Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The First Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 31ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Α′ ΛΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Saul dies on Mount Gilboa, and 1 Kingdoms closes in defeat, grief, and the honor of Jabesh-gilead's loyalty.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 1 Kingdoms 31 (= 1 Samuel 31 MT) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. This is the final chapter of 1 Kingdoms (Α′ Βασιλειῶν), and it brings the whole book to its tragic close: the death of Saul. The narrative falls into four movements: the rout of Israel and the death of Saul and his three sons on Mount Gilboa (vv. 1–6), the flight of Israel and the Philistine occupation of the abandoned cities (v. 7), the Philistines' stripping, beheading, and public display of the bodies (vv. 8–10), and the night-time rescue, cremation, and burial of the corpses by the valiant men of Jabesh-Gilead, followed by a seven-day fast (vv. 11–13). The chapter is dominated by a chain of vivid historic presents (πίπτουσιν, συνάπτουσιν, τύπτουσιν, εὑρίσκουσιν, ἔρχονται, ἀποστρέφουσιν, ἀνέθηκαν, ἀκούουσιν, λαμβάνουσιν), a hallmark of the OG translation of Kingdoms, which renders the Hebrew narrative wayyiqtol chain with a mixture of aorists and dramatic presents. Saul, wounded by the archers (οἱ ἀκοντισταί … τοξόται, v. 3), begs his armor-bearer (ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ) to run him through lest the uncircumcised (οἱ ἀπερίτμητοι) abuse him; the armor-bearer refuses out of fear, and Saul falls on his own sword (ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν, v. 4). The Philistines fasten his body to the wall of Beth-shan (Βαιθσαν) and dedicate his armor in the temple of Astarte (τὸ Ἀσταρτεῖον, v. 10). The closing scene of the loyal men of Jabesh-Gilead recovering the bodies repays the debt owed to Saul for his deliverance of Jabesh in 1 Kingdoms 11. The book ends on a note of national catastrophe and unresolved grief, opening directly onto 2 Kingdoms, where David receives the news of Saul's death and the kingdom passes to him.

1

καὶ οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι ἐπολέμουν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ καὶ ἔφυγον οἱ ἄνδρες Ισραηλ ἐκ προσώπου τῶν ἀλλοφύλων καὶ πίπτουσιν τραυματίαι ἐν τῷ ὄρει τῷ Γελβουε

And the Philistines were warring against Israel, and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and they fall down slain on Mount Gilboa.

Scene-setting (battle report opening the book's final chapter)καὶ οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι ἐπολέμουν
The chapter opens with paratactic καί and an imperfect of ongoing action (ἐπολέμουν), framing the battle as already underway — this is the narrative continuation of the muster at 28:1–4 and 29:1, where the Philistines gathered against Israel. The shift from imperfect (ἐπολέμουν) to aorist (ἔφυγον) to historic present (πίπτουσιν) compresses the rout into vivid immediacy. Mount Gilboa (Γελβουε), named at the verse's close, is the fated battlefield announced in ch. 28.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistines / foreignersNominativesubject (of ἐπολέμουν)→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the standard LXX rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines'), avoiding transliteration; throughout Kingdoms οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι are Israel's archetypal enemy, and here they are the agents of Saul's destruction.
ἐπολέμουνwere warringImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb (durative battle-report)→ verbal action or stateπολεμέω: 'make war / fight'; renders נִלְחַם; the imperfect ἐπολέμουν sets the durative background against which the foreground aorists and presents unfold — the war is already raging as the chapter opens.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here in hostile sense, 'against'; πολεμέω ἐπί renders נִלְחַם בְּ / עַל ('fight against').
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here denotes the national army/people opposed to the Philistines.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγονfledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb (foreground event: the rout)→ verbal action or stateφεύγω: 'flee / take flight'; renders נָס; the aorist marks the turning-point of the battle — Israel breaks and runs; the verb recurs at v. 7 in the report of the flight, knitting the chapter together.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄνδρες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (of ἔφυγον)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): 'man / warrior'; renders אִישׁ / אַנְשֵׁי; οἱ ἄνδρες Ισραηλ is a fixed military phrase for the Israelite fighting force (cf. v. 7).
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the article-less genitival relation 'men of Israel' is normal LXX usage with indeclinable names.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from before')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from before').
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (idiomatic: 'from the presence of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the idiom ἐκ προσώπου renders מִפְּנֵי ('from before / from the face of'), a Hebraism denoting flight away from a hostile presence.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἀλλοφύλων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλωνPhilistines / foreignersGenitivegenitive (with προσώπου: 'before the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl.): the Philistines as the hostile presence from whose face Israel flees.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίπτουσινthey fallPres Act Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb (historic present: vivid foregrounding)→ verbal action or stateπίπτω: 'fall'; here euphemistic-military 'fall in battle / be slain'; renders נָפַל; the historic present πίπτουσιν dramatizes the carnage and is the first of the chapter's many vivid presents rendering the Hebrew wayyiqtol chain.
τραυματίαιslain / wounded onesNominativepredicate nominative / nominative in apposition (those who fall, as slain)→ participant prominenceτραυματίας: 'wounded man / one slain in battle'; renders חָלָל ('pierced, slain'); the cognate verb τραυματίζω appears at v. 3 of Saul himself; here the plural nominative describes the Israelite dead lying on the mountain.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ὄρει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountainDativedative of place (locative: 'on the mountain')→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain'; renders הַר; the battle is fought on the heights of Gilboa, the place David later curses in his lament (2 Kgdms 1:21).
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive, with the appositional name Γελβουε)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓελβουεGilboaplace-name in apposition (indeclinable: 'Mount Gilboa')→ participant identificationΓελβουε: transliteration of גִּלְבֹּעַ ('Gilboa'); indeclinable in the LXX; the mountain range south-east of the Jezreel Valley, fated battlefield of Saul's last stand; recurs at v. 8.
2

καὶ συνάπτουσιν ἀλλόφυλοι τῷ Σαουλ καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ τύπτουσιν ἀλλόφυλοι τὸν Ιωναθαν καὶ τὸν Αμιναδαβ καὶ τὸν Μελχισα υἱοὺς Σαουλ

And the Philistines closed in upon Saul and his sons, and the Philistines struck down Jonathan and Abinadab and Malchishua, sons of Saul.

Sequential narration (the battle narrows onto Saul's house)καὶ συνάπτουσιν
Two historic presents (συνάπτουσιν, τύπτουσιν) advance the action with the repeated subject ἀλλόφυλοι framing both clauses, heightening the relentlessness of the assault. The naming of the three sons — Jonathan, Abinadab, Malchishua — and their summary apposition υἱοὺς Σαουλ underscores the extinction of Saul's dynastic line, the climactic loss before Saul's own death.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνάπτουσινclose in / engagePres Act Indic 3 Pl · συνάπτωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateσυνάπτω: 'join together / join battle / close in'; here intransitive-military, 'engage / press close upon'; renders דָּבַק ('cling, overtake, press hard'); with the dative τῷ Σαουλ it means the Philistines overtake and engage Saul and his sons at close quarters.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject (anarthrous, of συνάπτουσιν)→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: here anarthrous, but still definite by context (the Philistine force of v. 1).
τῷtheDativearticle (with the indeclinable Σαουλ, marking dative case)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαουλSauldative object of συνάπτουσιν (indeclinable; case shown by article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΣαουλ: transliteration of שָׁאוּל ('Saul'); indeclinable in the LXX (case carried by the accompanying article); the doomed first king of Israel, central figure of the chapter.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with υἱοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative (coordinate with Σαουλ: 'upon Saul and his sons')→ sphere or referenceυἱοῖς: meaning 'sons'; it serves as dative (coordinate with Σαουλ: 'upon Saul and his sons').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's sons).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τύπτουσινthey strike downPres Act Indic 3 Pl · τύπτωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateτύπτω: 'strike / beat / smite'; here 'strike down, kill'; renders נָכָה (Hiphil); the historic present continues the vivid battle narration and reports the death of Saul's three named sons.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject (anarthrous, of τύπτουσιν)→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλοι: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as subject (anarthrous, of τύπτουσιν).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Ιωναθαν, marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωναθανJonathandirect object of τύπτουσιν (indeclinable; case shown by article τὸν)→ noun-phrase markingΙωναθαν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Αμιναδαβ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμιναδαβAbinadabdirect object of τύπτουσιν (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΑμιναδαβ: the LXX form for אֲבִינָדָב ('Abinadab'), a son of Saul (the Greek tradition assimilates the name to the more familiar Amminadab); indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Μελχισα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜελχισαMalchishuadirect object of τύπτουσιν (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΜελχισα: the LXX form of מַלְכִּישׁוּעַ ('Malchishua'), a son of Saul; indeclinable; the three sons named together mark the destruction of Saul's house.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeaccusative in apposition (summarizing the three named sons)→ object specificationυἱός (acc. pl. υἱούς): the appositional 'sons of Saul' gathers the three names under their fatal relation to the king, sealing the dynastic catastrophe.
ΣαουλSaulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Saul')→ participant identificationΣαουλ: indeclinable; the genitival relation 'sons of Saul' needs no article here.
3

καὶ βαρύνεται ὁ πόλεμος ἐπὶ Σαουλ καὶ εὑρίσκουσιν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀκοντισταί ἄνδρες τοξόται καὶ ἐτραυματίσθη εἰς τὰ ὑποχόνδρια

And the battle pressed heavily upon Saul, and the spearmen — men, archers — found him, and he was wounded in the abdomen.

Sequential narration (the assault concentrates on Saul himself)καὶ βαρύνεται ὁ πόλεμος
The action now narrows to Saul alone. The historic present βαρύνεται ('grows heavy / presses hard') personifies the battle as a crushing weight, and the present εὑρίσκουσιν ('they find / overtake') depicts the archers closing in. The shift to the aorist passive ἐτραυματίσθη marks the decisive wounding — Saul is now mortally hurt, setting up his request to the armor-bearer in v. 4.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βαρύνεταιpresses heavilyPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · βαρύνωmain verb (historic present, passive)→ verbal action or stateβαρύνω: 'make heavy / weigh down'; passive 'grow heavy / press hard'; renders כָּבֵד ('be heavy, severe'); the idiom βαρύνεται ὁ πόλεμος ἐπί ('the battle bears down heavily upon') depicts the concentration of the Philistine onslaught against Saul.
theNominativearticle (with πόλεμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμοςbattle / warNominativesubject (of βαρύνεται)→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; personified here as a weight that bears down on Saul, the cognate noun to ἐπολέμουν in v. 1.
ἐπὶupon / againstpreposition + accusative (direction of pressure)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'upon, against'; βαρύνεται ἐπί renders כָּבֵד אֶל ('weigh heavily against').
ΣαουλSaulobject of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: indeclinable; now the sole focus of the Philistine assault.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρίσκουσινthey findPres Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateεὑρίσκω: 'find / come upon'; here 'overtake, catch up with'; renders מָצָא; the archers locate and target Saul; the same verb is used at v. 8 when the Philistines find his corpse.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Saul, of εὑρίσκουσιν)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Saul, of εὑρίσκουσιν).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀκοντισταί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκοντισταίspearmen / javelin-throwersNominativesubject (of εὑρίσκουσιν)→ participant prominenceἀκοντιστής: 'javelin-thrower / spearman'; from ἀκόντιον ('dart, javelin'); renders the Hebrew מוֹרִים בַּקֶּשֶׁת ('shooters with the bow'); the LXX adds the apposition ἄνδρες τοξόται to specify them as bowmen.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativenominative in apposition (with ἀκοντισταί / τοξόται)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): 'men'; here in apposition specifying the spearmen as 'men, archers'; the doubled designation ἀκοντισταί … ἄνδρες τοξόται renders the Hebrew הַמּוֹרִים אֲנָשִׁים בַּקָּשֶׁת.
τοξόταιarchers / bowmenNominativenominative in apposition (specifying ἄνδρες)→ participant prominenceτοξότης: 'archer / bowman'; from τόξον ('bow'); renders הַמּוֹרִים בַּקֶּשֶׁת; it is the archers' ranged fire that wounds Saul, making his death feel inescapable — he cannot close with them.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτραυματίσθηhe was woundedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · τραυματίζωmain verb (decisive event, aorist passive)→ verbal action or stateτραυματίζω: 'wound / injure'; renders חוּל / יָחֶל ('be wounded, writhe'); cognate with τραυματίαι ('the slain') in v. 1; the aorist passive marks the decisive blow — Saul is now mortally hurt, prompting his plea in v. 4.
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (location of the wound)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here marking the place struck, 'in/at the abdomen'; renders the Hebrew preposition of the wounded region.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὑποχόνδρια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποχόνδριαabdomen / soft parts under the ribsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (location of the wound)→ object specificationὑποχόνδριον: lit. 'the part under the cartilage of the breastbone' (ὑπό + χόνδρος), i.e. the upper abdomen / soft belly; a medical term; renders the Hebrew מְאֹד ('greatly') of the MT loosely as a localization of the wound — the LXX understands Saul to be struck in the vital midsection, hence mortally.
4

καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ πρὸς τὸν αἴροντα τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ σπάσαι τὴν ῥομφαίαν σου καὶ ἀποκέντησόν με ἐν αὐτῇ μὴ ἔλθωσιν οἱ ἀπερίτμητοι οὗτοι καὶ ἀποκεντήσωσίν με καὶ ἐμπαίξωσίν μοι καὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἐφοβήθη σφόδρα καὶ ἔλαβεν Σαουλ τὴν ῥομφαίαν καὶ ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ᾿ αὐτήν

And Saul said to his armor-bearer, 'Draw your sword and run me through with it, lest these uncircumcised come and run me through and mock me.' But his armor-bearer would not, for he was greatly afraid. So Saul took the sword and fell upon it.

Direct speech embedded in narrative (Saul's death-request) followed by its outcomeκαὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ
The verse pivots on Saul's command to his armor-bearer (imperatival infinitive σπάσαι + aorist imperative ἀποκέντησόν), motivated by a negative purpose clause (μή + aorist subjunctives ἔλθωσιν … ἀποκεντήσωσιν … ἐμπαίξωσιν) expressing his dread of being abused by the uncircumcised. The armor-bearer's refusal (οὐκ ἐβούλετο, imperfect of resolve) is explained by a ὅτι-clause (ἐφοβήθη σφόδρα). The closing aorists ἔλαβεν … ἐπέπεσεν narrate Saul's suicide — he falls on his own sword.
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: 'say'; the aorist εἶπεν introduces Saul's desperate command to his armor-bearer; the construction εἶπεν πρός + acc. is the standard LXX speech-formula.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the substantival participle αἴροντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴρονταthe one bearingPres Act Part Acc Sg Masc · αἴρωsubstantival participle (object of πρός: 'the armor-bearer')→ verbal action or stateαἴρω: 'lift / carry / bear'; the substantival participle ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη ('the one bearing the gear') is the LXX rendering of נֹשֵׂא כֵלִים ('armor-bearer'); the participial phrase recurs throughout the verse and in vv. 5–6, keeping the loyal attendant in focus.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηarmor / gearAccusativedirect object of αἴροντα ('bearing the armor')→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / equipment / weapons'; here military 'armor, arms, gear'; renders כֵּלִים; τὰ σκεύη Saul's wargear, later stripped and dedicated to Astarte (vv. 9–10).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's armor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's armor).
σπάσαιdrawAor Act Inf · σπάωimperatival infinitive (command: 'draw!')→ verbal action or stateσπάω: 'draw / pull out (a sword)'; renders שָׁלַף ('draw'); the aorist infinitive here functions as an imperative ('draw your sword'), a recognized Greek and Hebraizing usage; the parallel aorist imperative ἀποκέντησόν follows.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ῥομφαίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥομφαίανswordAccusativedirect object of σπάσαι→ object specificationῥομφαία: 'sword / large broadsword'; renders חֶרֶב; the LXX's preferred term for the sword (over μάχαιρα) in Kingdoms; the weapon recurs four times in vv. 4–5 as the instrument of both deaths.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (the armor-bearer's sword)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the armor-bearer's sword).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two commands)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκέντησόνrun through / stabAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποκεντέωmain verb (aorist imperative: command to kill)→ verbal action or stateἀποκεντέω: 'pierce through / stab to death' (ἀπό + κεντέω, 'prick'); renders דָּקַר ('pierce, thrust through'); Saul commands the mercy-killing; the same verb recurs in the subjunctive (ἀποκεντήσωσιν) describing what he fears the Philistines will do.
μεmeAccusativedirect object (of ἀποκέντησόν)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (of ἀποκέντησόν).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here instrumental, 'with it' (the sword); a Hebraizing instrumental ἐν rendering בְּ.
αὐτῇitDativedative of instrument (the sword)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. fem.): refers to ῥομφαία ('sword', fem.); 'with it' = the means of the killing.
μὴlestnegative particle (introducing negative purpose/fear clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: 'lest / that not'; with the aorist subjunctive it introduces a clause of apprehension/negative purpose — Saul's fear of what will happen if the Philistines take him alive.
ἔλθωσινthey comeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιverb of negative-purpose clause (subjunctive)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come'; the aorist subjunctive after μή expresses the dreaded possibility that the uncircumcised will come upon him alive.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀπερίτμητοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπερίτμητοιuncircumcisedNominativesubject (of ἔλθωσιν: the Philistines)→ participant prominenceἀπερίτμητος: 'uncircumcised' (ἀ- privative + περιτέμνω, 'circumcise'); renders עֲרֵלִים; a standard contemptuous Israelite epithet for the Philistines (cf. 1 Kgdms 14:6; 17:26); Saul's horror is at dishonor and abuse at the hands of the covenantless enemy.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative (modifying ἀπερίτμητοι: 'these uncircumcised')→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'this / these'; the deictic οὗτοι adds contempt and immediacy — 'these uncircumcised ones' closing in on the battlefield.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within purpose clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκεντήσωσίνrun me throughAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀποκεντέωverb of negative-purpose clause (subjunctive)→ verbal action or stateἀποκεντέω: the same verb Saul used in his command (ἀποκέντησόν); the repetition is pointed — he would rather be pierced by his own loyal man than by the mocking enemy.
μεmeAccusativedirect object (of ἀποκεντήσωσιν)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (of ἀποκεντήσωσιν).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within purpose clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπαίξωσίνmock / abuseAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐμπαίζωverb of negative-purpose clause (subjunctive)→ verbal action or stateἐμπαίζω: 'mock / make sport of / abuse'; renders עָלַל (Hithpael, 'deal wantonly with'); Saul's deepest dread is not death but the humiliation of being a plaything of the enemy — a fate his suicide is meant to forestall (though vv. 9–10 show the body abused anyway).
μοιme / at meDativedative object (of ἐμπαίξωσιν: 'mock at me')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): ἐμπαίζω takes the dative of the one mocked; 'make sport of me.'
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (adversative in force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative in sense ('but'), introducing the armor-bearer's refusal against Saul's command.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐβούλετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐβούλετοwas willingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · βούλομαιmain verb (the armor-bearer's refusal)→ verbal action or stateβούλομαι: 'wish / be willing'; renders אָבָה ('be willing'); the imperfect οὐκ ἐβούλετο depicts a settled, sustained refusal — the armor-bearer simply would not raise his hand against the LORD's anointed.
theNominativearticle (with the substantival participle αἴρων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴρωνthe one bearingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the armor-bearer')→ verbal action or stateαἴρω: the substantival participle ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη ('armor-bearer') reappears as the subject of the refusal; the repeated full title keeps the attendant's loyalty and role vividly before the reader.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηarmor / gearAccusativedirect object of αἴρων→ object specificationσκεύη: meaning 'armor'; it serves as direct object of αἴρων.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's armor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's armor).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (introducing reason for refusal)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the explanation of the armor-bearer's refusal — his great fear.
ἐφοβήθηhe was afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέομαιverb of causal clause→ verbal action or stateφοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; renders יָרֵא; the aorist passive (deponent) with σφόδρα marks the overwhelming dread that paralyzed the armor-bearer — fear of killing the king.
σφόδραgreatlyadverb of degree (intensifying ἐφοβήθη)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly / greatly'; standard LXX rendering of מְאֹד; intensifies the armor-bearer's fear.
καὶso / andnarrative conjunction (consecutive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here consecutive ('so'), introducing Saul's resort to suicide after the refusal.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Saul takes the sword)→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; renders לָקַח; Saul takes his own sword — the loyal man having refused, the king must do the deed himself.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ῥομφαίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥομφαίανswordAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationῥομφαία: the sword again — now Saul's own; the instrument of his self-inflicted death.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέπεσενfell uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιπίπτωmain verb (Saul's suicide)→ verbal action or stateἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon / throw oneself upon'; renders נָפַל עַל; the aorist ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν ('he fell upon it') narrates Saul's death by his own sword; the same verb recurs in v. 5 of the armor-bearer's parallel suicide.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel: 'upon it')→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel: 'upon it').
αὐτήνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (the sword)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem.): refers to ῥομφαία ('sword'); Saul falls 'upon it.'
5

καὶ εἶδεν ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ὅτι τέθνηκεν Σαουλ καὶ ἐπέπεσεν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ῥομφαίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπέθανεν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And his armor-bearer saw that Saul was dead, and he too fell upon his own sword and died with him.

Sequential narration (the armor-bearer's parallel death)καὶ εἶδεν ὁ αἴρων
The armor-bearer's death mirrors Saul's exactly: ἐπέπεσεν … ἐπὶ τὴν ῥομφαίαν echoes v. 4 verbatim, and καὶ αὐτός ('he too') binds the two deaths. The perfect τέθνηκεν ('Saul is/lay dead') marks the settled fact the armor-bearer perceives. His loyalty in life (refusing to kill the king) becomes loyalty in death (dying with him).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception introducing ὅτι-clause)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; the aorist of perception governs the ὅτι-clause reporting what the armor-bearer saw — that Saul was dead.
theNominativearticle (with the substantival participle αἴρων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴρωνthe one bearingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the armor-bearer')→ verbal action or stateαἴρω: ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη ('armor-bearer'); the full title recurs again, keeping the loyal attendant in focus as he follows his master in death.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηarmor / gearAccusativedirect object of αἴρων→ object specificationσκεύη: meaning 'armor'; it serves as direct object of αἴρων.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's armor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's armor).
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause after εἶδεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of the armor-bearer's perception.
τέθνηκενwas dead / had diedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · θνῄσκωverb of object clause (perfect of state)→ verbal action or stateθνῄσκω (perf. τέθνηκεν): 'be dead / have died'; renders מֵת; the perfect expresses the abiding state — Saul now lies dead; the same perfect recurs at v. 7 in the report that reaches the men of Israel.
ΣαουλSaulsubject of τέθνηκεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of τέθνηκεν (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέπεσενfell uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιπίπτωmain verb (the armor-bearer's suicide)→ verbal action or stateἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon'; the verbatim echo of v. 4 (ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν) makes the armor-bearer's death an exact replica of Saul's — falling on his own sword.
καὶalsoadverbial (with αὐτός: 'he too')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adverbial/ascensive, 'also, too,' joined with αὐτός — 'he too' fell, echoing his master.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject: 'he too')→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'himself'; καὶ αὐτός = 'he too,' underscoring the parallel between the armor-bearer's death and Saul's.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction of the fall)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of the fall).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ῥομφαίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥομφαίανswordAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the armor-bearer's own sword)→ object specificationῥομφαία: the armor-bearer's own sword (αὐτοῦ); the fourth and final occurrence of the word in vv. 4–5, the recurring instrument of death.
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession (the armor-bearer's sword)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the armor-bearer's sword).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (the armor-bearer's death)→ verbal action or stateἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the blunt aorist seals the armor-bearer's fate; the same verb opens v. 6 in the summary of all the deaths.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ ('with him') stresses that the armor-bearer dies together with Saul — loyalty unto death.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετ᾿ (Saul)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετ᾿ (Saul).
6

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Σαουλ καὶ οἱ τρεῖς υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ κατὰ τὸ αὐτό

So Saul died, and his three sons, and his armor-bearer, on that day, all together.

Summary statement (closing the death-scene)καὶ ἀπέθανεν Σαουλ
A summarizing recapitulation gathers all four deaths — Saul, his three sons, the armor-bearer — under a single aorist ἀπέθανεν and two temporal markers: ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that day') and κατὰ τὸ αὐτό ('together / all at once'). The verse closes the tragedy of Saul's house with stark finality before the narrative widens to the national consequences in v. 7.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶso / andnarrative conjunction (summarizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'so'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (singular with compound subject: Saul and the rest)→ verbal action or stateἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the singular verb agrees with the first/nearest subject (Σαουλ) but governs the whole compound subject — a common Greek and Hebrew construction; it recapitulates the deaths of vv. 1–5.
ΣαουλSaulsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining subjects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeNominativenumeral (modifying υἱοὶ: 'three sons')→ measure or countτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (coordinate with Σαουλ)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the three sons of Saul, the dynastic line, perish with their father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's sons).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining subjects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with the substantival participle αἴρων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἴρωνthe one bearingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the armor-bearer')→ verbal action or stateαἴρω: ὁ αἴρων τὰ σκεύη ('armor-bearer'); the fourth and final occurrence of the title, now numbered among the dead.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηarmor / gearAccusativedirect object of αἴρων→ object specificationσκεύη: meaning 'armor'; it serves as direct object of αἴρων.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's armor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's armor).
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when: 'on that day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that day') is a standard LXX temporal formula stressing the simultaneity and totality of the catastrophe.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the demonstrative fixes the deaths to the single decisive day of the Gilboa disaster.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'together / at once')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: in the idiom κατὰ τὸ αὐτό 'at the same (time/place) / together'; renders יַחְדָּו ('together').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizing αὐτό in the idiom)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτόsame / togetherAccusativesubstantival (in the idiom κατὰ τὸ αὐτό: 'all together')→ participant referenceαὐτός (neut. τὸ αὐτό): 'the same'; the idiom κατὰ τὸ αὐτό means 'together, all at once, in one and the same event' — all four died as one, on the same day.
7

καὶ εἶδον οἱ ἄνδρες Ισραηλ οἱ ἐν τῷ πέραν τῆς κοιλάδος καὶ οἱ ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου ὅτι ἔφυγον οἱ ἄνδρες Ισραηλ καὶ ὅτι τέθνηκεν Σαουλ καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ καταλείπουσιν τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν καὶ φεύγουσιν καὶ ἔρχονται οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι καὶ κατοικοῦσιν ἐν αὐταῖς

And the men of Israel who were across the valley and those across the Jordan saw that the men of Israel had fled and that Saul and his sons were dead, and they abandoned their cities and fled; and the Philistines came and settled in them.

Consequence (the national collapse following Saul's death)καὶ εἶδον οἱ ἄνδρες Ισραηλ
The scene widens from the battlefield to the whole region. The aorist εἶδον governs two parallel ὅτι-clauses (the army has fled; Saul and his sons are dead). The consequence unfolds in a chain of historic presents (καταλείπουσιν … φεύγουσιν … ἔρχονται … κατοικοῦσιν), depicting the abandonment of the cities and the Philistine occupation — the death of Saul becomes the dispossession of Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (consequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (perception governing ὅτι-clauses)→ verbal action or stateὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; the aorist governs the two ὅτι-clauses reporting what the men of Israel realized — the rout and Saul's death.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄνδρες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (of εἶδον)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): the men of Israel — here the civilian/military population of the region, not only the army; the phrase οἱ ἄνδρες Ισραηλ recurs from v. 1.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Israel').
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizing the following prepositional phrase: 'those who were across')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article substantizes the prepositional phrase ἐν τῷ πέραν, 'those who were across the valley.'
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizing the adverb πέραν as a noun: 'the far side')→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανother side / beyondadverb substantized by the article (locative: 'the region across')→ noun-phrase markingπέραν: 'on the other side / beyond'; an adverb here substantized (τὸ πέραν, 'the far side'); renders עֵבֶר ('the region across'); ἐν τῷ πέραν τῆς κοιλάδος = 'on the far side of the valley.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with κοιλάδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλάδοςvalleyGenitivegenitive (with πέραν: 'across the valley')→ relational specificationκοιλάς: 'hollow / valley'; renders עֵמֶק; the valley is the Jezreel/Esdraelon plain that the Philistines now dominate; the Israelites on its far side flee.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two groups)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizing the prepositional phrase: 'those across the Jordan')→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizing πέραν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέρανother side / beyondadverb substantized by the article (locative: 'across')→ noun-phrase markingπέραν: the Transjordan region; ἐν τῷ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου = 'beyond the Jordan,' the eastern populations who likewise abandon their towns.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Ιορδάνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνουJordanGenitivegenitive (with πέραν: 'across the Jordan')→ relational specificationΙορδάνης (gen. Ιορδάνου): the Jordan river; unlike many biblical place-names this one is declined as a first-declension masculine noun in the LXX (hence kind 'n'); renders יַרְדֵּן.
ὅτιthatconjunction (first object clause after εἶδον)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the first content of their perception — the flight of the army.
ἔφυγονhad fledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωverb of object clause→ verbal action or stateφεύγω: 'flee'; the aorist ἔφυγον echoes v. 1 — the rout that began the chapter is now perceived from afar by the regional Israelites.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄνδρες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (of ἔφυγον: the army)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (pl. ἄνδρες): here the fighting force of Israel whose flight is reported.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'men of Israel').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two ὅτι-clauses)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιthatconjunction (second object clause after εἶδον)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: introduces the second content of perception — the death of Saul and his sons.
τέθνηκενwere deadPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · θνῄσκωverb of object clause (perfect of state, singular with compound subject)→ verbal action or stateθνῄσκω (perf. τέθνηκεν): 'be dead'; the perfect echoes v. 5; the singular agrees with the nearest subject (Σαουλ) though it governs Saul 'and his sons.'
ΣαουλSaulsubject of τέθνηκεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of τέθνηκεν (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining subjects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοὶ)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (coordinate with Σαουλ)→ participant prominenceυἱός: Saul's sons, again gathered with him in death.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's sons).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταλείπουσινthey abandonPres Act Indic 3 Pl · καταλείπωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateκαταλείπω: 'leave behind / abandon / forsake'; renders עָזַב; the historic present dramatizes the Israelites' flight — they desert their own cities, ceding the land to the enemy.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of καταλείπουσιν→ object specificationπόλις (acc. pl. πόλεις): 'city'; renders עִיר; the abandoned cities are the ones the Philistines then occupy — the territorial loss following Saul's military collapse.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the Israelites' cities)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Israelites' cities).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φεύγουσινthey fleePres Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateφεύγω: 'flee'; the third occurrence of the root in the chapter (cf. vv. 1, 7a), now of the civilian flight that empties the cities.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχονταιcomePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come'; the historic present depicts the Philistines moving into the vacated territory; the same verb recurs at v. 8 as they come to strip the dead.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject (of ἔρχονται and κατοικοῦσιν)→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: the Philistines now move from victors to occupiers, settling the land of Israel.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατοικοῦσινsettle / dwellPres Act Indic 3 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateκατοικέω: 'dwell / settle / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; the Philistines take up residence in the abandoned cities — the nadir of the chapter's national reversal; the cognate participle κατοικοῦντες recurs at v. 11 of the men of Jabesh.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐταῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (the abandoned cities)→ sphere or referenceαὐτός (dat. fem. pl.): refers to πόλεις ('cities'); 'in them' — the Philistines settle in the very cities Israel forsook.
8

καὶ ἐγενήθη τῇ ἐπαύριον καὶ ἔρχονται οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι ἐκδιδύσκειν τοὺς νεκροὺς καὶ εὑρίσκουσιν τὸν Σαουλ καὶ τοὺς τρεῖς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ πεπτωκότας ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Γελβουε

And it came about on the next day that the Philistines came to strip the dead, and they found Saul and his three sons fallen on the mountains of Gilboa.

Temporal transition (new scene: the despoiling of the dead)καὶ ἐγενήθη τῇ ἐπαύριον
The Hebraizing temporal formula καὶ ἐγενήθη ('and it came to pass') with τῇ ἐπαύριον ('on the next day') opens the aftermath scene. Historic presents (ἔρχονται, εὑρίσκουσιν) carry the action; the perfect participle πεπτωκότας ('having fallen, lying dead') depicts the bodies in their final state. εὑρίσκουσιν here grimly echoes v. 3, where the archers 'found' the living Saul — now they find his corpse.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing temporal formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal temporal formula)→ verbal action or stateγίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'become / come to pass'; the formula καὶ ἐγενήθη / καὶ ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew וַיְהִי, a stock narrative-transition marker introducing a new temporal scene.
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἐπαύριον, marking dative of time)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύριονnext day / morrowadverb (dative of time with the article: 'on the next day')→ clausal contributionἐπαύριον: 'on the next day / the morrow' (ἐπί + αὔριον); an indeclinable adverb used substantivally with the feminine article (τῇ ἐπαύριον, supplying ἡμέρᾳ); renders מִמָּחֳרָת ('on the next day').
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis of the ἐγενήθη formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the 'and' that follows καὶ ἐγενήθη is Hebraistic, introducing the main clause of the temporal construction (rendering the waw of וַיָּבֹאוּ).
ἔρχονταιcomePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἔρχομαι: 'come'; the Philistines return to the battlefield, now to plunder; the historic present continues the vivid narration.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject (of ἔρχονται and εὑρίσκουσιν)→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: the Philistines, now scavenging the field of their victory.
ἐκδιδύσκεινto stripPres Act Inf · ἐκδιδύσκωinfinitive of purpose (why they came: 'to strip')→ verbal action or stateἐκδιδύσκω: 'strip off / despoil (the dead)'; a late form related to ἐκδύω; renders פָּשַׁט ('strip'); the infinitive of purpose states why the Philistines came — to plunder the corpses of their armor and valuables; cf. ἐξέδυσαν in v. 9.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with νεκροὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεκροὺςdead / corpsesAccusativedirect object of ἐκδιδύσκειν→ object specificationνεκρός: 'dead (person) / corpse'; renders חָלָל / מֵת; the slain of the battlefield whom the Philistines strip; the term sets up the gruesome treatment of Saul's body in vv. 9–10.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρίσκουσινthey findPres Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateεὑρίσκω: 'find'; grimly echoes v. 3, where the archers 'found' the living Saul; now the Philistines find his corpse and those of his sons.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Σαουλ, marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαουλSauldirect object of εὑρίσκουσιν (indeclinable; case shown by article)→ participant identificationΣαουλ: indeclinable; Saul's body, found fallen on Gilboa.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining objects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱοὺς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral (modifying υἱοὺς: 'three sons')→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; the three sons again numbered (cf. v. 6), now as corpses on the mountain.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of εὑρίσκουσιν (coordinate with Σαουλ)→ object specificationυἱός (acc. pl. υἱούς): Saul's three sons, found dead alongside their father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's sons)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's sons).
πεπτωκόταςhaving fallen / lying deadPerf Act Part Acc Pl Masc · πίπτωcircumstantial/predicative participle (state of the bodies: 'fallen')→ verbal action or stateπίπτω (perf. part. πεπτωκότας): 'having fallen / lying fallen'; the perfect participle stresses the abiding state — the bodies lie where they fell; cognate with πίπτουσιν in v. 1, bracketing the carnage of the chapter.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὄρη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρηmountainsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (location of the bodies)→ object specificationὄρος (pl. ὄρη): 'mountains'; here plural (the heights/range of Gilboa), where v. 1 had the singular; renders הָרֵי / הַר; the place of the slaughter and now of the despoiling.
ΓελβουεGilboaplace-name (indeclinable: 'mountains of Gilboa')→ participant identificationΓελβουε: indeclinable; the fatal mountain named again, closing the inclusio with v. 1 — the battle began and ended on Gilboa.
9

καὶ ἀποστρέφουσιν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐξέδυσαν τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀποστέλλουσιν αὐτὰ εἰς γῆν ἀλλοφύλων κύκλῳ εὐαγγελίζοντες τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν καὶ τῷ λαῷ αὐτῶν

And they turned him over and stripped off his armor and sent it round about into the land of the Philistines, proclaiming the good news to their idols and to their people.

Sequential narration (the despoiling and triumphant proclamation)καὶ ἀποστρέφουσιν αὐτὸν
A chain of presents (ἀποστρέφουσιν, ἀποστέλλουσιν) frames an aorist (ἐξέδυσαν), narrating the Philistines' handling of Saul's corpse and the dispatch of his armor as a trophy throughout their land. The participle εὐαγγελίζοντες ('bringing good news') is bitterly ironic: the verb that elsewhere announces salvation here heralds the death of YHWH's anointed before pagan idols (εἴδωλα).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστρέφουσινthey turn overPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / turn round / turn over'; here of turning over / handling Saul's corpse (some witnesses read of cutting off the head, harmonizing with the Hebrew, but the OG has the body 'turned'); renders a form of the Hebrew tradition behind 1 Sam 31:9; the historic present continues the vivid scene.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Saul's body, of ἀποστρέφουσιν)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Saul's body, of ἀποστρέφουσιν).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέδυσανthey stripped offAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκδύωmain verb (the stripping of the armor)→ verbal action or stateἐκδύω: 'strip off / take off'; renders פָּשַׁט; the aorist marks the completed despoiling; cognate with ἐκδιδύσκειν ('to strip') in v. 8 — the purpose stated there is now executed.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηarmor / gearAccusativedirect object of ἐξέδυσαν→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): Saul's armor — the gear his armor-bearer once carried (vv. 4–6) now stripped as a trophy and dedicated to Astarte (v. 10).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's armor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's armor).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστέλλουσινthey sendPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἀποστέλλω: 'send / send out'; renders שָׁלַח; the Philistines circulate Saul's armor as proof of victory throughout their land — a propaganda tour announcing Israel's defeat.
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (the armor, of ἀποστέλλουσιν)→ participant referenceαὐτός (neut. pl. αὐτά): refers to τὰ σκεύη ('the armor'); 'them' = the trophies sent round the land.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; renders אֶרֶץ; γῆν ἀλλοφύλων ('land of the Philistines') is the territory through which the trophy is paraded.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the PhilistinesGenitivegenitive (with γῆν: 'land of the Philistines')→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος (gen. pl.): the Philistine homeland, the destination of the victory-proclamation.
κύκλῳround aboutadverb (dative of κύκλος used adverbially: 'all around')→ clausal contributionκύκλῳ: 'round about / on every side'; the dative of κύκλος ('circle') fixed as an adverb; renders סָבִיב; the armor is sent in a circuit through all the Philistine territory.
εὐαγγελίζοντεςproclaiming good newsPres Mid Part Nom Pl Masc · εὐαγγελίζωcircumstantial participle (manner/purpose: 'announcing the news')→ verbal action or stateεὐαγγελίζω: meaning 'proclaiming good news'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle (manner/purpose: 'announcing the news').
τοῖςthe / to theDativearticle (with εἰδώλοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰδώλοιςidolsDativedative (indirect object of εὐαγγελίζοντες: 'to their idols')→ sphere or referenceεἴδωλον: 'idol / image'; renders עָצָב / אֱלִיל; the Philistines announce their triumph to their gods — the worthless idols whose 'victory' over YHWH the narrative implicitly mocks; cf. the dedication to Astarte in v. 10.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the Philistines' idols)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Philistines' idols).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷthe / to theDativearticle (with λαῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativedative (indirect object of εὐαγγελίζοντες: 'to their people')→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; here the Philistine populace, the human recipients of the victory-news, paired with their idols as the divine recipients.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the Philistines' people)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Philistines' people).
10

καὶ ἀνέθηκαν τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸ Ἀσταρτεῖον καὶ τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ κατέπηξαν ἐν τῷ τείχει Βαιθσαν

And they set his armor in the temple of Astarte, and they fastened his body to the wall of Beth-shan.

Sequential narration (the climactic display of the trophies)καὶ ἀνέθηκαν
Two aorists (ἀνέθηκαν, κατέπηξαν) record the final desecration: Saul's armor dedicated in the temple of Astarte (a votive offering to the Philistine goddess), and his body impaled/fastened on the wall of Beth-shan as a public trophy. The verse marks the lowest point of Saul's humiliation — the very fate he sought to escape in v. 4 — and sets up the rescue by Jabesh-Gilead in vv. 11–13.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέθηκανthey set up / dedicatedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνατίθημιmain verb (votive dedication)→ verbal action or stateἀνατίθημι: 'set up / dedicate / offer up'; renders שׂוּם / נָתַן (with cultic nuance); the verb of votive dedication — Saul's armor becomes a trophy-offering in a pagan shrine, the Philistine counterpart to Israel's dedication of spoil to YHWH (cf. 1 Kgdms 21:9, Goliath's sword).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηarmor / gearAccusativedirect object of ἀνέθηκαν→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): Saul's armor, dedicated as a votive trophy in the temple of Astarte.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's armor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's armor).
εἰςin / intopreposition + accusative (place of dedication)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here of placing into / setting in a location, 'in the temple.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with Ἀσταρτεῖον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ἀσταρτεῖονtemple of AstarteAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the shrine of dedication)→ object specificationἈσταρτεῖον: 'temple of Astarte' (a -εῖον formation, like Ἀφροδίσιον, denoting a deity's shrine); a declined neuter Greek noun (hence kind 'n'); derived from Astarte (עַשְׁתֹּרֶת), the Canaanite-Philistine fertility goddess; the MT reads בֵּית עַשְׁתָּרוֹת ('house of the Ashtoreths').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two acts of display)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σῶμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of κατέπηξαν (fronted before its verb)→ object specificationσῶμα: 'body'; here Saul's corpse; renders גְּוִיָּה ('body, corpse'); the body is fastened to the city wall as a public trophy; σῶμα recurs three times in v. 12 of the rescued corpses.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's body)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's body).
κατέπηξανthey fastened / fixedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταπήγνυμιmain verb (the impaling/fastening of the body)→ verbal action or stateκαταπήγνυμι: 'fix firmly / fasten down / impale'; renders תָּקַע ('thrust, fasten'); the Philistines affix Saul's body to the wall of Beth-shan as a public spectacle of conquest — the abuse he dreaded in v. 4.
ἐνon / topreposition + dative (location of fastening)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of fastening).
τῷtheDativearticle (with τείχει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχειwallDativedative of place (where the body was fastened)→ sphere or referenceτεῖχος: 'city wall'; renders חוֹמָה; the wall of Beth-shan, on which Saul's body was displayed; the same noun (gen. τείχους) recurs at v. 12 when the men of Jabesh take the body from it.
ΒαιθσανBeth-shanplace-name (indeclinable: 'wall of Beth-shan')→ participant identificationΒαιθσαν: transliteration of בֵּית שָׁן ('Beth-shan'); indeclinable; a fortified city at the east end of the Jezreel Valley near the Jordan, then under Philistine control; recurs at v. 12.
11

καὶ ἀκούουσιν οἱ κατοικοῦντες Ιαβις τῆς Γαλααδίτιδος ἃ ἐποίησαν οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι τῷ Σαουλ

And the inhabitants of Jabesh of Gilead heard what the Philistines had done to Saul.

Transition (the report reaches Jabesh-Gilead, opening the rescue scene)καὶ ἀκούουσιν
The historic present ἀκούουσιν shifts the scene to Jabesh-Gilead, the town Saul had rescued from the Ammonites in 1 Kgdms 11. The relative clause ἃ ἐποίησαν … τῷ Σαουλ ('what they had done to Saul') refers back to the desecration of vv. 9–10 and motivates the loyal rescue mission of vv. 12–13. The Jabeshites' debt of gratitude to Saul is the unstated key to the whole closing scene.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (scene transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀκούουσινthey hearPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: 'hear / learn of'; renders שָׁמַע; the historic present opens the rescue scene — the men of Jabesh learn of the desecration and act; the verb governs the relative clause as its object.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with the substantival participle κατοικοῦντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςthe inhabitantsPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (subject: 'the inhabitants')→ verbal action or stateκατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the substantival participle οἱ κατοικοῦντες ('the inhabitants/dwellers') renders יֹשְׁבֵי; cognate with κατοικοῦσιν in v. 7 — there the Philistines settle Israel's cities, here the loyal dwellers of Jabesh act for Saul.
ΙαβιςJabeshplace-name (indeclinable: 'inhabitants of Jabesh')→ participant identificationΙαβις: transliteration of יָבֵשׁ ('Jabesh'); indeclinable; Jabesh-Gilead, the Transjordanian town Saul delivered from Nahash the Ammonite in 1 Kgdms 11 — hence its loyalty here; recurs at vv. 12–13.
τῆςthe / ofGenitivearticle (with Γαλααδίτιδος)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Γαλααδίτιδοςof Gilead / GalaaditisGenitivegenitive (specifying Jabesh: 'Jabesh of Gilead')→ relational specificationΓαλααδῖτις (gen. Γαλααδίτιδος): 'Galaaditis, the region of Gilead'; a declined Greek gentilic/territorial noun (hence kind 'n'); renders גִּלְעָד; locates Jabesh in the Transjordanian highlands of Gilead.
what / the things whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀκούουσιν and of ἐποίησαν)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. pl. ἅ): 'which / what'; the relative clause ἃ ἐποίησαν ('what they did') is the object of ἀκούουσιν — the news of the desecration that reaches Jabesh.
ἐποίησανhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ verbal action or stateποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the aorist summarizes the Philistines' treatment of Saul's body in vv. 9–10, which the Jabeshites now hear of and resolve to redress.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἀλλόφυλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλόφυλοιPhilistinesNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν (within the relative clause)→ participant prominenceἀλλόφυλος: the Philistines, whose desecration of Saul's body provokes the Jabeshites' response.
τῷthe / toDativearticle (with the indeclinable Σαουλ, marking dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαουλSauldative object (the one to whom it was done; case shown by article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΣαουλ: indeclinable; 'to Saul' — the dative of disadvantage, the victim of the desecration the Jabeshites set out to undo.
12

καὶ ἀνέστησαν πᾶς ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως καὶ ἐπορεύθησαν ὅλην τὴν νύκτα καὶ ἔλαβον τὸ σῶμα Σαουλ καὶ τὸ σῶμα Ιωναθαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τείχους Βαιθσαν καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτοὺς εἰς Ιαβις καὶ κατακαίουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖ

And every man of valor rose up and marched all night long, and they took the body of Saul and the body of Jonathan his son from the wall of Beth-shan, and they carry them to Jabesh and burn them there.

Sequential narration (the heroic night-rescue of the bodies)καὶ ἀνέστησαν πᾶς ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως
The rescue unfolds in a string of aorists (ἀνέστησαν, ἐπορεύθησαν, ἔλαβον) capped by two historic presents (φέρουσιν, κατακαίουσιν). The collective subject πᾶς ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως ('every man of valor') takes a plural verb — a constructio ad sensum. The all-night march (ὅλην τὴν νύκτα), the retrieval from the wall of Beth-shan, and the cremation at Jabesh repay Saul's deliverance of the town in ch. 11.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστησανrose upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνίστημιmain verb (constructio ad sensum: plural with collective subject)→ verbal action or stateἀνίστημι: 'rise / stand up / set out'; renders קוּם; the intransitive aorist 'they arose' marks the start of the rescue mission; the plural verb agrees by sense with the collective πᾶς ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως.
πᾶςeveryNominativeadjective (with ἀνὴρ: 'every man')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; πᾶς ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως ('every valiant man') is a collective singular taking a plural verb by sense; renders כָּל אִישׁ חַיִל.
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubject (collective: 'every man of valor')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / warrior'; ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως ('man of power/valor') is a Hebraism for a valiant warrior (אִישׁ חַיִל); the bravest of Jabesh undertake the dangerous night-rescue.
δυνάμεωςof valor / powerGenitivegenitive of quality (with ἀνὴρ: 'man of valor')→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'power / strength / might'; the genitive of quality ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως renders אִישׁ חַיִל ('man of valor'), a Hebraism designating a brave and capable warrior.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθησανmarched / journeyedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (the night march)→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: 'go / journey / march'; renders הָלַךְ; the aorist passive (deponent) ἐπορεύθησαν with ὅλην τὴν νύκτα depicts the forced all-night march to Beth-shan to recover the bodies under cover of darkness.
ὅληνwhole / allAccusativeadjective (modifying νύκτα: 'the whole night')→ object specificationὅλος: 'whole / entire / all'; ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ('all night long') is an accusative of extent of time; renders כָּל הַלַּיְלָה; stresses the strenuous devotion of the rescue.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with νύκτα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of the march)→ object specificationνύξ (acc. νύκτα): 'night'; renders לַיְלָה; the cover of night both conceals the rescue from the Philistines and underscores the men's urgency and risk.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονtookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (the taking of the bodies)→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; renders לָקַח; the return to aorist marks the shift from the vivid murder-scene to the matter-of-fact escape with the trophy head.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σῶμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβον (Saul's body)→ object specificationσῶμα: 'body / corpse'; Saul's body, taken from the wall where it had been fastened (v. 10).
ΣαουλSaulgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'body of Saul')→ participant identificationΣαουλ: indeclinable; 'the body of Saul.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two bodies)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σῶμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβον (Jonathan's body)→ object specificationσῶμα: meaning 'body'; it serves as direct object of ἔλαβον (Jonathan's body).
ΙωναθανJonathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'body of Jonathan')→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: indeclinable; Saul's eldest son, named again at the close as his body is rescued — the friend David will lament in 2 Kgdms 1.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition (to Ιωναθαν: 'his son')→ relational specificationυἱοῦ: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive in apposition (to Ιωναθαν: 'his son').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Saul's son)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Saul's son).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the wall')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from the wall').
τείχουςwallGenitivegenitive object of ἀπὸ (source of the bodies)→ relational specificationτεῖχος (gen. τείχους): 'wall'; the wall of Beth-shan from which the bodies are taken — recovering what was fastened there in v. 10.
ΒαιθσανBeth-shanplace-name (indeclinable: 'wall of Beth-shan')→ participant identificationΒαιθσαν: indeclinable; the Philistine-held city whose wall bore Saul's body; named again as the bodies are recovered.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φέρουσινthey carryPres Act Indic 3 Pl · φέρωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateφέρω: 'carry / bring'; renders נָשָׂא / בּוֹא (Hiphil); the historic present quickens the pace as the men bring the bodies home to Jabesh.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the bodies, of φέρουσιν)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the bodies, of φέρουσιν).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΙαβιςJabeshplace-name (indeclinable: destination of the bodies)→ participant identificationΙαβις: indeclinable; Jabesh-Gilead, home of the rescuers, where the bodies are brought for honorable treatment.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατακαίουσινthey burnPres Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακαίωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateκατακαίω: 'burn up / consume with fire'; renders שָׂרַף; the men cremate the bodies at Jabesh — an unusual practice in Israel, perhaps to prevent further desecration or because the corpses were already mutilated; the historic present caps the rescue scene.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the bodies, of κατακαίουσιν)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the bodies, of κατακαίουσιν).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (at Jabesh)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders שָׁם; locates the cremation at Jabesh, where the bones will then be buried (v. 13).
13

καὶ λαμβάνουσιν τὰ ὀστᾶ αὐτῶν καὶ θάπτουσιν ὑπὸ τὴν ἄρουραν τὴν Ιαβις καὶ νηστεύουσιν ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας

And they take their bones and bury them under the tilled field of Jabesh, and they fast seven days.

Conclusion (burial of the bones and the seven-day fast — the close of 1 Kingdoms)καὶ λαμβάνουσιν τὰ ὀστᾶ
The book ends with three historic presents (λαμβάνουσιν, θάπτουσιν, νηστεύουσιν): the bones are buried under the tilled field of Jabesh and mourned with a seven-day fast. The honorable burial and ritual mourning close the tragedy of Saul with a final act of covenant loyalty. The narrative breaks off here, leaving Israel leaderless and the throne empty — the suspended ending that opens directly onto 2 Kingdoms, where the news of Saul's death reaches David and the kingdom passes to him.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαμβάνουσινthey takePres Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateλαμβάνω: 'take'; renders לָקַח; after the cremation the men gather the bones for burial; echoes ἔλαβον in v. 12, framing the rescue-and-burial sequence.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὀστᾶ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object of λαμβάνουσιν→ object specificationὀστᾶ: meaning 'bones'; it serves as direct object of λαμβάνουσιν.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the bones of Saul and Jonathan)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the bones of Saul and Jonathan).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάπτουσινthey buryPres Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (historic present)→ verbal action or stateθάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the honorable burial of the bones is the culminating act of loyalty by the men of Jabesh, undoing the dishonor of vv. 9–10.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + acc.: 'under / beneath'; renders תַּחַת; the bones are buried beneath the tilled field (the MT has 'under the tamarisk'; the OG reads ἄρουρα, 'field/ploughland').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρουραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρουρανtilled field / ploughlandAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό (place of burial)→ object specificationἄρουρα: 'arable land / tilled field / ploughland'; the OG rendering where the MT has אֶשֶׁל ('tamarisk tree'); the Greek translator read or interpreted the burial-spot as the cultivated ground of Jabesh rather than a specific tree.
τὴνthe / ofAccusativearticle (attributive, linking ἄρουραν to the place-name Ιαβις)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙαβιςJabeshplace-name (indeclinable: 'the field of Jabesh')→ participant identificationΙαβις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name (indeclinable: 'the field of Jabesh').
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νηστεύουσινthey fastPres Act Indic 3 Pl · νηστεύωmain verb (historic present — the book's final verb)→ verbal action or stateνηστεύω: 'fast'; renders צוּם; the seven-day fast is a solemn rite of national mourning (cf. Gen 50:10); as the last verb of 1 Kingdoms, it leaves the book in an attitude of grief — Israel mourns its fallen king, and the throne stands empty until David.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (modifying ἡμέρας: 'seven days')→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable numeral; renders שִׁבְעַת; the seven-day fast is the customary full period of intense mourning (cf. the seven days of mourning for Jacob, Gen 50:10).
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of the fast)→ object specificationἡμέρα (acc. pl. ἡμέρας): 'day'; the accusative of extent measures the duration of the mourning-fast; the final word of 1 Kingdoms, closing the book on Israel's grief and opening onto 2 Kingdoms.