Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Numbers, Chapter 13ΑΡΙΘΜΟΙ ΙΓ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Numbers 13 LXX (= MT 13:1–33; note that the LXX and MT verse-counts run parallel here, both giving thirty-three verses) narrates the reconnaissance of Canaan by twelve tribal chiefs.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Numbers 13 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Numbers 13 LXX (= MT 13:1–33; note that the LXX and MT verse-counts run parallel here, both giving thirty-three verses) narrates the reconnaissance of Canaan by twelve tribal chiefs. The chapter falls into four movements: the divine commission and the roster of scouts (vv. 1–16), Moses' charge specifying what they are to observe (vv. 17–20), the reconnaissance itself from the wilderness of Zin to Rehob, through Hebron of the Anakim, and to the Wadi of the Cluster (vv. 21–25), and the report to the assembly (vv. 26–33). The governing verb is κατασκέπτομαι ('spy out, reconnoiter'), which recurs at vv. 2, 16, 17, 21, 25, 32 and frames the whole episode. At v. 16 the narrator records Moses' renaming of Αυση (Hoshea) son of Ναυη (Nun) to Ἰησοῦς — the LXX form of Joshua, identical in spelling with the name later rendered 'Jesus,' a point of typological interest already exploited by early Christian readers. The reconnaissance brings back ocular proof of fertility: the scouts cut a single cluster (βότρυς) of grapes so heavy it is carried on a pole (ἐπ᾿ ἀναφορεῦσιν) between two men, from the place thereby named Φάραγξ βότρυος ('Ravine/Wadi of the Cluster,' Hebrew Eshcol, v. 24). The land is confessed to be one ῥέουσαν γάλα καὶ μέλι ('flowing with milk and honey,' v. 27), the classic Pentateuchal formula for the promise. But the majority report turns on ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ὅτι ('except that,' v. 28): the people are θρασύ ('bold/fierce'), the cities ὀχυραὶ τετειχισμέναι ('strong, walled'), and the γενεὰ Εναχ — the clan of Anak, the giants — dwell there. Against the panic, Χαλεβ (Caleb) silences the people (κατεσιώπησεν, v. 30) with a confession of faith: ἀναβάντες ἀναβησόμεθα … ὅτι δυνατοὶ δυνησόμεθα ('going up we shall go up … for we are surely able'), two emphatic Hebraizing cognate constructions rendering the infinitive-absolute. The other scouts answer with an ἔκστασις ('a fright/scaremongering,' v. 32) of the land — literally a 'putting-out-of-mind' — slandering it as γῆ κατέσθουσα τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ('a land that devours its inhabitants'). The climactic v. 33 sets the unbelief-vs-faith crux that drives chapter 14: the scouts saw τοὺς γίγαντας ('the giants') and felt themselves ὡσεὶ ἀκρίδες ('like grasshoppers') before them. The episode is read in the New Testament as the paradigm of the wilderness generation's unbelief (Heb 3:16–19; 1 Cor 10:1–11; cf. Ps 105[106]:24–27).

1

καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων

And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,

New divine speech-act (main narrative onset)καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος
The formula καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων is the standard LXX introduction to YHWH-speech throughout Numbers (cf. 1:1; 5:1; 6:1), rendering וַיְדַבֵּר יהוה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר; the redundant participle λέγων calques the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר and opens the quotation frame.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֵּר (Piel); the standard verb of divine address in the legal-narrative sections of Numbers, introducing an authoritative commission.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first/third-declension noun in Rahlfs' LXX (acc. Μωυσῆν).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (quotation-frame, agreeing with κύριος)→ imperfective participle (introducing direct discourse)λέγω: the participle λέγων calques the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר, a fixed LXX device for opening direct speech after a verb of speaking.
2

ἀπόστειλον σεαυτῷ ἄνδρας καὶ κατασκεψάσθωσαν τὴν γῆν τῶν Χαναναίων ἣν ἐγὼ δίδωμι τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ εἰς κατάσχεσιν ἄνδρα ἕνα κατὰ φυλὴν κατὰ δήμους πατριῶν αὐτῶν ἀποστελεῖς αὐτούς πάντα ἀρχηγὸν ἐξ αὐτῶν

Send out for yourself men, and let them spy out the land of the Canaanites, which I am giving to the sons of Israel for a possession; one man for each tribe, according to the clans of their ancestral houses you shall send them, every one a chief from among them.

Divine command (content of the speech opened in v.1)ἀπόστειλον σεαυτῷ
The imperative ἀπόστειλον with the ethical dative σεαυτῷ ('for yourself') renders the Hebrew שְׁלַח־לְךָ; the verb κατασκέπτομαι sets the chapter's keyword. The distributive ἄνδρα ἕνα κατὰ φυλήν establishes the twelve-fold tribal structure of the roster to follow.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ἀπόστειλονsend outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive commissioning act)ἀποστέλλω: 'send (with a commission)'; renders שָׁלַח; the cognate noun ἀπόστολος and the recurrence of this root (ἀποστελεῖς later in the verse, ἐξαπέστειλεν v.3) bind the dispatching of the scouts together.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativeethical/reflexive dative (dativus commodi)→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; the dative σεαυτῷ calques the Hebrew ethical dative לְךָ ('for/by yourself'), a Hebraism marking the action as undertaken on Moses' own initiative or for his own concern.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἀπόστειλον→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אִישׁ; here the chosen tribal representatives, defined below as ἀρχηγοί ('chiefs').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατασκεψάσθωσανlet them spy outAor Mid Impv 3 Pl · κατασκέπτομαιmain verb (third-person imperative of purpose)→ ingressive aorist imperative (begin the reconnaissance)κατασκέπτομαι: 'spy out / reconnoiter / examine closely'; renders תּוּר ('explore'); the chapter's keyword (vv. 2, 16, 17, 21, 25, 32), framing the whole episode as a military-agricultural reconnaissance.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κατασκεψάσθωσαν→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; here the promised land of Canaan, the object of both the reconnaissance and the divine gift.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαναναίωνCanaanitesGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying γῆν: 'land of the Canaanites')→ relational specificationΧαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; gentilic derived from Χανααν (Hebrew כְּנַעַן); the genitive plural identifies the present inhabitants whose land Israel is to possess.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δίδωμι, antecedent γῆν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; feminine accusative agreeing with γῆν, introducing the clause that grounds the reconnaissance in the divine promise.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic first-person pronoun: YHWH)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun stresses that the land is YHWH's own gift; the scouts are not seizing it but verifying what is already granted.
δίδωμιI am givingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (divine gift)→ futuristic/progressive present (the gift is in process of realization)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the present tense presents the gift of the land as a settled, ongoing divine act, theologically prior to the human reconnaissance.
τοῖςto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativeindirect object of δίδωμι (recipients of the land)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant nation.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitive sense: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here in apposition/genitive relation to υἱοῖς.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/result).
κατάσχεσινa possessionAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (predicate of purpose)→ object specificationκατάσχεσις: 'possession / holding'; renders אֲחֻזָּה, the technical term for an inalienable land-holding; εἰς κατάσχεσιν is the standard LXX phrase for the land granted in perpetuity (cf. Gen 17:8).
ἄνδραmanAccusativeaccusative (distributive apposition: 'one man per tribe')→ object specificationἀνήρ: here distributively, 'one man (for) each tribe'; the accusative ἄνδρα ἕνα specifies the one-per-tribe principle.
ἕναoneAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying ἄνδρα)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; masculine accusative agreeing with ἄνδρα, stressing the single representative per tribe.
κατὰfor each / according topreposition + accusative (distributive)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: distributive 'for each'; κατὰ φυλήν = 'tribe by tribe.'
φυλὴνtribeAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (distributive: 'per tribe')→ object specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders מַטֶּה / שֵׁבֶט; the organizing unit of the roster in vv. 4–15.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (distributive, parallel)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (distributive, parallel).
δήμουςclansAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (subdivision of tribes)→ object specificationδῆμος: 'people / district / clan'; renders מִשְׁפָּחָה ('family / clan'); the intermediate kinship unit between tribe and household.
πατριῶνof ancestral housesGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying δήμους)→ relational specificationπατριά: 'paternal line / ancestral house'; renders בֵּית אָבוֹת; the genitive πατριῶν αὐτῶν locates each clan within its ancestral lineage.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατριῶν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: here possessive genitive plural, 'their.'
ἀποστελεῖςyou shall sendFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (resumptive future imperatival)→ future with imperatival/legislative forceἀποστέλλω: the future ἀποστελεῖς resumes the opening imperative ἀπόστειλον with legislative force ('you shall send'), a common LXX rendering of the Hebrew imperfect used for instruction.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀποστελεῖς→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀποστελεῖς.
πάνταeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀρχηγόν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; masculine accusative singular agreeing with ἀρχηγόν, distributive: 'every one a chief.'
ἀρχηγὸνchief / leaderAccusativeaccusative in apposition (predicate of αὐτούς: 'each a chief')→ object specificationἀρχηγός: 'leader / chief / founder'; renders נָשִׂיא ('prince / chieftain'); marks the scouts as tribal dignitaries, raising the stakes of their later faithlessness.
ἐξfrom amongpreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive source).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (partitive: 'from among them')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐξ (partitive: 'from among them').
3

καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς Μωυσῆς ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου Φαραν διὰ φωνῆς κυρίου πάντες ἄνδρες ἀρχηγοὶ υἱῶν Ισραηλ οὗτοι

And Moses sent them out from the wilderness of Paran by the word of the LORD; all of them men who were chiefs of the sons of Israel.

Execution of the command (narrative fulfillment of vv. 1–2)καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς Μωυσῆς
Moses' obedience is reported with the intensive compound ἐξαπέστειλεν and grounded διὰ φωνῆς κυρίου ('by the word/voice of the LORD'). The closing nominative string πάντες ἄνδρες ἀρχηγοὶ … οὗτοι is a Hebraizing summary nominative ('these were all chief men').
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαπέστειλενsent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (narrative aorist of execution)→ constative aorist (completed dispatch)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / dispatch'; the compound ἐξαπο- intensifies ἀποστέλλω; the same root as the divine command (ἀπόστειλον, v.2), marking exact obedience.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (point of departure)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (point of departure).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (place of departure)→ relational specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert'; renders מִדְבָּר; Israel's encampment in the wilderness of Paran (Num 10:12; 12:16) is the staging-ground for the reconnaissance.
Φαρανof Paranindeclinable place-name (genitive sense, with ἐρήμου)→ participant identificationΦαραν: transliteration of פָּארָן; indeclinable; the desert region south of Canaan where Israel camped.
διὰby / throughpreposition + genitive (means/agency)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'by means of'; here instrumental, the divine word as the authorizing means of the dispatch.
φωνῆςvoice / wordGenitivegenitive object of διά (means: 'by the voice')→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice / sound / utterance'; renders עַל־פִּי ('according to the mouth/command of'); διὰ φωνῆς κυρίου = 'at the command of the LORD,' stressing divine authorization.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (modifying φωνῆς)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the genitive specifies whose word commissions the mission.
πάντεςallNominativenominative (summary apposition to αὐτούς)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: the nominative string πάντες ἄνδρες ἀρχηγοί … οὗτοι is a Hebraizing summary clause ('all these were chief men'), loosely appended in the nominative.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativenominative (summary apposition)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; here characterizing the scouts as full tribal men of standing.
ἀρχηγοὶchiefsNominativenominative in apposition (predicate: 'chiefs')→ participant prominenceἀρχηγός: 'chief / leader'; resumes the designation of v.2, underscoring the rank of the men sent.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying ἀρχηγοί)→ relational specificationυἱός: in the phrase υἱῶν Ισραηλ, 'of the sons of Israel.'
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (summary subject of the appended clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; the trailing demonstrative οὗτοι rounds off the Hebraizing summary nominative, pointing forward to the named list in vv. 4–15.
4

καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα αὐτῶν τῆς φυλῆς Ρουβην Σαλαμιηλ υἱὸς Ζακχουρ

And these are their names: of the tribe of Reuben, Salamiel son of Zakchour.

Heading of the roster (vv. 4–15)καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα αὐτῶν
The formula ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα ('these are the names') introduces the tribal roster, a list-genre marked by the repeated pattern τῆς φυλῆς [tribe] [name] υἱὸς [father]. The names are transliterated Hebrew and treated as indeclinable.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: neuter plural ταῦτα agreeing with ὀνόματα; the list-heading formula renders וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹתָם.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματαnamesNominativepredicate nominative (nominal clause: 'these are the names')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; introduces the catalogue of the twelve scouts.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὀνόματα)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ὀνόματα).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (heading each roster entry)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the genitive τῆς φυλῆς [tribe] is the fixed formula opening each of the twelve entries.
Ρουβηνof Reubenindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense, with φυλῆς)→ participant identificationΡουβην: transliteration of רְאוּבֵן (Reuben); indeclinable; Jacob's firstborn, hence first in the list.
ΣαλαμιηλSalamielindeclinable personal name (subject of nominal clause)→ participant identificationΣαλαμιηλ: transliteration of שַׁמּוּעַ (LXX form; MT Shammua); the Reubenite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation marker)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the fixed υἱὸς [father] formula gives each scout's patronymic.
Ζακχουρof Zakchourindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense, with υἱός)→ participant identificationΖακχουρ: transliteration of זַכּוּר (Zaccur); indeclinable; the father of the Reubenite scout.
5

τῆς φυλῆς Συμεων Σαφατ υἱὸς Σουρι

Of the tribe of Simeon, Saphat son of Souri.

Roster entry 2 (Simeon)τῆς φυλῆς Συμεων
Second entry in the twelve-fold list, following the fixed pattern τῆς φυλῆς [tribe] [name] υἱὸς [father].
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Συμεωνof Simeonindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΣυμεων: transliteration of שִׁמְעוֹן (Simeon); indeclinable; Jacob's second son.
ΣαφατSaphatindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΣαφατ: transliteration of שָׁפָט (MT Shaphat); the Simeonite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Σουριof Souriindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΣουρι: transliteration of חוֹרִי (MT Hori); indeclinable.
6

τῆς φυλῆς Ιουδα Χαλεβ υἱὸς Ιεφοννη

Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb son of Jephonneh.

Roster entry 3 (Judah) — Calebτῆς φυλῆς Ιουδα
The Judahite scout is Χαλεβ (Caleb), who alone with Joshua will prove faithful (v. 30; ch. 14); his introduction here is narratively weighted in anticipation of his dissent.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Ιουδαof Judahindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of יְהוּדָה (Judah); indeclinable; the royal tribe.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΧαλεβ: transliteration of כָּלֵב (Caleb); indeclinable; the faithful scout who quiets the people (v. 30) and, with Joshua, is exempted from the wilderness death-sentence (14:24, 30).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Ιεφοννηof Jephonnehindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙεφοννη: transliteration of יְפֻנֶּה (Jephunneh); indeclinable; Caleb's father, a fixed epithet ('Caleb son of Jephunneh').
7

τῆς φυλῆς Ισσαχαρ Ιγααλ υἱὸς Ιωσηφ

Of the tribe of Issachar, Igaal son of Joseph.

Roster entry 4 (Issachar)τῆς φυλῆς Ισσαχαρ
Fourth entry; the patronymic Ιωσηφ here is a personal name (the scout's father), not the tribe Joseph (which appears at v. 11).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Ισσαχαρof Issacharindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙσσαχαρ: transliteration of יִשָּׂשכָר (Issachar); indeclinable.
ΙγααλIgaalindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΙγααλ: transliteration of יִגְאָל (Igal); the Issacharite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Ιωσηφof Josephindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliteration of יוֹסֵף (Joseph); here a personal name (the father of the scout), distinct from the tribe of Joseph in v. 11.
8

τῆς φυλῆς Εφραιμ Αυση υἱὸς Ναυη

Of the tribe of Ephraim, Hoshea son of Nun.

Roster entry 5 (Ephraim) — Hoshea/Joshuaτῆς φυλῆς Εφραιμ
The Ephraimite scout Αυση (Hoshea) son of Ναυη (Nun) is the future Joshua; v. 16 records Moses' renaming of him to Ἰησοῦς. His listing here under his original name sets up that renaming.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Εφραιμof Ephraimindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliteration of אֶפְרַיִם (Ephraim); indeclinable; Joseph's younger son, here a full tribe.
ΑυσηHosheaindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΑυση: LXX transliteration of הוֹשֵׁעַ (Hoshea, 'salvation'); indeclinable; the original name of Joshua, renamed by Moses at v. 16.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Ναυηof Nunindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΝαυη: LXX transliteration of נוּן (Nun); indeclinable; in the LXX Joshua is regularly Ἰησοῦς (υἱὸς) Ναυη ('Joshua son of Naue').
9

τῆς φυλῆς Βενιαμιν Φαλτι υἱὸς Ραφου

Of the tribe of Benjamin, Phalti son of Raphou.

Roster entry 6 (Benjamin)τῆς φυλῆς Βενιαμιν
Sixth entry in the roster, following the fixed pattern.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Βενιαμινof Benjaminindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliteration of בִּנְיָמִין (Benjamin); indeclinable.
ΦαλτιPhaltiindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΦαλτι: transliteration of פַּלְטִי (Palti); the Benjaminite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Ραφουof Raphouindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΡαφου: transliteration of רָפוּא (Raphu); indeclinable.
10

τῆς φυλῆς Ζαβουλων Γουδιηλ υἱὸς Σουδι

Of the tribe of Zebulun, Goudiel son of Soudi.

Roster entry 7 (Zebulun)τῆς φυλῆς Ζαβουλων
Seventh entry; note the LXX name Γουδιηλ recurs at v. 15 (Gad), a feature of the LXX onomastic tradition that differs from the MT.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Ζαβουλωνof Zebulunindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΖαβουλων: transliteration of זְבוּלֻן (Zebulun); indeclinable.
ΓουδιηλGoudielindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΓουδιηλ: LXX transliteration (MT Gaddiel, גַּדִּיאֵל); the Zebulunite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Σουδιof Soudiindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΣουδι: transliteration of סוֹדִי (Sodi); indeclinable.
11

τῆς φυλῆς Ιωσηφ τῶν υἱῶν Μανασση Γαδδι υἱὸς Σουσι

Of the tribe of Joseph, of the sons of Manasseh, Gaddi son of Sousi.

Roster entry 8 (Joseph/Manasseh)τῆς φυλῆς Ιωσηφ τῶν υἱῶν Μανασση
This entry expands the formula: 'of the tribe of Joseph, (namely) of the sons of Manasseh,' since Joseph is reckoned through his two sons Ephraim (v. 8) and Manasseh; the qualifying genitive τῶν υἱῶν Μανασση specifies which Josephite branch.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula, here qualified by the Manasseh-clause.
Ιωσηφof Josephindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙωσηφ: transliteration of יוֹסֵף (Joseph); here the tribal patriarch reckoned through his sons Ephraim and Manasseh.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of specification (which branch of Joseph)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; τῶν υἱῶν Μανασση specifies the Manassite branch of the Joseph tribe.
Μανασσηof Manassehindeclinable name (genitive sense, with υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΜανασση: transliteration of מְנַשֶּׁה (Manasseh); indeclinable; Joseph's elder son.
ΓαδδιGaddiindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΓαδδι: transliteration of גַּדִּי (Gaddi); the Manassite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Σουσιof Sousiindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΣουσι: transliteration of סוּסִי (Susi); indeclinable.
12

τῆς φυλῆς Δαν Αμιηλ υἱὸς Γαμαλι

Of the tribe of Dan, Amiel son of Gamali.

Roster entry 9 (Dan)τῆς φυλῆς Δαν
Ninth entry, following the fixed pattern.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Δανof Danindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΔαν: transliteration of דָּן (Dan); indeclinable.
ΑμιηλAmielindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΑμιηλ: transliteration of עַמִּיאֵל (Ammiel); the Danite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Γαμαλιof Gamaliindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΓαμαλι: transliteration of גְּמַלִּי (Gemalli); indeclinable.
13

τῆς φυλῆς Ασηρ Σαθουρ υἱὸς Μιχαηλ

Of the tribe of Asher, Sathour son of Michael.

Roster entry 10 (Asher)τῆς φυλῆς Ασηρ
Tenth entry, following the fixed pattern.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Ασηρof Asherindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΑσηρ: transliteration of אָשֵׁר (Asher); indeclinable.
ΣαθουρSathourindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΣαθουρ: transliteration of סְתוּר (Sethur); the Asherite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Μιχαηλof Michaelindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΜιχαηλ: transliteration of מִיכָאֵל (Michael, 'who is like God?'); indeclinable; here a human father's name.
14

τῆς φυλῆς Νεφθαλι Ναβι υἱὸς Ιαβι

Of the tribe of Naphtali, Nabi son of Jabi.

Roster entry 11 (Naphtali)τῆς φυλῆς Νεφθαλι
Eleventh entry, following the fixed pattern.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula.
Νεφθαλιof Naphtaliindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΝεφθαλι: transliteration of נַפְתָּלִי (Naphtali); indeclinable.
ΝαβιNabiindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΝαβι: transliteration of נַחְבִּי (Nahbi); the Naphtalite scout.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Ιαβιof Jabiindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙαβι: transliteration of וָפְסִי (Vophsi); indeclinable.
15

τῆς φυλῆς Γαδ Γουδιηλ υἱὸς Μακχι

Of the tribe of Gad, Goudiel son of Makchi.

Roster entry 12 (Gad) — completing the twelveτῆς φυλῆς Γαδ
Twelfth and final entry, completing the roster of scouts. (Levi is omitted, as throughout the tribal musters, and Joseph is split into Ephraim and Manasseh to preserve the number twelve.)
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλῆςtribeGenitivegenitive of relationship (roster heading)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the fixed list-formula, closing the catalogue.
Γαδof Gadindeclinable tribe-name (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΓαδ: transliteration of גָּד (Gad); indeclinable.
ΓουδιηλGoudielindeclinable personal name (subject)→ participant identificationΓουδιηλ: LXX transliteration (MT Geuel, גְּאוּאֵל); the Gadite scout; the LXX form coincides with the Zebulunite name at v. 10.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (filiation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic formula.
Μακχιof Makchiindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΜακχι: transliteration of מָכִי (Machi); indeclinable.
16

ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν ἀνδρῶν οὓς ἀπέστειλεν Μωυσῆς κατασκέψασθαι τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐπωνόμασεν Μωυσῆς τὸν Αυση υἱὸν Ναυη Ἰησοῦν

These are the names of the men whom Moses sent to spy out the land; and Moses named Hoshea son of Nun, Joshua.

Closing summary of the roster + the renaming of Hosheaταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν ἀνδρῶν
The inclusio ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα (cf. v. 4) closes the roster. The climactic notice ἐπωνόμασεν … Ἰησοῦν records Moses' renaming of Hoshea to Joshua (Ἰησοῦς in the LXX — orthographically identical with the name later borne by Jesus), a detail early Christian exegesis (e.g. Justin, Barnabas) read typologically. The renaming embeds 'salvation' (Yah-saves) in the name of the one scout who, with Caleb, will inherit the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: neuter plural agreeing with ὀνόματα; the closing inclusio matching the heading of v. 4.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀνόματαnamesNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; closes the catalogue begun at v. 4.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying ὀνόματα)→ relational specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; the twelve scouts collectively.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀπέστειλεν, antecedent ἀνδρῶν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, masculine accusative plural.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (completed dispatch)ἀποστέλλω: 'send with a commission'; recapitulates the dispatching of vv. 2–3.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject of relative clause→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject of relative clause.
κατασκέψασθαιto spy outAor Mid Inf · κατασκέπτομαιinfinitive of purpose (with ἀπέστειλεν)→ aorist infinitive (the purpose of the sending)κατασκέπτομαι: 'spy out / reconnoiter'; the chapter keyword; the infinitive of purpose restates the mission's goal.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κατασκέψασθαι→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the land of Canaan.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the renaming notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπωνόμασενnamed / gave a new name toAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπονομάζωmain verb (act of renaming)→ constative aorist (single act of naming)ἐπονομάζω: 'name / call by a name / give a surname'; renders קָרָא (with שֵׁם); the same verb recurs at v. 24 for the naming of the place; here it marks the solemn renaming of Hoshea to Joshua.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Αυση)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑυσηHosheaindeclinable name (direct object of ἐπωνόμασεν)→ participant identificationΑυση: Hoshea (הוֹשֵׁעַ); indeclinable; the original name being changed.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition (filiation of the object)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; accusative agreeing with the object Αυση.
Ναυηof Nunindeclinable patronymic (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΝαυη: Nun (נוּן); indeclinable.
ἸησοῦνJoshuaAccusativepredicate accusative (the new name conferred)→ object specificationἸησοῦς (acc. Ἰησοῦν): the LXX rendering of יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Joshua, 'YHWH is salvation'); spelled identically with the Greek name later borne by Jesus of Nazareth — a coincidence early Christian writers (Justin, Dial. 75; Barn. 12) read as a type. The renaming from Hoshea ('salvation') to Joshua ('YHWH saves') embeds the divine name in the future conqueror of the land.
17

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς Μωυσῆς κατασκέψασθαι τὴν γῆν Χανααν καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς ἀνάβητε ταύτῃ τῇ ἐρήμῳ καὶ ἀναβήσεσθε εἰς τὸ ὄρος

And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and he said to them, 'Go up by this wilderness, and you shall go up into the hill country.'

Transition to Moses' charge (the second movement, vv. 17–20)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς Μωυσῆς
The sending is repeated (cf. vv. 3, 16) to frame the charge that follows. The aorist imperative ἀνάβητε followed by the future ἀναβήσεσθε gives the route: up through the Negeb wilderness and into the hill country. The verb ἀναβαίνω ('go up') becomes a theme-word for the whole episode (vv. 21, 22, 30, 31).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (narrative)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; resumes the dispatching theme, now joined to a direct charge.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: meaning 'Moses'; it serves as subject.
κατασκέψασθαιto spy outAor Mid Inf · κατασκέπτομαιinfinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the sending)κατασκέπτομαι: 'spy out / reconnoiter'; the chapter keyword.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κατασκέψασθαι→ object specificationγῆ: 'land.'
Χαναανof Canaanindeclinable place-name (in apposition/genitive with γῆν)→ participant identificationΧανααν: transliteration of כְּנַעַן (Canaan); indeclinable; here defining the land to be reconnoitered.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Moses' charge to the scouts.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
ἀνάβητεgo upAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (imperative charge)→ ingressive aorist imperative (set out upward)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; the verb of pilgrimage and conquest; the route 'goes up' from the southern desert into the Judean highlands, and the word becomes the keyword of the faith-vs-unbelief debate (vv. 30–31).
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἐρήμῳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: feminine dative agreeing with ἐρήμῳ; the dative of route/way ('by this wilderness').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedative of route/way ('by this wilderness')→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the dative ταύτῃ τῇ ἐρήμῳ indicates the way by which they ascend (the Negeb route).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεσθεyou shall go upFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (future continuing the charge)→ imperatival future (directive)ἀναβαίνω (fut. mid.): the future continues the imperatival force, specifying the goal of the ascent — the hill country.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of motion).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄροςhill country / mountainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal)→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain / hill country'; renders הָהָר ('the highland'), the central Canaanite hill country where the major cities (including Hebron) lie.
18

καὶ ὄψεσθε τὴν γῆν τίς ἐστιν καὶ τὸν λαὸν τὸν ἐγκαθήμενον ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς εἰ ἰσχυρότερός ἐστιν ἢ ἀσθενής εἰ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν ἢ πολλοί

And you shall see the land, what it is, and the people that dwells upon it, whether it is strong or weak, whether they are few or many.

First set of reconnaissance questions (people: strength and number)καὶ ὄψεσθε τὴν γῆν
Moses' charge unfolds as a series of indirect questions introduced by τίς … and εἰ … ἤ … ('whether … or …'). The first pair concerns the inhabitants: their strength (ἰσχυρός / ἀσθενής) and number (ὀλίγοι / πολλοί). These are precisely the data that will fuel the scouts' fear in vv. 28, 31.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεσθεyou shall seeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (imperatival future directing observation)→ imperatival future (directive)ὁράω (fut. mid. ὄψομαι): 'see / observe'; renders רָאָה; here a charge to inspect and evaluate; the verb of seeing dominates the report (ἑωράκαμεν, vv. 28, 32, 33).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ὄψεσθε→ object specificationγῆ: 'land.'
τίςwhat / of what kindNominativeinterrogative pronoun (indirect question: 'what it is')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative pronoun; the indirect question τίς ἐστιν asks the character/quality of the land.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indirect question→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; copula of the indirect question about the land's nature.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativesecond direct object of ὄψεσθε→ object specificationλαός: 'people / nation'; here the Canaanite population to be assessed.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (with participle ἐγκαθήμενον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγκαθήμενονdwelling / settledPres Mid Part Acc Sg Masc · ἐγκάθημαιattributive participle (modifying λαόν)→ imperfective participle (settled habitation)ἐγκάθημαι: 'sit/dwell in, be settled in'; renders יוֹשֵׁב; the compound ἐν- stresses entrenched occupation of the land.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (location, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location, elided before vowel).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; refers to the land (γῆ).
εἰwhetherconjunction (introducing indirect alternative question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ … ἤ: 'whether … or'; the standard construction for an indirect double question, recurring through vv. 18–20.
ἰσχυρότερόςstronger / strongNominativepredicate adjective (comparative; indirect question)→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός (compar. ἰσχυρότερος): 'strong / mighty'; renders חָזָק; the comparative form ('stronger') anticipates the scouts' later complaint that the nation is ἰσχυρότερόν … ἡμῶν (v. 31).
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indirect question→ stative presentεἰμί: copula.
ordisjunctive particle (second member of the alternative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the disjunctive completing εἰ … ἤ.
ἀσθενήςweakNominativepredicate adjective (alternative to ἰσχυρότερος)→ participant prominenceἀσθενής: 'weak / feeble'; renders רָפֶה; the antonym pole of the strength-question.
εἰwhetherconjunction (second indirect alternative question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: introduces the number-question.
ὀλίγοιfewNominativepredicate adjective (indirect question)→ participant prominenceὀλίγος: 'few / small in number'; renders מְעַט.
εἰσὶνthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of indirect question→ stative presentεἰμί: copula (plural, with the collective people).
ordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
πολλοίmanyNominativepredicate adjective (alternative to ὀλίγοι)→ participant prominenceπολύς: 'many / numerous'; renders רָב.
19

καὶ τίς ἡ γῆ εἰς ἣν οὗτοι ἐγκάθηνται ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς εἰ καλή ἐστιν ἢ πονηρά καὶ τίνες αἱ πόλεις εἰς ἃς οὗτοι κατοικοῦσιν ἐν αὐταῖς εἰ ἐν τειχήρεσιν ἢ ἐν ἀτειχίστοις

And what the land is, into which they settle upon it, whether it is good or bad; and what the cities are, into which they dwell in them, whether in walled cities or in unwalled.

Second set of reconnaissance questions (land quality; fortification of cities)καὶ τίς ἡ γῆ
The questions continue: the quality of the land (καλή / πονηρά) and the defenses of its cities (τειχήρης / ἀτείχιστος, 'walled / unwalled'). The Hebraizing resumptive pronouns (εἰς ἣν … ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς; εἰς ἃς … ἐν αὐταῖς) calque the Hebrew relative + resumptive construction.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (indirect question)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; 'what (kind) the land is.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of indirect question→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (relative clause).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἰς, antecedent γῆ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the clause has a resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς (Hebraism).
οὗτοιtheyNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject; the inhabitants)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; refers to the Canaanite inhabitants.
ἐγκάθηνταιthey settle / dwell inPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐγκάθημαιverb of relative clause→ imperfective present (settled habitation)ἐγκάθημαι: 'be settled in, dwell in'; cf. v. 18; stresses the firmness of Canaanite occupation.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (resumptive, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί: the resumptive ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς after the relative ἣν is a Hebraizing pleonasm calquing the Hebrew relative + pronominal suffix.
αὐτῆςitGenitiveresumptive genitive (the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: resumptive pronoun referring to γῆ.
εἰwhetherconjunction (indirect alternative question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ … ἤ: 'whether … or.'
καλήgoodNominativepredicate adjective (indirect question)→ participant prominenceκαλός: 'good / fair / fine'; renders טוֹב; the land's goodness will be confirmed (vv. 23, 27) even as its strength is feared.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indirect question→ stative presentεἰμί: copula.
ordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
πονηράbadNominativepredicate adjective (alternative to καλή)→ participant prominenceπονηρός: 'bad / evil / worthless'; renders רַע; the same root recurs in the noun-sense at v. 32 (the slanderous report), linking the question to its later abuse.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίνεςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (indirect question, plural)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; 'what (sort) the cities are.'
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesubject of indirect question→ participant prominenceπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; their fortification is the crucial datum for the conquest, and the scouts' fear (v. 28).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (relative clause).
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἰς, antecedent πόλεις)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with resumptive ἐν αὐταῖς (Hebraism).
οὗτοιtheyNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; the inhabitants.
κατοικοῦσινthey dwellPres Act Indic 3 Pl · κατοικέωverb of relative clause→ imperfective present (habitual dwelling)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; the standard verb for settled occupation, recurring through vv. 28–29, 32.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (resumptive, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: the resumptive ἐν αὐταῖς after ἃς is a Hebraizing pleonasm.
αὐταῖςthemDativeresumptive dative (the cities)→ sphere or referenceαὐτός: resumptive pronoun referring to πόλεις.
εἰwhetherconjunction (indirect alternative question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ … ἤ: 'whether … or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τειχήρεσινwalled (cities)Dativesubstantive adjective (dative: 'in walled ones')→ sphere or referenceτειχήρης: 'walled / fortified'; renders בְּמִבְצָרִים; the presence of fortified cities is the datum the scouts will magnify into despair at v. 28 (ὀχυραὶ τετειχισμέναι).
ordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, second member)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, second member).
ἀτειχίστοιςunwalled (cities)Dativesubstantive adjective (dative: 'in unwalled ones')→ sphere or referenceἀτείχιστος: 'unwalled / unfortified'; the alpha-privative antonym of τειχήρης; renders בְּמַחֲנִים ('in open camps').
20

καὶ τίς ἡ γῆ εἰ πίων ἢ παρειμένη εἰ ἔστιν ἐν αὐτῇ δένδρα ἢ οὔ καὶ προσκαρτερήσαντες λήμψεσθε ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν τῆς γῆς καὶ αἱ ἡμέραι ἡμέραι ἔαρος πρόδρομοι σταφυλῆς

And what the land is, whether rich or slack, whether there are trees in it or not; and, persevering, you shall take from the fruits of the land. Now the days were the days of spring, the forerunners of the grape.

Third set of questions (soil and trees) + the command to bring back fruitκαὶ τίς ἡ γῆ
The final questions concern fertility: rich (πίων) or thin (παρειμένη) soil, wooded or not. The charge concludes with the command to bring back samples of the land's fruit, and a narratorial note that the season was early spring, 'the forerunners of the grape' — setting up the cluster of vv. 23–24.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (indirect question)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; 'what (kind) the land is.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆlandNominativesubject of indirect question→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land / soil.'
εἰwhetherconjunction (indirect alternative question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ … ἤ: 'whether … or.'
πίωνrich / fertileNominativepredicate adjective (indirect question)→ participant prominenceπίων: 'fat / rich / fertile'; renders שְׁמֵנָה; of fertile, productive soil.
ordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
παρειμένηslack / poor / exhaustedPerf Mid Part Nom Sg Fem · παρίημιpredicate participle (perfect passive, adjectival)→ resultative perfect participle (in a state of slackness)παρίημι (perf. mid./pass. ptc. παρειμένη): 'let go slack / relax / weaken'; renders רָזָה ('lean / poor'); of thin, exhausted soil; the resultative perfect describes a settled condition.
εἰwhetherconjunction (indirect alternative question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ … ἤ: 'whether … or.'
ἔστινthere is / there arePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (indirect question)→ stative present (existential)εἰμί: the accented ἔστιν here is existential ('there is/are'); with neuter plural subject δένδρα it stands in the singular per Greek concord.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν (the land)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'it'; the land.
δένδραtreesNominativesubject of ἔστιν (existential)→ participant prominenceδένδρον: 'tree'; renders עֵץ; the presence of trees indicates fertility and resources (timber, fruit).
ordisjunctive particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or.'
οὔnotnegative adverb (elliptical alternative: 'or not')→ participant referenceοὔ: 'no / not'; the elliptical ἢ οὔ ('or not') closes the alternative question.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (transition to command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσκαρτερήσαντεςpersevering / taking painsAor Act Part Nom Pl Masc · προσκαρτερέωcircumstantial participle (manner, with λήμψεσθε)→ aorist participle (attendant circumstance)προσκαρτερέω: 'persevere / be steadfast / take pains'; here 'making the effort, persisting' to obtain fruit despite difficulty; the LXX renders an idea of resolute effort (Hebrew וְהִתְחַזַּקְתֶּם, 'take courage / strengthen yourselves').
λήμψεσθεyou shall takeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (directive)λαμβάνω (fut. mid. λήμψομαι): 'take / receive'; the charge to bring back fruit-samples as evidence, fulfilled at v. 23.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive 'from (some of).'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπῶνfruitsGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationκαρπός: 'fruit / produce'; renders פְּרִי; the tangible proof of the land's goodness, displayed at v. 26.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of source (modifying καρπῶν)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land.'
καὶnow / andcoordinate conjunction (introducing narratorial time-note)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of nominal clause (narratorial aside)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the narratorial time-note αἱ ἡμέραι ἡμέραι ἔαρος uses a Hebraizing nominal apposition ('the days were the days of spring').
ἡμέραιdaysNominativepredicate nominative (apposition: 'days of spring')→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: the repeated ἡμέραι forms a Hebraizing predicate apposition; renders יְמֵי בִּכּוּרֵי עֲנָבִים.
ἔαροςof springGenitivegenitive of time/quality (modifying ἡμέραι)→ relational specificationἔαρ: 'spring'; the season of the first ripening grapes, hence the appropriateness of bringing back a cluster.
πρόδρομοιforerunnersNominativepredicate nominative in apposition (the early-ripening time)→ participant prominenceπρόδρομος: 'running ahead / forerunner / first-ripe'; renders בִּכּוּרֵי ('firstfruits'); πρόδρομοι σταφυλῆς = 'the forerunners (first-ripe) of the grape,' marking the very start of the grape harvest.
σταφυλῆςof the grape / grape-clusterGenitiveobjective genitive (modifying πρόδρομοι)→ relational specificationσταφυλή: 'bunch of grapes / ripe grape'; renders עֲנָבִים; anticipates the literal cluster (βότρυς σταφυλῆς) cut at v. 23.
21

καὶ ἀναβάντες κατεσκέψαντο τὴν γῆν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρήμου Σιν ἕως Ρααβ εἰσπορευομένων Εφααθ

And going up, they spied out the land from the wilderness of Zin as far as Rehob, as one enters Hamath.

Execution of the reconnaissance (the third movement, vv. 21–25)καὶ ἀναβάντες κατεσκέψαντο
The scouts carry out the charge: ἀναβάντες (cf. ἀνάβητε, v. 17) and κατεσκέψαντο (cf. κατασκεψάσθωσαν, v. 2) recapitulate the command-verbs. The geographical span ἀπὸ … ἕως ('from the wilderness of Zin to Rehob') is a merism for the whole land, south to north.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβάντεςgoing upAor Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἀναβαίνωcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance/temporal)→ aorist participle (antecedent action: 'having gone up')ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; fulfils the charge of v. 17 (ἀνάβητε).
κατεσκέψαντοspied outAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατασκέπτομαιmain verb (execution of reconnaissance)→ constative aorist (completed reconnaissance)κατασκέπτομαι: 'spy out / reconnoiter'; the chapter keyword, here in narrative fulfilment of the command.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κατεσκέψαντο→ object specificationγῆ: 'land.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό … ἕως: 'from … to,' a merism marking the full south-to-north extent reconnoitered.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμουwildernessGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (starting point)→ relational specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the wilderness of Zin is the southern boundary of the land.
Σινof Zinindeclinable place-name (genitive sense, with ἐρήμου)→ participant identificationΣιν: transliteration of צִן (Zin); indeclinable; the southern desert region bordering Canaan (distinct from the wilderness of Sin, סִין, of Exod 16).
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (end-point of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as.'
ΡααβRehobindeclinable place-name (end-point)→ participant identificationΡααβ: transliteration of רְחֹב (Rehob); indeclinable; the northern limit of the reconnaissance, near the approach to Hamath (not to be confused with Rahab of Jericho).
εἰσπορευομένωνas one enters / on the way toPres Mid Part Gen Pl Masc · εἰσπορεύομαιgenitive absolute / directional idiom ('as one enters')→ imperfective participle (directional idiom)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter / go in'; the genitive participle εἰσπορευομένων is a Hebraizing directional idiom (לְבֹא, 'toward / at the entrance of'), locating Rehob 'on the way to / at the entrance of' Hamath.
ΕφααθHamathindeclinable place-name (goal of the directional idiom)→ participant identificationΕφααθ: LXX transliteration of חֲמָת (Hamath / Lebo-hamath); indeclinable; the far-northern frontier of the ideal land, marking the limit of the reconnaissance.
22

καὶ ἀνέβησαν κατὰ τὴν ἔρημον καὶ ἦλθον ἕως Χεβρων καὶ ἐκεῖ Αχιμαν καὶ Σεσσι καὶ Θελαμιν γενεαὶ Εναχ καὶ Χεβρων ἑπτὰ ἔτεσιν ᾠκοδομήθη πρὸ τοῦ Τάνιν Αἰγύπτου

And they went up by the wilderness and came as far as Hebron; and there were Ahiman and Sesai and Thelamin, the clans of Anak; and Hebron was built seven years before Tanis of Egypt.

Arrival at Hebron; the Anakim; an antiquarian noteκαὶ ἀνέβησαν κατὰ τὴν ἔρημον
The narrative zooms to Hebron, naming the three Anakite clans (Ahiman, Sesai, Thelamin) — the first mention of the giants whose presence will dominate the report (vv. 28, 33). The antiquarian aside that Hebron was built seven years before Tanis (Zoan) of Egypt anchors the place in known chronology and underscores its antiquity and prestige.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβησανthey went upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the theme-verb of the ascent.
κατὰby / throughpreposition + accusative (route: 'by the wilderness')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here of the route taken, 'through/by way of the wilderness' (the Negeb).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (route)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the southern desert route up into the hill country.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the scouts reach Hebron.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (terminus)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as.'
ΧεβρωνHebronindeclinable place-name (terminus)→ participant identificationΧεβρων: transliteration of חֶבְרוֹן (Hebron); indeclinable; the patriarchal city (burial place of the patriarchs, Gen 23), now held by the Anakim; later Caleb's inheritance (Josh 14:13–15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; locates the Anakim at Hebron; the same adverb recurs in the climactic ἐκεῖ ἑωράκαμεν τοὺς γίγαντας (v. 33).
ΑχιμανAhimanindeclinable name (subject; an Anakite clan)→ participant identificationΑχιμαν: transliteration of אֲחִימַן (Ahiman); indeclinable; one of the three clans/descendants of Anak at Hebron (cf. Josh 15:14; Judg 1:10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣεσσιSesaiindeclinable name (subject; an Anakite clan)→ participant identificationΣεσσι: transliteration of שֵׁשַׁי (Sheshai); indeclinable; second of the Anakite clans.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΘελαμινTalmaiindeclinable name (subject; an Anakite clan)→ participant identificationΘελαμιν: LXX transliteration of תַּלְמַי (Talmai); indeclinable; third of the Anakite clans.
γενεαὶclans / descendantsNominativenominative in apposition (to the three names)→ participant prominenceγενεά: 'generation / family / clan / descendants'; here the offspring/clans of Anak; the singular γενεά at v. 28 (τὴν γενεὰν Εναχ) and the plural here both render יְלִידֵי הָעֲנָק ('the descendants of Anak').
Εναχof Anakindeclinable name (genitive sense, with γενεαί)→ participant identificationΕναχ: LXX transliteration of עֲנָק (Anak); indeclinable; eponymous ancestor of the Anakim, the legendary giants of the Hebron region (Deut 2:10–11; 9:2; Josh 11:21–22).
καὶand / nowcoordinate conjunction (introducing antiquarian aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΧεβρωνHebronindeclinable place-name (subject of ᾠκοδομήθη)→ participant identificationΧεβρων: Hebron, here the subject of the dating-note.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (modifying ἔτεσιν)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable numeral; the dating-interval before the building of Tanis.
ἔτεσινyearsDativedative of measure/degree of difference ('by seven years')→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the dative of measure with the comparative πρό ('seven years before').
ᾠκοδομήθηwas builtAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb of the antiquarian aside→ constative aorist passive (a single past founding)οἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the passive ᾠκοδομήθη ('was built/founded') dates Hebron's foundation relative to Tanis, emphasizing its venerable antiquity.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (temporal priority)→ spatial or relational framingπρό + gen.: 'before'; here temporal, with the genitive Τάνιν construed loosely (the city's founding).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with the place-name)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΤάνινTanis (Zoan)indeclinable place-name (object of πρό)→ participant identificationΤάνις: the Greek name for Egyptian Zoan (צֹעַן), a major delta city; the comparison Hebron/Tanis is an antiquarian synchronism stressing Hebron's antiquity (cf. Ps 77[78]:12, 43, the 'field of Zoan').
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of location (modifying Τάνιν: 'Tanis of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; locates Tanis in the Egyptian delta.
23

καὶ ἤλθοσαν ἕως Φάραγγος βότρυος καὶ κατεσκέψαντο αὐτήν καὶ ἔκοψαν ἐκεῖθεν κλῆμα καὶ βότρυν σταφυλῆς ἕνα ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἦραν αὐτὸν ἐπ᾿ ἀναφορεῦσιν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ῥοῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν συκῶν

And they came to the Ravine of the Cluster and spied it out, and they cut from there a branch and a single cluster of grapes upon it, and they bore it on a pole; and (they took) from the pomegranates and from the figs.

The cluster of Eshcol: ocular proof of the land's fertilityκαὶ ἤλθοσαν ἕως Φάραγγος βότρυος
At the Wadi of the Cluster (Eshcol) the scouts obtain the decisive evidence: a single grape-cluster so heavy it must be carried on a pole (ἐπ᾿ ἀναφορεῦσιν) — by two men, per the parallel tradition. The pomegranates and figs round out the picture of abundance. The aorist ἤλθοσαν shows the Hellenistic-Koine third-plural ending -οσαν.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤλθοσανthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the form ἤλθοσαν displays the Hellenistic-Koine 3rd-plural aorist ending -οσαν (alongside classical ἦλθον), common in the LXX.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (terminus)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as.'
Φάραγγοςravine / wadiGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (place-name component)→ relational specificationφάραγξ (gen. φάραγγος): 'ravine / gorge / valley / wadi'; renders נַחַל ('wadi'); here part of the place-name Φάραγξ βότρυος = Hebrew נַחַל אֶשְׁכֹּל, 'Wadi Eshcol' (Valley of the Cluster).
βότρυοςof the clusterGenitivegenitive of quality (modifying Φάραγγος)→ relational specificationβότρυς (gen. βότρυος): 'cluster / bunch of grapes'; renders אֶשְׁכֹּל; here in the place-name, naming the wadi for the cluster cut there (etymology made explicit at v. 24).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεσκέψαντοspied outAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατασκέπτομαιmain verb→ constative aoristκατασκέπτομαι: 'reconnoiter'; the keyword again.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object (the ravine/region)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; feminine, referring to the φάραγξ (or the land).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκοψανthey cutAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κόπτωmain verb→ constative aoristκόπτω: 'cut / cut off / strike'; renders כָּרַת; the scouts cut the vine-branch with its cluster (repeated at v. 24).
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there / thence'; locates the cutting at Eshcol.
κλῆμαbranch / vine-shootAccusativedirect object of ἔκοψαν→ object specificationκλῆμα: 'vine-branch / shoot'; renders זְמוֹרָה; the woody branch bearing the cluster.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βότρυνclusterAccusativedirect object of ἔκοψαν (parallel to κλῆμα)→ object specificationβότρυς: 'cluster / bunch of grapes'; renders אֶשְׁכּוֹל; the literal cluster that gives the wadi its name and serves as proof of the land's fertility.
σταφυλῆςof grapesGenitivegenitive of content (modifying βότρυν)→ relational specificationσταφυλή: 'ripe grapes'; βότρυς σταφυλῆς = 'a cluster of grapes,' echoing πρόδρομοι σταφυλῆς (v. 20).
ἕναone / a singleAccusativeattributive numeral (modifying βότρυν)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the emphatic 'a single cluster' underscores its remarkable size — one bunch needs a pole and two bearers.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (location: on the branch)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location: on the branch).
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the branch)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; refers to the κλῆμα (branch) on which the cluster hung.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦρανthey carried / liftedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry'; renders נָשָׂא; the cluster's weight requires it to be carried slung on a pole.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object (the cluster)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; masculine, agreeing with βότρυν.
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + dative (means: on a pole)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means: on a pole).
ἀναφορεῦσινa pole / carrying-barDativedative object of ἐπί (instrument of carrying)→ sphere or referenceἀναφορεύς: 'carrying-pole / bearing-bar' (the same word used for the poles of the ark/altar, Exod 25:13 LXX); renders מוֹט; the cluster slung 'on a pole' (between two men, per Num 13:23 MT) is the iconic image of the land's fruitfulness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'some of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive; '(they took) some of the pomegranates and figs.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥοῶνpomegranatesGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationῥόα (= ῥοιά): 'pomegranate'; renders רִמּוֹן; a token of the land's fruit-bearing trees (cf. the question of v. 20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συκῶνfigsGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationσῦκον: 'fig'; renders תְּאֵנָה; grapes, pomegranates, and figs together are the classic triad of the land's produce (cf. Deut 8:8).
24

τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον ἐπωνόμασαν Φάραγξ βότρυος διὰ τὸν βότρυν ὃν ἔκοψαν ἐκεῖθεν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ

That place they named 'Ravine of the Cluster,' on account of the cluster which the sons of Israel cut from there.

Etiological naming of the place (Eshcol)τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον ἐπωνόμασαν
An etiological aside (ἐπωνόμασαν, cf. v. 16) explains the place-name Φάραγξ βότρυος: 'Ravine of the Cluster,' from the cluster cut there. The naming makes the cluster a permanent memorial of the land's fertility — a witness that will later indict the unbelief of the people.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativedirect object of ἐπωνόμασαν (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / spot'; renders מָקוֹם; the locale of the cluster-cutting.
ἐκεῖνονthatAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying τόπον)→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the remote demonstrative, pointing back to Eshcol.
ἐπωνόμασανthey namedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπονομάζωmain verb (act of naming)→ constative aoristἐπονομάζω: 'name / give a name to'; the same verb as the renaming of Joshua (v. 16); here etiological place-naming.
ΦάραγξRavineNominativepredicate nominative (the name conferred, quoted form)→ participant prominenceφάραγξ: 'ravine / valley'; the name is given in the nominative as a quoted title, 'Ravine of the Cluster.'
βότρυοςof the ClusterGenitivegenitive of quality (the name's second element)→ relational specificationβότρυς: 'cluster'; the genitive completes the place-name Φάραγξ βότρυος = 'Wadi Eshcol.'
διὰon account ofpreposition + accusative (cause)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of / on account of'; introduces the etiological reason for the name.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βότρυνclusterAccusativeaccusative object of διά (the cause)→ object specificationβότρυς: 'cluster'; the very cluster of v. 23, now the basis of the name.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔκοψαν, antecedent βότρυν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, masculine accusative.
ἔκοψανcutAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κόπτωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristκόπτω: 'cut off'; recapitulates v. 23.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there.'
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἔκοψαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: in οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, 'the sons of Israel'; the scouts as representatives of the whole nation.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'of Israel.'
25

καὶ ἀπέστρεψαν ἐκεῖθεν κατασκεψάμενοι τὴν γῆν μετὰ τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας

And they returned from there, having spied out the land, after forty days.

Conclusion of the reconnaissance (forty days)καὶ ἀπέστρεψαν ἐκεῖθεν
The reconnaissance closes with the symbolic forty days (μετὰ τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας), which will become the basis of the forty-year sentence in 14:34 ('a year for each day'). The participle κατασκεψάμενοι sums up the completed mission with the keyword one last time before the report.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψανthey returnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; the scouts return to the camp to report.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; from the reconnoitered land.
κατασκεψάμενοιhaving spied outAor Mid Part Nom Pl Masc · κατασκέπτομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant/temporal)→ aorist participle (completed action prior to return)κατασκέπτομαι: 'spy out'; the keyword as a summarizing participle, marking the mission complete.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κατασκεψάμενοι→ object specificationγῆ: 'land.'
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal duration)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; here marking the elapsed forty days.
τεσσαράκονταfortyindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable; the forty days of reconnaissance become the template for the forty-year wilderness sentence (Num 14:34).
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration (with μετά)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the symbolic forty-day span.
26

καὶ πορευθέντες ἦλθον πρὸς Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων καὶ πρὸς πᾶσαν συναγωγὴν υἱῶν Ισραηλ εἰς τὴν ἔρημον Φαραν Καδης καὶ ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτοῖς ῥῆμα καὶ πάσῃ τῇ συναγωγῇ καὶ ἔδειξαν τὸν καρπὸν τῆς γῆς

And going, they came to Moses and Aaron and to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, into the wilderness of Paran, at Kadesh; and they brought back word to them and to all the congregation, and they showed the fruit of the land.

Return to the assembly; the report begins (the fourth movement, vv. 26–33)καὶ πορευθέντες ἦλθον
The scouts report not privately but to the whole assembly (πᾶσαν συναγωγήν) at Kadesh — making the report a public event whose effect will be communal panic (ch. 14). The display of the fruit (ἔδειξαν τὸν καρπόν) presents the land's goodness as undeniable, sharpening the perversity of the negative report to follow.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορευθέντεςgoing / having goneAor Pass Part Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant/temporal)→ aorist participle (antecedent action)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; the deponent/passive aorist participle is a common LXX narrative idiom ('and going...').
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: 'Moses.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronindeclinable name (object of πρός, parallel to Μωυσῆν)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of אַהֲרֹן (Aaron); indeclinable in the LXX; the high priest, Moses' brother and co-leader.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying συναγωγήν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole.'
συναγωγὴνcongregation / assemblyAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationσυναγωγή: 'gathering / congregation / assembly'; renders עֵדָה; the whole assembled community of Israel, before whom the report is made public — and which will rebel in ch. 14.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying συναγωγήν)→ relational specificationυἱός: in υἱῶν Ισραηλ.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
εἰςinto / atpreposition + accusative (place to which)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place to which).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (place)→ object specificationἔρημος: 'wilderness'; the encampment in Paran.
Φαρανof Paranindeclinable place-name (with ἔρημον)→ participant identificationΦαραν: Paran; indeclinable; cf. v. 3.
Καδηςat Kadeshindeclinable place-name (locative apposition)→ participant identificationΚαδης: transliteration of קָדֵשׁ (Kadesh / Kadesh-barnea); indeclinable; the specific oasis-site within the Paran/Zin region where Israel was encamped, scene of the rebellion (ch. 14) and of later events (Num 20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθησανthey answered / brought back wordAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (reporting)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / reply / respond'; here 'bring back a report'; renders שׁוּב דָּבָר ('return word'); the aorist passive form ἀπεκρίθησαν is the standard LXX/Koine deponent.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (Moses and Aaron)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to them'; the leaders.
ῥῆμαword / reportAccusativecognate/internal accusative (the report given)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / thing said / matter'; renders דָּבָר; the content of the report, an internal accusative with ἀπεκρίθησαν ('answered a word').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying συναγωγῇ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; emphasizing the public scope of the report.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγῇcongregationDativeindirect object (the whole assembly hears)→ sphere or referenceσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; the report is delivered to the entire community, setting up the corporate rebellion.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδειξανthey showedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δείκνυμιmain verb→ constative aoristδείκνυμι: 'show / display / point out'; renders הֶרְאָה / נָתַן; the public exhibition of the fruit makes the land's goodness an undeniable, visible fact.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπὸνfruitAccusativedirect object of ἔδειξαν→ object specificationκαρπός: 'fruit / produce'; the cluster, pomegranates, and figs of v. 23, now displayed as evidence.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of source (modifying καρπόν)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land.'
27

καὶ διηγήσαντο αὐτῷ καὶ εἶπαν ἤλθαμεν εἰς τὴν γῆν εἰς ἣν ἀπέστειλας ἡμᾶς γῆν ῥέουσαν γάλα καὶ μέλι καὶ οὗτος ὁ καρπὸς αὐτῆς

And they related to him and said, 'We came into the land into which you sent us, a land flowing with milk and honey; and this is its fruit.'

The positive content of the report: the land flows with milk and honeyκαὶ διηγήσαντο αὐτῷ καὶ εἶπαν
The scouts begin with full affirmation of the promise: γῆν ῥέουσαν γάλα καὶ μέλι ('a land flowing with milk and honey'), the classic Pentateuchal formula (Exod 3:8, 17; Lev 20:24). The demonstrative οὗτος ὁ καρπός points to the displayed cluster. This concession makes the 'but' of v. 28 all the more culpable.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διηγήσαντοthey related / recountedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · διηγέομαιmain verb (reporting)→ constative aoristδιηγέομαι: 'narrate / recount in full / describe'; renders סָפַר; a fuller verb than simple λέγω, marking a detailed oral report.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (to Moses)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him'; Moses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: the Koine form εἶπαν (with -αν ending, for classical εἶπον) introduces the direct report.
ἤλθαμενwe cameAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb of direct speech→ constative aorist (completed journey)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the Koine first-plural ἤλθαμεν (with -αμεν, for classical ἤλθομεν); the scouts narrate in the first person.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (relative clause)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (relative clause).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἰς, antecedent γῆν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun.
ἀπέστειλαςyou sentAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the scouts acknowledge Moses' commission — and implicitly the LORD's behind it.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλας→ participant referenceἐγώ (pl. ἡμᾶς): 'us.'
γῆνa landAccusativeaccusative in apposition (to the land just named)→ object specificationγῆ: here resuming 'land' for the qualifying participle 'flowing with milk and honey.'
ῥέουσανflowingPres Act Part Acc Sg Fem · ῥέωattributive participle (modifying γῆν)→ imperfective participle (continuous flowing)ῥέω: 'flow'; renders זוּב; the participle γῆν ῥέουσαν γάλα καὶ μέλι is the standard LXX rendering of the formula 'a land flowing with milk and honey' (cf. Exod 3:8), with γάλα and μέλι as accusatives of content.
γάλαmilkAccusativeaccusative of content (with ῥέουσαν)→ object specificationγάλα: 'milk'; renders חָלָב; emblem of pastoral abundance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέλιhoneyAccusativeaccusative of content (with ῥέουσαν)→ object specificationμέλι: 'honey'; renders דְּבַשׁ; emblem of agricultural sweetness and plenty; the milk-and-honey pair is the fixed shorthand for the promised land's fertility.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject: 'this is its fruit')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; deictic, pointing to the displayed cluster as proof.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρπὸςfruitNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκαρπός: 'fruit'; the visible token of the land's goodness.
αὐτῆςits / of itGenitivegenitive of source (modifying καρπός)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'of it'; the land's.
28

ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ὅτι θρασὺ τὸ ἔθνος τὸ κατοικοῦν ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς καὶ αἱ πόλεις ὀχυραὶ τετειχισμέναι καὶ μεγάλαι σφόδρα καὶ τὴν γενεὰν Εναχ ἑωράκαμεν ἐκεῖ

But — except that the nation dwelling upon it is bold, and the cities are strong, walled, and very great; and we saw there the clan of Anak.

The damaging qualification: the fearsome inhabitants (turning-point of the report)ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ὅτι
The pivot of the whole chapter: ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ὅτι ('but/except that') swings the report from affirmation to discouragement. Three intensified claims — a θρασύ ('fierce') nation, ὀχυραὶ τετειχισμέναι καὶ μεγάλαι σφόδρα ('strong, walled, exceedingly great') cities, and the sighting of the Anakim — answer Moses' questions of vv. 18–19 in the most alarming terms, and stoke the people's fear.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ἀλλ᾿butstrong adversative conjunction (elided)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but'; the strong adversative pivots the report; with the following ἤ it forms the idiom ἀλλ᾿ ἤ ('except, however, only that').
except / howeverparticle (forming the idiom ἀλλ᾿ ἤ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: in the combination ἀλλ᾿ ἤ, 'except that / only that'; renders אֶפֶס כִּי ('howbeit / nevertheless'); the concessive note that undercuts the good report.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing the content)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the substance of the qualification.
θρασὺbold / fierceNominativepredicate adjective (with τὸ ἔθνος)→ participant prominenceθρασύς: 'bold / audacious / fierce'; renders עַז ('strong / fierce'); a charged term emphasizing the inhabitants' aggressive strength, fronted for rhetorical effect.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνοςnationNominativesubject (of the predicate θρασύ)→ participant prominenceἔθνος: 'nation / people'; renders עַם; the Canaanite population.
τὸthe (one)Nominativearticle (with participle κατοικοῦν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνdwellingPres Act Part Nom Sg Neut · κατοικέωattributive participle (modifying ἔθνος)→ imperfective participle (settled habitation)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; echoes the question of v. 19; the entrenched occupation magnifies the perceived obstacle.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the land.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesNominativesubject (of the three predicate adjectives)→ participant prominenceπόλις: 'city'; the cities now described in alarming terms, answering the question of v. 19.
ὀχυραὶstrong / fortifiedNominativepredicate adjective (with πόλεις)→ participant prominenceὀχυρός: 'strong / fortified / secure'; renders בְּצֻרוֹת; the first of three piled-up adjectives stressing the cities' impregnability.
τετειχισμέναιwalledPerf Mid Part Nom Pl Fem · τειχίζωattributive/predicate participle (perfect passive)→ resultative perfect participle (standing walled)τειχίζω: 'wall / fortify with walls'; the perfect passive participle τετειχισμέναι ('having been walled, standing walled') stresses the permanent fortified state; cognate with τειχήρης (v. 19), turning Moses' neutral question into a cause for despair.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεγάλαιgreat / largeNominativepredicate adjective (third in the series)→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great / large'; renders גְּדֹלֹת; the third intensifier of the cities' formidableness.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying μεγάλαι)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; piling intensity onto the report to amplify the fear.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰνclan / descendantsAccusativedirect object of ἑωράκαμεν→ object specificationγενεά: 'descendants / clan'; here τὴν γενεὰν Εναχ ('the clan/offspring of Anak'), the giants; cf. v. 22.
Εναχof Anakindeclinable name (genitive sense, with γενεάν)→ participant identificationΕναχ: Anak; indeclinable; eponym of the Anakim/giants (cf. v. 22; v. 33 τοὺς γίγαντας).
ἑωράκαμενwe have seenPerf Act Indic 1 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (eyewitness perfect)→ perfect of eyewitness experience (lasting impression)ὁράω (perf. ἑώρακα): 'see'; the perfect ἑωράκαμεν ('we have seen — and it stays with us') conveys the abiding, traumatic impression of the giants; the same perfect recurs at vv. 32, 33, binding the scouts' fear to autopsy.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at Hebron (cf. vv. 22, 33).
29

καὶ Αμαληκ κατοικεῖ ἐν τῇ γῇ τῇ πρὸς νότον καὶ ὁ Χετταῖος καὶ ὁ Ευαῖος καὶ ὁ Ιεβουσαῖος καὶ ὁ Αμορραῖος κατοικεῖ ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ καὶ ὁ Χαναναῖος κατοικεῖ παρὰ θάλασσαν καὶ παρὰ τὸν Ιορδάνην ποταμόν

And Amalek dwells in the land toward the south, and the Hittite and the Hivite and the Jebusite and the Amorite dwell in the hill country, and the Canaanite dwells by the sea and along the Jordan river.

Geographic catalogue of the hostile nationsκαὶ Αμαληκ κατοικεῖ
A region-by-region survey of the peoples completes the alarming picture: Amalek in the Negeb, the four hill-country nations (Hittite, Hivite, Jebusite, Amorite), and the Canaanite on the coast and the Jordan. The triple κατοικεῖ structures the land as wholly occupied — there is, the scouts imply, nowhere to enter unopposed.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑμαληκAmalekindeclinable name (subject of κατοικεῖ)→ participant identificationΑμαληκ: transliteration of עֲמָלֵק (Amalek); indeclinable; Israel's archetypal desert enemy (Exod 17:8–16), holding the Negeb.
κατοικεῖdwellsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (first of three)→ customary present (settled occupation)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the singular with collective gentilic subjects; the threefold κατοικεῖ maps the whole land as occupied.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / region.'
τῇthe (one)Dativearticle (with the prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'toward'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
νότονthe southAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (direction)→ object specificationνότος: 'south / south wind'; renders נֶגֶב; the southern desert region (the Negeb) where Amalek roamed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with gentilic)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧετταῖοςHittiteNominativesubject (collective gentilic)→ participant prominenceΧετταῖος: 'Hittite'; gentilic of חִתִּי; the article + singular gentilic (ὁ Χετταῖος) is a collective ('the Hittite [people]'), standard in the conquest-nation lists.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕυαῖοςHiviteNominativesubject (collective gentilic)→ participant prominenceΕυαῖος: 'Hivite'; gentilic of חִוִּי; one of the peoples of the hill country.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεβουσαῖοςJebusiteNominativesubject (collective gentilic)→ participant prominenceΙεβουσαῖος: 'Jebusite'; gentilic of יְבוּסִי; the people of Jebus (Jerusalem) in the hill country.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραῖοςAmoriteNominativesubject (collective gentilic)→ participant prominenceΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; gentilic of אֱמֹרִי; a major hill-country people, often standing for the Canaanite inhabitants generally.
κατοικεῖdwellPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (second of three; singular with collective subjects)→ customary presentκατοικέω: 'dwell'; the singular verb governs the four preceding collective gentilics jointly.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρεινῇhill countryDativesubstantive adjective (dative of place: 'in the hill country')→ sphere or referenceὀρεινός (fem. ὀρεινή as substantive): 'mountainous (region) / hill country'; renders הָהָר; the central highlands, echoing τὸ ὄρος of v. 17.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαναναῖοςCanaaniteNominativesubject (collective gentilic)→ participant prominenceΧαναναῖος: 'Canaanite'; gentilic of כְּנַעֲנִי; here the coastal/lowland people, settled by the sea and the Jordan.
κατοικεῖdwellsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (third of three)→ customary presentκατοικέω: 'dwell'; the third occurrence completes the geographic sweep — south, highland, coast/river.
παρὰby / besidepreposition + accusative (along/beside)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'beside / along'; of position along the coast.
θάλασσανthe seaAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (position)→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; renders הַיָּם; the Mediterranean coast.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρὰalongpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'along'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativeaccusative object of παρά (declined proper noun)→ object specificationΙορδάνης: the Jordan (יַרְדֵּן); unusually declinable in the LXX (acc. Ιορδάνην); the river marking the eastern boundary of Canaan.
ποταμόνriverAccusativeaccusative in apposition (to Ιορδάνην)→ object specificationποταμός: 'river'; in apposition, 'the Jordan river,' clarifying the proper noun.
30

καὶ κατεσιώπησεν Χαλεβ τὸν λαὸν πρὸς Μωυσῆν καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ οὐχί ἀλλὰ ἀναβάντες ἀναβησόμεθα καὶ κατακληρονομήσομεν αὐτήν ὅτι δυνατοὶ δυνησόμεθα πρὸς αὐτούς

And Caleb quieted the people before Moses, and said to him, 'Not so! But going up we shall go up and take possession of it, for we are surely able to prevail against them.'

Caleb's faithful minority dissent (the counter-voice)καὶ κατεσιώπησεν Χαλεβ τὸν λαόν
Against the fear-spreading majority, Caleb (the Judahite scout, v. 6) silences the murmuring people and answers with two emphatic Hebraizing cognate constructions: ἀναβάντες ἀναβησόμεθα ('going up we shall surely go up') and δυνατοὶ δυνησόμεθα ('being able we shall surely prevail'), both rendering the Hebrew infinitive-absolute of emphasis. His confidence rests not on a reassessment of the giants but on faith in the divine gift (v. 2).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεσιώπησενquieted / silencedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατασιωπάωmain verb (Caleb's action)→ constative/causative aorist (brought to silence)κατασιωπάω: 'silence / hush / make quiet'; renders הִסָּה ('hush'); causative — Caleb stills the agitated people so as to be heard; the compound κατα- intensifies.
ΧαλεβCalebindeclinable name (subject)→ participant identificationΧαλεβ: Caleb; indeclinable; the faithful scout (cf. v. 6), here the lone dissenting voice (with Joshua, implicit; cf. 14:6–9).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of κατεσιώπησεν→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; the assembled Israelites, already stirred to murmuring by the report.
πρὸςbefore / towardpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'before / in the presence of (Moses)' or 'toward Moses,' indicating that Caleb addresses Moses as the authority.
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: 'Moses'; before whom Caleb makes his appeal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Caleb's confession of faith.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (to Moses)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'to him'; Moses.
οὐχίno / not soemphatic negative adverb (rejecting the majority report)→ clausal contributionοὐχί: emphatic form of οὐ, 'no / by no means / not so'; Caleb's flat rejection of the defeatist conclusion.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: 'but / rather'; pivots from rejection to positive exhortation.
ἀναβάντεςgoing upAor Act Part Nom Pl Masc · ἀναβαίνωcircumstantial participle (Hebraizing cognate with ἀναβησόμεθα)→ aorist participle reinforcing the finite verb (infinitive-absolute calque)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the participle + finite future ἀναβάντες ἀναβησόμεθα ('going up we shall go up') is the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew infinitive absolute עָלֹה נַעֲלֶה, expressing emphatic certainty: 'we shall surely go up.'
ἀναβησόμεθαwe shall go upFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (cognate emphatic future)→ predictive/volitive future (confident resolve)ἀναβαίνω (fut. mid.): the finite member of the cognate construction; the theme-verb ἀναβαίνω here voices faith, directly answering the scouts' οὐκ ἀναβαίνομεν (v. 31).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακληρονομήσομενwe shall take possession ofFut Act Indic 1 Pl · κατακληρονομέωmain verb (coordinate with ἀναβησόμεθα)→ predictive future (confident possession)κατακληρονομέω: 'take possession of / inherit / dispossess'; renders יָרַשׁ; the verb of conquest-as-inheritance; Caleb frames the land's capture as the certain claiming of an allotted inheritance (cf. εἰς κατάσχεσιν, v. 2).
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object (the land)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the land (γῆ).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; grounds the confidence in the following emphatic clause.
δυνατοὶable / strongNominativepredicate adjective (Hebraizing cognate with δυνησόμεθα)→ participant prominenceδυνατός: 'able / capable / strong'; the construction δυνατοὶ δυνησόμεθα ('being able we shall be able / surely prevail') is another infinitive-absolute calque (יָכוֹל נוּכַל), doubling the emphasis on Israel's God-given capability.
δυνησόμεθαwe shall be able / prevailFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (cognate emphatic future)→ predictive future (confident capability)δύναμαι (fut. mid.): 'be able / have power'; the finite member of the cognate pair; directly contradicts the scouts' οὐ μὴ δυνώμεθα (v. 31) — the faith/unbelief antithesis is built lexically into the two reports.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile relation)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'against / in dealing with' the inhabitants.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the inhabitants)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them'; the Canaanite peoples.
31

καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι οἱ συναναβάντες μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ εἶπαν οὐκ ἀναβαίνομεν ὅτι οὐ μὴ δυνώμεθα ἀναβῆναι πρὸς τὸ ἔθνος ὅτι ἰσχυρότερόν ἐστιν ἡμῶν μᾶλλον

But the men who had gone up with him said, 'We are not going up, for we shall by no means be able to go up against the nation, for it is much stronger than we.'

The majority's rebuttal of Caleb (the unbelief-voice)καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι οἱ συναναβάντες
The other scouts answer Caleb point for point, negating his verbs: οὐκ ἀναβαίνομεν against his ἀναβησόμεθα, and οὐ μὴ δυνώμεθα (emphatic double negative + subjunctive) against his δυνησόμεθα. Their ground is comparative weakness — ἰσχυρότερόν … ἡμῶν μᾶλλον — exactly the datum Moses had asked them to assess (v. 18). This is the 'evil report' that triggers the rebellion of ch. 14 and is named as the paradigm of unbelief in Heb 3:19; 1 Cor 10:5.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶbut / andnarrative conjunction (adversative in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποιmenNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; the other ten scouts (excluding Caleb and Joshua).
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (with participle συναναβάντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναναβάντεςwho had gone up withAor Act Part Nom Pl Masc · συναναβαίνωattributive participle (modifying ἄνθρωποι)→ aorist participle (antecedent action)συναναβαίνω: 'go up together with'; the double compound συν-ανα- marks them as Caleb's fellow-scouts — making their contradiction of him pointed; they saw the same land yet drew the opposite conclusion.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά (Caleb)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; Caleb.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: Koine εἶπαν; introduces the unbelieving rebuttal.
οὐκnotnegative adverb→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ: 'not'; negates ἀναβαίνομεν, directly reversing Caleb's resolve.
ἀναβαίνομενwe are going upPres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb of direct speech→ present of refusal (we will not / are not going up)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the present with οὐκ expresses settled refusal; the theme-verb now voices unbelief, antithetical to Caleb's ἀναβησόμεθα (v. 30).
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; grounds the refusal.
οὐnotnegative adverb (part of emphatic οὐ μή)→ participant referenceοὐ: with μή forms the emphatic negation οὐ μή + subjunctive, 'by no means.'
μὴby no meansnegative particle (emphatic οὐ μή with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: in οὐ μὴ δυνώμεθα, the strongest Greek negation, expressing categorical impossibility — the rhetorical opposite of Caleb's δυνησόμεθα.
δυνώμεθαwe should be ablePres Mid Subj 1 Pl · δύναμαιsubjunctive (with emphatic οὐ μή)→ subjunctive of emphatic denial (categorical incapacity)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the subjunctive with οὐ μή denies all possibility of success — directly contradicting δυνατοὶ δυνησόμεθα (v. 30).
ἀναβῆναιto go upAor Act Inf · ἀναβαίνωcomplementary infinitive (with δυνώμεθα)→ aorist infinitive (the act they deem impossible)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the complementary infinitive; the third occurrence of the theme-verb in two verses, hammering the faith/unbelief contrast.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile relation)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'against.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνοςnationAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the inhabitants)→ object specificationἔθνος: 'nation'; the Canaanite population, as at v. 28.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (second ground)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the comparison of strength.
ἰσχυρότερόνstrongerNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)→ participant prominenceἰσχυρός (compar. ἰσχυρότερον): 'stronger'; renders חָזָק; the very word of Moses' question (v. 18, ἰσχυρότερος) now turned into a confession of defeat.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
ἡμῶνthan weGenitivegenitive of comparison (with ἰσχυρότερον)→ relational specificationἐγώ (pl. ἡμῶν): the genitive of comparison, 'than us.'
μᾶλλονmore / muchadverb of degree (intensifying the comparative)→ clausal contributionμᾶλλον: 'more / rather'; pleonastically reinforcing the comparative ἰσχυρότερον ('stronger by far'), heightening the despairing assessment.
32

καὶ ἐξήνεγκαν ἔκστασιν τῆς γῆς ἣν κατεσκέψαντο αὐτήν πρὸς τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ λέγοντες τὴν γῆν ἣν παρήλθομεν αὐτὴν κατασκέψασθαι γῆ κατέσθουσα τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἐστιν πᾶς ὁ λαός ὃν ἑωράκαμεν ἐν αὐτῇ ἄνδρες ὑπερμήκεις

And they brought out a scare-report of the land which they had spied out, to the sons of Israel, saying, 'The land which we passed through to spy it out — it is a land that devours those who dwell upon it; and all the people whom we saw in it are men of enormous height.'

The 'evil report': slander of the land (escalation to terror)καὶ ἐξήνεγκαν ἔκστασιν τῆς γῆς
The narrator labels what the scouts circulate an ἔκστασις — literally a 'displacement of mind,' here a fear-inducing slander (rendering דִּבָּה, 'evil report'; cf. 14:36–37 where the verb ἐκφέρω/ἔκστασις recurs and the slanderers die by plague). The land they had just called 'milk and honey' (v. 27) is now γῆ κατέσθουσα τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ('a land devouring its inhabitants') and its people ἄνδρες ὑπερμήκεις ('men of enormous stature') — a direct contradiction of their own earlier testimony.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήνεγκανthey brought out / spreadAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκφέρωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκφέρω: 'carry out / bring forth / spread abroad'; renders הוֹצִיא (with דִּבָּה, 'put out an evil report'); the idiom 'bring out a report' means to circulate slander publicly.
ἔκστασινscare-report / consternationAccusativedirect object of ἐξήνεγκαν→ object specificationἔκστασις: lit. 'a standing-outside-oneself, displacement of mind, terror, amazement'; here the LXX renders דִּבָּה ('whispered slander / evil report') with a word denoting the panic the report induces — a 'bad-mouthing' of the land that throws the hearers into fright; cf. its recurrence in the verdict of 14:36–37.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitiveobjective genitive (the report about the land)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the object of the slander.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of κατεσκέψαντο, with resumptive αὐτήν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the resumptive αὐτήν is a Hebraism.
κατεσκέψαντοthey had spied outAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατασκέπτομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristκατασκέπτομαι: 'spy out'; the keyword, here ironically — the very reconnaissance commissioned in faith (v. 2) becomes the occasion of slander.
αὐτήνitAccusativeresumptive accusative (Hebraism, with ἣν)→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumptive pronoun after the relative, calquing the Hebrew relative + suffix.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationυἱός: in τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ; the whole nation is the audience of the slander.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitive sense)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (quotation-frame)→ imperfective participle (introducing direct speech)λέγω: the participle introduces the verbatim slander.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative (fronted topic / pendent accusative)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; the fronted accusative τὴν γῆν ἣν παρήλθομεν is a pendent/topicalizing construction ('as for the land which we passed through...'), resumed by the nominative γῆ in the predicate.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of κατασκέψασθαι, with resumptive αὐτήν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun.
παρήλθομενwe passed throughAor Act Indic 1 Pl · παρέρχομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristπαρέρχομαι: 'pass by / pass through / traverse'; renders עָבַר; describes their transit through the land during the reconnaissance.
αὐτὴνitAccusativeresumptive accusative (Hebraism)→ participant referenceαὐτός: resumptive pronoun after ἣν.
κατασκέψασθαιto spy outAor Mid Inf · κατασκέπτομαιinfinitive of purpose (with παρήλθομεν)→ aorist infinitive (purpose)κατασκέπτομαι: 'spy out'; the keyword's final occurrence, closing the inclusio with v. 2.
γῆa landNominativesubject (resuming the fronted τὴν γῆν as predicate-clause subject)→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'land'; the nominative resumes the topic and carries the slanderous predicate.
κατέσθουσαdevouringPres Act Part Nom Sg Fem · κατεσθίωattributive participle (modifying γῆ)→ imperfective participle (habitual devouring)κατεσθίω: 'eat up / devour / consume'; renders אֹכֶלֶת; the lurid image γῆ κατέσθουσα τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ('a land that devours its inhabitants') depicts Canaan as so deadly (through war, famine, or its very nature) that it consumes those who live there — the antithesis of 'flowing with milk and honey.'
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (with participle κατοικοῦντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςthose who dwellPres Act Part Acc Pl Masc · κατοικέωsubstantive participle (object of κατέσθουσα)→ imperfective participle (the inhabitants)κατοικέω: 'dwell'; substantivized, 'the inhabitants'; the very people the land is said to consume.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the land)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it'; the land.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (of the predicate clause)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; links γῆ to its slanderous predicate.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / every.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject (of the second slander-clause)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the inhabitants, now described by their stature.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἑωράκαμεν, antecedent λαός)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, masculine accusative.
ἑωράκαμενwe have seenPerf Act Indic 1 Pl · ὁράωverb of relative clause (eyewitness perfect)→ perfect of eyewitness experienceὁράω (perf.): 'see'; the abiding-impression perfect (cf. vv. 28, 33), claiming the authority of autopsy for the slander.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῇitDativedative object of ἐν (the land)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'it'; the land.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativepredicate nominative (with ἑωράκαμεν / implied copula)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; the predicate identifying the inhabitants as men of extraordinary size.
ὑπερμήκειςof enormous heightNominativepredicate adjective (modifying ἄνδρες)→ participant prominenceὑπερμήκης: 'exceedingly tall / of immense stature'; the compound ὑπερ-μήκης ('over-long') renders אַנְשֵׁי מִדּוֹת ('men of [great] measure'); prepares for the explicit γίγαντες ('giants') of v. 33.
33

καὶ ἐκεῖ ἑωράκαμεν τοὺς γίγαντας καὶ ἦμεν ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν ὡσεὶ ἀκρίδες ἀλλὰ καὶ οὕτως ἦμεν ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν

And there we saw the giants, and we were before them like grasshoppers; indeed, even so we were in their sight.

Climax: the giants and the grasshopper self-image (the unbelief-crux)καὶ ἐκεῖ ἑωράκαμεν τοὺς γίγαντας
The report climaxes in the giants (τοὺς γίγαντας) and the despairing self-image: ἦμεν … ὡσεὶ ἀκρίδες ('we were like grasshoppers'). The doubled ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν ('before them … in their sight') makes the comparison reciprocal — they felt tiny, and (they claim) so they appeared. This is the theological hinge of the whole episode: faith measures the giants against God (Caleb), unbelief measures Israel against the giants. The chapter ends here, poised for the rebellion of ch. 14 (read as the paradigm of unbelief in Heb 3:16–19; 1 Cor 10:1–11; Ps 105[106]:24–27).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; echoing vv. 22, 28 — the giants are localized at Hebron, the patriarchal city.
ἑωράκαμενwe have seenPerf Act Indic 1 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (eyewitness perfect)→ perfect of eyewitness experience (abiding terror)ὁράω (perf.): 'see'; the third ἑωράκαμεν (cf. vv. 28, 32) seals the report on the authority of sight — but it is sight without faith.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γίγανταςgiantsAccusativedirect object of ἑωράκαμεν→ object specificationγίγας (acc. pl. γίγαντας): 'giant'; renders נְפִילִים (Nephilim) — the same word the LXX uses at Gen 6:4; the Anakim (vv. 22, 28) are here explicitly named giants, connecting them to the antediluvian Nephilim tradition and maximizing the terror.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦμενwe wereImperf Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (descriptive)→ imperfect of state (continuous condition: how we felt)εἰμί (impf. ἦμεν): 'we were'; the imperfect describes the scouts' abiding sense of their own insignificance.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the presence ofimproper preposition + genitive (Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders לְעֵינֵי / בְּעֵינֵינוּ ('in our/their eyes'); a Hebraizing improper preposition; the doubled ἐνώπιον frames the reciprocal comparison.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the giants)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'them'; the giants.
ὡσεὶlike / ascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσεί: 'as if / like'; renders כְּ; introduces the self-deprecating simile.
ἀκρίδεςgrasshoppers / locustsNominativepredicate nominative (in the comparison: 'like grasshoppers')→ participant prominenceἀκρίς: 'locust / grasshopper'; renders חֲגָבִים; the image of utter smallness and helplessness before the giants — the iconic expression of the unbelieving self-assessment that measures Israel against the enemy rather than against God.
ἀλλὰbut / indeedadversative/emphatic conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά: here intensifying ('but indeed / and so'); reinforces the claim that the giants saw them as small too.
καὶevenadverbial/ascensive καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: ascensive 'even'; with οὕτως, 'even so / just so.'
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; 'even so we were [as grasshoppers] in their sight' — the comparison projected onto the giants' own perception, completing the rhetoric of despair.
ἦμενwe wereImperf Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (repeated, emphatic)→ imperfect of stateεἰμί (impf.): the repeated ἦμεν underscores the fixed sense of inferiority — the last word of the report is self-belittlement, not trust.
ἐνώπιονin the sight ofimproper preposition + genitive (second occurrence, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: the second ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν shifts the viewpoint to the giants' eyes, claiming the grasshopper-comparison is mutual; the very last clause of the chapter freezes Israel in the posture of fear that ch. 14 will judge.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the giants)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'them'; the giants — the final word, leaving the assembly staring at the obstacle rather than at God.