Obadiah 1 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

1

ὅρασις Αβδιου τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῇ Ιδουμαίᾳ ἀκοὴν ἤκουσα παρὰ κυρίου καὶ περιοχὴν εἰς τὰ ἔθνη ἐξαπέστειλεν ἀνάστητε καὶ ἐξαναστῶμεν ἐπ' αὐτὴν εἰς πόλεμον

The vision of Obadiah. Thus says the Lord God to Idumea: I heard a report from the Lord, and he sent a message among the nations: 'Rise, and let us rise up against her for war.'

Oracle headingὅρασις

The book opens as a prophetic report already circulating from the Lord to the nations: Edom's judgment will come through an international summons to war.

Word-by-word analysis· 26 words

ὅρασιςvisionN3I NSF · ὅρασιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὅρασις: meaning 'vision'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ΑβδιουObadiahN1T GSM · Αβδιαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΑβδιου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙδουμαίᾳIdumeaN1A DSF · Ιδουμαίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ participant identificationΙδουμαίᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἀκοὴνa reportN1 ASF · ἀκοήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀκοή: meaning 'a report'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἤκουσαheardVAI AAI1S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

παρὰfromP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

περιοχὴνstrongholdN1 ASF · περιοχήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπεριοχή: meaning 'stronghold'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nations'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐξαπέστειλενsend outVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: meaning 'send out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀνάστητεanaVH AAD2P · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξαναστῶμενlet us rise upVH AAS1P · ἵστημι + ἐκ + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἵστημι + ἐκ + ἀνα: meaning 'let us rise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλεμος: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

2

ἰδοὺ ὀλιγοστὸν δέδωκά σε ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἠτιμωμένος σὺ εἶ σφόδρα

Behold, I have made you small among the nations; you are greatly dishonored.

Judgment announcementἰδοὺ

The Lord states the verdict in terse form: the self-important nation will be reduced in status and public honor.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words

ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὀλιγοστὸνsmallA1 ASM · ὀλιγοστόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀλιγοστός: meaning 'small'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

δέδωκάgiveVX XAI1S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἠτιμωμένοςdishonoredVM · χππνσμ ἀτιμόωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσμ ἀτιμόω: meaning 'dishonored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

εἶbeV9 PAI2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

3

ὑπερηφανία τῆς καρδίας σου ἐπῆρέν σε κατασκηνοῦντα ἐν ταῖς ὀπαῖς τῶν πετρῶν ὑψῶν κατοικίαν αὐτοῦ λέγων ἐν καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ τίς με κατάξει ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν

The pride of your heart lifted you up, you who dwell in the clefts of the rocks, whose dwelling is on high, saying in your heart, 'Who will bring me down to the ground?'

Exposure of prideὑπερηφανία

Edom's mountain security becomes the emblem of its spiritual arrogance; inaccessible terrain has bred the illusion of invulnerability.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

ὑπερηφανίαarroganceN1A NSF · ὑπερηφανίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceὑπερηφανία: meaning 'arrogance'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καρδίαςheartN1A GSF · καρδίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐπῆρένlifted upVAI AAI3S · αἴρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἴρω + ἐπι: meaning 'lifted up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

κατασκηνοῦνταdwellingV4 · παπασμ σκηνόω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ σκηνόω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀπαῖςcleftsN1 DPF · ὀπήdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὀπή: meaning 'clefts'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πετρῶνstoneN2 GPM · πέτροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπέτρος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ὑψῶνheightsN3E GPN · ὕψοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕψος: meaning 'heights'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

κατοικίανdwellingN1A ASF · κατοικίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατοικία: meaning 'dwelling'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τίςwho / whatRI NSM · τίςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτίς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

μεmeRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

κατάξειwill bring downVF FAI3S · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω + κατα: meaning 'will bring down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

4

ἐὰν μετεωρισθῇς ὡς ἀετὸς καὶ ἐὰν ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ἄστρων θῇς νοσσιάν σου ἐκεῖθεν κατάξω σε λέγει κύριος

Even if you are raised aloft like an eagle, and even if you set your nest among the stars, from there I will bring you down, says the Lord.

Divine rebuttalἐὰν

The imagery escalates from cliffs to the heavens themselves, only to insist that no elevation can place Edom beyond the reach of divine abasement.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μετεωρισθῇςbe raised aloftVS APS2S · μετεωρίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμετεωρίζω: meaning 'be raised aloft'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀετὸςan eagleN2 NSM · ἀετόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀετός: meaning 'an eagle'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐὰνifC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄστρωνstarN2N GPN · ἄστρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄστρον: meaning 'star'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

θῇςsetVE AAS2S · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτίθημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

νοσσιάνnestN1A ASF · νοσσιάaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationνοσσιά: meaning 'nest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐκεῖθενfrom thereD · ἐκεῖθενadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖθεν: meaning 'from there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κατάξωI will bring downVF FAI1S · ἄγω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω + κατα: meaning 'I will bring down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

5

εἰ κλέπται εἰσῆλθον πρὸς σὲ ἢ λῃσταὶ νυκτός ποῦ ἂν ἀπερρίφης οὐκ ἂν ἔκλεψαν τὰ ἱκανὰ ἑαυτοῖς καὶ εἰ τρυγηταὶ εἰσῆλθον πρὸς σέ οὐκ ἂν ὑπελίποντο ἐπιφυλλίδα

If thieves came to you, or robbers by night, where would you have been cast? Would they not have stolen enough for themselves? And if grape-gatherers came to you, would they not have left gleanings?

Taunt comparisonεἰ

Ordinary plunderers leave something behind; the rhetorical comparison prepares for a devastation more thorough than common theft or harvest stripping.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κλέπταιthievesN1M NPM · κλέπτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκλέπτης: meaning 'thieves'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

εἰσῆλθονwent inVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'went in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

λῃσταὶrobbersN1M NPM · λῃστήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλῃστής: meaning 'robbers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

νυκτόςnightN3 GSF · νύξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ποῦwhereD · ποῦadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastποῦ: meaning 'where'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπερρίφηςcast downVVI API2S · ῥίπτω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristῥίπτω + ἀπο: meaning 'cast down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔκλεψανstoleVAI AAI3P · κλέπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκλέπτω: meaning 'stole'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱκανὰmanyA1 APN · ἱκανόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱκανός: meaning 'many'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῖς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἰifC · εἰconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τρυγηταὶgrape-gatherersN1M NPM · τρυγητήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτρυγητής: meaning 'grape-gatherers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

εἰσῆλθονwent inVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'went in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

σέyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἂνeverX · ἄνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἂν: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑπελίποντοleft overVBI AMI3P · λείπω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + ὑπο: meaning 'left over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐπιφυλλίδαgleaningN3D ASF · ἐπιφυλλίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐπιφυλλίς: meaning 'gleaning'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

6

πῶς ἐξηρευνήθη Ησαυ καὶ κατελήμφθη αὐτοῦ τὰ κεκρυμμένα

How Esau has been searched out, and his hidden things seized.

Total exposureπῶς

What v. 5 implied is now stated directly: even what Edom thought concealed has been tracked down and taken.

Word-by-word analysis· 8 words

πῶςhowD · πῶςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπῶς: meaning 'how'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξηρευνήθηwas searched outVCI API3S · ἐρευνάω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐρευνάω + ἐκ: meaning 'was searched out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ΗσαυEsauN NSM · Ησαυnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κατελήμφθηwas seizedVVI API3S · λαμβάνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω + κατα: meaning 'was seized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κεκρυμμέναhidden thingsVP · χμπνπν κρύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπν κρύπτω: meaning 'hidden things'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

7

ἕως τῶν ὁρίων σου ἐξαπέστειλάν σε πάντες οἱ ἄνδρες τῆς διαθήκης σου ἀντέστησάν σοι ἠδυνάσθησαν πρὸς σὲ ἄνδρες εἰρηνικοί σου ἔθηκαν ἔνεδρα ὑποκάτω σου οὐκ ἔστιν σύνεσις αὐτοῖς

All the men of your covenant sent you away to your borders; the men at peace with you resisted you, prevailed against you, and set an ambush under you; there is no understanding in them.

Betrayal by alliesἕως

The disaster comes not only from enemies but from former allies: treaty partners and supposed friends become the agents of Edom's undoing.

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁρίωνbordersN2N GPN · ὅριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὅριον: meaning 'borders'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐξαπέστειλάνsent awayVAI AAI3P · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: meaning 'sent away'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄνδρεςmanN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διαθήκηςcovenantN1 GSF · διαθήκηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἀντέστησάνturned againstVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'turned against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἠδυνάσθησανwas ableVSI API3P · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδύναμαι: meaning 'was able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

σὲyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἄνδρεςmanN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

εἰρηνικοίat peaceA1 NPM · εἰρηνικόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceεἰρηνικός: meaning 'at peace'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἔθηκανputVAI AAI3P · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'put'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἔνεδραambushN2N APN · ἔνεδρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔνεδρον: meaning 'ambush'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ὑποκάτωunderP · ὑποκάτωpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σύνεσιςunderstandingN3I NSF · σύνεσιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσύνεσις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

8

ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ λέγει κύριος ἀπολῶ σοφοὺς ἐκ τῆς Ιδουμαίας καὶ σύνεσιν ἐξ ὄρους Ησαυ

On that day, says the Lord, I will destroy the wise from Idumea, and understanding from the mountain of Esau.

Wisdom undoneἐν

Edom was famed for counsel, but the coming day strips away both political shrewdness and the cultural prestige attached to Esau's mountain.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐκείνῃ: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

κύριοςLordN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'Lord'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἀπολῶI will destroyVF2 FAI1S · ὀλλύω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὀλλύω + ἀπο: meaning 'I will destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σοφοὺςwiseA1 APM · σοφόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσοφός: meaning 'wise'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙδουμαίαςIdumeaN1A GSF · Ιδουμαίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ participant identificationΙδουμαίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σύνεσινunderstandingN3I ASF · σύνεσιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσύνεσις: meaning 'understanding'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ὄρουςmountainN3E GSN · ὄροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ΗσαυEsauN GSM · Ησαυnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

9

καὶ πτοηθήσονται οἱ μαχηταί σου οἱ ἐκ Θαιμαν ὅπως ἐξαρθῇ ἄνθρωπος ἐξ ὄρους Ησαυ

And your warriors from Teman shall be dismayed, so that a man may be cut off from the mountain of Esau.

Military collapseκαὶ

With wisdom gone, military strength also fails; even Teman, emblematic of Edomite prowess, cannot prevent the cutting off of Esau's line.

Word-by-word analysis· 14 words

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πτοηθήσονταιterrifyVC FPI3P · πτοέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπτοέω: meaning 'terrify'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μαχηταίwarriorsN1M NPM · μαχητήςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμαχητής: meaning 'warriors'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ΘαιμανTemanN GS · Θαιμανnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘαιμαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ὅπωςso thatC · ὅπωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξαρθῇbe cut offVC APS3S · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'be cut off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἄνθρωποςman / human beingN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ὄρουςmountainN3E GSN · ὄροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄρος: meaning 'mountain'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ΗσαυEsauN GSM · Ησαυnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗσαυ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

10

διὰ τὴν σφαγὴν καὶ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τὴν εἰς τὸν ἀδελφόν σου Ιακωβ καὶ καλύψει σε αἰσχύνη καὶ ἐξαρθήσῃ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα

Because of the slaughter and the impiety done against your brother Jacob, shame shall cover you, and you shall be cut off forever.

Charge statedδιὰ

The oracle now names the moral ground of judgment: Edom's crime is not abstract pride alone but violent, impious conduct against a brother people.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

διὰthroughP · διάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σφαγὴνslaughterN1 ASF · σφαγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσφαγή: meaning 'slaughter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀσέβειανimpietyN1A ASF · ἀσέβειαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀσέβεια: meaning 'impiety'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφόνbrotherN2 ASM · ἀδελφόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ΙακωβJacobN ASM · Ἰακώβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙακωβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

καλύψειcoverVF FAI3S · καλύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureκαλύπτω: meaning 'cover'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σεyouRP AS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

αἰσχύνηshameN1 NSF · αἰσχύνηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceαἰσχύνη: meaning 'shame'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξαρθήσῃyou shall be cut offVC FPI2S · αἴρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἴρω + ἐκ: meaning 'you shall be cut off'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αἰῶναage / foreverN3W ASM · αἰώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationαἰών: meaning 'age'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

11

ἀφ' ἧς ἡμέρας ἀντέστης ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐν ἡμέρᾳ αἰχμαλωτευόντων ἀλλογενῶν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀλλότριοι εἰσῆλθον εἰς πύλας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ Ιερουσαλημ ἔβαλον κλήρους καὶ σὺ ἦς ὡς εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν

From the day when you stood over against him, when foreigners were carrying his strength captive, and aliens entered his gates and cast lots over Jerusalem, you too were as one of them.

Historical indictmentἀφ'

Edom is condemned for culpable proximity: when Jerusalem fell, it did not act as kin but as one more hostile participant in the sack.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀφ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἀντέστηςstood over againstVHI AAI2S · ἵστημι + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀντι: meaning 'stood over against'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἐναντίαςεναντιοςA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐναντίος: meaning 'εναντιος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

αἰχμαλωτευόντωνtaking captiveV1 · παπγπμ αἰχμαλωτεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ αἰχμαλωτεύω: meaning 'taking captive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀλλογενῶνforeignA3H GPM · ἀλλογενήςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀλλογενής: meaning 'foreign'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

δύναμινforce / powerN3I ASF · δύναμιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδύναμις: meaning 'force'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀλλότριοιstrangers / foreignA1A NPM · ἀλλότριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀλλότριος: meaning 'strangers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

εἰσῆλθονwent inVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'went in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

πύλαςgatesN1 APF · πύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἔβαλονcastVBI AAI3P · βάλλωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβάλλω: meaning 'cast'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

κλήρουςlotN2 APM · κλῆροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλῆρος: meaning 'lot'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἦςwereV9I IAI2S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦς: meaning 'were'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἷςoneA3 NSM · εἷςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countεἷς: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.

ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

12

καὶ μὴ ἐπίδῃς ἡμέραν ἀδελφοῦ σου ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἀλλοτρίων καὶ μὴ ἐπιχαρῇς ἐπὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς Ιουδα ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἀπωλείας αὐτῶν καὶ μὴ μεγαλορρημονήσῃς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ θλίψεως

Do not look on your brother's day in the day of strangers, and do not rejoice over the sons of Judah in the day of their destruction, and do not speak proudly in the day of distress.

Forbidden gloatingκαὶ

The address turns into prohibition, rehearsing the attitudes that exposed Edom's heart: gloating sight, malicious joy, and boastful speech.

Word-by-word analysis· 26 words

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπίδῃςlook onV2 PAS2S · δέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδέω + ἐπι: meaning 'look on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀδελφοῦbrotherN2 GSM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

σουyouRP GS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἀλλοτρίωνallotriosA1A GPM · ἀλλότριοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀλλότριος: meaning 'allotrios'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπιχαρῇςrejoice overVD APS2S · χαίρω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyχαίρω + ἐπι: meaning 'rejoice over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ιουδαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἀπωλείαςdestructionN1A GSF · ἀπώλειαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀπώλεια: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μεγαλορρημονήσῃςspeak proudlyVA AAS2S · μεγαλορρημονέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμεγαλορρημονέω: meaning 'speak proudly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

θλίψεωςafflictionN3I GSF · θλῖψιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθλῖψις: meaning 'affliction'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

13

μηδὲ εἰσέλθῃς εἰς πύλας λαῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ πόνων αὐτῶν μηδὲ ἐπίδῃς καὶ σὺ τὴν συναγωγὴν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀλέθρου αὐτῶν μηδὲ συνεπιθῇ ἐπὶ τὴν δύναμιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἀπωλείας αὐτῶν

Do not enter the gates of the peoples in the day of their troubles; do not you too look on their assembly in the day of their ruin; do not join in assault against their strength in the day of their destruction.

Forbidden participationμηδὲ

The indictment intensifies from inward delight to outward participation: Edom must not cross the threshold into active exploitation.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'and do not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἰσέλθῃςyou enterVB AAS2S · ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔρχομαι + εἰς: meaning 'you enter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

πύλαςgatesN1 APF · πύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gates'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

λαῶνpeopleN2 GPM · λαόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

πόνωνpainN2 GPM · πόνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπόνος: meaning 'pain'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'and do not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπίδῃςlook onV2 PAS2S · δέω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyδέω + ἐπι: meaning 'look on'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

συναγωγὴνgatheringN1 ASF · συναγωγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσυναγωγή: meaning 'gathering'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ὀλέθρουruinN2 GSM · ὄλεθροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄλεθρος: meaning 'ruin'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastμηδὲ: meaning 'and do not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

συνεπιθῇjoin in attackingVE AAS3S · τίθημι + συν + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyτίθημι + συν + ἐπι: meaning 'join in attacking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.