Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Numbers, Chapter 15ΑΡΙΘΜΟΙ ΙΕ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Numbers 15 stands as a deliberate cultic and legal interlude after the rebellion of the spies (ch. 13–14) and before the rebellion of Korah (ch.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of Numbers 15 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. Numbers 15 stands as a deliberate cultic and legal interlude after the rebellion of the spies (ch. 13–14) and before the rebellion of Korah (ch. 16): a chapter of grace and order set between two catastrophes. It opens with a future-oriented formula — ὅταν εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν γῆν ('when you come into the land', v. 2) — that quietly reasserts the land-promise the previous chapter had imperiled, and then legislates the grain and drink offerings (θυσία σεμιδάλεως and σπονδή) that must accompany every burnt offering or peace offering, graded by animal: a lamb (one-tenth of an ephah, a fourth of a hin of oil and wine, vv. 4–5), a ram (two-tenths, a third of a hin, vv. 6–7), a bull-calf (three-tenths, half a hin, vv. 8–10). The legislation insists on one law (νόμος εἷς) for the native-born (αὐτόχθων, ἐγχώριος) and the resident alien (προσήλυτος) alike (vv. 13–16, 29), a recurrent LXX concern. Verses 17–21 prescribe the ἀπαρχὴ φυράματος ('firstfruits of the dough'), a cake set apart for the LORD — the verse echoed at Rom 11:16 (εἰ ἡ ἀπαρχὴ ἁγία). The theological centre is the contrast between sin committed ἀκουσίως ('unintentionally / inadvertently', vv. 22–29), which the priest atones for by sacrifice with the result ἀφεθήσεται ('it shall be forgiven'), and the sin committed ἐν χειρὶ ὑπερηφανίας ('with a high hand of arrogance', v. 30): the defiant blasphemer who 'provokes' the LORD (παροξύνει), despises his word (τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ἐφαύλισεν) and scatters his commandments (διεσκέδασεν), for whom there is no offering but only being 'utterly cut off' (ἐξολεθρευθήσεται, ἐκτριβήσεται) bearing his own iniquity — the conceptual background of Heb 10:26 (ἑκουσίως … ἁμαρτανόντων). A narrative paradigm follows (vv. 32–36): a man found gathering wood on the sabbath (συλλέγοντα ξύλα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων) is held in custody until the LORD himself decrees death by stoning outside the camp (ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς) — the high-handed sin made flesh. The chapter closes with the command of the κράσπεδα ('tassels / fringes') on the πτερύγια ('corners / wings') of the garment, bound with a κλῶσμα ὑακίνθινον ('cord of blue', vv. 37–41): a visible mnemonic to look (ὄψεσθε) and remember (μνησθήσεσθε) and do all the LORD's commandments, and not go whoring (ἐκπορνεύετε) after the wandering of heart and eyes — the very tassels of Matt 9:20; 14:36 and the broadened phylacteries of Matt 23:5.

1

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων

And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,

New divine speech-act (main narrative)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος
The standard LXX speech-introduction formula opens a fresh legislative unit after the judgment of ch. 14; καί links the new revelation paratactically to the narrative, while the present participle λέγων ('saying') is the calque of Hebrew לֵאמֹר that introduces the direct discourse to follow.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the default LXX narrative connective rendering the waw-consecutive; here it joins the new divine speech to the preceding narrative without marking logical subordination.
εἶπενspoke / saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces direct YHWH-speech; the formula καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων recurs at every new commission in Numbers (cf. 15:17, 35, 37).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the nominative subject of the speech-formula marks this as unmediated YHWH-speech.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (recipient of speech)→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a first-declension masculine in Rahlfs' LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ, acc. Μωυσῆν); accusative here as the directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (manner: calque of Hebrew לֵאמֹר)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the participle λέγων calques the Hebrew infinitive לֵאמֹר ('saying'), a fixed LXX quotative marker that opens the content of the divine speech; it agrees with the implied subject κύριος.
2

λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς ὅταν εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν γῆν τῆς κατοικήσεως ὑμῶν ἣν ἐγὼ δίδωμι ὑμῖν

Speak to the sons of Israel, and you shall say to them, 'When you come into the land of your dwelling, which I am giving you,

Commission to address Israel (opening of legislative speech)λάλησον
The double command λάλησον … καὶ ἐρεῖς ('speak … and you shall say') is a stereotyped LXX formula commissioning Moses as mediator. The temporal clause ὅταν εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν γῆν ('when you come into the land') is theologically loaded after ch. 14: despite the sentence of forty years' wandering, the land-promise stands — the law presupposes a future entry.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר (Piel); the aorist imperative frames the commission as a single decisive act of mediation to Israel.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object (addressees of the speech)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ('the children of Israel'), the standard designation of the covenant nation as the legislative addressee.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (defining υἱοῖς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a genitive of relationship ('sons of Israel').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγω (εἴρω)main verb (volitive future continuing the command)→ volitive future (functioning as imperative)ἐρῶ (fut. of λέγω/εἴρω): 'I will say'; the future ἐρεῖς following an imperative has imperatival force, rendering the Hebrew waw + perfect (וְאָמַרְתָּ) — 'and you shall say'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the addressees)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the personal pronoun resuming οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ as recipients of the address.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (introducing subjunctive clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'when(ever)'; takes the subjunctive (εἰσέλθητε); the clause presupposes Israel's future entry into Canaan, reaffirming the land-promise imperilled in ch. 14.
εἰσέλθητεyou come in / enterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιverb of temporal clause (subjunctive with ὅταν)→ aorist subjunctive (anticipated future event viewed as whole)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go into'; renders בּוֹא; the aorist subjunctive with ὅταν frames the entry into the land as a single future condition under which the offering-laws take effect.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction of entry)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of entry).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; here the promised land of Canaan, the goal of the entry and the locus of all the legislation that follows.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικήσεωςdwelling / habitationGenitivegenitive of definition (with γῆν: 'land of your dwelling')→ relational specificationκατοίκησις: 'dwelling / habitation / settlement'; renders מוֹשָׁב; the phrase γῆ τῆς κατοικήσεως ὑμῶν marks Canaan not as a temporary station but as the settled home YHWH is giving.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κατοικήσεως)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κατοικήσεως).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δίδωμι, antecedent γῆν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the feminine accusative ἥν agrees with γῆν and is the object of δίδωμι, attaching the gift-clause to the land.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (YHWH the giver)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic personal pronoun stresses that the land is YHWH's personal gift — the donor is the LORD himself, not human conquest.
δίδωμιI give / am givingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (present of certain gift)→ futuristic/durative present (the gift already in force though not yet possessed)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the present tense expresses the promise as already operative — the land is, in covenant terms, given, even before its possession (cf. the same idiom throughout Deuteronomy).
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object (recipient of the gift)→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (recipient of the gift).
3

καὶ ποιήσεις ὁλοκαυτώματα κυρίῳ ὁλοκάρπωμα ἢ θυσίαν μεγαλῦναι εὐχὴν ἢ καθ᾿ ἑκούσιον ἢ ἐν ταῖς ἑορταῖς ὑμῶν ποιῆσαι ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ εἰ μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν βοῶν ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν προβάτων

and you make whole burnt offerings to the LORD, a whole burnt sacrifice or a sacrifice, to perform a special vow, or as a freewill offering, or at your feasts, to make an odour of fragrance to the LORD, whether from the herd or from the flock,

Protasis continued: the occasions of sacrificeκαὶ ποιήσεις
The verse enumerates the occasions calling for an accompanying cereal-and-drink offering: the burnt offering, the vow, the freewill offering (καθ᾿ ἑκούσιον), and the feasts. All aim at an ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('odour of fragrance'), the standard LXX rendering of רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ. The closing εἰ μὲν … sets up the grading of victims (herd vs. flock) developed in vv. 4–11.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou make / offerFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb continuing the ὅταν-protasis (future of contingency)→ future of contingency (the offering as occasion for the law)ποιέω: 'do / make'; in cultic contexts 'offer / perform (a sacrifice)', rendering עָשָׂה; the verb governs ὁλοκαυτώματα as its object — 'when you offer burnt offerings'.
ὁλοκαυτώματαwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה; the wholly-consumed offering, distinguished from the θυσία (a sacrifice shared in part); the plural denotes the class of such offerings.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient (the deity addressed)→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה; the dative κυρίῳ marks the LORD as the recipient of the offering, a refrain throughout the chapter.
ὁλοκάρπωμαwhole burnt sacrificeAccusativeaccusative in apposition / specification (defining ὁλοκαυτώματα)→ object specificationὁλοκάρπωμα: 'whole fruit-offering / whole burnt sacrifice'; a near-synonym of ὁλοκαύτωμα (lit. 'whole produce-offering'), the LXX varying its vocabulary for the wholly-consumed offering.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the repeated ἤ (×4 in this verse) lists the alternative occasions and offering-types under one rubric.
θυσίανa sacrificeAccusativeaccusative object (alternative offering)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; renders זֶבַח; here distinguished from the wholly-burnt offering — a sacrifice of which portions are eaten, often the peace offering.
μεγαλῦναιto magnify / perform (a special vow)Aor Act Inf · μεγαλύνωinfinitive of purpose (with εὐχήν: 'to fulfil a special vow')→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose of the offering)μεγαλύνω: 'make great / magnify'; the idiom μεγαλῦναι εὐχήν ('to magnify a vow') renders לְפַלֵּא נֶדֶר ('to make a special/extraordinary vow'), i.e. to discharge a notable votive obligation.
εὐχὴνa vowAccusativedirect object of μεγαλῦναι→ object specificationεὐχή: 'vow / prayer'; renders נֶדֶר; the votive offering pledged to YHWH and discharged by sacrifice (cf. the Nazirite vow, Num 6).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθ᾿according to / aspreposition (κατά + accusative, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the phrase καθ᾿ ἑκούσιον means 'as a freewill offering' — voluntarily, of one's own accord.
ἑκούσιονfreewill offeringAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (substantivized adjective)→ object specificationἑκούσιος: 'voluntary / freewill'; substantivized here, rendering נְדָבָה ('freewill offering'); contrasts with the obligatory vow — a gift given spontaneously.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (temporal: 'at the feasts')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'at the feasts').
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορταῖςfeastsDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'at your feasts')→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders מוֹעֵד / חַג; the appointed festivals (Passover, Weeks, Booths) at which the supplementary offerings are required.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἑορταῖς)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἑορταῖς).
ποιῆσαιto makeAor Act Inf · ποιέωinfinitive of purpose ('to make an odour of fragrance')→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose of the sacrifice)ποιέω (aor. inf.): 'make / produce'; the infinitive of purpose governs ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας — the goal of all these offerings is to produce a pleasing odour for the LORD.
ὀσμὴνodour / smellAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαι→ object specificationὀσμή: 'smell / odour'; renders רֵיחַ; the phrase ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας ('odour of fragrance') is the fixed LXX cultic formula for an offering acceptable to God (cf. Eph 5:2; Phil 4:18).
εὐωδίαςof fragrance / sweet savourGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance / sweet smell'; renders נִיחֹחַ ('soothing, pleasing'); the genitive of quality denotes the savour that propitiates and pleases the LORD.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה; the recipient of the fragrant offering.
εἰif / whetherconditional/disjunctive particle (introducing the choice of victim)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if / whether'; with μέν it opens the alternative of victims — 'whether from the herd or from the flock' — anticipating the graded offerings of vv. 4–11.
μὲνon the one handcorrelative particle (anticipating the alternatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastμέν: post-positive correlative particle; marks the first member of a contrast (herd … or flock), here loosely setting up the disjunction of victims.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source of the victim)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of the victim).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοῶνoxen / herdGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπό: 'from the herd')→ relational specificationβοῦς (gen. pl. βοῶν): 'ox / cattle'; renders בָּקָר ('herd'); the large livestock providing the bull-calf of the costliest offering (vv. 8–10).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source of the victim)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of the victim).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheep / flockGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπό: 'from the flock')→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders צֹאן ('flock'); the small livestock providing the lamb and the ram (vv. 4–7).
4

καὶ προσοίσει ὁ προσφέρων τὸ δῶρον αὐτοῦ κυρίῳ θυσίαν σεμιδάλεως δέκατον τοῦ οιφι ἀναπεποιημένης ἐν ἐλαίῳ ἐν τετάρτῳ τοῦ ιν

then the one who brings his gift to the LORD shall present a cereal offering of fine flour, a tenth of an ephah, mixed with oil, with a fourth of a hin,

Apodosis: the accompanying offering specified (lamb-grade)καὶ προσοίσει
The first graded prescription: the offerer (ὁ προσφέρων, a substantival participle) must bring with the animal a cereal offering of σεμίδαλις ('fine flour') — one-tenth of an ephah mixed (ἀναπεποιημένης, perfect participle) with a fourth of a hin of oil. The measures οιφι (ephah) and ιν (hin) are transliterated Hebrew dry- and liquid-measures, left indeclinable.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσοίσειshall present / bringFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal future (binding requirement)προσφέρω: 'bring to / offer / present'; renders הִקְרִיב; the technical verb for presenting an offering at the altar; the future has the force of legal prescription.
ὁthe oneNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσφέρωνwho brings / the offererPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · προσφέρωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the one offering')→ substantival present participle (the offerer as a standing role)προσφέρω (pres. ptc.): the substantival ὁ προσφέρων ('the one who offers') designates the worshipper generically; the figura etymologica with προσοίσει (both from προσφέρω) underlines the act of presentation.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρονgiftAccusativedirect object of προσοίσει→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן ('that which is brought near'); the general term for any offering presented to God (cf. Matt 5:23–24; 15:5).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with δῶρον)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with δῶρον).
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה; recipient of the gift.
θυσίανa cereal offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρον (the grain offering)→ object specificationθυσία: here specifically the cereal/grain offering (מִנְחָה) that accompanies the animal; θυσία σεμιδάλεως = 'an offering of fine flour'.
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivegenitive of material (with θυσίαν)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine wheat flour'; renders סֹלֶת; the finest grade of flour, used for the cereal offering; the genitive of material specifies its substance (cf. Rev 18:13).
δέκατονa tenthAccusativeaccusative of measure (in apposition: 'a tenth')→ object specificationδέκατος: 'tenth'; substantivized as 'a tenth part'; renders עִשָּׂרוֹן ('a tenth of an ephah'), the standard cereal-offering measure for a lamb.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οιφι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οιφιephahindeclinable noun (partitive genitive: 'of the ephah')→ clausal contributionοιφι: transliteration of Hebrew אֵיפָה ('ephah'), a dry measure of roughly 22 litres; indeclinable in the LXX; 'a tenth of the ephah' is the lamb's grain-portion.
ἀναπεποιημένηςmixed / preparedPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Gen Sg Fem · ἀναποιέωparticiple agreeing with σεμιδάλεως (attributive: 'flour mixed with oil')→ perfect participle (settled state: flour already mingled with oil)ἀναποιέω: 'work up / knead / mix thoroughly'; the perfect passive participle ἀναπεποιημένης ('having been mixed') agrees with σεμιδάλεως and renders בָּלוּל ('mingled, with oil'); the perfect denotes the resultant prepared state of the flour.
ἐνwith / inpreposition + dative (instrumental/material: mixed with oil)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental/material: mixed with oil).
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of means (with ἀναπεποιημένης: 'mixed with oil')→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the oil mingled into the fine flour for the cereal offering.
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (measure of the oil/drink portion)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (measure of the oil/drink portion).
τετάρτῳa fourthDativedative of measure (substantivized: 'with a fourth')→ sphere or referenceτέταρτος: 'fourth'; substantivized 'a fourth part'; renders רְבִיעִית; here a fourth of a hin of oil (and, in v. 5, of wine) for the lamb's offering.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ινhinindeclinable noun (partitive genitive: 'of the hin')→ clausal contributionιν: transliteration of Hebrew הִין ('hin'), a liquid measure of roughly 3.6 litres; indeclinable in the LXX; 'a fourth of the hin' is the lamb's oil/wine portion.
5

καὶ οἶνον εἰς σπονδὴν τὸ τέταρτον τοῦ ιν ποιήσετε ἐπὶ τῆς ὁλοκαυτώσεως ἢ ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας τῷ ἀμνῷ τῷ ἑνὶ ποιήσεις τοσοῦτο κάρπωμα ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας τῷ κυρίῳ

and wine for a drink offering, the fourth of a hin, you shall offer upon the whole burnt offering or upon the sacrifice; for each one lamb you shall make this much, a burnt offering, an odour of fragrance to the LORD.

Continuation: the wine libation for the lambκαὶ οἶνον εἰς σπονδὴν
The drink offering (σπονδή, 'libation') of a fourth of a hin of wine completes the lamb's accompaniment. σπονδή is the LXX's term for the poured wine-offering (נֶסֶךְ), a word that resurfaces in Paul's σπένδομαι (Phil 2:17; 2 Tim 4:6). τοσοῦτο ('this much') fixes the proportions per single victim.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε→ object specificationοἶνος: 'wine'; renders יַיִן; the wine poured out as the libation (σπονδή) accompanying the offering.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for a drink offering')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'for a drink offering').
σπονδὴνa drink offering / libationAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationσπονδή: 'drink offering / libation'; renders נֶסֶךְ; the wine poured out beside the altar; the cognate verb σπένδομαι is used metaphorically by Paul of his own life poured out (Phil 2:17; 2 Tim 4:6).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέταρτονfourthAccusativeaccusative of measure (in apposition: 'the fourth part')→ object specificationτέταρτος: 'fourth'; substantivized; the fourth of a hin of wine matching the fourth of a hin of oil in v. 4 — the lamb-grade libation.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ινhinindeclinable noun (partitive genitive)→ clausal contributionιν: transliteration of Hebrew הִין; indeclinable liquid measure; 'the fourth of the hin' of wine.
ποιήσετεyou shall offer / makeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future, 2nd plural)→ prescriptive/legal future (binding requirement)ποιέω: 'do / make / offer'; the plural shifts to address the congregation collectively; renders עָשָׂה in cultic sense.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'in addition to')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'upon / together with'; the libation is offered 'upon' (in addition to) the burnt offering or sacrifice.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαυτώσεωςwhole burnt offeringGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: 'the act/offering of whole burning'; a near-synonym of ὁλοκαύτωμα, rendering עֹלָה; the wholly-consumed offering to which the libation is added.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίαςsacrificeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice'; the alternative offering (the peace offering) to which the libation may be added.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμνῷlambDativedative of distribution ('for each lamb')→ sphere or referenceἀμνός: 'lamb'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ; the lamb is the smallest victim, requiring the least supplementary offering (a tenth of an ephah, a fourth of a hin).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶoneDativeattributive numeral (with ἀμνῷ: 'each one lamb')→ sphere or referenceεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the dative ἑνί with ἀμνῷ distributes the prescription per individual animal — 'for each single lamb'.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future, 2nd singular)→ prescriptive/legal futureποιέω: the singular returns to address the individual offerer; the alternation of number (sg./pl.) is characteristic of LXX legal style.
τοσοῦτοthis much / so muchAccusativedemonstrative adjective (object: 'this much')→ object specificationτοσοῦτος: 'so much / so great'; here 'this much' — i.e. exactly the prescribed quantities just stated; fixes the proportions per lamb.
κάρπωμαa burnt offering / fruit-offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition (defining the offering)→ object specificationκάρπωμα: 'fruit-offering / offering by fire'; renders אִשֶּׁה ('fire-offering'); a general term for what is consumed on the altar, here in apposition to the whole prescribed gift.
ὀσμὴνodourAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the result/aim of the offering)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'smell / odour'; part of the fixed phrase ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας for an acceptable offering.
εὐωδίαςof fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ; the savour pleasing to the LORD.
τῷto theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה; recipient of the fragrant offering.
6

καὶ τῷ κριῷ ὅταν ποιῆτε αὐτὸν ἢ εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα ἢ εἰς θυσίαν ποιήσεις θυσίαν σεμιδάλεως δύο δέκατα ἀναπεποιημένης ἐν ἐλαίῳ τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ιν

And for the ram, when you offer it either for a whole burnt offering or for a sacrifice, you shall make a cereal offering of fine flour, two tenths mixed with oil, a third of a hin,

Second grade: the ram's accompanying offeringκαὶ τῷ κριῷ
The second tier of the graded scale: a ram (κριός) calls for double the lamb's flour (two-tenths of an ephah) and a third of a hin of oil — a proportionate increase tracking the victim's value. The fronted dative τῷ κριῷ marks the topic ('as for the ram').
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle (with κριῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριῷramDativedative of reference (topical: 'as for the ram')→ sphere or referenceκριός: 'ram'; renders אַיִל; the mid-grade victim, requiring two-tenths of an ephah of flour and a third of a hin of oil and wine.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'whenever'; takes the subjunctive ποιῆτε; introduces the condition under which the ram's offering applies.
ποιῆτεyou offerPres Act Subj 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of temporal clause (subjunctive with ὅταν)→ present subjunctive (the offering viewed as a recurring contingency)ποιέω: 'offer / make'; the present subjunctive denotes the recurring occasion of offering a ram.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object of ποιῆτε (the ram)→ participant referenceαὐτός: resuming κριός as the object of the verb.
ἢeither / ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'either'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
θυσίανa sacrificeAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice'; the peace offering as the alternative purpose.
ποιήσειςyou shall makeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureποιέω: 'make / offer'; introduces the apodosis prescribing the grain offering for the ram.
θυσίανa cereal offeringAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις (the grain offering)→ object specificationθυσία: here the cereal offering (מִנְחָה) accompanying the ram.
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivegenitive of material (with θυσίαν)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine flour'; renders סֹלֶת.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (with δέκατα: 'two tenths')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral here; 'two tenths' (of an ephah) is double the lamb's portion — the ram's grade.
δέκαταtenthsAccusativeaccusative of measure (substantivized: 'tenths')→ object specificationδέκατος: 'tenth'; neuter plural substantive δέκατα ('tenth-portions'), rendering עֶשְׂרֹנִים; two-tenths of an ephah of flour for the ram.
ἀναπεποιημένηςmixedPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Gen Sg Fem · ἀναποιέωparticiple agreeing with σεμιδάλεως (attributive)→ perfect participle (resultant state: flour already mingled with oil)ἀναποιέω: 'mix / knead thoroughly'; perfect passive participle agreeing with σεμιδάλεως; renders בָּלוּל ('mingled').
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of means (with ἀναπεποιημένης)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτονthirdAccusativeaccusative of measure (substantivized: 'a third')→ object specificationτρίτος: 'third'; substantivized 'a third part'; renders שְׁלִישִׁית; a third of a hin of oil for the ram — more than the lamb's fourth.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ινhinindeclinable noun (partitive genitive)→ clausal contributionιν: transliteration of Hebrew הִין; indeclinable liquid measure; 'a third of the hin' of oil.
7

καὶ οἶνον εἰς σπονδὴν τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ιν προσοίσετε εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ

and wine for a drink offering, the third of a hin, you shall present for an odour of fragrance to the LORD.

Completion of the ram-grade: the wine libationκαὶ οἶνον εἰς σπονδὴν
The ram's libation matches its grain offering in proportion: a third of a hin of wine. The refrain εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ closes each offering-unit, marking acceptability to the LORD.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect object of προσοίσετε→ object specificationοἶνος: 'wine'; renders יַיִן; the libation-wine for the ram.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
σπονδὴνa drink offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationσπονδή: 'libation'; renders נֶסֶךְ; the poured wine-offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτονthirdAccusativeaccusative of measure (substantivized)→ object specificationτρίτος: 'third'; a third of a hin of wine, matching the ram's oil-portion.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ινhinindeclinable noun (partitive genitive)→ clausal contributionιν: transliteration of Hebrew הִין; indeclinable liquid measure.
προσοίσετεyou shall presentFut Act Indic 2 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future, 2nd plural)→ prescriptive/legal futureπροσφέρω: 'present / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב; the technical verb for bringing the libation to the altar.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/result).
ὀσμὴνodourAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (result)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'odour'; part of the fixed phrase ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας.
εὐωδίαςof fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
8

ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν βοῶν ποιῆτε εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα ἢ εἰς θυσίαν μεγαλῦναι εὐχὴν ἢ εἰς σωτήριον κυρίῳ

But if you offer from the herd for a whole burnt offering or for a sacrifice, to perform a special vow, or for a peace offering to the LORD,

Third grade introduced: the bull-calf (protasis)ἐὰν δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν βοῶν
δέ marks the move to the highest grade — the bovine victim from the herd (ἀπὸ τῶν βοῶν). The conditional ἐάν + subjunctive opens the protasis whose apodosis (the three-tenths flour, half-hin offering) follows in vv. 9–10. σωτήριον ('peace/well-being offering') is the LXX rendering of שְׁלָמִים.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; takes the subjunctive ποιῆτε; introduces the condition for the bull-calf offering.
δὲbut / andmild adversative / transitional (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle marking the transition to the highest grade of victim.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοῶνherd / oxenGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπό)→ relational specificationβοῦς (gen. pl. βοῶν): 'ox / cattle'; renders בָּקָר ('herd'); the large livestock yielding the bull-calf, the costliest victim.
ποιῆτεyou offerPres Act Subj 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of conditional clause (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ present subjunctive (recurring contingency)ποιέω: 'offer / make'; the present subjunctive frames the offering of a bovine as a recurring possibility.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
θυσίανa sacrificeAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice'; here the broad term for a slaughter-offering.
μεγαλῦναιto perform / magnifyAor Act Inf · μεγαλύνωinfinitive of purpose (with εὐχήν)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose)μεγαλύνω: 'make great'; μεγαλῦναι εὐχήν = 'to discharge a special vow', rendering לְפַלֵּא נֶדֶר (cf. v. 3).
εὐχὴνa vowAccusativedirect object of μεγαλῦναι→ object specificationεὐχή: 'vow'; renders נֶדֶר.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
σωτήριονa peace offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationσωτήριον: 'salvation / well-being offering'; the LXX's standard rendering of שְׁלָמִים ('peace offerings'); a substantivized neuter adjective denoting the fellowship-offering shared between altar, priest and offerer.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
9

καὶ προσοίσει ἐπὶ τοῦ μόσχου θυσίαν σεμιδάλεως τρία δέκατα ἀναπεποιημένης ἐν ἐλαίῳ ἥμισυ τοῦ ιν

then he shall present, with the bull-calf, a cereal offering of fine flour, three tenths mixed with oil, half a hin,

Apodosis: the bull-calf's accompanying offering (highest grade)καὶ προσοίσει ἐπὶ τοῦ μόσχου
The top of the graded scale: the μόσχος ('bull-calf') requires three-tenths of an ephah of flour and half a hin of oil — the most lavish accompaniment, proportionate to the largest victim. The progression 1/10–2/10–3/10 of flour and 1/4–1/3–1/2 hin of oil makes the cost rise with the value of the animal.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσοίσειhe shall presentFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureπροσφέρω: 'present / offer'; renders הִקְרִיב; the prescribed presentation of the grain offering with the bovine.
ἐπὶwith / uponpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'together with the calf')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'upon / together with'; the grain offering accompanies the bull-calf.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with μόσχου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχουbull-calfGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; renders פַּר / עֵגֶל; the largest victim, drawn from the herd (βόες), requiring the most generous supplementary offering.
θυσίανa cereal offeringAccusativedirect object of προσοίσει→ object specificationθυσία: the cereal offering (מִנְחָה) accompanying the bull-calf.
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivegenitive of material (with θυσίαν)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine flour'; renders סֹלֶת.
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral (with δέκατα: 'three tenths')→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; the neuter τρία agrees with δέκατα; three-tenths of an ephah — the calf's grade, the largest grain-portion.
δέκαταtenthsAccusativeaccusative of measure (substantivized: 'tenths')→ object specificationδέκατος: 'tenth'; neuter plural substantive 'tenth-portions', rendering עֶשְׂרֹנִים.
ἀναπεποιημένηςmixedPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Gen Sg Fem · ἀναποιέωparticiple agreeing with σεμιδάλεως (attributive)→ perfect participle (resultant state)ἀναποιέω: 'mix / knead'; perfect passive participle agreeing with σεμιδάλεως; renders בָּלוּל.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ἐλαίῳoilDativedative of means (with ἀναπεποιημένης)→ sphere or referenceἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן.
ἥμισυhalfAccusativeaccusative of measure (substantivized: 'a half')→ object specificationἥμισυς: 'half'; renders חֲצִי; half a hin of oil — the calf's grade, the largest oil-portion.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ινhinindeclinable noun (partitive genitive)→ clausal contributionιν: transliteration of Hebrew הִין; indeclinable liquid measure.
10

καὶ οἶνον εἰς σπονδὴν τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ ιν κάρπωμα ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ

and wine for a drink offering, the half of a hin, a burnt offering, an odour of fragrance to the LORD.

Completion of the bull-calf grade: the wine libationκαὶ οἶνον εἰς σπονδὴν
The calf's libation is half a hin of wine, matching its half-hin of oil. The closing κάρπωμα ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ rounds off the graded prescriptions (vv. 4–10) with the recurring acceptability-formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect object (implied 'you shall present')→ object specificationοἶνος: 'wine'; renders יַיִן; the calf's libation-wine.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
σπονδὴνa drink offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationσπονδή: 'libation'; renders נֶסֶךְ.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥμισυhalfAccusativeaccusative of measure (substantivized: 'the half')→ object specificationἥμισυς: 'half'; half a hin of wine for the calf.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ινhinindeclinable noun (partitive genitive)→ clausal contributionιν: transliteration of Hebrew הִין; indeclinable liquid measure.
κάρπωμαa burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the offering by fire)→ object specificationκάρπωμα: 'offering by fire / fruit-offering'; renders אִשֶּׁה.
ὀσμὴνodourAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the aim of the offering)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'odour'; with εὐωδίας, the acceptability-formula.
εὐωδίαςof fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
11

οὕτως ποιήσεις τῷ μόσχῳ τῷ ἑνὶ ἢ τῷ κριῷ τῷ ἑνὶ ἢ τῷ ἀμνῷ τῷ ἑνὶ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων ἢ ἐκ τῶν αἰγῶν

Thus you shall do for the one bull-calf, or for the one ram, or for the one lamb from the sheep or from the goats.

Summary rubric: the prescriptions apply per single animalοὕτως ποιήσεις
οὕτως ('thus') gathers up the graded prescriptions of vv. 4–10 into a general rule: the stated proportions apply to each single victim, whatever its kind. The list extends to goats (αἶγες) alongside sheep, completing the catalogue of acceptable small livestock.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
οὕτωςthus / in this wayadverb of manner (summarizing the foregoing)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; gathers the graded prescriptions into a single rule applicable to each animal.
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureποιέω: 'do / make / offer'; the prescriptive future generalizes the rule across all victims.
τῷtheDativearticle (with μόσχῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχῳbull-calfDativedative of reference ('for the calf')→ sphere or referenceμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; renders פַּר.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶoneDativeattributive numeral (with μόσχῳ: 'each one calf')→ sphere or referenceεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the dative ἑνί distributes the rule per single animal.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριῷramDativedative of reference ('for the ram')→ sphere or referenceκριός: 'ram'; renders אַיִל.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶoneDativeattributive numeral (with κριῷ)→ sphere or referenceεἷς: 'one'; distributive.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀμνῷlambDativedative of reference ('for the lamb')→ sphere or referenceἀμνός: 'lamb'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶoneDativeattributive numeral (with ἀμνῷ)→ sphere or referenceεἷς: 'one'; distributive.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβάτωνsheepGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders כֶּבֶשׂ / צֹאן; the small livestock providing lambs.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰγῶνgoatsGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; renders עֵז; goats are admitted alongside sheep among the acceptable small livestock.
12

κατὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὧν ἐὰν ποιήσητε οὕτω ποιήσετε τῷ ἑνὶ κατὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν αὐτῶν

According to the number of those you offer, so you shall do for each one, according to their number.

Quantifying rubric: multiply the offering by the number of victimsκατὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν
The rule scales with quantity: however many animals are offered, the supplementary cereal-and-drink offering must be reckoned per head (τῷ ἑνί, 'for each one'). The double κατὰ τὸν ἀριθμόν ('according to the number') frames the verse as a proportionality principle.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; introduces the measure by which the offering scales — the number of victims.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριθμὸνnumberAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἀριθμός: 'number / count'; renders מִסְפָּר; the offering is reckoned by the count of animals.
ὧνof those whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive, partitive: 'of which/those you offer')→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive ὧν depends on ἀριθμόν ('the number of those which...').
ἐὰνever / ifmodal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing the relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here the modal particle (= ἄν) generalizing the relative clause — 'whatever number you offer'.
ποιήσητεyou offerAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of generalized relative clause (subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite/generalizing)ποιέω: 'offer / make'; the subjunctive in the indefinite relative clause leaves the number open.
οὕτωthus / soadverb of manner (correlative with κατά)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτω(ς): 'so / thus'; correlates the action to the foregoing standard — 'so shall you do'.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureποιέω: 'do / make'; the prescriptive future enjoins the proportional offering.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἑνί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνὶeach oneDativedative of distribution ('for each one')→ sphere or referenceεἷς: 'one'; the dative τῷ ἑνί distributes the offering per individual victim.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the second occurrence reinforces the proportionality.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριθμὸνnumberAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἀριθμός: 'number'; renders מִסְפָּר.
αὐτῶνof themGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀριθμόν: 'their number')→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive αὐτῶν refers to the victims — 'according to their number'.
13

πᾶς ὁ αὐτόχθων ποιήσει οὕτως τοιαῦτα προσενέγκαι καρπώματα εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ

Every native-born shall do thus in offering such things, offerings by fire for an odour of fragrance to the LORD.

Application to the native-born (transition to the sojourner-law)πᾶς ὁ αὐτόχθων
The prescriptions are first bound on πᾶς ὁ αὐτόχθων ('every native-born'), the full Israelite by birth; the following verses (14–16) will extend the identical obligation and privilege to the προσήλυτος ('sojourner'), the chapter's recurring concern for one law over native and alien.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (with αὐτόχθων)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the distributive 'every native-born' makes the law universal among the Israelites by birth.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with αὐτόχθων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτόχθωνnative-bornNominativesubject (substantivized: 'the native')→ participant prominenceαὐτόχθων: 'native / indigenous (lit. sprung from the land itself)'; renders אֶזְרָח ('native-born'); the full Israelite by descent, contrasted with the προσήλυτος (resident alien).
ποιήσειshall doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureποιέω: 'do / make / offer'; the prescriptive future binds the offering-law on the native-born.
οὕτωςthusadverb of manner (referring to the foregoing prescriptions)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; 'in this manner' just prescribed.
τοιαῦταsuch thingsAccusativedemonstrative adjective (object of προσενέγκαι: 'such offerings')→ object specificationτοιοῦτος: 'such / of this kind'; neuter plural 'such things' — offerings of the kind just specified.
προσενέγκαιto offer / in offeringAor Act Inf · προσφέρωinfinitive (epexegetic: specifying 'do thus' = 'in offering such things')→ epexegetic aorist infinitive (defining the act of doing 'thus')προσφέρω (aor. inf. προσενέγκαι): 'bring to / offer'; the infinitive specifies the content of ποιήσει οὕτως — the doing consists in offering these fire-offerings.
καρπώματαofferings by fireAccusativedirect object of προσενέγκαι→ object specificationκάρπωμα: 'offering by fire / fruit-offering'; renders אִשֶּׁה; the plural denotes the class of altar-offerings just described.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/result).
ὀσμὴνodourAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (result)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'odour'; with εὐωδίας, the acceptability-formula.
εὐωδίαςof fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
14

ἐὰν δὲ προσήλυτος ἐν ὑμῖν προσγένηται ἐν τῇ γῇ ὑμῶν ἢ ὃς ἂν γένηται ἐν ὑμῖν ἐν ταῖς γενεαῖς ὑμῶν καὶ ποιήσει κάρπωμα ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ ὃν τρόπον ποιεῖτε ὑμεῖς οὕτως ποιήσει ἡ συναγωγὴ κυρίῳ

But if a sojourner joins you in your land, or whoever may be among you throughout your generations, and he makes an offering by fire, an odour of fragrance to the LORD — in the manner you do, so shall the congregation do to the LORD.

Extension of the law to the resident alienἐὰν δὲ προσήλυτος
The conditional extends the offering-law to the προσήλυτος ('sojourner / proselyte'), the resident alien who attaches himself to Israel. The comparison ὃν τρόπον ποιεῖτε ὑμεῖς οὕτως ποιήσει ('as you do, so shall he/the congregation do') establishes complete cultic parity between native and alien — a theme Paul will universalize (Gal 3:28; Eph 2:11–19).
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; takes the subjunctive προσγένηται; opens the case of the sojourner.
δὲbut / andtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the transition from native to alien.
προσήλυτοςsojourner / proselyteNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπροσήλυτος: 'one who has come to / sojourner / proselyte'; the LXX's standard rendering of גֵּר ('resident alien'); the term came to mean 'convert' in later Judaism and the NT (cf. Matt 23:15; Acts 2:11).
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (association).
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν ('among you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν ('among you').
προσγένηταιjoins / attaches himselfAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · προσγίνομαιverb of conditional clause (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ aorist subjunctive (the act of joining viewed as a single event)προσγίνομαι: 'come to / attach oneself / be added'; renders גּוּר ('sojourn'); the compound προσ- stresses adherence to the community.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'in your land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with γῇ)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with γῇ).
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of generalized relative clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν and the subjunctive forms an indefinite relative — 'whoever may be among you'.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle marking the indefinite/generalizing relative clause.
γένηταιmay be / may come to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of generalized relative clause (subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite)γίνομαι: 'become / be'; the subjunctive with ὃς ἄν generalizes — any alien who comes to be among them in any generation.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (association).
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν ('among you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν ('among you').
ἐνin / throughoutpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεαῖςgenerationsDativedative of time (with ἐν: 'throughout your generations')→ sphere or referenceγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; the phrase 'throughout your generations' marks the perpetual scope of the statute.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with γενεαῖς)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with γενεαῖς).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειhe makes / shall makeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the sojourner's offering)→ future of contingency (the alien's act of offering)ποιέω: 'make / offer'; the sojourner makes the same fire-offering as the native.
κάρπωμαan offering by fireAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει→ object specificationκάρπωμα: 'offering by fire'; renders אִשֶּׁה.
ὀσμὴνodourAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the aim of the offering)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'odour'; with εὐωδίας, the acceptability-formula.
εὐωδίαςof fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (with τρόπον: 'in the manner which')→ participant referenceὅς: the phrase ὃν τρόπον ('in the manner which') is an adverbial accusative of manner — 'in the way that, just as'.
τρόπονmanner / wayAccusativeadverbial accusative of manner (with ὃν: 'in the manner that')→ object specificationτρόπος: 'manner / way'; the idiom ὃν τρόπον renders כַּאֲשֶׁר ('just as'), expressing exact cultic parity between native and alien.
ποιεῖτεyou doPres Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of comparative clause ('as you do')→ customary present (Israel's regular practice)ποιέω: 'do / offer'; the present describes Israel's habitual cultic practice, set as the standard for the alien.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with ποιεῖτε)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: the emphatic plural pronoun stresses the native community as the benchmark of practice.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (correlative with ὃν τρόπον)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'so / thus'; correlates the congregation's practice to Israel's — exact equivalence.
ποιήσειshall doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureποιέω: 'do / offer'; the congregation (including its sojourners) offers exactly as the native Israelites do.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with συναγωγή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴcongregation / assemblyNominativesubject of ποιήσει→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'gathering / congregation'; renders עֵדָה / קָהָל; the assembled covenant community, here embracing the resident alien within its cultic life.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
15

νόμος εἷς ἔσται ὑμῖν καὶ τοῖς προσηλύτοις τοῖς προσκειμένοις ἐν ὑμῖν νόμος αἰώνιος εἰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ὡς ὑμεῖς καὶ ὁ προσήλυτος ἔσται ἔναντι κυρίου

There shall be one law for you and for the sojourners attached among you, an everlasting law throughout your generations; as you are, so also the sojourner shall be before the LORD.

Principle stated: one law, native and alien alikeνόμος εἷς ἔσται
The governing principle νόμος εἷς ('one law') is stated emphatically and made νόμος αἰώνιος ('an everlasting law'). The equality is sharpened by ὡς ὑμεῖς καὶ ὁ προσήλυτος ('as you, so also the sojourner') standing ἔναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD') — equal cultic standing in the divine presence.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
νόμοςlawNominativesubject (predicate of ἔσται)→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law / statute'; renders תּוֹרָה / חֻקָּה; the single statute binding equally on native and alien.
εἷςoneNominativeattributive numeral (with νόμος: 'one law')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the emphatic 'one law' renders חֻקָּה אַחַת, stressing the single standard for all.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicative future)→ predictive/prescriptive future (binding declaration)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the future of legal declaration — 'there shall be one law'.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of possession/advantage ('for you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession/advantage ('for you').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with προσηλύτοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτοιςsojournersDativedative of possession/advantage (parallel to ὑμῖν)→ sphere or referenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; placed on a par with the native addressees under the one law.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with προσκειμένοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσκειμένοιςattached / dwellingPres Mid Ptc Dat Pl Masc · πρόσκειμαιattributive participle (modifying προσηλύτοις)→ present participle (continuing state of adherence)πρόσκειμαι: 'be attached to / lie near / adhere'; the participle describes the sojourners as those who have joined themselves to Israel; renders the sense of גּוּר ('reside as an alien').
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (association).
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν ('among you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν ('among you').
νόμοςlawNominativesubject (predicate, in apposition: 'an everlasting law')→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law'; the restatement intensifies — this single law is also perpetual.
αἰώνιοςeverlasting / perpetualNominativeattributive adjective (with νόμος: 'everlasting law')→ participant prominenceαἰώνιος: 'eternal / perpetual'; renders עוֹלָם; the statute is binding 'throughout your generations', a permanent ordinance.
εἰςfor / throughoutpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal extent).
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; 'for your generations' marks the perpetual scope.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with γενεάς)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with γενεάς).
ὡςascomparative conjunction ('as you, so the sojourner')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison of equal standing between native and alien.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject of the comparative clause (implied ἔσται)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: the emphatic pronoun; 'as you (are)' — the native community as the standard of standing before God.
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive ('so also')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here 'also / so too', drawing the sojourner into equal standing.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with προσήλυτος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσήλυτοςsojournerNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; granted standing 'before the LORD' equal to the native.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicative future)→ predictive/prescriptive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'be'; the alien 'shall be before the LORD' on the same footing as the native.
ἔναντιbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (locative: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the alien stands in YHWH's presence with the same status as the native Israelite.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): rendering of יהוה; before whom native and alien stand equally.
16

νόμος εἷς ἔσται καὶ δικαίωμα ἓν ἔσται ὑμῖν καὶ τῷ προσηλύτῳ τῷ προσκειμένῳ ἐν ὑμῖν

There shall be one law and one ordinance for you and for the sojourner attached among you.

Restatement and seal of the one-law principleνόμος εἷς ἔσται
A closing restatement that pairs νόμος ('law') with δικαίωμα ('ordinance / just requirement'): one law and one ordinance bind native and sojourner alike. δικαίωμα is a key LXX term (rendering מִשְׁפָּט / חֻקָּה) that Paul deploys at Rom 1:32; 2:26; 8:4.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
νόμοςlawNominativesubject (predicate of ἔσται)→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה / חֻקָּה.
εἷςoneNominativeattributive numeral (with νόμος)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the single law for all.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicative future)→ predictive/prescriptive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'be'; legal declaration.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δικαίωμαordinance / just requirementNominativesubject (predicate, parallel to νόμος)→ participant prominenceδικαίωμα: 'ordinance / statute / righteous requirement'; renders מִשְׁפָּט / חֻקָּה; a regulation having the force of justice; a Pauline keyword (Rom 1:32; 2:26; 8:4).
ἓνoneNominativeattributive numeral (with δικαίωμα: 'one ordinance')→ measure or countεἷς, ἕν: 'one'; the neuter ἕν agrees with δικαίωμα; 'one ordinance' parallels 'one law'.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicative future)→ predictive/prescriptive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'be'; the repeated ἔσται binds the ordinance equally.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage ('for you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage ('for you').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle (with προσηλύτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτῳsojournerDativedative of advantage (parallel to ὑμῖν)→ sphere or referenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; bound by, and benefiting from, the same law and ordinance.
τῷtheDativearticle (with προσκειμένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσκειμένῳattached / dwellingPres Mid Ptc Dat Sg Masc · πρόσκειμαιattributive participle (modifying προσηλύτῳ)→ present participle (continuing state of adherence)πρόσκειμαι: 'be attached to / adhere'; describes the sojourner as one joined to the community of Israel.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (association).
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ἐν ('among you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν ('among you').
17

καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων

And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,

New divine speech-act (opens the firstfruits-law)καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος
A fresh speech-formula (with ἐλάλησεν, 'spoke', from λαλέω) marks a new legislative unit: the ordinance of the firstfruits of the dough (vv. 17–21), distinct from the preceding offering-laws.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the aorist ἐλάλησεν opens a new divine commission, as at v. 1 (with εἶπεν).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; accusative as directional object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (calque of Hebrew לֵאמֹר)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the quotative λέγων calques לֵאמֹר, opening the divine speech.
18

λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς ἐν τῷ εἰσπορεύεσθαι ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν γῆν εἰς ἣν ἐγὼ εἰσάγω ὑμᾶς ἐκεῖ

Speak to the sons of Israel, and you shall say to them, 'When you enter into the land into which I am bringing you,

Commission to address Israel (firstfruits-law)λάλησον
The commission-formula repeats v. 2, again framed by the entry into the land — here with the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ εἰσπορεύεσθαι ('in the entering', a temporal Hebraism rendering בְּבֹאֲכֶם) and the relative εἰς ἣν … ἐκεῖ ('into which … there'), a Hebraizing resumptive adverb.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר; the standard commission to Moses.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object (addressees)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ = 'the children of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (defining υἱοῖς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγω (εἴρω)main verb (volitive future)→ volitive future (imperatival force)ἐρῶ (fut.): 'I will say'; with imperatival force, rendering וְאָמַרְתָּ.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός: resuming the addressees.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (with articular infinitive: temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular inf.: the construction ἐν τῷ + infinitive ('in the ...-ing') renders the Hebrew temporal בְּ + infinitive construct — 'when you enter'.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσπορεύεσθαιenteringPres Mid Inf · εἰσπορεύομαιarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when you enter')→ present infinitive in temporal construction (the entering as ongoing)εἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter / go in'; the articular infinitive with ἐν τῷ forms a temporal clause; the accusative ὑμᾶς is its subject.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; Canaan.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (with relative ἥν)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (with relative ἥν).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἰσάγω, antecedent γῆν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the redundant εἰς ἣν … ἐκεῖ ('into which … there') is a Hebraism preserving the resumptive adverb שָׁמָּה.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (YHWH the one who brings)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun stresses YHWH as the agent of the entry into the land.
εἰσάγωI bring inPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰσάγωverb of relative clause (present of certain action)→ futuristic/durative present (the bringing-in as in force)εἰσάγω: 'lead in / bring in'; renders הֵבִיא; the present expresses the promise as operative — YHWH is bringing them into the land.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of εἰσάγω→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εἰσάγω.
ἐκεῖthere / thitheradverb of place (resumptive Hebraism)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; here a resumptive locative adverb after the relative, calquing the Hebrew שָׁמָּה ('thither') — 'the land into which I bring you (there)'.
19

καὶ ἔσται ὅταν ἔσθητε ὑμεῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρτων τῆς γῆς ἀφελεῖτε ἀφαίρεμα ἀφόρισμα κυρίῳ

then it shall be, when you eat of the bread of the land, you shall set apart a heave-offering, a separation, to the LORD.

Apodosis: the duty of the heave-offering from the breadκαὶ ἔσται ὅταν
The καὶ ἔσται ('and it shall be') + ὅταν clause is a Hebraizing apodotic formula (וְהָיָה כִּי). When Israel eats the bread of the land, a portion must be lifted off (ἀφελεῖτε) as an ἀφαίρεμα ('heave-offering') and ἀφόρισμα ('thing set apart'); both nouns share the root of separation that dominates this unit.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodotic formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodotic 'and it shall be')→ predictive future (Hebraizing apodotic formula)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; the impersonal καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה, introducing the apodosis of the temporal condition.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'whenever'; takes the subjunctive ἔσθητε.
ἔσθητεyou eatPres Act Subj 2 Pl · ἐσθίωverb of temporal clause (subjunctive with ὅταν)→ present subjunctive (recurring condition)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; renders אָכַל; the eating of the land's produce is the trigger for the firstfruit-duty.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with ἔσθητε)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: the emphatic plural pronoun, slightly stressing Israel as the actors.
ἀπὸof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of the bread')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here partitive — 'eat (some) of the bread of the land'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτωνbread / loavesGenitivegenitive (partitive, with ἀπό)→ relational specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; the bread made from the land's grain, from which the firstfruit-cake is taken.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςof the landGenitivegenitive of source (with ἄρτων)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the bread 'of the land' — produce of Canaan, marking settled agricultural life.
ἀφελεῖτεyou shall set apart / take offFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureἀφαιρέω: 'take away / remove / set apart'; renders הֵרִים ('lift off, contribute'); the verb of the heave-offering — a portion 'lifted off' the whole for the LORD.
ἀφαίρεμαa heave-offering / contributionAccusativedirect object of ἀφελεῖτε (cognate accusative)→ object specificationἀφαίρεμα: 'that which is removed / a heave-offering / contribution'; renders תְּרוּמָה; cognate with ἀφαιρέω, the portion lifted off as a sacred levy.
ἀφόρισμαa separation / thing set apartAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀφαίρεμα→ object specificationἀφόρισμα: 'that which is separated off / a set-apart portion'; from ἀφορίζω ('mark off, separate'); reinforces the idea of a portion consecrated by separation (cf. ἀφωρισμένος, Rom 1:1).
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה; recipient of the heave-offering.
20

ἀπαρχὴν φυράματος ὑμῶν ἄρτον ἀφαίρεμα ἀφοριεῖτε αὐτό ὡς ἀφαίρεμα ἀπὸ ἅλω οὕτως ἀφελεῖτε αὐτόν

As the firstfruits of your dough, a loaf, you shall set apart as a heave-offering; as a heave-offering from the threshing-floor, so you shall lift it off.

Specification: the firstfruit-cake of the doughἀπαρχὴν φυράματος
The crux-term ἀπαρχὴ φυράματος ('firstfruits of the dough/lump') is the verse Paul cites at Rom 11:16 (εἰ ἡ ἀπαρχὴ ἁγία, καὶ τὸ φύραμα), where the consecrated firstfruit sanctifies the whole batch. The comparison ὡς ἀφαίρεμα ἀπὸ ἅλω ('as a heave-offering from the threshing-floor') assimilates the dough-offering to the grain-tithe.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἀπαρχὴνfirstfruitsAccusativeaccusative (predicative/in apposition: 'as firstfruits')→ object specificationἀπαρχή: 'firstfruits / first portion'; renders רֵאשִׁית; the consecrated first part representing and sanctifying the whole; key to Paul's argument at Rom 11:16 and his Christology (1 Cor 15:20, 23).
φυράματοςof dough / lumpGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπαρχήν: 'firstfruits of the dough')→ relational specificationφύραμα: 'that which is mixed / kneaded mass / dough / lump'; renders עֲרִיסָה ('coarse meal, dough'); the lump of dough from which the firstfruit-cake is taken; Paul's τὸ φύραμα at Rom 11:16; cf. 1 Cor 5:6–7.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with φυράματος)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with φυράματος).
ἄρτονa loaf / breadAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the firstfruit takes the form of a cake)→ object specificationἄρτος: 'loaf / bread / cake'; the firstfruit of the dough is presented as a baked cake (חַלָּה).
ἀφαίρεμαa heave-offeringAccusativeaccusative in apposition (as a contribution)→ object specificationἀφαίρεμα: 'heave-offering / contribution'; renders תְּרוּמָה; the cake is set apart as a sacred levy.
ἀφοριεῖτεyou shall set apartFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀφορίζωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureἀφορίζω: 'mark off / separate / set apart'; renders הֵרִים; the verb of consecration by separation; cognate with ἀφόρισμα (v. 19) and Paul's ἀφωρισμένος (Rom 1:1).
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object of ἀφοριεῖτε (resuming the cake)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the neuter αὐτό agrees with the offering generically (or with ἀφαίρεμα), 'set it apart'.
ὡςas / likecomparative conjunction (introducing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison with the threshing-floor heave-offering.
ἀφαίρεμαa heave-offeringAccusativeaccusative in the comparative phrase ('as a heave-offering')→ object specificationἀφαίρεμα: 'heave-offering'; the dough-offering is likened to the grain-contribution from the threshing-floor.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ἅλωthreshing-floorGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπό: 'from the threshing-floor')→ relational specificationἅλως (gen. ἅλω): 'threshing-floor'; renders גֹּרֶן; the place where grain is threshed and from which the grain heave-offering is taken; the model for the dough-offering.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (correlative with ὡς)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'so / thus'; correlates the dough-offering's manner to that of the threshing-floor levy.
ἀφελεῖτεyou shall lift offFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureἀφαιρέω: 'take off / set apart'; renders הֵרִים; the heave-gesture of lifting off the consecrated portion.
αὐτόνitAccusativedirect object of ἀφελεῖτε (masculine, resuming ἄρτον)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the masculine αὐτόν agrees with ἄρτον ('the loaf'), 'so you shall lift it off'.
21

ἀπαρχὴν φυράματος ὑμῶν καὶ δώσετε κυρίῳ ἀφαίρεμα εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν

From the firstfruits of your dough you shall give to the LORD a heave-offering, throughout your generations.

Perpetual statute of the dough heave-offeringἀπαρχὴν φυράματος
The firstfruit-cake becomes a perpetual gift (δώσετε κυρίῳ ἀφαίρεμα) εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν ('throughout your generations'), closing the unit (vv. 17–21) with the standard formula of permanence.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἀπαρχὴνfirstfruitsAccusativeaccusative (the firstfruit-portion given)→ object specificationἀπαρχή: 'firstfruits / first portion'; renders רֵאשִׁית; the consecrated first part of the dough (cf. Rom 11:16).
φυράματοςof doughGenitivegenitive of source (with ἀπαρχήν)→ relational specificationφύραμα: 'dough / kneaded lump'; renders עֲרִיסָה; Paul's τὸ φύραμα (Rom 11:16; 1 Cor 5:6–7).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with φυράματος)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with φυράματος).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (resumptive/continuative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσετεyou shall giveFut Act Indic 2 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureδίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the firstfruit-cake is given as a perpetual contribution to the LORD.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
ἀφαίρεμαa heave-offeringAccusativedirect object of δώσετε→ object specificationἀφαίρεμα: 'heave-offering / contribution'; renders תְּרוּמָה.
εἰςfor / throughoutpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal extent).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; renders דּוֹר; 'throughout your generations' — the perpetuity formula.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with γενεάς)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with γενεάς).
22

ὅταν δὲ διαμάρτητε καὶ μὴ ποιήσητε πάσας τὰς ἐντολὰς ταύτας ἃς ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν

But when you err and do not perform all these commandments which the LORD spoke to Moses,

Protasis of the inadvertent-sin law (the chapter's crux)ὅταν δὲ διαμάρτητε
δέ pivots to the central legal crux (vv. 22–31): the case of inadvertent failure to keep the commandments. διαμάρτητε ('you err / miss the mark', from διαμαρτάνω) frames the sin as deviation, not defiance — the protasis whose remedy (vv. 24–28) is sacrificial atonement, sharply contrasted with the high-handed sin of vv. 30–31.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'whenever'; takes the subjunctive διαμάρτητε; introduces the case of inadvertent transgression.
δὲbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the pivot to the new legal crux of inadvertent sin.
διαμάρτητεyou err / go astrayAor Act Subj 2 Pl · διαμαρτάνωverb of temporal clause (subjunctive with ὅταν)→ aorist subjunctive (the lapse viewed as a single failure)διαμαρτάνω: 'miss the mark completely / err / go astray'; the compound intensifies ἁμαρτάνω; renders שָׁגָה ('go astray, sin inadvertently'); frames the sin as deviation rather than rebellion.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (epexegetical)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with the subjunctive; 'and do not perform'.
ποιήσητεyou perform / doAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of temporal clause (subjunctive, coordinate with διαμάρτητε)→ aorist subjunctive (failure to perform)ποιέω: 'do / perform / keep'; the failure to keep the commandments specifies the nature of the error.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἐντολάς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the failure concerns the whole body of commandments.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολὰςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσητε→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment / injunction'; renders מִצְוָה; the divine commands whose inadvertent neglect is here in view.
ταύταςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with ἐντολάς)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'this'; 'these commandments' — the corpus just delivered.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν, antecedent ἐντολάς)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, feminine accusative plural agreeing with ἐντολάς.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause (divine speaking)→ constative aorist (the completed giving of the commandments)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the commandments derive their authority from YHWH's own speaking.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; the mediator through whom the commandments were given.
23

καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς συνέταξεν κύριος πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ ἐπέκεινα εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν

according to all that the LORD ordained for you by the hand of Moses, from the day the LORD ordained it for you and onward throughout your generations,

Relative expansion: the full scope of the commandmentsκαθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος
An expansion of the protasis defining the commandments' scope: all that YHWH ordained ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ ('by the hand of Moses', a Hebraism for mediated agency, בְּיַד מֹשֶׁה), and their temporal reach — from the day of their giving and onward (ἐπέκεινα) throughout the generations.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καθὰaccording to / just ascomparative conjunction (introducing the standard)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as / according to'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; introduces the measure of the commanded obligation.
συνέταξενordained / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the completed act of ordaining)συντάσσω: 'arrange / order / command'; renders צִוָּה; a formal term for legal ordinance, used again of the stoning command (v. 36).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
πρὸςto / forpreposition + accusative (recipient of the ordinance)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient of the ordinance).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
ἐνby / throughpreposition + dative (instrumental Hebraism: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here instrumental; ἐν χειρί ('by the hand of') is a Hebraism (בְּיַד) for mediated agency.
χειρὶhandDativedative of means (with ἐν: 'by the hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; ἐν χειρὶ Μωυσῆ = 'by the agency/mediation of Moses'.
Μωυσῆof MosesGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρί)→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς (gen. Μωυσῆ): the mediator through whose hand the ordinances came.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal starting-point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (temporal starting-point).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (temporal: 'from the day')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the starting-point of the commandments' validity.
ἧςon whichGenitiverelative pronoun (temporal genitive, antecedent ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive ἧς ('on which day') by attraction to ἡμέρας.
συνέταξενordainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of relative clause (temporal)→ constative aoristσυντάσσω: 'ordain / command'; the repetition emphasizes the fixed point of origin.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
πρὸςto / forpreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέκειναbeyond / onwardadverb (temporal extension: 'and onward')→ clausal contributionἐπέκεινα: 'beyond / further on'; here temporal — 'from that day and onward', extending the validity into the future.
εἰςfor / throughoutpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal extent).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; 'throughout your generations' — the perpetuity formula closing the protasis.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with γενεάς)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with γενεάς).
24

καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν τῆς συναγωγῆς γενηθῇ ἀκουσίως καὶ ποιήσει πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγὴ μόσχον ἕνα ἐκ βοῶν ἄμωμον εἰς ὁλοκαύτωμα εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας κυρίῳ καὶ θυσίαν τούτου καὶ σπονδὴν αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὴν σύνταξιν καὶ χίμαρον ἐξ αἰγῶν ἕνα περὶ ἁμαρτίας

then it shall be, if it is done unintentionally, hidden from the eyes of the congregation, that all the congregation shall offer one bull-calf from the herd, without blemish, for a whole burnt offering, for an odour of fragrance to the LORD, with its cereal offering and its drink offering according to the ordinance, and one he-goat from the goats for a sin offering.

Apodosis: the congregational sin offering for inadvertent sinκαὶ ἔσται ἐὰν
The remedy for communal inadvertent sin: a bull-calf as burnt offering with its accompanying cereal and drink offerings (κατὰ τὴν σύνταξιν, 'according to the ordinance' of vv. 8–10), plus a he-goat (χίμαρος) περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('for a sin offering'). The key adverb ἀκουσίως ('unintentionally') governs the whole case: the sin is committed ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν ('away from the eyes'), i.e. unwittingly.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodotic formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodotic 'and it shall be')→ predictive future (Hebraizing apodotic formula)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה, opening the apodosis.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; takes the subjunctive γενηθῇ.
ἐξaway from / out ofpreposition + genitive (source/separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ: 'out of / away from'; the phrase ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν ('away from the eyes') means the sin occurred unobserved — hidden from the congregation's awareness.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עֵינַיִם; 'away from the eyes of the congregation' marks the inadvertence — the sin escaped notice.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγῆςcongregationGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὀφθαλμῶν)→ relational specificationσυναγωγή: 'congregation / assembly'; renders עֵדָה; the community whose corporate inadvertent guilt is in view.
γενηθῇit is done / happensAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of conditional clause (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ aorist subjunctive (the inadvertent act conceived as occurring)γίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'happen / be done / come to pass'; the impersonal 'if it is done' refers to the inadvertent transgression.
ἀκουσίωςunintentionally / inadvertentlyadverb of manner (the key qualifier of the sin)→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'involuntarily / unintentionally'; from ἀκούσιος (ἀ- + ἑκών, 'not willing'); renders בִּשְׁגָגָה ('in error'); the decisive term distinguishing atonable sin from the high-handed sin of v. 30 — the conceptual antonym of ἑκουσίως at Heb 10:26.
καὶand / thencoordinate conjunction (apodotic continuation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειshall offer / makeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureποιέω: 'do / make / offer'; the congregation's prescribed atoning offering.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with συναγωγή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole congregation acts corporately.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with συναγωγή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴcongregationNominativesubject of ποιήσει→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; renders עֵדָה; the corporate offerer.
μόσχονbull-calfAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; renders פַּר; the burnt-offering victim for the congregation's sin.
ἕναoneAccusativeattributive numeral (with μόσχον)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; a single bull-calf.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
βοῶνherd / oxenGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationβοῦς: 'ox / cattle'; renders בָּקָר; the herd from which the calf is taken.
ἄμωμονwithout blemish / unblemishedAccusativeattributive adjective (with μόσχον)→ object specificationἄμωμος: 'without blemish / spotless'; renders תָּמִים; the cultic requirement of physical perfection in the victim; applied to Christ at 1 Pet 1:19; Heb 9:14.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; renders עֹלָה.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/result).
ὀσμὴνodourAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (result)→ object specificationὀσμή: 'odour'; with εὐωδίας, the acceptability-formula.
εὐωδίαςof fragranceGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὀσμήν)→ relational specificationεὐωδία: 'fragrance'; renders נִיחֹחַ.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυσίανcereal offeringAccusativedirect object (the accompanying grain offering)→ object specificationθυσία: here the cereal offering (מִנְחָה) prescribed to accompany the bull-calf (cf. vv. 9–10).
τούτουof it / thisGenitivegenitive (with θυσίαν: 'its cereal offering')→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the genitive refers to the bull-calf — 'its cereal offering'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σπονδὴνdrink offeringAccusativedirect object (the accompanying libation)→ object specificationσπονδή: 'libation'; renders נֶסֶךְ; the wine offering accompanying the bull-calf.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with σπονδήν: 'its drink offering')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' — belonging to the bull-calf.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the offering follows the prescribed ordinance.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύνταξινordinance / prescribed arrangementAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationσύνταξις: 'arrangement / prescribed order / ordinance'; from συντάσσω; here the fixed prescription of accompanying offerings (vv. 8–10) — 'according to the rule'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χίμαρονhe-goatAccusativedirect object (the sin-offering victim)→ object specificationχίμαρος: 'he-goat / young goat'; renders שָׂעִיר; the goat designated for the sin offering (περὶ ἁμαρτίας).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
αἰγῶνgoatsGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐξ)→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; renders עִזִּים; the flock of goats from which the sin-offering victim is drawn.
ἕναoneAccusativeattributive numeral (with χίμαρον)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; a single he-goat.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for a sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / for'; the phrase περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('for sin') is the LXX's technical designation of the sin offering (חַטָּאת); cf. Rom 8:3; Heb 10:6.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת (which also names the sin offering itself); the goat is offered to deal with the congregation's inadvertent guilt.
25

καὶ ἐξιλάσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ πάσης συναγωγῆς υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ ἀφεθήσεται αὐτοῖς ὅτι ἀκούσιόν ἐστιν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἤνεγκαν τὸ δῶρον αὐτῶν κάρπωμα κυρίῳ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν ἔναντι κυρίου περὶ τῶν ἀκουσίων αὐτῶν

And the priest shall make atonement for the whole congregation of the sons of Israel, and it shall be forgiven them, because it was unintentional, and they have brought their gift, an offering by fire to the LORD for their sin, and before the LORD for their inadvertent acts.

Result: priestly atonement and forgivenessκαὶ ἐξιλάσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς
The decisive verbs of the inadvertent-sin remedy: ἐξιλάσεται ('shall make atonement', from ἐξιλάσκομαι, the LXX term for כִּפֶּר) and the passive ἀφεθήσεται ('it shall be forgiven') — the divine passive of pardon. The ground is stated plainly: ὅτι ἀκούσιόν ἐστιν ('because it was unintentional'). The repeated ἀκούσιος-language saturates the verse, sealing the contrast with v. 30.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (priestly atonement)→ prescriptive/legal future (the appointed atoning act)ἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / propitiate / expiate'; the LXX's standard rendering of כִּפֶּר ('cover, atone'); the priest's mediatorial act that secures forgiveness; cognate with ἱλαστήριον (Rom 3:25) and ἱλασμός (1 John 2:2).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the mediator who performs the atoning rite on behalf of the congregation.
περὶfor / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (the object of atonement)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'concerning / on behalf of'; atonement is made 'for' the whole congregation.
πάσηςall / wholeGenitiveattributive adjective (with συναγωγῆς)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the atonement covers the entire congregation.
συναγωγῆςcongregationGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; renders עֵדָה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive (defining συναγωγῆς: 'of the sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ισραηλ = 'of the children of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (defining υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιit shall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive of forgiveness)→ predictive future (divine passive: God forgives)ἀφίημι: 'send away / release / forgive'; renders סָלַח / נִסְלַח; the impersonal passive ἀφεθήσεται ('it shall be forgiven') is a reverential divine passive — God is the implied agent of pardon; the verb of NT forgiveness (Matt 6:12; 1 John 1:9).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of advantage (those forgiven)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'them' — the congregation to whom forgiveness is granted.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the ground of forgiveness — the inadvertent character of the sin.
ἀκούσιόνunintentionalNominativepredicate adjective (with ἐστιν: 'it is unintentional')→ participant prominenceἀκούσιος: 'involuntary / unintentional'; renders שְׁגָגָה; the substantival/predicative neuter 'it is an inadvertency'; the basis on which atonement avails.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with ἀκούσιον)→ stative present (the abiding character of the act)εἰμί: 'be'; the copula linking subject and predicate — 'because it is unintentional'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with ἤνεγκαν)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the emphatic 'they themselves' brought the offering — their penitent act accompanies the inadvertency.
ἤνεγκανbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φέρωmain verb (the congregation's offering)→ constative aorist (the completed act of bringing the gift)φέρω (aor. ἤνεγκαν): 'bring / bear'; renders הֵבִיא; the congregation has brought its offering, the visible token of contrition.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δῶρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δῶρονgiftAccusativedirect object of ἤνεγκαν→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / offering'; renders קָרְבָּן.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with δῶρον)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with δῶρον).
κάρπωμαan offering by fireAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δῶρον→ object specificationκάρπωμα: 'offering by fire'; renders אִשֶּׁה; the gift takes the form of a fire-offering.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceκύριος (dat.): rendering of יהוה.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / concerning'; the offering is made 'for their sin'.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; the offence dealt with by the offering.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἁμαρτίας)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἁμαρτίας).
ἔναντιbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before'; renders לִפְנֵי; the offering is presented in YHWH's presence.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): rendering of יהוה.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (purpose).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκουσίωνinadvertent acts / errorsGenitivegenitive object of περί (substantivized adjective)→ relational specificationἀκούσιος: 'involuntary'; substantivized neuter plural τὰ ἀκούσια ('inadvertent deeds / errors'); renders שְׁגָגוֹת; the offering deals specifically with sins of ignorance.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀκουσίων)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἀκουσίων).
26

καὶ ἀφεθήσεται κατὰ πᾶσαν συναγωγὴν υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ τῷ προσηλύτῳ τῷ προσκειμένῳ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὅτι παντὶ τῷ λαῷ ἀκούσιον

And it shall be forgiven to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, and to the sojourner attached among you, because for all the people it was inadvertent.

Extension of forgiveness to the sojournerκαὶ ἀφεθήσεται
The pardon of inadvertent communal sin extends to the προσήλυτος ('sojourner') as well as the native, again under the one-law principle. The ground is restated: ὅτι παντὶ τῷ λαῷ ἀκούσιον ('because for all the people it was inadvertent') — the whole people, native and alien, shares both the lapse and the remedy.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεθήσεταιit shall be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine passive of forgiveness)→ predictive future (divine passive)ἀφίημι: 'forgive / release'; renders נִסְלַח; the divine passive of pardon, repeated from v. 25 to embrace the sojourner.
κατὰfor / throughoutpreposition + accusative (distributive: 'to all')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here distributive — 'as concerns / throughout the whole congregation'.
πᾶσανall / wholeAccusativeattributive adjective (with συναγωγήν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'.
συναγωγὴνcongregationAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; renders עֵדָה.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive (defining συναγωγήν)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ισραηλ = 'of the children of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (defining υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle (with προσηλύτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτῳsojournerDativedative of advantage (the alien forgiven too)→ sphere or referenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; included in the pardon.
τῷtheDativearticle (with προσκειμένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσκειμένῳattached / dwellingPres Mid Ptc Dat Sg Masc · πρόσκειμαιattributive participle (modifying προσηλύτῳ)→ present participle (continuing state of adherence)πρόσκειμαι: 'be attached to / adhere'; the sojourner joined to the community.
πρὸςto / amongpreposition + accusative (association)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'with / among' — the sojourner attached 'to you'.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceὑμᾶς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the ground — the inadvertent nature of the whole people's sin.
παντὶfor allDativeattributive adjective (with λαῷ: 'for all the people')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'for all the people' — native and alien together.
τῷtheDativearticle (with λαῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative of reference ('for the people')→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenant community, here embracing the sojourner.
ἀκούσιονinadvertentNominativepredicate (implied ἐστιν: 'it was inadvertent')→ participant prominenceἀκούσιος: 'involuntary / inadvertent'; renders שְׁגָגָה; the predicative neuter 'it was an inadvertency' for the whole people.
27

ἐὰν δὲ ψυχὴ μία ἁμάρτῃ ἀκουσίως προσάξει αἶγα μίαν ἐνιαυσίαν περὶ ἁμαρτίας

But if one soul sins unintentionally, it shall bring one she-goat, a year old, for a sin offering.

Individual case of inadvertent sinἐὰν δὲ ψυχὴ μία
δέ moves from the congregation to the individual (ψυχὴ μία, 'one soul'). The single inadvertent sinner brings a lesser victim — a yearling she-goat (αἶγα μίαν ἐνιαυσίαν) περὶ ἁμαρτίας ('for a sin offering') — proportionate to individual rather than corporate guilt.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; takes the subjunctive ἁμάρτῃ.
δὲbut / nowtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the shift from corporate to individual sin.
ψυχὴsoul / personNominativesubject→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / living being / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here 'a single individual' — the Hebraism ψυχή = 'person' (cf. Acts 2:41; Rom 13:1).
μίαoneNominativeattributive numeral (with ψυχή: 'one soul')→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; 'one person', isolating the individual case.
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of conditional clause (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ aorist subjunctive (the sin viewed as a single act)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / miss the mark'; renders חָטָא; here qualified by ἀκουσίως as an unintentional offence.
ἀκουσίωςunintentionallyadverb of manner (qualifying the sin)→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'involuntarily / unintentionally'; renders בִּשְׁגָגָה; the decisive qualifier making the sin atonable.
προσάξειit shall bring / presentFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureπροσάγω: 'bring to / lead up / present'; renders הִקְרִיב; the technical verb for presenting the victim for sacrifice.
αἶγαshe-goatAccusativedirect object of προσάξει→ object specificationαἴξ: 'goat'; renders עֵז; the she-goat is the individual's lesser sin-offering victim.
μίανoneAccusativeattributive numeral (with αἶγα)→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; a single she-goat.
ἐνιαυσίανa year old / yearlingAccusativeattributive adjective (with αἶγα)→ object specificationἐνιαύσιος: 'a year old / yearling'; from ἐνιαυτός ('year'); renders בַּת־שְׁנָתָהּ; the prescribed age of the sacrificial goat.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (purpose: 'for a sin offering')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for'; περὶ ἁμαρτίας is the technical designation of the sin offering.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; the individual's sin offering.
28

καὶ ἐξιλάσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς τῆς ἀκουσιασθείσης καὶ ἁμαρτούσης ἀκουσίως ἔναντι κυρίου ἐξιλάσασθαι περὶ αὐτοῦ

And the priest shall make atonement for the soul that acted inadvertently and sinned unintentionally before the LORD, to make atonement for it.

Result: priestly atonement for the individualκαὶ ἐξιλάσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς
The individual remedy mirrors the communal one (v. 25): priestly atonement (ἐξιλάσεται … ἐξιλάσασθαι, the verb framed inclusio-style) for the soul described by two participles — τῆς ἀκουσιασθείσης ('that acted inadvertently') and ἁμαρτούσης ἀκουσίως ('and sinned unintentionally') — a near-pleonasm hammering home the inadvertent character.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξιλάσεταιshall make atonementFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξιλάσκομαιmain verb (priestly atonement)→ prescriptive/legal futureἐξιλάσκομαι: 'make atonement / expiate'; renders כִּפֶּר; the priest's mediatorial act for the individual.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativesubject of ἐξιλάσεται→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן.
περὶfor / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (object of atonement)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / on behalf of'.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ψυχῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςsoul / personGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationψυχή: 'soul / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the individual for whom atonement is made.
τῆςthe (one)Genitivearticle (with the participle ἀκουσιασθείσης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκουσιασθείσηςthat acted inadvertentlyAor Pass Ptc Gen Sg Fem · ἀκουσιάζομαιattributive participle (modifying ψυχῆς)→ aorist participle (the inadvertent act as accomplished)ἀκουσιάζομαι: 'act involuntarily / sin inadvertently'; a rare denominative from ἀκούσιος; the participle τῆς ἀκουσιασθείσης describes the soul that erred without intent — a near-redundancy with ἁμαρτούσης ἀκουσίως that underscores the legal point.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining participles)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἁμαρτούσηςand sinnedAor Act Ptc Gen Sg Fem · ἁμαρτάνωattributive participle (modifying ψυχῆς, coordinate with ἀκουσιασθείσης)→ aorist participle (the sin as accomplished)ἁμαρτάνω (aor. ptc.): 'sin'; the participle ἁμαρτούσης agrees with ψυχῆς; with ἀκουσίως it specifies the unintentional sin.
ἀκουσίωςunintentionallyadverb of manner (qualifying ἁμαρτούσης)→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'involuntarily / unintentionally'; renders בִּשְׁגָגָה; the repeated qualifier of atonable sin.
ἔναντιbefore / in the presence ofpreposition + genitive (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἔναντι: 'before'; renders לִפְנֵי; the atonement is enacted in YHWH's presence.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἔναντι→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): rendering of יהוה.
ἐξιλάσασθαιto make atonementAor Mid Inf · ἐξιλάσκομαιinfinitive of purpose ('to make atonement for it')→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose of the priestly act)ἐξιλάσκομαι (aor. inf.): 'make atonement'; the infinitive restates the purpose, forming a verbal inclusio with ἐξιλάσεται at the verse's head.
περὶfor / concerningpreposition + genitive (object of atonement)→ spatial or relational framingπερί + gen.: 'for / on behalf of'.
αὐτοῦit / himGenitivegenitive object of περί (the individual atoned for)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it / him' — the inadvertent sinner for whom atonement is made; the masculine generalizes the feminine ψυχή to the person.
29

τῷ ἐγχωρίῳ ἐν υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ τῷ προσηλύτῳ τῷ προσκειμένῳ ἐν αὐτοῖς νόμος εἷς ἔσται αὐτοῖς ὃς ἂν ποιήσῃ ἀκουσίως

For the native among the sons of Israel and for the sojourner attached among them, there shall be one law for them, for whoever acts unintentionally.

One-law principle applied to inadvertent sinτῷ ἐγχωρίῳ
The one-law principle (cf. vv. 15–16) is reaffirmed for the realm of inadvertent sin: native (ἐγχώριος, a synonym of αὐτόχθων) and sojourner alike fall under νόμος εἷς ('one law') — anyone (ὃς ἂν ποιήσῃ ἀκουσίως) who sins unwittingly may be atoned for. This closes the inadvertent-sin section before the antithesis of v. 30.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐγχωρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐγχωρίῳnative / inhabitantDativedative of advantage (the native-born)→ sphere or referenceἐγχώριος: 'native / of the country / indigenous'; a synonym of αὐτόχθων (v. 13); renders אֶזְרָח; the native Israelite by birth, set in parallel with the sojourner.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (association).
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative object of ἐν ('among the sons')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; ἐν υἱοῖς Ισραηλ = 'among the children of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (defining υἱοῖς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtheDativearticle (with προσηλύτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτῳsojournerDativedative of advantage (parallel to ἐγχωρίῳ)→ sphere or referenceπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; under the same law as the native.
τῷtheDativearticle (with προσκειμένῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσκειμένῳattached / dwellingPres Mid Ptc Dat Sg Masc · πρόσκειμαιattributive participle (modifying προσηλύτῳ)→ present participle (continuing state of adherence)πρόσκειμαι: 'be attached to / adhere'; the sojourner joined to Israel.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (association)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (association).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν ('among them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'them' — the Israelites among whom the sojourner dwells.
νόμοςlawNominativesubject (predicate of ἔσται)→ participant prominenceνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; the single statute for native and alien.
εἷςoneNominativeattributive numeral (with νόμος)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; 'one law' for all.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (predicative future)→ predictive/prescriptive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'be'; legal declaration of the one law.
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage ('for them')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'for them' — native and alike.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of generalized relative clause)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν + subjunctive, indefinite — 'whoever acts'.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle of the indefinite relative clause.
ποιήσῃacts / doesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of generalized relative clause (subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite)ποιέω: 'do / act'; here 'sins / acts wrongly'; the subjunctive with ὃς ἄν generalizes — anyone who offends unintentionally.
ἀκουσίωςunintentionallyadverb of manner (qualifying ποιήσῃ)→ clausal contributionἀκουσίως: 'involuntarily / unintentionally'; renders בִּשְׁגָגָה; the qualifier that brings the offence under the atonement-law — the final occurrence before its antithesis.
30

καὶ ψυχή ἥτις ποιήσει ἐν χειρὶ ὑπερηφανίας ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτοχθόνων ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν προσηλύτων τὸν θεὸν οὗτος παροξύνει ἐξολεθρευθήσεται ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτῆς

But the soul who acts with a high hand of arrogance, whether of the native-born or of the sojourners — this one provokes God; that soul shall be utterly destroyed from among its people.

Antithesis: the high-handed (defiant) sin (chapter crux)καὶ ψυχή ἥτις
The theological hinge of the chapter (cf. Heb 10:26). Over against the inadvertent sinner stands the soul who acts ἐν χειρὶ ὑπερηφανίας ('with a high hand of arrogance', rendering בְּיָד רָמָה) — the defiant, presumptuous sinner. Such a one παροξύνει ('provokes / exasperates') God, and for this sin there is no offering, only excision: ἐξολεθρευθήσεται ('shall be utterly cut off'), the κάρετ-penalty. Native and alien stand equally under it.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (here adversative, marking the antithesis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here marking the sharp turn to the contrasting case — the high-handed sin set against the inadvertent.
ψυχήsoul / personNominativesubject (resumed by οὗτος / ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη)→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here the defiant individual.
ἥτιςwho / whoeverNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject of ποιήσει)→ participant referenceὅστις: 'whoever / anyone who'; the qualitative relative introduces the class of presumptuous sinners.
ποιήσειacts / doesFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ future (the defiant act conceived as occurring)ποιέω: 'do / act'; here of acting deliberately and defiantly against the LORD.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (manner/instrument, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here of manner; the phrase ἐν χειρὶ ὑπερηφανίας ('with a high hand of arrogance') is a Hebraism rendering בְּיָד רָמָה ('with a raised/high hand') — open, defiant rebellion.
χειρὶhandDativedative of manner (with ἐν: 'with a hand of arrogance')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; the 'high hand' is the gesture of insolent, presumptuous defiance — the opposite of the inadvertency that begs atonement.
ὑπερηφανίαςof arrogance / prideGenitivegenitive of quality (with χειρί: 'a hand of arrogance')→ relational specificationὑπερηφανία: 'arrogance / haughtiness / presumption'; from ὑπερήφανος ('proud'); the LXX interprets the Hebrew בְּיָד רָמָה morally as an act of pride; pride is the root of the unforgivable defiance (cf. Jas 4:6; 1 Pet 5:5, citing Prov 3:34).
ἀπὸof / from amongpreposition + genitive (partitive: 'from among')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive — 'whether from the native-born or from the sojourners'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτοχθόνωνnative-bornGenitivegenitive (partitive, with ἀπό)→ relational specificationαὐτόχθων: 'native / indigenous'; renders אֶזְרָח; the high-handed-sin penalty applies to the native as fully as to the alien.
ἢordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸof / from amongpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσηλύτωνsojournersGenitivegenitive (partitive, with ἀπό)→ relational specificationπροσήλυτος: 'sojourner / proselyte'; renders גֵּר; equally bound by the prohibition of defiant sin.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θεόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect object of παροξύνει→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; renders יהוה / אֱלֹהִים; here the object provoked — the defiant sinner directly affronts God himself.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (resumptive subject of παροξύνει)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this (one)'; the resumptive demonstrative gathers up the high-handed sinner as the subject of the verdict.
παροξύνειprovokes / exasperatesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · παροξύνωmain verb (the offence against God)→ gnomic/characterizing present (such a one provokes God)παροξύνω: 'provoke / irritate / exasperate'; renders גִּדֵּף / נִאֵץ ('blaspheme, spurn'); the defiant sinner 'provokes' God to anger; cognate παροξυσμός (Acts 15:39) and the verb at 1 Cor 13:5 (love οὐ παροξύνεται).
ἐξολεθρευθήσεταιshall be utterly destroyed / cut offFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (the sentence: divine passive of excision)→ predictive future (divine passive: God cuts off)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / extirpate'; renders הִכָּרֵת (the כָּרֵת 'cutting-off' penalty); the intensive ἐξ- marks total excision; the divine passive implies God as the agent; cf. Acts 3:23 (ἐξολεθρευθήσεται ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ), quoting Deut 18:19.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴsoulNominativesubject of ἐξολεθρευθήσεται→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; the defiant individual under sentence of excision.
ἐκείνηthatNominativedemonstrative adjective (with ψυχή: 'that soul')→ participant prominenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the distancing demonstrative marks the condemned individual.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation: 'from among the people')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of'; the cutting-off is removal from the covenant community.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the covenant community from which the offender is excised.
αὐτῆςits / herGenitivegenitive of possession (with λαοῦ: 'its own people')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' — agreeing with the feminine ψυχή; 'cut off from its own people'.
31

ὅτι τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ἐφαύλισεν καὶ τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ διεσκέδασεν ἐκτρίψει ἐκτριβήσεται ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκείνη ἡ ἁμαρτία αὐτῆς ἐν αὐτῇ

Because he despised the word of the LORD and scattered his commandments, that soul shall be utterly wiped out; its sin is upon it.

Ground and reinforcement of the excision-sentenceὅτι τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου
The ground of the cutting-off: the defiant sinner ἐφαύλισεν ('despised / treated as worthless') the word of the LORD and διεσκέδασεν ('scattered / annulled') his commandments. The cognate-dative ἐκτρίψει ἐκτριβήσεται ('with utter wiping-out shall it be wiped out') is a Hebraizing emphatic infinitive-absolute construction; the verdict ends with the lapidary ἡ ἁμαρτία αὐτῆς ἐν αὐτῇ ('its sin is upon it') — the sinner bears its own iniquity (cf. Heb 10:26).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the ground of the excision.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativedirect object of ἐφαύλισεν→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / utterance'; renders דָּבָר; the spoken command of YHWH that the defiant sinner has scorned.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with ῥῆμα: 'the word of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): rendering of יהוה; whose word is despised.
ἐφαύλισενdespised / treated as worthlessAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φαυλίζωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the completed act of contempt)φαυλίζω: 'treat as worthless / despise / make light of'; from φαῦλος ('worthless, bad'); renders בָּזָה ('despise'); the high-handed sin is essentially contempt for God's word.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἐντολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολὰςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of διεσκέδασεν→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; the commands the sinner has annulled.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἐντολάς: 'his commandments')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' — God's commandments.
διεσκέδασενscattered / annulled / brokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διασκεδάννυμιverb of causal clause (coordinate with ἐφαύλισεν)→ constative aorist (the completed act of nullifying)διασκεδάννυμι: 'scatter / disperse / annul / break up'; renders הֵפֵר ('break, annul a covenant'); the defiant sinner has 'scattered to the winds' God's commandments — a deliberate dissolution of the covenant bond.
ἐκτρίψειwith utter wiping-outDativecognate dative (Hebraism: emphatic infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceἔκτριψις: 'a rubbing-out / extermination'; the cognate dative ἐκτρίψει ἐκτριβήσεται renders the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute הִכָּרֵת תִּכָּרֵת ('shall surely be cut off'), intensifying the certainty and totality of the destruction (cf. ἐκβαλεῖ ... ἐκβολῇ, Exod 11:1).
ἐκτριβήσεταιit shall be wiped outFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτρίβωmain verb (divine passive of destruction)→ predictive future (divine passive, intensified by the cognate dative)ἐκτρίβω: 'rub out / wear away / destroy utterly'; renders הִכָּרֵת; the passive with God as implied agent; the cognate-dative construction makes the excision emphatic and certain.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ψυχή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴsoulNominativesubject of ἐκτριβήσεται→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'soul / person'; the defiant individual under sentence.
ἐκείνηthatNominativedemonstrative adjective (with ψυχή)→ participant prominenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the condemned soul.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with ἁμαρτία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubject of the verbless clause ('its sin is upon it')→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders עָוֹן ('iniquity / guilt'); the verbless clause ἡ ἁμαρτία αὐτῆς ἐν αὐτῇ ('its sin is in/upon it') means the offender bears its own guilt with no atonement to remove it (cf. Lev 5:17; Heb 10:26).
αὐτῆςits / herGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἁμαρτία)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' — agreeing with feminine ψυχή.
ἐνin / uponpreposition + dative (location: 'remains upon it')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'in / upon'; the guilt 'remains in/upon' the offender, unexpiated.
αὐτῇit / herDativedative object of ἐν (the soul that bears its guilt)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'it / her' — the soul upon whom the unremoved sin rests.
32

καὶ ἦσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ καὶ εὗρον ἄνδρα συλλέγοντα ξύλα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων

And while the sons of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man gathering wood on the day of the sabbaths.

Narrative shift: the sabbath-breaker episode (illustration of the high-handed sin)καὶ ἦσαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ
The legislation gives way to narrative (vv. 32–36): a case-in-point of the high-handed sin just defined. While Israel is ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ('in the wilderness'), a man is found συλλέγοντα ξύλα ('gathering wood') on the sabbath — open, deliberate violation of a known commandment, the concrete instance of sinning 'with a high hand'.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (circumstantial setting)→ imperfect (durative background: 'while they were')εἰμί (impf. ἦσαν): 'be'; the imperfect sets the narrative scene — Israel's ongoing sojourn in the wilderness as the backdrop of the episode.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἦσαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ = 'the children of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (defining υἱοί)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἐρήμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwilderness / desertDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'in the wilderness')→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert'; renders מִדְבָּר; the place of Israel's forty-year wandering, the setting of the episode.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὗρονthey foundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (narrative event)→ constative aorist (the discovery)εὑρίσκω (aor. εὗρον): 'find / discover'; renders מָצָא; the community catches the man in the act.
ἄνδραa manAccusativedirect object of εὗρον→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man / male'; renders אִישׁ; the unnamed sabbath-breaker.
συλλέγονταgatheringPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · συλλέγωsupplementary participle (with εὗρον: 'found him gathering')→ present participle (the act caught in progress)συλλέγω: 'gather / collect'; renders מְקֹשֵׁשׁ ('gathering sticks'); the participle with εὗρον depicts the man caught in the very act of working on the sabbath.
ξύλαwood / sticksAccusativedirect object of συλλέγοντα→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood / stick / timber'; renders עֵצִים; the firewood whose gathering constitutes the sabbath-labour.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when: 'on the day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; the dative of time specifies when the act occurred.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with σαββάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαββάτωνsabbaths / sabbathGenitivegenitive (defining ἡμέρᾳ: 'the day of the sabbaths')→ relational specificationσάββατον (gen. pl. σαββάτων): 'sabbath'; transliterated from שַׁבָּת; the plural form ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν σαββάτων is the LXX's idiom for the sabbath day (cf. Luke 4:16; Acts 13:14), here the day whose rest the man violated.
33

καὶ προσήγαγον αὐτὸν οἱ εὑρόντες αὐτὸν συλλέγοντα ξύλα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων πρὸς Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων καὶ πρὸς πᾶσαν συναγωγὴν υἱῶν Ισραηλ

And those who found him gathering wood on the day of the sabbaths brought him to Moses and Aaron and to all the congregation of the sons of Israel.

The offender brought before the leaders and congregationκαὶ προσήγαγον αὐτὸν
The finders bring the man before the full judicial authority — Moses, Aaron, and the whole congregation. The verbatim repetition of the offence-description (συλλέγοντα ξύλα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων) underscores the deliberateness of the act and the gravity of the case requiring adjudication.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήγαγονthey brought / ledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (narrative event)→ constative aorist (the bringing-forward)προσάγω: 'bring to / lead up'; renders הִקְרִיב; here in a forensic sense — bringing the accused before the authorities.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of προσήγαγον→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him' — the sabbath-breaker.
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle εὑρόντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρόντεςthose who foundAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · εὑρίσκωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the finders')→ aorist participle (antecedent action: 'having found')εὑρίσκω (aor. ptc.): 'find'; the substantival οἱ εὑρόντες ('those who found him') are the witnesses who now bring the charge.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of εὑρόντες / συλλέγοντα→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'.
συλλέγονταgatheringPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · συλλέγωsupplementary participle (with εὑρόντες: 'found him gathering')→ present participle (the act caught in progress)συλλέγω: 'gather'; renders מְקֹשֵׁשׁ; the repeated participle restates the offence verbatim.
ξύλαwoodAccusativedirect object of συλλέγοντα→ object specificationξύλον: 'wood / sticks'; renders עֵצִים.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with σαββάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαββάτωνsabbathsGenitivegenitive (defining ἡμέρᾳ)→ relational specificationσάββατον: 'sabbath'; transliterated from שַׁבָּת; ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν σαββάτων = 'the sabbath day'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; the chief judge.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑαρωνAaronaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑαρων: transliteration of Hebrew אַהֲרֹן; indeclinable in the LXX; the high priest, associated with Moses in judgment.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with συναγωγήν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the whole congregation is convened as the judicial body.
συναγωγὴνcongregationAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; renders עֵדָה; the assembled community before whom the case is laid.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive (defining συναγωγήν)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; υἱῶν Ισραηλ = 'of the children of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (defining υἱῶν)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
34

καὶ ἀπέθεντο αὐτὸν εἰς φυλακήν οὐ γὰρ συνέκριναν τί ποιήσωσιν αὐτόν

And they put him in custody, for they had not decided what they should do with him.

Detention pending decisionκαὶ ἀπέθεντο αὐτὸν
The man is placed in custody (εἰς φυλακήν) because the precise penalty had not yet been determined (οὐ … συνέκριναν, 'they had not decided'). The detention dramatizes the need for direct divine ruling, which follows in v. 35 — only the LORD specifies the manner of death.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθεντοthey put away / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀποτίθημιmain verb (narrative event)→ constative aorist (the act of detention)ἀποτίθημι (aor. mid. ἀπέθεντο): 'put away / set aside / place in detention'; renders הִנִּיחַ ('place, leave'); here 'they put him under guard'.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀπέθεντο→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'.
εἰςinto / inpreposition + accusative (into custody)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (into custody).
φυλακήνcustody / prison / guardAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationφυλακή: 'guard / custody / prison'; renders מִשְׁמָר; the man is detained until the verdict is given.
οὐnotnegative particle (with συνέκριναν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the negative of fact, with the indicative.
γὰρforcausal/explanatory particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγάρ: 'for'; introduces the reason for the detention — no penalty had yet been determined.
συνέκρινανthey decided / determinedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συγκρίνωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the not-yet-rendered decision)συγκρίνω: 'combine / compare / decide / determine'; here 'reach a decision / adjudicate'; renders the sense of פֹּרַשׁ ('it was not made clear/specified'); the precise penalty had not been settled.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ποιήσωσιν, in indirect question)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative pronoun; introduces the indirect deliberative question 'what they should do'.
ποιήσωσινthey should doAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of indirect deliberative question (subjunctive)→ deliberative aorist subjunctive (the unresolved question of penalty)ποιέω: 'do'; the deliberative subjunctive in the indirect question — 'what they were to do with him' remained undecided.
αὐτόνwith him / to himAccusativeaccusative (object of ποιήσωσιν: 'do to/with him')→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative with ποιέω in the sense 'do something with/to him' (a construction reflecting the Hebrew לוֹ / אֹתוֹ).
35

καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων θανάτῳ θανατούσθω ὁ ἄνθρωπος λιθοβολήσατε αὐτὸν λίθοις πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγή

And the LORD said to Moses, 'Let the man surely be put to death; stone him with stones, all the congregation.'

Divine verdict: death by stoningκαὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος
The LORD himself pronounces the sentence. The cognate-dative θανάτῳ θανατούσθω ('let him surely be put to death') is the Hebraizing emphatic infinitive-absolute construction (מוֹת יוּמַת), marking the absolute certainty of the death penalty. The whole congregation (πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγή) is the executioner — corporate enactment of the verdict on the high-handed sinner.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενsaid / spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (the divine speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the LORD delivers the verdict the human court could not determine.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (calque of לֵאמֹר)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the quotative λέγων opening the verdict.
θανάτῳby death / surelyDativecognate dative (Hebraism: emphatic infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: 'death'; the cognate dative θανάτῳ θανατούσθω renders the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute מוֹת יוּמַת ('he shall surely be put to death'), intensifying the certainty of the sentence (cf. Gen 2:17 LXX).
θανατούσθωlet him be put to deathPres Pass Impv 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (third-person imperative: the sentence)→ imperatival (binding decree of execution)θανατόω: 'put to death'; renders הֵמִית; the third-person passive imperative pronounces the death sentence; with the cognate dative it is emphatic and irrevocable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἄνθρωπος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of θανατούσθω→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / person'; renders אִישׁ / אָדָם; the condemned sabbath-breaker.
λιθοβολήσατεstoneAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λιθοβολέωmain verb (command to the congregation)→ ingressive aorist imperative (command of execution)λιθοβολέω: 'stone / pelt with stones'; from λίθος + βάλλω; renders רָגַם; the prescribed mode of execution for the capital offence; the same verb of the threatened stoning of Jesus (John 8:5; 10:31).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of λιθοβολήσατε→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him' — the condemned man.
λίθοιςwith stonesDativedative of means (with λιθοβολήσατε)→ sphere or referenceλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; the dative of instrument — 'with stones'; the redundancy 'stone him with stones' calques the Hebrew cognate construction.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with συναγωγή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the whole congregation is enjoined to act — corporate execution.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with συναγωγή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγήcongregationNominativesubject (in apposition to the implied subject of λιθοβολήσατε)→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; renders עֵדָה; the corporate executioner, expressing the community's collective rejection of the high-handed offender.
36

καὶ ἐξήγαγον αὐτὸν πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγὴ ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς καὶ ἐλιθοβόλησαν αὐτὸν πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγὴ λίθοις ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος τῷ Μωυσῇ

And all the congregation brought him outside the camp, and all the congregation stoned him with stones outside the camp, just as the LORD ordained to Moses.

Execution of the sentence outside the campκαὶ ἐξήγαγον αὐτὸν
The verdict is carried out: the congregation leads the man ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς ('outside the camp') and stones him there. The locus 'outside the camp' marks the expulsion of defilement from the holy community (cf. Lev 24:14) and is taken up typologically at Heb 13:12–13 (Jesus suffering ἔξω τῆς πύλης). The closing καθὰ συνέταξεν κύριος seals the obedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήγαγονthey brought out / led outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξάγωmain verb (narrative event)→ constative aorist (the leading-out)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the man is led outside the camp for execution.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐξήγαγον→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with συναγωγή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with συναγωγή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴcongregationNominativesubject of ἐξήγαγον→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; renders עֵדָה; the corporate agent of the execution.
ἔξωoutsidepreposition/adverb + genitive (place: 'outside')→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside / without'; with the genitive 'outside the camp'; marks the place of expulsion from the holy community.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with παρεμβολῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive object of ἔξω→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment'; renders מַחֲנֶה; the ordered camp of Israel; 'outside the camp' is the place of uncleanness and execution (Lev 24:14; cf. Heb 13:11–13).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλιθοβόλησανthey stonedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λιθοβολέωmain verb (the execution)→ constative aorist (the act of stoning)λιθοβολέω: 'stone'; renders רָגַם; the congregation carries out the prescribed mode of execution.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐλιθοβόλησαν→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him'.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with συναγωγή)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the repeated πᾶσα ἡ συναγωγή stresses the corporate, unanimous act.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with συναγωγή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναγωγὴcongregationNominativesubject of ἐλιθοβόλησαν→ participant prominenceσυναγωγή: 'congregation'; renders עֵדָה.
λίθοιςwith stonesDativedative of means (with ἐλιθοβόλησαν)→ sphere or referenceλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֶבֶן; the instrument of execution.
ἔξωoutsidepreposition/adverb + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside'; the repetition fixes the locus of execution beyond the camp.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with παρεμβολῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολῆςcampGenitivegenitive object of ἔξω→ relational specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp'; renders מַחֲנֶה.
καθὰjust ascomparative conjunction (obedience-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'just as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; introduces the standard obedience-formula confirming exact compliance with the divine command.
συνέταξενordained / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the divine command)συντάσσω: 'ordain / command'; renders צִוָּה; the execution conforms exactly to YHWH's order.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of συνέταξεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with Μωυσῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Μωυσῇto MosesDativedative indirect object (recipient of the command)→ sphere or referenceΜωυσῆς (dat. Μωυσῇ): the mediator to whom the LORD gave the command.
37

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων

And the LORD said to Moses, saying,

New divine speech-act (opens the tassels-law)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος
The chapter's final speech-formula introduces the command of the tassels (vv. 37–41), a closing unit that gives Israel a permanent visible aid against the very kind of heart-and-eye wandering that produced both the spies' rebellion and the sabbath-breaker's defiance.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω: the aorist εἶπεν opens the final commission of the chapter.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΜωυσῆνMosesAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct discourse)→ circumstantial participle (calque of לֵאמֹר)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the quotative λέγων opening the divine speech.
38

λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτοὺς καὶ ποιησάτωσαν ἑαυτοῖς κράσπεδα ἐπὶ τὰ πτερύγια τῶν ἱματίων αὐτῶν εἰς τὰς γενεὰς αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπιθήσετε ἐπὶ τὰ κράσπεδα τῶν πτερυγίων κλῶσμα ὑακίνθινον

Speak to the sons of Israel, and you shall say to them that they make for themselves tassels upon the corners of their garments throughout their generations; and you shall put upon the tassels of the corners a cord of blue.

Commission: the command of the tassels and the blue cordλάλησον
The commission-formula introduces the κράσπεδα ('tassels / fringes', צִיצִת) to be made on the πτερύγια ('corners / wings', כְּנָפַיִם) of the garments, bound with a κλῶσμα ὑακίνθινον ('cord of blue', פְּתִיל תְּכֵלֶת). These are the very tassels the woman touches (Matt 9:20; Luke 8:44) and that the crowds reach for (Matt 14:36), and which the Pharisees enlarge (Matt 23:5).
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine imperative to Moses)→ ingressive aorist imperative (commissioned speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דַּבֵּר; the standard commission to Moses.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object (addressees)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ = 'the children of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable genitive (defining υἱοῖς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγω (εἴρω)main verb (volitive future)→ volitive future (imperatival force)ἐρῶ (fut.): 'I will say'; with imperatival force, rendering וְאָמַרְתָּ.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός: resuming the addressees.
καὶand / thatcoordinate conjunction (introducing the content of the command)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the substance of what is to be said — 'and (tell them) that they make'.
ποιησάτωσανlet them makeAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (third-person imperative: the command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (binding directive)ποιέω: 'make'; renders עָשָׂה; the third-person imperative directs Israel to make tassels for themselves.
ἑαυτοῖςfor themselvesDativereflexive pronoun (dative of advantage)→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; 'for themselves' — the tassels are for Israel's own remembrance.
κράσπεδαtassels / fringesAccusativedirect object of ποιησάτωσαν→ object specificationκράσπεδον: 'edge / border / tassel / fringe'; renders צִיצִת ('tassel'); the knotted fringe worn on the garment's corner; the κράσπεδον touched for healing (Matt 9:20; 14:36) and enlarged by the Pharisees (Matt 23:5).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with πτερύγια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτερύγιαcorners / wings / edgesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπτερύγιον: 'little wing / extremity / corner'; diminutive of πτέρυξ; renders כָּנָף ('wing / corner of a garment'); the four corners of the outer cloak where the tassels are fixed (cf. the same word of the temple's 'pinnacle', Matt 4:5).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἱματίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματίωνgarmentsGenitivegenitive of possession (with πτερύγια: 'corners of their garments')→ relational specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak / outer robe'; renders בֶּגֶד; the outer garment on whose corners the tassels are sewn.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἱματίων)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἱματίων).
εἰςfor / throughoutpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal extent).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with γενεάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενεὰςgenerationsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (temporal extent)→ object specificationγενεά: 'generation'; 'throughout their generations' — the perpetuity formula.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with γενεάς)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with γενεάς).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθήσετεyou shall put / place uponFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (prescriptive future)→ prescriptive/legal futureἐπιτίθημι: 'put upon / add / lay on'; renders נָתַן; the command to attach the blue cord to the tassels.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κράσπεδα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κράσπεδαtasselsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκράσπεδον: 'tassel / fringe'; renders צִיצִת.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with πτερυγίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πτερυγίωνcornersGenitivegenitive of possession (with κράσπεδα: 'tassels of the corners')→ relational specificationπτερύγιον: 'corner / extremity'; renders כָּנָף; the corners bearing the tassels.
κλῶσμαcord / threadAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσετε→ object specificationκλῶσμα: 'thread / spun cord'; from κλώθω ('to spin'); renders פְּתִיל ('cord, thread'); the spun cord woven into each tassel.
ὑακίνθινονof blue / violetAccusativeattributive adjective (with κλῶσμα: 'a blue cord')→ object specificationὑακίνθινος: 'hyacinth-coloured / blue-violet'; from ὑάκινθος; renders תְּכֵלֶת ('blue / violet', the precious dye from the murex); the blue cord links the tassel to the colours of the sanctuary and priestly vestments (Exod 28).
39

καὶ ἔσται ὑμῖν ἐν τοῖς κρασπέδοις καὶ ὄψεσθε αὐτὰ καὶ μνησθήσεσθε πασῶν τῶν ἐντολῶν κυρίου καὶ ποιήσετε αὐτὰς καὶ οὐ διαστραφήσεσθε ὀπίσω τῶν διανοιῶν ὑμῶν καὶ ὀπίσω τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὑμῶν ἐν οἷς ὑμεῖς ἐκπορνεύετε ὀπίσω αὐτῶν

And it shall be for you in the tassels, that you shall look at them and remember all the commandments of the LORD and do them, and you shall not be turned aside after your own minds and after your eyes, by which you go whoring after them.

Purpose of the tassels: to look, remember, do, and not strayκαὶ ἔσται ὑμῖν
The tassels' mnemonic and ethical function: ὄψεσθε ('you shall look') → μνησθήσεσθε ('you shall remember') → ποιήσετε ('you shall do'); and negatively, οὐ διαστραφήσεσθε ('you shall not be turned aside') after heart (διάνοια) and eyes — by which ὑμεῖς ἐκπορνεύετε ('you go whoring'). The chain look–remember–do is precisely the antidote to the high-handed sin and the spies' faithless seeing.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodotic)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodotic 'and it shall be')→ predictive future (Hebraizing apodotic formula)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה; introduces the purpose-statement of the tassels.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage ('it shall be for you')→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage ('it shall be for you').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with κρασπέδοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρασπέδοιςtasselsDativedative of place (with ἐν: 'in the tassels')→ sphere or referenceκράσπεδον: 'tassel / fringe'; renders צִיצִת; the tassel serves as the locus of remembrance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψεσθεyou shall see / look atFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (the first link: looking)→ predictive/prescriptive futureὁράω (fut. ὄψεσθε): 'see / look at'; renders רָאָה; the visual act that triggers memory — the tassel is to be looked at.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ὄψεσθε (the tassels)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them' — the tassels.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μνησθήσεσθεyou shall rememberFut Pass Indic 2 Pl · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (the second link: remembering)→ predictive/prescriptive futureμιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember / call to mind'; renders זָכַר; the tassel's purpose — to prompt recall of all YHWH's commandments.
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (with ἐντολῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole body of the commandments is to be remembered.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐντολῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολῶνcommandmentsGenitivegenitive object of μνησθήσεσθε (verb of remembering takes genitive)→ relational specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; the object of remembrance; verbs of remembering govern the genitive in Greek.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐντολῶν: 'commandments of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen.): rendering of יהוה; whose commandments are remembered.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσετεyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (the third link: doing)→ predictive/prescriptive futureποιέω: 'do / perform'; renders עָשָׂה; the goal of the chain look–remember–do — obedience, not mere recollection.
αὐτὰςthemAccusativedirect object of ποιήσετε (the commandments)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them' — the commandments (feminine, agreeing with ἐντολάς).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the negative purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with διαστραφήσεσθε)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the negative of fact with the future indicative — a strong prohibition.
διαστραφήσεσθεyou shall be turned aside / led astrayFut Pass Indic 2 Pl · διαστρέφωmain verb (the negative result: not to stray)→ predictive/prescriptive future (prohibition)διαστρέφω: 'turn aside / distort / pervert / lead astray'; renders תּוּר ('go about, explore' — the very verb used of the spies, Num 13–14); the passive 'be turned aside' warns against being seduced by heart and eyes; cf. Acts 20:30; Phil 2:15.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (direction: 'after')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; 'going after' is the idiom of apostasy and infidelity (cf. 'go whoring after').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with διανοιῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διανοιῶνminds / thoughtsGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationδιάνοια: 'mind / understanding / intent'; renders לֵבָב ('heart'); the seat of desire and intention; 'after your own minds' = following one's own willful inclinations.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with διανοιῶν)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with διανοιῶν).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (direction)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; the second 'after', now of the eyes.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ὀφθαλμῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; renders עֵינַיִם; the eyes as organs of covetous desire (cf. 1 John 2:16, ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν); the tassel-look is set against the wayward look.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὀφθαλμῶν)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ὀφθαλμῶν).
ἐνby / inpreposition + dative (means/cause: 'by which')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here instrumental/causal — 'by which (heart and eyes) you go whoring'.
οἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative, antecedent the minds/eyes)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; 'after which you go whoring' — the heart and eyes are the means of infidelity.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with ἐκπορνεύετε)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: the emphatic pronoun underscores Israel's own culpability in straying.
ἐκπορνεύετεyou go whoring / play the harlotPres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐκπορνεύωverb of relative clause (characterizing present)→ iterative/customary present (Israel's habitual infidelity)ἐκπορνεύω: 'commit fornication / go whoring after'; intensive of πορνεύω; renders זָנָה ('play the harlot'); the prophetic metaphor of covenant infidelity as adultery (cf. Hosea; Jude 7).
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (direction)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; the resumptive 'after them' (a Hebraizing pleonasm with the relative οἷς).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω (resumptive, Hebraism)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'them' — the resumptive pronoun after the relative, calquing the Hebrew אַחֲרֵיהֶם.
40

ὅπως ἂν μνησθῆτε καὶ ποιήσητε πάσας τὰς ἐντολάς μου καὶ ἔσεσθε ἅγιοι τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν

so that you may remember and do all my commandments, and you shall be holy to your God.

Purpose clause: remembrance, obedience, holinessὅπως ἂν μνησθῆτε
The final purpose clause (ὅπως ἄν + subjunctive) restates the goal: μνησθῆτε καὶ ποιήσητε ('that you may remember and do') all the commandments — now in the first person (ἐντολάς μου, 'my commandments', YHWH speaking directly) — issuing in holiness: ἔσεσθε ἅγιοι τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν ('you shall be holy to your God'), the covenant goal of Exod 19:6; Lev 19:2.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὅπωςso thatpurpose conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: 'so that / in order that'; with ἄν and the subjunctive introduces the final purpose of the tassels.
ἂν(particle)modal particle (with ὅπως + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle reinforcing the purpose construction ὅπως ἄν.
μνησθῆτεyou may rememberAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · μιμνῄσκομαιverb of purpose clause (subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (purpose: remembering)μιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember'; renders זָכַר; the aorist subjunctive of the purpose clause.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσητεyou may doAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of purpose clause (subjunctive, coordinate with μνησθῆτε)→ aorist subjunctive (purpose: doing)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; renders עָשָׂה; remembrance issues in obedience.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἐντολάς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole body of commandments.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἐντολάς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολάςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσητε→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; here 'my commandments' — YHWH speaks in the first person.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἐντολάς: 'my commandments')→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): 'my'; the shift to first-person possessive marks direct divine speech.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσεσθεyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (resultant state: holiness)→ predictive future (the covenant goal)εἰμί (fut. ἔσεσθε): 'be'; the future of the covenant goal — obedience issues in consecrated being.
ἅγιοιholyNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσεσθε: 'you shall be holy')→ participant prominenceἅγιος: 'holy / set apart'; renders קָדוֹשׁ; the covenant vocation of Israel (Exod 19:6; Lev 19:2; 1 Pet 1:16); holiness is the telos of the tassel-discipline.
τῷto theDativearticle (with θεῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative of relation/advantage ('holy to your God')→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; 'holy to your God' — consecrated to YHWH's exclusive ownership.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεῷ: 'your God')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεῷ: 'your God').
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ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ὁ ἐξαγαγῶν ὑμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου εἶναι ὑμῶν θεός ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν

I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt to be your God. I am the LORD your God.

Self-identification formula sealing the chapterἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν
The chapter closes with the covenant self-identification formula ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ('I am the LORD your God'), framed as an inclusio (repeated at the verse's head and end) and grounded in the Exodus deliverance (ὁ ἐξαγαγὼν ὑμᾶς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου). The purpose-clause εἶναι ὑμῶν θεός ('to be your God') states the covenant aim of the redemption — the same self-revelation that opens the Decalogue (Exod 20:2).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (self-identification)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' opens the divine self-identification formula אֲנִי יהוה ('I am the LORD'), the signature of the Holiness Code.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative (with implied 'am')→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant name asserted as the ground of all the chapter's commands.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition: 'your God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; 'the LORD your God' — the full covenant title.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεός)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεός).
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle ἐξαγαγών)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαγαγῶνwho brought outAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐξάγωsubstantival participle (in apposition to κύριος: 'the one who brought you out')→ aorist participle (the foundational redemptive act)ἐξάγω (aor. ptc.): 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the participial epithet 'the one who brought you out of Egypt' is the standard identification of YHWH by his redemptive act (Exod 20:2; the Exodus as the ground of obligation).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἐξαγαγών→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl. ὑμᾶς): 'you'; the redeemed people.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ: 'out of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; 'out of the land of Egypt' — the place of bondage.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (defining γῆς: 'the land of Egypt')→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): standard LXX form of מִצְרַיִם; the land of slavery from which YHWH redeemed Israel.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive of purpose ('to be your God')→ telic present infinitive (purpose of the redemption)εἰμί (pres. inf.): 'be'; the infinitive of purpose states the goal of the Exodus — that YHWH might be Israel's God, the heart of the covenant formula (cf. Exod 6:7; Lev 26:12).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεός: 'your God')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεός: 'your God').
θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶναι: 'to be your God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the covenant purpose — YHWH as Israel's God.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (repeated self-identification)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the repeated emphatic 'I' forms the closing bracket of the inclusio.
κύριοςLORDNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the repeated divine name seals the chapter.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition: 'your God')→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the final 'your God' closes the chapter on the note of covenant belonging.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεός)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεός).