in his role as kinsman appealing to his Midianite relative.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ιωβαβ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωβαβHobabDativedative indirect object of εἶπεν (indeclinable name, article-marked dative)→ participant identificationΙωβαβ: transliteration of חֹבָב (Hobab); indeclinable, but marked dative by the article τῷ; Hobab is Moses' brother-in-law (or father-in-law; the kinship terms vary), the Midianite who knows the wilderness routes (cf. Judg 4:11).
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Ιωβαβ (patronymic)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the dative υἱῷ Ραγουηλ identifies Hobab as the son of Reuel.
Ραγουηλof Reuelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΡαγουηλ: transliteration of רְעוּאֵל (Reuel); indeclinable; Moses' father-in-law (Exod 2:18; also called Jethro), here Hobab's father.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Μαδιανίτῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Μαδιανίτῃthe MidianiteDativedative in apposition to Ιωβαβ (gentilic)→ sphere or referenceΜαδιανίτης: 'Midianite'; a Greek gentilic noun (hence declined), renders מִדְיָנִי; identifies Hobab's people — the Midianites, desert-dwellers who know the wilderness terrain, making Hobab a natural guide.
τῷtheDativearticle (with γαμβρῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γαμβρῷrelative by marriageDativedative in apposition to Ιωβαβ (kinship term)→ sphere or referenceγαμβρός: 'in-law / relative by marriage' (son-in-law, father-in-law, or brother-in-law, depending on context); renders חֹתֵן; the broad term reflects the fluid kinship designation of Hobab/Reuel/Jethro in the Pentateuch; here 'the relative of Moses by marriage.'
Μωυσῆof MosesGenitivegenitive of relationship (with γαμβρῷ)→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς: gen. Μωυσῆ; 'the relative-by-marriage of Moses.'
ἐξαίρομενwe are setting outPres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb of direct speech (Moses' announcement)→ progressive/futuristic present (journey about to begin)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / journey'; the present ἐξαίρομεν ('we are setting out / on the point of journeying') marks the imminent departure as the occasion of the invitation; the keyword of the chapter now in Moses' own mouth.
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ (pl. ἡμεῖς): the emphatic 'we' draws Hobab's attention to the company he is invited to join.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of the journey)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place'; renders מָקוֹם; the promised land as the goal of the march, defined by the divine word that follows.
ὃνof whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object within the relative clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the divine promise attaching to the place.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the prior divine promise)λέγω: 'say'; the aorist refers to YHWH's land-promise to the patriarchs and at the Exodus.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν (within relative clause)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the promiser of the land.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of δώσω, resuming τόπον)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; τοῦτον resumes the place as the direct object of the divine gift-promise.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of the quoted divine promise→ predictive future (binding divine pledge)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the first-person δώσω ὑμῖν is the land-grant formula — the LORD's own pledge to give Israel the land.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object of δώσω→ participant reference or interestσύ (pl.): the dative ὑμῖν marks Israel (and, implicitly, those who join them) as the recipients of the land-grant.
δεῦροcomeadverb-interjection used as imperative ('come!')→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: 'here / come here!'; an adverb functioning as an imperative of invitation; renders לְכָה ('come!'); the hinge of Moses' appeal.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν = 'with us.'
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἐγώ (pl.): 'us'; the company Hobab is urged to join.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence/promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὖwelladverb (with ποιήσομεν: 'do good to')→ clausal contributionεὖ: 'well / good'; the idiom εὖ ποιεῖν τινα ('to do good to / treat well') renders הֵיטִיב; Moses promises Hobab a share in Israel's blessing.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ποιήσομεν→ participant referenceσύ: 'you' (Hobab), the object of the promised good treatment.
ποιήσομενwe will doFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (Moses' promise of reciprocal good)→ predictive future (pledge of benefit)ποιέω: 'do / make'; εὖ σε ποιήσομεν ('we will do you good') is the reciprocal blessing-promise, repeated at v. 32.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (grounds for the appeal)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the theological warrant — YHWH's own good word over Israel.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the guarantor of Israel's good.
ἐλάλησενhas spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the divine pledge of good)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the aorist points to YHWH's settled promise of blessing toward Israel as the basis of Moses' appeal.
καλὰgood thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐλάλησεν (substantivized neuter plural)→ object specificationκαλός: 'good / fine'; the neuter plural καλά ('good things') renders טוֹב; YHWH has spoken good concerning Israel — the promise Hobab is invited to share.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / about'; marks Israel as the object of the divine good word.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive object of περί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the people over whom YHWH has spoken good.
30

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν οὐ πορεύσομαι ἀλλὰ εἰς τὴν γῆν μου καὶ εἰς τὴν γενεάν μου

But he said to him, 'I will not go, but only to my own land and to my own kindred.'

Hobab's refusalκαὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν
Hobab declines the invitation, preferring to return to his homeland and kin. The emphatic οὐ πορεύσομαι ('I will not go') with the corrective ἀλλά ('but rather') sets up Moses' renewed and intensified appeal in vv. 31–32.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶand / butnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Hobab's reply)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: 'say'; introduces Hobab's refusal.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Moses)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him' (Moses), the addressee of Hobab's reply.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; the emphatic refusal negating πορεύσομαι.
πορεύσομαιI will goFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb of Hobab's refusal→ predictive future (decision declined)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey / travel'; renders הָלַךְ; the negated future οὐ πορεύσομαι is Hobab's plain refusal to accompany Israel.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative (corrective)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but / rather'; the strong adversative introduces the alternative destination Hobab prefers — 'rather (I will go) to my own land.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / country'; renders אֶרֶץ; Hobab's own Midianite homeland.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with γῆν)→ relational specificationἐγώ: 'my'; Hobab's own land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεάνkindredAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal)→ object specificationγενεά: 'kindred / family / generation / kin'; renders מוֹלֶדֶת ('birthplace / relatives'); here 'my kindred,' the people among whom Hobab was born — the pull of home and clan against the call to journey with Israel.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with γενεάν)→ relational specificationἐγώ: 'my'; Hobab's own kindred.
31

καὶ εἶπεν μὴ ἐγκαταλίπῃς ἡμᾶς οὗ εἵνεκεν ἦσθα μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ καὶ ἔσῃ ἐν ἡμῖν πρεσβύτης

And he said, 'Do not abandon us, since for this reason you have been with us in the wilderness, and you shall be an elder among us.'

Moses' renewed appeal: do not forsake us; you know the wayκαὶ εἶπεν μὴ ἐγκαταλίπῃς ἡμᾶς
Moses presses again with a prohibitive subjunctive (μὴ ἐγκαταλίπῃς, 'do not forsake us') and a double rationale: Hobab's experience of the wilderness makes him invaluable (the Hebrew underlying 'you have been our eyes'), and he will hold honored standing (πρεσβύτης) among Israel. The LXX renders the Hebrew 'you shall be to us for eyes' with the status-term πρεσβύτης ('elder').
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses' renewed appeal)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: 'say'; introduces Moses' second, more urgent appeal.
μὴdo notnegative particle (with prohibitive subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: 'not'; with the aorist subjunctive forms a prohibition ('do not...').
ἐγκαταλίπῃςabandonAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (prohibitive subjunctive)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (urgent negative request)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'forsake / abandon / leave behind'; the double-compound ἐγ-κατα- intensifies ('leave utterly behind'); renders עָזַב; the same verb of the cry 'why have you forsaken me?' (Ps 21[22]:2; Mark 15:34) — here a heartfelt plea not to be deserted.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐγκαταλίπῃς→ participant referenceἐγώ (pl.): 'us'; Israel as the company Hobab is urged not to forsake.
οὗfor whichGenitiverelative/causal pronoun (with εἵνεκεν: 'for which reason')→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun in the fixed phrase οὗ εἵνεκεν ('for the reason that / because'); a causal connector.
εἵνεκενbecausepostpositive preposition/particle (causal, with οὗ)→ spatial or relational framingεἵνεκεν (= ἕνεκεν): 'on account of / because of'; the phrase οὗ εἵνεκεν renders the Hebrew עַל כֵּן / כִּי עַל כֵּן ('therefore / for this reason'); it grounds the appeal in Hobab's proven knowledge of the wilderness.
ἦσθαyou have beenImpf Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of the causal clause→ imperfect (continued past companionship)εἰμί (impf. 2 sg.): 'you were / have been'; the archaic form ἦσθα; the imperfect denotes Hobab's sustained presence with Israel in the wilderness, the experiential basis for his usefulness as a guide.
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν = 'with us.'
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἐγώ (pl.): 'us.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness'; renders מִדְבָּר; Hobab's familiarity with the desert routes is precisely his value to Israel (the Hebrew adds 'you shall be to us for eyes').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (consequence/promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσῃyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (promise of status)→ predictive future (pledge of honored standing)εἰμί (fut. 2 sg.): 'you shall be'; the promise that Hobab will hold an honored place among Israel.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative ('among us')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here 'among'; ἐν ἡμῖν = 'among us / in our midst.'
ἡμῖνusDativedative object of ἐν→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (pl.): 'us'; the community among whom Hobab will be honored.
πρεσβύτηςan elderNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσῃ)→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτης: 'old man / elder / one of honored age'; the LXX renders the Hebrew 'you shall be to us for eyes' (וְהָיִיתָ לָּנוּ לְעֵינָיִם) with the status-term πρεσβύτης, evidently reading the consonants differently or interpreting the guide's role as that of a respected elder; the Greek thus promises Hobab honored standing rather than naming the 'eyes'-guide function explicitly (which the text-note flags).
32

καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν πορευθῇς μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν καὶ ἔσται τὰ ἀγαθὰ ἐκεῖνα ὅσα ἐὰν ἀγαθοποιήσῃ κύριος ἡμᾶς καὶ εὖ σε ποιήσομεν

And it shall be, if you go with us, then it shall be that whatever good things the LORD does for us, we also will do good to you.

Moses' final inducement: shared blessing conditioned on Hobab's comingκαὶ ἔσται ἐὰν πορευθῇς μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν
The persuasion climaxes with a conditional pledge of reciprocal blessing: whatever good YHWH does for Israel, Israel will extend to Hobab. The doubled καὶ ἔσται (a Hebraizing 'and it shall be... it shall be') frames the apodosis; the verse closes by repeating the promise of v. 29 (εὖ σε ποιήσομεν), binding the appeal together.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (Hebraizing apodotic formula)→ predictive future (conditional outcome)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה, the Hebrew formula introducing the consequence of a condition ('and it shall come to pass').
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; with subjunctive (πορευθῇς); states the condition of Hobab's accompaniment.
πορευθῇςyou goAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of conditional clause (protasis)→ aorist subjunctive (prospective condition)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; the aorist passive-deponent subjunctive πορευθῇς states the condition — 'if you (decide to) go with us.'
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν.
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationἐγώ (pl.): 'us.'
καὶthenapodotic καί (introducing the consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic ('then'), a Hebraizing waw resuming after the protasis.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (resumptive apodosis)→ predictive future (conditional outcome)εἰμί (fut.): the resumptive ἔσται restarts the apodosis after the conditional clause — a redundancy reflecting the Hebrew syntax.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsNominativesubject (substantivized neuter plural)→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: 'good'; the neuter plural τὰ ἀγαθά ('the good things') renders הַטּוֹבָה; the blessings YHWH will bestow on Israel, to be shared with Hobab.
ἐκεῖναthoseNominativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἀγαθά)→ participant prominenceἐκεῖνος: 'that / those'; deictic, pointing to the specific blessings defined by the following relative clause.
ὅσαwhateverNominativerelative pronoun (introducing the indefinite relative clause)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; the neuter plural ὅσα ('whatever amount of good') makes the promise open-ended — all that YHWH does for Israel.
ἐὰνeverparticle (with subjunctive, generalizing the relative: 'whatever')→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν (= ἄν): the generalizing particle with the subjunctive ἀγαθοποιήσῃ turns ὅσα into 'whatever good the LORD may do.'
ἀγαθοποιήσῃdoes good toAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀγαθοποιέωverb of the indefinite relative clause→ aorist subjunctive (open-ended future benefaction)ἀγαθοποιέω: 'do good / confer benefit'; a compound (ἀγαθόν + ποιέω); renders הֵיטִיב; the subjunctive in the indefinite relative clause leaves the scope of YHWH's good toward Israel unbounded.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἀγαθοποιήσῃ→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the source of every good Israel receives.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἀγαθοποιήσῃ→ participant referenceἐγώ (pl.): 'us'; ἀγαθοποιέω here takes the accusative of the person benefited.
καὶalso / socoordinate conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: 'and / also'; links Israel's reciprocal good to YHWH's good — 'so we also will do good to you.'
εὖwelladverb (with ποιήσομεν: 'do good to')→ clausal contributionεὖ: 'well'; the idiom εὖ ποιεῖν ('do good to'); repeats the promise of v. 29.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ποιήσομεν→ participant referenceσύ: 'you' (Hobab), the beneficiary of the reciprocal good.
ποιήσομενwe will doFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (the reciprocal-blessing promise)→ predictive future (pledge of benefit)ποιέω: 'do / make'; εὖ σε ποιήσομεν closes the appeal by binding Hobab's welfare to Israel's, exactly echoing v. 29.
33

καὶ ἐξῆραν ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους κυρίου ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης κυρίου προεπορεύετο προτέρα αὐτῶν ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν κατασκέψασθαι αὐτοῖς ἀνάπαυσιν

And they set out from the mountain of the LORD a journey of three days; and the ark of the covenant of the LORD went on before them, a journey of three days, to seek out a resting-place for them.

The march from Sinai with the ark leadingκαὶ ἐξῆραν ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους κυρίου
The departure from 'the mountain of the LORD' (Sinai/Horeb) is now narrated as a three-days' journey, with the ark of the covenant going ahead (προεπορεύετο προτέρα αὐτῶν) to reconnoiter a resting-place — the ark itself, not merely the cloud, leads the march. This sets up the ark-cries of vv. 34–35.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρανthey set outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (departure from Sinai)→ constative aorist (the march from the mountain)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; renders נָסַע; the keyword now records the actual departure from Sinai.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; renders הַר; 'the mountain of the LORD' is Sinai/Horeb, the place of the covenant-revelation, now left behind.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὄρους)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the mountain of the LORD' marks Sinai as YHWH's holy mountain of self-revelation.
ὁδὸνa journeyAccusativeaccusative of extent (of space/time: 'a journey of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; the accusative of extent ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν ('a three-days' journey') renders דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים; a standard measure of distance.
τριῶνof threeGenitivenumeral (modifying ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationτρεῖς: 'three'; the three-days' journey marks the first stage from Sinai; the number recurs deliberately in the verse, emphasizing the ark's three-day reconnaissance.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of measure (with ὁδόν)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the temporal measure of the journey.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸςarkNominativesubject of προεπορεύετο→ participant prominenceκιβωτός: 'box / chest / ark'; renders אֲרוֹן; the ark of the covenant, the throne-footstool of YHWH; the same word used for Noah's ark (Gen 6–9) and a key term of the divine-presence theology.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive of description (with κιβωτός)→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament'; renders בְּרִית; the ark contains the tablets of the covenant, hence ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης ('the ark of the covenant'), the visible token of YHWH's binding bond with Israel.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with διαθήκης)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant is YHWH's own.
προεπορεύετοwent on beforeImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · προπορεύομαιmain verb (the ark leading the march)→ imperfect (continuous leading during the journey)προπορεύομαι: 'go before / lead the way'; the compound προ- marks precedence; the imperfect προεπορεύετο depicts the ark continuously going ahead of the host, leading them to the resting-place — a vivid image of YHWH personally guiding the march.
προτέραaheadNominativepredicate adjective (modifying κιβωτός: 'in front of them')→ participant prominenceπρότερος: 'former / earlier / in front'; the feminine προτέρα agrees with κιβωτός; reinforces προπορεύομαι — the ark goes 'ahead of them,' leading the column.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive (comparison/separation with προτέρα: 'ahead of them')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'them'; the host whom the ark precedes.
ὁδὸνa journeyAccusativeaccusative of extent (repeated: 'a journey of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'journey'; the repetition ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν underscores the ark's three-day advance reconnaissance.
τριῶνof threeGenitivenumeral (modifying ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationτρεῖς: 'three'; the repeated three-days' span.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of measure (with ὁδόν)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the measure of the ark's advance journey.
κατασκέψασθαιto seek outAor Mid Inf · κατασκέπτομαιinfinitive of purpose (the ark's mission)→ aorist infinitive (purpose)κατασκέπτομαι: 'spy out / explore / reconnoiter'; renders תּוּר ('search out'); the infinitive of purpose explains the ark's advance — to seek out a resting-place; the same verb-root used of the spies in Num 13.
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage (with κατασκέψασθαι)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'for them'; the host on whose behalf the resting-place is sought.
ἀνάπαυσινa resting-placeAccusativedirect object of κατασκέψασθαι→ object specificationἀνάπαυσις: 'rest / resting-place / repose'; renders מְנוּחָה ('resting-place'); the goal of the ark's advance — the place where the host will encamp; the rest-motif resonates with the promised-land 'rest' (cf. Ps 94[95]:11; Heb 3–4).
34

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐξαίρειν τὴν κιβωτὸν καὶ εἶπεν Μωυσῆς ἐξεγέρθητι κύριε διασκορπισθήτωσαν οἱ ἐχθροί σου φυγέτωσαν πάντες οἱ μισοῦντές σε

And it came to pass, when the ark set out, that Moses said, 'Arise, O LORD, and let your enemies be scattered; let all who hate you flee before you.'

The ark-cry at the setting-out (war-acclamation)καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐξαίρειν τὴν κιβωτὸν
The narrative-onset formula καὶ ἐγένετο frames the first of the two ancient ark-formulas. As the ark moves out, Moses utters the war-acclamation ἐξεγέρθητι κύριε ('Arise, O LORD'), invoking YHWH as the divine warrior whose advance scatters his foes — the verse is famously echoed verbatim at the head of Ps 67(68):2. The two third-person imperatives (διασκορπισθήτωσαν, φυγέτωσαν) frame the enemies' rout.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal-narrative formula)→ constative aorist (episode-onset)γίνομαι: 'come to pass'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders וַיְהִי, framing the ark-cry as a recurring liturgical event at each setting-out.
ἐνwhen / inpreposition + dative articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: ἐν τῷ ἐξαίρειν ('in/when the setting-out') renders the Hebrew בִּנְסֹעַ (infinitive construct with preposition), a temporal clause 'whenever the ark set out.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive ἐξαίρειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαίρεινsetting outPres Act Inf · ἐξαίρωarticular infinitive (temporal, with ἐν τῷ)→ imperfective infinitive (the recurring act of departure)ἐξαίρω: 'set out'; the articular infinitive in the temporal phrase marks the recurrent moment of the ark's departure as the occasion of the cry; the keyword now nominalized.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἐξαίρειν→ object specificationκιβωτός: 'ark'; the accusative subject of the articular infinitive ('when the ark set out'); see v. 33.
καὶthat / andapodotic καί (after the temporal clause, Hebraizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic, resuming the main clause after the temporal ἐγένετο + infinitive — a Hebraism (waw after וַיְהִי).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses' ark-cry)→ constative aorist (the uttered acclamation)λέγω: 'say'; introduces the liturgical war-cry over the ark.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: Moses as the one who pronounces the ark-formula at each departure.
ἐξεγέρθητιariseAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · ἐξεγείρωmain verb of direct address (invocation to YHWH)→ aorist imperative (urgent invocation of the divine warrior)ἐξεγείρω: 'rouse / raise up / (pass.) arise'; the aorist passive imperative ἐξεγέρθητι ('Arise!') renders קוּמָה (Qal imperative of קוּם); it summons YHWH as the warrior-king to advance with the ark; quoted at Ps 67(68):2 (ἀναστήτω ὁ θεός).
κύριεO LORDVocativevocative of direct address→ direct addressκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the vocative κύριε directly addresses YHWH as the divine warrior who leads Israel's march and battle.
διασκορπισθήτωσανlet them be scatteredAor Pass Impv 3 Pl · διασκορπίζωmain verb (third-person imperative: the enemies' rout)→ aorist imperative (jussive: let the foes be scattered)διασκορπίζω: 'scatter / disperse'; the compound δια- denotes thorough dispersal; renders the Niphal of פּוּץ ('be scattered'); the third-person imperative is a jussive — at YHWH's rising his enemies are routed; echoed at Ps 67(68):2.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροίenemiesNominativesubject of διασκορπισθήτωσαν→ participant prominenceἐχθρός: 'enemy'; renders אֹיֵב; YHWH's enemies are Israel's — the same word as in the war-trumpet promise of v. 9.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἐχθροί)→ relational specificationσύ: 'your'; the enemies belong to YHWH — opposition to Israel is opposition to its God.
φυγέτωσανlet them fleeAor Act Impv 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb (third-person imperative: the haters' flight)→ aorist imperative (jussive: let the foes flee)φεύγω: 'flee / take flight'; renders the Qal of נוּס; the jussive parallels διασκορπισθήτωσαν — the haters of YHWH flee before his advancing presence; echoed at Ps 67(68):2 (φευγέτωσαν).
πάντεςallNominativeadjective (modifying οἱ μισοῦντες)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of YHWH's haters are put to flight — none stands before the divine warrior.
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (with substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μισοῦντέςwho hatePres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · μισέωsubstantival participle (subject of φυγέτωσαν: 'those who hate')→ imperfective participle (settled hostility)μισέω: 'hate / detest'; the articular participle οἱ μισοῦντες ('those who hate [you]') renders מְשַׂנְאֶיךָ; the present marks habitual, settled enmity toward YHWH.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of μισοῦντες→ participant referenceσύ: 'you' (YHWH); the object of the haters' enmity — to hate Israel's God is to be scattered before him.
35

καὶ ἐν τῇ καταπαύσει εἶπεν ἐπίστρεφε κύριε χιλιάδας μυριάδας ἐν τῷ Ισραηλ

And at the resting he said, 'Return, O LORD, the thousands and myriads in Israel.'

The ark-cry at the resting (return-acclamation)καὶ ἐν τῇ καταπαύσει εἶπεν
The second ark-formula, uttered when the ark came to rest, balances the first: as the war-cry sent YHWH forth, the return-cry ἐπίστρεφε κύριε ('Return, O LORD') calls him back to dwell amid the innumerable host ('the thousands and myriads in Israel'). Together the two cries frame the LORD's going-out and coming-in as the rhythm of the march.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at the resting')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: temporal ('at the time of'); ἐν τῇ καταπαύσει = 'when (the ark) rested.'
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταπαύσειrestingDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceκατάπαυσις: 'rest / cessation / resting'; renders the infinitive of נוּחַ ('to rest'); the moment the ark halts; cognate with the 'rest' theology (κατάπαυσις in Ps 94[95]:11; Heb 3:11; 4:1–11).
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Moses' return-cry)→ constative aorist (the uttered acclamation)λέγω: 'say'; introduces the second ark-formula (subject Moses, from v. 34).
ἐπίστρεφεreturnPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb of direct address (invocation to YHWH)→ present imperative (ongoing invocation: come back and abide)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּבָה (Qal imperative of שׁוּב); the present imperative ἐπίστρεφε ('Return!') calls YHWH back to dwell among the resting host — the counterpart to the 'Arise!' of departure.
κύριεO LORDVocativevocative of direct address→ direct addressκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the vocative κύριε addresses YHWH, summoned to return and abide with the encamped host.
χιλιάδαςthousandsAccusativeaccusative (the innumerable host: object/extent of the return)→ object specificationχιλιάς: 'thousand'; renders אַלְפֵי ('thousands of'); the LXX renders the Hebrew 'the ten thousand thousands of Israel' (רִבְבוֹת אַלְפֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל) with the pair χιλιάδας μυριάδας; the accusative marks the vast multitude to whom YHWH returns.
μυριάδαςmyriadsAccusativeaccusative (in asyndeton with χιλιάδας: 'thousands [and] myriads')→ object specificationμυριάς: 'ten thousand / myriad / countless number'; renders רְבָבָה; the pair χιλιάδας μυριάδας ('thousands, myriads') expresses the innumerable multitude of Israel among whom YHWH is invoked to dwell.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative/sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'in / among'; ἐν τῷ Ισραηλ = 'in Israel / among Israel.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with indeclinable Ισραηλ, marking dative)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article τῷ marks the case of the indeclinable Ισραηλ as dative ('in Israel').
ΙσραηλIsraelDativedative object of ἐν (indeclinable, case marked by article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable, here dative by the article τῷ; the people among whose myriads YHWH is invoked to return and dwell.
36

καὶ ἡ νεφέλη ἐγένετο σκιάζουσα ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῖς ἡμέρας ἐν τῷ ἐξαίρειν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς παρεμβολῆς

And the cloud came to be overshadowing them by day, when they set out from the camp.

Closing image: the cloud overshadows the marching hostκαὶ ἡ νεφέλη ἐγένετο σκιάζουσα
The chapter closes by returning to the cloud (the LXX here preserves a fuller statement than MT): the cloud overshadows (σκιάζουσα) the host by day as they march out, an image of protective divine presence covering the people on the move. The periphrastic ἐγένετο σκιάζουσα frames the cloud's shading as a settled, ongoing canopy over the journey.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: 'cloud'; the cloud of the divine presence (see v. 11), here described as a protective canopy over the marching host.
ἐγένετοcame to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (with participle: periphrastic 'was overshadowing')→ constative aorist (the cloud's settled covering)γίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; with the participle σκιάζουσα forms a periphrastic construction ('came to be overshadowing' = continually shaded), expressing the cloud's enduring protective canopy.
σκιάζουσαovershadowingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · σκιάζωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἐγένετο)→ imperfective participle (continuous overshadowing)σκιάζω: 'overshadow / cast a shadow / shade'; renders the Hebrew sense of the cloud's covering (cf. עָנָן / צֵל); the cognate ἐπισκιάζω describes the cloud at the transfiguration (Mark 9:7) and the Spirit's overshadowing of Mary (Luke 1:35) — the cloud as the sheltering presence of God.
ἐπ᾿overpreposition + dative (position: 'over them', elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'over / upon'; ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῖς = 'over them,' the host beneath the cloud's shade.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐπί→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'them'; the marching host overshadowed by the cloud.
ἡμέραςby dayGenitivegenitive of time (within which: 'by day')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the genitive of time ἡμέρας ('by day / during the daytime') specifies when the cloud shaded them — the daytime canopy (the pillar of fire serving by night, Num 9:16).
ἐνwhen / inpreposition + dative articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: ἐν τῷ ἐξαίρειν ('when they set out') renders the Hebrew בְּנָסְעָם; the temporal clause links the cloud's shading to the act of marching.
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive ἐξαίρειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαίρεινsetting outPres Act Inf · ἐξαίρωarticular infinitive (temporal, with ἐν τῷ)→ imperfective infinitive (the act of departure)ἐξαίρω: 'set out / break camp'; the chapter's keyword closes the chapter as it has punctuated it — the cloud shades the host 'when they set out from the camp.'
αὐτοὺςthey / themAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἐξαίρειν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative subject of the articular infinitive ('when they set out').
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (point of departure)→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment'; the camp from which the host sets out under the cloud's shade — the chapter's final word, closing the great departure-narrative.