1
ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἀνέστη Ματταθιας υἱὸς Ιωαννου τοῦ Συμεων ἱερεὺς τῶν υἱῶν Ιωαριβ ἀπὸ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐν Μωδεϊν
In those days Mattathias son of John son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, arose from Jerusalem and settled in Modein.
The chapter narrows from empire-wide crisis to one priestly household. Mattathias is introduced with genealogy, priestly lineage, and relocation from Jerusalem to Modein, establishing the local setting from which resistance will emerge.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following temporal phraseἐν: preposition introducing the temporal setting of the narrative transition.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the associated noun phraseταῖς: article introducing ἡμέραις.
ἡμέραιςdaysN1A DPF · ἡμέραdative noun completing the temporal phraseἡμέρα: day; plural temporal phrase meaning 'in those days.'
ἐκείναιςthoseRD DPF · ἐκεῖνοςdemonstrative modifier qualifying ἡμέραιςἐκεῖνος: those, pointing back to the period of desecration just narrated.
ἀνέστηaroseVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναfinite verb advancing the main narrative actionἀνίστημι: 'arise / stand up'; a narrative verb introducing Mattathias decisively.
ΜατταθιαςMattathiasN1T NSM · Ματταθιαςproper name serving as the subject of ἀνέστηΜατταθίας: Mattathias, the priestly father whose zeal will ignite the revolt.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςappositional noun introducing Mattathias's genealogyυἱός: son; the term marks genealogical continuity and family legitimacy.
Ιωαννουof JohnN1S GSM · Ιωαννηςgenitive noun dependent on υἱὸςἸωάννης: John, Mattathias's father in the genealogical line.
τοῦofRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following genealogical genitiveτοῦ: article introducing the next link in the genealogy.
ΣυμεωνSimeonN GSM · Συμεωνproper name completing the extended genealogyΣυμεών: Simeon, the grandfather named to deepen family rootedness.
ἱερεὺςpriestN3V NSM · ἱερεύςappositional noun further describing Mattathiasἱερεύς: priest, establishing Mattathias's cultic office and authority.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the associated noun phraseτῶν: article introducing the priestly clan phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive noun in the clan designationυἱός: sons; here part of the designation 'sons of Joarib.'
ΙωαριβJoaribN GSM · Ιωαριβproper name completing the priestly clan designationἸωαρίβ: Joarib, the priestly division situating Mattathias in recognized lineage.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following source phraseἀπό: preposition marking Jerusalem as Mattathias's place of origin.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name completing the source phraseἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem, the threatened cultic center from which Mattathias departs.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking origin and settlementκαί: connective moving from provenance to residence.
ἐκάθισενsettledVAI AAI3S · ἵζω + καταfinite verb advancing the narrative actionκαθίζω: 'sit / settle / dwell'; here it indicates taking up residence in Modein.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing the following locative phraseἐν: preposition locating Mattathias in the town from which revolt will break out.
ΜωδεϊνModeinN DSF · Μωδεϊνproper name completing the locative phraseΜωδεΐν: Modein, the local setting in which priestly resistance will take visible form.
2
καὶ αὐτῷ υἱοὶ πέντε Ιωαννης ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Γαδδι
And he had five sons: John, the one called Gaddi,
The narrative now names the sons who will carry the revolt forward. John appears first with his byname, beginning the family roll call that frames the movement as a household struggle before it becomes a national one.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or particle linking the household noticeκαί: connective continuing the introduction from father to sons.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronoun indicating possession with the implied 'there were'αὐτός: dative pronoun referring to Mattathias, functioning possessively.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςsubject noun of the existential/genealogical clauseυἱός: son; the term foregrounds the family line that will become the revolt's leadership.
πέντεfiveM · πέντεnumeral modifier qualifying υἱοὶπέντε: five, marking the full set of Mattathias's sons.
ΙωαννηςJohnN1S NSM · Ιωαννηςproper name in apposition within the list of sonsἸωάννης: John, the first son named in the family list.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participle ἐπικαλούμενοςὁ: article forming the descriptive phrase for the byname.
ἐπικαλούμενοςcalledV2 · πμπνσμ καλέω + ἐπιparticiple modifying Ιωαννης through the articleἐπικαλέω: 'call / name'; the participle introduces the byname under which he is known.
ΓαδδιGaddiN NSM · Γαδδιproper name completing the epithet phraseΓαδδί: Gaddi, John's distinguishing epithet in the list.
3
Σιμων ὁ καλούμενος Θασσι
Simon, the one called Thassi,
The list continues with Simon. The chapter introduces him simply by name and byname here before later assigning him a role of counsel and stability.
Word-by-word analysis· 4 words
ΣιμωνSimonN3N NSM · Σιμωνproper name in the continuing list of sonsΣίμων: Simon, another of Mattathias's sons and later a central leader.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participle καλούμενοςὁ: article forming the epithet phrase.
καλούμενοςcalledV2 · πμπνσμ καλέωparticiple modifying Σιμων through the articleκαλέω: 'call / name'; the participle introduces Simon's byname.
ΘασσιThassiN NSM · Θασσιproper name completing the epithet phraseΘασσί: Thassi, Simon's distinctive epithet in the family list.
4
Ιουδας ὁ καλούμενος Μακκαβαῖος
Judas, the one called Maccabaeus,
The list reaches Judas and supplies the epithet by which both he and the movement will be remembered. At this stage he is still presented as one son among five, before the narrative elevates him to military leadership.
Word-by-word analysis· 4 words
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςproper name in the continuing list of sonsἸούδας: Judas, the son who will become the revolt's principal battlefield leader.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participle καλούμενοςὁ: article forming the epithet phrase.
καλούμενοςcalledV2 · πμπνσμ καλέωparticiple modifying Ιουδας through the articleκαλέω: 'call / name'; the participle introduces Judas's decisive byname.
ΜακκαβαῖοςMaccabaeusN2 NSM · Μακκαβαῖοςproper name completing the epithet phraseΜακκαβαῖος: Maccabaeus, the title that becomes emblematic for Judas and the movement itself.
5
Ελεαζαρ ὁ καλούμενος Αυαραν Ιωναθης ὁ καλούμενος Απφους
Eleazar, the one called Avaran, Jonathan, the one called Apphus.
The family roll call is completed by naming Eleazar and Jonathan with their bynames. The household is now fully present before the narrative turns from identification to grief and resistance.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ΕλεαζαρEleazarN NSM · Ελεαζαρproper noun naming the fourth son in the listΕλεαζαρ: Eleazar, Mattathias's son named here before later episodes of martyr-like courage.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the participial byname expressionὁ: the article, here substantivizing the following participle into 'the one called...'.
καλούμενοςcalledV2 · πμπνσμ καλέωparticiple qualifying Eleazar with his bynameκαλέω: to call or name; the middle/passive participle marks the received byname.
ΑυαρανAvaranN NSM · Αυαρανproper byname identifying EleazarΑυαραν: Avaran, Eleazar's byname in the Maccabean family list.
ΙωναθηςJonathanN1M NSM · Ιωναθηςproper noun naming the fifth son in the listΙωναθης: Jonathan, the youngest named son who later becomes a central leader.
ὁthe oneRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing Jonathan's byname phraseὁ: the article, again used with a participle to form a naming formula.
καλούμενοςcalledV2 · πμπνσμ καλέωparticiple assigning Jonathan his bynameκαλέω: to call or name; repeated here to complete the parallel family naming pattern.
ΑπφουςApphusN NSM · Απφουςproper byname identifying JonathanΑπφους: Apphus, Jonathan's byname in the opening family roster.
6
καὶ εἶδεν τὰς βλασφημίας τὰς γινομένας ἐν Ιουδα καὶ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ
And he saw the blasphemies that were taking place in Judah and in Jerusalem.
After the sons are named, the narrative pivots to perception. What Mattathias sees in Judah and Jerusalem becomes the emotional and theological trigger for the lament that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective linking the family roster to Mattathias's responseκαί: and; joins the completed household introduction to the father's act of seeing.
εἶδενhe sawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωmain verb introducing Mattathias's perceptionὁράω: to see; the aorist marks a decisive apprehension of the crisis.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun as the object of seeingὁ: the article, here feminine accusative plural with 'blasphemies'.
βλασφημίαςblasphemiesN1A APF · βλασφημίαdirect object naming the profanations Mattathias witnessesβλασφημία: blasphemy, abusive sacrilege, or profanation against what is holy.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the participle that describes the blasphemiesὁ: the article used with the participle to specify the acts being carried out.
γινομέναςtaking placeV1 · πμπαπφ γίγνομαιparticiple describing the ongoing occurrence of the profanationsγίγνομαι: to happen, become, or take place; the participle portrays the blasphemies as actively unfolding.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the first locationἐν: in; locates the profanations within the land.
ΙουδαJudahN DSM · Ἰουδάplace name naming the wider regional settingΙουδα: Judah, the territory of the covenant people under Seleucid pressure.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction joining region and cityκαί: and; pairs the land with its cultic center.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the second locationἐν: in; repeats the locative focus for Jerusalem.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμplace name naming the holy city as the focal site of outrageΙερουσαλημ: Jerusalem, the holy city whose desecration intensifies the coming lament.
7
καὶ εἶπεν οἴμμοι ἵνα τί τοῦτο ἐγεννήθην ἰδεῖν τὸ σύντριμμα τοῦ λαοῦ μου καὶ τὸ σύντριμμα τῆς ἁγίας πόλεως καὶ καθίσαι ἐκεῖ ἐν τῷ δοθῆναι αὐτὴν ἐν χειρὶ ἐχθρῶν τὸ ἁγίασμα ἐν χειρὶ ἀλλοτρίων
And he said, Alas, why was I born to see the ruin of my people and the ruin of the holy city, and to sit there while she is given into the hand of enemies, the sanctuary into the hand of strangers?
Mattathias's grief is framed as a birth-lament: why should he have lived to witness covenant ruin? The complaint binds together people, city, and sanctuary as one wound under foreign domination.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing Mattathias's spoken lamentκαί: and; moves from sight to speech as grief becomes voiced lament.
εἶπενhe saidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verb introducing the lament speechεἶπον: to say; the aorist introduces the formal outcry that follows.
οἴμμοιalasI · οἴμμοιinterjection expressing grief and anguishοἴμμοι: alas or woe is me; an exclamation of lament.
ἵναwhyC · ἵναinterrogative particle opening the complaintἵνα τί: literally 'for what?' functioning idiomatically as 'why?'.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςinterrogative element completing the idiom 'why'τίς: what? here in the set phrase asking the purpose of his birth.
τοῦτοfor thisRD ASN · οὗτοςdemonstrative object pointing to the present catastropheοὗτος: this; refers to the dreadful situation he is forced to witness.
ἐγεννήθηνwas I bornVCI API1S · γεννάωmain verb of the complaint, stating the fact of his birthγεννάω: to beget or give birth; in the passive aorist, 'I was born'.
ἰδεῖνto seeVB AAN · ὁράωinfinitive expressing the bitter purpose or result he lamentsὁράω: to see; the infinitive names what his life has come to witness.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the first object of sightὁ: the article, here with 'ruin'.
σύντριμμαruinN3M ASN · σύντριμμαdirect object naming the shattering he seesσύντριμμα: fracture, crushing, or ruin; a strong term for communal devastation.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessor of the ruinὁ: the article in the genitive, linking ruin to the people.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive noun specifying whose ruin is in viewλαός: people, often the covenant people as a corporate body.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώpossessive pronoun personalizing the lamentἐγώ: I; in the genitive form here, 'of me' or 'my'.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the people and city in one lamentκαί: and; binds communal and urban devastation together.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the second object of sightὁ: the article, repeated with the second 'ruin'.
σύντριμμαruinN3M ASN · σύντριμμαsecond direct object, parallel to the ruin of the peopleσύντριμμα: ruin or shattering; the repetition heightens the lament's parallelism.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the city's descriptive genitive phraseὁ: the article in the genitive, tying the ruin to the city.
ἁγίαςholyA1A GSF · ἅγιοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionἅγιος: 'holy'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive noun completing the phrase 'of the holy city'πόλις: city; here Jerusalem viewed in its consecrated identity.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding a further bitter infinitiveκαί: and; extends the lament from sight to helpless endurance.
καθίσαιto sitVA AAN · ἵζω + καταinfinitive describing remaining present under catastropheκαθίζω: to sit or remain seated; here it conveys abiding in the scene of disaster.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverb locating the sufferer at the devastated placeἐκεῖ: there; points to Jerusalem as the site of helpless witness.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the temporal circumstanceἐν: in; with the article and infinitive it forms a temporal construction.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle governing the infinitive clauseὁ: the article used with an infinitive to mark the circumstance 'when being given'.
δοθῆναιbeing givenVC APN · δίδωμιinfinitive in a temporal construction describing the city's surrenderδίδωμι: to give; in the passive infinitive, 'to be given over'.
αὐτὴνherRD ASF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the holy cityαὐτός: she/her; feminine here because it refers to the city.
ἐνintoP · ἐνpreposition introducing the idiom of hostile controlἐν χειρί: literally 'in hand,' an idiom for being under someone's power.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative noun within the control idiomχείρ: hand; often metaphorical for power or control.
ἐχθρῶνof enemiesA1A GPM · ἐχθρόςgenitive modifier identifying the hostile possessors of powerἐχθρός: enemy or hostile foe; the plural names the foreign oppressors.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the final object in parallel with the cityὁ: the article, here with 'sanctuary'.
ἁγίασμαsanctuaryN3M ASN · ἁγίασμαaccusative object naming the sacred center now profanedἁγίασμα: sanctuary or holy place, the consecrated cultic space.
ἐνintoP · ἐνpreposition repeating the idiom of hostile possessionἐν χειρί: repeated to parallel the city's surrender with the sanctuary's seizure.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative noun in the second control phraseχείρ: hand; again signaling domination rather than literal grasp.
ἀλλοτρίωνof strangersA1A GPM · ἀλλότριοςgenitive modifier naming alien holders of the sanctuaryἀλλότριος: belonging to another, foreign, or alien; here those outside the covenant community.
8
ἐγένετο ὁ ναὸς αὐτῆς ὡς ἀνὴρ ἄδοξος
Her temple became like a dishonored man.
The temple is personified through comparison to a disgraced man. Sacred splendor has been turned into public shame, extending the ruin from city and people to the sanctuary itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ἐγένετοbecameVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verb stating the temple's altered conditionγίγνομαι: to become or come to be; here it marks a shocking change in status.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the subject nounὁ: the article, here with 'temple'.
ναὸςtempleN2 NSM · ναόςsubject naming the sanctuary in its structural aspectναός: temple or shrine, the central sanctuary in Jerusalem.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun referring back to the cityαὐτός: her; feminine here because the temple belongs to the city personified.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςcomparative marker introducing the image of disgraceὡς: as or like; introduces a simile.
ἀνὴρa manN3 NSM · ἀνήρpredicate noun in the simileἀνήρ: man, husband, or male person; here part of a shame comparison.
ἄδοξοςdishonoredA1B NSM · ἄδοξοςpredicate adjective describing the temple's shameful likenessἄδοξος: without honor, inglorious, or disgraced.
9
τὰ σκεύη τῆς δόξης αὐτῆς αἰχμάλωτα ἀπήχθη ἀπεκτάνθη τὰ νήπια αὐτῆς ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις αὐτῆς οἱ νεανίσκοι αὐτῆς ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ ἐχθροῦ
The vessels of her glory were carried off captive; her infants were killed in her streets, her young men by the sword of the enemy.
The verse moves from sacred objects to human victims. Temple vessels, infants, and young men are all swept into a single picture of devastation, showing that desecration and bloodshed belong to the same catastrophe.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the subject of the first clauseὁ: the article, here neuter plural with 'vessels'.
σκεύηvesselsN1 NPN · σκευήsubject naming the temple implementsσκεῦος: vessel, implement, or equipment; here the sacred furnishings of the sanctuary.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the genitive phrase of qualityὁ: the article in the genitive, linking the vessels to the city's glory.
δόξηςgloryN1S GSF · δόξαgenitive noun describing the honor associated with the vesselsδόξα: glory, splendor, or honor; here the city's cultic magnificence.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun referring to the cityαὐτός: her; ties the sanctuary furnishings to Jerusalem personified.
αἰχμάλωταcaptiveA1B APN · αἰχμάλωτοςpredicate adjective describing the vessels as spoilαἰχμάλωτος: captive or taken by war; here functioning as a predicate of the seized vessels.
ἀπήχθηwere carried offVQI API3S · ἄγω + ἀποmain verb stating the removal of the vesselsἀπάγω: to lead away or carry off; in the passive it marks forced removal.
ἀπεκτάνθηwere killedVCI API3S · κτείνω + ἀποmain verb introducing the slaughter of the city's childrenἀποκτείνω: to kill or slay; the passive emphasizes the inflicted violence.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the next subject phraseὁ: the article, here neuter plural with 'infants'.
νήπιαinfantsA1A NPN · νήπιοςsubject naming the youngest victimsνήπιος: infant, little child, or one not yet able to speak.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun marking the city's childrenαὐτός: her; again personifying the city as mother.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the place of slaughterἐν: in; locates the violence within the city's public spaces.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle with the noun 'streets'ὁ: the article, here feminine dative plural.
πλατείαιςstreetsA3U DPF · πλατύςdative noun naming the exposed public settingπλατεῖα: broad street or square, the open spaces of the city.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'streets'αὐτός: her; the streets belong to the city under lament.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the final subject phraseὁ: the article, here masculine plural with 'young men'.
νεανίσκοιyoung menN2 NPM · νεανίσκοςsubject naming the city's vigorous defenders or youthsνεανίσκος: young man, youth, or able-bodied male.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun marking the city's youthsαὐτός: her; keeps the personified-city imagery intact.
ἐνbyP · ἐνpreposition introducing the instrument of deathἐν: in or by; here instrumental with 'sword'.
ῥομφαίᾳthe swordN1A DSF · ῥομφαίαdative noun naming the means of slaughterῥομφαία: sword, often a large blade associated with lethal force.
ἐχθροῦof the enemyA1A GSM · ἐχθρόςgenitive modifier naming the wielder of the swordἐχθρός: enemy or foe; singular here as a collective hostile power.
10
ποῖον ἔθνος οὐκ ἐκληρονόμησεν βασίλεια καὶ οὐκ ἐκράτησεν τῶν σκύλων αὐτῆς
What nation has not inherited her kingdoms and not seized her spoils?
The complaint turns rhetorical: every nation seems to have taken a share in Jerusalem's overthrow. The city is imagined as a fallen inheritance parceled out among the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ποῖονwhatA1A NSN · ποῖοςinterrogative adjective opening the rhetorical questionποῖος: what sort of or which? here asking rhetorically for 'what nation?'.
ἔθνοςnationN3E NSN · ἔθνοςsubject of the rhetorical questionἔθνος: nation, people-group, or Gentile polity.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle expecting the answer 'none'οὐ: not; with the rhetorical question it implies universality of plunder.
ἐκληρονόμησενhas inheritedVAI AAI3S · κληρονομέωfinite verb describing possession gained from Jerusalem's fallκληρονομέω: to inherit, receive as a possession, or take as allotment.
βασίλειαkingdomsN2N NPN · βασίλειονobject naming the realms or royal holdings taken from herβασίλειον: kingdom, royal domain, or realm.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the two acts of appropriationκαί: and; pairs inheritance with seizure.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle continuing the rhetorical forceοὐ: not; repeated to intensify the totality of the lament.
ἐκράτησενhas seizedVAI AAI3S · κρατέωfinite verb describing hostile possessionκρατέω: to rule, seize, or hold fast; here to take firm possession.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing the object 'spoils'ὁ: the article in the genitive plural with 'spoils'.
σκύλωνspoilsN2N GPN · σκῦλονobject naming the plunder taken from the cityσκῦλον: spoil, plunder, or war-booty.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun referring to Jerusalem's propertyαὐτός: her; the city remains the feminine referent throughout the lament.
11
πᾶς ὁ κόσμος αὐτῆς ἀφῃρέθη ἀντὶ ἐλευθέρας ἐγένετο εἰς δούλην
All her adornment was taken away; instead of free she became a slave.
The lament now summarizes the reversal in social terms. Jerusalem has lost every ornament of dignity and has moved from liberty to servitude, a covenant city recast as a captive woman.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςadjective modifying the extent of what was removedπᾶς: all, every, or the whole.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the subject nounὁ: the article, here with 'adornment'.
κόσμοςadornmentN2 NSM · κόσμοςsubject naming the city's beauty or honorκόσμος: order, adornment, or ornament; here the city's outward splendor.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying whose adornment is lostαὐτός: her; Jerusalem remains personified as feminine.
ἀφῃρέθηwas taken awayVCI API3S · αἱρέω + ἀποmain verb describing removal and deprivationἀφαιρέω: to take away, remove, or strip off.
ἀντὶinstead ofP · ἀντίpreposition marking the contrast of statusἀντί: instead of, in place of, or in exchange for.
ἐλευθέραςfreeA1A GSF · ἐλεύθεροςgenitive adjective naming the former conditionἐλεύθερος: free, not enslaved, possessing liberty.
ἐγένετοshe becameVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verb stating the city's transformed conditionγίγνομαι: to become; here it marks the city's fall into servitude.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing the resulting stateεἰς: into; marks transition into a new condition.
δούληνslaveN1 ASF · δούληpredicate accusative naming the resulting state of bondageδούλη: female slave or bondwoman; the city is figured as reduced to servitude.
12
καὶ ἰδοὺ τὰ ἅγια ἡμῶν καὶ ἡ καλλονὴ ἡμῶν καὶ ἡ δόξα ἡμῶν ἠρημώθη καὶ ἐβεβήλωσαν αὐτὰ τὰ ἔθνη
And behold, our holy things and our beauty and our glory were laid waste, and the nations profaned them.
The voice turns from Jerusalem as 'her' to communal 'our.' Sacred things, beauty, and glory are treated as a shared inheritance now devastated and profaned by the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing the lament to a fresh exclamationκαί: and; carries the lament forward.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούdeictic particle summoning attention to the devastationἰδού: behold, look; a marker of vivid presentation.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing the first communal possessionὁ: the article, here neuter plural with 'holy things'.
ἅγιαholy thingsA1A NPN · ἅγιοςsubject naming the sacred possessions of the peopleἅγια: holy things or sanctuary-things, often referring to consecrated sacred realities.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpossessive pronoun marking communal ownershipἐγώ: we/our in the genitive plural form here, identifying the people with the sanctuary.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the triad of lossesκαί: and; links the sacred triad.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle introducing 'beauty'ὁ: the article, feminine singular with 'beauty'.
καλλονὴbeautyN1 NSF · καλλονήsubject item naming the people's loveliness or splendorκαλλονή: beauty, attractiveness, or fair splendor.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpossessive pronoun continuing the communal claimἐγώ: our; the first-person plural keeps the lament communal.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding the third term in the triadκαί: and; completes the threefold accumulation.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle introducing 'glory'ὁ: the article, feminine singular with 'glory'.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαsubject item naming Israel's honorδόξα: glory, honor, or radiance.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpossessive pronoun binding the glory to the peopleἐγώ: our; the lament is voiced from within the wounded community.
ἠρημώθηwas laid wasteVCI API3S · ἐρημόωmain verb summarizing devastation over the whole triadἐρημόω: to desolate, lay waste, or make barren.
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing the profanation clauseκαί: and; joins desolation with desecration.
ἐβεβήλωσανprofanedVAI AAI3P · βεβηλόωmain verb naming the act of desecration by the nationsβεβηλόω: to profane, defile, or treat as common what is holy.
αὐτὰthemRD APN · αὐτόςobject pronoun referring back to the sacred thingsαὐτός: them; gathers the sacred realities as the object of profanation.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing the profaning subjectὁ: the article, neuter plural with 'nations'.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςsubject naming the Gentile profanersἔθνος: nation or Gentile people-group.
13
ἵνα τί ἡμῖν ἔτι ζωή
Why then do we still live?
The grief narrows into a stark question about the value of continued life. It is not philosophical abstraction but covenant despair in the face of desecration.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
ἵναwhyC · ἵναinterrogative particle opening the climactic questionἵνα τί: literally 'for what?' used idiomatically as 'why?'.
τίthenRI ASN · τίςinterrogative element completing the idiomτίς: what? here as part of the idiom asking why life remains.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώdative pronoun marking those whose life is in questionἐγώ: to us; the dative plural keeps the lament corporate.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverb emphasizing the surprising continuation of lifeἔτι: still, yet, or any longer.
ζωήlifeN1 NSF · ζωήsubject naming the remnant existence now questionedζωή: life, living existence.
14
καὶ διέρρηξεν Ματταθιας καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν καὶ περιεβάλοντο σάκκους καὶ ἐπένθησαν σφόδρα
And Mattathias and his sons tore their garments, put on sackcloth, and mourned greatly.
The speech gives way to ritual response. Tearing garments, donning sackcloth, and intense mourning show grief becoming visible and communal within Mattathias's household.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from lament speech to actionκαί: and; links the spoken lament to mourning action.
διέρρηξενtoreVAI AAI3S · ῥήγνυμι + διαmain verb describing the ritual act of griefδιαρρήγνυμι: to tear apart; often used of garments in mourning.
ΜατταθιαςMattathiasN1T NSM · Ματταθιαςsubject naming the father who leads the responseΜατταθιας: Mattathias, priestly father and initiator of the revolt.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the sons to Mattathias in shared mourningκαί: and; binds father and sons in one response.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the coordinated subjectὁ: the article, masculine plural with 'sons'.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςsubject naming the household participantsυἱός: son; here the sons of Mattathias as a unified household.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying whose sons are meantαὐτός: his; points back to Mattathias.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the direct object 'garments'ὁ: the article, neuter plural with 'garments'.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονdirect object of the tearing actionἱμάτιον: garment, cloak, or outer clothing.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying the garmentsαὐτός: their; the garments belong to the mourners.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining successive mourning actsκαί: and; adds the next ritual gesture.
περιεβάλοντοput onVBI AMI3P · βάλλω + περιmain verb describing the donning of mourning attireπεριβάλλω: to clothe, wrap, or put on.
σάκκουςsackclothN2 APM · σάκκοςdirect object naming the coarse mourning garmentσάκκος: 'sackcloth'; renders שַׂק; coarse mourning-cloth worn next to the skin.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the final mourning actionκαί: and; introduces the concluding verb of lament.
ἐπένθησανmournedVAI AAI3P · πενθέωmain verb describing the mourners' sustained griefπενθέω: to mourn, grieve, or lament over disaster or death.
σφόδραgreatlyD · σφόδραadverb intensifying the depth of mourningσφόδρα: greatly, exceedingly, or intensely.
15
καὶ ἦλθον οἱ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως οἱ καταναγκάζοντες τὴν ἀποστασίαν εἰς Μωδεϊν τὴν πόλιν ἵνα θυσιάσωσιν
And those from the king came to Modein, the city, those enforcing the apostasy, in order that they might sacrifice.
The narrative shifts from lament to coercive confrontation. The king's representatives arrive in Modein as enforcers of apostasy, bringing imperial pressure directly into Mattathias's town.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the arrival sceneκαί: and; moves the story from mourning to encounter.
ἦλθονcameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιmain verb describing the agents' arrivalἔρχομαι: to come or go; the aorist marks decisive arrival.
οἱthoseRA NPM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following prepositional phraseὁ: the article, here functioning as 'those who are...'.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition marking origin or commissionπαρά: from, beside, or on behalf of; here from the king.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing 'king'ὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun identifying the sovereign authority behind the envoysβασιλεύς: king, the ruling sovereign whose decree is being enforced.
οἱthoseRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the participial description of the agentsὁ: the article, again setting up a descriptive participial phrase.
καταναγκάζοντεςenforcingV1 · παπνπμ ἀγκάζω + κατα + ἀναparticiple describing the agents as coercive enforcersκαταναγκάζω: to compel or force; the participle marks ongoing coercion.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the object 'apostasy'ὁ: the article, feminine accusative singular.
ἀποστασίανapostasyN1A ASF · ἀποστασίαobject naming the religious rebellion being imposedἀποστασία: rebellion, defection, or apostasy, especially from covenant fidelity.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing the destinationεἰς: into or to, marking movement toward a place.
ΜωδεϊνModeinN ASF · Μωδεϊνplace name marking the town where the confrontation occursΜωδεϊν: Modein, Mattathias's town and the opening site of revolt.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle appositionally introducing 'city'ὁ: the article, here appositional with the place name.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςappositional noun clarifying Modein's civic identityπόλις: city or town.
ἵναin order thatC · ἵναsubordinator introducing purposeἵνα: in order that, so that; marks intended purpose.
θυσιάσωσινthey might sacrificeVA AAS3P · θυσιάζωpurpose verb naming the demanded cultic actθυσιάζω: to sacrifice or offer sacrifice.
16
καὶ πολλοὶ ἀπὸ Ισραηλ πρὸς αὐτοὺς προσῆλθον καὶ Ματταθιας καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ συνήχθησαν
And many from Israel came over to them, and Mattathias and his sons gathered together.
The pressure of apostasy immediately exposes division within Israel. Some align with the royal agents, while Mattathias and his sons assemble as a distinct counter-group.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the developing confrontationκαί: and; links arrival with community response.
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςsubject identifying a sizable group within Israelπολύς: many, numerous, or much.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition marking sourceἀπό: from, away from, or out of.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name identifying the covenant people as the source groupΙσραηλ: Israel, the covenant people as a collective identity.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition marking movement toward the royal agentsπρός: toward, to, or with reference to.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of the preposition referring to the king's agentsαὐτός: them; here the emissaries and their party.
προσῆλθονcame overVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαι + προςmain verb describing alignment with the emissariesπροσέρχομαι: to come to, approach, or join oneself to.
καὶandC · καίconjunction contrasting the second gathered partyκαί: and; sets Mattathias's household beside the collaborators.
ΜατταθιαςMattathiasN1T NSM · Ματταθιαςsubject naming the leader of the faithful householdΜατταθιας: Mattathias, central priestly figure of the revolt.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the sons to Mattathiasκαί: and; binds the family together.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'sons'ὁ: the article, masculine plural.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςsubject joined with Mattathias in the gatheringυἱός: son; the sons participate as a corporate household.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying the sonsαὐτός: his; refers back to Mattathias.
συνήχθησανgathered togetherVQI API3P · ἄγω + συνmain verb describing the family's assemblyσυνάγω: to gather together, assemble, or bring into one place.
17
καὶ ἀπεκρίθησαν οἱ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ εἶπον τῷ Ματταθια λέγοντες ἄρχων καὶ ἔνδοξος καὶ μέγας εἶ ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ καὶ ἐστηρισμένος υἱοῖς καὶ ἀδελφοῖς
And those from the king answered and said to Mattathias, saying, You are a ruler and honored and great in this city, and established by sons and brothers.
Before demanding compliance, the emissaries flatter Mattathias's status. Their strategy is to enlist his local prestige, family standing, and authority in service of the king's decree.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the emissaries' speechκαί: and; carries the scene into dialogue.
ἀπεκρίθησανansweredVCI API3P · κρίνω + ἀποmain verb introducing the replyἀποκρίνομαι: to answer or reply.
οἱthoseRA NPM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following source phraseὁ: the article, here functioning as 'those from...'.
παρὰfromP · παράpreposition marking royal commissionπαρά: from or on behalf of.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing 'king'ὁ: the article in the genitive.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun naming the commissioning authorityβασιλεύς: king, the sovereign whose policy is at stake.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining reply and speech verbsκαί: and; doubles the formal introduction to the speech.
εἶπονsaidVBI AAI3P · εἶπονspeech verb introducing the direct addressεἶπον: to say or speak.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the indirect objectὁ: the article in the dative with Mattathias's name.
ΜατταθιαMattathiasN1T DSM · Ματταθιαςindirect object receiving the addressΜατταθιας: Mattathias, addressed personally by the envoys.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωparticiple extending the speech introductionλέγω: to say; the participle forms the transition into quoted speech.
ἄρχωνa rulerN3 NSM · ἄρχωνpredicate nominative describing Mattathias's rankἄρχων: ruler, leader, or magistrate.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining titles of honorκαί: and; accumulates praise.
ἔνδοξοςhonoredA1B NSM · ἔνδοξοςpredicate adjective praising Mattathias's reputationἔνδοξος: honored, renowned, or glorious.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding further praiseκαί: and; continues the flattery.
μέγαςgreatA1P NSM · μέγαςpredicate adjective magnifying Mattathias's statureμέγας: great, important, or powerful.
εἶyou areV9 PAI2S · εἰμίcopula linking the predicates to Mattathiasεἰμί: to be.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition locating Mattathias's standingἐν: in; marks location or sphere.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'city'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative noun naming the local civic settingπόλις: city or town.
ταύτῃthisRD DSF · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifying 'city'οὗτος: this, pointing to the immediate locality.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding familial support to civic honorκαί: and; extends the compliment.
ἐστηρισμένοςestablishedVX · χμπνσμ στηρίζωparticiple describing Mattathias as firmly supportedστηρίζω: to establish, strengthen, or make firm; the participle presents settled standing.
υἱοῖςby sonsN2 DPM · υἱόςdative expressing the supporting family networkυἱός: son; here the sons as pillars of status and support.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the parallel family termκαί: and; links sons with brothers.
ἀδελφοῖςbrothersN2 DPM · ἀδελφόςdative expressing broader kinship supportἀδελφός: brother, kinsman, or fellow member of a close kin group.
18
νῦν πρόσελθε πρῶτος καὶ ποίησον τὸ πρόσταγμα τοῦ βασιλέως ὡς ἐποίησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες Ιουδα καὶ οἱ καταλειφθέντες ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἔσῃ σὺ καὶ οἱ υἱοί σου τῶν φίλων τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ σὺ καὶ οἱ υἱοί σου δοξασθήσεσθε ἀργυρίῳ καὶ χρυσίῳ καὶ ἀποστολαῖς πολλαῖς
Now come forward first and carry out the king's command, as all the nations and the men of Judah and those left in Jerusalem have done; and you and your sons shall be among the king's Friends, and you and your sons shall be honored with silver and gold and many gifts.
The emissaries move from flattery to direct inducement. Mattathias is urged to lead local compliance, with the promise of royal friendship, honor, and material reward if he performs the commanded sacrifice.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverb marking the urgent moment of decisionνῦν: now, at the present moment.
πρόσελθεcome forwardVB AAD2S · ἔρχομαι + προςimperative summoning Mattathias to step forwardπροσέρχομαι: to come to, approach, or step forward.
πρῶτοςfirstA1 NSMS · πρῶτοςpredicate adjective indicating priority in complianceπρῶτος: first, foremost, or primary.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the commandsκαί: and; links the call to approach with the demand to act.
ποίησονcarry outVA AAD2S · ποιέωimperative commanding Mattathias to obeyποιέω: to do, make, or carry out.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the direct objectὁ: the article, here neuter accusative singular.
πρόσταγμαcommandN3M ASN · πρόσταγμαdirect object naming the royal decreeπρόσταγμα: command, decree, or authoritative order.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessor of the commandὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun identifying the decree's sourceβασιλεύς: king, the sovereign issuing the demand.
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative conjunction introducing precedentὡς: as, just as, or in the manner that.
ἐποίησανhave doneVAI AAI3P · ποιέωverb citing the example of others' complianceποιέω: to do or perform; here it appeals to precedent.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςadjective modifying 'nations'πᾶς: all, every, or the whole.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing 'nations'ὁ: the article, here neuter plural.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςsubject naming the broad field of imitatorsἔθνος: nation, Gentile people-group, or polity.
καὶandC · καίconjunction extending the list of prior compliersκαί: and; broadens the pressure by adding local examples.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'men'ὁ: the article, masculine plural.
ἄνδρεςmenN3 NPM · ἀνήρsubject naming Judean participants in complianceἀνήρ: man, adult male, or socially recognized man.
Ιουδαof JudahN GSM · Ἰουδάgenitival proper name identifying which men are meantΙουδα: Judah, the people or territory of Judea.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding a final compliant groupκαί: and; continues the cumulative appeal.
οἱthoseRA NPM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participle that followsὁ: the article, here meaning 'those who...'.
καταλειφθέντεςleft behindVV · αππνπμ λείπω + καταparticiple describing the remnant remaining in Jerusalemκαταλείπω: to leave behind or leave remaining; the participle marks those who remain.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition locating the remnant groupἐν: in; marks location.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμplace name identifying the city of the remnantΙερουσαλημ: Jerusalem, the cultic center now under pressure.
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing the promised resultκαί: and; turns from command to reward.
ἔσῃyou shall beVF FMI2S · εἰμίfuture copula introducing promised statusεἰμί: to be; the future promises a resulting standing.
σὺyouRP NS · σύexplicit pronoun highlighting Mattathias personallyσύ: you, second-person singular.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining Mattathias with his sonsκαί: and; extends the promise to the household.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'sons'ὁ: the article, masculine plural.
υἱοίsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςsubject coordinated with Mattathias in the promised statusυἱός: son; here the family line included in the royal offer.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronoun identifying the sonsσύ: your, the second-person singular genitive form.
τῶνamong theRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing the honored class of court affiliationὁ: the article in the genitive plural.
φίλωνFriendsA1 GPM · φίλοςgenitive noun naming the king's favored circleφίλος: friend; in Hellenistic royal usage often an official court title.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessor of the titleὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun marking whose Friends are in viewβασιλεύς: king, the royal patron of the courtly rank.
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing the material reward clauseκαί: and; adds the concrete reward to status.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronoun repeated for emphasis in the promiseσύ: you, repeated for emphatic address.
καὶandC · καίconjunction again including the sonsκαί: and; repeats the family inclusion.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'sons' in the second promiseὁ: the article, masculine plural.
υἱοίsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςsubject sharing in the promised honorsυἱός: son; the promise extends generationally.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronoun identifying the sons againσύ: your, second-person singular genitive.
δοξασθήσεσθεshall be honoredVS FPI2P · δοξάζωfuture verb promising public honorδοξάζω: to honor, glorify, or confer distinction.
ἀργυρίῳwith silverN2N DSN · ἀργύριονdative of means naming one material rewardἀργύριον: silver or money.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking forms of rewardκαί: and; adds further inducement.
χρυσίῳgoldN2N DSN · χρυσίονdative of means naming a second material rewardχρυσίον: gold or golden wealth.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding a final reward termκαί: and; completes the catalogue of rewards.
ἀποστολαῖςgiftsN1 DPF · ἀποστολήdative noun naming bestowed benefits or grantsἀποστολή: a sending, commission, allowance, or bestowed gift; here material benefactions.
πολλαῖςmanyA1 DPF · πολύςadjective modifying the abundance of the giftsπολύς: many, numerous, or abundant.
19
καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Ματταθιας καὶ εἶπεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ εἰ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη τὰ ἐν οἴκῳ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ βασιλέως ἀκούουσιν αὐτοῦ ἀποστῆναι ἕκαστος ἀπὸ λατρείας πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ᾑρετίσαντο ἐν ταῖς ἐντολαῖς αὐτοῦ
And Mattathias answered and said with a loud voice, Even if all the nations in the house of the king's dominion obey him, each to depart from the worship of his fathers, and have chosen his commandments,
Mattathias begins with a hypothetical concession: even universal obedience to the king would not settle the matter. The decisive issue is fidelity to ancestral worship rather than conformity to imperial consensus.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing Mattathias's replyκαί: and; shifts the scene from the envoys' offer to Mattathias's answer.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredVCI API3S · κρίνω + ἀποmain verb introducing the formal replyἀποκρίνομαι: to answer or reply.
ΜατταθιαςMattathiasN1T NSM · Ματταθιαςsubject naming the speaker of resistanceΜατταθιας: Mattathias, priestly patriarch and spokesman of refusal.
καὶandC · καίconjunction pairing the reply with the speech actκαί: and; links answering with speaking.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονspeech verb introducing the spoken refusalεἶπον: to say or speak.
φωνῇwith a voiceN1 DSF · φωνήdative of manner describing how he speaksφωνή: voice, sound, or utterance.
μεγάλῃloudA1 DSF · μέγαςadjective modifying 'voice'μέγας: great, large, or loud according to context.
εἰifC · εἰconditional conjunction opening the hypothetical concessionεἰ: if, introducing a conditional clause.
πάνταallA3 NPN · πᾶςadjective modifying 'nations'πᾶς: all, every, the whole.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing 'nations'ὁ: the article, neuter plural.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςsubject of the hypothetical concessionἔθνος: nation, people-group, or Gentile polity.
τὰthat areRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing the limiting phrase about the king's realmὁ: the article, here effectively marking the nations as those belonging within the following sphere.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition locating the nations within the royal domainἐν: in; marks sphere or location.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςdative noun used idiomatically for the royal house or domainοἶκος: house, household, dynasty, or domain.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing 'kingdom'ὁ: the article in the genitive feminine singular.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive noun describing the realm in viewβασιλεία: kingdom, reign, or dominion.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the king as possessorὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun naming the ruler whose domain is being describedβασιλεύς: king, sovereign ruler.
ἀκούουσινobeyV1 PAI3P · ἀκούωverb describing their response to the kingἀκούω: to hear or heed; in this context it carries the sense of obeying.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun referring to the kingαὐτός: him; here the king as the one obeyed.
ἀποστῆναιto departVH AAN · ἵστημι + ἀποinfinitive expressing the content of the apostasyἀφίστημι: to depart, withdraw, or stand away from.
ἕκαστοςeach oneA1 NSM · ἕκαστοςsubject distributed across the nations' responseἕκαστος: each, every individual.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition marking separation from ancestral worshipἀπό: from, away from.
λατρείαςworshipN1A GSF · λατρείαgenitive noun naming the cultic service abandonedλατρεία: worship, cultic service, or religious observance.
πατέρωνof his fathersN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive noun identifying the ancestral source of worshipπατήρ: father; in the plural often the ancestors.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun completing the ancestral phraseαὐτός: his; refers distributively to each obedient subject.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining departure and positive choiceκαί: and; pairs renunciation with adoption.
ᾑρετίσαντοhave chosenVAI AMI3P · αἱρετίζωverb naming their deliberate selection of the king's commandsαἱρετίζω: to choose, adopt, or align oneself with.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the sphere of chosen allegianceἐν: in, within, or by.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle introducing 'commandments'ὁ: the article, dative feminine plural.
ἐντολαῖςcommandmentsN1A DPF · ἐντολήdative noun naming the commands chosen instead of ancestral worshipἐντολή: commandment, order, or directive.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun referring to the kingαὐτός: his; here belonging to the king.
20
κἀγὼ καὶ οἱ υἱοί μου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί μου πορευσόμεθα ἐν διαθήκῃ πατέρων ἡμῶν
Yet I and my sons and my brothers will walk in the covenant of our fathers.
Against imperial unanimity, Mattathias sets a contrary household pledge. The line anchors resistance in covenant continuity with the fathers rather than in political calculation.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
κἀγὼyet IC+RPNS · καί̈ἐγώemphatic compound pronoun marking Mattathias's contrasting stanceκἀγώ: and I, or but I; often strongly emphatic in contrast.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking Mattathias with his householdκαί: and; joins the family into one declaration.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'sons'ὁ: the article, masculine plural.
υἱοίsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςsubject coordinated with Mattathiasυἱός: son; his immediate household heirs.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronoun identifying the sonsἐγώ: my, first-person singular genitive.
καὶandC · καίconjunction extending the pledge to broader kinκαί: and; adds the brothers to the vow.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'brothers'ὁ: the article, masculine plural.
ἀδελφοίbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςsubject coordinated with the household declarationἀδελφός: brother, kinsman, or close male relative.
μουmyRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronoun identifying the brothersἐγώ: my, first-person singular genitive.
πορευσόμεθαwill walkVF FMI1P · πορεύομαιmain future verb declaring the household's courseπορεύομαι: to go, proceed, or walk in a course of life.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the sphere of covenant fidelityἐν: in, within, or according to.
διαθήκῃcovenantN1 DSF · διαθήκηdative noun naming the sphere in which they will walkδιαθήκη: covenant, pact, or solemn binding arrangement; here ancestral covenant fidelity.
πατέρωνof our fathersN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive noun identifying the covenant's ancestral originπατήρ: father; in the plural, ancestors or forefathers.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun binding the covenant to shared ancestryἐγώ: our, first-person plural genitive.
21
ἵλεως ἡμῖν καταλιπεῖν νόμον καὶ δικαιώματα
Far be it from us to abandon law and ordinances.
The refusal sharpens from hypothetical contrast into moral impossibility. Abandoning the law is not merely undesirable for Mattathias; it is a profanely impossible act for the covenant community.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ἵλεωςfar be itD · ἵλεωςexclamatory idiom expressing abhorrence and rejectionἵλεως: gracious or propitious; in idiomatically elliptical usage, 'far be it' or 'may it never be'.
ἡμῖνfrom usRP DP · ἐγώdative pronoun marking those from whom the act is repudiatedἐγώ: us, first-person plural dative.
καταλιπεῖνto abandonVB AAN · λείπω + καταinfinitive naming the rejected actionκαταλείπω: to leave behind, forsake, or abandon.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςdirect object naming the covenantal lawνόμος: law, custom, or authoritative instruction; here the ancestral Torah.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the paired covenant termsκαί: and; links law with its enacted ordinances.
δικαιώματαordinancesN3M APN · δικαίωμαsecond direct object naming covenantal requirementsδικαίωμα: ordinance, statute, or prescribed requirement.
22
τῶν λόγων τοῦ βασιλέως οὐκ ἀκουσόμεθα παρελθεῖν τὴν λατρείαν ἡμῶν δεξιὰν ἢ ἀριστεράν
We will not obey the words of the king, so as to turn aside from our worship to the right or to the left.
The refusal becomes explicit and practical: the king's command will not be obeyed. The right-left idiom frames any deviation from covenant worship, however slight, as unacceptable.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing 'words'ὁ: the article, genitive plural with 'words'.
λόγωνwordsN2 GPM · λόγοςgenitive noun identifying what will not be obeyedλόγος: word, statement, message, or command.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessor of the wordsὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun identifying the command sourceβασιλεύς: king, the imperial authority issuing the demand.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle negating obedienceοὐ: not, the standard negation in indicative statements.
ἀκουσόμεθαwe will obeyVF FMI1P · ἀκούωmain future verb declaring refusal of obedienceἀκούω: to hear or heed; in context it means to obey.
παρελθεῖνto turn asideVB AAN · ἔρχομαι + παραinfinitive expressing the deviation they refuse to makeπαρέρχομαι: to pass by, go aside, or deviate from a course.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing 'worship'ὁ: the article, feminine accusative singular.
λατρείανworshipN1A ASF · λατρείαdirect object naming the worship from which they will not deviateλατρεία: worship, cultic service, or religious observance.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun binding the worship to the covenant communityἐγώ: our, first-person plural genitive.
δεξιὰνto the rightA1A ASF · δεξιόςadverbial accusative in the idiom of directional deviationδεξιός: right-hand, right side.
ἢorC · ἤdisjunctive conjunction in the paired directional idiomἤ: or.
ἀριστεράνto the leftA1A ASF · ἀριστερόςadverbial accusative completing the idiom of total non-deviationἀριστερός: left-hand, left side.
23
καὶ ὡς ἐπαύσατο λαλῶν τοὺς λόγους τούτους προσῆλθεν ἀνὴρ Ιουδαῖος ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πάντων θυσιάσαι ἐπὶ τοῦ βωμοῦ ἐν Μωδεϊν κατὰ τὸ πρόσταγμα τοῦ βασιλέως
And as soon as he ceased speaking these words, a Jewish man came forward before the eyes of all to sacrifice on the altar in Modein according to the king's command.
The narrative wastes no time between speech and crisis. An Israelite's visible compliance turns the dispute from words into an immediate public challenge in front of the whole community.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective carrying the narrative from speech to eventκαί: and; links Mattathias's declaration to the immediate test that follows.
ὡςas soon asC · ὡςtemporal conjunction introducing the next eventὡς: as, when, or as soon as according to context.
ἐπαύσατοhe ceasedVAI AMI3S · παύωmain verb marking the end of Mattathias's speechπαύω: to stop or cease; in the middle, to cease from an action.
λαλῶνspeakingV2 · παπνσμ λαλέωparticiple specifying the action from which he ceasedλαλέω: to speak, talk, or utter.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the object of speakingὁ: the article, masculine accusative plural.
λόγουςwordsN2 APM · λόγοςdirect object referring to Mattathias's speechλόγος: word, saying, or spoken statement.
τούτουςtheseRD APM · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifying 'words'οὗτος: this or these, pointing to the just-spoken words.
προσῆλθενcame forwardVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + προςmain verb describing the volunteer's public approachπροσέρχομαι: to come to, approach, or step forward.
ἀνὴρa manN3 NSM · ἀνήρsubject naming the individual who compliesἀνήρ: man, adult male, or socially recognized man.
ΙουδαῖοςJewishA1 NSM · Ἰουδαῖοςadjectival identifier marking him as one of the covenant peopleἸουδαῖος: Jewish, Judean, or belonging to the people of Judah.
ἐνbeforeP · ἐνpreposition in an idiom of public visibilityἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς: literally 'in the eyes of,' an idiom meaning 'before' or 'in the sight of'.
ὀφθαλμοῖςthe eyesN2 DPM · ὀφθαλμόςdative noun in the idiom of public sightὀφθαλμός: eye; in plural idiomatically the sight or presence of observers.
πάντωνof allA3 GPM · πᾶςgenitive modifier naming the total public audienceπᾶς: all, every, or the whole group.
θυσιάσαιto sacrificeVA AAN · θυσιάζωinfinitive expressing the purpose of his approachθυσιάζω: to sacrifice or offer sacrifice.
ἐπὶonP · ἐπίpreposition introducing the altar as locationἐπί: on, upon, or at.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing 'altar'ὁ: the article in the genitive with 'altar'.
βωμοῦaltarN2 GSM · βωμόςgenitive noun naming the place of illicit sacrificeβωμός: altar, especially a sacrificial altar.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition locating the sceneἐν: in; marks location.
ΜωδεϊνModeinN DSF · Μωδεϊνplace name naming the town of confrontationΜωδεϊν: Modein, the hometown setting of the revolt's outbreak.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition marking conformity to the decreeκατά: according to, in conformity with.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle introducing 'command'ὁ: the article, neuter accusative singular.
πρόσταγμαcommandN3M ASN · πρόσταγμαobject of the conformity phrase, naming the decree obeyedπρόσταγμα: command, decree, or authoritative order.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the source of the decreeὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun identifying the decree's issuerβασιλεύς: king, the ruling authority behind the apostate act.
24
καὶ εἶδεν Ματταθιας καὶ ἐζήλωσεν καὶ ἐτρόμησαν οἱ νεφροὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνήνεγκεν θυμὸν κατὰ τὸ κρίμα καὶ δραμὼν ἔσφαξεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν
And Mattathias saw and became zealous, and his inward parts trembled, and he brought up wrath according to the judgment; and running forward, he slaughtered him upon the altar.
The sight of public apostasy ignites Mattathias's zeal in priestly-judicial terms. His emotional trembling and decisive violence are narrated as covenant judgment rather than impulsive rage.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the reaction sequenceκαί: and; carries the narrative into Mattathias's response.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωmain verb initiating the response to the visible provocationὁράω: to see; here the triggering sight of the apostate sacrifice.
ΜατταθιαςMattathiasN1T NSM · Ματταθιαςsubject naming the avengerΜατταθιας: Mattathias, now acting as zealous defender of the covenant.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the sequence of reactionsκαί: and; moves from sight to zeal.
ἐζήλωσενbecame zealousVAI AAI3S · ζηλόωmain verb describing covenant zeal awakened in himζηλόω: to be zealous, ardent, or jealous for a cause.
καὶandC · καίconjunction extending the reaction sequence inwardlyκαί: and; adds bodily agitation to zeal.
ἐτρόμησανtrembledVAI AAI3S · τρομέωmain verb describing the bodily effect of passionτρομέω: to tremble or quake.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the body-part subjectὁ: the article, masculine plural.
νεφροὶinward partsN2 NPM · νεφρόςsubject of trembling, expressing inner emotional agitationνεφρός: kidney; figuratively the inward parts or seat of deep emotion.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying whose inward parts are meantαὐτός: his; refers to Mattathias.
καὶandC · καίconjunction shifting from inner movement to outward actionκαί: and; moves from emotion to execution.
ἀνήνεγκενbrought upVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ἀναverb expressing the stirring up or carrying forth of wrathἀναφέρω: to bring up, carry up, or raise; here of aroused wrath.
θυμὸνwrathN2 ASM · θυμόςdirect object naming the passionate force he raisesθυμός: wrath, rage, passion, or fierce indignation.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition introducing the norm of his actionκατά: according to, in keeping with.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle introducing 'judgment'ὁ: the article, neuter accusative singular.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαobject naming the judicial norm behind his zealκρίμα: judgment, judicial decision, or act of justice.
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing the final violent actκαί: and; brings the reaction to its climactic deed.
δραμὼνrunning forwardVB · ααπνσμ τρέχωparticiple describing the swift manner of attackτρέχω: to run; the aorist participle marks rapid movement into action.
ἔσφαξενslaughteredVAI AAI3S · σφάζωmain verb naming the killing actσφάζω: to slaughter or slay, often with sacrificial resonance.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object referring to the sacrificing manαὐτός: him; the specific offender now targeted.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition marking the location of the killingἐπί: on, upon, or at.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing 'altar'ὁ: the article, masculine accusative singular.
βωμόνaltarN2 ASM · βωμόςaccusative noun naming the place of executionβωμός: altar, the illicit sacrificial structure destroyed by zeal.
25
καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦ βασιλέως τὸν ἀναγκάζοντα θύειν ἀπέκτεινεν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ καὶ τὸν βωμὸν καθεῖλεν
And the king's man, the one compelling sacrifice, he killed at that time, and he tore down the altar.
The action widens from the willing apostate to the royal machinery behind him. Mattathias targets both the coercive representative and the altar itself, dismantling the local structure of apostasy.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the sequence of zealous actsκαί: and; advances the narrative from one target to the next.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the first direct objectὁ: the article, masculine accusative singular.
ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρdirect object naming the royal representativeἀνήρ: man, adult male, or representative figure.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessor phraseὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun identifying whose man he isβασιλεύς: king, the sovereign whose policy is being enforced.
τὸνthe oneRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the participial descriptionὁ: the article, here substantivizing the participle into 'the one who...'.
ἀναγκάζονταcompellingV1 · παπασμ ἀγκάζω + ἀναparticiple describing the royal man's roleἀναγκάζω: to compel or force; the participle marks coercive enforcement.
θύεινto sacrificeV1 PAN · θύωinfinitive completing the coercive action he enforcesθύω: to sacrifice, offer, or slay in cultic context.
ἀπέκτεινενhe killedVAI AAI3S · κτείνω + ἀποmain verb naming the killing of the royal representativeἀποκτείνω: to kill or put to death.
ἐνatP · ἐνpreposition in a temporal phraseἐν: in or at; here temporal in force.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing 'time'ὁ: the article in the dative with 'time'.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative noun marking the decisive momentκαιρός: appointed time, moment, or critical occasion.
ἐκείνῳthatRD DSM · ἐκεῖνοςdemonstrative modifying 'time'ἐκεῖνος: that, pointing to a definite moment.
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing the second object of destructionκαί: and; joins the killing with the dismantling of the altar.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing 'altar'ὁ: the article, masculine accusative singular.
βωμὸνaltarN2 ASM · βωμόςdirect object naming the illicit cultic structureβωμός: altar, especially a sacrificial altar.
καθεῖλενtore downVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + καταmain verb naming the destruction of the altarκαθαιρέω: to take down, demolish, or destroy.
26
καὶ ἐζήλωσεν τῷ νόμῳ καθὼς ἐποίησεν Φινεες τῷ Ζαμβρι υἱῷ Σαλωμ
And he was zealous for the law, just as Phinehas acted against Zimri son of Salom.
The narrator explicitly places Mattathias in the scriptural line of Phinehas. His violence is framed not as lawless reaction but as zealous covenant defense with a canonical precedent.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the narrator's interpretationκαί: and; adds interpretive framing after the deed.
ἐζήλωσενhe was zealousVAI AAI3S · ζηλόωmain verb summarizing Mattathias's postureζηλόω: to be zealous, ardent, or jealous for a cause.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing the object of zealὁ: the article in the dative with 'law'.
νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative noun naming the cause of his zealνόμος: law or covenantal instruction; here the Torah as the object of zeal.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςcomparative marker introducing biblical precedentκαθώς: just as, according as.
ἐποίησενactedVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverb referring to the precedent action of Phinehasποιέω: to do or act.
ΦινεεςPhinehasN NSM · Φινεεςproper name naming the scriptural exemplarΦινεες: Phinehas, priestly zealot of Numbers 25.
τῷagainstRA DSM · ὁarticle functioning with the dative name as the target of Phinehas's actionὁ: the article with the dative proper name in the comparison.
ΖαμβριZimriN DSM · Ζαμβριproper name naming Phinehas's targetΖαμβρι: Zimri, the Israelite judged by Phinehas in Numbers 25.
υἱῷsonN2 DSM · υἱόςappositional kinship term identifying Zimri's lineageυἱός: son, identifying filial descent.
Σαλωμof SalomN GSM · Σαλωμproper name completing the patronymic identificationΣαλωμ: Salom (cf. Sallu/Salu traditions), father named in the Phinehas comparison.
27
καὶ ἀνέκραξεν Ματταθιας ἐν τῇ πόλει φωνῇ μεγάλῃ λέγων πᾶς ὁ ζηλῶν τῷ νόμῳ καὶ ἱστῶν διαθήκην ἐξελθέτω ὀπίσω μου
And Mattathias cried out in the city with a loud voice, saying, Everyone who is zealous for the law and upholds the covenant, let him come out after me.
The private household stance becomes a public movement. Mattathias calls for followers not on kinship alone but on zeal for the law and fidelity to the covenant.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective shifting from deed to proclamationκαί: and; joins the zealous act to the public call that follows.
ἀνέκραξενcried outVAI AAI3S · κράζω + ἀναmain verb introducing the public summonsἀνακράζω: to cry out loudly or raise a public shout.
ΜατταθιαςMattathiasN1T NSM · Ματταθιαςsubject naming the callerΜατταθιας: Mattathias, now acting as leader of open resistance.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition locating the cry within the cityἐν: in; marks location or sphere.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'city'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative noun naming the public civic settingπόλις: city or town.
φωνῇwith a voiceN1 DSF · φωνήdative of manner describing the cryφωνή: voice, cry, or utterance.
μεγάλῃloudA1 DSF · μέγαςadjective modifying 'voice'μέγας: great or loud according to context.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple introducing the content of the cryλέγω: to say or speak.
πᾶςeveryoneA3T NSM · πᾶςsubstantival adjective naming the class invited to followπᾶς: all, every, or everyone.
ὁwhoRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the descriptive participlesὁ: the article, here effectively 'the one who...'.
ζηλῶνis zealousV4 · παπνσμ ζηλόωparticiple describing the proper followerζηλόω: to be zealous, ardent, or jealous for.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing the object of zealὁ: the article in the dative with 'law'.
νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative noun naming the cause of zealνόμος: law or covenantal instruction.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the two defining marks of followersκαί: and; pairs zeal with covenant fidelity.
ἱστῶνupholdsV1 · παπνσμ ἵστημιparticiple describing one who stands by or maintains the covenantἵστημι: to stand, establish, or uphold; the participle names one who stands with the covenant.
διαθήκηνthe covenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηdirect object of the covenant-upholding participleδιαθήκη: covenant, solemn bond, or ancestral pact.
ἐξελθέτωlet him come outVB AAD3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκimperative calling for decisive separation and followingἐξέρχομαι: to come out, go out, or depart from a place.
ὀπίσωafterD · ὀπίσωadverb/preposition marking discipleship-like followingὀπίσω: behind or after.
μουmeRP GS · ἐγώgenitive pronoun identifying the leader to be followedἐγώ: me, first-person singular genitive.
28
καὶ ἔφυγεν αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰ ὄρη καὶ ἐγκατέλιπον ὅσα εἶχον ἐν τῇ πόλει
And he and his sons fled into the mountains, and they left behind whatever they had in the city.
Resistance now requires literal separation. Mattathias's household abandons urban possessions and moves into the mountains, exchanging settled security for insurgent fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective linking the summons with the flightκαί: and; joins proclamation with enacted departure.
ἔφυγενfledVBI AAI3S · φεύγωmain verb naming the flight of Mattathiasφεύγω: to flee or escape.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronoun explicitly naming Mattathias in the flightαὐτός: he, here referring to Mattathias.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the sons to their fatherκαί: and; includes the household in the same movement.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'sons'ὁ: the article, masculine plural.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςsubject coordinated with Mattathias in the flightυἱός: son; here the sons as his household companions.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying whose sonsαὐτός: his; refers to Mattathias.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition marking destinationεἰς: into, to, toward.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing 'mountains'ὁ: the article, neuter accusative plural.
ὄρηmountainsN3E APN · ὄροςdestination noun naming the place of refugeὄρος: mountain or hill-country refuge.
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing what they relinquishκαί: and; adds the cost of departure.
ἐγκατέλιπονleft behindVBI AAI3P · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verb naming the abandonment of possessionsἐγκαταλείπω: to leave behind, forsake, or abandon.
ὅσαwhateverA1 APN · ὅσοςsubstantival adjective naming the totality of possessionsὅσος: as much as, whatever, or all that.
εἶχονthey hadV1I IAI3P · ἔχωverb completing the relative phrase about possessionsἔχω: to have, hold, or possess.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition locating what was abandonedἐν: in; marks location.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'city'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative noun naming the place they leave behindπόλις: city or town.
29
τότε κατέβησαν πολλοὶ ζητοῦντες δικαιοσύνην καὶ κρίμα εἰς τὴν ἔρημον καθίσαι ἐκεῖ
Then many went down, seeking righteousness and judgment, into the wilderness to settle there.
The resistance widens beyond Mattathias's household. Those who seek righteousness and judgment relocate to the wilderness, presenting exile-like withdrawal as a form of covenant fidelity.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τότεthenD · τότεtemporal adverb marking the next developmentτότε: then, at that time, or next in sequence.
κατέβησανwent downVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + καταmain verb describing the movement of the refugeesκαταβαίνω: to go down, descend, or move down into a region.
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςsubject naming the widening body of followersπολύς: many, numerous, or much.
ζητοῦντεςseekingV2 · παπνπμ ζητέωparticiple describing the character of those who go downζητέω: to seek, pursue, or strive after.
δικαιοσύνηνrighteousnessN1 ASF · δικαιοσύνηdirect object naming one object of their questδικαιοσύνη: righteousness, justice, or covenantal rightness.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the paired idealsκαί: and; links righteousness with judgment.
κρίμαjudgmentN3M ASN · κρίμαsecond direct object naming the just order they seekκρίμα: judgment, justice, or judicial right.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing destinationεἰς: into, toward, or to.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing 'wilderness'ὁ: the article, feminine accusative singular.
ἔρημονwildernessN2 ASF · ἔρημοςdestination noun naming the place of withdrawalἔρημος: wilderness, desert, or uninhabited place.
καθίσαιto settleVA AAN · ἵζω + καταinfinitive expressing the purpose of the moveκαθίζω: to sit, settle, or take up residence.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverb completing the settlement destinationἐκεῖ: there, in that place.
30
αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτῶν καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ κτήνη αὐτῶν ὅτι ἐσκληρύνθη ἐπ' αὐτοὺς τὰ κακά
They themselves and their sons and their wives and their cattle, because the evils had grown hard upon them.
The movement into the wilderness is not merely a band of fighters. Entire households go, including dependents and livestock, because affliction has become too severe to endure within ordinary settled life.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
αὐτοὶthey themselvesRD NPM · αὐτόςemphatic pronoun naming the refugees themselvesαὐτός: they themselves, an emphatic personal pronoun.
καὶandC · καίconjunction beginning the household catalogueκαί: and; extends the list of those included.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'sons'ὁ: the article, masculine plural.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative member of the household listυἱός: son; here the children included in the flight.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying the sonsαὐτός: their, referring back to the refugees.
καὶandC · καίconjunction continuing the household listκαί: and; adds the next family group.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle introducing 'wives'ὁ: the article, feminine plural.
γυναῖκεςwivesN3K NPF · γυνήnominative member of the household listγυνή: woman or wife; here spouses within the fleeing households.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying the wivesαὐτός: their, again referring to the refugees.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding economic dependents to the listκαί: and; extends the catalogue further.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing 'cattle'ὁ: the article, neuter plural.
κτήνηcattleN3E NPN · κτῆνοςnominative member of the household list naming livestockκτῆνος: beast, cattle, or domesticated livestock.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying the livestock as theirsαὐτός: their.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the reason for the flightὅτι: because, that, introducing cause or explanation.
ἐσκληρύνθηhad grown hardVCI API3S · σκληρύνωmain verb describing the intensification of sufferingσκληρύνω: to harden, make severe, or grow harsh.
ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition marking what the evils press uponἐπί: on, upon, against.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of the preposition referring to the refugee householdsαὐτός: them; the afflicted community.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing 'evils'ὁ: the article, neuter plural.
κακάevilsA1 NPN · κακόςsubject naming the afflictions that drove them outκακός: evil, bad, harmful, or disastrous. As neuter plural it denotes calamities or afflictions.
31
καὶ ἀνηγγέλη τοῖς ἀνδράσιν τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ταῖς δυνάμεσιν αἳ ἦσαν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ πόλει Δαυιδ ὅτι κατέβησαν ἄνδρες οἵτινες διεσκέδασαν τὴν ἐντολὴν τοῦ βασιλέως εἰς τοὺς κρύφους ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ
And it was reported to the king's men and to the forces that were in Jerusalem, the city of David, that men had gone down, men who had scattered from the king's command into the hiding places in the wilderness.
Withdrawal into the wilderness does not remain hidden. The report carries the matter from local resistance to military attention in Jerusalem, setting up organized pursuit.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the report to authoritiesκαί: and; links the refugees' movement to the state's response.
ἀνηγγέληit was reportedVDI API3S · ἀγγέλλω + ἀναmain impersonal passive verb introducing the reportἀναγγέλλω: to announce or report; in the passive, 'it was reported'.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle introducing the first recipients of the reportὁ: the article in the dative masculine plural.
ἀνδράσινmenN3 DPM · ἀνήρdative noun naming the royal representatives who receive the reportἀνήρ: man; here the king's agents or officials.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessor phraseὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun identifying whose men are meantβασιλεύς: king, the ruling authority now alerted to the dissent.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the second recipient groupκαί: and; adds the military forces to the report's audience.
ταῖςto theRA DPF · ὁarticle introducing 'forces'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine plural.
δυνάμεσινforcesN3I DPF · δύναμιςdative noun naming the armed forces receiving the reportδύναμις: force, military power, or armed contingent.
αἳwhichRR NPF · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the location of the forcesὅς: who, which; here relative to the forces.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverb locating the forces in Jerusalemεἰμί: to be.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing locationἐν: in; marks location or sphere.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμplace name naming the city of military presenceΙερουσαλημ: Jerusalem, the central city under royal control.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςappositional noun clarifying Jerusalemπόλις: city or town.
Δαυιδof DavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name completing the appositional titleΔαυιδ: David; 'city of David' evokes Jerusalem's royal significance.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the content of the reportὅτι: that, because; here introducing reported content.
κατέβησανhad gone downVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + καταverb reporting the movement of the dissentersκαταβαίνω: to go down, descend, or move into a lower or hidden region.
ἄνδρεςmenN3 NPM · ἀνήρsubject naming the reported dissentersἀνήρ: men, adult males, or persons counted as men.
οἵτινεςwhoRX NPM · ὅστιςrelative pronoun introducing a descriptive clause about the menὅστις: whoever or those who, often characterizing a class.
διεσκέδασανhad scattered fromVAI AAI3P · σκεδάζω + διαverb describing their break from the royal orderδιασκεδάζω: to scatter, disperse, or break away.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing 'command'ὁ: the article, feminine accusative singular.
ἐντολὴνcommandN1 ASF · ἐντολήobject naming what they rejected or broke fromἐντολή: commandment, order, or directive.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the command's sourceὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun naming the issuer of the commandβασιλεύς: king, the sovereign whose order was defied.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing the place of concealmentεἰς: into, toward.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing 'hiding places'ὁ: the article, masculine accusative plural.
κρύφουςhiding placesN2 APM · κρύφοςdestination noun naming concealed refugesκρύφος: hidden place, recess, or secret refuge.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition locating those refugesἐν: in; marks location.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'wilderness'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
ἐρήμῳwildernessN2 DSF · ἔρημοςdative noun naming the hidden settingἔρημος: wilderness, desert, or uninhabited region.
32
καὶ ἔδραμον ὀπίσω αὐτῶν πολλοὶ καὶ κατελάβοντο αὐτοὺς καὶ παρενέβαλον ἐπ' αὐτοὺς καὶ συνεστήσαντο πρὸς αὐτοὺς πόλεμον ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων
And many ran after them and overtook them and encamped against them and set battle against them on the day of the sabbaths.
The hidden refugees are quickly hunted down. The report becomes military pursuit, and the confrontation is sharpened by its occurrence on the Sabbath day.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the pursuers' responseκαί: and; moves from report to action.
ἔδραμονranVBI AAI3P · τρέχωmain verb describing the pursuitτρέχω: to run, hasten, or pursue rapidly.
ὀπίσωafterD · ὀπίσωadverb/preposition marking pursuitὀπίσω: behind or after.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun identifying those pursuedαὐτός: them; the wilderness refugees.
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςsubject naming the size of the pursuing forceπολύς: many, numerous, or much.
καὶandC · καίconjunction continuing the sequence of military actionsκαί: and; joins pursuit with seizure.
κατελάβοντοovertookVBI AMI3P · λαμβάνω + καταmain verb describing successful capture or catching upκαταλαμβάνω: to seize, overtake, or catch up with.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object referring to the refugeesαὐτός: them; those who had fled to the wilderness.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding the next military stepκαί: and; adds encampment to pursuit.
παρενέβαλονencampedVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + παρα + ἐνmain verb describing military positioningπαρεμβάλλω: to encamp or set up camp near or against.
ἐπ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition marking hostile positionἐπί: on, against, or upon according to context.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of hostile positioningαὐτός: them; the group under threat.
καὶandC · καίconjunction introducing battle formationκαί: and; continues the military escalation.
συνεστήσαντοsetVAI AMI3P · ἵστημι + συνmain verb describing hostile engagementσυνίστημι: to set together, bring to bear, or engage.
πρὸςagainstP · πρόςpreposition marking the target of battleπρός: toward or against.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of the hostile engagementαὐτός: them; the pursued wilderness group.
πόλεμονbattleN2 ASM · πόλεμοςdirect object naming the conflictπόλεμος: war, battle, or armed conflict.
ἐνonP · ἐνpreposition introducing the time of conflictἐν: in or on; here temporal.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'day'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative noun naming the time of attackἡμέρα: day.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing 'sabbaths'ὁ: the article, genitive neuter plural.
σαββάτωνsabbathsN2N GPN · σάββατονgenitive noun specifying the sacred time of the attackσάββατον: sabbath; in plural form often used idiomatically for the sabbath day.
33
καὶ εἶπον πρὸς αὐτούς ἕως τοῦ νῦν ἐξελθόντες ποιήσατε κατὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ζήσεσθε
And they said to them, Enough until now; come out and act according to the king's word, and you shall live.
The pursuers frame the crisis as a final chance. Submission to the king's word is presented as the price of life, tightening the pressure on the Sabbath fugitives.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the ultimatumκαί: and; shifts from military positioning to direct address.
εἶπονthey saidVBI AAI3P · εἶπονmain speech verb introducing the demandεἶπον: to say or speak.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition marking the addresseesπρός: to, toward, or against according to context.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of address referring to the refugeesαὐτός: them; the wilderness group under threat.
ἕωςenoughD · ἕωςadverbial expression marking a limit or 'that is enough'ἕως: until, up to, or in compressed idiom 'enough until now'.
τοῦuntilRA GSM · ὁarticle in the idiomatic temporal phrase with 'now'ὁ: the article used within the temporal phrase 'until now'.
νῦνnowD · νῦνadverb completing the temporal limitνῦν: now, at the present time.
ἐξελθόντεςcome outVB · ααπνπμ ἔρχομαι + ἐκparticiple used imperativally in the ultimatumἐξέρχομαι: to come out, go out, or emerge.
ποιήσατεactVA AAD2P · ποιέωimperative commanding obedienceποιέω: to do, make, or act.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition marking conformityκατά: according to, in conformity with.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing 'word'ὁ: the article, masculine accusative singular.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςobject naming the demanded royal directiveλόγος: word, statement, or command.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the source of the directiveὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun naming the authority behind the demandβασιλεύς: king, the sovereign whose order governs the ultimatum.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking obedience and its promised outcomeκαί: and; joins command with promise.
ζήσεσθεyou shall liveVF FMI2P · ζάωfuture verb promising life in exchange for complianceζάω: to live or remain alive.
34
καὶ εἶπον οὐκ ἐξελευσόμεθα οὐδὲ ποιήσομεν τὸν λόγον τοῦ βασιλέως βεβηλῶσαι τὴν ἡμέραν τῶν σαββάτων
And they said, We will not come out, nor will we do the king's word, to profane the day of the sabbaths.
Their answer shows uncompromising Sabbath fidelity. Even with life offered on condition of submission, they refuse to emerge or obey if obedience would profane the sacred day.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the refugees' replyκαί: and; shifts the dialogue back to the fugitives.
εἶπονthey saidVBI AAI3P · εἶπονmain speech verb introducing the refusalεἶπον: to say or speak.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle negating the first actionοὐ: not, standard negation.
ἐξελευσόμεθαwe will come outVF FMI1P · ἔρχομαι + ἐκfuture verb refusing to emergeἐξέρχομαι: to come out, go out, or emerge.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέnegative conjunction adding a second refusalοὐδέ: and not, nor, not even.
ποιήσομενwill we doVF FAI1P · ποιέωfuture verb denying obedienceποιέω: to do, perform, or carry out.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing 'word'ὁ: the article, masculine accusative singular.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςobject naming the command they refuseλόγος: word, command, or directive.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessor of the commandὁ: the article in the genitive with 'king'.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun naming the command sourceβασιλεύς: king, the authority whose order they reject.
βεβηλῶσαιto profaneVA AAN · βεβηλόωinfinitive expressing what obedience would entailβεβηλόω: to profane, desecrate, or treat as common.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing 'day'ὁ: the article, feminine accusative singular.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραobject naming the sacred time at issueἡμέρα: day.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing 'sabbaths'ὁ: the article, genitive neuter plural.
σαββάτωνsabbathsN2N GPN · σάββατονgenitive noun specifying the sanctified dayσάββατον: sabbath; plural often used idiomatically for the sabbath day.
35
καὶ ἐτάχυναν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς πόλεμον
And they hastened battle against them.
The offer of life is immediately followed by violence. The pursuing forces do not linger in negotiation but accelerate the attack against the Sabbath refugees.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
καὶandC · καίconnective linking refusal to assaultκαί: and; moves from dialogue to action.
ἐτάχυνανthey hastenedVAI AAI3P · ταχύνωmain verb describing the accelerated attackταχύνω: to hasten, accelerate, or press quickly.
ἐπ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition marking hostile directionἐπί: on, against, upon.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of attack referring to the refugeesαὐτός: them; the wilderness Sabbath group.
πόλεμονbattleN2 ASM · πόλεμοςobject naming the hostile action brought against themπόλεμος: war, battle, or armed conflict.
36
καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτοῖς οὐδὲ λίθον ἐνετίναξαν αὐτοῖς οὐδὲ ἐνέφραξαν τοὺς κρύφους
And they did not answer them, nor did they throw a stone at them, nor did they block up the hiding places.
The text underlines the completeness of their nonresistance. They neither reply, nor fight back, nor even secure their hiding places, showing how strictly they refuse to violate the Sabbath.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the refugees' nonresponseκαί: and; turns from the attackers' action to the victims' restraint.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle negating the first actionοὐ: not, standard negation.
ἀπεκρίθησανdid they answerVCI API3P · κρίνω + ἀποmain verb denying any verbal replyἀποκρίνομαι: to answer or reply.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςindirect object referring to the attackersαὐτός: them; the hostile forces.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέnegative conjunction adding a second refusalοὐδέ: nor, not even.
λίθονa stoneN2 ASM · λίθοςdirect object in the idiom of throwing a stoneλίθος: stone or rock.
ἐνετίναξανdid they throwVAI AAI3P · τινάσσω + ἐνmain verb denying even minimal armed resistanceἐντινάσσω: to hurl, shake loose, or throw against.
αὐτοῖςat themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative object naming the target of thrown stonesαὐτός: them; the attacking forces.
οὐδὲnorC · οὐδέnegative conjunction adding the final omissionοὐδέ: nor, not even.
ἐνέφραξανdid they block upVAI AAI3P · φράσσω + ἐνmain verb denying protective closure of the refugesἐμφράσσω: to stop up, block, or close off.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing 'hiding places'ὁ: the article, masculine accusative plural.
κρύφουςhiding placesN2 APM · κρύφοςdirect object naming the refuges left unsealedκρύφος: hidden place, recess, or place of concealment.
37
λέγοντες ἀποθάνωμεν πάντες ἐν τῇ ἁπλότητι ἡμῶν μαρτυρεῖ ἐφ' ἡμᾶς ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ ὅτι ἀκρίτως ἀπόλλυτε ἡμᾶς
saying, Let us all die in our innocence; heaven and earth testify for us that you are destroying us unjustly.
Their final words frame their nonresistance as blameless fidelity. By calling heaven and earth as witnesses, they cast the attackers as guilty of unjust bloodshed.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωparticiple introducing the content of their protestλέγω: to say, to speak.
ἀποθάνωμενlet us dieVAI AAS1P · θνήσκω + ἀποhortatory subjunctive expressing willingness to dieἀποθνῄσκω: to die.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative adjective intensifying the group's totalityπᾶς: all, every.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the sphere of their innocenceἐν: in, within.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'innocence'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
ἁπλότητιinnocenceN3 DSF · ἁπλότηςdative noun naming the simplicity or innocence of their stanceἁπλότης: simplicity, sincerity, innocence.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'innocence'ἐγώ: I, we.
μαρτυρεῖtestifiesV2 PAI3S · μαρτυρέωmain verb calling cosmic witnesses to testifyμαρτυρέω: to bear witness, to testify.
ἐφ'forP · ἐπίpreposition expressing witness on behalf of themἐπί: on, upon, against, for.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώobject of testimony on whose behalf witness is borneἐγώ: I, we.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing 'heaven'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine singular.
οὐρανὸςheavenN2 NSM · οὐρανόςfirst subject joined as witnessοὐρανός: heaven, sky.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator joining the paired witnessesκαί: and, also, even.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle introducing 'earth'ὁ: the article in the nominative feminine singular.
γῆearthN1 NSF · γῆsecond subject joined as witnessγῆ: earth, land.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the content of the testimonyὅτι: that, because.
ἀκρίτωςunjustlyD · ἀκρίτωςadverb qualifying the manner of destructionἀκρίτως: without proper judgment, unjustly.
ἀπόλλυτεyou are destroyingV5 PAI2P · ὀλλύω + ἀποfinite verb accusing the attackers directlyἀπόλλυμι: to destroy, to kill, to ruin.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώdirect object of the destructive actionἐγώ: I, we.
38
καὶ ἀνέστησαν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἐν πολέμῳ τοῖς σάββασιν καὶ ἀπέθανον αὐτοὶ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ κτήνη αὐτῶν ἕως χιλίων ψυχῶν ἀνθρώπων
And they rose against them in battle on the Sabbath, and they died, they and their wives and their children and their livestock, about a thousand human lives.
The verse compresses the entire slaughter into a grim summary. The Sabbath scruple that stopped resistance leads to the deaths of whole households and their animals.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing the attack narrativeκαί: and, also, even.
ἀνέστησανthey rose upVHI AAI3P · ἵστημι + ἀναmain verb describing the assailants' attackἀνίστημι: to rise up, to stand up, to attack.
ἐπ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition marking hostile movement toward the victimsἐπί: on, upon, against.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of the hostile advanceαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of combatἐν: in, within.
πολέμῳbattleN2 DSM · πόλεμοςdative noun naming the act of warπόλεμος: war, battle.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle introducing 'Sabbaths'ὁ: the article in the dative plural neuter.
σάββασινSabbathN DPN · σάββαταdative temporal term marking when the battle happenedσάββατα: Sabbath, sabbath day.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from attack to outcomeκαί: and, also, even.
ἀπέθανονthey diedVBI AAI3P · θνήσκω + ἀποmain verb summarizing the victims' deathἀποθνῄσκω: to die.
αὐτοὶtheyRD NPM · αὐτόςemphatic nominative naming the men themselvesαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding family members to the death tollκαί: and, also, even.
αἱtheirRA NPF · ὁarticle introducing 'wives'ὁ: the article in the nominative feminine plural.
γυναῖκεςwivesN3K NPF · γυνήnominative noun extending the list of the deadγυνή: woman, wife.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'wives'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding children to the listκαί: and, also, even.
τὰtheirRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing 'children'ὁ: the article in the nominative neuter plural.
τέκναchildrenN2N NPN · τέκνονnominative noun extending the list of the deadτέκνον: child.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'children'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding livestock to the devastationκαί: and, also, even.
τὰtheirRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing 'livestock'ὁ: the article in the nominative neuter plural.
κτήνηlivestockN3E NPN · κτῆνοςnominative noun completing the list of lossesκτῆνος: beast, livestock.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'livestock'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἕωςaboutD · ἕωςadverbial marker introducing the extent of the death tollἕως: until, as far as, up to.
χιλίωνa thousandA1A GPF · χίλιοιgenitive numeral quantifying the lives lostχίλιοι: a thousand.
ψυχῶνlivesN1 GPF · ψυχήgenitive noun counting living personsψυχή: soul, life, person.
ἀνθρώπωνof peopleN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςgenitive noun clarifying the counted lives are humanἄνθρωπος: human being, person.
39
καὶ ἔγνω Ματταθιας καὶ οἱ φίλοι αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπένθησαν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς σφόδρα
And Mattathias and his friends learned of it and mourned for them deeply.
The narrative pauses after the slaughter to register communal mourning. Mattathias receives the news not as a strategic datum alone but as a tragedy requiring lament.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing from the massacre to its receptionκαί: and, also, even.
ἔγνωlearnedVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωmain verb describing Mattathias receiving the reportγιγνώσκω: to know, to learn, to recognize.
ΜατταθιαςMattathiasN1T NSM · Ματταθιαςfirst named subject of the clauseΜατταθιας: Mattathias.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator joining Mattathias with his companionsκαί: and, also, even.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'friends'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine plural.
φίλοιfriendsA1 NPM · φίλοςsecond subject joined with Mattathiasφίλος: friend, companion.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'friends'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίconnective shifting from hearing to mourningκαί: and, also, even.
ἐπένθησανthey mournedVAI AAI3P · πενθέωmain verb describing communal lamentπενθέω: to mourn, to lament.
ἐπ'forP · ἐπίpreposition marking the persons mourned overἐπί: on, over, for.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of lament referring to the slain refugeesαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
σφόδραdeeplyD · σφόδραadverb intensifying the mourningσφόδρα: exceedingly, greatly.
40
καὶ εἶπεν ἀνὴρ τῷ πλησίον αὐτοῦ ἐὰν πάντες ποιήσωμεν ὡς οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἡμῶν ἐποίησαν καὶ μὴ πολεμήσωμεν πρὸς τὰ ἔθνη ὑπὲρ τῆς ψυχῆς ἡμῶν καὶ τῶν δικαιωμάτων ἡμῶν νῦν τάχιον ὀλεθρεύσουσιν ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς
And one man said to his neighbor, If we all do as our brothers did and do not fight against the nations for our life and our ordinances, they will now quickly destroy us from the earth.
A representative voice turns grief into practical deliberation. The argument is stark: preserving life and the covenantal ordinances now requires resisting attackers even on the Sabbath.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the deliberative responseκαί: and, also, even.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verb introducing the speaker's argumentεἶπον: to say, to speak.
ἀνὴρa manN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative subject representing one speaker in the groupἀνήρ: man, husband.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing 'neighbor'ὁ: the article in the dative masculine singular.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονsubstantival adverb functioning as the indirect objectπλησίον: near; neighbor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'neighbor'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἐὰνifD · ἐάνconditional particle introducing the protasisἐάν: if, whenever.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative adjective describing the whole groupπᾶς: all, every.
ποιήσωμενwe doVA AAS1P · ποιέωsubjunctive verb in the conditional clauseποιέω: to do, to make.
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative conjunction introducing the exampleὡς: as, like, that.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'brothers'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine plural.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnominative subject within the comparisonἀδελφός: brother.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'brothers'ἐγώ: I, we.
ἐποίησανdidVAI AAI3P · ποιέωfinite verb completing the comparative exampleποιέω: to do, to make.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator extending the conditionκαί: and, also, even.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle with the subjunctiveμή: not.
πολεμήσωμενwe fightVA AAS1P · πολεμέωsubjunctive verb naming the action under debateπολεμέω: to wage war, to fight.
πρὸςagainstP · πρόςpreposition marking the hostile targetπρός: to, toward, against.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing 'nations'ὁ: the article in the accusative neuter plural.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςobject of the proposed fightingἔθνος: nation, Gentile people.
ὑπὲρforP · ὑπέρpreposition expressing what is being defendedὑπέρ: for, on behalf of.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing 'life'ὁ: the article in the genitive feminine singular.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήgenitive noun naming what must be preservedψυχή: soul, life.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'life'ἐγώ: I, we.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding the covenantal concernκαί: and, also, even.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing 'ordinances'ὁ: the article in the genitive neuter plural.
δικαιωμάτωνordinancesN3M GPN · δικαίωμαgenitive noun naming the covenantal statutes at stakeδικαίωμα: ordinance, requirement, righteous statute.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'ordinances'ἐγώ: I, we.
νῦνnowD · νῦνtemporal adverb stressing the imminent dangerνῦν: now.
τάχιονquicklyD · τάχιονadverb intensifying the speed of destructionτάχιον: more quickly, quickly.
ὀλεθρεύσουσινthey will destroyVF FAI3P · ὀλεθρεύωfuture verb stating the feared consequenceὀλεθρεύω: to destroy utterly, to exterminate.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώdirect object of the threatened destructionἐγώ: I, we.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition marking removal from the landἀπό: from, away from.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing 'earth/land'ὁ: the article in the genitive feminine singular.
γῆςearthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive noun naming the place from which they would be wiped outγῆ: earth, land.
41
καὶ ἐβουλεύσαντο τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ λέγοντες πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἐὰν ἔλθῃ ἐφ' ἡμᾶς εἰς πόλεμον τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων πολεμήσωμεν κατέναντι αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀποθάνωμεν πάντες καθὼς ἀπέθανον οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἡμῶν ἐν τοῖς κρύφοις
And on that day they took counsel, saying, If any man comes against us for battle on the Sabbath day, let us fight against him, so that we may not all die as our brothers died in the hiding places.
The massacre produces a formal decision. The community resolves that defensive fighting on the Sabbath is necessary so that fidelity does not become self-destruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the communal decisionκαί: and, also, even.
ἐβουλεύσαντοthey took counselVAI AMI3P · βουλεύωmain verb describing their deliberationβουλεύω: to deliberate, to take counsel.
τῇthatRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the time phraseὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative noun marking when the decision was madeἡμέρα: day.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςdemonstrative modifying 'day'ἐκεῖνος: that.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωparticiple introducing the substance of the resolutionλέγω: to say, to speak.
πᾶςanyA3T NSM · πᾶςadjective qualifying the hypothetical attackerπᾶς: all, every, any.
ἄνθρωποςmanN2 NSM · ἄνθρωποςsubject of the hypothetical clauseἄνθρωπος: human being, man.
ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the conditional descriptionὅς: who, which.
ἐὰνifC · ἐάνparticle marking the open conditionἐάν: if, whenever.
ἔλθῃcomesVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαιsubjunctive verb in the conditional clauseἔρχομαι: to come, to go.
ἐφ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition marking hostile approachἐπί: on, upon, against.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώobject of the hostile approachἐγώ: I, we.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the purpose of attackεἰς: into, for, toward.
πόλεμονbattleN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative noun naming the hostile purposeπόλεμος: war, battle.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'day'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative noun marking the time of the attackἡμέρα: day.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing 'Sabbaths'ὁ: the article in the genitive plural neuter.
σαββάτωνSabbathN2N GPN · σάββατονgenitive noun completing the Sabbath-day phraseσάββατον: Sabbath, sabbath day.
πολεμήσωμενlet us fightVA AAS1P · πολεμέωhortatory subjunctive stating the community's policyπολεμέω: to wage war, to fight.
κατέναντιagainstD · κατέναντιadverbial preposition marking opposition face to faceκατέναντι: opposite, in front of, against.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςobject governed by 'against'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator linking the policy with its intended resultκαί: and, also, even.
οὐnotD · οὐfirst element of emphatic negationοὐ: not.
μὴcertainlyD · μήsecond element of emphatic negation with the subjunctiveμή: not.
ἀποθάνωμενmay we dieVB AAS1P · θνήσκω + ἀποsubjunctive verb expressing the prevented outcomeἀποθνῄσκω: to die.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative adjective stressing the total loss to be avoidedπᾶς: all, every.
καθὼςasD · καθώςcomparative particle introducing the precedentκαθώς: as, just as.
ἀπέθανονdiedVBI AAI3P · θνήσκω + ἀποverb recalling the earlier massacreἀποθνῄσκω: to die.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'brothers'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine plural.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςsubject of the comparisonἀδελφός: brother.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'brothers'ἐγώ: I, we.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the place of deathἐν: in, within.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle introducing 'hiding places'ὁ: the article in the dative masculine plural.
κρύφοιςhiding placesN2 DPM · κρύφοςdative noun naming where the brothers perishedκρύφος: hidden place, hiding place.
42
τότε συνήχθησαν πρὸς αὐτοὺς συναγωγὴ Ασιδαίων ἰσχυροὶ δυνάμει ἀπὸ Ισραηλ πᾶς ὁ ἑκουσιαζόμενος τῷ νόμῳ
Then a company of Hasideans, mighty warriors from Israel, everyone who willingly devoted himself to the law, gathered to them.
After the Sabbath decision, the movement gains organized support. The Hasideans are introduced as voluntary, law-devoted warriors who strengthen the revolt's covenantal character.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τότεthenD · τότεtemporal adverb marking the next stage of the movementτότε: then, at that time.
συνήχθησανgatheredVQI API3P · ἄγω + συνmain verb describing allies assembling themselvesσυνάγω: to gather together, to assemble.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition marking movement toward Mattathias's groupπρός: to, toward, with.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of the movement toward the groupαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
συναγωγὴcompanyN1 NSF · συναγωγήnominative subject naming the gathered bodyσυναγωγή: gathering, assembly, company.
Ασιδαίωνof HasideansA1 GPM · Ασιδαῖοςgenitive identifying the character of the companyΑσιδαῖος: Hasidean, one of the pious.
ἰσχυροὶmightyA1A NPM · ἰσχυρόςnominative adjective describing the warriors' strengthἰσχυρός: strong, mighty.
δυνάμειin strengthN3I DSF · δύναμιςdative noun specifying the sphere of their mightδύναμις: power, strength, might.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition marking originἀπό: from, away from.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name identifying their source among the covenant peopleἸσραήλ: Israel.
πᾶςeveryoneA3 NSM · πᾶςsubstantival adjective summarizing the participants comprehensivelyπᾶς: all, every.
ὁwhoRA NSM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following participleὁ: the article in the nominative masculine singular.
ἑκουσιαζόμενοςdevoted himself willinglyV1 · πμπνσμ ἑκουσιάζομαιparticiple describing voluntary dedicationἑκουσιάζομαι: to act willingly, to volunteer oneself.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing 'law'ὁ: the article in the dative masculine singular.
νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative noun marking the object of their devotionνόμος: law.
43
καὶ πάντες οἱ φυγαδεύοντες ἀπὸ τῶν κακῶν προσετέθησαν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐγένοντο αὐτοῖς εἰς στήριγμα
And all who were fleeing from the evils joined them and became a support for them.
The revolt becomes a refuge for those escaping persecution. Their arrival is framed not merely as numerical growth but as reinforcement for the cause.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective adding another stream of supportersκαί: and, also, even.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative adjective indicating the full group of refugeesπᾶς: all, every.
οἱwhoRA NPM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following participleὁ: the article in the nominative masculine plural.
φυγαδεύοντεςwere fleeingV1 · παπνπμ φυγαδεύωparticiple describing those driven into flightφυγαδεύω: to flee, to live as a fugitive.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition marking separation from the troublesἀπό: from, away from.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing 'evils'ὁ: the article in the genitive plural neuter.
κακῶνevilsA1 GPN · κακόςsubstantival adjective naming the oppressions they fledκακός: evil, harm, trouble.
προσετέθησανjoinedVCI API3P · τίθημι + προςmain verb describing their attachment to the groupπροστίθημι: to add, to join.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςdative pronoun marking the group joinedαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from joining to strengtheningκαί: and, also, even.
ἐγένοντοbecameVBI AMI3P · γίγνομαιmain verb expressing what the refugees became for the groupγίγνομαι: to become, to come to be.
αὐτοῖςfor themRD DPM · αὐτόςdative pronoun marking those benefited by the supportαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
εἰςasP · εἰςpreposition introducing the resulting roleεἰς: into, as, for.
στήριγμαsupportN3T ASN · στήριγμαpredicate accusative naming the strength they providedστήριγμα: support, reinforcement, firm support.
44
καὶ συνεστήσαντο δύναμιν καὶ ἐπάταξαν ἁμαρτωλοὺς ἐν ὀργῇ αὐτῶν καὶ ἄνδρας ἀνόμους ἐν θυμῷ αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ἔφυγον εἰς τὰ ἔθνη σωθῆναι
And they organized a force and struck sinners in their anger and lawless men in their wrath, and the rest fled to the nations to escape.
The narrative now shows the revolt acting offensively against covenant breakers and lawless collaborators. The pressure is strong enough that the remaining opponents scatter among the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from gathering to actionκαί: and, also, even.
συνεστήσαντοorganizedVAI AMI3P · ἵστημι + συνmain verb describing the formation of a fighting forceσυνίστημι: to set together, to organize, to establish.
δύναμινa forceN3I ASF · δύναμιςdirect object naming the organized military strengthδύναμις: power, force, army.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator linking organization with attackκαί: and, also, even.
ἐπάταξανstruckVAI AAI3P · πατάσσωmain verb describing their punitive blowπατάσσω: to strike, to smite.
ἁμαρτωλοὺςsinnersA1B APM · ἁμαρτωλόςfirst object naming those targetedἁμαρτωλός: sinful person, sinner.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the sphere of their angerἐν: in, within.
ὀργῇangerN1 DSF · ὀργήdative noun expressing the passion driving the strikeὀργή: anger, wrath.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'anger'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding a second target groupκαί: and, also, even.
ἄνδραςmenN3 APM · ἀνήρnoun introducing the second object phraseἀνήρ: man.
ἀνόμουςlawlessA1B APM · ἄνομοςadjective characterizing the men as covenant breakersἄνομος: lawless, without law.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the sphere of wrathἐν: in, within.
θυμῷwrathN2 DSM · θυμόςdative noun naming the intensity of their passionθυμός: anger, wrath, fury.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'wrath'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the opponents' responseκαί: and, also, even.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'rest'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine plural.
λοιποὶrestA1 NPM · λοιπόςsubject naming the survivors who escapeλοιπός: remaining, rest.
ἔφυγονfledVBI AAI3P · φεύγωmain verb describing the survivors' retreatφεύγω: to flee.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition marking destinationεἰς: into, to, toward.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing 'nations'ὁ: the article in the accusative neuter plural.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςaccusative noun naming where they fledἔθνος: nation, Gentile people.
σωθῆναιto escapeVC APN · σώζωinfinitive expressing the purpose of flightσώζω: to save, to preserve, to escape.
45
καὶ ἐκύκλωσεν Ματταθιας καὶ οἱ φίλοι αὐτοῦ καὶ καθεῖλον τοὺς βωμοὺς
And Mattathias and his friends went around and tore down the altars.
The revolt is not merely defensive. Mattathias and his companions move through the land taking direct action against pagan altars.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing the campaignκαί: and, also, even.
ἐκύκλωσενwent aroundVAI AAI3S · κυκλόωmain verb describing their circuit through the regionκυκλόω: to go around, to encircle.
ΜατταθιαςMattathiasN1T NSM · Ματταθιαςfirst named subject of the actionΜατταθιας: Mattathias.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator joining his companions to himκαί: and, also, even.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing 'friends'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine plural.
φίλοιfriendsA1 NPM · φίλοςsecond subject joined with Mattathiasφίλος: friend, companion.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'friends'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from movement to demolitionκαί: and, also, even.
καθεῖλονtore downVBI AAI3P · αἱρέω + καταmain verb describing the destruction of cultic sitesκαθαιρέω: to tear down, to destroy.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing 'altars'ὁ: the article in the accusative masculine plural.
βωμοὺςaltarsN2 APM · βωμόςdirect object naming the pagan altars demolishedβωμός: altar, especially a non-Israelite sacrificial altar.
46
καὶ περιέτεμον τὰ παιδάρια τὰ ἀπερίτμητα ὅσα εὗρον ἐν ὁρίοις Ισραηλ ἐν ἰσχύι
And they circumcised the uncircumcised boys, as many as they found within the borders of Israel, by force.
The revolt's zeal is shown in direct action to reverse apostasy. Circumcision is reimposed upon uncircumcised boys throughout Israel's territory, and the final phrase underscores the coercive strength behind the act.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing the restoration campaignκαί: and, also, even.
περιέτεμονthey circumcisedVBI AAI3P · τέμνω + περιmain verb describing covenantal restoration by circumcisionπεριτέμνω: to circumcise.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing 'boys'ὁ: the article in the accusative neuter plural.
παιδάριαboysN2N APN · παιδάριονdirect object naming the children circumcisedπαιδάριον: child, little boy.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the participial descriptionὁ: the article in the accusative neuter plural.
ἀπερίτμηταuncircumcisedA1B APN · ἀπερίτμητοςadjective characterizing the boys' prior conditionἀπερίτμητος: uncircumcised.
ὅσαas many asA1 APN · ὅσοςrelative quantifier defining the extent of the actionὅσος: as many as, as much as.
εὗρονthey foundVB AAI3P · εὑρίσκωverb completing the relative clauseεὑρίσκω: to find.
ἐνwithinP · ἐνpreposition marking the area searchedἐν: in, within.
ὁρίοιςbordersN2N DPN · ὅριονdative noun naming the territorial boundsὅριον: boundary, border, territory.
Ισραηλof IsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name identifying the territoryἸσραήλ: Israel.
ἐνbyP · ἐνpreposition marking the manner of the actionἐν: in, by, with.
ἰσχύιforceN3U DSF · ἰσχύςdative noun indicating the strength or compulsion employedἰσχύς: strength, force, might.
47
καὶ ἐδίωξαν τοὺς υἱοὺς τῆς ὑπερηφανίας καὶ κατευοδώθη τὸ ἔργον ἐν χειρὶ αὐτῶν
And they pursued the sons of arrogance, and the work prospered in their hand.
The opponents are cast as the offspring of pride, while the rebels' undertaking is said to prosper under their hand. The verse sums up both pressure on the enemy and divine or practical success in the movement's work.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the sequence of actionsκαί: and, also, even.
ἐδίωξανthey pursuedVAI AAI3P · διώκωmain verb describing pursuit of their adversariesδιώκω: to pursue, to chase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the object phraseὁ: the article in the accusative masculine plural.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςobject noun in the idiomatic expressionυἱός: son.
τῆςofRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing 'arrogance'ὁ: the article in the genitive feminine singular.
ὑπερηφανίαςarroganceN1A GSF · ὑπερηφανίαgenitive of quality characterizing those pursuedὑπερηφανία: pride, arrogance.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking pursuit with successκαί: and, also, even.
κατευοδώθηprosperedVC API3S · εὐοδόω + καταmain verb describing the success of the undertakingκατευοδόω: to prosper, to bring to success.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle introducing 'work'ὁ: the article in the nominative neuter singular.
ἔργονworkN2N NSN · ἔργονsubject of the prospering clauseἔργον: work, deed, undertaking.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of agencyἐν: in, within, by.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative noun in the idiom 'in the hand'χείρ: hand.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'hand'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
48
καὶ ἀντελάβοντο τοῦ νόμου ἐκ χειρὸς τῶν ἐθνῶν καὶ τῶν βασιλέων καὶ οὐκ ἔδωκαν κέρας τῷ ἁμαρτωλῷ
And they took hold of the law out of the hand of the nations and of the kings, and they did not give the sinner a horn.
This verse gives a compressed theological reading of the revolt's success. The law is portrayed as snatched back from Gentile and royal control, while the sinner is denied the power symbolized by a raised horn.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the summary resultκαί: and, also, even.
ἀντελάβοντοthey took holdVBI AMI3P · λαμβάνω + ἀντιmain verb describing seizing or reclaiming the lawἀντιλαμβάνομαι: to take hold of, to help, to reclaim.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing 'law'ὁ: the article in the genitive masculine singular.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςgenitive object governed by the compound verbνόμος: law.
ἐκout ofP · ἐκpreposition marking rescue from hostile controlἐκ: out of, from.
χειρὸςthe handN3 GSF · χείρgenitive noun in the idiom of power or controlχείρ: hand.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing 'nations'ὁ: the article in the genitive plural neuter.
ἐθνῶνnationsN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive noun naming the first oppressive powerἔθνος: nation, Gentile people.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding royal power to Gentile powerκαί: and, also, even.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing 'kings'ὁ: the article in the genitive masculine plural.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun naming the second oppressive powerβασιλεύς: king.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from rescue to restraintκαί: and, also, even.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle with the main verbοὐ: not.
ἔδωκανthey gaveVAI AAI3P · δίδωμιmain verb in the idiom of denying powerδίδωμι: to give.
κέραςhornN3T NSN · κέραςaccusative-like object in the idiom of strength or exaltationκέρας: horn; symbol of power or exaltation.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing 'sinner'ὁ: the article in the dative masculine singular.
ἁμαρτωλῷsinnerA1B DSM · ἁμαρτωλόςdative recipient denied power or prestigeἁμαρτωλός: sinner, sinful person.
49
καὶ ἤγγισαν αἱ ἡμέραι Ματταθιου ἀποθανεῖν καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ νῦν ἐστηρίσθη ὑπερηφανία καὶ ἐλεγμὸς καὶ καιρὸς καταστροφῆς καὶ ὀργὴ θυμοῦ
And the days drew near for Mattathias to die, and he said to his sons, Now arrogance has been established, and rebuke, and a time of overthrow, and furious wrath.
The military summary gives way to testamentary warning. Mattathias frames the present age as one in which insolence and judgment have hardened into a crisis demanding steadfast response.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective marking the transition to Mattathias's deathκαί: and, also, even.
ἤγγισανdrew nearVAI AAI3P · ἐγγίζωmain verb describing the approach of his final daysἐγγίζω: to draw near, to approach.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle introducing 'days'ὁ: the article in the nominative feminine plural.
ἡμέραιdaysN1A NPF · ἡμέραsubject of the clauseἡμέρα: day.
Ματταθιουof MattathiasN1T GSM · Ματταθιαςgenitive identifying whose days are in viewΜατταθιας: Mattathias.
ἀποθανεῖνto dieVB AAN · θνήσκω + ἀποinfinitive expressing what those days are approachingἀποθνῄσκω: to die.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from narration to speechκαί: and, also, even.
εἶπενhe saidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verb introducing the final exhortationεἶπον: to say, to speak.
τοῖςto theRA DPM · ὁarticle introducing 'sons'ὁ: the article in the dative masculine plural.
υἱοῖςsonsN2 DPM · υἱόςindirect object of the speechυἱός: son.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'sons'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
νῦνnowD · νῦνtemporal adverb introducing Mattathias's diagnosisνῦν: now.
ἐστηρίσθηhas been establishedVCI API3S · στηρίζωmain verb describing the settled condition of the crisisστηρίζω: to establish, to strengthen, to make firm.
ὑπερηφανίαarroganceN1A NSF · ὑπερηφανίαfirst nominative subject naming the evil of the ageὑπερηφανία: pride, arrogance.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator extending the diagnosisκαί: and, also, even.
ἐλεγμὸςrebukeN2 NSM · ἐλεγμόςsecond nominative term in the list of present realitiesἐλεγμός: rebuke, reproach, censure.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator linking the next itemκαί: and, also, even.
καιρὸςa timeN2 NSM · καιρόςthird nominative term introducing the season of calamityκαιρός: appointed time, season.
καταστροφῆςof overthrowN1 GSF · καταστροφήgenitive complement specifying the kind of timeκαταστροφή: overthrow, ruin, destruction.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator linking the final itemκαί: and, also, even.
ὀργὴwrathN1 NSF · ὀργήfourth nominative term describing the present atmosphereὀργή: anger, wrath.
θυμοῦof furyN2 GSM · θυμόςgenitive intensifier completing the phraseθυμός: fury, passion, anger.
50
νῦν τέκνα ζηλώσατε τῷ νόμῳ καὶ δότε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ὑπὲρ διαθήκης πατέρων ἡμῶν
Now, children, be zealous for the law and give your lives for the covenant of our fathers.
The first imperative of the speech names the heart of the family's vocation: zeal for the law unto self-sacrifice. Fidelity to the ancestral covenant is set above personal safety.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
νῦνnowD · νῦνtemporal adverb launching the exhortationνῦν: now.
τέκναchildrenN2N VPN · τέκνονvocative address to his sonsτέκνον: child.
ζηλώσατεbe zealousVA AAD2P · ζηλόωimperative commanding fervent commitmentζηλόω: to be zealous, to be eager, to burn with zeal.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing 'law'ὁ: the article in the dative masculine singular.
νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative noun marking the sphere of zealνόμος: law.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator linking zeal with sacrificeκαί: and, also, even.
δότεgiveVO AAD2P · δίδωμιimperative commanding self-offeringδίδωμι: to give.
τὰςyourRA APF · ὁarticle introducing 'lives'ὁ: the article in the accusative feminine plural.
ψυχὰςlivesN1 APF · ψυχήdirect object of the imperative 'give'ψυχή: soul, life.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύgenitive pronoun modifying 'lives'σύ: you.
ὑπὲρforP · ὑπέρpreposition marking what their lives are to be given forὑπέρ: for, on behalf of.
διαθήκηςthe covenantN1 GSF · διαθήκηgenitive noun governed by 'for'διαθήκη: covenant.
πατέρωνof the fathersN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive noun completing the covenant phraseπατήρ: father.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'fathers'ἐγώ: I, we.
51
καὶ μνήσθητε τὰ ἔργα τῶν πατέρων ἃ ἐποίησαν ἐν ταῖς γενεαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ δέξασθε δόξαν μεγάλην καὶ ὄνομα αἰώνιον
And remember the deeds of the fathers, which they did in their generations, and receive great glory and an everlasting name.
The appeal now turns from zeal in principle to remembrance of concrete models. The fathers' deeds across the generations become the pattern through which the sons may inherit glory and an enduring name.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective adding a second imperative to the chargeκαί: and, also, even.
μνήσθητεrememberVS APS2P · μιμνήσκωimperative commanding recollection of ancestral examplesμιμνήσκω: to remember, to call to mind.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing 'deeds'ὁ: the article in the accusative neuter plural.
ἔργαdeedsN2N APN · ἔργονdirect object of the command to rememberἔργον: work, deed, act.
τῶνof theRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing 'fathers'ὁ: the article in the genitive masculine plural.
πατέρωνfathersN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive noun identifying whose deeds are rememberedπατήρ: father.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςrelative pronoun referring back to the deedsὅς: who, which.
ἐποίησανthey didVAI AAI3P · ποιέωverb heading the relative clauseποιέω: to do, to make.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the historical settingἐν: in, within.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle introducing 'generations'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine plural.
γενεαῖςgenerationsN1A DPF · γενεάdative noun naming the successive ages in which the deeds occurredγενεά: generation.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'generations'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator linking remembrance with promised receptionκαί: and, also, even.
δέξασθεreceiveVD AAD2P · δέχομαιimperative promising reception through imitationδέχομαι: to receive, to accept.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαfirst direct object of 'receive'δόξα: glory, honor.
μεγάληνgreatA1 ASF · μέγαςadjective modifying 'glory'μέγας: great.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding the second rewardκαί: and, also, even.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαsecond direct object of 'receive'ὄνομα: name, reputation.
αἰώνιονeverlastingA1B ASN · αἰώνιοςadjective modifying 'name'αἰώνιος: everlasting, eternal.
52
Αβρααμ οὐχὶ ἐν πειρασμῷ εὑρέθη πιστός καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Was not Abraham found faithful in testing, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness?
The exhortation now turns to scriptural exempla. Abraham's faith under trial is presented as the paradigm of covenant fidelity that receives divine approval as righteousness.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ΑβρααμAbrahamN NSM · Ἀβραάμproper name introducing the first ancestral exampleἈβραάμ: Abraham.
οὐχὶwas notD · οὐinterrogative negative particle opening a rhetorical questionοὐχί: not? surely not? introducing a rhetorical question.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the setting of trialἐν: in, within.
πειρασμῷtestingN2 DSM · πειρασμόςdative noun naming the trial in which Abraham was provedπειρασμός: trial, testing, temptation.
εὑρέθηwas foundVC API3S · εὑρίσκωmain verb stating the verdict upon Abrahamεὑρίσκω: to find.
πιστόςfaithfulA1 NSM · πιστόςpredicate adjective describing Abraham's proven characterπιστός: faithful, trustworthy.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking the test with its divine reckoningκαί: and, also, even.
ἐλογίσθηit was reckonedVSI API3S · λογίζομαιmain verb describing divine accountingλογίζομαι: to reckon, to count, to credit.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronoun marking Abraham as recipient of the reckoningαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
εἰςasP · εἰςpreposition introducing the result of the reckoningεἰς: into, as, for.
δικαιοσύνηνrighteousnessN1 ASF · δικαιοσύνηaccusative noun naming what was credited to Abrahamδικαιοσύνη: righteousness, justice.
53
Ιωσηφ ἐν καιρῷ στενοχωρίας αὐτοῦ ἐφύλαξεν ἐντολὴν καὶ ἐγένετο κύριος Αἰγύπτου
Joseph, in the time of his distress, kept the commandment and became lord of Egypt.
Mattathias moves from Abraham's testing to Joseph's obedience under pressure. Fidelity in affliction is presented as the path by which God raises the faithful to honor.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ΙωσηφJosephN NSM · Ιωσηφproper name introducing the next ancestral exampleΙωσηφ: Joseph.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the time of distressἐν: in, within.
καιρῷthe timeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative noun introducing the season of testingκαιρός: appointed time, season.
στενοχωρίαςof distressN1A GSF · στενοχωρίαgenitive noun specifying the nature of the timeστενοχωρία: distress, affliction, hardship.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'distress'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἐφύλαξενkeptVAI AAI3S · φυλάσσωmain verb describing Joseph's obedienceφυλάσσω: to keep, to guard, to observe.
ἐντολὴνthe commandmentN1 ASF · ἐντολήdirect object of the obedience verbἐντολή: commandment, command.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking obedience with exaltationκαί: and, also, even.
ἐγένετοbecameVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verb describing the resulting elevationγίγνομαι: to become, to come to be.
κύριοςlordN2 NSM · κύριοςpredicate nominative naming Joseph's elevated statusκύριος: lord, master, ruler.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive noun specifying the realm he came to ruleΑἴγυπτος: Egypt.
54
Φινεες ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ ζηλῶσαι ζῆλον ἔλαβεν διαθήκην ἱερωσύνης αἰωνίας
Phinehas, our father, in showing zeal, received the covenant of an everlasting priesthood.
This example is especially pointed for Mattathias's sons. Phinehas's zealous action secures an everlasting priestly covenant, making holy zeal the decisive virtue in the family's own crisis.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ΦινεεςPhinehasN NSM · Φινεεςproper name introducing the zeal exemplarΦινεες: Phinehas.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing 'father'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine singular.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρappositional noun identifying Phinehas as an ancestral fatherπατήρ: father.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'father'ἐγώ: I, we.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the circumstance of zealἐν: in, within.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle with the infinitive constructionὁ: the article in the dative neuter singular.
ζηλῶσαιshowing zealVA AAN · ζηλόωarticular infinitive expressing the act by which he was rewardedζηλόω: to be zealous, to act zealously.
ζῆλονzealN2 ASM · ζῆλοςcognate object intensifying the infinitiveζῆλος: zeal, ardor.
ἔλαβενreceivedVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωmain verb stating the rewardλαμβάνω: to receive, to take.
διαθήκηνthe covenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηdirect object of 'received'διαθήκη: covenant.
ἱερωσύνηςof priesthoodN1 GSF · ἱερωσύνηgenitive noun specifying the covenant's contentἱερωσύνη: priesthood.
αἰωνίαςeverlastingA1A GSF · αἰώνιοςadjective modifying 'priesthood'αἰώνιος: everlasting, eternal.
55
Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ πληρῶσαι λόγον ἐγένετο κριτὴς ἐν Ισραηλ
Joshua, in fulfilling the word, became a judge in Israel.
The sequence moves from priestly zeal to obedient fulfillment. Joshua's rise to leadership is grounded not in ambition but in carrying out the divine word.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ἸησοῦςJoshuaN NSM · Ἰησοῦςproper name introducing the next exampleἸησοῦς: Joshua.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the circumstance of fulfillmentἐν: in, within.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle with the infinitive constructionὁ: the article in the dative neuter singular.
πληρῶσαιfulfillingVA AAN · πληρόωarticular infinitive expressing the action that led to officeπληρόω: to fulfill, to complete.
λόγονthe wordN2 ASM · λόγοςdirect object of the infinitive 'fulfilling'λόγος: word, command, matter.
ἐγένετοbecameVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verb describing Joshua's resulting officeγίγνομαι: to become, to come to be.
κριτὴςjudgeN1M NSM · κριτήςpredicate nominative naming the office Joshua receivedκριτής: judge, ruler.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of leadershipἐν: in, within.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name identifying the people among whom he judgedἸσραήλ: Israel.
56
Χαλεβ ἐν τῷ μαρτύρασθαι ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἔλαβεν γῆς κληρονομίαν
Caleb, in bearing witness in the assembly, received an inheritance of land.
The sequence continues with Caleb, whose faithful witness before the congregation led to a tangible inheritance. Mattathias presents public testimony under pressure as a path to covenant reward.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ΧαλεβCalebN NSM · Χαλεβproper name introducing the next ancestral exampleΧαλεβ: Caleb.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the circumstance of testimonyἐν: in, within.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle with the infinitive constructionὁ: the article in the dative neuter singular.
μαρτύρασθαιbearing witnessVC APN · μαρτυρέωarticular infinitive expressing Caleb's faithful actμαρτυρέω: to bear witness, to testify.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the public settingἐν: in, within.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'assembly'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
ἐκκλησίᾳassemblyN1A DSF · ἐκκλησίαdative noun naming the congregation before which he testifiedἐκκλησία: assembly, congregation.
ἔλαβενreceivedVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωmain verb stating Caleb's rewardλαμβάνω: to receive, to take.
γῆςof landN1 GSF · γῆgenitive noun specifying the content of the inheritanceγῆ: land, earth.
κληρονομίανan inheritanceN1A ASF · κληρονομίαdirect object naming what Caleb receivedκληρονομία: inheritance, allotted possession.
57
Δαυιδ ἐν τῷ ἐλέει αὐτοῦ ἐκληρονόμησεν θρόνον βασιλείας εἰς αἰῶνας
David, in his mercy, inherited the throne of the kingdom forever.
Mattathias now turns to David as an example of covenantal character rewarded with perpetual rule. The emphasis on mercy links royal authority to righteousness rather than mere force.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ΔαυιδDavidN NSM · Δαυίδproper name introducing the royal exemplarΔαυίδ: David.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of David's characterἐν: in, within.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle introducing 'mercy'ὁ: the article in the dative neuter singular.
ἐλέειmercyN3E DSN · ἔλεοςdative noun naming the quality associated with Davidἔλεος: mercy, steadfast kindness.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'mercy'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἐκληρονόμησενinheritedVAI AAI3S · κληρονομέωmain verb describing the royal inheritanceκληρονομέω: to inherit, to receive as a possession.
θρόνονthe throneN2 ASM · θρόνοςdirect object of the inheritance verbθρόνος: throne.
βασιλείαςof the kingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive noun specifying what kind of throne is meantβασιλεία: kingdom, kingship.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the duration of the reignεἰς: into, for, unto.
αἰῶναςagesN3W APM · αἰώνaccusative noun expressing enduring durationαἰών: age, forever.
58
Ηλιας ἐν τῷ ζηλῶσαι ζῆλον νόμου ἀνελήμφθη εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν
Elijah, in showing zeal for the law, was taken up into heaven.
The chain of examples now reaches Elijah, whose zeal for the law is linked to his extraordinary exaltation. Mattathias reinforces that burning fidelity to the covenant is honored by God himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ΗλιαςElijahN NSM · Ηλιαςproper name introducing the prophetic exemplarΗλιας: Elijah.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the circumstance of zealἐν: in, within.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle with the infinitive constructionὁ: the article in the dative neuter singular.
ζηλῶσαιshowing zealVA AAN · ζηλόωarticular infinitive expressing Elijah's defining actζηλόω: to be zealous, to act zealously.
ζῆλονzealN2 ASM · ζῆλοςcognate object intensifying the infinitiveζῆλος: zeal, ardor.
νόμουfor the lawN2 GSM · νόμοςgenitive noun specifying the object of zealνόμος: law.
ἀνελήμφθηwas taken upVVI API3S · λαμβάνω + ἀναmain verb describing Elijah's translationἀναλαμβάνω: to take up, to carry away upward.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition marking destinationεἰς: into, to, toward.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing 'heaven'ὁ: the article in the accusative masculine singular.
οὐρανόνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative noun naming where Elijah was takenοὐρανός: heaven, sky.
59
Ανανιας Αζαριας Μισαηλ πιστεύσαντες ἐσώθησαν ἐκ φλογός
Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael, because they believed, were saved from the flame.
Mattathias gathers the three companions into a single witness. Their faith under royal pressure leads not to destruction but to miraculous rescue from fire.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
ΑνανιαςHananiahN NSM · Ανανιαςfirst proper name in the triad of faithful youthsΑνανιας: Hananiah.
ΑζαριαςAzariahN NSM · Αζαριαςsecond proper name in the triadΑζαριας: Azariah.
ΜισαηλMishaelN NSM · Μισαηλthird proper name in the triadΜισαηλ: Mishael.
πιστεύσαντεςhaving believedVA · ααπνπμ πιστεύωparticiple expressing the ground of their deliveranceπιστεύω: to believe, to trust.
ἐσώθησανwere savedVCI API3P · σώζωmain verb describing their rescueσώζω: to save, to rescue.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition marking deliverance out of dangerἐκ: out of, from.
φλογόςthe flameN3G GSF · φλόξgenitive noun naming the source of dangerφλόξ: flame, blaze.
60
Δανιηλ ἐν τῇ ἁπλότητι αὐτοῦ ἐρρύσθη ἐκ στόματος λεόντων
Daniel, in his innocence, was rescued from the mouth of lions.
The final narrative exemplar in this chain underscores blameless steadfastness. Daniel's innocence does not spare him trial, but it does become the context for divine rescue.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ΔανιηλDanielN NSM · Δανιηλproper name introducing the final exemplarΔανιηλ: Daniel.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of his innocenceἐν: in, within.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing 'innocence'ὁ: the article in the dative feminine singular.
ἁπλότητιinnocenceN3T DSF · ἁπλότηςdative noun naming Daniel's blameless simplicityἁπλότης: simplicity, sincerity, innocence.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'innocence'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἐρρύσθηwas rescuedVC API3S · ἐρύωmain verb describing divine deliveranceῥύομαι: to rescue, to deliver.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition marking the source of dangerἐκ: out of, from.
στόματοςthe mouthN3M GSN · στόμαgenitive noun in the idiom 'mouth of lions'στόμα: mouth.
λεόντωνof lionsN3 GPM · λέωνgenitive noun completing the image of dangerλέων: lion.
61
καὶ οὕτως ἐννοήθητε κατὰ γενεὰν καὶ γενεάν ὅτι πάντες οἱ ἐλπίζοντες ἐπ' αὐτὸν οὐκ ἀσθενήσουσιν
And so understand, generation by generation, that all who hope in him will not grow weak.
After rehearsing the fathers' stories, Mattathias states the principle they teach. Trust in God is presented as the enduring source of strength across every generation.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective linking the examples to their conclusionκαί: and, also, even.
οὕτωςthusD · οὕτωςadverb introducing the inferred lessonοὕτως: thus, in this way.
ἐννοήθητεunderstandVC APS2P · νοέω + ἐνimperative calling the hearers to grasp the lessonἐννοέω: to understand, to consider, to perceive.
κατὰthroughP · κατάpreposition introducing repeated successionκατά: according to, by, through.
γενεὰνgenerationN1A ASF · γενεάfirst accusative in the distributive phraseγενεά: generation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator completing the distributive expressionκαί: and, also, even.
γενεάνgenerationN1A ASF · γενεάsecond accusative in the distributive phraseγενεά: generation.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the content of the lessonὅτι: that, because.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative adjective describing the whole class of the faithfulπᾶς: all, every.
οἱwhoRA NPM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following participleὁ: the article in the nominative masculine plural.
ἐλπίζοντεςhopeV1 · παπνπμ ἐλπίζωparticiple describing those placing their confidence in Godἐλπίζω: to hope, to trust.
ἐπ'inP · ἐπίpreposition marking the object of hopeἐπί: on, upon, in.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςobject of the hope placed in Godαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle with the future verbοὐ: not.
ἀσθενήσουσινwill grow weakVF FAI3P · ἀσθενέωfuture verb stating the promised resultἀσθενέω: to be weak, to fail, to lose strength.
62
καὶ ἀπὸ λόγων ἀνδρὸς ἁμαρτωλοῦ μὴ φοβηθῆτε ὅτι ἡ δόξα αὐτοῦ εἰς κόπρια καὶ εἰς σκώληκας
And do not fear the words of a sinful man, because his glory ends in dung and in worms.
The exhortation turns from exempla to practical courage. The wicked man's present splendor is unmasked as perishable and shameful, so his threats deserve no lasting fear.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the exhortationκαί: and, also, even.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition marking the source of intimidationἀπό: from, away from.
λόγωνthe wordsN2 GPM · λόγοςgenitive noun governed by the prepositionλόγος: word, speech, saying.
ἀνδρὸςof a manN3 GSM · ἀνήρgenitive noun specifying whose words are meantἀνήρ: man.
ἁμαρτωλοῦsinfulA1B GSM · ἁμαρτωλόςadjective characterizing the man as wickedἁμαρτωλός: sinner, sinful person.
μὴdo notD · μήnegative particle with the imperativeμή: not.
φοβηθῆτεbe afraidVC APS2P · φοβέωimperative forbidding fearφοβέω: to fear, to be afraid.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the reason for fearlessnessὅτι: that, because.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle introducing 'glory'ὁ: the article in the nominative feminine singular.
δόξαgloryN1S NSF · δόξαsubject of the explanatory clauseδόξα: glory, splendor, honor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'glory'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition marking the end state of corruptionεἰς: into, to, toward.
κόπριαdungN2N APN · κόπριονaccusative noun naming the first image of decayκόπριον: dung, manure.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding the second image of corruptionκαί: and, also, even.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition repeated for the second end stateεἰς: into, to, toward.
σκώληκαςwormsN3K APM · σκώληξaccusative noun naming the second image of decayσκώληξ: worm, maggot.
63
σήμερον ἐπαρθήσεται καὶ αὔριον οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ὅτι ἐπέστρεψεν εἰς τὸν χοῦν αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ διαλογισμὸς αὐτοῦ ἀπολεῖται
Today he will be lifted up, and tomorrow he will certainly not be found, because he has returned to his dust and his thought will perish.
The warning is sharpened by mortality. The sinner may seem elevated for a moment, but he soon returns to dust, and even his schemes dissolve with him.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
σήμερονtodayD · σήμερονtemporal adverb marking the brief present prominence of the wickedσήμερον: today.
ἐπαρθήσεταιhe will be lifted upVC FPI3S · αἴρω + ἐπιmain verb describing temporary exaltationἐπαίρω: to lift up, to exalt.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator contrasting present elevation with imminent disappearanceκαί: and, also, even.
αὔριονtomorrowD · αὔριονtemporal adverb marking the swiftness of reversalαὔριον: tomorrow.
οὐnotD · οὐfirst element of emphatic negationοὐ: not.
μὴcertainlyD · μήsecond element of emphatic negationμή: not.
εὑρεθῇbe foundVC APS3S · εὑρίσκωverb declaring the wicked man's disappearanceεὑρίσκω: to find.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the explanationὅτι: that, because.
ἐπέστρεψενhe returnedVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἐπιmain verb of the explanatory clauseἐπιστρέφω: to return, to turn back.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition marking return to originεἰς: into, to, toward.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing 'dust'ὁ: the article in the accusative masculine singular.
χοῦνdustN3 ASM · χοῦςaccusative noun naming mortal origin and endχοῦς: dust, earth.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'dust'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator adding the fate of his plansκαί: and, also, even.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing 'thought'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine singular.
διαλογισμὸςthoughtN2 NSM · διαλογισμόςsubject of the final clauseδιαλογισμός: thought, scheme, reasoning.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'thought'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἀπολεῖταιwill perishVF2 FMI3S · ὀλλύω + ἀποfuture verb declaring the end of his designsἀπόλλυμι: to perish, to be destroyed.
64
τέκνα ἀνδρίζεσθε καὶ ἰσχύσατε ἐν τῷ νόμῳ ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ δοξασθήσεσθε
Children, be courageous and be strong in the law, because in it you will be glorified.
The exhortation culminates in a straightforward command. Strength is not abstract or merely martial; it is located in the law itself, where enduring honor will be found.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τέκναchildrenN2N VPN · τέκνονvocative address to Mattathias's sonsτέκνον: child.
ἀνδρίζεσθεbe courageousV1 PMD2P · ἀνδρίζομαιimperative commanding courageἀνδρίζομαι: to act courageously, to be brave.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator linking the paired imperativesκαί: and, also, even.
ἰσχύσατεbe strongVA AAD2P · ἰσχύωimperative commanding strengthἰσχύω: to be strong, to prevail.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition locating the sphere of strengthἐν: in, within.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing 'law'ὁ: the article in the dative masculine singular.
νόμῳlawN2 DSM · νόμοςdative noun marking the sphere in which they are to be strongνόμος: law.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the reason for the commandὅτι: that, because.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the sphere of future gloryἐν: in, within.
αὐτῷitRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the lawαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
δοξασθήσεσθεyou will be glorifiedVS FPI2P · δοξάζωfuture verb stating the promised resultδοξάζω: to glorify, to honor.
65
καὶ ἰδοὺ Συμεων ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν οἶδα ὅτι ἀνὴρ βουλῆς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ ἀκούετε πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας αὐτὸς ἔσται ὑμῶν πατήρ
And behold, Simon your brother, I know that he is a man of counsel; listen to him all your days; he shall be a father to you.
The speech turns from general exhortation to household order. Simon is singled out not primarily for martial strength but for prudent counsel and paternal steadiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the succession instructionκαί: and, also, even.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούattention-getting particle marking an important appointmentἰδού: behold, look.
ΣυμεωνSimonN NSM · Συμεωνproper name identifying the appointed counselorΣυμεων: Simon.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing 'brother'ὁ: the article in the nominative masculine singular.
ἀδελφὸςbrotherN2 NSM · ἀδελφόςappositional noun identifying Simon's relation to the hearersἀδελφός: brother.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύgenitive pronoun modifying 'brother'σύ: you.
οἶδαI knowVX XAI1S · οἶδαmain verb introducing Mattathias's judgmentοἶδα: to know.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the content of his judgmentὅτι: that, because.
ἀνὴρa manN3 NSM · ἀνήρpredicate nominative introducing Simon's characterἀνήρ: man.
βουλῆςof counselN1 GSF · βουλήgenitive of quality describing wisdom in counselβουλή: counsel, deliberation.
ἐστινhe isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb completing the descriptionεἰμί: to be.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςobject of implied listening or reference within the clause as transmittedαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἀκούετεlisten toV1 PAI2P · ἀκούωimperative directing the brothers to heed Simonἀκούω: to hear, to listen to.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςadjective modifying 'days'πᾶς: all, every.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle introducing 'days'ὁ: the article in the accusative feminine plural.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: day.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςemphatic pronoun resuming Simon as subjectαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἔσταιwill beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfuture verb describing Simon's roleεἰμί: to be.
ὑμῶνto youRP GP · σύgenitive pronoun linked with the paternal role in the transmitted phrasingσύ: you.
πατήρa fatherN3 NSM · πατήρpredicate nominative naming Simon's guiding roleπατήρ: father.
66
καὶ Ιουδας Μακκαβαῖος ἰσχυρὸς δυνάμει ἐκ νεότητος αὐτοῦ αὐτὸς ἔσται ὑμῖν ἄρχων στρατιᾶς καὶ πολεμήσει πόλεμον λαῶν
And Judas Maccabaeus, mighty in strength from his youth, shall be your commander of the army and shall fight the battle of the peoples.
After giving Simon the role of counselor, Mattathias names Judas as the war leader. The verse highlights Judas's strength from youth and frames the coming conflict as a struggle against the nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the military appointmentκαί: and, also, even.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςproper name identifying the appointed leaderἸούδας: Judas.
ΜακκαβαῖοςMaccabaeusN2 NSM · Μακκαβαῖοςappositional title identifying Judas by his epithetΜακκαβαῖος: Maccabaeus.
ἰσχυρὸςmightyA1A NSM · ἰσχυρόςpredicate adjective describing Judas's strengthἰσχυρός: strong, mighty.
δυνάμειin strengthN3I DSF · δύναμιςdative noun specifying the sphere of his mightδύναμις: power, strength, might.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition marking the starting point in timeἐκ: out of, from.
νεότητοςyouthN3T GSF · νεότηςgenitive noun marking the time from which his strength is evidentνεότης: youth.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'youth'αὐτός: he, she, it; same.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςemphatic pronoun resuming Judas as subjectαὐτός: he, she, it; same.
ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίfuture verb describing Judas's appointed roleεἰμί: to be.
ὑμῖνfor youRP DP · σύdative pronoun marking those served by his leadershipσύ: you.
ἄρχωνcommanderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνpredicate nominative naming Judas's officeἄρχων: ruler, leader, commander.
στρατιᾶςof the armyN1A GSF · στρατίαgenitive noun specifying what he commandsστρατία: army, host.
καὶandC · καίcoordinator linking office with actionκαί: and, also, even.
πολεμήσειhe will fightVF FAI3S · πολεμέωfuture verb describing Judas's military taskπολεμέω: to wage war, to fight.
πόλεμονthe battleN2 ASM · πόλεμοςdirect object of the fighting verbπόλεμος: war, battle.
λαῶνof the peoplesN2 GPM · λαόςgenitive noun specifying the opposing peoples involvedλαός: people, peoples.
67
καὶ ὑμεῖς προσάξετε πρὸς ὑμᾶς πάντας τοὺς ποιητὰς τοῦ νόμου καὶ ἐκδικήσατε ἐκδίκησιν τοῦ λαοῦ ὑμῶν
And you, bring to yourselves all who practice the law, and exact vengeance for your people.
Mattathias turns from naming leaders to charging the broader faithful community to gather the law-observant and pursue the people's vindication.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking this charge to the preceding succession instructionsκαί: and, also, even.
ὑμεῖςyouRP NP · σύexplicit nominative subject emphasizing the addressees who must carry out the chargeσύ: you (second-person pronoun).
προσάξετεbring nearVF FAI2P · ἄγω + προςfuture imperative-like main verb commanding them to gather allies to themselvesπροσάγω: bring to, draw near, gather to.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition introducing the goal of the gatheringπρός: to, toward, with.
ὑμᾶςyourselvesRP AP · σύobject of the preposition marking the group to whom the faithful are to be attachedσύ: you (second-person pronoun).
πάνταςallA3 APM · πᾶςattributive adjective comprehensively qualifying those to be gatheredπᾶς: all, every, whole.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following noun into a class of peopleὁ: the definite article.
ποιητὰςdoersN1M APM · ποιητήςsubstantival noun naming those who actively carry out the lawποιητής: doer, maker, practitioner.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁgenitive article introducing the standard or content practicedὁ: the definite article.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςgenitive noun specifying what these men practiceνόμος: law, custom, instruction.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the gathering command with the retaliatory commandκαί: and, also, even.
ἐκδικήσατεexact justiceVA AAD2P · δικάω + ἐκaorist imperative main verb calling for decisive vindicationἐκδικέω: avenge, exact justice, vindicate.
ἐκδίκησινvengeanceN3I ASF · ἐκδικήσιςcognate accusative intensifying the act of vindicationἐκδίκησις: vengeance, vindication, avenging.
τοῦfor theRA GSM · ὁgenitive article introducing the people on whose behalf vengeance is soughtὁ: the definite article.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive noun marking the community whose cause is to be vindicatedλαός: people, nation, covenant people.
ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύgenitive pronoun qualifying the people as belonging to the addressees' own communityσύ: you (second-person pronoun).
68
ἀνταπόδοτε ἀνταπόδομα τοῖς ἔθνεσιν καὶ προσέχετε εἰς πρόσταγμα τοῦ νόμου
Repay the nations with repayment, and give heed to the ordinance of the law.
The final exhortation pairs retributive justice against the nations with careful loyalty to the law's command.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
ἀνταπόδοτεrepayVO AAD2P · δίδωμι + ἀντι ἀποaorist imperative main verb demanding decisive recompenseἀνταποδίδωμι: repay, give back in return, recompense.
ἀνταπόδομαrepaymentN3T APN · ἀνταπόδομαcognate accusative specifying the recompense to be renderedἀνταπόδομα: repayment, requital, recompense.
τοῖςto theRA DPN · ὁdative article introducing the indirect object receiving repaymentὁ: the definite article.
ἔθνεσινnationsN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative noun naming the hostile peoples against whom requital is directedἔθνος: nation, gentile people, peoples.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the call for requital with the call for careful obedienceκαί: and, also, even.
προσέχετεgive heedV1 PAI2P · ἔχω + προςpresent imperative main verb calling for sustained attention and obedienceπροσέχω: pay attention to, take heed, be devoted to.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition introducing the object toward which attention is directedεἰς: into, to, toward.
πρόσταγμαordinanceN3M ASN · πρόσταγμαobject of the preposition naming the directive to which heed must be givenπρόσταγμα: ordinance, command, decree.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁgenitive article introducing the source of the ordinanceὁ: the definite article.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςgenitive noun specifying that the ordinance belongs to the lawνόμος: law, custom, instruction.
69
καὶ εὐλόγησεν αὐτούς καὶ προσετέθη πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας αὐτοῦ
And he blessed them and was gathered to his fathers.
After the farewell charge, Mattathias blesses his sons and the narrative marks his death with the patriarchal formula of being gathered to his fathers.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίconjunction advancing the narrative from final commands to final actionsκαί: and, also, even.
εὐλόγησενblessedVA AAI3S · εὐλογέωmain verb describing Mattathias's final act toward his sonsεὐλογέω: bless, speak well of, bestow blessing.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object receiving the patriarchal blessingαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
καὶandC · καίconjunction joining the blessing with the report of deathκαί: and, also, even.
προσετέθηwas gatheredVCI API3S · τίθημι + προςmain verb using the customary death formula for joining one's ancestorsπροστίθημι: be added, be gathered, join.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition introducing the company to which he is gatheredπρός: to, toward, with.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the ancestral groupὁ: the definite article.
πατέραςfathersN3 APM · πατήρaccusative noun naming the ancestors joined in deathπατήρ: father, ancestor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun qualifying the fathers as his own ancestorsαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
70
καὶ ἀπέθανεν ἐν τῷ ἕκτῳ καὶ τεσσαρακοστῷ καὶ ἑκατοστῷ ἔτει καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν τάφοις πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν Μωδεϊν καὶ ἐκόψαντο αὐτὸν πᾶς Ισραηλ κοπετὸν μέγαν
And he died in the one hundred forty-sixth year and was buried in the tombs of his fathers in Modein, and all Israel mourned for him with great lamentation.
The narrator dates Mattathias's death, records his burial at Modein among his ancestors, and closes the chapter with Israel's public mourning.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίconjunction continuing the death reportκαί: and, also, even.
ἀπέθανενdiedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποmain verb reporting the death of Mattathiasἀποθνῄσκω: die.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the dating expressionἐν: in, on, among.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle beginning the calendrical phraseὁ: the definite article.
ἕκτῳsixthA1 DSN · ἕκτοςordinal adjective contributing to the compound year numberἕκτος: sixth.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the ordinal elements of the dateκαί: and, also, even.
τεσσαρακοστῷfortiethA1 DSN · τεσσαρακοστόςordinal adjective contributing to the compound year numberτεσσαρακοστός: fortieth.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the final ordinal component in the dating formulaκαί: and, also, even.
ἑκατοστῷhundredthA1 DSN · ἑκατοστόςordinal adjective contributing the century element of the year numberἑκατοστός: hundredth.
ἔτειyearN3E DSN · ἔτοςdative noun completing the chronological expressionἔτος: year.
καὶandC · καίconjunction moving from death to burialκαί: and, also, even.
ἐτάφηwas buriedVDI API3S · θάπτωmain verb reporting his burialθάπτω: bury, inter.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the burial locationἐν: in, on, among.
τάφοιςtombsN2 DPM · τάφοςdative noun naming the burial placeτάφος: tomb, grave, burial place.
πατέρωνof the fathersN3 GPM · πατήρgenitive noun specifying ancestral possession of the tombsπατήρ: father, ancestor.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun qualifying the fathers as his own lineαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the town of burialἐν: in, on, among.
ΜωδεϊνModeinN DSF · Μωδεϊνplace name specifying the burial townΜωδεϊν: Modein, the hometown of Mattathias and his family.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking burial with national mourningκαί: and, also, even.
ἐκόψαντοmournedVAI AMI3P · κόπτωmain verb describing the public lament for Mattathiasκόπτω: cut, strike; in the middle voice, mourn with lamentation.
αὐτὸνfor himRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object referring to the deceased as the object of mourningαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
πᾶςallA3 NSM · πᾶςadjective functioning substantivally with Israel to indicate the whole nationπᾶς: all, every, whole.
ΙσραηλIsraelN NSM · Ἰσραήλproper name serving as the subject of the mourning verbἸσραήλ: Israel.
κοπετὸνlamentationN2 ASM · κοπετόςcognate accusative expressing the mourning performedκοπετός: mourning, lamentation.
μέγανgreatA1P ASM · μέγαςadjective intensifying the lamentationμέγας: great, large, mighty.