Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The First Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 19ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Α′ ΙΘ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Saul's hostility becomes open pursuit, and David escapes through the help of Jonathan, Michal, and Samuel.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 1 Kingdoms 19 (= 1 Samuel 19 MT) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter narrates the open rupture between Saul and David: Saul commands Jonathan and all his servants to put David to death (v. 1), Jonathan warns David and intercedes (vv. 2–5), and Saul swears by the living LORD that David shall not die (v. 6), with a brief reconciliation (v. 7). Renewed Philistine war and David's victory provoke a fresh assault: an evil spirit from God comes upon Saul, who hurls his spear at David as he plays the harp (vv. 8–10). Saul sends messengers to David's house by night; Michal (Μελχολ) lowers David through the window and disguises the household idol — the LXX's κενοτάφια ('cenotaphs / empty images', rendering Hebrew תְּרָפִים) — in the bed with a net of goats'-hair, a goat's liver (ἧπαρ τῶν αἰγῶν) at its head (vv. 11–16). Confronted, Michal claims David threatened her (v. 17). David flees to Samuel at Armathaim and they dwell at Naioth (Ναυαθ) in Ramah (v. 18). Three relays of Saul's messengers, and finally Saul himself, are overcome by the Spirit of God and prophesy; Saul strips off his garments and lies naked a whole day and night — whence the proverb εἰ καὶ Σαουλ ἐν προφήταις ('Is Saul also among the prophets?', v. 24). Indeclinable transliterated names (Σαουλ, Δαυιδ, Ιωναθαν, Μελχολ, Σαμουηλ) and place-names (Αρμαθαιμ, Ναυαθ, Ραμα, Σεφι) are treated as indeclinables; κύριος renders the Tetragrammaton throughout (vv. 5, 6).

1

καὶ ἐλάλησεν Σαουλ πρὸς Ιωναθαν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ πρὸς πάντας τοὺς παῖδας αὐτοῦ θανατῶσαι τὸν Δαυιδ καὶ Ιωναθαν υἱὸς Σαουλ ᾑρεῖτο τὸν Δαυιδ σφόδρα

And Saul spoke to Jonathan his son and to all his servants about putting David to death; but Jonathan, Saul's son, loved David exceedingly.

Narrative opening: Saul's death-decree (main line)καὶ ἐλάλησεν Σαουλ
The chapter opens with paratactic καί introducing Saul's open command to kill David — escalating the private spear-attacks of ch. 18 to a public order to the whole court. The clause closes with a contrastive δέ-less antithesis: ᾑρεῖτο τὸν Δαυιδ σφόδρα ('loved David exceedingly') sets Jonathan's loyalty against his father's murderous intent, framing the intercession that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the LXX's default rendering of Hebrew narrative ו (waw-consecutive); throughout the chapter καί carries the main narrative line.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech of command)→ verbal action or stateλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; here λαλέω + the infinitive θανατῶσαι expresses authoritative command ('spoke … to put to death').
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliteration of Hebrew שָׁאוּל; indeclinable in the LXX; the first of Israel's kings, here the persecutor of David.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΙωναθανJonathanaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹנָתָן/יוֹנָתָן ('YHWH has given'); indeclinable; Saul's eldest son and David's covenant-friend (cf. 18:1–4).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with υἱόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ object specificationυἱὸν: meaning 'son'; it serves as accusative in apposition to Ιωναθαν.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying παῖδας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the command extends to the whole royal retinue, making David's danger total.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδαςservantsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / boy'; renders עֶבֶד; the king's courtiers and officers are addressed as a body.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωcomplementary infinitive (content of Saul's command)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית (Hiphil of מות); the infinitive expresses the purpose/content of Saul's speech and recurs as a leitmotif of the chapter (vv. 2, 11, 15, 17).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the name Δαυιδ as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeobject of θανατῶσαι (indeclinable proper noun with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX, though regularly accompanied by a declined article (here τόν) marking its accusative function.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (here adversative in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωναθανJonathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: the repeated 'son of Saul' heightens the irony — the king's own son thwarts the king's design.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Saul')→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Saul').
ᾑρεῖτοloved / was devoted toImperf Mid Indic 3 Sg · αἱρέωmain verb (durative state of affection)→ verbal action or stateαἱρέω: meaning 'loved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb (durative state of affection).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with object Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeobject of ᾑρεῖτο (indeclinable proper noun with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying ᾑρεῖτο)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: function word shaping the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
2

καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν Ιωναθαν τῷ Δαυιδ λέγων Σαουλ ζητεῖ θανατῶσαί σε φύλαξαι οὖν αὔριον πρωὶ καὶ κρύβηθι καὶ κάθισον κρυβῇ

And Jonathan reported to David, saying, 'Saul is seeking to put you to death; so guard yourself early tomorrow, and hide, and stay in secret.'

Sequential action: Jonathan's warning (main line + direct speech)καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν Ιωναθαν
Jonathan acts on his loyalty: ἀπήγγειλεν introduces the warning, with the participle λέγων marking the transition to direct speech. The chain of imperatives (φύλαξαι … κρύβηθι … κάθισον) issues urgent, concrete protective instructions; οὖν draws the practical inference from the report of Saul's intent.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενreportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (act of reporting)→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce / bring word'; renders הִגִּיד (Hiphil of נגד); a key verb of the chapter's information-flow (vv. 7, 11, 18, 19, 21).
ΙωναθανJonathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τῷtheDativearticle (with the name Δαυιδ as indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Δαυιδto DavidDativeindirect object (indeclinable proper noun, dative marked by article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): the redundant participle λέγων renders the Hebrew לֵאמֹר, a fixed marker introducing quoted speech in the LXX.
ΣαουλSaulsubject of quoted clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of quoted clause (indeclinable).
ζητεῖis seekingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb of quoted clause→ verbal action or stateζητέω: 'seek / try'; renders בִּקֵּשׁ; the present tense conveys Saul's continuing, active pursuit of David's life.
θανατῶσαίto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωcomplementary infinitive (object of ζητεῖ)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: complementary infinitive with ζητεῖ; the accent θανατῶσαί reflects the enclitic σε following.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of the infinitive (2nd person singular)→ participant referenceσύ: enclitic accusative; David is the direct object of Saul's lethal intent.
φύλαξαιguard yourself / bewareAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb (imperative of caution)→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω (mid.): the middle 'guard yourself / be on guard' renders הִשָּׁמֶר (Niphal of שמר); a standard idiom of self-protective vigilance.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὖν: 'therefore / so'; draws the practical conclusion from the report of Saul's intent.
αὔριονtomorrowadverb of time→ clausal contributionαὔριον: 'tomorrow / the next day'; renders מָחָר; specifies the imminent danger.
πρωὶearly / at dawnadverb of time (with αὔριον: 'early tomorrow')→ clausal contributionπρωΐ: 'early / in the morning'; renders בַּבֹּקֶר; pinpoints the hour of expected attack.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking imperatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κρύβηθιhideAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · κρύπτωmain verb (imperative)→ verbal action or stateκρύπτω: 'hide / conceal'; the aorist passive imperative κρύβηθι ('hide yourself') renders the Niphal of חבא/סתר; concrete instruction to take cover.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάθισονstay / remainAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (imperative)→ verbal action or stateκαθίζω: 'sit / settle / stay'; renders יָשַׁב; here 'stay put / remain' in the place of concealment.
κρυβῇin secretadverb of manner (dative of manner: 'secretly')→ clausal contributionκρυβῇ: 'secretly / in hiding'; adverbial form cognate with κρύπτω; reinforces the imperative κρύβηθι.
3

καὶ ἐγὼ ἐξελεύσομαι καὶ στήσομαι ἐχόμενος τοῦ πατρός μου ἐν ἀγρῷ οὗ ἐὰν ᾖς ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐγὼ λαλήσω περὶ σοῦ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα μου καὶ ὄψομαι ὅ τι ἐὰν ᾖ καὶ ἀπαγγελῶ σοι

'And I will go out and stand beside my father in the field where you are, and I will speak about you to my father; and I will see whatever there is, and I will report it to you.'

Continuation of Jonathan's speech: his intercession-plan (embedded direct speech)καὶ ἐγὼ ἐξελεύσομαι
Jonathan lays out his plan in a chain of first-person futures (ἐξελεύσομαι … στήσομαι … λαλήσω … ὄψομαι … ἀπαγγελῶ); the emphatic ἐγώ (twice) foregrounds his personal commitment to advocacy. The conditional relatives οὗ ἐὰν ᾖς and ὅ τι ἐὰν ᾖ keep the location and outcome open, modelling careful contingency.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject (emphatic personal pronoun).
ἐξελεύσομαιI will go outFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (first of the plan-futures)→ verbal action or stateἐξέρχομαι (fut.): the finite member of the cognate-construction; 'I will go out (to battle)'; David asserts his intent to lead in person, which the people will immediately overrule (v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
στήσομαιI will standFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb→ verbal action or stateἵστημι: meaning 'I will stand'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
ἐχόμενοςbeside / next toPres Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωparticiple used adverbially/prepositionally (with genitive: 'close by')→ spatial or relational framingἔχω (mid. ptcp. ἐχόμενος): the middle participle + genitive is idiomatic for 'next to / adjoining / close beside' (cf. its local use in the LXX); here 'beside my father.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive governed by ἐχόμενος→ relational specificationπατρός: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive governed by ἐχόμενος.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ἀγρῷfieldDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceἀγρός: 'field / open country'; renders שָׂדֶה; the agreed meeting-place for David's concealment.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place→ participant referenceοὗ: 'where'; relative adverb introducing the locative clause specifying where David will be.
ἐὰνif / -everconditional particle (with subjunctive: indefinite relative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with the subjunctive ᾖς forms an indefinite locative ('wherever you may be').
ᾖςyou arePres Act Subj 2 Sg · εἰμίverb of indefinite relative clause→ participant referenceεἰμί (subj.): 'be / be present'; the subjunctive after ἐάν leaves David's exact spot open.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive: 'there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; resumptive adverb echoing the Hebraizing relative construction (אֲשֶׁר … שָׁם).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun, repeated)→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as subject (emphatic personal pronoun, repeated).
λαλήσωI will speakFut Act Indic 1 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the intercession proper)→ verbal action or stateλαλέω: here 'plead / speak on behalf of'; λαλήσω περὶ σοῦ is the heart of the intercession-plan.
περὶabout / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (concerning)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (concerning).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationσύ: genitive; David is the one spoken for.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationπατήρ: Saul, the addressee of the plea.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄψομαιI will seeFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (ascertain the outcome)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (fut. mid. ὄψομαι): 'see'; the future expresses Moses' yearning desire ('let me see'); the longing 'to see the good land' is the emotional core of the whole episode — granted in part on Pisgah (v. 27; Deut 34:1–4) but never to be entered.
what(ever)Accusativerelative pronoun (object of ὄψομαι; with τι: indefinite)→ participant referenceὅ: meaning 'what(ever)'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ὄψομαι; with τι: indefinite).
τιever / anythingAccusativeindefinite pronoun (with ὅ: 'whatever')→ participant referenceτις: indefinite pronoun; combined with the relative ὅ to render Hebrew מָה / אֲשֶׁר as an open object.
ἐὰνif / -everconditional particle (with subjunctive ᾖ)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: generalizes the relative clause ('whatever the case may be').
there is / may bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indefinite relative clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί (subj.): impersonal 'whatever may be (the situation)'; the subjunctive marks contingency.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπαγγελῶI will reportFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (final element of the plan)→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω: 'announce, report, declare'; the formal verb of reporting to authority; Joseph is the intermediary between his family and Pharaoh — his controlled management of the audience will secure the best outcome.
σοιto youDativeindirect object (dative)→ participant reference or interestσύ: dative; David as recipient of the report.
4

καὶ ἐλάλησεν Ιωναθαν περὶ Δαυιδ ἀγαθὰ πρὸς Σαουλ τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν μὴ ἁμαρτησάτω ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰς τὸν δοῦλόν σου Δαυιδ ὅτι οὐχ ἡμάρτηκεν εἰς σέ καὶ τὰ ποιήματα αὐτοῦ ἀγαθὰ σφόδρα

And Jonathan spoke well of David to Saul his father, and said to him, 'Let not the king sin against his servant David, for he has not sinned against you, and his deeds are exceedingly good.'

Fulfilment of the plan: Jonathan's apologia for David (main line + direct speech)καὶ ἐλάλησεν Ιωναθαν περὶ Δαυιδ ἀγαθὰ
Jonathan executes v. 3: ἐλάλησεν … ἀγαθά ('spoke good things') is the positive counterpart to slander. His plea is built on a legal-moral argument: a prohibitive aorist subjunctive (μὴ ἁμαρτησάτω) warns the king against incurring bloodguilt, grounded (ὅτι) in David's demonstrable innocence and beneficence.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ verbal action or stateλαλέω: 'speak'; ἐλάλησεν … ἀγαθά ('spoke good things about') is idiomatic for speaking favorably / advocating.
ΙωναθανJonathansubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (concerning)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (concerning).
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive object of περί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive object of περί (indeclinable).
ἀγαθὰgood thingsAccusativedirect object (substantivized neuter plural adjective)→ object specificationἀγαθὰ: meaning 'good things'; it serves as direct object (substantivized neuter plural adjective).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΣαουλSaulaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαουλ→ object specificationπατήρ: the apposition 'Saul his father' again stresses the family tension underlying the intercession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces the words of the plea.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (referring to Saul)→ participant referenceαὐτός: anaphoric pronoun, = Saul.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive, with aorist subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative of will/command; with ἁμαρτησάτω forms a prohibition ('let … not sin').
ἁμαρτησάτωlet him sinAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (prohibitive third-person imperative)→ verbal action or stateἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / do wrong / offend against'; renders חָטָא; here a juridical warning — to kill the innocent David would be to incur bloodguilt before God.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἁμαρτησάτω→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the deferential third-person reference ('the king') to Saul softens the rebuke into court etiquette.
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (of offense: 'sin against')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with ἁμαρτάνω, 'sin against'; renders the Hebrew construction חָטָא לְ.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; renders עֶבֶד; 'your servant David' presents David as a loyal subordinate, not a rival — the rhetorical heart of the plea.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeaccusative in apposition to δοῦλον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative in apposition to δοῦλον (indeclinable).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (grounds for the prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the evidentiary ground of the appeal — David's innocence.
οὐχnotnegative particle (with ἡμάρτηκεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐχ before rough breathing): objective negative of fact.
ἡμάρτηκενhe has sinnedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb of causal clause→ verbal action or stateἁμαρτάνω (perf.): the perfect ἡμάρτηκεν stresses David's abiding state of guiltlessness — 'he has not sinned (and so stands innocent) against you.'
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (of offense)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (of offense).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic (accented) accusative; Saul personally is the supposed offended party — yet no offense exists.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ποιήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιήματαdeeds / worksNominativesubject (predicate construction with ἀγαθά)→ participant prominenceποίημα: 'deed / work / accomplishment'; renders מַעֲשֶׂה; David's actions (esp. his military service to Saul) are adduced as proof of his loyalty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀγαθὰgoodNominativepredicate adjective (with implied ἐστιν: 'are good')→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: predicate 'good'; the verbless clause (Hebraizing nominal sentence) affirms the high value of David's service.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying ἀγαθά)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; rendering מְאֹד; intensifies the assessment of David's deeds.
5

καὶ ἔθετο τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸν ἀλλόφυλον καὶ ἐποίησεν κύριος σωτηρίαν μεγάλην καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ εἶδον καὶ ἐχάρησαν καὶ ἵνα τί ἁμαρτάνεις εἰς αἷμα ἀθῷον θανατῶσαι τὸν Δαυιδ δωρεάν

'And he put his life in his hand and struck down the foreigner, and the LORD wrought a great salvation, and all Israel saw it and rejoiced; why then do you sin against innocent blood, to put David to death without cause?'

Climax of the apologia: David's saving exploit and the rhetorical reproach (embedded speech)καὶ ἔθετο τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ
Jonathan's plea peaks in two movements: a recital of David's self-risking victory over the Philistine (the LORD himself wrought the σωτηρία) and the collective joy of all Israel; then a pointed rhetorical question (ἵνα τί ἁμαρτάνεις … θανατῶσαι … δωρεάν) charging that to kill David would be to sin against innocent blood for nothing.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοput / setAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (idiomatic of self-risk)→ verbal action or stateτίθημι (mid.): 'put / place'; ἔθετο τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ('put his life in his hand') renders שִׂים נֶפֶשׁ בְּכַף — a Hebraism for risking one's life (cf. Judg 12:3).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνlife / soulAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul / life / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here 'life' as that which David put at risk.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative idiom).
τῇtheDativearticle (with χειρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative of place (in the idiom 'in his hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders כַּף/יָד; part of the risk-idiom ('took his life in his hands').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb→ verbal action or stateπατάσσω: 'strike / smite / slay'; renders הִכָּה (Hiphil of נכה); alludes to David's defeat of Goliath (ch. 17).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλονforeigner / PhilistineAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationἀλλόφυλος: lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the LXX's standard rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּי ('Philistine'); the singular here points to Goliath.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενwrought / madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ verbal action or stateποιέω: 'do / make / accomplish'; renders עָשָׂה; the theological point — the victory was the LORD's act of σωτηρία through David.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'the LORD'; it serves as subject of ἐποίησεν.
σωτηρίανsalvation / deliveranceAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationσωτηρία: 'salvation / deliverance / victory'; renders תְּשׁוּעָה; the military deliverance of Israel from the Philistines.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying σωτηρίαν)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great'; renders גְּדוֹלָה; magnifies the scope of the deliverance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; with the collective Ισραηλ, governing the plural verbs that follow (constructio ad sensum).
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable collective noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the nation as a witnessing, rejoicing collective.
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (plural by sense after collective πᾶς Ισραηλ)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see'; the plural with the collective 'all Israel' is a Hebraizing constructio ad sensum (cf. the plural ἐχάρησαν following).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχάρησανrejoicedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · χαίρωmain verb→ verbal action or stateχαίρω (aor. pass. dep. ἐχάρησαν): 'rejoice / be glad'; renders שָׂמַח; the popular joy at David's victory underscores how unjust his death would be.
καὶand / socoordinate conjunction (here introducing the reproach)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: introduces the turn from recital to remonstrance ('and so why …?').
ἵναwhyinterrogative (with τί: 'for what reason?')→ clausal contributionἵνα τί: 'why? / for what purpose?'; a fixed LXX interrogative rendering לָמָּה; introduces a reproachful rhetorical question.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with ἵνα: 'why')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; with ἵνα forms the idiom 'why / to what end.'
ἁμαρτάνειςdo you sinPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb of the rhetorical question→ verbal action or stateἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / incur guilt'; the second-person present now confronts Saul directly (contrast the deferential 'the king' of v. 4).
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (of offense)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (of offense).
αἷμαbloodAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; αἷμα ἀθῷον ('innocent blood') is a fixed OT idiom for the shedding of innocent life that brings bloodguilt (cf. Deut 19:10; 27:25).
ἀθῷονinnocentAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying αἷμα)→ object specificationἀθῷος: 'innocent / guiltless / unpunished'; renders נָקִי; legally charged term marking the killing of David as bloodguilt.
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωepexegetic infinitive (specifying the sin)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: the infinitive defines wherein the sin consists — putting David to death.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with object Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeobject of θανατῶσαι (indeclinable with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δωρεάνwithout cause / for nothingAccusativeadverbial accusative (of manner: 'gratuitously')→ object specificationδωρεάν: accusative of δωρεά used adverbially, 'as a gift / gratuitously / without cause'; renders חִנָּם; stresses the utter unwarrantedness of killing David (cf. its use at Ps 34[35]:7,19).
6

καὶ ἤκουσεν Σαουλ τῆς φωνῆς Ιωναθαν καὶ ὤμοσεν Σαουλ λέγων ζῇ κύριος εἰ ἀποθανεῖται

And Saul listened to the voice of Jonathan, and Saul swore, saying, 'As the LORD lives, he shall not die.'

Resolution of the appeal: Saul's oath (main line + direct speech)καὶ ἤκουσεν Σαουλ
The intercession succeeds: ἤκουσεν τῆς φωνῆς ('listened to the voice') signals compliance, sealed by an oath formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') with the Hebraizing oath-particle εἰ introducing a negative asseveration ('he shall surely not die').
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενlistened / heededAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (+ genitive object)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear / learn of'; renders שָׁמַע; David hears of the Aramean mobilization (v. 6) and responds militarily; the verb mirrors εἶδαν of the Ammonites (v. 6) — both sides act on what they perceive.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with φωνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice / sound'; renders קוֹל; 'listen to the voice of' = heed the counsel of.
Ιωναθανof Jonathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'voice of Jonathan')→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'voice of Jonathan').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσενsworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀμνύωmain verb (act of oath-taking)→ verbal action or stateὀμνύω: 'swear / take an oath'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; Saul binds himself by oath not to kill David — an oath he will soon violate.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable, repeated)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable, repeated).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the oath)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): redundant λέγων (= Hebrew לֵאמֹר) introducing direct speech.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of the oath-formula→ verbal action or stateζάω: 'live'; ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') renders חַי יְהוָה, the standard Hebrew oath-formula invoking the living God as guarantor.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (the oath-guarantor)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the living LORD is sworn by — heightening the guilt of Saul's later breach of the oath.
εἰ(surely not)oath-particle (introducing a negative asseveration)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in oath formulae εἰ renders the Hebrew אִם of self-imprecation, functioning as an emphatic negative ('he shall surely not …'); the apodosis ('may God do so to me') is suppressed.
ἀποθανεῖταιhe shall dieFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of the oath-content (negated by εἰ)→ verbal action or stateἀποθνῄσκω (fut. mid. ἀποθανεῖται): 'die'; with the oath-particle εἰ the sense is 'he shall not die' — Saul's solemn, soon-broken guarantee of David's life.
7

καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Ιωναθαν τὸν Δαυιδ καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν αὐτῷ πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα καὶ εἰσήγαγεν Ιωναθαν τὸν Δαυιδ πρὸς Σαουλ καὶ ἦν ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ ὡσεὶ ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτην ἡμέραν

And Jonathan called David and reported to him all these words, and Jonathan brought David to Saul, and he was in his presence as yesterday and the third day before.

Brief reconciliation: David restored to court (main line)καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Ιωναθαν τὸν Δαυιδ
Jonathan completes the cycle of vv. 2–6: he summons David, reports the favorable outcome (ἀπήγγειλεν … πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα), and reintegrates him into Saul's service. The idiom ὡσεὶ ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτην ἡμέραν ('as yesterday and the day before') marks a return to the former normalcy — a calm that section B will shatter.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalled / summonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ verbal action or stateκαλέω: 'call / summon'; David calls one of his retinue to carry out the sentence.
ΙωναθανJonathansubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with object Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeobject of ἐκάλεσεν (indeclinable with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενreportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / tell'; fulfils the promise of v. 3 (ἀπαγγελῶ σοι).
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (= David)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; David as recipient of the report.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ῥήματα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; emphasizes a full account of the exchange with Saul.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ῥήματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματαwords / thingsAccusativedirect object of ἀπήγγειλεν→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter / thing'; renders דָּבָר, which spans both 'word' and 'matter' — hence 'all these things (that were said).'
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ῥήματα)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'this / these'; points back to Saul's oath and the favorable resolution.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήγαγενbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb→ verbal action or stateεἰσάγω (aor. εἰσήγαγεν): 'bring in'; he brings in his young companions.
ΙωναθανJonathansubject (indeclinable, repeated)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable, repeated).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with object Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeobject of εἰσήγαγεν (indeclinable with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣαουλSaulaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (durative state)→ participant referenceεἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was / continued to be'; the imperfect marks David's renewed, ongoing presence at court.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the presence ofimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; David serves again in Saul's presence.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (= Saul)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; Saul, in whose presence David again attends.
ὡσεὶas / aboutcomparative particle (introducing the time-idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσεί: 'as / like / about'; introduces the idiom of customary normalcy.
ἐχθὲςyesterdayadverb of time (part of the idiom)→ clausal contributionἐχθές: 'yesterday'; ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτην ἡμέραν renders אֶתְמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם ('yesterday and the day before') = 'as formerly / as before.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίτηνthirdAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέραν)→ object specificationτρίτος: 'third'; in the idiom 'the third day (before)' = 'the day before yesterday.'
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeadverbial accusative of time (within the idiom)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative completes the temporal idiom denoting the prior normal state of affairs.
8

καὶ προσέθετο ὁ πόλεμος γενέσθαι πρὸς Σαουλ καὶ κατίσχυσεν Δαυιδ καὶ ἐπολέμησεν τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους καὶ ἐπάταξεν ἐν αὐτοῖς πληγὴν μεγάλην σφόδρα καὶ ἔφυγον ἐκ προσώπου αὐτοῦ

And the war broke out again against Saul, and David prevailed and fought the Philistines and struck them with an exceedingly great blow, and they fled from before him.

New episode (section B): renewed war and David's victory (main line)καὶ προσέθετο ὁ πόλεμος γενέσθαι
The Hebraizing προσέθετο … γενέσθαι ('the war again came to be') renders the auxiliary use of יָסַף ('do again'). David's renewed triumph (κατίσχυσεν … ἐπάταξεν … πληγὴν μεγάλην) re-ignites Saul's jealousy and motivates the spear-attack of vv. 9–10.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέθετοagain / broke out anewAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (auxiliary of repetition + infinitive γενέσθαι)→ verbal action or stateπροστίθημι (mid.): lit. 'add'; the idiom προσέθετο + infinitive renders the Hebrew auxiliary יָסַף ('do again / continue'), so 'the war came to be again' = 'war broke out once more.'
theNominativearticle (with πόλεμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of προσέθετο→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the recurring Philistine conflict that frames David's career.
γενέσθαιto be / to come aboutAor Mid Inf · γίνομαιcomplementary infinitive (with προσέθετο)→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι: 'become / happen / come to be'; complementary infinitive in the 'do-again' idiom.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here in the hostile sense 'against'; the war is reckoned as directed against Saul's kingdom.
ΣαουλSaulaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατίσχυσενprevailed / grew strongAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατισχύωmain verb→ verbal action or stateκατισχύω: 'prevail / be strong / overpower'; renders חָזַק; David proves militarily dominant — the very success that provokes Saul.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπολέμησενfought / made war onAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωmain verb (+ accusative object)→ verbal action or stateπολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; renders נִלְחַם; takes the accusative τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους as direct object (Hebraizing 'fight the Philistines').
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀλλοφύλους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλουςPhilistinesAccusativedirect object of ἐπολέμησεν→ object specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'foreigner'; the LXX's standard rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (with cognate-style object πληγήν)→ verbal action or stateπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; ἐπάταξεν … πληγὴν μεγάλην ('struck a great blow') is a near-cognate construction emphasizing the severity of David's victory.
ἐνamong / onpreposition + dative (Hebraizing 'smote among them')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: with πατάσσω, the Hebraizing ἐπάταξεν ἐν αὐτοῖς renders הִכָּה בָּהֶם ('struck among/on them').
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (= the Philistines)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; the Philistines as those struck.
πληγὴνblow / slaughterAccusativeaccusative of result (cognate-like with ἐπάταξεν)→ object specificationπληγή: 'blow / wound / slaughter'; renders מַכָּה; with πατάσσω forms the figura etymologica 'struck a great blow.'
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πληγήν)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great'; renders גְּדוֹלָה; magnifies the scale of the defeat inflicted.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying μεγάλην)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; rendering מְאֹד; pushes the blow to a superlative.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγονthey fledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb (the Philistines as subject)→ verbal action or stateφεύγω: 'flee'; renders נָס; the rout completes David's victory.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation, in the idiom 'from before')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, in the idiom 'from before').
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (in the idiom 'from before')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἐκ προσώπου ('from before') renders מִפְּנֵי, a Hebraism for fleeing before a victor.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of possession (= David)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; David, before whom the Philistines flee.
9

καὶ ἐγένετο πνεῦμα θεοῦ πονηρὸν ἐπὶ Σαουλ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν οἴκῳ καθεύδων καὶ δόρυ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ Δαυιδ ἔψαλλεν ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ

And an evil spirit from God came upon Saul, and he was resting in the house with a spear in his hand, while David was playing the harp with his hands.

Onset of the attack: the evil spirit and the scene-setting (main line + circumstantial clauses)καὶ ἐγένετο πνεῦμα θεοῦ πονηρὸν ἐπὶ Σαουλ
The renewed jealousy is theologized: an evil spirit 'from God' (πνεῦμα θεοῦ πονηρόν, cf. 16:14; 18:10) seizes Saul. The verse stages the danger with two verbless/participial circumstantial clauses — Saul resting with spear in hand, David playing the harp — building tension toward the throw of v. 10.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοcame / came to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (onset of the spirit)→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι: 'become / come about'; ἐγένετο … ἐπὶ Σαουλ ('came upon Saul') renders וַתְּהִי … עַל — the spirit's seizure of Saul.
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'spirit / breath / wind'; renders רוּחַ; here a tormenting spirit, contrasted with the prophetic πνεῦμα θεοῦ that will overpower Saul at vv. 20, 23.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source (with πνεῦμα)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the disturbing notion of an evil spirit 'from God' reflects the OT's strong monotheism — even the tormenting spirit operates under divine sovereignty (cf. 16:14).
πονηρὸνevil / harmfulNominativeattributive adjective (modifying πνεῦμα)→ participant prominenceπονηρός: 'evil / harmful / malignant'; renders רָעָה; characterizes the spirit as one inducing murderous derangement in Saul.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (of incidence)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (of incidence).
ΣαουλSaulaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject of the circumstantial clause (= Saul)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: emphatic 'he himself'; topicalizes Saul in the scene-setting clause.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; renders בַּיִת; the domestic setting where Saul sits and David plays.
καθεύδωνresting / sittingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · καθεύδωcircumstantial participle (periphrastic with implied ἦν)→ verbal action or stateκαθεύδω: 'sleep / lie down / rest'; renders יָשַׁב here in the sense of reclining/resting at home; the participle (with implied 'was') sets the scene of Saul at ease — yet armed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δόρυspearNominativesubject of verbless clause ('a spear was in his hand')→ participant prominenceδόρυ: 'spear / shaft'; renders חֲנִית; Saul's spear — his recurring weapon against David (18:10–11) — becomes the instrument of the attack in v. 10.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle (with χειρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; Saul holds the spear ready — an ominous detail.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (= Saul)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (= Saul).
καὶand / whilecoordinate conjunction (third circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here with contemporaneous force ('while David was playing').
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἔψαλλενwas playing the harpImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · ψάλλωmain verb of contemporaneous clause→ verbal action or stateψάλλω: 'pluck (a string) / play the harp / sing to music'; renders נִגֵּן; David's harping, which had earlier soothed Saul (16:23), now provides the deadly occasion.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here instrumental ('with his hands'), a Hebraizing use rendering בְּיָדוֹ.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with χερσίν)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερσὶνhandsDativedative of means (instrumental)→ sphere or referenceχείρ (dat. pl. χερσίν): 'hands'; instrumental — David plays 'with his hands,' the contrast with Saul's spear-bearing hand sharpening the irony.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (= David)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (= David).
10

καὶ ἐζήτει Σαουλ πατάξαι τὸ δόρυ εἰς Δαυιδ καὶ ἀπέστη Δαυιδ ἐκ προσώπου Σαουλ καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸ δόρυ εἰς τὸν τοῖχον καὶ Δαυιδ ἀνεχώρησεν καὶ διεσώθη

And Saul sought to pin David with the spear, but David slipped away from Saul's presence, and the spear struck the wall; and David withdrew and escaped.

The attack and David's escape (main line)καὶ ἐζήτει Σαουλ πατάξαι
The imperfect ἐζήτει ('kept trying') conveys Saul's intent in the act of the throw; the swift sequence of aorists (ἀπέστη … ἐπάταξεν … ἀνεχώρησεν … διεσώθη) traces David's narrow escape. The spear that strikes the wall, not David, vividly enacts the failure of Saul's design — and triggers the night siege of vv. 11ff.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐζήτειsought / triedImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (+ complementary infinitive)→ verbal action or stateζητέω: 'seek / try'; the imperfect ἐζήτει is conative — Saul attempted (but failed) to pin David.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πατάξαιto strike / pinAor Act Inf · πατάσσωcomplementary infinitive (object of ἐζήτει)→ verbal action or stateπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; here with τὸ δόρυ εἰς Δαυιδ, 'to strike David through with the spear' (i.e. pin him to the wall, cf. 18:11).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with δόρυ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearAccusativeaccusative instrument/object with πατάξαι→ object specificationδόρυ: 'spear'; the weapon held in v. 9 now hurled — the LXX construes 'strike the spear into David.'
εἰςinto / atpreposition + accusative (target)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (target).
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of εἰς (indeclinable).
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative ('but David slipped away').
ἀπέστηwithdrew / dodgedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (David evades)→ verbal action or stateἀφίστημι (intrans. aor. ἀπέστη): 'stand away / withdraw / depart'; David dodges aside from before Saul, so the spear misses.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation, idiom 'from before')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, idiom 'from before').
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (in the idiom 'from before')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἐκ προσώπου ('from before') renders מִפְּנֵי; David removes himself from Saul's reach.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'presence of Saul')→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'presence of Saul').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the spear as subject)→ verbal action or stateπατάσσω: here the spear (τὸ δόρυ) 'struck the wall' — the missed throw vividly registers Saul's failure.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with δόρυ as subject)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δόρυspearNominativesubject of ἐπάταξεν→ participant prominenceδόρυ: the hurled spear, now subject — it strikes the wall where David had been.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (target)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (target).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with τοῖχον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῖχονwallAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationτοῖχος: 'wall (of a house)'; renders קִיר; the spear lodges in the wall, dramatizing how narrowly David escaped death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἀνεχώρησενwithdrew / made offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναχωρέωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἀναχωρέω: 'withdraw / depart / retreat'; David leaves the danger of the court — the beginning of his fugitive existence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεσώθηescaped / was deliveredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · διασῴζωmain verb (passive: brought safely through)→ verbal action or stateδιασῴζω: 'bring safely through / rescue'; the passive διεσώθη ('was delivered / got away safe') recurs as a refrain of David's escapes (vv. 12, 17, 18), hinting at divine preservation.
11

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἐκείνῃ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαουλ ἀγγέλους εἰς οἶκον Δαυιδ φυλάξαι αὐτὸν τοῦ θανατῶσαι αὐτὸν πρωί καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν τῷ Δαυιδ Μελχολ ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ λέγουσα ἐὰν μὴ σὺ σώσῃς τὴν ψυχὴν σαυτοῦ τὴν νύκτα ταύτην αὔριον θανατωθήσῃ

And it happened that night that Saul sent messengers to David's house to watch him, in order to put him to death in the morning; but Michal his wife told David, saying, 'Unless you save your own life this night, tomorrow you will be put to death.'

New episode (section C): the night siege and Michal's warning (main line + direct speech)καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἐκείνῃ
The temporal frame καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ἐκείνῃ ('and it came to pass that night') opens the rescue narrative. Saul's surveillance (φυλάξαι … τοῦ θανατῶσαι) is countered by Michal's urgent conditional warning; the emphatic σύ and the future-passive threat θανατωθήσῃ press the life-or-death stakes.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit happenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal frame)→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'happen / come to pass'; καὶ ἐγενήθη + temporal phrase renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי, setting the episode in time.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (with νυκτί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νυκτὶnightDativedative of time (locative-temporal)→ sphere or referenceνύξ: 'night'; renders לַיְלָה; the cover of night frames both Saul's siege and David's escape.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying νυκτί)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; renders הַהוּא; pins the action to the night following the spear-attack.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (Hebraizing apodotic καί after the temporal frame)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodotic καί following καὶ ἐγενήθη is a Hebraism reproducing the וַ that resumes the main action after a temporal clause.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἀποστέλλω: 'send'; renders שָׁלַח; Saul dispatches a watch-party to David's house — the verb recurs at vv. 14, 20, 21.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationἄγγελος: 'messenger / agent'; renders מַלְאָךְ; here human royal agents (not angels) sent to seize David.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; David's own home, now placed under watch.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'house of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable: 'house of David').
φυλάξαιto watch / guardAor Act Inf · φυλάσσωinfinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: 'watch / guard / keep'; the active infinitive here means 'keep watch over (David)' — to ensure he cannot flee before morning.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of φυλάξαι (= David)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; David, the one watched.
τοῦin orderGenitivearticular-infinitive marker (genitive of purpose)→ relational specificationὁ (gen. τοῦ + infinitive): the articular infinitive of purpose, a frequent LXX construction rendering Hebrew לְ + infinitive.
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωpurpose infinitive (with τοῦ)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death'; the leitmotif verb — Saul's intent is now nakedly murderous despite his oath of v. 6.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of θανατῶσαι (= David)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θανατῶσαι (= David).
πρωίin the morningadverb of time→ clausal contributionπρωΐ: 'in the morning / at dawn'; renders בַּבֹּקֶר; the planned hour of execution, echoed in Michal's αὔριον.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative — Michal's counter-action against Saul's plan.
ἀπήγγειλενtold / reportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce / bring word'; renders נָגַד (Hiphil); the verb of formal reporting recurs in the chapter for the war-dispatches (vv. 18, 22); here it carries the private but explosive news of pregnancy.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the name Δαυιδ as indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Δαυιδto DavidDativeindirect object (indeclinable, dative by article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜελχολMichalsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΜελχολ: transliteration of Hebrew מִיכַל; indeclinable; Saul's daughter and David's wife (18:27), here his rescuer.
theNominativearticle (with γυνή, in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwifeNominativenominative in apposition to Μελχολ→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה; 'his wife' underlines the poignant family conflict — Saul's own daughter saves David from Saul.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (= David)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (= David).
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (fem. ptcp.): redundant λέγουσα (= לֵאמֹר) introducing Michal's words.
ἐὰνifconditional particle (with μή: 'unless')→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with μή forms 'unless'; introduces the protasis of a third-class condition (future likely).
μὴnotnegative particle (with ἐάν: 'unless')→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: subjunctive negative; ἐὰν μή = 'unless / if … not.'
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic; foregrounds David's own agency — he must act now to live.
σώσῃςyou saveAor Act Subj 2 Sg · σῴζωverb of protasis (third-class condition)→ verbal action or stateσῴζω: 'save / rescue / preserve'; renders מִלֵּט (Piel); σῴζειν τὴν ψυχήν = 'save one's life.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of σώσῃς→ object specificationψυχή: 'life / soul'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the object of saving — David's very life is at stake.
σαυτοῦyour ownGenitivereflexive pronoun (genitive of possession)→ relational specificationσεαυτοῦ (contr. σαυτοῦ): reflexive 'yourself / your own'; intensifies 'your own life.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with νύκτα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of time (duration: 'this night')→ object specificationνύξ: 'night'; the accusative of extent — the action must happen within this very night.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying νύκτα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the immediate, decisive night.
αὔριονtomorrowadverb of time→ clausal contributionαὔριον: 'tomorrow'; matches Saul's planned πρωί — by daybreak it will be too late.
θανατωθήσῃyou will be put to deathFut Pass Indic 2 Sg · θανατόωmain verb of apodosis→ verbal action or stateθανατόω (fut. pass.): 'be put to death'; the passive places David as victim of Saul's scheme — the threat that drives the escape.
12

καὶ κατάγει ἡ Μελχολ τὸν Δαυιδ διὰ τῆς θυρίδος καὶ ἀπῆλθεν καὶ ἔφυγεν καὶ σῴζεται

And Michal let David down through the window, and he went off and fled and was saved.

The escape executed (main line; historic presents)καὶ κατάγει ἡ Μελχολ τὸν Δαυιδ
The historic present κατάγει ('lets down') makes the rescue vivid; a rapid chain (ἀπῆλθεν … ἔφυγεν … σῴζεται) registers the successful flight, closing again on the deliverance-refrain (σῴζεται, cf. διεσώθη v. 10).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατάγειlets down / lowersPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατάγωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateκατάγω: 'bring down / lower'; renders הוֹרִיד (Hiphil of ירד); the historic present dramatizes Michal lowering David from the window.
theNominativearticle (with the name Μελχολ as subject)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article preceding the indeclinable Μελχολ marks its nominative subject function.
ΜελχολMichalsubject (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΜελχολ: indeclinable; the active agent of the rescue.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with object Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeobject of κατάγει (indeclinable with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (of passage)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through'; marks the window as the route of escape.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with θυρίδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυρίδοςwindowGenitivegenitive object of διά→ relational specificationθυρίς: 'window / opening'; renders חַלּוֹן; the diminutive of θύρα ('door'); cf. the parallel escape of the spies through Rahab's window (Josh 2:15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενwent offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ verbal action or stateἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; renders הָלַךְ; David quits his house and the city.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ verbal action or stateφεύγω: 'flee'; renders בָּרַח; David's flight begins his long fugitive years.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σῴζεταιwas saved / escapedPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb (historic present, deliverance-refrain)→ verbal action or stateσῴζω: 'save / rescue'; the present σῴζεται ('is saved / escapes') vividly seals the rescue, echoing the deliverance-refrain of vv. 10, 17, 18.
13

καὶ ἔλαβεν ἡ Μελχολ τὰ κενοτάφια καὶ ἔθετο ἐπὶ τὴν κλίνην καὶ ἧπαρ τῶν αἰγῶν ἔθετο πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκάλυψεν αὐτὰ ἱματίῳ

And Michal took the household idol and laid it on the bed, and she put a goat's liver at its head, and covered them with a garment.

The decoy in the bed (main line)καὶ ἔλαβεν ἡ Μελχολ τὰ κενοτάφια
Michal's ruse is staged with a chain of aorists (ἔλαβεν … ἔθετο … ἔθετο … ἐκάλυψεν). The LXX's κενοτάφια ('empty images / cenotaphs') renders Hebrew תְּרָפִים (household idol), and the ἧπαρ τῶν αἰγῶν ('goat's liver') at the head likely renders the obscure Hebrew כְּבִיר הָעִזִּים ('quilt/net of goats'-hair'), creating a lifelike dummy under the cloth.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: 'take / get'; renders לָקַח; Michal takes the household idol to fashion the decoy.
theNominativearticle (with the name Μελχολ as subject)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜελχολMichalsubject (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΜελχολ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with κενοτάφια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κενοτάφιαhousehold idol / imageAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationκενοτάφια: meaning 'household idol'; it serves as direct object of ἔλαβεν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετοlaid / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ verbal action or stateτίθημι (mid.): 'put / lay'; renders שָׂם/שִׁית; Michal lays the idol on the bed in David's stead.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (onto).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κλίνην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίνηνbedAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκλίνη: 'bed / couch'; renders מִטָּה; the bed where the messengers expect to find the sick David.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἧπαρliverAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο (fronted)→ object specificationἧπαρ: 'liver'; the LXX understood the obscure Hebrew כְּבִיר הָעִזִּים (commonly 'a quilt/net of goats'-hair') as ἧπαρ τῶν αἰγῶν ('liver of goats'), perhaps to lend the dummy a lifelike pulsing/warmth at the head.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with αἰγῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰγῶνof goatsGenitivegenitive of material/source (with ἧπαρ)→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; renders עֵז; the goats supply the liver (or, per the Hebrew, the hair) used in the deception.
ἔθετοput / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (repeated)→ verbal action or stateτίθημι (mid.): the repeated ἔθετο underlines the careful staging of the decoy.
πρὸςatpreposition + genitive (position: 'at the head')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + gen.: rare locative use 'at / near'; πρὸς κεφαλῆς = 'at the head (of the bed).'
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive object of πρός (position)→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ('at its/his head') renders מְרַאֲשֹׁתָיו ('at his head-place'); the liver simulates a sleeper's head.
αὐτοῦits / hisGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to the figure in the bed)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; refers to the idol/dummy posed as the sleeping David.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλυψενcoveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλύπτωmain verb→ verbal action or stateκαλύπτω: 'cover / conceal'; renders כִּסָּה; the covering completes the illusion of a sleeping man.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλυψεν (neuter plural: idol + liver)→ participant referenceαὐτός: neuter plural accusative, agreeing with the neuter κενοτάφια (and the assemblage of decoy items).
ἱματίῳwith a garmentDativedative of means (instrumental)→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak / cloth'; renders בֶּגֶד; the covering cloth completes the deception.
14

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαουλ ἀγγέλους λαβεῖν τὸν Δαυιδ καὶ λέγουσιν ἐνοχλεῖσθαι αὐτόν

And Saul sent messengers to take David, and they said that he was sick.

First inspection: the 'sick' report (main line)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαουλ ἀγγέλους
Saul now sends to seize David directly (λαβεῖν); the household's reply (here λέγουσιν, picking up Michal's claim) that David is ill (ἐνοχλεῖσθαι) buys time. The historic present λέγουσιν keeps the scene immediate.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἀποστέλλω: 'send'; renders שָׁלַח; Saul dispatches the agents to fetch David.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationἄγγελος: 'messenger / agent'; the royal agents sent to arrest David.
λαβεῖνto take / seizeAor Act Inf · λαμβάνωinfinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: 'take / seize / arrest'; the purpose of the mission — to bring David in for execution.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with object Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeobject of λαβεῖν (indeclinable with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historic present, + infinitive of indirect statement)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: 'say'; here introducing indirect discourse with the infinitive ἐνοχλεῖσθαι; the subject is the household (Michal's people) relaying the cover-story that David is sick.
ἐνοχλεῖσθαιto be sick / unwellPres Pass Inf · ἐνοχλέωinfinitive of indirect statement (object of λέγουσιν)→ verbal action or stateἐνοχλέω: 'trouble / annoy'; in the passive 'be afflicted / be ill'; here renders the Hebrew note that David is חֹלֶה ('sick'); the cover-story to delay the arrest.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive (= David)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative-with-infinitive subject; 'that he was sick.'
15

καὶ ἀποστέλλει ἐπὶ τὸν Δαυιδ λέγων ἀγάγετε αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῆς κλίνης πρός με τοῦ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν

And he sent to David, saying, 'Bring him to me on the bed, that I may put him to death.'

Saul's second order (main line + direct speech)καὶ ἀποστέλλει ἐπὶ τὸν Δαυιδ
Saul, undeterred by the illness, orders David brought 'bed and all' — the chilling ἀγάγετε αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῆς κλίνης … τοῦ θανατῶσαι exposes his murderous resolve, which the next verse will frustrate. Historic present ἀποστέλλει sustains immediacy.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστέλλειsendsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the present sustains narrative vividness as Saul sends the agents back.
ἐπὶto / forpreposition + accusative (goal of the mission)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'to / after (David)' — the agents are sent for David.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): redundant λέγων (= לֵאמֹר) introducing Saul's command.
ἀγάγετεbringAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἄγωmain verb (command to the agents)→ verbal action or stateἄγω: 'lead / bring'; renders הֶעֱלוּ/הָבִיאוּ; Saul orders the sick man hauled to him.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀγάγετε (= David)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative; David, to be brought.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position: 'on the bed')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'upon / on'; David is to be carried bed and all.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with κλίνης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίνηςbedGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (position)→ relational specificationκλίνη: 'bed'; the very bed that hides the decoy — Saul unknowingly orders the dummy fetched.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= Saul)→ participant referenceἐγώ: enclitic accusative; David is to be brought to Saul personally.
τοῦin orderGenitivearticular-infinitive marker (genitive of purpose)→ relational specificationὁ (gen. τοῦ + infinitive): purpose construction, 'so as to / in order to.'
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωpurpose infinitive (with τοῦ)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death'; Saul's naked statement of intent — the chapter's leitmotif of murder.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of θανατῶσαι (= David)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θανατῶσαι (= David).
16

καὶ ἔρχονται οἱ ἄγγελοι καὶ ἰδοὺ τὰ κενοτάφια ἐπὶ τῆς κλίνης καὶ ἧπαρ τῶν αἰγῶν πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ

And the messengers came, and behold, the household idol was on the bed, with a goat's liver at its head.

Discovery of the ruse (main line; presentative ἰδού)καὶ ἔρχονται οἱ ἄγγελοι
The deception is exposed. The historic present ἔρχονται and the presentative ἰδού ('behold') reproduce the messengers' viewpoint as they find — instead of David — the idol and goat's liver, echoing verbatim the staging of v. 13.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχονταιcomePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; the present dramatizes the messengers' arrival at the moment of exposure.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄγγελοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄγγελοιmessengersNominativesubject of ἔρχονται→ participant prominenceἄγγελος: 'messenger / agent'; the same arrest-party, now discovering the trick.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing presentative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; presents the scene from the messengers' startled perspective.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with κενοτάφια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κενοτάφιαhousehold idol / imageNominativesubject of verbless presentative clause→ participant prominenceκενοτάφιον (pl.): 'empty image / cenotaph'; the LXX's rendering of תְּרָפִים; found in the bed instead of David.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with κλίνης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλίνηςbedGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (position)→ relational specificationκλίνη: 'bed'; the bed yields the decoy, not the man.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἧπαρliverNominativesubject of verbless clause (parallel to κενοτάφια)→ participant prominenceἧπαρ: 'liver'; the goat's liver at the head, completing the description that matches v. 13 verbatim.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with αἰγῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰγῶνof goatsGenitivegenitive of material/source (with ἧπαρ)→ relational specificationαἴξ: 'goat'; renders עֵז; supplies the liver of the decoy.
πρὸςatpreposition + genitive (position: 'at the head')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + gen.: locative 'at / by'; πρὸς κεφαλῆς = 'at the head.'
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive object of πρός (position)→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; πρὸς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ('at its head'), repeating v. 13.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to the dummy)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; refers to the figure posed in the bed.
17

καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ τῇ Μελχολ ἵνα τί οὕτως παρελογίσω με καὶ ἐξαπέστειλας τὸν ἐχθρόν μου καὶ διεσώθη καὶ εἶπεν Μελχολ τῷ Σαουλ αὐτὸς εἶπεν ἐξαπόστειλόν με εἰ δὲ μή θανατώσω σε

And Saul said to Michal, 'Why have you deceived me thus and sent away my enemy, so that he escaped?' And Michal said to Saul, 'He himself said, "Let me go, or else I will kill you."'

Confrontation and Michal's self-protective lie (main line + nested direct speech)καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ τῇ Μελχολ
Saul's reproach (ἵνα τί … παρελογίσω με) accuses Michal of deception in aiding 'my enemy.' Her reply shields herself with a fabricated threat attributed to David (αὐτὸς εἶπεν … θανατώσω σε), a nested quotation; the contrast with Jonathan's honest advocacy is sharp.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Saul's angry interrogation.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τῇtheDativearticle (with the name Μελχολ as indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Μελχολto Michalindirect object (indeclinable, dative by article)→ participant identificationΜελχολ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵναwhyinterrogative (with τί: 'why?')→ clausal contributionἵνα τί: 'why?'; the reproachful interrogative rendering לָמָּה.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with ἵνα: 'why')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; with ἵνα = 'for what reason.'
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; renders כָּכָה; intensifies the reproach ('deceived me like this').
παρελογίσωyou deceivedAor Mid Indic 2 Sg · παραλογίζομαιmain verb of the question→ verbal action or stateπαραλογίζομαι: 'deceive / delude / cheat by false reasoning'; renders רִמָּה; Saul charges Michal with trickery.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of παρελογίσω (= Saul)→ participant referenceἐγώ: enclitic accusative; Saul as the one deceived.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαπέστειλαςyou sent awayAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / let go / release'; the compound intensifies שִׁלַּח; Saul accuses Michal of actively releasing his enemy.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐχθρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθρόνenemyAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπέστειλας→ object specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy / foe'; renders אֹיֵב; Saul's labeling of David as 'my enemy' reveals how complete the breach has become.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship (= Saul's enemy)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (= Saul's enemy).
καὶso that / andcoordinate conjunction (consecutive in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here with resultative force ('and so he escaped').
διεσώθηhe escapedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · διασῴζωmain verb (deliverance-refrain)→ verbal action or stateδιασῴζω: 'bring safely through / escape'; the recurring refrain (cf. vv. 10, 12, 18) — David is again 'delivered.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing Michal's reply)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Michal's exculpatory answer.
ΜελχολMichalsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜελχολ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τῷtheDativearticle (with the name Σαουλ as indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαουλto Saulindirect object (indeclinable, dative by article)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject of nested quotation (emphatic, = David)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: emphatic 'he himself'; Michal shifts blame onto David, claiming his initiative and threat.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of Michal's quotation (introducing nested speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces the (fabricated) words Michal attributes to David.
ἐξαπόστειλόνlet me go / send awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (imperative within nested quotation)→ verbal action or stateἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / release'; the imperative is David's supposed demand to be let go.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπόστειλόν (= David, the supposed speaker)→ participant referenceἐγώ: enclitic accusative; within the nested speech, David asks Michal to release him.
εἰifconditional particle (with δὲ μή: 'otherwise')→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ δὲ μή: 'but if not / otherwise'; a fixed idiom introducing the alternative consequence.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive, in the idiom εἰ δὲ μή)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive; part of the idiom εἰ δὲ μή ('otherwise').
μήnotnegative particle (in the idiom εἰ δὲ μή)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: completes the idiom 'otherwise / if not.'
θανατώσωI will killFut Act Indic 1 Sg · θανατόωmain verb of apodosis (within nested quotation)→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death'; the threat Michal claims David made — a self-serving fiction to deflect Saul's wrath.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of θανατώσω (= Michal, the supposed addressee)→ participant referenceσύ: enclitic accusative; in the fabricated quotation, Michal is the one David supposedly threatened.
18

καὶ Δαυιδ ἔφυγεν καὶ διεσώθη καὶ παραγίνεται πρὸς Σαμουηλ εἰς Αρμαθαιμ καὶ ἀπαγγέλλει αὐτῷ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν αὐτῷ Σαουλ καὶ ἐπορεύθη Δαυιδ καὶ Σαμουηλ καὶ ἐκάθισαν ἐν Ναυαθ ἐν Ραμα

And David fled and escaped and came to Samuel at Armathaim, and told him all that Saul had done to him; and David and Samuel went and settled at Naioth in Ramah.

New episode (section D): flight to Samuel (main line)καὶ Δαυιδ ἔφυγεν καὶ διεσώθη
David's flight reaches the prophet Samuel at Armathaim (Ramah). The deliverance-refrain (ἔφυγεν … διεσώθη) recurs; the shift to historic presents (παραγίνεται, ἀπαγγέλλει) brings the encounter near, and the move to Naioth (Ναυαθ) sets the stage for the Spirit-overthrow of vv. 19–24.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ verbal action or stateφεύγω: 'flee'; David's continued flight, now toward refuge with Samuel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεσώθηescapedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · διασῴζωmain verb (deliverance-refrain)→ verbal action or stateδιασῴζω: 'be delivered / escape'; the third occurrence of the refrain in this episode (cf. vv. 10, 12, 17).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραγίνεταιcomes / arrivesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραγίνομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateπαραγίνομαι: 'come / arrive / be present'; renders בּוֹא; David reaches Samuel, his earliest patron (cf. 16:13).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΣαμουηλSamuelaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁמוּאֵל; indeclinable; the prophet who anointed both Saul and David, now David's refuge.
εἰςto / atpreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΑρμαθαιμArmathaim / Ramahaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑρμαθαιμ: transliteration of Hebrew הָרָמָתַיִם / רָמָה (Ramathaim, i.e. Ramah); indeclinable; Samuel's home town (cf. 1:1; 7:17).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπαγγέλλειtells / reportsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / tell'; David recounts Saul's persecution to Samuel.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (= Samuel)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; Samuel as recipient of the report.
πάνταallAccusativedirect object (substantival neuter plural: 'all things')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the full account of Saul's actions.
ὅσαwhatever / as much asAccusativerelative pronoun (introducing the relative clause defining πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; πάντα ὅσα ('all that') renders כֹּל אֲשֶׁר, a fixed comprehensive relative.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ verbal action or stateποιέω: 'do / make'; recounts the totality of Saul's hostile deeds.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object / dative of disadvantage (= David)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; David as the one against whom Saul acted.
ΣαουλSaulsubject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (singular with compound subject)→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι (aor. pass. dep.): 'go / proceed'; renders הָלַךְ; the singular verb agrees with the nearer subject (Δαυιδ) of the compound pair.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable, first of compound subject)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable, first of compound subject).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining compound subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαμουηλSamuelsubject (indeclinable, second of compound subject)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable, second of compound subject).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισανsettled / stayedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καθίζωmain verb (plural with compound subject)→ verbal action or stateκαθίζω: 'sit / settle / dwell'; renders יָשַׁב; David and Samuel take up residence at Naioth.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΝαυαθNaiothobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΝαυαθ: transliteration of Hebrew נָיוֹת ('Naioth', the prophetic settlement/'dwellings' at Ramah); indeclinable.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, specifying Ραμα)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, specifying Ραμα).
ΡαμαRamahobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡαμα: transliteration of Hebrew רָמָה ('Ramah', = Armathaim); indeclinable; Naioth lies within Ramah, Samuel's town.
19

καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαουλ λέγοντες ἰδοὺ Δαυιδ ἐν Ναυαθ ἐν Ραμα

And it was reported to Saul, saying, 'Behold, David is at Naioth in Ramah.'

Report reaches Saul (main line + direct speech)καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαουλ
The passive ἀπηγγέλη ('it was reported') with the loosely attached plural participle λέγοντες (a Hebraizing constructio ad sensum) conveys the informants' message; the presentative ἰδού locates David precisely, prompting Saul's pursuit in vv. 20ff.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηγγέληit was reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal passive)→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω (aor. pass. ἀπηγγέλη): 'it was reported / word was brought'; renders the Hebrew passive/impersonal הֻגַּד; news of David's whereabouts reaches Saul.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the name Σαουλ as indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαουλto Saulindirect object (indeclinable, dative by article)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (nominative plural, constructio ad sensum)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (ptcp.): the nominative plural λέγοντες loosely attaches to the impersonal passive (= 'people saying'), a Hebraizing idiom (= לֵאמֹר) introducing the quotation.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; presents David's location to Saul.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of verbless clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of verbless clause (indeclinable).
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΝαυαθNaiothobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΝαυαθ: indeclinable; the prophetic settlement at Ramah where David has taken refuge.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΡαμαRamahobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡαμα: indeclinable; Samuel's town.
20

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαουλ ἀγγέλους λαβεῖν τὸν Δαυιδ καὶ εἶδαν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τῶν προφητῶν καὶ Σαμουηλ εἱστήκει καθεστηκὼς ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀγγέλους τοῦ Σαουλ πνεῦμα θεοῦ καὶ προφητεύουσιν

And Saul sent messengers to take David; and they saw the assembly of the prophets, and Samuel was standing, set over them; and the Spirit of God came upon Saul's messengers, and they prophesied.

First relay overcome by the Spirit (main line)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαουλ ἀγγέλους λαβεῖν τὸν Δαυιδ
Saul's first arrest-party, on seeing the prophetic ἐκκλησία with Samuel presiding (εἱστήκει καθεστηκὼς ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν), is itself seized by the πνεῦμα θεοῦ and falls to prophesying — the same Spirit-language as the tormenting πνεῦμα of v. 9, but now overpowering Saul's agents and thwarting his design from within.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Saul dispatches the first of three relays to seize David.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationἄγγελος: 'messenger / agent'; the arrest-party.
λαβεῖνto takeAor Act Inf · λαμβάνωinfinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; the mission's purpose — to arrest David.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with object Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidAccusativeobject of λαβεῖν (indeclinable with article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδανthey sawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (the messengers as subject)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (Hellenistic aor. εἶδαν, for εἶδον): 'see'; the agents catch sight of the prophetic gathering.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐκκλησίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκκλησίανassembly / companyAccusativedirect object of εἶδαν→ object specificationἐκκλησία: 'assembly / congregation'; here renders לַהֲקַת ('company / band') of the prophets — a gathered prophetic guild.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with προφητῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivegenitive (of the assembly's members)→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; the prophetic band associated with Samuel at Naioth (cf. 10:5–10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαμουηλSamuelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
εἱστήκειwas standingPluperf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (stative pluperfect)→ verbal action or stateἵστημι (pluperf. εἱστήκει, with imperfect sense): 'was standing'; the intransitive pluperfect of ἵστημι functions as a stative imperfect — Samuel stood presiding over the prophets.
καθεστηκὼςset / appointed (over them)Perf Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · καθίστημιcircumstantial participle (with εἱστήκει: 'standing as one appointed')→ verbal action or stateκαθίστημι (perf. ptcp.): 'set / appoint / establish'; the perfect participle marks Samuel's settled role as the one set in charge (ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν, 'over them') of the prophetic band.
ἐπ᾿overpreposition + genitive (of authority: 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'over / in charge of'; specifies Samuel's leadership of the prophets.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (= the prophets)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; the prophets whom Samuel oversees.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηcameAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (onset of the Spirit)→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'come about / come upon'; ἐγενήθη … πνεῦμα θεοῦ ('the Spirit of God came') echoes v. 9, but now the divine Spirit seizes Saul's agents for prophecy, not torment.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (of incidence)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (of incidence).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀγγέλους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄγγελος: 'messenger'; Saul's agents, now overpowered by the Spirit.
τοῦthe / ofGenitivearticle (with the name Σαουλ as genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαουλof Saulgenitive of possession (indeclinable, with article: 'Saul's')→ participant identificationΣαουλ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubject of ἐγενήθη→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; renders רוּחַ; the divine Spirit of prophecy seizing the messengers.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source (with πνεῦμα)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; πνεῦμα θεοῦ, the Spirit by whose power they prophesy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προφητεύουσινthey prophesyPres Act Indic 3 Pl · προφητεύωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateπροφητεύω: 'prophesy / speak/act in prophetic ecstasy'; renders הִתְנַבֵּא; the messengers fall into prophetic frenzy, unable to fulfil their arrest mission.
21

καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαουλ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ἀγγέλους ἑτέρους καὶ ἐπροφήτευσαν καὶ αὐτοί καὶ προσέθετο Σαουλ ἀποστεῖλαι ἀγγέλους τρίτους καὶ ἐπροφήτευσαν καὶ αὐτοί

And it was reported to Saul, and he sent other messengers, and they too prophesied; and Saul sent yet a third set of messengers, and they too prophesied.

Second and third relays likewise overcome (main line; threefold repetition)καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαουλ
The threefold pattern (ἑτέρους … τρίτους), each ending καὶ ἐπροφήτευσαν καὶ αὐτοί ('and they too prophesied'), builds an emphatic crescendo: every attempt to seize David collapses into prophecy. The Hebraizing προσέθετο … ἀποστεῖλαι ('again sent') marks Saul's escalating, futile persistence.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηγγέληit was reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal passive)→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω (aor. pass.): 'it was reported'; news of the first failure reaches Saul.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the name Σαουλ as indirect object)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαουλto Saulindirect object (indeclinable, dative by article)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Saul dispatches a second party.
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationἄγγελος: 'messenger / agent'; the second arrest-party.
ἑτέρουςotherAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀγγέλους)→ object specificationἕτερος: 'other / another (set)'; renders אֲחֵרִים; marks the second relay.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπροφήτευσανthey prophesiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προφητεύωmain verb→ verbal action or stateπροφητεύω: 'prophesy'; the second party suffers the same fate as the first.
καὶalso / tooadverbial conjunction (ascensive: 'also')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: ascensive 'also / even'; καὶ αὐτοί ('they too') marks the repetition of the pattern.
αὐτοίthey (themselves)Nominativeintensive pronoun (subject: 'they too')→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive nominative; 'they themselves also' — the second group is no exception.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσέθετοagain / proceededAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (auxiliary of repetition + infinitive)→ verbal action or stateπροστίθημι (mid.): the idiom προσέθετο + infinitive ('did again') renders the Hebrew auxiliary יָסַף; Saul tries a third time.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἀποστεῖλαιto sendAor Act Inf · ἀποστέλλωcomplementary infinitive (with προσέθετο)→ verbal action or stateἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the complementary infinitive in the 'do-again' idiom — Saul sends a third time.
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect object of ἀποστεῖλαι→ object specificationἄγγελος: 'messenger'; the third arrest-party.
τρίτουςa third (set)Accusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀγγέλους)→ object specificationτρίτος: 'third'; renders שְׁלִשִׁים; marks the climactic third relay before Saul himself goes (v. 22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπροφήτευσανthey prophesiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προφητεύωmain verb→ verbal action or stateπροφητεύω: 'prophesy'; the third party also succumbs, completing the threefold frustration of Saul's design.
καὶalso / tooadverbial conjunction (ascensive: 'also')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: ascensive; καὶ αὐτοί repeats the refrain.
αὐτοίthey (themselves)Nominativeintensive pronoun (subject: 'they too')→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive nominative; 'they themselves also' — the third group like the rest.
22

καὶ ἐθυμώθη ὀργῇ Σαουλ καὶ ἐπορεύθη καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς Αρμαθαιμ καὶ ἔρχεται ἕως τοῦ φρέατος τοῦ ἅλω τοῦ ἐν τῷ Σεφι καὶ ἠρώτησεν καὶ εἶπεν ποῦ Σαμουηλ καὶ Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπαν ἰδοὺ ἐν Ναυαθ ἐν Ραμα

And Saul was enraged with anger, and he too went to Armathaim, and came as far as the well of the threshing-floor that is in Sephi, and he asked and said, 'Where are Samuel and David?' And they said, 'Behold, at Naioth in Ramah.'

Saul goes in person (main line + dialogue)καὶ ἐθυμώθη ὀργῇ Σαουλ
Saul's fury (ἐθυμώθη ὀργῇ, a cognate intensifier) drives him to go himself (καὶ αὐτός). The itinerary detail (the well of the threshing-floor at Sephi) and the brief Q-and-A (ποῦ Σαμουηλ καὶ Δαυιδ; … ἰδοὺ ἐν Ναυαθ ἐν Ραμα) heighten suspense before the king's own overthrow in v. 23.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμώθηwas enragedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θυμόωmain verb (+ cognate dative)→ verbal action or stateθυμόω (pass. 'become angry'): renders חָרָה; with the cognate-style dative ὀργῇ ('with anger') it forms an emphatic Hebraism intensifying Saul's wrath.
ὀργῇwith angerDativedative of manner (intensifying ἐθυμώθη)→ sphere or referenceὀργή: 'anger / wrath'; the dative ὀργῇ with ἐθυμώθη ('was angered with anger') reproduces a Hebrew emphatic/cognate construction.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι (aor. pass. dep.): 'go'; Saul now goes himself, having failed through agents.
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction (ascensive: 'even/also he himself')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: ascensive with αὐτός ('he too / he himself').
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject: 'he himself')→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive nominative; emphasizes that the king came in person.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΑρμαθαιμArmathaim / Ramahaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑρμαθαιμ: indeclinable; Ramathaim/Ramah, Samuel's town.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the present makes Saul's approach vivid.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent: 'up to')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / up to'; renders עַד; marks the extent of Saul's journey.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with φρέατος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρέατοςwell / cisternGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationφρέαρ: 'well / cistern / pit'; renders בּוֹר; a topographic landmark on Saul's route.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἅλω)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅλωthreshing-floorGenitivegenitive of relationship (with φρέατος: 'well of the threshing-floor')→ relational specificationἅλως: 'threshing-floor'; renders גֹּרֶן; the well 'of the great threshing-floor' (cf. Hebrew בּוֹר הַגָּדוֹל אֲשֶׁר בַּשֶּׂכוּ) is a local landmark.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantizing the following prepositional phrase: 'that is in Sephi')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article + ἐν-phrase forms an attributive ('the [well] that is in Sephi').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative, attributive phrase)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, attributive phrase).
τῷtheDativearticle (with the place-name Σεφι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣεφιSephi / Secuobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣεφι: transliteration of Hebrew שֶּׂכוּ ('Secu'); indeclinable place-name near Ramah where the great well lay.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠρώτησενaskedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἐρωτάω: 'ask / inquire'; renders שָׁאַל; Saul inquires after Samuel and David.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing the question)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces Saul's direct question.
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb of place→ clausal contributionποῦ: 'where?'; renders אֵיפֹה; the locative interrogative seeking Samuel and David.
ΣαμουηλSamuelsubject of verbless question (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαμουηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of verbless question (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining compound subject)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject of verbless question (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of verbless question (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing the reply)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (Hellenistic aor. εἶπαν, for εἶπον): 'they said'; the bystanders answer Saul.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; presents the location in reply.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΝαυαθNaiothobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΝαυαθ: indeclinable; the prophetic settlement at Ramah.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΡαμαRamahobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡαμα: indeclinable; Samuel's town, where Naioth lies.
23

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐκεῖθεν εἰς Ναυαθ ἐν Ραμα καὶ ἐγενήθη καὶ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ πνεῦμα θεοῦ καὶ ἐπορεύετο προφητεύων ἕως τοῦ ἐλθεῖν αὐτὸν εἰς Ναυαθ ἐν Ραμα

And he went from there to Naioth in Ramah, and the Spirit of God came upon him too, and he went on prophesying until he came to Naioth in Ramah.

Saul himself overcome by the Spirit (main line)καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐκεῖθεν
The climax: the Spirit of God comes upon Saul himself (ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ … πνεῦμα θεοῦ), and the imperfect ἐπορεύετο προφητεύων ('kept going, prophesying') depicts the king prophesying the whole way to Naioth — utterly disarmed by the very God whose anointed he pursues.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: 'go'; Saul proceeds from Sephi toward Naioth.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; renders מִשָּׁם; from the well at Sephi.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΝαυαθNaiothaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΝαυαθ: indeclinable; Saul's destination.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΡαμαRamahobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡαμα: indeclinable; Samuel's town.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηcameAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (onset of the Spirit)→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'come upon'; ἐγενήθη … ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ πνεῦμα θεοῦ — now Saul himself, not just his agents, is seized.
καὶalso / tooadverbial conjunction (ascensive: 'upon him too')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: ascensive 'also / even'; underscores that the Spirit came on Saul himself, like the messengers before him.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + dative (of incidence)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'upon'; locates the Spirit's coming on Saul.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐπί (= Saul)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative; Saul, the recipient of the Spirit.
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubject of ἐγενήθη→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; renders רוּחַ; the divine Spirit of prophecy.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source (with πνεῦμα)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; πνεῦμα θεοῦ, the very Spirit Saul cannot resist.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύετοhe went onImperf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (durative)→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι (impf. ἐπορεύετο): 'go / proceed'; the imperfect depicts Saul's continuous progress while prophesying.
προφητεύωνprophesyingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · προφητεύωcircumstantial participle of manner (with ἐπορεύετο)→ verbal action or stateπροφητεύω (ptcp.): 'prophesying'; the participle of manner — Saul travels the whole way in prophetic ecstasy.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with τοῦ ἐλθεῖν renders עַד בֹּאוֹ ('until he came').
τοῦtheGenitivearticular-infinitive marker (genitive, temporal)→ relational specificationὁ (gen. τοῦ + infinitive): forms the temporal articular infinitive with ἕως.
ἐλθεῖνto come / comingAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιinfinitive of the temporal clause (with ἕως τοῦ)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come'; the articular infinitive completes 'until his coming to Naioth.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive (= Saul)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative subject of ἐλθεῖν ('until he came').
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΝαυαθNaiothaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΝαυαθ: indeclinable; Saul reaches the prophetic settlement still prophesying.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΡαμαRamahobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡαμα: indeclinable; Samuel's town.
24

καὶ ἐξεδύσατο τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπροφήτευσεν ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν καὶ ἔπεσεν γυμνὸς ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην καὶ ὅλην τὴν νύκτα διὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγον εἰ καὶ Σαουλ ἐν προφήταις

And he stripped off his garments and prophesied before them, and fell down naked all that day and all the night. Therefore they used to say, 'Is Saul also among the prophets?'

Climax and aetiology of the proverb (main line + narratorial explanation)καὶ ἐξεδύσατο τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ
Saul's overthrow is total: he strips off the royal garments and lies prostrate, naked, a full day and night, prophesying before Samuel's company. The narrator's διὰ τοῦτο ('therefore') introduces the aetiology of the proverb εἰ καὶ Σαουλ ἐν προφήταις ('Is Saul also among the prophets?', cf. 10:11–12) — here in the LXX phrased as an astonished question. The iterative imperfect ἔλεγον marks it as a recurring popular saying.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεδύσατοstripped offAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐκδύωmain verb→ verbal action or stateἐκδύω (mid.): 'strip / take off (one's own clothes)'; renders פָּשַׁט; Saul removes his garments — including the royal attire, a symbolic divesting of kingly dignity.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἱμάτια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of ἐξεδύσατο→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / robe'; renders בֶּגֶד; the king's outer clothing, whose removal dramatizes his humiliation.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (= Saul)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (= Saul).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπροφήτευσενprophesiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προφητεύωmain verb→ verbal action or stateπροφητεύω: 'prophesy / be in prophetic ecstasy'; Saul, the persecutor, ends up prophesying before Samuel — the ultimate reversal.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism (= לִפְנֵי); Saul prophesies in full view of the prophets.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (= Samuel and the prophets)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive; the prophetic company before whom Saul lies.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfell downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ verbal action or stateπίπτω: 'fall'; renders נָפַל; Saul collapses in ecstatic prostration.
γυμνὸςnakedNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔπεσεν: 'fell naked')→ participant prominenceγυμνός: 'naked / stripped'; renders עָרֹם; whether wholly naked or stripped of the royal robe, the image is of utter abasement of the king.
ὅληνwhole / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέραν)→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire'; renders כֹּל; emphasizes the duration of Saul's incapacity.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of duration of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of extent — 'all that day.'
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέραν)→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; pins the duration to the day of Saul's overthrow.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅληνwhole / allAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying νύκτα)→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole'; the duration extends through the night as well.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with νύκτα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of duration of time→ object specificationνύξ: 'night'; the accusative of extent — 'all the night,' completing the full day-and-night prostration.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal, with τοῦτο)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of'; διὰ τοῦτο ('therefore') introduces the aetiology of the proverb.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of διά: 'because of this')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; refers to the spectacle of Saul prophesying, which gave rise to the saying.
ἔλεγονthey used to sayImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (iterative imperfect, introducing the proverb)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (impf. ἔλεγον): 'they kept saying / used to say'; the imperfect marks the proverb as a habitual popular saying (cf. its earlier origin at 10:11–12).
εἰ(is) … ?interrogative particle (introducing the proverbial question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: here introducing a direct question of astonishment ('Is …?'), rendering the Hebrew interrogative הֲ(גַם); 'Is Saul also among the prophets?'
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction (ascensive: 'also / even')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: ascensive 'also / even'; renders the גַם of the proverb — astonishment that even Saul is found among the prophets.
ΣαουλSaulsubject of the verbless proverbial question (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of the verbless proverbial question (indeclinable).
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (of association: 'among')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'among / in the company of'; renders בְּ; locates Saul, the king, within the prophetic band.
προφήταιςprophetsDativedative object of ἐν (the prophetic company)→ sphere or referenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; the proverb expresses bewilderment that the persecuting king should join the ranks of the prophets.