1
καὶ ἀνέστη Ιουδας ὁ καλούμενος Μακκαβαῖος υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ' αὐτοῦ
And Judas, who was called Maccabeus, his son, arose in his place.
The narrative moves directly from the father's death to the son's public emergence. Judas does not appear as an isolated warrior but as Mattathias's named successor, taking his place and inheriting the revolt's mandate.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίconnective carrying the narrative forward into the successionκαί: connective linking the death of Mattathias to the rise of Judas.
ἀνέστηaroseVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναfinite verb introducing Judas's emergence as leader→ constative aorist of decisive emergenceἀνίστημι: 'arise / stand up'; here it marks the assumption of active leadership.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςproper name serving as the subject of ἀνέστηἸούδας: Judas, the son of Mattathias who now comes to the front of the narrative.
ὁwho wasRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the attributive participial designationὁ: article marking the following participle as an identifying description of Judas.
καλούμενοςcalledV2 · πμπνσμ καλέωattributive participle modifying Ιουδας→ present participle of customary designationκαλέω: 'call / name'; the participle introduces Judas's well-known epithet.
ΜακκαβαῖοςMaccabeusN2 NSM · Μακκαβαῖοςpredicate title completing the participial designationΜακκαβαῖος: Maccabeus, the sobriquet by which Judas is memorialized in the revolt tradition.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςappositional noun identifying Judas's relation to Mattathiasυἱός: son; the term underscores continuity of family and mission.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun dependent on υἱὸςαὐτός: pronoun referring back to Mattathias in the filial identification.
ἀντ'in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition introducing the succession phraseἀντί: preposition of substitution, marking Judas as the one who stands in another's stead.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun governed by ἀντίαὐτός: pronoun referring again to Mattathias as the predecessor whom Judas replaces.
2
καὶ ἐβοήθουν αὐτῷ πάντες οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντες ὅσοι ἐκολλήθησαν τῷ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπολέμουν τὸν πόλεμον Ισραηλ μετ' εὐφροσύνης
And all his brothers helped him, and all who had attached themselves to his father, and they fought the war of Israel with gladness.
Judas's succession is immediately ratified by a community: his brothers and his father's adherents rally to him. The revolt is thus shown as inherited and corporate, not as the charisma of a lone hero.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective extending the succession notice into collective responseκαί: connective linking Judas's rise to the support that gathers around him.
ἐβοήθουνhelpedV2I IAI3P · βοηθέωfinite verb describing the brothers' ongoing support→ imperfect of sustained assistanceβοηθέω: 'help / come to aid'; the imperfect portrays continuing support rather than a momentary gesture.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronoun indicating the person aidedαὐτός: dative pronoun referring to Judas as the beneficiary of their aid.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςsubstantival adjective stressing the totality of the groupπᾶς: all; emphasizes unanimity among Judas's brothers.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the subject phraseοἱ: article marking the following kinship term as the grammatical subject.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςsubject noun naming Judas's immediate family supportἀδελφός: brother; here the familial core of the resistance movement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying ἀδελφοὶαὐτός: possessive pronoun identifying the brothers as Judas's own.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the wider circle of supportersκαί: connective broadening the coalition beyond blood relations.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςsubstantival adjective again stressing comprehensivenessπᾶς: all; the repetition underscores the full extent of the rallying body.
ὅσοιas many asA1 NPM · ὅσοςsubstantival relative adjective introducing the adherent groupὅσος: as many as / all who; gathers under one heading those aligned with Mattathias.
ἐκολλήθησανhad joined themselvesVCI API3P · κολλάωfinite verb describing attachment to Mattathias→ constative aorist passive of adhesionκολλάω: 'join / cling to'; in passive form it conveys committed attachment to a leader or cause.
τῷto theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the dative object of attachmentτῷ: article introducing the person to whom loyalty had been attached.
πατρὶfatherN3 DSM · πατήρdative noun governed by ἐκολλήθησανπατήρ: father; here Mattathias is remembered as the original rallying figure.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying πατρὶαὐτός: possessive pronoun identifying Mattathias as Judas's father.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking solidarity to martial actionκαί: connective moving from gathered support to active warfare.
ἐπολέμουνwere fightingV2I IAI3P · πολεμέωfinite verb depicting the group's continuing military action→ imperfect of ongoing combatπολεμέω: 'make war / fight'; the imperfect presents sustained participation in the struggle.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the cognate object phraseτὸν: article marking the direct object paired with the cognate noun.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςcognate object intensifying ἐπολέμουνπόλεμος: war; the cognate object sharpens the sense of active campaigning.
Ισραηλof IsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλindeclinable proper name specifying whose war is being foughtἸσραήλ: Israel; the struggle is framed as the people's own covenantal war.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing the manner phraseμετά: preposition with the genitive marking accompanying disposition or manner.
εὐφροσύνηςgladnessN1 GSF · εὐφροσύνηgenitive noun completing the prepositional phrase of mannerεὐφροσύνη: gladness / rejoicing; the revolt is carried forward not only with zeal but with celebratory confidence.
3
καὶ ἐπλάτυνεν δόξαν τῷ λαῷ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνεδύσατο θώρακα ὡς γίγας καὶ συνεζώσατο τὰ σκεύη τὰ πολεμικὰ αὐτοῦ καὶ πολέμους συνεστήσατο σκεπάζων παρεμβολὴν ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ
And he widened glory for his people and put on a breastplate like a giant and girded on his weapons of war and engaged in battles, shielding the camp with a sword.
The verse shifts into elevated martial portraiture. Judas is presented both as the one who enlarges his people's honor and as a giant-like warrior whose own arming is inseparable from the protection of the camp.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the praise sequenceκαί: connective carrying the account from support around Judas to his martial prowess.
ἐπλάτυνενwidenedV1I IAI3S · πλατύνωfinite verb describing Judas's enlargement of his people's honor→ imperfect of characteristic effectπλατύνω: 'make broad / enlarge'; here figurative for expanding the renown or standing of the people.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαdirect object of ἐπλάτυνενδόξα: glory / honor; the public esteem restored to Israel through Judas's leadership.
τῷfor theRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing the dative beneficiary phraseτῷ: article marking the people as beneficiaries of the enlarged glory.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative noun of advantageλαός: people; the covenant community whose honor Judas magnifies.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying λαῷαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to Judas in relation to the people under his leadership.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining honor to battle-readinessκαί: connective moving from public glory to the warrior's self-arming.
ἐνεδύσατοput onVAI AMI3S · δύω + ἐνfinite middle verb describing Judas's arming himself→ constative aorist middle of self-investmentἐνδύω: 'put on / clothe oneself'; the middle voice underscores Judas's personal assumption of battle gear.
θώρακαa breastplateN3K ASM · θώραξdirect object of ἐνεδύσατοθώραξ: breastplate / cuirass; the iconic armor of the heavily armed warrior.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςcomparative particle introducing the simileὡς: as / like; marks the heroic comparison that heightens Judas's stature.
γίγαςa giantN3 NSM · γίγαςcomparative noun completing the simileγίγας: giant; the comparison casts Judas in superhuman martial terms.
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the arming sequenceκαί: connective linking one piece of armor to the next act of equipment.
συνεζώσατοgirded onVAI AMI3S · ζώννυμι + συνfinite middle verb describing Judas's equipping himself→ constative aorist middle of martial preparationσυνζώννυμι: 'gird on / fasten about oneself'; another verb of deliberate preparation for combat.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the object phraseτὰ: article marking the equipment as a definite set of war gear.
σκεύηgearN1 APN · σκευήdirect object of συνεζώσατοσκεῦος: equipment / gear; here the implements of war rather than ordinary vessels.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the attributive adjectiveτὰ: repeated article marking the attributive description of the gear.
πολεμικὰwarlikeA1 APN · πολεμικόςattributive adjective modifying σκεύηπολεμικός: military / warlike; specifies that the equipment is battle gear.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying σκεύηαὐτός: possessive pronoun identifying the arms as Judas's own.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from equipment to combat actionκαί: connective linking arming to actual warfare.
πολέμουςbattlesN2 APM · πόλεμοςaccusative object paired with συνεστήσατοπόλεμος: war / battle; plural form stresses repeated engagements.
συνεστήσατοengaged inVAI AMI3S · ἵστημι + συνfinite middle verb describing Judas's entering into battles→ constative aorist middle of undertaking combatσυνίστημι: here in the middle, 'engage in / bring on' battles; it presents Judas as an active campaigner.
σκεπάζωνshieldingV1 · παπνσμ σκεπάζωcircumstantial participle explaining the protective effect of his warfare→ present participle of attendant protectionσκεπάζω: 'cover / shelter / protect'; Judas's fighting is construed as defensive guardianship.
παρεμβολὴνthe campN1 ASF · παρεμβολήdirect object of σκεπάζωνπαρεμβολή: camp / encampment; the vulnerable military community Judas protects.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition introducing the instrumental phraseἐν: preposition used instrumentally here to indicate the means of protection.
ῥομφαίᾳa swordN1A DSF · ῥομφαίαdative noun completing the instrumental phraseῥομφαία: sword; emblem of force, but here placed in service of shielding the camp.
4
καὶ ὡμοιώθη λέοντι ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ καὶ ὡς σκύμνος ἐρευγόμενος εἰς θήραν
And he was like a lion in his deeds and like a lion's cub roaring for prey.
The description moves from armor to animal force. Judas is not merely armed like a giant; he acts like a lion, and the image of the roaring cub conveys aggressive vitality, hunger, and unstoppable momentum.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective extending the encomium with a fresh imageκαί: connective advancing the praise from armor imagery to animal comparison.
ὡμοιώθηwas likeVCI API3S · ὁμοιόωfinite passive verb introducing the comparison→ constative aorist passive of resemblanceὁμοιόω: 'make like / resemble'; the passive expresses how Judas is characterized in heroic simile.
λέοντιa lionN3 DSM · λέωνdative noun completing the comparisonλέων: lion; standard biblical image of kingly ferocity and overpowering strength.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of resemblanceἐν: preposition marking the respect in which the comparison holds true.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle introducing the dative phraseτοῖς: article marking the sphere phrase describing Judas's actions.
ἔργοιςdeedsN2N DPN · ἔργονdative noun naming the sphere in which Judas resembles a lionἔργον: deed / work; the comparison is grounded in observed acts, not merely appearance.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying ἔργοιςαὐτός: possessive pronoun pointing to Judas's own actions as the basis of the simile.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding a second, intensified comparisonκαί: connective joining the lion image to the image of the young roaring predator.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςcomparative particle introducing the second simileὡς: as / like; again marks figurative comparison.
σκύμνοςa lion's cubN2 NSM · σκύμνοςcomparative noun heading the second simileσκύμνος: young lion / lion's cub; the image adds youthful ferocity and raw energy.
ἐρευγόμενοςroaringV1 · πμπνσμ ἐρεύγομαιparticiple modifying σκύμνος→ present participle of vivid ongoing actionἐρεύγομαι: 'roar / bellow'; evokes the audible menace of the predator in motion.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the goal of the roaring movementεἰς: preposition marking direction or aim, here toward the hunt.
θήρανpreyN1A ASF · θήραaccusative noun completing the prepositional phraseθήρα: hunt / prey; the object of predatory pursuit in the simile.
5
καὶ ἐδίωξεν ἀνόμους ἐξερευνῶν καὶ τοὺς ταράσσοντας τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἐφλόγισεν
And he pursued lawless men, tracking them out, and he burned up those who troubled his people.
The leonine portrait is given moral direction. Judas's violence is not random display but targeted opposition to the ἄνομοι and to those who actively unsettle the people.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the sequence of praise into punitive actionκαί: connective moving from simile to concrete acts against the lawless.
ἐδίωξενpursuedVAI AAI3S · διώκωfinite verb describing Judas's active pursuit of offenders→ constative aorist of pursuitδιώκω: 'pursue / hunt down'; presents Judas as relentlessly pressing after the wicked.
ἀνόμουςlawless menA1B APM · ἄνομοςdirect object of ἐδίωξενἄνομος: lawless / rebellious; here a substantive for those outside covenantal fidelity.
ἐξερευνῶνtracking them outV3 · παπνσμ ἐρευνάω + ἐκcircumstantial participle elaborating the manner of pursuit→ present participle of searching persistenceἐξερευνάω: 'search out / track down thoroughly'; intensifies the thoroughness of Judas's pursuit.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking pursuit to punitive judgmentκαί: connective adding a second action against those harming the people.
τοὺςthose who wereRA APM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following participleτοὺς: article turning the participle into a defined group of offenders.
ταράσσονταςtroublingV1 · παπαπμ ταράσσωsubstantival participle naming the troublemakers→ present participle of ongoing disturbanceταράσσω: 'trouble / disturb / throw into disorder'; identifies active destabilizers of the community.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the object of the troublingτὸν: article marking the people as the direct object of hostile disturbance.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςdirect object of ταράσσονταςλαός: people; the covenant community whose stability Judas defends.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying λαὸναὐτός: possessive pronoun linking the people to Judas as their champion.
ἐφλόγισενburned upVAI AAI3S · φλογίζωfinite verb describing the consuming judgment on the troublemakers→ constative aorist of destructive judgmentφλογίζω: 'set ablaze / burn up'; the verb conveys fierce, consuming punishment.
6
καὶ συνεστάλησαν ἄνομοι ἀπὸ τοῦ φόβου αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντες οἱ ἐργάται τῆς ἀνομίας συνεταράχθησαν καὶ εὐοδώθη σωτηρία ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ
And lawless men were checked because of fear of him, and all the workers of lawlessness were thrown into confusion, and deliverance prospered in his hand.
This verse states the effect of Judas's action on both sides of the conflict. Fear and confusion seize the agents of lawlessness, while salvation is said to prosper through Judas's hand, combining divine rescue with human agency.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the result of Judas's punitive actionκαί: connective moving from Judas's pursuit to its effect on the wicked and on Israel's deliverance.
συνεστάλησανwere checkedVDI API3P · στέλλω + συνfinite passive verb describing the lawless being driven back or constrained→ constative aorist passive of being cowedσυστέλλω: 'draw together / contract / restrain'; in context the lawless are forced back in fear.
ἄνομοιlawless menA1B NPM · ἄνομοςsubject noun of συνεστάλησανἄνομος: lawless / impious; the same group once pursued now recoils.
ἀπὸbecause ofP · ἀπόpreposition introducing the cause phraseἀπό: preposition here marking cause or source, namely the fear produced by Judas.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the causal genitive phraseτοῦ: article marking the following fear noun.
φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive noun governed by ἀπόφόβος: fear; the emotional force that restrains the wicked.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying φόβουαὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas as the source of the fear.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding a parallel statement about evildoersκαί: connective reinforcing the comprehensive collapse of the lawless.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςsubstantival adjective stressing totalityπᾶς: all; emphasizes that the whole class of evildoers is affected.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the subject phraseοἱ: article marking the defined group characterized by their deeds.
ἐργάταιworkersN1M NPM · ἐργατήςsubject noun naming the practitioners of lawlessnessἐργάτης: worker / doer; stresses active practice rather than mere disposition.
τῆςofRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the defining genitiveτῆς: article marking the abstract noun that defines the workers.
ἀνομίαςlawlessnessN1A GSF · ἀνομίαgenitive noun defining what kind of workers these areἀνομία: lawlessness / violation of covenant order; the sphere in which these agents labor.
συνεταράχθησανwere thrown into confusionVQI API3P · ταράσσω + συνfinite passive verb describing the destabilization of the evildoers→ constative aorist passive of collective disarrayσυνταράσσω: 'throw into confusion / greatly disturb'; the workers of lawlessness lose coherence under pressure.
καὶandC · καίconnective turning from the defeat of the wicked to the success of salvationκαί: connective linking negative judgment on the wicked to positive deliverance for the people.
εὐοδώθηprosperedVC API3S · εὐοδόωfinite passive verb describing the successful advance of deliverance→ constative aorist passive of successful progressεὐοδόω: 'prosper / make successful'; salvation is said to move forward effectively.
σωτηρίαdeliveranceN1A NSF · σωτηρίαsubject noun of εὐοδώθησωτηρία: salvation / deliverance; the rescue of the people as the positive outcome of Judas's campaign.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the agency phraseἐν: preposition here marking the instrumental or locative sphere of agency.
χειρὶthe handN3 DSF · χείρdative noun within the agency phraseχείρ: hand; common biblical idiom for agency, power, or effective instrumentality.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying χειρὶαὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas, whose hand becomes the instrument through which deliverance advances.
7
καὶ ἐπίκρανεν βασιλεῖς πολλοὺς καὶ εὔφρανεν τὸν Ιακωβ ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἕως τοῦ αἰῶνος τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτοῦ εἰς εὐλογίαν
And he embittered many kings and gladdened Jacob by his deeds, and his memory is for a blessing forever.
The praise of Judas now states its double effect: hostile rulers are distressed while Jacob rejoices. The final clause casts Judas into commemorative memory, making his name itself part of Israel's blessing tradition.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective extending the encomium to its social effectsκαί: connective carrying the praise of Judas into the sphere of kingship, communal joy, and remembrance.
ἐπίκρανενembitteredVBI AAI3S · πικραίνωfinite verb describing Judas's troubling impact on foreign rulers→ constative aorist of causing grief or vexationπικραίνω: 'make bitter / embitter / vex'; here it marks the distress Judas brings to hostile kings.
βασιλεῖςkingsN3V APM · βασιλεύςdirect object of ἐπίκρανενβασιλεύς: king; the term places Judas's impact on an international political scale.
πολλοὺςmanyA1 APM · πολύςattributive adjective modifying βασιλεῖςπολύς: many; underscores the breadth of rulers unsettled by Judas.
καὶandC · καίconnective contrasting the response of kings with that of Jacobκαί: connective shifting from the bitterness of enemies to the joy of Israel.
εὔφρανενgladdenedVA AAI3S · εὐφραίνωfinite verb describing Judas's joyful effect on his own people→ constative aorist of causing rejoicingεὐφραίνω: 'make glad / cheer'; Judas's deeds generate covenantal joy among the people.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the poetic name for Israelτὸν: article marking the direct object represented by the patriarchal name.
ΙακωβJacobN ASM · Ἰακώβindeclinable proper name standing for the people of IsraelἸακώβ: Jacob; the patriarchal name functions metonymically for the covenant people.
ἐνbyP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere or means of the gladnessἐν: preposition marking the deeds as the sphere or means by which Jacob rejoices.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle introducing the dative phraseτοῖς: article marking the concrete acts that ground Judas's reputation.
ἔργοιςdeedsN2N DPN · ἔργονdative noun completing the prepositional phraseἔργον: deed / work; Judas's glory rests on concrete acts rather than mere acclaim.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying ἔργοιςαὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to Judas's own works.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the memorial conclusionκαί: connective drawing the encomium into a statement of enduring remembrance.
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςmarker of temporal extentἕως: until / as far as; marks the sweep of enduring duration.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the temporal genitiveτοῦ: article marking the genitival expression of age or permanence.
αἰῶνοςageN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive noun expressing continuing durationαἰών: age / eternity; in context it conveys enduring remembrance.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle introducing the subject nounτὸ: article marking the memorial itself as the subject of the closing clause.
μνημόσυνονmemoryN2N NSN · μνημόσυνονsubject noun of the implied copular senseμνημόσυνον: memorial / memory; not merely recollection but honored remembrance.
αὐτοῦof himRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying μνημόσυνοναὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas as the one remembered.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the result or function phraseεἰς: preposition marking the memorial's resulting character or purpose.
εὐλογίανblessingN1A ASF · εὐλογίαaccusative noun completing the result phraseεὐλογία: blessing; the memory of Judas belongs among those remembered with honor and gratitude.
8
καὶ διῆλθεν ἐν πόλεσιν Ιουδα καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσεν ἀσεβεῖς ἐξ αὐτῆς καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν ὀργὴν ἀπὸ Ισραηλ
And he went through the cities of Judah and destroyed the ungodly out of it and turned away wrath from Israel.
The focus narrows from kings to the land itself. Judas's work is portrayed as internal cleansing: he moves through Judean towns, removes the impious, and thereby diverts wrath from Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from praise to action within Judahκαί: connective shifting the encomium into territorial and covenantal reform.
διῆλθενwent throughVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + διαfinite verb describing Judas's circuit through the land→ constative aorist of movement through multiple locationsδιέρχομαι: 'go through / pass through'; Judas actively traverses Judah rather than remaining defensive.
ἐνthroughP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of movementἐν: preposition marking the cities as the setting through which Judas moves.
πόλεσινcitiesN3I DPF · πόλιςdative noun completing the locative phraseπόλις: city; the struggle extends into local Judean settlements.
Ιουδαof JudahN GSM · Ἰουδάindeclinable proper name specifying the territoryἸουδά: Judah; the ancestral land now becomes the field of Judas's purgative campaign.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking movement with judgmentκαί: connective tying Judas's circuit to the removal of the impious.
ἐξωλέθρευσενdestroyedVAI AAI3S · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκfinite verb expressing forceful elimination→ constative aorist of exterminating judgmentἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / root out'; a strong verb of removing corrupting elements from the land.
ἀσεβεῖςungodly menA3H APM · ἀσεβήςdirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσενἀσεβής: ungodly / impious; substantive for those living in contempt of covenant fidelity.
ἐξout ofP · ἐκpreposition introducing the removal phraseἐκ: preposition of extraction, highlighting removal from within the land.
αὐτῆςitRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun governed by ἐξαὐτός: pronoun referring back to Judah as the sphere purged.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the theological resultκαί: connective turning from military reform to covenantal consequence.
ἀπέστρεψενturned awayVAI AAI3S · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verb describing the removal of divine wrath→ constative aorist of reversalἀποστρέφω: 'turn away / remove'; Judas's action is depicted as averting judgment.
ὀργὴνwrathN1 ASF · ὀργήdirect object of ἀπέστρεψενὀργή: wrath; the term likely implies divine anger provoked by covenantal corruption.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing the people spared from wrathἀπό: preposition marking separation away from the threatened community.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλindeclinable proper name completing the prepositional phraseἸσραήλ: Israel; the whole covenant people benefit from Judas's cleansing action.
9
καὶ ὠνομάσθη ἕως ἐσχάτου γῆς καὶ συνήγαγεν ἀπολλυμένους
And he was named to the end of the earth, and he gathered in those who were perishing.
The encomium ends by pairing renown with rescue. Judas is not only widely known; he becomes the one who gathers up the endangered remnant rather than allowing it to vanish.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandC · καίconnective carrying the praise toward its final summaryκαί: connective joining worldwide fame to restorative action.
ὠνομάσθηwas namedVCI API3S · ὀνομάζωfinite passive verb describing public reputation→ constative aorist passive of becoming renownedὀνομάζω: 'name / call'; in passive form it marks the spread of Judas's recognized name.
ἕωςas far asD · ἕωςmarker of spatial extentἕως: as far as / until; here indicating the far reach of Judas's fame.
ἐσχάτουthe endA1 GSM · ἔσχατοςsubstantivized adjective within the extent phraseἔσχατος: last / outermost; substantivized for the furthest limit.
γῆςof the earthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive noun completing the phrase of extentγῆ: earth / land; universalizing the reach of Judas's reputation.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding Judas's restorative actionκαί: connective turning from renown to rescue.
συνήγαγενgatheredVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνfinite verb describing the regathering of the endangered→ constative aorist of collection and restorationσυνάγω: 'gather together'; a key restoration verb, suggesting protection and renewed cohesion.
ἀπολλυμένουςthose who were perishingV5 · πμπαπμ ὀλλύω + ἀποsubstantival participle functioning as the object of συνήγαγεν→ present middle/passive participle of ongoing ruinἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy / perish'; the participle names those in danger of being lost whom Judas regathers.
10
καὶ συνήγαγεν Ἀπολλώνιος ἔθνη καὶ ἀπὸ Σαμαρείας δύναμιν μεγάλην τοῦ πολεμῆσαι πρὸς τὸν Ισραηλ
And Apollonius gathered nations, and from Samaria a great force, to make war against Israel.
The chapter now turns from praise to direct conflict. Apollonius responds to Judas's rise by assembling a mixed hostile force, framing the encounter as a war not merely with Judas but with Israel itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective marking the shift from encomium to oppositionκαί: connective introducing the first enemy mobilization against Judas.
συνήγαγενgatheredVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνfinite verb describing hostile mobilization→ constative aorist of assembling forcesσυνάγω: 'gather together'; the same gathering verb now appears on the enemy side.
ἈπολλώνιοςApolloniusN2 NSM · Ἀπολλώνιοςproper name serving as the subject of συνήγαγενἈπολλώνιος: Apollonius, the first major opponent named against Judas in this chapter.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςdirect object of συνήγαγενἔθνος: nations / Gentile peoples; the hostile force is multi-ethnic rather than local only.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding a second source of military strengthκαί: connective broadening the composition of Apollonius's force.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing the source phraseἀπό: preposition marking the geographic origin of the additional force.
ΣαμαρείαςSamariaN1A GSF · Σαμαρείαgenitive place name governed by ἀπόΣαμαρεία: Samaria; the neighboring region contributes manpower against Israel.
δύναμινforceN3I ASF · δύναμιςaccusative object continuing what Apollonius gatheredδύναμις: force / army; military strength mobilized for the campaign.
μεγάληνgreatA1 ASF · μέγαςattributive adjective modifying δύναμινμέγας: great / large; emphasizes the intimidating size of the force.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the articular infinitive of purposeτοῦ: article used with the infinitive to express purpose.
πολεμῆσαιmake warVA AAN · πολεμέωarticular infinitive expressing purpose→ aorist infinitive of intended campaignπολεμέω: 'make war / fight'; states the explicit purpose of the mobilization.
πρὸςagainstP · πρόςpreposition introducing the target of the warπρός: against / toward; here marks hostile orientation.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the object of oppositionτὸν: article marking the people against whom the force is directed.
ΙσραηλIsraelN ASM · Ἰσραήλindeclinable proper name completing the prepositional phraseἸσραήλ: Israel; the conflict is explicitly cast as war against the people as a whole.
11
καὶ ἔγνω Ιουδας καὶ ἐξῆλθεν εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν καὶ ἔπεσον τραυματίαι πολλοί καὶ οἱ ἐπίλοιποι ἔφυγον
And Judas learned of it and went out to meet him and struck him and killed him, and many fell wounded, and the rest fled.
The response is immediate and aggressive. Judas does not wait behind defenses but goes out to meet the attack, kills Apollonius himself, and turns the encounter into a rout.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing from enemy mobilization to Judas's responseκαί: connective carrying the narrative into the encounter itself.
ἔγνωlearnedVZI AAI3S · γιγνώσκωfinite verb of perception introducing Judas's reaction→ ingressive aorist of coming to knowγιγνώσκω: 'know / learn'; Judas is informed and acts at once.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςproper name serving as the subject of the response sequenceἸούδας: Judas, now acting as active field commander rather than merely praised hero.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking knowledge to actionκαί: connective showing immediate transition from report to counter-move.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκfinite verb describing Judas's movement to engage the enemy→ constative aorist of decisive advanceἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; a battle verb of initiative rather than passive defense.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition introducing the encounter phraseεἰς: preposition marking movement toward direct confrontation.
συνάντησινmeetingN3I ASF · συνάντησιςaccusative noun completing the phrase of hostile encounterσυνάντησις: meeting / encounter; here a military clash rather than peaceful reception.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronoun referring to Apolloniusαὐτός: pronoun identifying the opponent whom Judas meets.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining encounter to the strikeκαί: connective compressing the rapid battle sequence.
ἐπάταξενstruckVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωfinite verb describing the blow against Apollonius→ constative aorist of martial strikingπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; a common biblical battle verb of decisive contact.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἐπάταξεναὐτός: pronoun referring to Apollonius as the one personally struck.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking the strike to the killκαί: connective intensifying the rapid sequence of victory.
ἀπέκτεινενkilledVAI AAI3S · κτείνω + ἀποfinite verb expressing Apollonius's death→ constative aorist of lethal actionἀποκτείνω: 'kill / put to death'; the enemy leader is removed outright.
καὶandC · καίconnective widening the effect from leader to troopsκαί: connective extending the result from the commander to the army.
ἔπεσονfellVBI AAI3P · πίπτωfinite verb describing battlefield collapse→ constative aorist of falling in combatπίπτω: 'fall'; battle idiom for being struck down.
τραυματίαιwounded menN1T NPM · τραυματίαςsubject complement specifying the condition of those who fellτραυματίας: wounded man / casualty; marks the battle's heavy human cost.
πολλοίmanyA1 NPM · πολύςadjectival modifier stressing the extent of casualtiesπολύς: many; the losses of Apollonius's side are substantial.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the final result for the survivorsκαί: connective moving from casualties to collapse of the remnant.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the surviving remnantοἱ: article marking the group left over after the defeat.
ἐπίλοιποιrestA1B NPM · ἐπίλοιποςsubstantival adjective naming the survivorsἐπίλοιπος: remaining / left over; those not killed are reduced to fugitives.
ἔφυγονfledVBI AAI3P · φεύγωfinite verb describing the rout→ constative aorist of flightφεύγω: 'flee'; marks the complete collapse of enemy resistance.
12
καὶ ἔλαβον τὰ σκῦλα αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν μάχαιραν Ἀπολλωνίου ἔλαβεν Ιουδας καὶ ἦν πολεμῶν ἐν αὐτῇ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας
And they took their spoils, and Judas took the sword of Apollonius and kept fighting with it all his days.
The battle's aftermath is narrated economically but memorably. The spoil belongs to the victors, yet special emphasis falls on Apollonius's sword, which becomes a durable emblem of Judas's continuing warfare.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the aftermath of victoryκαί: connective moving from rout to the taking of spoil.
ἔλαβονtookVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωfinite verb describing the victors' seizure of spoils→ constative aorist of taking possessionλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; the standard verb for claiming the fruits of victory.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the spoil phraseτὰ: article marking the objects taken after battle.
σκῦλαspoilsN2N APN · σκῦλονdirect object of ἔλαβονσκῦλον: spoil / plunder; the material outcome of a successful engagement.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying σκῦλααὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the defeated enemy force.
καὶandC · καίconnective singling out a second item of special importanceκαί: connective moving from general spoil to the notable trophy.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the sword phraseτὴν: article marking the singled-out weapon.
μάχαιρανswordN1A ASF · μάχαιραdirect object of ἔλαβενμάχαιρα: sword; close-combat weapon that becomes Judas's personal trophy.
Ἀπολλωνίουof ApolloniusN2 GSM · Ἀπολλώνιοςgenitive proper name modifying μάχαιρανἈπολλώνιος: Apollonius; the defeated commander's weapon becomes Judas's own.
ἔλαβενtookVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωfinite verb describing Judas's personal taking of the sword→ constative aorist of appropriationλαμβάνω: 'take'; repeated here for Judas's distinctive acquisition.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςproper name serving as the subject of ἔλαβενἸούδας: Judas, singled out here from the collective victors.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking the taking of the sword to its lasting useκαί: connective drawing a line from trophy to enduring practice.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίfinite verb forming a periphrastic expression with the participle→ imperfect of continuing stateεἰμί: 'be'; here used periphrastically to describe ongoing action.
πολεμῶνfightingV1 · παπνσμ πολεμέωpresent participle completing the periphrastic verbal expression→ present participle of sustained warfareπολεμέω: 'make war / fight'; the participle presents Judas's continued use of the sword over time.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition introducing the instrumental phraseἐν: preposition used instrumentally for the weapon by which Judas fought.
αὐτῇitRD DSF · αὐτόςdative pronoun referring to the swordαὐτός: pronoun pointing back to Apollonius's sword as Judas's continuing weapon.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςadjectival modifier of ἡμέραςπᾶς: all; emphasizes the durability of this remembered detail.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the temporal phraseτὰς: article marking the phrase of ongoing duration.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: day; accusative of duration meaning throughout his days.
13
καὶ ἤκουσεν Σήρων ὁ ἄρχων τῆς δυνάμεως Συρίας ὅτι ἤθροισεν Ιουδας ἄθροισμα καὶ ἐκκλησίαν πιστῶν μετ' αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκπορευομένων εἰς πόλεμον
And Seron, commander of the army of Syria, heard that Judas had gathered with him a company and an assembly of faithful men who were going out to war.
The report reaching Seron is not merely that Judas is alive but that he has become a rallying center. The language of gathering and faithful assembly presents the revolt as organized and ideologically cohesive.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the next hostile responseκαί: connective linking the defeat of Apollonius to the reaction of another Syrian commander.
ἤκουσενheardVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωfinite verb of report reception→ constative aorist of hearing a reportἀκούω: 'hear'; Seron acts on intelligence about Judas's expanding movement.
ΣήρωνSeronN NSM · Σήρωνproper name serving as subjectΣήρων: Seron, the Syrian commander who now enters the narrative as Judas's next opponent.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the appositional titleὁ: article marking the following official designation.
ἄρχωνcommanderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνappositional noun identifying Seron's officeἄρχων: ruler / commander; here an official military leader.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the genitive descriptionτῆς: article marking the army to which Seron belongs.
δυνάμεωςarmyN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive noun dependent on ἄρχωνδύναμις: force / army; here the organized military body under Seron's command.
Συρίαςof SyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive proper name modifying δυνάμεωςΣυρία: Syria, identifying the Seleucid military apparatus.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported contentὅτι: conjunction marking the content of what Seron heard.
ἤθροισενhad gatheredVAI AAI3S · ἀθροίζωfinite verb within the reported clause→ constative aorist of assembling supportersἀθροίζω: 'gather together / assemble'; Judas is portrayed as drawing people into ordered formation.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςsubject of ἤθροισενἸούδας: Judas, now functioning as the center of a gathered movement.
ἄθροισμαa companyN3T ASN · ἄθροισμαdirect object of ἤθροισενἄθροισμα: gathered body / company; emphasizes the concrete mustering of forces.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining two near-synonymous gathering termsκαί: connective reinforcing the breadth and coherence of Judas's following.
ἐκκλησίανassemblyN1A ASF · ἐκκλησίαsecond object coordinated with ἄθροισμαἐκκλησία: assembly / congregation; a term with communal and covenantal resonance, not merely military massing.
πιστῶνof faithful menA1 GPM · πιστόςgenitive modifier of ἐκκλησίανπιστός: faithful / loyal; the gathered body is defined by fidelity rather than opportunism.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing Judas's accompanying followersμετά: preposition marking association with Judas.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun governed by μετ᾽αὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas as the one around whom the faithful gather.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the movement toward battleκαί: connective moving from gathered identity to active mobilization.
ἐκπορευομένωνgoing outV1 · πμπγπμ πορεύομαι + ἐκgenitive participle describing the faithful as mobilized for battle→ present participle of ongoing movementἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / march out'; the participle shows the faithful already in active campaign motion.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the purpose or direction phraseεἰς: preposition marking the goal of the march.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςaccusative noun completing the phrase of martial purposeπόλεμος: war; the assembly is not merely gathered but gathered for conflict.
14
καὶ εἶπεν ποιήσω ἐμαυτῷ ὄνομα καὶ δοξασθήσομαι ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ καὶ πολεμήσω τὸν Ιουδαν καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ τοὺς ἐξουδενοῦντας τὸν λόγον τοῦ βασιλέως
And he said, 'I will make a name for myself and be glorified in the kingdom, and I will make war on Judas and those with him who despise the king's word.'
Seron's speech is driven by self-exaltation. He interprets the conflict as a chance for personal renown and recasts covenantal resistance as contempt for royal command.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing direct speechκαί: connective carrying the narrative from report to Seron's own ambition.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb introducing Seron's speech→ constative aorist of speakingεἶπον: 'say'; introduces the enemy commander's self-revealing declaration.
ποιήσωI will makeVF FAI1S · ποιέωfinite future verb expressing Seron's resolve→ predictive future of personal ambitionποιέω: 'make / do'; here used in the idiom 'make a name for myself.'
ἐμαυτῷfor myselfRD DSM · ἐμαυτοῦdative reflexive pronoun of advantageἐμαυτοῦ: myself; Seron's motive is overtly self-regarding.
ὄνομαa nameN3M ASN · ὄνομαdirect object of ποιήσωὄνομα: name / reputation; Seron seeks fame and standing through victory.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining fame and honorκαί: connective extending the ambition from reputation to public glory.
δοξασθήσομαιI will be glorifiedVS FPI1S · δοξάζωfinite future passive verb describing expected exaltation→ predictive future passive of public honorδοξάζω: 'glorify / honor'; the passive presents Seron as expecting recognition and prestige.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of honorἐν: preposition marking the setting in which Seron expects glory.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the dative sphere phraseτῇ: article marking the realm in which Seron hopes to be magnified.
βασιλείᾳkingdomN1A DSF · βασιλείαdative noun completing the sphere phraseβασιλεία: kingdom / royal realm; Seron imagines prestige within Seleucid political order.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining ambition to actionκαί: connective moving from boast to intended campaign.
πολεμήσωI will make warVF FAI1S · πολεμέωfinite future verb stating intended action→ predictive future of hostile intentπολεμέω: 'make war / fight'; Seron now states the concrete means by which he will win glory.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the direct objectτὸν: article marking Judas as the target of Seron's hostility.
ΙουδανJudasN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςdirect object of πολεμήσωἸούδας: Judas, singled out as the personal target of Seron's campaign.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding Judas's supportersκαί: connective widening Seron's hostility to the whole movement.
τοὺςthoseRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the accompanying groupτοὺς: article marking the people associated with Judas.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition expressing associationσύν: with; identifies Judas's companions as co-targets.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronoun governed by σύναὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas within the association phrase.
τοὺςthoseRA APM · ὁarticle substantivizing the following participleτοὺς: article turning the participle into a defined class.
ἐξουδενοῦνταςdespisingV2 · παπαπμ ἐξουδενέωsubstantival participle describing Judas's supporters→ present participle of ongoing contemptἐξουδενέω: 'treat as nothing / despise'; Seron interprets resistance as contempt for royal authority.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the object of contemptτὸν: article marking what is allegedly being despised.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςdirect object of ἐξουδενοῦνταςλόγος: word / command; here the king's authoritative decree.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessive genitiveτοῦ: article marking the royal source of the command.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun modifying λόγονβασιλεύς: king; the conflict is framed by Seron as defiance of sovereign order.
15
καὶ προσέθετο καὶ ἀνέβη μετ' αὐτοῦ παρεμβολὴ ἀσεβῶν ἰσχυρὰ βοηθῆσαι αὐτῷ ποιῆσαι τὴν ἐκδίκησιν ἐν υἱοῖς Ισραηλ
And he went on, and with him went up a strong camp of ungodly men to help him carry out vengeance among the sons of Israel.
The narrative confirms that Seron's confidence is backed by numbers. Yet the force is characterized morally as ἀσεβεῖς, so the coming conflict is again cast as covenantal rather than merely strategic.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing Seron's campaign movementκαί: connective linking speech to mobilized action.
προσέθετοwent onVEI AMI3S · τίθημι + προςfinite middle verb expressing continuation→ constative aorist middle of further advanceπροστίθημι: in the middle, 'continue / proceed further'; Seron presses on with his plan.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining continuation with ascentκαί: connective advancing the action geographically and militarily.
ἀνέβηwent upVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναfinite verb describing upward military movement→ constative aorist of ascentἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; common travel and campaign verb in hill-country warfare.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing accompanying forceμετά: with; marks the troops moving alongside Seron.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun governed by μετ᾽αὐτός: pronoun referring to Seron as the force's leader.
παρεμβολὴcampN1 NSF · παρεμβολήsubject noun of ἀνέβηπαρεμβολή: camp / military host; the organized body accompanying Seron.
ἀσεβῶνof ungodly menA3H GPM · ἀσεβήςgenitive modifier of παρεμβολήἀσεβής: ungodly / impious; the force is morally described, not only militarily sized.
ἰσχυρὰstrongA1A NSF · ἰσχυρόςattributive adjective modifying παρεμβολήἰσχυρός: strong / mighty; marks the camp as formidable in apparent strength.
βοηθῆσαιto helpVA AAN · βοηθέωinfinitive expressing purpose→ aorist infinitive of intended supportβοηθέω: 'help / aid'; the camp accompanies Seron in order to reinforce him.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronoun complementing βοηθῆσαιαὐτός: pronoun referring to Seron as the one to be assisted.
ποιῆσαιto carry outVA AAN · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive further specifying the purpose→ aorist infinitive of intended executionποιέω: 'do / carry out'; here it introduces the punitive goal of the campaign.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the object of ποιῆσαιτὴν: article marking the vengeance Seron intends to execute.
ἐκδίκησινvengeanceN3I ASF · ἐκδίκησιςdirect object of ποιῆσαιἐκδίκησις: vengeance / punishment; Seron sees the campaign as punitive retribution.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of punitive actionἐν: preposition marking the people within whom the vengeance will be enacted.
υἱοῖςsonsN2 DPM · υἱόςdative noun completing the prepositional phraseυἱός: sons; part of the common covenantal designation 'sons of Israel.'
Ισραηλof IsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλindeclinable proper name specifying the people targetedἸσραήλ: Israel; the punitive aim is directed against the covenant people.
16
καὶ ἤγγισεν ἕως ἀναβάσεως Βαιθωρων καὶ ἐξῆλθεν Ιουδας εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτῷ ὀλιγοστός
And he came near as far as the ascent of Beth-horon, and Judas went out to meet him with only a few men.
Topography now matters. The approach to Beth-horon sets the scene for a confrontation in constricted terrain, while Judas's numerical smallness is stated bluntly before his speech answers it theologically.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the physical approach to battleκαί: connective shifting from mobilization to the moment of geographic convergence.
ἤγγισενcame nearVAI AAI3S · ἐγγίζωfinite verb of approach→ constative aorist of drawing nearἐγγίζω: 'come near / approach'; the enemy force advances into striking distance.
ἕωςas far asC · ἕωςmarker of spatial limitἕως: as far as; marks the terminus of the enemy's advance.
ἀναβάσεωςthe ascentN3I GSF · ἀνάβασιςgenitive noun within the limit phraseἀνάβασις: ascent / uphill pass; a tactically significant topographical feature.
Βαιθωρωνof Beth-horonN GS · Βαιθωρωνindeclinable place name modifying ἀναβάσεωςΒαιθωρών: Beth-horon, the well-known ridge route and battlefield approach.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking enemy approach and Judas's responseκαί: connective marking Judas's immediate counter-movement.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκfinite verb of counter-advance→ constative aorist of decisive movementἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; Judas again takes the initiative rather than waiting passively.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςsubject of ἐξῆλθενἸούδας: Judas, once more leading personally from the front.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition introducing the encounter phraseεἰς: preposition marking movement toward direct engagement.
συνάντησινmeetN3I ASF · συνάντησιςaccusative noun expressing hostile meetingσυνάντησις: encounter / meeting; in battle context, face-to-face collision.
αὐτῷhimRD DSM · αὐτόςdative pronoun referring to Seronαὐτός: pronoun identifying Seron as the one met by Judas.
ὀλιγοστόςfew in numberA1 NSM · ὀλιγοστόςpredicative adjective describing Judas's forceὀλιγοστός: few / scant; the adjective underlines numerical weakness before the speech on divine deliverance.
17
ὡς δὲ εἶδον τὴν παρεμβολὴν ἐρχομένην εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτῶν εἶπον τῷ Ιουδα τί δυνησόμεθα ὀλιγοστοὶ ὄντες πολεμῆσαι πρὸς πλῆθος τοσοῦτο ἰσχυρόν καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐκλελύμεθα ἀσιτοῦντες σήμερον
And when they saw the camp coming to meet them, they said to Judas, 'How shall we, being few, be able to fight against so great and strong a multitude? And we are exhausted, having eaten nothing today.'
The narrative pauses for the perspective of Judas's men. Their objection is realistic: they are outnumbered, the opposing force is strong, and fasting has left them physically drained.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ὡςwhenC · ὡςsubordinating conjunction introducing the temporal clauseὡς: when / as; marks the moment at which fear becomes verbalized.
δὲbutX · δέpostpositive connective marking developmentδέ: mild adversative or developmental particle introducing the men's reaction.
εἶδονthey sawVBI AAI3P · ὁράωfinite verb of perception in the temporal clause→ constative aorist of sightὁράω: 'see'; the visible size of the enemy provokes the objection.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the object seenτὴν: article marking the approaching camp as the object of perception.
παρεμβολὴνcampN1 ASF · παρεμβολήdirect object of εἶδονπαρεμβολή: camp / host; the enemy's organized military body.
ἐρχομένηνcomingV1 · πμπασφ ἔρχομαιparticiple modifying παρεμβολὴν→ present participle of visible approachἔρχομαι: 'come'; the participle makes the danger immediate and advancing.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition introducing the encounter phraseεἰς: preposition marking movement toward confrontation.
συνάντησινmeetN3I ASF · συνάντησιςaccusative noun completing the approach phraseσυνάντησις: encounter / meeting; the enemy is advancing into direct clash.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun governed by the encounter expressionαὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas's side as the ones being approached.
εἶπονthey saidVBI AAI3P · εἶπονfinite verb introducing the direct speech→ constative aorist of speakingεἶπον: 'say'; the companions now articulate the fear provoked by what they saw.
τῷtoRA DSM · ὁarticle introducing the indirect objectτῷ: article marking Judas as the recipient of the complaint.
ΙουδαJudasN1T DSM · Ἰούδαςindirect object of εἶπονἸούδας: Judas, addressed as the leader expected to answer the crisis.
τίhowRI NSN · τίςinterrogative introducing the questionτίς: here idiomatically 'how?' asking about possibility under present conditions.
δυνησόμεθαshall we be ableVF FMI1P · δύναμαιmain verb of the question→ future middle of perceived abilityδύναμαι: 'be able / can'; the question centers on practical capacity.
ὀλιγοστοὶfew in numberA1 NPM · ὀλιγοστόςpredicative adjective describing the speakersὀλιγοστός: few / scant; the men foreground their small numbers.
ὄντεςbeingV9 · παπνπμ εἰμίcircumstantial participle modifying the implied subject→ present participle of attendant stateεἰμί: 'be'; the participle frames their numerical weakness as the relevant condition.
πολεμῆσαιto fightVA AAN · πολεμέωcomplementary infinitive with δυνησόμεθα→ aorist infinitive of contemplated battle actionπολεμέω: 'fight / make war'; the immediate question is whether battle is even possible.
πρὸςagainstP · πρόςpreposition introducing the opposing forceπρός: against; marks the hostile face-off.
πλῆθοςa multitudeN3E ASN · πλῆθοςobject of πρόςπλῆθος: multitude / mass; the enemy is perceived as overwhelming in numbers.
τοσοῦτοso greatRD ASN · τοσοῦτοςdemonstrative modifier of πλῆθοςτοσοῦτος: so great / so large; intensifies the scale of the threat.
ἰσχυρόνstrongA1A ASN · ἰσχυρόςattributive adjective modifying πλῆθοςἰσχυρός: strong / mighty; the enemy is formidable in quality as well as number.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding a second reason for fearκαί: connective moving from numerical disadvantage to physical exhaustion.
ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώexplicit pronoun emphasizing the speakers' conditionἐγώ: first-person pronoun used emphatically in contrast to the enemy.
ἐκλελύμεθαare exhaustedVM XMI1P · λύω + ἐκfinite verb describing present depleted condition→ perfect middle/passive of enfeebled stateἐκλύω: 'loosen utterly / weaken / exhaust'; the perfect stresses their present state of depletion.
ἀσιτοῦντεςhaving eaten nothingV2 · παπνπμ ἀσιτέωcircumstantial participle explaining the cause of exhaustion→ present participle of fasting deprivationἀσιτέω: 'go without food / fast'; their weakness is tied to lack of nourishment.
σήμερονtodayD · σήμερονadverb marking the immediate time frameσήμερον: today; the deprivation is current and acute.
18
καὶ εἶπεν Ιουδας εὔκοπόν ἐστιν συγκλεισθῆναι πολλοὺς ἐν χερσὶν ὀλίγων καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν διαφορὰ ἐναντίον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ σῴζειν ἐν πολλοῖς ἢ ἐν ὀλίγοις
And Judas said, 'It is easy for many to be shut up into the hands of a few, and before heaven there is no difference in saving by many or by few.'
Judas does not deny the numerical disparity; he relativizes it. The argument shifts the frame from human calculation to heaven's unrestricted power to save.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing Judas's replyκαί: connective moving from the men's fear to Judas's answer.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb introducing direct speech→ constative aorist of speakingεἶπον: 'say'; introduces Judas's theological rebuttal.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςsubject of εἶπενἸούδας: Judas, answering as leader and interpreter of events.
εὔκοπόνeasyA1B NSN · εὔκοποςpredicate adjective with ἐστινεὔκοπος: easy / not difficult; Judas asserts divine possibility where the men see impossibility.
ἐστινit isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopular verb linking predicate and infinitive clause→ present of general truthεἰμί: 'be'; here introducing a maxim-like assertion.
συγκλεισθῆναιto be shut upVC APN · κλείω + συνcomplementary infinitive completing εὔκοπόν ἐστιν→ aorist passive infinitive of being hemmed in or handed overσυγκλείω: 'shut up / hem in / deliver over'; the many can be confined by divine action into a few hands.
πολλοὺςmanyA1 APM · πολύςaccusative subject of the infinitiveπολύς: many; the numerically superior enemy is the one Judas relativizes.
ἐνintoP · ἐνpreposition within the idiom of agency or controlἐν: here functioning idiomatically in the phrase 'in the hands of.'
χερσὶνhandsN3 DPF · χείρdative noun in the control/agential phraseχείρ: hand; common biblical idiom for power or agency.
ὀλίγωνof a fewA1 GPM · ὀλίγοςgenitive modifier completing the idiom with χερσὶνὀλίγος: few; the very condition feared by the men becomes irrelevant in Judas's maxim.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the explanatory theological principleκαί: connective moving from aphorism to explicit theological rationale.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle with ἔστινοὐ: standard negation denying any real distinction.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίfinite existential verb→ present of general theological truthεἰμί: 'be'; here used existentially in a maxim.
διαφορὰdifferenceN1A NSF · διαφοράsubject noun of ἔστινδιαφορά: difference / distinction; none exists for heaven between large and small means.
ἐναντίονbeforeP · ἐναντίονpreposition introducing the heavenly perspectiveἐναντίον: before / in the sight of; locates the principle in the divine viewpoint.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the genitive object of ἐναντίοντοῦ: article marking the reverential title that follows.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive noun governed by ἐναντίονοὐρανός: heaven; reverential circumlocution for God and his sovereign power.
σῴζεινto saveV1 PAN · σώζωinfinitive expressing the action under discussion→ present infinitive of saving activityσῴζω: 'save / deliver'; the core theological claim concerns God's power to rescue.
ἐνbyP · ἐνpreposition introducing meansἐν: preposition marking the means or instrumentality of deliverance.
πολλοῖςmanyA1 DPM · πολύςdative complement after ἐνπολύς: many; one possible human means of salvation, but not a necessary one.
ἢorC · ἤdisjunctive conjunctionἤ: or; marks the contrast between numerical abundance and scarcity.
ἐνbyP · ἐνpreposition repeated with the second termἐν: repeated to balance the alternatives.
ὀλίγοιςfewA1 DPM · ὀλίγοςdative complement after ἐνὀλίγος: few; Judas's own side may be few, yet heaven's saving freedom is unchanged.
19
ὅτι οὐκ ἐν πλήθει δυνάμεως νίκη πολέμου ἐστίν ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἡ ἰσχύς
For victory in war is not in the multitude of force, but strength is from heaven.
Judas now states the principle beneath his earlier maxim. Military victory does not arise from numerical mass itself; real effective power comes from heaven.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the reason for Judas's claimὅτι: for / because; here it grounds Judas's prior assertion about divine deliverance.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle with ἐστίνοὐ: standard negation denying that victory is rooted in numerical mass.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere or source deniedἐν: preposition marking the sphere in which victory is falsely assumed to reside.
πλήθειmultitudeN3E DSN · πλῆθοςdative noun completing the prepositional phraseπλῆθος: multitude / mass; the visible quantity of troops.
δυνάμεωςof forceN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive noun modifying πλήθειδύναμις: force / military power; specifies that the multitude is martial strength.
νίκηvictoryN1 NSF · νίκηsubject noun of ἐστίννίκη: victory; the desired outcome of battle placed at the center of the claim.
πολέμουof warN2 GSM · πόλεμοςgenitive noun modifying νίκηπόλεμος: war; specifies the sphere in which this principle applies.
ἐστίνisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopular verb→ present of general truthεἰμί: be; marks this statement as a standing principle, not a passing slogan.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάstrong adversative conjunctionἀλλά: but / rather; sharply reverses human expectation.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing the true sourceἐκ: from / out of; marks origin in contrast to human calculation.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the reverential source phraseτοῦ: article marking the heavenly source of power.
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςgenitive noun governed by ἐκοὐρανός: heaven; reverential way of speaking of God as the true giver of power.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle introducing the subject of the second clauseἡ: article marking the true source-power as the subject.
ἰσχύςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςsubject noun in the implied copular clauseἰσχύς: strength / might; the effective power that determines the battle's outcome.
20
αὐτοὶ ἔρχονται ἐφ' ἡμᾶς ἐν πλήθει ὕβρεως καὶ ἀνομίας τοῦ ἐξᾶραι ἡμᾶς καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας ἡμῶν καὶ τὰ τέκνα ἡμῶν τοῦ σκυλεῦσαι ἡμᾶς
They are coming against us in a multitude of insolence and lawlessness, to destroy us and our wives and our children, and to plunder us.
The enemy is not described neutrally as a larger army. Judas names both their disposition and their goal: arrogant lawlessness aimed at annihilation, family destruction, and plunder.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
αὐτοὶtheyRD NPM · αὐτόςemphatic subject pronounαὐτός: they themselves; places the hostile party in sharp contrast with Judas's side.
ἔρχονταιare comingV1 PMI3P · ἔρχομαιfinite verb describing present hostile advance→ progressive present of approachἔρχομαι: 'come'; the danger is immediate and advancing toward them.
ἐφ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing hostile directionἐπί: here with accusative, marking motion against a target.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώobject of ἐφ᾽ἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun naming the threatened community.
ἐνwithP · ἐνpreposition introducing attendant qualityἐν: preposition marking the manner or character accompanying their advance.
πλήθειa multitudeN3E DSN · πλῆθοςdative noun completing the manner phraseπλῆθος: multitude / abundance; their coming is marked by excess.
ὕβρεωςof insolenceN3I GSF · ὕβριςgenitive noun modifying πλήθειὕβρις: insolence / violent arrogance; names the enemy's proud, abusive posture.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining two moral descriptorsκαί: connective pairing arrogance with covenantal disorder.
ἀνομίαςlawlessnessN1A GSF · ἀνομίαgenitive noun coordinated with ὕβρεωςἀνομία: lawlessness; the enemy embodies rebellion against divine order.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the articular infinitive of purposeτοῦ: article used with the infinitive to mark purpose.
ἐξᾶραιdestroyVA AAN · αἴρω + ἐκarticular infinitive expressing purpose→ aorist infinitive of removal or exterminationἐξαίρω: 'take away / remove utterly'; here with destructive force against the people.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώobject of ἐξᾶραιἐγώ: pronoun naming the primary target of destruction.
καὶandC · καίconnective expanding the list of threatened victimsκαί: connective showing that the attack extends beyond the fighters.
τὰςourRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the next object phraseτὰς: article marking the women as direct objects within the destruction scope.
γυναῖκαςwivesN3K APF · γυνήobject coordinated with ἡμᾶςγυνή: woman / wife; the enemy threatens households, not merely soldiers.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying γυναῖκαςἐγώ: possessive pronoun stressing communal vulnerability.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding children to the threatened familyκαί: connective extending the horror to the next generation.
τὰourRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the next object phraseτὰ: article marking the children as objects under threat.
τέκναchildrenN2N APN · τέκνονobject coordinated with γυναῖκαςτέκνον: child; the enemy's aim threatens the future of the people.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying τέκναἐγώ: possessive pronoun again emphasizing communal belonging.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing a second articular infinitive of purposeτοῦ: article marking the further purpose of the attack.
σκυλεῦσαιplunderVA AAN · σκυλεύωarticular infinitive expressing further purpose→ aorist infinitive of despoilingσκυλεύω: 'strip / plunder'; the enemy seeks both destruction and spoil.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώobject of σκυλεῦσαιἐγώ: pronoun showing that the people themselves are treated as spoilable victims.
21
ἡμεῖς δὲ πολεμοῦμεν περὶ τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν καὶ τῶν νομίμων ἡμῶν
But we are fighting for our lives and for our laws.
The contrast is sharp and concise. Unlike the enemy, Judas's side fights not for vanity or plunder but for survival and fidelity to inherited norms.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώemphatic subject pronounἐγώ: we; emphatic first-person pronoun marking the counter-identity of Judas's side.
δὲbutX · δέpostpositive adversative connectiveδέ: but; sharply contrasts their motives with the enemy's.
πολεμοῦμενare fightingV2 PAI1P · πολεμέωfinite verb stating the action of Judas's side→ progressive present of ongoing engagementπολεμέω: 'fight / make war'; here their warfare is justified and necessary.
περὶforP · περίpreposition introducing what is at stakeπερί: concerning / for the sake of; marks the objects over which they contend.
τῶνourRA GPF · ὁarticle introducing the first genitive objectτῶν: article marking what they are fighting over.
ψυχῶνlivesN1 GPF · ψυχήgenitive noun governed by περὶψυχή: life / soul; here the concrete lives of the people themselves.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying ψυχῶνἐγώ: possessive pronoun emphasizing personal and communal stake.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining life and lawκαί: connective showing that survival and covenant fidelity belong together.
τῶνourRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing the second genitive objectτῶν: article marking the inherited norms defended in battle.
νομίμωνlawsA1 GPM · νόμιμοςsubstantivized adjective governed by περὶνόμιμος: lawful things / customs / ordinances; here the inherited covenantal norms and practices under attack.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying νομίμωνἐγώ: possessive pronoun marking the laws as belonging to the people's inherited way of life.
22
καὶ αὐτὸς συντρίψει αὐτοὺς πρὸ προσώπου ἡμῶν ὑμεῖς δὲ μὴ φοβεῖσθε ἀπ' αὐτῶν
And he himself will crush them before our face; but you, do not fear them.
The speech reaches its practical end: God will act, therefore the men must not fear. Divine agency and human courage are bound together without confusion.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the promise of divine actionκαί: connective drawing the conclusion from Judas's theology to expected outcome.
αὐτὸςhe himselfRD NSM · αὐτόςemphatic subject pronounαὐτός: he himself; emphatic reference to heaven's actor, namely God.
συντρίψειwill crushVF FAI3S · τρίβω + συνfinite future verb of decisive defeat→ predictive future of crushing victoryσυντρίβω: 'crush / shatter'; a strong verb for overwhelming enemy defeat.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of συντρίψειαὐτός: pronoun referring to the enemy force.
πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition introducing the spatial phraseπρό: before / in front of; the victory will happen openly in their sight.
προσώπουthe faceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive noun governed by πρόπρόσωπον: face / presence; idiom for visible presence.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying προσώπουἐγώ: possessive pronoun identifying the witnesses of God's action.
ὑμεῖςyouRP NP · σύemphatic subject pronoun in the exhortationσύ: you; the pronoun addresses Judas's companions directly and personally.
δὲbutX · δέadversative connective introducing the commandδέ: but; shifts from divine promise to human response.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle with the imperativeμή: negation used in commands and prohibitions.
φοβεῖσθεbe afraidV2 PMI2P · φοβέωpresent middle/passive imperative prohibiting fear→ present imperative of ongoing restraintφοβέω: 'fear / be afraid'; Judas commands them to reject fear as their controlling response.
ἀπ'ofP · ἀπόpreposition introducing the source of fearἀπό: from; marks the people from whom fear would arise.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun governed by ἀπόαὐτός: pronoun referring to the enemy from whom the men must not draw fear.
23
ὡς δὲ ἐπαύσατο λαλῶν ἐνήλατο εἰς αὐτοὺς ἄφνω καὶ συνετρίβη Σήρων καὶ ἡ παρεμβολὴ αὐτοῦ ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ
And when he stopped speaking, he sprang upon them suddenly, and Seron and his camp were crushed before him.
The story moves immediately from speech to action. Judas's exhortation is vindicated at once as the attack begins and Seron's force collapses.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ὡςwhenC · ὡςtemporal conjunction introducing the transition from speech to actionὡς: here a temporal conjunction meaning 'when / as soon as,' linking the end of the speech to the immediate attack.
δὲandX · δέconnective advancing the narrativeδέ: connective carrying the story forward to the next event.
ἐπαύσατοhe stoppedVAI AMI3S · παύωmain verb of the temporal clause→ ingressive aorist middle marking cessationπαύω: 'stop / cease'; the middle here marks Judas bringing his speech to an end.
λαλῶνspeakingV2 · παπνσμ λαλέωcircumstantial participle complementing ἐπαύσατο→ present participle describing the activity that ceasesλαλέω: 'speak / talk'; here it refers to Judas's exhortation to his men.
ἐνήλατοhe sprangV3I IMI3S · ἀλάομαι + ἐνmain narrative verb of sudden assault→ aoristic action of rapid onsetἐνάλλομαι / ἐνήλατο: 'spring upon / rush into'; conveys abrupt aggressive movement into combat.
εἰςuponP · εἰςpreposition marking the direction of attackεἰς: into / against; here it marks the enemy force as the target of Judas's charge.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of the preposition εἰςαὐτός: pronoun referring to Seron and his men as the object of attack.
ἄφνωsuddenlyD · ἄφνωadverb modifying ἐνήλατοἄφνω: 'suddenly / unexpectedly'; highlights the speed and surprise of Judas's move.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking charge and resultκαί: joins Judas's attack to the crushing outcome.
συνετρίβηwas crushedVDI API3S · τρίβω + συνmain passive verb stating the result of the assaultσυντρίβω: 'break in pieces / crush'; the passive describes Seron's force collapsing under the attack.
ΣήρωνSeronN NSM · Σήρωνsubject of συνετρίβηΣήρων: Seron, the Seleucid commander opposing Judas in this episode.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the camp to Seron in the defeatκαί: joins leader and army in shared ruin.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle introducing the coordinated subjectὁ: article marking the camp as a definite second subject.
παρεμβολὴcampN1 NSF · παρεμβολήcoordinated subject of συνετρίβηπαρεμβολή: camp / army encampment; by extension the armed force itself.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying παρεμβολήαὐτός: pronoun referring back to Seron as the commander of the camp.
ἐνώπιονbeforeD · ἐνώπιονpreposition-like adverb introducing the sphere of visible defeatἐνώπιον: before / in the presence of; underscores that the collapse happened openly before Judas.
αὐτοῦhimRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun governed by ἐνώπιοναὐτός: pronoun referring most naturally to Judas, before whom Seron's force was broken.
24
καὶ ἐδίωκον αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ καταβάσει Βαιθωρων ἕως τοῦ πεδίου καὶ ἔπεσον ἀπ' αὐτῶν εἰς ἄνδρας ὀκτακοσίους οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἔφυγον εἰς γῆν Φυλιστιιμ
And they pursued him on the descent of Beth-horon as far as the plain, and about eight hundred men of them fell, but the rest fled into the land of the Philistines.
The verse narrates the rout in concrete terms: pursuit down the pass, a measured death toll, and the survivors' flight westward.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the report of victoryκαί: links the crushing of Seron's force to the ensuing pursuit.
ἐδίωκονthey pursuedV1I IAI3P · διώκωmain verb describing the chase→ imperfect of continued pursuitδιώκω: 'pursue / chase'; the imperfect portrays ongoing pressure on the retreating enemy.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςdirect object of ἐδίωκοναὐτός: pronoun referring chiefly to Seron as representative of the defeated force.
ἐνonP · ἐνpreposition introducing the location of pursuitἐν: in / on; here locative with the descent route.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the dative locationὁ: article marking the specific descent in view.
καταβάσειdescentN3I DSF · κατάβασιςdative noun governed by ἐνκατάβασις: descent / downhill pass; the road down from Beth-horon.
Βαιθωρωνof Beth-horonN GS · Βαιθωρωνgenitival proper name specifying the descentΒαιθωρων: Beth-horon, the strategic ridge route northwest of Jerusalem.
ἕωςas far asD · ἕωςmarker of spatial limitἕως: up to / as far as, marking how long the pursuit continued.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the limit phraseὁ: article marking the plain as the endpoint of the chase.
πεδίουplainN2N GSN · πεδίονgenitive noun governed by ἕωςπεδίον: plain / open field; the lower ground reached after the descent.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the casualty resultκαί: links the pursuit to its measurable outcome.
ἔπεσονfellVBI AAI3P · πίπτωmain verb reporting casualties→ constative aorist summing the lossπίπτω: 'fall'; in battle narrative a standard verb for being struck down.
ἀπ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition marking the group from which the dead are countedἀπό: from / out of; here partitive in sense.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun governed by ἀπόαὐτός: pronoun referring to the enemy force from whom the casualties came.
εἰςaboutP · εἰςpreposition introducing the numerical totalεἰς: with numerals can mean approximately or up to a total.
ἄνδραςmenN3 APM · ἀνήρaccusative noun in the casualty countἀνήρ: man; here adult fighting men counted among the dead.
ὀκτακοσίουςeight hundredA1A APM · ὀκτακόσιοιnumeral modifying ἄνδραςὀκτακόσιοι: eight hundred, the stated number of enemy losses.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the contrasting subjectὁ: article marking the remnant group now contrasted with the fallen.
δὲbutX · δέadversative connective introducing the remnantδέ: marks contrast between the slain and the survivors.
λοιποὶrestA1 NPM · λοιπόςsubstantivized adjective serving as subjectλοιπός: remaining / rest; here the survivors of Seron's force.
ἔφυγονfledVBI AAI3P · φεύγωmain verb of the contrasting clause→ aorist of decisive retreatφεύγω: 'flee / escape'; the enemy's surviving response is flight.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition introducing the place of refugeεἰς: into / to, marking the destination of flight.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆaccusative noun governed by εἰςγῆ: land / territory; the broader region entered by the fugitives.
Φυλιστιιμof the PhilistinesN GPM · Φυλιστιιμindeclinable proper name specifying γῆνΦυλιστιιμ: Philistines / Philistia, the coastal region to which the survivors retreated.
25
καὶ ἤρξατο ὁ φόβος Ιουδου καὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ πτόη ἐπέπιπτεν ἐπὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ κύκλῳ αὐτῶν
And the fear of Judas and of his brothers began, and terror kept falling upon the nations around them.
The narrative steps back from the field itself to show the political and psychological effect of victory on neighboring peoples.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the broader consequenceκαί: carries the narrative from battlefield result to regional effect.
ἤρξατοbeganVAI AMI3S · ἄρχωmain verb marking the onset of fear→ ingressive aorist middleἄρχω: 'begin'; here the middle marks the commencement of a new state in the surrounding region.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the subjectὁ: article marking fear as the subject of the clause.
φόβοςfearN2 NSM · φόβοςsubject of ἤρξατοφόβος: fear / dread; here the reputation-inspired fear associated with Judas.
Ιουδουof JudasN1T GSM · Ἰούδαςsubjective genitive modifying φόβοςἸούδας: Judas Maccabeus, whose name now becomes a source of fear.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding Judas's brothersκαί: extends the reputation beyond Judas alone to his fighting household.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing the second genitive phraseὁ: article marking the brothers as part of the feared group.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive noun coordinated with Ιουδουἀδελφός: brothers; here Judas's kin and close comrades in the revolt.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying ἀδελφῶναὐτός: pronoun referring back to Judas.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the parallel image of terrorκαί: joins fear's beginning to terror's ongoing spread.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle introducing the second subjectὁ: article marking πτόη as a distinct though parallel subject.
πτόηterrorN1 NSF · πτόηsubject of ἐπέπιπτενπτόη: panic / terror; a stronger sense of alarm spreading outward from Judas's victories.
ἐπέπιπτενkept fallingV1I IAI3S · πίπτω + ἐπιmain verb describing repeated or continuing effect→ imperfect of continuing onsetἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon / come upon'; here metaphorically of terror descending on the nations.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition marking the object affected by terrorἐπί: upon / against, indicating those over whom dread falls.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the affected groupὁ: article marking the nations as a definite surrounding set.
ἔθνηnationsN3E APN · ἔθνοςobject of ἐπίἔθνος: nations / Gentile peoples; here the neighboring non-Jewish groups.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the attributive modifierὁ: article used attributively with κύκλῳ to define which nations are meant.
κύκλῳaroundN2 DSM · κύκλοςadverbial dative functioning attributively with τὰ ἔθνηκύκλος: circle / surrounding region; in this idiom, the peoples all around them.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun depending on κύκλῳαὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas and his people as the center around which the nations lie.
26
καὶ ἤγγισεν ἕως τοῦ βασιλέως τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν παρατάξεων Ιουδου ἐξηγεῖτο τὰ ἔθνη
And his name reached as far as the king, and the nations kept telling of the battles of Judas.
What began as local fear now rises to royal awareness. Judas's victories become a topic of international narration.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the next stage of spreadκαί: continues the progression from local fear to wider fame.
ἤγγισενreachedVAI AAI3S · ἐγγίζωmain verb with τὸ ὄνομα as subject→ aorist of achieved reachἐγγίζω: 'draw near / reach'; metaphorically of news or reputation coming to someone.
ἕωςas far asD · ἕωςmarker of extentἕως: up to / as far as; marks the surprising distance of Judas's fame.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the goal of reachὁ: article marking the king as the terminus of the report.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun governed by ἕωςβασιλεύς: king, here the Seleucid ruler to whom Judas's name has now become known.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle introducing the subjectὁ: article marking 'name' as the grammatical subject.
ὄνομαnameN3M NSN · ὄνομαsubject of ἤγγισενὄνομα: name / reputation / renown; here Judas's public fame.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying ὄνομααὐτός: pronoun referring to Judas, whose reputation is in view.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing parallel reportκαί: joins royal awareness to the nations' repeated retelling.
ὑπὲρaboutP · ὑπέρpreposition introducing the topic of discourseὑπέρ: concerning / about; here it marks what the nations were talking over.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing the topic phraseὁ: article marking the battles as a definite body of events.
παρατάξεωνbattlesN3I GPM · παράταξιςgenitive noun governed by ὑπέρπαράταξις: battle line / engagement / campaign array; here Judas's military encounters.
Ιουδουof JudasN1T GSM · Ἰούδαςgenitive proper name modifying παρατάξεωνἸούδας: Judas, identified as the commander whose battles became widely discussed.
ἐξηγεῖτοkept tellingV2I IMI3P · ἠγέομαι + ἐκmain verb with τὰ ἔθνη as subject→ imperfect of repeated narrationἐξηγέομαι: 'recount / tell in detail / relate'; suggests the nations were narrating Judas's exploits.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle introducing the subjectὁ: article marking the nations as the speaking subject.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςsubject of ἐξηγεῖτοἔθνος: nations / peoples; the surrounding Gentile groups now functioning as transmitters of Judas's fame.
27
ὡς δὲ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀντίοχος τοὺς λόγους τούτους ὠργίσθη θυμῷ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν καὶ συνήγαγεν τὰς δυνάμεις πάσας τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ παρεμβολὴν ἰσχυρὰν σφόδρα
And when King Antiochus heard these reports, he was enraged in fury and sent out and gathered all the forces of his kingdom, a very strong camp.
The scene widens from regional rumor to imperial response. Antiochus hears, grows angry, and mobilizes the kingdom's military resources.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
ὡςwhenC · ὡςtemporal conjunction introducing Antiochus's reactionὡς: here a temporal conjunction, 'when / as soon as,' moving the narrative from rumor to response.
δὲandX · δέconnective advancing the storyδέ: connective marking the next development in the sequence.
ἤκουσενheardVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωmain verb of the temporal clause→ aorist of completed receptionἀκούω: 'hear / learn'; Antiochus receives the reports about Judas.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the subjectὁ: article marking the royal subject.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun of the subjectβασιλεύς: king, the Seleucid monarch in view.
ἈντίοχοςAntiochusN2 NSM · Ἀντίοχοςappositional proper name identifying the kingἈντίοχος: Antiochus IV Epiphanes, ruler of the Seleucid kingdom.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the object heardὁ: article marking the reports as the content received.
λόγουςreportsN2 APM · λόγοςdirect object of ἤκουσενλόγος: word / report / account; here the news circulating about Judas.
τούτουςtheseRD APM · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifier of λόγουςοὗτος: these, pointing to the specific reports just narrated.
ὠργίσθηwas enragedVSI API3S · ὀργίζωmain verb of emotional response→ ingressive aorist passive in senseὀργίζω: 'be angry / be enraged'; expresses Antiochus's hostile reaction to the news.
θυμῷwith furyN2 DSM · θυμόςdative of manner or accompanying passionθυμός: wrath / fury / passionate anger; intensifies the king's emotional state.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining anger to actionκαί: moves from inward rage to outward mobilization.
ἀπέστειλενsent outVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποfirst main verb of royal response→ aorist of decisive commandἀποστέλλω: 'send out / dispatch'; likely refers to issuing orders or sending agents to muster forces.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking the two royal actionsκαί: coordinates dispatch and gathering as parts of one response.
συνήγαγενgatheredVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + συνsecond main verb of military mobilization→ aorist of effective musteringσυνάγω: 'gather together / muster'; used here of assembling troops from across the realm.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the object gatheredὁ: article marking the armed forces as the definite object.
δυνάμειςforcesN3I APF · δύναμιςdirect object of συνήγαγενδύναμις: forces / military power / troops; here the kingdom's armed resources.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςadjective modifying δυνάμειςπᾶς: all / entire, stressing the breadth of the mobilization.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the genitive of source or possessionὁ: article marking the kingdom as the sphere from which the forces are drawn.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive dependent on δυνάμειςβασιλεία: kingdom / realm / royal dominion; the Seleucid state as military reservoir.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying βασιλείαςαὐτός: pronoun referring to Antiochus as ruler of the kingdom.
παρεμβολὴνcampN1 ASF · παρεμβολήaccusative in apposition summarizing the mustered forceπαρεμβολή: camp / encamped army; here the assembled military host.
ἰσχυρὰνstrongA1A ASF · ἰσχυρόςadjective modifying παρεμβολὴνἰσχυρός: strong / powerful / formidable; describes the quality of the assembled army.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverb intensifying ἰσχυρὰνσφόδρα: very / exceedingly; heightens the scale of the military response.
28
καὶ ἤνοιξεν τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔδωκεν ὀψώνια ταῖς δυνάμεσιν εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς εἶναι ἑτοίμους εἰς πᾶσαν χρείαν
And he opened his treasury and gave wages to the forces for a year, and he ordered them to be ready for every need.
Antiochus's anger takes administrative form: he funds the army and orders general readiness. The verse presents the material infrastructure of the coming campaign.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the royal preparationsκαί: links this logistical step to the prior gathering of forces.
ἤνοιξενopenedVAI AAI3S · οἴγω + ἀναmain verb introducing financial action→ aorist of decisive administrative actionἀνοίγω: 'open'; here of opening access to the royal treasury for campaign funding.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle introducing the object openedὁ: article marking the treasury as a definite royal institution.
γαζοφυλάκιονtreasuryN2N ASN · γαζοφυλάκιονdirect object of ἤνοιξενγαζοφυλάκιον: treasury / treasure-house, the royal store of money and valuables.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying γαζοφυλάκιοναὐτός: pronoun referring to Antiochus as owner of the treasury.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking treasury access to disbursementκαί: joins opening the treasury to paying the troops.
ἔδωκενgaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verb of disbursement→ aorist of completed grantδίδωμι: 'give / provide'; here it refers to issuing military pay or provisions.
ὀψώνιαwagesN2N APN · ὀψώνιονdirect object of ἔδωκενὀψώνιον: wages / pay / rations for soldiers; here the material support issued to the army.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle introducing the indirect objectὁ: article marking the forces as the recipients of payment.
δυνάμεσινforcesN3I DPF · δύναμιςdative indirect object of ἔδωκενδύναμις: force / military power; in the plural, the troops or military units being funded.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition marking duration or allocationεἰς: here 'for' in the sense of provision extending over a stated period.
ἐνιαυτὸνa yearN2 ASM · ἐνιαυτόςaccusative of duration with εἰςἐνιαυτός: year; the verse specifies one year's support for the troops.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the commandκαί: links financial provision to military instruction.
ἐνετείλατοorderedVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνmain verb of command→ aorist middle of authoritative instructionἐντέλλομαι: 'order / command / instruct'; royal directive given to the forces.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςdative indirect object of ἐνετείλατοαὐτός: pronoun referring to the forces receiving the command.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive completing ἐνετείλατοεἰμί: infinitive used to express the commanded state.
ἑτοίμουςreadyA1 APM · ἕτοιμοςpredicate adjective with εἶναιἕτοιμος: ready / prepared, describing the standing posture expected of the army.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the scope of readinessεἰς: for / toward, marking what they are to be prepared for.
πᾶσανeveryA1S ASF · πᾶςadjective modifying χρείανπᾶς: every / all, stressing total preparedness.
χρείανneedN1A ASF · χρείαobject of εἰςχρεία: need / requirement / occasion, here any contingency of campaign service.
29
καὶ εἶδεν ὅτι ἐξέλιπεν τὸ ἀργύριον ἐκ τῶν θησαυρῶν καὶ οἱ φόροι τῆς χώρας ὀλίγοι χάριν τῆς διχοστασίας καὶ πληγῆς ἧς κατεσκεύασεν ἐν τῇ γῇ τοῦ ἆραι τὰ νόμιμα ἃ ἦσαν ἀφ' ἡμερῶν τῶν πρώτων
And he saw that the silver had run out from the treasuries and that the revenues of the land were small because of the dissension and the blow that he had brought upon the land by abolishing the customs that had existed from the earliest days.
The narrative now diagnoses the strain behind Antiochus's mobilization. The treasury is depleted, and the land's income has been reduced by the very disruptions his policies created.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing further explanationκαί: carries the narrative from action to diagnosis.
εἶδενhe sawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωmain verb of perception→ aorist of recognitionὁράω: 'see / perceive / realize'; here it signals Antiochus's recognition of the financial situation.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing reported contentὅτι: introduces the content of what was perceived.
ἐξέλιπενhad run outVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐκverb of shortage in the content clause→ aorist of completed depletionἐκλείπω: 'fail / run out / be exhausted'; the treasury funds have been drained.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle introducing the thing depletedὁ: article marking the silver as a definite fiscal resource.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονsubject-like accusative in the ὅτι clause after ἐξέλιπενἀργύριον: silver / money; here liquid wealth or cash reserves.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing the source depletedἐκ: from / out of, marking the reservoirs from which the money has been exhausted.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing the genitive source phraseὁ: article marking the treasuries as the defined source.
θησαυρῶνtreasuriesN2 GPM · θησαυρόςgenitive object of ἐκθησαυρός: treasure / treasury store; here the royal repositories of wealth.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining two aspects of the shortageκαί: pairs empty reserves with weak revenues.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the second subjectὁ: article marking the revenues as the next item assessed.
φόροιrevenuesN2 NPM · φόροςsubject of the implied copular idea with ὀλίγοιφόρος: tribute / tax revenue; here the income stream coming from the land.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the source territoryὁ: article marking the land whose revenues are in view.
χώραςlandN1A GSF · χώραgenitive modifying φόροιχώρα: land / territory / region; the governed land producing tax income.
ὀλίγοιsmallA1 NPM · ὀλίγοςpredicate adjective describing φόροιὀλίγος: few / small / meager; here the revenues are insufficient.
χάρινbecause ofN3 ASF · χάριςimproper preposition introducing causeχάριν: on account of / because of, used postpositively with a genitive idea of cause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the first causal nounὁ: article marking the stated cause.
διχοστασίαςdissensionN1A GSF · διχοστασίαgenitive object with χάρινδιχοστασία: division / dissension / internal strife; social fracture that weakens revenue.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the paired causesκαί: adds a second source of damage.
πληγῆςblowN1 GSF · πληγήsecond genitive with χάρινπληγή: blow / stroke / calamity; here the damaging strike inflicted on the land.
ἧςwhichRR GSF · ὅςrelative pronoun linking πληγῆς to its descriptionὅς: relative pronoun introducing the clause that identifies the blow.
κατεσκεύασενhe brought aboutVAI AAI3S · σκευάζω + καταmain verb of the relative clauseκατασκευάζω: 'bring about / inflict / produce'; here of a harmful condition imposed on the land.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere affectedἐν: in / within, marking the land as the place where the damage was done.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the affected sphereὁ: article marking the land as a definite entity.
γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆdative object of ἐνγῆ: land / country, the realm destabilized by royal policy.
τοῦbyRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive introducing means or resultthe article with infinitive marks the action by which the damage was done.
ἆραιremovingVA AAN · αἴρωarticular infinitive explaining the means of harmαἴρω: 'take away / remove / abolish'; here of abolishing established customs.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the customs removedὁ: article marking the customs as a known inherited body.
νόμιμαcustomsA1 APN · νόμιμοςdirect object of ἆραινόμιμα: lawful customs / ancestral ordinances; here the long-standing practices Antiochus had tried to suppress.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing a description of νόμιμαὅς: relative pronoun pointing back to the abolished customs.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverb of the relative clause→ imperfect of continuing existence in past timeεἰμί: 'be / exist'; the customs had long been in place.
ἀφ'fromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing temporal starting pointἀπό: from / since, here marking antiquity.
ἡμερῶνdaysN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive object of ἀπόἡμέρα: day; in this idiom, the earliest period of remembered tradition.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle introducing the modifierὁ: article marking the superlative temporal phrase.
πρώτωνfirstA1 GPFS · πρῶτοςadjective modifying ἡμερῶνπρῶτος: first / earliest; emphasizes the antiquity of the ancestral customs.
30
καὶ εὐλαβήθη μὴ οὐκ ἔχῃ ὡς ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς εἰς τὰς δαπάνας καὶ τὰ δόματα ἃ ἐδίδου ἔμπροσθεν δαψιλῇ χειρὶ καὶ ἐπερίσσευσεν ὑπὲρ τοὺς βασιλεῖς τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν
And he became afraid lest he should not have, as once and twice before, enough for the expenses and the gifts that he formerly used to give with a lavish hand and in greater measure than the kings before him.
The fiscal pressure becomes personal and dynastic. Antiochus fears he can no longer maintain the expenses and benefactions that had marked his rule and even exceeded earlier kings.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandC · καίconnective adding emotional consequenceκαί: continues the financial explanation into personal fear.
εὐλαβήθηbecame afraidVC API3S · εὐλαβέομαιmain verb of anxious reaction→ aorist of entering a state of fearεὐλαβέομαι: fear / be apprehensive / be concerned; here fiscal anxiety grips the king.
μὴlestD · μήparticle introducing feared contentμή: used to introduce the content of fear or apprehension.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegative particle within the feared clauseοὐ: objective negation within the statement feared.
ἔχῃhe might haveV1 PAS3S · ἔχωverb of feared insufficiency→ subjunctive after μή of feared possibilityἔχω: have / possess / be able to supply; here the worry is about having sufficient means.
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative markerὡς: as / as before, marking comparison with prior practice.
ἅπαξonceD · ἅπαξadverb paired with δὶς in comparative expressionἅπαξ: once; together with δὶς it means 'time after time / repeatedly before'.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the paired adverbsκαί: links the repeated points of comparison.
δὶςtwiceD · δίςadverb paired with ἅπαξδίς: twice; with ἅπαξ, a formula for prior repeated occasions.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the uses requiring fundsεἰς: for / toward, marking the purposes for which money is needed.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the first expenditure nounὁ: article marking the expenses as definite budget items.
δαπάναςexpensesN1 APF · δαπάνηobject of εἰςδαπάνη: expense / expenditure / cost, the outlays required of kingship and campaign.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining expenses and giftsκαί: adds benefactions to regular expenditures.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle introducing the second expenditure nounὁ: article marking the gifts as another recognized category.
δόματαgiftsN3M APN · δόμαsecond object of εἰςδόμα: gift / grant / present; here royal benefactions distributed from the court.
ἃwhichRR APN · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the description of the gifts and expensesὅς: relative pronoun pointing back to the items formerly supplied.
ἐδίδουhe used to giveV8I IMI3S · δίδωμιverb of customary past action→ imperfect of repeated prior practiceδίδωμι: 'give'; the imperfect portrays Antiochus's previous habit of lavish giving.
ἔμπροσθενformerlyD · ἔμπροσθενadverb modifying ἐδίδουἔμπροσθεν: before / formerly, referring to earlier periods of his reign.
δαψιλῇlavishA3H DSF · δαψιλήςadjective modifying χειρὶ in instrumental phraseδαψιλής: abundant / lavish / generous, characterizing the scale of giving.
χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative of manner in the idiom δαψιλῇ χειρὶχείρ: hand; in this idiom, a lavish hand means open-handed generosity.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing comparison with prior kingsκαί: adds a claim about surpassing earlier rulers.
ἐπερίσσευσενhe exceededVAI AAI3S · περισσεύωmain verb of comparison→ aorist summarizing Antiochus's former excessπερισσεύω: abound / exceed / surpass; here he went beyond previous royal patterns.
ὑπὲρbeyondP · ὑπέρpreposition marking comparisonὑπέρ: above / beyond, introducing those surpassed.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the comparison groupὁ: article marking the earlier kings as a defined class.
βασιλεῖςkingsN3V APM · βασιλεύςobject of ὑπέρβασιλεύς: kings, namely earlier rulers used as the standard of comparison.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the temporal qualifierὁ: article marking the earlier period in an attributive phrase.
ἔμπροσθενbefore himD · ἔμπροσθενadverb functioning attributively with βασιλεῖςἔμπροσθεν: before / earlier, identifying the previous kings.
31
καὶ ἠπορεῖτο τῇ ψυχῇ αὐτοῦ σφόδρα καὶ ἐβουλεύσατο τοῦ πορευθῆναι εἰς τὴν Περσίδα καὶ λαβεῖν τοὺς φόρους τῶν χωρῶν καὶ συναγαγεῖν ἀργύριον πολύ
And he was greatly troubled in his soul, and he decided to go into Persia and take the revenues of the provinces and gather much silver.
Antiochus turns anxiety into policy. His answer to financial weakness is an eastern expedition to collect provincial revenue and replenish cash reserves.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing from fear to deliberationκαί: carries the account from anxious concern to concrete decision.
ἠπορεῖτοwas troubledV2I IMI3S · ἀπορέωmain verb of inner distress→ imperfect of continuing perplexityἀπορέω: be at a loss / be troubled / be perplexed; indicates sustained inward difficulty.
τῇin theRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the sphere of distressὁ: article marking the inward sphere in which the trouble is felt.
ψυχῇsoulN1 DSF · ψυχήdative of sphere with ἠπορεῖτοψυχή: soul / inner self / life; here the seat of Antiochus's anxiety.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying ψυχῇαὐτός: pronoun referring to Antiochus's own inner state.
σφόδραgreatlyD · σφόδραadverb intensifying ἠπορεῖτοσφόδρα: very / exceedingly, heightening the degree of distress.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking distress and planκαί: joins inward trouble to outward resolution.
ἐβουλεύσατοdecidedVAI AMI3S · βουλεύωmain verb of deliberative resolution→ aorist middle of forming a planβουλεύω: deliberate / resolve / decide; here the king settles on a course of action.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive introducing the content of the decisionthe article with infinitive packages the intended action as the object of decision.
πορευθῆναιgoVC APN · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive expressing the planned actionπορεύομαι: go / travel / proceed; here the king's intended expedition eastward.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition marking destinationεἰς: into / to, introducing the region of travel.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the destinationὁ: article marking the named region.
ΠερσίδαPersiaN3D ASF · Περσίςobject of εἰςΠερσίς: Persia, the eastern region from which Antiochus hopes to replenish funds.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking travel with fiscal objectivesκαί: adds the financial purposes of the journey.
λαβεῖνtakeVB AAN · λαμβάνωinfinitive coordinated with πορευθῆναιλαμβάνω: take / collect / receive; here collect revenues.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the revenues collectedὁ: article marking the taxes as a definite fiscal stream.
φόρουςrevenuesN2 APM · φόροςdirect object of λαβεῖνφόρος: tribute / tax revenue, the money Antiochus intends to collect from the provinces.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle introducing the source provincesὁ: article marking the provinces as the source of revenue.
χωρῶνprovincesN1A GPF · χώραgenitive modifying φόρουςχώρα: lands / regions / provinces, the territories from which tribute is drawn.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the two fiscal aimsκαί: links collection of taxes with accumulation of silver.
συναγαγεῖνgatherVB AAN · ἄγω + συνinfinitive coordinated with λαβεῖνσυνάγω: gather together / accumulate; here it refers to assembling cash reserves.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονdirect object of συναγαγεῖνἀργύριον: silver / money, the tangible wealth the king seeks to amass.
πολύmuchA1P ASN · πολύςadjective modifying ἀργύριονπολύς: much / abundant; the aim is a large replenishment of silver.
32
καὶ κατέλιπεν Λυσίαν ἄνθρωπον ἔνδοξον καὶ ἀπὸ γένους τῆς βασιλείας ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων τοῦ βασιλέως ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ ἕως ὁρίων Αἰγύπτου
And he left Lysias, an honorable man and of royal lineage, over the king's affairs from the river Euphrates as far as the borders of Egypt.
The narrator explains Antiochus's administrative arrangement by appointing Lysias over the western portion of the kingdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconjunction advancing the narrative to Antiochus's appointmentκαί: and, also, even.
κατέλιπενleftVBI AAI3S · λείπω + καταmain verb describing the king's act of appointing a regentκαταλείπω: leave behind, appoint, entrust.
ΛυσίανLysiasN1T ASM · Λυσίαςdirect object naming the official appointedΛυσίας: Lysias, Seleucid official and regent.
ἄνθρωπονa manN2 ASM · ἄνθρωποςappositional accusative further identifying Lysiasἄνθρωπος: man, person.
ἔνδοξονdistinguishedA1B ASM · ἔνδοξοςadjectival modifier praising Lysias's standingἔνδοξος: glorious, distinguished, honored.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking Lysias's social standing with his lineageκαί: and, also, even.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition introducing lineage or originἀπό: from, away from.
γένουςlineageN3E GSN · γένοςgenitive noun describing family stockγένος: race, family, lineage, stock.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the royal houseὁ: the definite article.
βασιλείαςkingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive noun specifying that the lineage is royalβασιλεία: kingdom, royal rule, kingship.
ἐπὶoverP · ἐπίpreposition introducing the sphere of responsibilityἐπί: on, over, upon.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing the matters administeredὁ: the definite article.
πραγμάτωνaffairsN3M GPN · πρᾶγμαgenitive noun denoting the business placed under Lysias's oversightπρᾶγμα: deed, matter, affair, business.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the king whose affairs are in viewὁ: the definite article.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun specifying the owner of the affairsβασιλεύς: king.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition beginning the territorial range of Lysias's authorityἀπό: from, away from.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the river boundaryὁ: the definite article.
ποταμοῦriverN2 GSM · ποταμόςgenitive noun naming the geographic landmarkποταμός: river.
ΕὐφράτουEuphratesN1M GSM · Εὐφράτηςproper name specifying which river marks the eastern boundaryΕὐφράτης: Euphrates.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the beginning and end of the territorial spanκαί: and, also, even.
ἕωςas far asD · ἕωςadverbial marker introducing the western limit of the jurisdictionἕως: until, as far as.
ὁρίωνbordersN2N GPN · ὅριονgenitive noun naming the limiting frontierὅριον: boundary, border, territory.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptN2 GSF · Αἴγυπτοςgenitive proper noun specifying the frontier reachedΑἴγυπτος: Egypt.
33
καὶ τρέφειν Ἀντίοχον τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἕως τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι αὐτόν
and to rear Antiochus his son until he should return.
The appointment also includes responsibility for the young Antiochus until the king's return.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding a further charge given to Lysiasκαί: and, also, even.
τρέφεινto rearV1 PAN · τρέφωcomplementary infinitive expressing Lysias's assigned responsibilityτρέφω: nourish, rear, bring up.
ἈντίοχονAntiochusN2 ASM · Ἀντίοχοςdirect object naming the child entrusted to LysiasἈντίοχος: Antiochus.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the appositional filial descriptionὁ: the definite article.
υἱὸνsonN2 ASM · υἱόςappositional noun identifying Antiochus as the king's sonυἱός: son.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun qualifying the son as belonging to the kingαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
ἕωςuntilD · ἕωςmarker introducing the temporal endpoint of the guardianshipἕως: until, as far as.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the infinitival temporal clauseὁ: the definite article.
ἐπιστρέψαιreturnVA AAN · στρέφω + ἐπιarticular infinitive expressing the king's eventual returnἐπιστρέφω: return, turn back.
αὐτόνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςaccusative subject of the infinitive referring to the returning kingαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
34
καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτῷ τὰς ἡμίσεις τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ τοὺς ἐλέφαντας καὶ ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ περὶ πάντων ὧν ἠβούλετο καὶ περὶ τῶν κατοικούντων τὴν Ιουδαίαν καὶ Ιερουσαλημ
And he handed over to him half the forces and the elephants, and gave him orders concerning everything that he intended and concerning the inhabitants of Judea and Jerusalem.
Antiochus equips Lysias with military resources and detailed instructions regarding the western territories, especially Judea and Jerusalem.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandC · καίconjunction continuing the account of what Antiochus entrusted to Lysiasκαί: and, also, even.
παρέδωκενhanded overVAI AAI3S · δίδωμι + παραmain verb describing the transfer of troops and elephantsπαραδίδωμι: hand over, entrust, deliver.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative indirect object referring to Lysias as recipientαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the portion of the forces transferredὁ: the definite article.
ἡμίσειςhalvesA3U APF · ἥμισυςaccusative adjective used substantivally for the divided portionἥμισυς: half.
τῶνof theRA GPF · ὁarticle introducing the army being partitionedὁ: the definite article.
δυνάμεωνforcesN3I GPF · δύναμιςgenitive noun specifying the troops of which half is givenδύναμις: power, force, army.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding an additional military assetκαί: and, also, even.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the elephants as a separate objectὁ: the definite article.
ἐλέφανταςelephantsN3T APM · ἐλέφαςdirect object naming the war elephants entrusted to Lysiasἐλέφας: elephant.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking material resources with verbal instructionsκαί: and, also, even.
ἐνετείλατοgave ordersVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνmain verb reporting the king's detailed commandἐντέλλομαι: command, instruct, order.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςdative indirect object referring again to Lysiasαὐτός: he, she, it; self, same.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition introducing the scope of the instructionsπερί: concerning, about.
πάντωνall thingsA3 GPM · πᾶςgenitive substantive summarizing the full range of matters intendedπᾶς: all, every, whole.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the content clause tied to the king's intentionὅς: who, which, that.
ἠβούλετοhe intendedV1I IMI3S · βούλομαιimperfect middle verb describing the king's settled purposeβούλομαι: will, intend, desire.
καὶandC · καίconjunction adding a specific concern to the general instructionsκαί: and, also, even.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition introducing the regional object of concernπερί: concerning, about.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participle for the population groupὁ: the definite article.
κατοικούντωνthose dwelling inV2 · παπγπμ οἰκέω + καταsubstantival participle naming the inhabitants under discussionκατοικέω: dwell, inhabit, reside.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the first place inhabitedὁ: the definite article.
ΙουδαίανJudeaN1A ASF · Ἰουδαίαdirect object of the participle naming the region inhabitedἸουδαία: Judea.
καὶandC · καίconjunction linking the region with its chief cityκαί: and, also, even.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμsecond place name completing the population under discussionἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem.
35
ἀποστεῖλαι ἐπ' αὐτοὺς δύναμιν τοῦ ἐκτρῖψαι καὶ ἐξᾶραι τὴν ἰσχὺν Ισραηλ καὶ τὸ κατάλειμμα Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἆραι τὸ μνημόσυνον αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου
to send a force against them to wipe out and remove the strength of Israel and the remnant of Jerusalem, and to take away their memory from the place,
The verse continues the royal commission by spelling out its aims in a chain of infinitives: military assault, destruction of Israel's strength, elimination of Jerusalem's remnant, and erasure of communal memory.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἀποστεῖλαιto sendVA AAN · στέλλω + ἀποinfinitive continuing the content of Lysias's commissionἀποστέλλω: to send out or dispatch; here of ordering a military expedition against Judea.
ἐπ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition marking the target of the forceἐπί with the accusative commonly marks hostile direction or movement against someone.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of ἐπίαὐτός: pronoun referring to the Jews just named in the surrounding commission.
δύναμινa forceN3I ASF · δύναμιςaccusative object with ἀποστεῖλαιδύναμις: force, military strength, or body of troops; here an armed detachment.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive introducing purposethe article with infinitive packages the intended result or purpose of the mission.
ἐκτρῖψαιwipe outVA AAN · τρίβω + ἐκarticular infinitive expressing destructive purposeἐκτρίβω: to rub out, wipe out, or exterminate; a strong verb for eradication.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the purpose infinitivesκαί coordinates the successive aims of the campaign.
ἐξᾶραιremoveVA AAN · αἴρω + ἐκcoordinated infinitive of destructive purposeἐξαίρω: to lift out, remove, or eliminate; here it describes stripping away Israel's strength.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the object removedὁ marks the following noun as the definite object of attack.
ἰσχὺνstrengthN3 ASF · ἰσχύςdirect object of ἐξᾶραιἰσχύς: strength, power, or fighting capability; here Israel's collective ability to resist.
Ισραηλof IsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλgenitive proper name modifying ἰσχὺνἸσραήλ: Israel, the covenant people viewed as the object of royal suppression.
καὶandC · καίconnective extending the object listκαί adds Jerusalem's remnant to Israel's strength as another target.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle introducing the next objectὁ marks the remnant as a definite object within the extermination plan.
κατάλειμμαremnantN3M ASN · καταλείμμαcoordinated object with ἰσχὺνκατάλειμμα: remnant or surviving residue; here the remaining population of Jerusalem.
Ιερουσαλημof JerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμgenitive proper name modifying κατάλειμμαἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem, the holy city whose remaining inhabitants are in view.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the final infinitiveκαί carries the purpose sequence to its climactic goal.
ἆραιto take awayVA AAN · αἴρωcoordinated infinitive of purposeαἴρω: to lift up, take away, or remove; here of erasing what remains of a people.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle introducing the object erasedὁ marks the memorial as the specific thing to be removed.
μνημόσυνονmemoryN2N ASN · μνημόσυνονdirect object of ἆραιμνημόσυνον: memorial, remembrance, or memory preserved in communal existence.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying μνημόσυνοναὐτός: pronoun referring to the Jews whose memory is to be erased.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition marking removal from a placeἀπό marks separation or removal away from a location.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the place of removalὁ marks the place as a concrete, identifiable location.
τόπουplaceN2 GSM · τόποςobject of ἀπότόπος: place, site, or locality; here the land from which Israel's memory is to be expunged.
36
καὶ κατοικίσαι υἱοὺς ἀλλογενεῖς ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ὁρίοις αὐτῶν καὶ κατακληροδοτῆσαι τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν
and to settle foreigners in all their territories and to divide up their land by lot.
The policy does not end with destruction. The verse adds replacement and redistribution: outsiders are to inhabit the territory, and the land is to be reassigned.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the commission's aimsκαί links colonization to the prior goals of destruction and erasure.
κατοικίσαιto settleVA AAN · οἰκίζω + καταinfinitive of further intended actionκατοικίζω: to settle or establish inhabitants in a place; here of forced resettlement by outsiders.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςobject of κατοικίσαι within a stock expressionυἱοί in such phrases can denote people or descendants as a social group.
ἀλλογενεῖςforeignersA3H APM · ἀλλογενήςpredicate-like adjective modifying υἱοὺςἀλλογενής: foreign-born, alien, or belonging to another people; here non-Israelite settlers.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking the territory of settlementἐν marks the sphere or location where settlement occurs.
πᾶσινallA3 DPN · πᾶςadjective modifying ὁρίοιςπᾶς: all, every, the full extent of the territory.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle introducing the territorial phraseὁ marks the boundaries or districts as definite holdings.
ὁρίοιςterritoriesN2N DPN · ὅριονobject of ἐνὅριον: boundary, district, or territory; here the whole landed extent belonging to the displaced people.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying ὁρίοιςαὐτός: pronoun referring to the Jews whose territories are to be repopulated.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding redistribution of landκαί moves from settlement to allotment.
κατακληροδοτῆσαιto divide by lotVA AAN · κληροδοτέω + καταcoordinated infinitive of policy actionκατακληροδοτέω: to apportion or assign by lot as an inheritance or holding.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the land redistributedὁ marks the land as the definite object of redistribution.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆdirect object of κατακληροδοτῆσαιγῆ: land or territory, here the ancestral land being reassigned.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying γῆναὐτός: pronoun referring to the dispossessed Judean population.
37
καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς παρέλαβεν τὰς ἡμίσεις τῶν δυνάμεων τὰς καταλειφθείσας καὶ ἀπῆρεν ἀπὸ Ἀντιοχείας ἀπὸ πόλεως βασιλείας αὐτοῦ ἔτους ἑβδόμου καὶ τεσσαρακοστοῦ καὶ ἑκατοστοῦ καὶ διεπέρασεν τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν καὶ διεπορεύετο τὰς ἐπάνω χώρας
And the king took the half of the forces that had been left behind and departed from Antioch, from the city of his kingdom, in the one hundred forty-seventh year, and he crossed the river Euphrates and traveled through the upper provinces.
After delegating the Judean campaign, Antiochus himself sets out eastward with half the army. The verse records departure point, date, crossing, and direction of travel.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from commission to royal movementκαί links the stated policy to Antiochus's own departure.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle introducing the subjectὁ marks the king as the subject of the clause.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςsubject of the main verbsβασιλεύς: king, here Antiochus as acting ruler.
παρέλαβενtookVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνω + παραmain verb introducing what Antiochus took with himπαραλαμβάνω: to take along or receive to oneself; here he takes part of the army.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the direct objectὁ marks the following proportion as a definite part of the forces.
ἡμίσειςhalfA3U APF · ἥμισυςsubstantivized adjective as object of παρέλαβενἥμισυς: half; here one half of the available forces.
τῶνof theRA GPF · ὁarticle introducing the whole of which the half is takenὁ marks the total body from which the portion comes.
δυνάμεωνforcesN3I GPF · δύναμιςpartitive genitive depending on ἡμίσειςδύναμις: forces or troops, the royal military contingent.
τὰςthat had beenRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the attributive participlethe repeated article helps form an attributive participial phrase.
καταλειφθείσαςleft behindVV · αππαπφ λείπω + καταattributive participle modifying ἡμίσεις→ perfective participial idea of having been leftκαταλείπω: to leave behind or reserve; the phrase identifies the half remaining available to take.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving to departureκαί joins the taking of troops to the departure itself.
ἀπῆρενdepartedVAI AAI3S · αἴρω + ἀποmain verb of departureἀπαίρω: to depart or set out from a place; here Antiochus leaves his capital region.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόpreposition marking point of departureἀπό marks movement away from a source location.
ἈντιοχείαςAntiochN1A GSF · Ἀντιόχειαobject of ἀπόἈντιόχεια: Antioch, the Seleucid capital city from which the king departs.
ἀπὸfromP · ἀπόrepeated preposition specifying Antioch furtherthe repeated ἀπό expands the departure phrase appositionally.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςobject of the second ἀπόπόλις: city, here identifying Antioch as the royal city.
βασιλείαςof the kingdomN1A GSF · βασιλείαgenitive modifying πόλεωςβασιλεία: kingdom or royal realm, defining Antioch as the city's political center.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying βασιλείαςαὐτός: pronoun referring to Antiochus as ruler of the kingdom.
ἔτουςyearN3E GSN · ἔτοςgenitive of dateἔτος: year, used here to date the departure.
ἑβδόμουseventhA1 GSN · ἕβδομοςordinal modifying ἔτους within the date formulaἕβδομος: seventh.
καὶandC · καίconnective within the date formulaκαί links the components of the Seleucid year numbering.
τεσσαρακοστοῦfortiethA1 GSN · τεσσαρακοστόςordinal within the date formulaτεσσαρακοστός: fortieth.
καὶandC · καίconnective within the date formulaκαί links the final numeral component.
ἑκατοστοῦhundredthA1 GSN · ἑκατοστόςordinal within the date formulaἑκατοστός: hundredth; together the sequence yields year 147.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from departure to river crossingκαί continues the itinerary.
διεπέρασενcrossedVAI AAI3S · περάω + διαmain verb of crossingδιαπεράω: to cross through or over; here of crossing the Euphrates.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the river crossedὁ marks the named river as the object crossed.
ΕὐφράτηνEuphratesN1M ASM · Εὐφράτηςdirect object of διεπέρασενΕὐφράτης: the Euphrates River, major eastern boundary and route marker.
ποταμὸνriverN2 ASM · ποταμόςappositional noun further identifying Εὐφράτηνποταμός: river, appositionally clarifying the proper name.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing onward travelκαί links the crossing to the continuing march.
διεπορεύετοtraveled throughV1I IMI3S · πορεύομαι + διαmain verb of continued movement→ imperfect of ongoing travelδιαπορεύομαι: to travel through or move across; the imperfect shows continued progress.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle introducing the regions traversedὁ marks the regions as a known geographic set.
ἐπάνωupperD · ἐπάνωadverb functioning attributively with χώραςἐπάνω: above or upper; here the upper inland provinces east of the Euphrates.
χώραςprovincesN1A APF · χώραobject of διεπορεύετοχώρα: land, region, or province; here the upper provinces through which Antiochus traveled.
38
καὶ ἐπέλεξεν Λυσίας Πτολεμαῖον τὸν Δορυμένους καὶ Νικάνορα καὶ Γοργίαν ἄνδρας δυνατοὺς τῶν φίλων τοῦ βασιλέως
And Lysias chose Ptolemy son of Dorymenes, and Nicanor, and Gorgias, mighty men from the king's friends,
With Antiochus gone east, Lysias organizes the western response by selecting a trusted group of high-ranking royal associates to lead the operation.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing the narrative to Lysias's arrangementsκαί links the king's departure to Lysias's immediate administrative action.
ἐπέλεξενchoseVAI AAI3S · λέγω + ἐπιmain verb of appointmentἐπιλέγω: to choose or select, here of appointing commanders for a mission.
ΛυσίαςLysiasN1T NSM · Λυσίαςsubject of ἐπέλεξενΛυσίας: Lysias, the royal official left in charge of the western provinces.
ΠτολεμαῖονPtolemyN2 ASM · Πτολεμαῖοςfirst direct object of ἐπέλεξενΠτολεμαῖος: Ptolemy, one of the commanders selected by Lysias.
τὸνthe son ofRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing an appositional patronymicthe article begins the identifying phrase attached to Ptolemy.
ΔορυμένουςDorymenesN1S GSM · Δορυμένηςgenitive proper name dependent on implied υἱόνΔορυμένης: Dorymenes; the genitive identifies Ptolemy by patronymic, 'son of Dorymenes.'
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the named commandersκαί coordinates the list of selected officers.
ΝικάνοραNicanorN3R ASM · Νικάνωρsecond direct object of ἐπέλεξενΝικάνωρ: Nicanor, a prominent Seleucid commander.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the final nameκαί continues the list.
ΓοργίανGorgiasN1S ASM · Γοργίαςthird direct object of ἐπέλεξενΓοργίας: Gorgias, another commander named for the campaign.
ἄνδραςmenN3 APM · ἀνήρaccusative in apposition to the selected commandersἀνήρ: man, here emphasizing them as capable adult leaders.
δυνατοὺςmightyA1 APM · δυνατόςadjective modifying ἄνδραςδυνατός: powerful, capable, or strong; characterizes these officers as proven men of force.
τῶνfrom theRA GPM · ὁarticle introducing the source groupὁ marks the circle from which these men are drawn.
φίλωνfriendsA1 GPM · φίλοςsubstantivized adjective governed by partitive/source genitiveφίλος in Hellenistic court language often denotes royal companions or trusted associates.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessorὁ marks the royal possessor of this courtly group.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive modifying φίλωνβασιλεύς: king, here Antiochus as head of the court.
39
καὶ ἀπέστειλεν μετ' αὐτῶν τεσσαράκοντα χιλιάδας ἀνδρῶν καὶ ἑπτακισχιλίαν ἵππον τοῦ ἐλθεῖν εἰς γῆν Ιουδα καὶ καταφθεῖραι αὐτὴν κατὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ βασιλέως
and he sent with them forty thousand men and seven thousand cavalry to come into the land of Judah and destroy it according to the king's word.
The appointment is matched by a large army and a clear purpose clause: the force is sent into Judah under direct royal authorization to devastate the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective advancing from selection to deploymentκαί links the appointment of commanders to the force assigned them.
ἀπέστειλενsentVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποmain verb of military dispatchἀποστέλλω: to send out or dispatch, especially on an official mission.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition marking accompanimentμετά with the genitive indicates accompanying persons.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςobject of μετάαὐτός: pronoun referring to the commanders just named.
τεσσαράκονταfortyM · τεσσαράκονταnumeral modifying χιλιάδαςτεσσαράκοντα: forty.
χιλιάδαςthousandN3D APF · χιλίαςaccusative object of ἀπέστειλεν in numerical expressionχιλιάς: thousand, here in counting troops.
ἀνδρῶνmenN3 GPM · ἀνήρpartitive genitive with χιλιάδαςἀνήρ: men, here foot soldiers.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining infantry and cavalry totalsκαί adds the cavalry contingent.
ἑπτακισχιλίανseven thousandA1A ASF · ἑπτακισχίλιοςnumerical adjective used substantivallyἑπτακισχίλιος: seven thousand.
ἵππονcavalryN2 ASF · ἵπποςaccusative complement completing the cavalry countἵππος can stand metonymically for cavalry or horsemen in military contexts.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive introducing purposethe article with infinitive marks the expedition's intended purpose.
ἐλθεῖνcomeVB AAN · ἔρχομαιpurpose infinitive coordinated with καταφθεῖραιἔρχομαι: to come or go, here as military advance into Judah.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition marking destinationεἰς indicates movement into a place.
γῆνlandN1 ASF · γῆobject of εἰςγῆ: land or territory.
Ιουδαof JudahN GSM · Ἰουδάgenitive proper name modifying γῆνἸουδά: Judah, here the Judean territory targeted by the invasion.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the purpose infinitivesκαί coordinates entry and destruction.
καταφθεῖραιdestroyVA AAN · φθείρω + καταcoordinated purpose infinitiveκαταφθείρω: to destroy utterly, ruin, or devastate.
αὐτὴνitRD ASF · αὐτόςdirect object of καταφθεῖραιαὐτός: pronoun referring back to the land of Judah.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition marking conformityκατά with the accusative can mean according to or in line with.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the standard of conformityὁ marks the royal word as the governing standard.
λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςobject of κατάλόγος: word, command, or decree; here the king's expressed order.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the possessorὁ marks the possessor of the command.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive modifying λόγονβασιλεύς: king, namely Antiochus whose order governs the campaign.
40
καὶ ἀπῆρεν σὺν πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει αὐτῶν καὶ ἦλθον καὶ παρενέβαλον πλησίον Αμμαους ἐν τῇ γῇ τῇ πεδινῇ
And he departed with all their force, and they came and encamped near Emmaus in the plain country.
The appointed force now becomes geographically real. The army moves out and takes a strategic camp near Emmaus in the lowland plain.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from authorization to movementκαί advances the expedition from planning to march.
ἀπῆρενdepartedVAI AAI3S · αἴρω + ἀποmain verb of departureἀπαίρω: to depart or set out from a place.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition marking accompanimentσύν with the dative denotes accompaniment.
πάσῃallA1S DSF · πᾶςadjective modifying δυνάμειπᾶς: all, the whole of the force at hand.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the accompanying forceὁ marks the force as definite.
δυνάμειforceN3I DSF · δύναμιςobject of σύνδύναμις: force or army.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying δυνάμειαὐτός: pronoun referring to the commanders and their expeditionary host.
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the march sequenceκαί links departure to arrival.
ἦλθονthey cameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιmain verb of arrivalἔρχομαι: to come or arrive.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking arrival and encampmentκαί joins successive field actions.
παρενέβαλονencampedVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + παρα + ἐνmain verb of camp establishmentπαρεμβάλλω: to encamp or pitch camp near a place.
πλησίονnearD · πλησίονadverb/preposition marking proximityπλησίον: near or close by.
ΑμμαουςEmmausN ASM · Αμμαουςplace name governed by πλησίονΑμμαους: Emmaus, the site near which the Seleucid camp was set.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing broader locationἐν indicates location within a region.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the location phraseὁ marks the region as definite.
γῇlandN1 DSF · γῆobject of ἐνγῆ: land or district.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle introducing the attributive adjectivethe repeated article forms the attributive expression with πεδινῇ.
πεδινῇplainA1 DSF · πεδεινόςadjective modifying γῇπεδινός: level, plain, or lowland; here the plain country west of the Judean hills.
41
καὶ ἤκουσαν οἱ ἔμποροι τῆς χώρας τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῶν καὶ ἔλαβον ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον πολὺ σφόδρα καὶ πέδας καὶ ἦλθον εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν τοῦ λαβεῖν τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ εἰς παῖδας καὶ προσετέθησαν πρὸς αὐτοὺς δύναμις Συρίας καὶ γῆς ἀλλοφύλων
And when the merchants of the region heard their reputation, they took very much silver and gold and shackles, and they came into the camp to take the sons of Israel as slaves; and a force from Syria and from the land of foreigners was added to them.
The expected defeat of Judea is treated as a market event. Slave traders arrive equipped for purchase and transport, while additional non-Judean forces join the invasion.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing a new consequence of the campaignκαί moves the scene from troop movement to wider opportunistic response.
ἤκουσανheardVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωmain verb of reception of newsἀκούω: to hear or learn.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle introducing the subjectὁ marks the following group as the subject.
ἔμποροιmerchantsN2 NPM · ἔμποροςsubject of ἤκουσανἔμπορος: merchant or trader, here those anticipating profit from war captives.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the regional genitiveὁ marks the region from which the merchants come.
χώραςregionN1A GSF · χώραgenitive modifying ἔμποροιχώρα: land, district, or region.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle introducing the thing heardὁ marks the report as a definite item.
ὄνομαnameN3M ASN · ὄνομαdirect object of ἤκουσανὄνομα: name, reputation, or report; here the renown and expectation surrounding the invading force.
αὐτῶνof themRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying ὄνομααὐτός: pronoun referring to the commanders and their army.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking news to preparationκαί joins hearing the report to preparing for profit.
ἔλαβονtookVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωmain verb of preparationλαμβάνω: to take or bring along.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονfirst object of ἔλαβονἀργύριον: silver or money.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining precious metalsκαί adds gold to silver.
χρυσίονgoldN2N ASN · χρυσίονsecond object of ἔλαβονχρυσίον: gold.
πολὺmuchA1P ASN · πολύςadjective modifying χρυσίον by attraction to the broader haulπολύς: much, abundant.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverb intensifying the abundanceσφόδρα: very or exceedingly.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding equipment for captivesκαί adds the implements of enslavement.
πέδαςshacklesN1 APF · πέδηadditional object of ἔλαβονπέδη: fetter, shackle, or chain for binding captives.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving to their arrivalκαί joins preparation to movement.
ἦλθονcameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιmain verb of arrivalἔρχομαι: to come or arrive.
εἰςintoP · εἰςpreposition marking destinationεἰς indicates movement into a place.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle introducing the destinationὁ marks the camp as a definite destination.
παρεμβολὴνcampN1 ASF · παρεμβολήobject of εἰςπαρεμβολή: camp or encamped army.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive introducing purposethe article with infinitive expresses the purpose of their arrival.
λαβεῖνtakeVB AAN · λαμβάνωpurpose infinitiveλαμβάνω: to take or seize.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle introducing the people to be seizedὁ marks the object group.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςdirect object of λαβεῖνυἱοί can denote the people or descendants of a nation.
Ισραηλof IsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλgenitive proper name modifying υἱοὺςἸσραήλ: Israel, the covenant people now threatened with enslavement.
εἰςasP · εἰςpreposition marking resulting statusεἰς can mark a change into a new condition or role.
παῖδαςslavesN3D APM · παῖςpredicate accusative of resulting conditionπαῖς can mean servant or slave; here the sense is clearly enslavement.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding further reinforcementκαί joins the arrival of traders to the accession of more forces.
προσετέθησανwere addedVCI API3P · τίθημι + προςmain verb of reinforcementπροστίθημι in the passive means to be added or joined to an existing group.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition marking attachment to the main forceπρός here indicates joining oneself to a group.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςobject of πρόςαὐτός: pronoun referring to the invading commanders and their host.
δύναμιςa forceN3I NSF · δύναμιςsubject of προσετέθησανδύναμις: force, detachment, or military contingent.
Συρίαςfrom SyriaN1A GSF · Συρίαgenitive of source modifying δύναμιςΣυρία: Syria, the Seleucid heartland furnishing reinforcements.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining two source regionsκαί adds a second origin for the reinforcements.
γῆςfrom the landN1 GSF · γῆgenitive of source coordinated with Συρίαςγῆ: land or territory.
ἀλλοφύλωνof foreignersA1B GPM · ἀλλόφυλοςgenitive modifier of γῆςἀλλόφυλος: belonging to another people, foreign; here non-Judean peoples allied with the campaign.
42
καὶ εἶδεν Ιουδας καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἐπληθύνθη τὰ κακὰ καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις παρεμβάλλουσιν ἐν τοῖς ὁρίοις αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπέγνωσαν τοὺς λόγους τοῦ βασιλέως οὓς ἐνετείλατο ποιῆσαι τῷ λαῷ εἰς ἀπώλειαν καὶ συντέλειαν
And Judas and his brothers saw that the evils had multiplied and that the forces were encamping within their borders, and they understood the king's orders that he had commanded to be carried out against the people for destruction and utter ruin.
The narrative shifts from the enemy camp to Judas's perception. The brothers grasp both the material threat of the armies and the exterminating purpose behind the royal decree.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandC · καίconnective linking the previous report to Judas's responseκαί: connective advancing the narrative from enemy preparation to Israel's recognition of danger.
εἶδενsawVBI AAI3S · ὁράωmain verb introducing Judas's perceptionὁράω: 'see / perceive'; here it marks informed recognition rather than mere sight.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςproper noun serving as the first subjectἸούδας: Judas Maccabaeus, now acting as the perceiving and responding leader.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining Judas with his brothersκαί: connective expanding the subject from Judas alone to the fraternal leadership.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the coordinated subjectὁ: article introducing the defined group of brothers.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnoun completing the coordinated subjectἀδελφός: brothers; the familial core of the Hasmonean leadership.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'brothers'αὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to Judas.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the content of what was perceivedὅτι: conjunction introducing the recognized state of affairs.
ἐπληθύνθηhad multipliedVCI API3S · πληθύνωverb heading the first content clauseπληθύνω: 'multiply / increase'; the passive highlights the swelling scale of disaster.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the neuter plural subjectὁ: article specifying the evils now in view.
κακὰevilsA1 NPN · κακόςsubstantivized adjective functioning as subjectκακός: evil things / calamities; the accumulated harms pressing upon the people.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the two recognized factsκαί: connective coordinating the increase of troubles with the enemy's military presence.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the second clause subjectὁ: article introducing the military forces as a definite threat.
δυνάμειςforcesN3I NPF · δύναμιςnoun serving as subject of the second content clauseδύναμις: force / army; here organized military units threatening Judea.
παρεμβάλλουσινare encampingV1 PAI3P · βάλλω + παρα + ἐνfinite verb describing hostile military positioningπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / pitch camp'; a military verb for taking up an armed position.
ἐνwithinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the place of encampmentἐν: preposition locating the armies within Israel's territorial bounds.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the dative object of placeὁ: article specifying the borders under threat.
ὁρίοιςbordersN2N DPN · ὅριονdative noun complementing the prepositionὅριον: border / boundary; the territorial limits now penetrated by hostile camps.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'borders'αὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to Judas's people and their land.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving from perception of facts to understanding intentκαί: connective adding the discernment of the king's purpose.
ἐπέγνωσανunderstoodVZI AAI3P · γιγνώσκω + ἐπιmain verb of deeper recognitionἐπιγινώσκω: 'understand fully / recognize'; it signals discernment of the decree's meaning.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the direct objectὁ: article introducing the king's spoken orders.
λόγουςordersN2 APM · λόγοςdirect object of 'understood'λόγος: word / statement / order; here the concrete directives issued by the king.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the royal genitiveὁ: article marking the possessor of the orders.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive noun depending on 'orders'βασιλεύς: king; the Seleucid ruler whose commands frame the crisis.
οὓςwhichRR APM · ὅςrelative pronoun resuming 'orders'ὅς: relative pronoun linking the orders to the command clause that explains them.
ἐνετείλατοhad commandedVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνverb governing the infinitive of executionἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; the middle underscores royal authorization.
ποιῆσαιto carry outVA AAN · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive expressing what was commandedποιέω: 'do / carry out'; here execute the king's policy in practice.
τῷagainst theRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the affected peopleὁ: article introducing the dative object affected by the command.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative noun denoting the people targeted by the orderλαός: people; Israel as the community endangered by the decree.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing intended resultεἰς: preposition marking destructive purpose or outcome.
ἀπώλειανdestructionN1A ASF · ἀπώλειαobject of the result prepositionἀπώλεια: destruction / ruin; the first term naming the decree's lethal intent.
καὶandC · καίconnective pairing the two ruin termsκαί: connective intensifying the purpose by adding a second destructive noun.
συντέλειανutter ruinN1A ASF · συντέλειαsecond accusative complement after 'for'συντέλεια: complete end / full destruction; it intensifies the totalizing scope of the threat.
43
καὶ εἶπαν ἕκαστος πρὸς τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ ἀναστήσωμεν τὴν καθαίρεσιν τοῦ λαοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ πολεμήσωμεν περὶ τοῦ λαοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ τῶν ἁγίων
And each one said to his neighbor, 'Let us raise up the fallen state of our people, and let us fight for our people and for the holy things.'
Recognition becomes exhortation. The people's answer to ruin is both restorative and martial: to lift up what has been cast down and to fight for people and sanctuary together.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the community's responseκαί: connective moving from perception of danger to spoken resolve.
εἶπανsaidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονmain verb introducing direct speechεἶπον: 'say / speak'; the aorist gathers the people's words into a decisive utterance.
ἕκαστοςeach oneA1 NSM · ἕκαστοςdistributed subject of the speaking verbἕκαστος: each one; stresses personal participation within the corporate response.
πρὸςtoP · πρόςpreposition introducing the interlocutorπρός: preposition marking address or orientation toward another.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the object of the prepositionὁ: article introducing the neighboring fellow-Israelite.
πλησίονneighborD · πλησίονsubstantive used after the prepositionπλησίον: neighbor / companion; the near fellow member of the community.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'neighbor'αὐτός: possessive pronoun referring back distributively to each speaker.
ἀναστήσωμενlet us raise upVA AAS1P · ἵστημι + ἀναhortatory subjunctive opening the exhortationἀνίστημι: 'raise up / restore'; the hortatory form calls for active restoration.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the direct objectὁ: article introducing the condition to be remedied.
καθαίρεσινfallen stateN3I ASF · καθαίρεσιςdirect object of the hortatory verbκαθαίρεσις: downfall / ruin / demolition; here the collapsed condition of the people.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the dependent genitiveὁ: article marking the people as those whose ruin is in view.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive noun depending on 'fallen state'λαός: people; Israel conceived as the endangered covenant community.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpossessive genitive modifying 'people'ἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun marking shared identity and obligation.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining restoration with combatκαί: connective showing that rebuilding and fighting belong together.
πολεμήσωμενlet us fightVA AAS1P · πολεμέωsecond hortatory subjunctiveπολεμέω: 'fight / wage war'; here a deliberate call to armed defense.
περὶforP · περίpreposition expressing concern or defenseπερί: with the genitive, 'for / on behalf of'; marks the object of defense.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the first object of defenseὁ: article introducing the people as the beneficiaries of the struggle.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive object after the prepositionλαός: people; Israel as the body to be defended.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpossessive modifier of 'people'ἐγώ: pronoun emphasizing common ownership and solidarity.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the second object of defenseκαί: connective extending the cause from the people to the holy things.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the sacred objectsὁ: article introducing the holy realities bound up with Israel's worship.
ἁγίωνholy thingsA1A GPM · ἅγιοςsubstantivized adjective as second object after the prepositionἅγιος: holy things / sacred matters; likely the sanctuary and its consecrated order.
44
καὶ ἠθροίσθη ἡ συναγωγὴ τοῦ εἶναι ἑτοίμους εἰς πόλεμον καὶ τοῦ προσεύξασθαι καὶ αἰτῆσαι ἔλεος καὶ οἰκτιρμούς
And the assembly gathered in order to be ready for war and to pray and ask for mercy and compassions.
The response is corporately embodied. Preparation for war is not separated from prayer; readiness and petition belong to the same covenantal act.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the next communal actionκαί: connective moving from exhortation to organized assembly.
ἠθροίσθηgatheredVCI API3S · ἀθροίζωmain verb describing the assembly's formationἀθροίζω: 'gather together'; the passive presents the community as coming together as one body.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the subjectὁ: article introducing the corporate body now assembled.
συναγωγὴassemblyN1 NSF · συναγωγήsubject of the gathering verbσυναγωγή: assembly / gathered community; the people convened for common action.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive expressing purposeὁ: article forming the genitive articular infinitive of purpose.
εἶναιbeV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive expressing intended stateεἰμί: 'be'; within the articular infinitive it expresses the condition to be attained.
ἑτοίμουςreadyA1 APM · ἕτοιμοςpredicate adjective with the infinitiveἕτοιμος: ready / prepared; fit for the action about to follow.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the sphere of readinessεἰς: preposition marking orientation toward battle.
πόλεμονwarN2 ASM · πόλεμοςobject of the prepositionπόλεμος: war / battle; the conflict for which the assembly prepares.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking military preparation with prayerκαί: connective showing that supplication accompanies readiness for war.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive expressing parallel purposeὁ: article forming a second articular infinitive of purpose.
προσεύξασθαιprayVA AMN · εὔχομαι + προςmiddle infinitive expressing supplicationπροσεύχομαι: 'pray'; the communal act of turning to God in petition.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking two prayer actionsκαί: connective adding explicit request to general prayer.
αἰτῆσαιask forVA AAN · αἰτέωinfinitive complement specifying petitionαἰτέω: 'ask / request'; emphasizes concrete petition within prayer.
ἔλεοςmercyN3E ASN · ἔλεοςfirst object of the petitionἔλεος: mercy; divine favor shown to the afflicted.
καὶandC · καίconnective pairing the requested merciesκαί: connective joining mercy with compassionate pity.
οἰκτιρμούςcompassionsN2 APM · οἰκτιρμόςsecond object of the petitionοἰκτιρμός: compassion / pity; the tender mercies sought from God.
45
καὶ Ιερουσαλημ ἦν ἀοίκητος ὡς ἔρημος οὐκ ἦν ὁ εἰσπορευόμενος καὶ ἐκπορευόμενος ἐκ τῶν γενημάτων αὐτῆς καὶ τὸ ἁγίασμα καταπατούμενον καὶ υἱοὶ ἀλλογενῶν ἐν τῇ ἄκρᾳ κατάλυμα τοῖς ἔθνεσιν καὶ ἐξήρθη τέρψις ἐξ Ιακωβ καὶ ἐξέλιπεν αὐλὸς καὶ κινύρα
And Jerusalem was uninhabited like a wilderness; there was no one going in and coming out from her produce, and the sanctuary was being trampled, and sons of foreigners were in the citadel, a lodging place for the nations, and delight was removed from Jacob, and flute and harp failed.
The gathering is grounded in a survey of devastation: empty city, profaned sanctuary, foreign occupation, and the silencing of Israel's ordinary joy.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the lament descriptionκαί: connective carrying the narrative into a depiction of Jerusalem's desolation.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN NSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper noun functioning as subjectἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem, the city whose ruin symbolizes the nation's distress.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb introducing the city's conditionεἰμί: 'be'; here describing the settled state of the city.
ἀοίκητοςuninhabitedA1B NSM · ἀοίκητοςpredicate adjective describing Jerusalemἀοίκητος: uninhabited / without dwellers; a term of civic abandonment.
ὡςlikeC · ὡςcomparative conjunction introducing the simileὡς: as / like; marks the comparison that intensifies the desolation.
ἔρημοςa wildernessN2 NSF · ἔρημοςpredicate term completing the comparisonἔρημος: wilderness / deserted place; the image for a depopulated Jerusalem.
οὐκnotD · οὐnegator for the following clauseοὐ: simple negation denying normal traffic and life.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverb of existence in the negative clauseεἰμί: 'be / exist'; here in a clause denying the presence of anyone.
ὁoneRA NSM · ὁarticle substantivizing the participlesὁ: article turning the participial pair into a substantive expression.
εἰσπορευόμενοςgoing inV1 · πμπνσμ πορεύομαι + εἰςsubstantival participle paired with the following participleεἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in / enter'; part of a stock expression for ordinary civic movement.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the participial pairκαί: connective joining entry and exit as signs of normal life.
ἐκπορευόμενοςcoming outV1 · πμπνσμ πορεύομαι + ἐκsecond substantival participle in the pairἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out / come out'; together with the previous participle it marks everyday circulation.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing source or sphereἐκ: preposition marking what the movement is associated with or proceeds from.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the genitive complementὁ: article introducing the city's produce.
γενημάτωνproduceN3M GPN · γένημαgenitive noun after the prepositionγένημα: produce / yield; the city's ordinary agricultural or economic output.
αὐτῆςherRD GSF · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'produce'αὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to Jerusalem.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the sanctuary's fateκαί: connective moving from civic emptiness to cultic profanation.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the next subjectὁ: article introducing the sanctuary as a focal object of lament.
ἁγίασμαsanctuaryN3M NSN · ἁγίασμαsubject of the participial predicationἁγίασμα: sanctuary / holy place; the consecrated cultic center.
καταπατούμενονbeing trampledV2 · πππνσν πατέω + καταparticiple describing the sanctuary's desecrationκαταπατέω: 'trample down'; a vivid term for profanation by force.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the foreign presenceκαί: connective extending the lament to occupation of the citadel.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnoun heading the subject phraseυἱός: sons; a common Semitic-style expression for members of a group.
ἀλλογενῶνof foreignersA3H GPM · ἀλλογενήςgenitive modifier of 'sons'ἀλλογενής: foreign / of another race; outsiders occupying sacred-political space.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing locationἐν: preposition locating the foreigners in the citadel.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the location nounὁ: article introducing the citadel.
ἄκρᾳcitadelN1A DSF · ἄκραdative object of the prepositionἄκρα: citadel / fortress; the fortified height held by hostile occupants.
κατάλυμαa lodging placeN3M ASN · κατάλυμαappositional accusative describing the citadel's roleκατάλυμα: lodging place / quarters; here the fortress becomes a base for foreign peoples.
τοῖςfor theRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the beneficiaries of the lodging placeὁ: article introducing the nations who occupy the space.
ἔθνεσινnationsN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative complement with 'lodging place'ἔθνος: nations / Gentiles; non-Israelite peoples now resident in the stronghold.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the emotional effect on Israelκαί: connective carrying the lament from occupation to the removal of joy.
ἐξήρθηwas removedVCI API3S · αἴρω + ἐκmain verb of the final lament clauseἐξαίρω: 'take away / remove'; the passive depicts joy as taken from the people.
τέρψιςdelightN3I NSF · τέρψιςsubject of the removal clauseτέρψις: delight / pleasure; the ordinary gladness of communal life.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing the sphere deprived of joyἐκ: preposition marking separation from Jacob.
ΙακωβJacobN GSM · Ἰακώβproper name used collectively for IsraelἸακώβ: Jacob; the patriarchal name standing for the covenant people.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the silence of musicκαί: connective extending the lament to the disappearance of festal sound.
ἐξέλιπενfailedVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐκverb describing cessationἐκλείπω: 'fail / cease / disappear'; used of something that has come to an end.
αὐλὸςfluteN2 NSM · αὐλόςfirst subject of the cessation clauseαὐλός: flute / pipe; a sign of festal or celebratory music.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the instrumentsκαί: connective pairing two familiar instruments of joy.
κινύραharpN1A NSF · κινύραsecond subject of the cessation clauseκινύρα: harp / lyre; another emblem of Israel's vanished rejoicing.
46
καὶ συνήχθησαν καὶ ἤλθοσαν εἰς Μασσηφα κατέναντι Ιερουσαλημ ὅτι τόπος προσευχῆς ἦν ἐν Μασσηφα τὸ πρότερον τῷ Ισραηλ
And they assembled and came to Mizpah opposite Jerusalem, because Mizpah had formerly been a place of prayer for Israel.
The move to Mizpah is not merely tactical. The narrator explains it by memory and precedent: this was once a recognized place of prayer for Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the movement to Mizpahκαί: connective linking the lament over Jerusalem to the community's chosen place of gathering.
συνήχθησανassembledVQI API3P · ἄγω + συνfirst main verb describing collective actionσυνάγω: 'gather together'; the passive again stresses the people as a unified body.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking gathering with arrivalκαί: connective joining assembly and movement.
ἤλθοσανcameVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιsecond main verb describing arrivalἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; here the people's movement toward the chosen site.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition introducing destinationεἰς: preposition marking the destination of the movement.
ΜασσηφαMizpahN AS · Μασσηφαproper noun as destinationΜασσηφα: Mizpah, the site selected for assembly and prayer.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιadverbial term expressing spatial relationκατέναντι: opposite / facing; it situates Mizpah in relation to Jerusalem.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper noun complementing the spatial termἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem, the cultic center now inaccessible and profaned.
ὅτιbecauseC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the explanatory clauseὅτι: conjunction giving the narrator's reason for the choice of site.
τόποςa placeN2 NSM · τόποςpredicate noun in the explanatory clauseτόπος: place / site; a location with recognized significance.
προσευχῆςof prayerN1 GSF · προσευχήgenitive modifier of 'place'προσευχή: prayer; the defining activity associated with Mizpah.
ἦνhad beenV9 IAI3S · εἰμίcopulative verb in the explanatory clauseεἰμί: 'be'; here describing an earlier established status.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition marking locationἐν: preposition locating the prayer-place at Mizpah.
ΜασσηφαMizpahN DS · Μασσηφαproper noun as locative complementΜασσηφα: Mizpah, remembered here as a traditional prayer site.
τὸinRA ASN · ὁarticle with adverbial accusativeὁ: article used with the accusative to form an adverbial temporal phrase.
πρότερονformer timesA1 ASN · πρότεροςadverbial accusative of timeπρότερος: former / earlier; in the accusative it means 'formerly' or 'in earlier times.'
τῷforRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the dative beneficiaryὁ: article introducing the community for whom the place held significance.
ΙσραηλIsraelN DSM · Ἰσραήλproper name in the dative of referenceἸσραήλ: Israel, the covenant people for whom Mizpah served as a place of prayer.
47
καὶ ἐνήστευσαν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ καὶ περιεβάλοντο σάκκους καὶ σποδὸν ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτῶν καὶ διέρρηξαν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν
And on that day they fasted and put on sackcloth and put ashes upon their heads and tore their garments.
The people respond not only with strategy but with embodied lament. Fasting, sackcloth, ashes, and torn garments place the coming conflict within penitential prayer.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing ritual actionκαί: connective moving from the choice of place to the actions performed there.
ἐνήστευσανfastedVAI AAI3P · νηστεύωfirst main verb of ritual mourningνηστεύω: 'fast'; abstain from food as a sign of humility, grief, and petition.
τῇon thatRA DSF · ὁarticle within the temporal dative phraseὁ: article marking the specified day of the communal rites.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραdative noun expressing timeἡμέρα: day; the temporal setting of the assembly's penitential acts.
ἐκείνῃthatRD DSF · ἐκεῖνοςdemonstrative modifying 'day'ἐκεῖνος: that; points to the particular day now emphasized in the narrative.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining ritual actsκαί: connective linking fasting with further mourning gestures.
περιεβάλοντοput onVBI AMI3P · βάλλω + περιmiddle verb describing clothing oneselfπεριβάλλω: 'put on / clothe oneself with'; here take on mourning attire.
σάκκουςsackclothN2 ASM · σάκκοςdirect object of the clothing verbσάκκος: sackcloth; coarse garment worn in grief, penitence, or supplication.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding another mourning signκαί: connective extending the sequence of ritual gestures.
σποδὸνashesN2 ASM · σποδόςaccusative object placed upon the headσποδός: ashes; a classic token of humiliation, grief, and repentance.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing the place where ashes are setἐπί: preposition marking placement upon the head.
τὴνtheirRA ASF · ὁarticle within the prepositional phraseὁ: article introducing the body part used in the mourning gesture.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήobject of the prepositionκεφαλή: head; the bodily locus of ashes in rites of lament.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'head'αὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the assembled people.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the final actκαί: connective joining the last sign of mourning to the sequence.
διέρρηξανtoreVAI AAI3P · ῥήγνυμι + διαmain verb of the final ritual gestureδιαρρήγνυμι: 'tear apart'; used of rending garments in grief or supplication.
τὰtheirRA APN · ὁarticle marking the direct objectὁ: article introducing the garments torn in mourning.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονdirect object of 'tore'ἱμάτιον: garment / outer clothing; torn as a conventional sign of distress.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'garments'αὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the mourners' own clothing.
48
καὶ ἐξεπέτασαν τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου περὶ ὧν ἐξηρεύνων τὰ ἔθνη τὰ ὁμοιώματα τῶν εἰδώλων αὐτῶν
And they spread open the book of the law concerning those matters about which the nations were searching among the likenesses of their idols.
The assembly turns to Torah for guidance. The contrast is pointed: whereas the nations seek direction through idol-images, Israel opens the book of the law.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the next liturgical actionκαί: connective moving from mourning rites to scriptural consultation.
ἐξεπέτασανspread openVA · ααπασν ἐτάζω + ἐκ + ἐπιmain verb describing the opening of the scroll or bookἐκπετάννυμι / ἐκπετάζω: 'spread out / unfold'; here of opening the law-book for consultation.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the direct objectὁ: article introducing the book that is opened.
βιβλίονbookN2N ASN · βιβλίονdirect object of 'spread open'βιβλίον: book / scroll; here the written book of the law.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the dependent genitiveὁ: article marking the law as the book's defining content.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςgenitive noun depending on 'book'νόμος: law; the authoritative Torah to which the community appeals.
περὶconcerningP · περίpreposition introducing the matter under considerationπερί: preposition marking the subject or matter at issue.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun governed by the prepositionὅς: relative pronoun linking the law-book to the matters for which guidance is sought.
ἐξηρεύνωνwere searchingV3I IAI3P · ἐρευνάω + ἐκverb of inquiry within the relative clauseἐξερευνάω: 'search out / inquire into'; here of the nations' quest for guidance.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the subject of the relative clauseὁ: article introducing the nations as the agents of the comparison.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςsubject of 'were searching'ἔθνος: nations / Gentiles; the surrounding peoples contrasted with Israel.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the object sought amongὁ: article introducing the idol-likenesses.
ὁμοιώματαlikenessesN3M APN · ὁμοίωμαaccusative object associated with the nations' searchὁμοίωμα: likeness / image-form; a fashioned representation used in idol practice.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing the dependent genitiveὁ: article linking the likenesses to the idols they represent.
εἰδώλωνidolsN2N GPN · εἴδωλονgenitive modifier of 'likenesses'εἴδωλον: idol / image; the false cultic object set against Torah.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'idols'αὐτός: possessive pronoun referring to the nations.
49
καὶ ἤνεγκαν τὰ ἱμάτια τῆς ἱερωσύνης καὶ τὰ πρωτογενήματα καὶ τὰς δεκάτας καὶ ἤγειραν τοὺς ναζιραίους οἳ ἐπλήρωσαν τὰς ἡμέρας
And they brought the priestly garments and the firstfruits and the tithes, and they brought forward the Nazirites who had fulfilled their days.
The prayer scene is framed by concrete cultic realities: vestments, offerings, and Nazirites whose vows have reached completion. The community lays before God what cannot be properly resolved under present defilement.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the presentation of cultic itemsκαί: connective moving from consultation of the law to the bringing forward of sacred obligations.
ἤνεγκανbroughtVAI AAI3P · φέρωmain verb governing the series of direct objectsφέρω: 'bring / carry'; here of presenting items before God and the gathered assembly.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the first objectὁ: article introducing the priestly garments.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονfirst direct object of 'brought'ἱμάτιον: garment / clothing; here specifically priestly vestments.
τῆςof theRA GSF · ὁarticle introducing the dependent genitiveὁ: article marking the priesthood as the garments' cultic sphere.
ἱερωσύνηςpriesthoodN1 GSF · ἱερωσύνηgenitive modifier of 'garments'ἱερωσύνη: priesthood / priestly office; the cultic order represented by the vestments.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the listed offeringsκαί: connective extending the list of sacred items.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the second objectὁ: article introducing the firstfruits.
πρωτογενήματαfirstfruitsN3M APN · πρωτογένημαsecond direct object in the listπρωτογένημα: firstfruits / first produce; offerings dedicated from the earliest yield.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking another listed itemκαί: connective continuing the sequence of offerings.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the third objectὁ: article introducing the tithes.
δεκάταςtithesA1 APF · δέκατοςthird direct object in the listδεκάτη: tithe; the tenth portion set apart in covenantal practice.
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing a further actionκαί: connective moving from objects brought to persons presented.
ἤγειρανbrought forwardVAI AAI3P · ἀγείρωsecond main verb governing the Naziritesἀγείρω: 'raise / bring forward'; here likely present or set before the assembly.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the direct objectὁ: article introducing the Nazirites as a defined group.
ναζιραίουςNaziritesA1A APM · ναζιραίοςdirect object of 'brought forward'ναζιραῖος: Nazirite; one bound by a special consecratory vow.
οἳwhoRR NPM · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the qualifying clauseὅς: relative pronoun linking the Nazirites to the completion of their vow period.
ἐπλήρωσανhad fulfilledVAI AAI3P · πληρόωverb of the relative clauseπληρόω: 'fulfill / complete'; here complete the required term of a vow.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the direct objectὁ: article introducing the counted days of the vow.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραdirect object of 'had fulfilled'ἡμέρα: day; the prescribed period of Nazirite consecration.
50
καὶ ἐβόησαν φωνῇ εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν λέγοντες τί ποιήσωμεν τούτοις καὶ ποῦ αὐτοὺς ἀπαγάγωμεν
And they cried out with a voice to heaven, saying, 'What shall we do with these, and where shall we take them?'
The community's uncertainty is voiced directly to heaven. The question arises from disrupted worship: sacred persons and sacred things remain, but the proper place and means of completion are blocked.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing direct supplicationκαί: connective moving from presented cultic items to spoken appeal.
ἐβόησανcried outVAI AAI3P · βοάωmain verb describing the communal appealβοάω: 'cry out / call loudly'; a forceful prayer verb in distress.
φωνῇwith a voiceN1 DSF · φωνήdative of manner or instrument with the verbφωνή: voice / cry; here the audible expression of collective petition.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition expressing directionεἰς: preposition marking the upward direction of prayer.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the object of directionὁ: article introducing heaven as the prayer's destination.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςobject of the prepositionοὐρανός: heaven; reverent circumlocution for God's dwelling and hearing.
λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωparticiple introducing the content of the cryλέγω: 'say'; the participle opens the direct speech of petition.
τίwhatRI ASN · τίςinterrogative object in the first questionτίς: what? interrogative seeking guidance in a practical impasse.
ποιήσωμενshall we doVF FAI1P · ποιέωverb of the first deliberative questionποιέω: 'do / make'; in deliberative form, 'what are we to do?'
τούτοιςwith theseRD DPM · οὗτοςdative complement of the questionοὗτος: these; probably the sacred items and persons just presented.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the second questionκαί: connective adding a second dimension to the plea.
ποῦwhereD · ποῦinterrogative adverb of placeποῦ: where? asks for the proper destination or placement.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςdirect object of the second question's verbαὐτός: pronoun referring back to the sacred persons or objects under discussion.
ἀπαγάγωμενshall we take awayVB AAS1P · ἄγω + ἀποverb of the second deliberative questionἀπάγω: 'lead away / take away'; here move or bring to a proper place.
51
καὶ τὰ ἅγιά σου καταπεπάτηνται καὶ βεβήλωνται καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς σου ἐν πένθει καὶ ταπεινώσει
And your holy things have been trampled down and profaned, and your priests are in mourning and humiliation.
The petition now addresses God directly. What has been lost is not merely political stability but the sanctity of worship and the dignity of those appointed to serve within it.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the direct prayerκαί: connective linking the practical question to the theological complaint.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the subjectὁ: article introducing the sacred things under lament.
ἅγιάholy thingsA1A NPN · ἅγιοςsubstantivized adjective as subjectἅγιος: holy things / sancta; the consecrated realities belonging to God.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronoun modifying 'holy things'σύ: second-person pronoun marking the holy things as God's own.
καταπεπάτηνταιhave been trampled downVM XMI3P · πατέω + καταfirst verb describing desecrationκαταπατέω: 'trample down'; a forceful image of violation and contempt.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the two desecration verbsκαί: connective adding a second description of profanation.
βεβήλωνταιhave been profanedV4 PMS3P · βεβηλόωsecond verb describing desecrationβεβηλόω: 'profane / defile'; make what is holy common and polluted.
καὶandC · καίconnective moving to the condition of the priestsκαί: connective extending the lament from holy objects to holy servants.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the new subjectὁ: article introducing the priests as a defined group.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςsubject of the implied verbless clauseἱερεύς: priest; one appointed for cultic service before God.
σουyourRP GS · σύgenitive pronoun modifying 'priests'σύ: second-person pronoun identifying the priests as God's servants.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing their conditionἐν: preposition marking the sphere or state in which the priests exist.
πένθειmourningN3E DSN · πένθοςdative complement after the prepositionπένθος: mourning / grief; the priests' state under desecration.
καὶandC · καίconnective pairing the two condition nounsκαί: connective linking grief with abasement.
ταπεινώσειhumiliationN3I DSF · ταπείνωσιςsecond dative complement after the prepositionταπείνωσις: humiliation / abasement; a lowered condition imposed by distress and defilement.
52
καὶ ἰδοὺ τὰ ἔθνη συνῆκται ἐφ' ἡμᾶς τοῦ ἐξᾶραι ἡμᾶς σὺ οἶδας ἃ λογίζονται ἐφ' ἡμᾶς
And behold, the nations have gathered against us to destroy us; you know what they are plotting against us.
The petition sharpens from lament to immediate threat. The gathered nations and their annihilating purpose are set before God, whose prior knowledge is invoked as the ground for intervention.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective continuing the prayerκαί: connective moving from desecration to the hostile forces behind it.
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούattention marker introducing urgent presentationἰδού: behold; calls attention to the danger now laid before God.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the subjectὁ: article introducing the gathered nations.
ἔθνηnationsN3E NPN · ἔθνοςsubject of the perfect verbἔθνος: nations / Gentiles; the hostile peoples massed against Israel.
συνῆκταιhave gatheredVK XMI3S · ἄγω + συνperfect verb describing present hostile concentrationσυνάγω: 'gather together'; the perfect presents the nations as now assembled and poised.
ἐφ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition expressing hostile directionἐπί: with the accusative, 'against / upon'; marks direct hostility.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώobject of the hostile prepositionἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun, the threatened covenant community.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive expressing purposeὁ: article forming the articular infinitive of hostile intent.
ἐξᾶραιdestroyVA AAN · αἴρω + ἐκinfinitive expressing the aim of their gatheringἐξαίρω: 'take away / remove utterly'; here with destructive force against the people.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώdirect object of the infinitiveἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun, the intended victims of the attack.
σὺyouRP NS · σύexplicit subject of the appeal to divine knowledgeσύ: second-person pronoun addressing God directly.
οἶδαςknowVX XAI2S · οἶδαmain verb of the direct addressοἶδα: 'know'; divine knowledge is invoked as already encompassing the enemy's intent.
ἃwhat thingsRR APN · ὅςrelative pronoun introducing the content clauseὅς: relative pronoun, here 'what things' or 'the things that'.
λογίζονταιare plottingV1 PMI3P · λογίζομαιverb of hostile deliberationλογίζομαι: 'consider / devise / plan'; here the enemy's calculated plotting.
ἐφ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition marking the object of the plottingἐπί: with the accusative, 'against'; indicates the target of the nations' designs.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώobject of the hostile prepositionἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun naming the community under threat.
53
πῶς δυνησόμεθα ὑποστῆναι κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῶν ἐὰν μὴ σὺ βοηθήσῃς ἡμῖν
How shall we be able to stand before them unless you help us?
The petition reaches its sharpest dependence here. Military resistance is acknowledged as impossible apart from God's direct help, so courage is framed as reliance rather than self-sufficiency.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
πῶςhowD · πῶςinterrogative adverb opening the pleaπῶς: how? introduces a question of possibility under present conditions.
δυνησόμεθαshall we be ableVF FMI1P · δύναμαιmain verb of the deliberative questionδύναμαι: 'be able / can'; here future middle, expressing practical capacity in the face of danger.
ὑποστῆναιto standVH AAN · ἵστημι + ὑποcomplementary infinitive with 'shall we be able'ὑφίστημι: 'stand one's ground / withstand'; hold firm under hostile pressure.
κατὰbeforeP · κατάpreposition within the idiom of confrontationκατά: in the phrase κατὰ πρόσωπον, 'before / face to face with'.
πρόσωπονfaceN2N ASN · πρόσωπονobject of the preposition in an idiomatic expressionπρόσωπον: face / presence; in this idiom, direct encounter with an opponent.
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun depending on 'face'αὐτός: pronoun referring to the hostile nations.
ἐὰνunlessC · ἐάνconditional conjunction introducing the exceptionἐάν: if; with μή here forming an exceptive condition, 'unless'.
μὴnotD · μήnegative particle completing the exceptive conditionμή: negation used in subordinate and conditional clauses.
σὺyouRP NS · σύexplicit subject of the subordinate clauseσύ: second-person pronoun addressing God directly.
βοηθήσῃςhelpVA AAS2S · βοηθέωsubjunctive verb in the conditional clauseβοηθέω: 'help / come to aid'; the decisive assistance sought from God.
ἡμῖνusRP DP · ἐγώdative object of the helping verbἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun naming the community in need of divine aid.
54
καὶ ἐσάλπισαν ταῖς σάλπιγξιν καὶ ἐβόησαν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ
And they sounded the trumpets and cried out with a loud voice.
The scene shifts from petition to mobilized action. Trumpet blasts and a loud cry mark both ritual solemnity and military readiness.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the next collective actκαί: connective moving the scene from prayer to public signaling.
ἐσάλπισανsoundedVAI AAI3P · σαλπίζωmain verb describing trumpet-blowingσαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet'; an act of summons, alarm, or martial signal.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle within the instrumental dative phraseὁ: article introducing the instruments by which the signal is given.
σάλπιγξινtrumpetsN3G DPF · σάλπιγξinstrumental dative with the verbσάλπιγξ: trumpet; a ceremonial and military signaling instrument.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the two public signalsκαί: connective linking trumpet blast with shouted acclamation.
ἐβόησανcried outVAI AAI3P · βοάωsecond main verb of coordinated actionβοάω: 'cry out / shout'; an audible communal outcry in battle preparation.
φωνῇwith a voiceN1 DSF · φωνήdative of manner with the shouting verbφωνή: voice / cry; the audible expression of the assembled crowd.
μεγάλῃloudA1 DSF · μέγαςadjectival modifier of 'voice'μέγας: great / loud; emphasizes the force and public character of the cry.
55
καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο κατέστησεν Ιουδας ἡγουμένους τοῦ λαοῦ χιλιάρχους καὶ ἑκατοντάρχους καὶ πεντηκοντάρχους καὶ δεκαδάρχους
And after this Judas appointed leaders of the people: commanders of thousands and of hundreds and of fifties and of tens.
The armed response now takes administrative shape. Judas orders the people according to graded units, presenting the revolt as disciplined and lawful rather than improvised.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing the next stage of preparationκαί: connective advancing from signal to organization.
μετὰafterP · μετάpreposition introducing temporal sequenceμετά: with the accusative, 'after'; marks what follows the trumpet call.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςobject of the temporal prepositionοὗτος: this; refers back to the immediately preceding actions.
κατέστησενappointedVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + καταmain verb of installationκαθίστημι: 'appoint / set in place'; establish people in designated roles.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςsubject of the appointment verbἸούδας: Judas Maccabaeus, exercising command over the people.
ἡγουμένουςleadersV2 · πμπαπμ ἡγέομαιpredicative accusative complement after 'appointed'ἡγούμενος: leader / one who governs; those placed in charge of military units.
τοῦof theRA GSM · ὁarticle introducing the dependent genitiveὁ: article marking the people governed by these leaders.
λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive modifier of 'leaders'λαός: people; the covenant community now arranged for battle.
χιλιάρχουςcommanders of thousandsN2 APM · χιλίαρχοςfirst accusative in the appositional rank listχιλίαρχος: commander of a thousand; highest unit listed in this arrangement.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the rank listκαί: connective linking the graded military offices.
ἑκατοντάρχουςcommanders of hundredsN2 APM · ἑκατόνταρχοςsecond accusative in the rank listἑκατόνταρχος: commander of a hundred; subordinate military rank within the structure.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the rank listκαί: connective continuing the ordered sequence.
πεντηκοντάρχουςcommanders of fiftiesN2 APM · πεντηκοντάρχοςthird accusative in the rank listπεντηκοντάρχος: commander of fifty; mid-level officer in the tactical arrangement.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the final rankκαί: connective extending the sequence to the smallest unit.
δεκαδάρχουςcommanders of tensN2 APM · δεκάδαρχοςfourth accusative in the rank listδεκάδαρχος: commander of ten; the smallest leadership unit in the ordered muster.
56
καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς οἰκοδομοῦσιν οἰκίας καὶ μνηστευομένοις γυναῖκας καὶ φυτεύουσιν ἀμπελῶνας καὶ δειλοῖς ἀποστρέφειν ἕκαστον εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὸν νόμον
And he told those who were building houses and betrothing wives and planting vineyards, and the fearful, that each should return to his house according to the law.
The army is not simply enlarged; it is ordered by Torah. Judas echoes legal exemptions for domestic obligations and fear, preserving covenantal norms even in wartime.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing Judas's directiveκαί: connective moving from appointment of officers to specific instructions.
εἶπενhe toldVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verb of commandεἶπον: 'say / tell'; here introduces an authoritative directive from Judas.
τοῖςto thoseRA DPM · ὁarticle introducing the addressed groupsὁ: article grouping the exempted persons addressed by Judas.
οἰκοδομοῦσινwho are buildingV2 · παπδπμ οἰκοδομέωsubstantival participle naming the first exempt groupοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; here those engaged in establishing a household.
οἰκίαςhousesN1A APF · οἰκίαdirect object of the participleοἰκία: house; domestic establishment still awaiting completion.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining exempt categoriesκαί: connective extending the list of legally exempted men.
μνηστευομένοιςwho are betrothingV1 · πμπδπμ μνηστεύομαιsubstantival participle naming the second exempt groupμνηστεύομαι: 'be betrothed / take in betrothal'; those on the threshold of marriage.
γυναῖκαςwivesN3K APF · γυνήobject of the betrothal participleγυνή: woman / wife; here prospective wives in the context of betrothal.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining exempt categoriesκαί: connective continuing the list.
φυτεύουσινwho are plantingV1 PAI3P · φυτεύωsubstantival verbal form naming the third exempt groupφυτεύω: 'plant'; those whose vineyard work has begun but not yet been enjoyed.
ἀμπελῶναςvineyardsN3W APM · ἀμπελώνobject of the planting verbἀμπελών: vineyard; a classic legal category for wartime exemption.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining the final groupκαί: connective adding those exempted by fear.
δειλοῖςthe fearfulA1 DPM · δειλόςsubstantivized adjective naming the fourth groupδειλός: fearful / fainthearted; those whose fear disqualifies them from battle.
ἀποστρέφεινto returnV1 PAN · στρέφω + ἀποinfinitive expressing the instruction givenἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; the commanded withdrawal from service.
ἕκαστονeach oneA1 ASM · ἕκαστοςaccusative subject of the infinitiveἕκαστος: each one; distributes the command individually across the groups.
εἰςtoP · εἰςpreposition introducing destinationεἰς: preposition marking return to the domestic sphere.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the destination nounὁ: article introducing the house.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςobject of the destination prepositionοἶκος: house / household; the proper destination for those exempted.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςgenitive pronoun modifying 'house'αὐτός: possessive pronoun referring distributively to each man.
κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition introducing the governing standardκατά: according to; indicates conformity to an established rule.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle introducing the standardὁ: article marking the law invoked as authority.
νόμονlawN2 ASM · νόμοςobject of the standard prepositionνόμος: law; the Torah norm governing these exemptions.
57
καὶ ἀπῆρεν ἡ παρεμβολή καὶ παρενέβαλον κατὰ νότον Αμμαους
And the camp moved on and encamped to the south of Emmaus.
After internal organization and lawful exemptions, the movement becomes tactical. The camp lifts and then settles into a defined position near Emmaus.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing troop movementκαί: connective carrying the narrative from organization to march.
ἀπῆρενmoved onVAI AAI3S · αἴρω + ἀποmain verb describing departure from the previous positionἀπαίρω: 'set out / move away'; of a camp lifting from its place.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the subjectὁ: article introducing the camp as a single organized body.
παρεμβολήcampN1 NSF · παρεμβολήsubject of the movement verbπαρεμβολή: camp / encampment; the assembled fighting force in military formation.
καὶandC · καίconnective linking departure and re-encampmentκαί: connective pairing the march with the new deployment.
παρενέβαλονencampedVBI AAI3P · βάλλω + παρα + ἐνsecond main verb describing military positioningπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp'; set up camp in a chosen location.
κατὰto theP · κατάpreposition introducing spatial orientationκατά: here with the accusative to mark directional position relative to a place.
νότονsouthN2 ASM · νότοςobject of the spatial prepositionνότος: south / southern side; identifies the location of the camp.
ΑμμαουςEmmausN GS · Αμμαουςplace-name governed by the spatial phraseἈμμαοῦς: Emmaus, the strategic site near which the camp is set.
58
καὶ εἶπεν Ιουδας περιζώσασθε καὶ γίνεσθε εἰς υἱοὺς δυνατοὺς καὶ γίνεσθε ἕτοιμοι εἰς πρωὶ τοῦ πολεμῆσαι ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν τούτοις τοῖς ἐπισυνηγμένοις ἐφ' ἡμᾶς ἐξᾶραι ἡμᾶς καὶ τὰ ἅγια ἡμῶν
And Judas said, 'Gird yourselves and become mighty men, and be ready in the morning to fight against these nations that have assembled against us to destroy us and our holy things.'
The speech combines martial preparation with covenantal purpose. The enemy threatens not only the people but their holy things, so readiness is framed as defense of both community and sanctity.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίconnective introducing direct exhortationκαί: connective carrying the narrative into Judas's speech.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verb introducing direct speechεἶπον: 'say'; introduces Judas's rallying address.
ΙουδαςJudasN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςsubject of the speaking verbἸούδας: Judas Maccabaeus, speaking as commander.
περιζώσασθεgird yourselvesVA AMI2P · ζώννυμι + περιfirst imperative of preparationπεριζώννυμι: 'gird oneself'; take up the posture of active readiness.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining imperativesκαί: connective linking successive commands.
γίνεσθεbecomeV1 PMI2P · γίγνομαιsecond imperative introducing a predicate expressionγίγνομαι: 'become / prove yourselves'; calls for a transformed stance.
εἰςasP · εἰςpreposition introducing the resulting roleεἰς: with predicative force, marking what they are to become.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative noun in the predicate expressionυἱός: sons; idiomatic expression for persons characterized by a quality.
δυνατοὺςmightyA1 APM · δυνατόςpredicate adjective qualifying 'sons'δυνατός: mighty / strong; marks valor and martial capability.
καὶandC · καίconnective joining further exhortationκαί: connective extending the exhortation.
γίνεσθεbeV1 PMI2P · γίγνομαιthird imperativeγίγνομαι: 'be / become'; here calls for a settled state of readiness.
ἕτοιμοιreadyA1 NPM · ἕτοιμοςpredicate adjective with the imperativeἕτοιμος: ready / prepared; fit for immediate action.
εἰςforP · εἰςpreposition introducing the time or goal of readinessεἰς: preposition orienting the command toward the next morning.
πρωὶthe morningD · πρωίadverbial term of timeπρωί: morning / early dawn; the expected time of engagement.
τοῦtoRA GSN · ὁarticle with infinitive expressing purposeὁ: article forming the articular infinitive of purpose.
πολεμῆσαιfightVA AAN · πολεμέωinfinitive expressing the goal of readinessπολεμέω: 'fight / wage war'; the coming armed engagement.
ἐνagainstP · ἐνpreposition used here for hostile engagementἐν: here functioning with a hostile sense in the context of battle against an enemy.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the opposing groupὁ: article introducing the hostile nations.
ἔθνεσινnationsN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative complement after the battle prepositionἔθνος: nations / Gentiles; the assembled enemy peoples.
τούτοιςtheseRD DPN · οὗτοςdemonstrative modifying 'nations'οὗτος: these; points to the enemy now immediately before them.
τοῖςthat have beenRA DPN · ὁarticle introducing the attributive participleὁ: article making the following participle attributive to the nations.
ἐπισυνηγμένοιςassembledVK · χμπδπν ἄγω + ἐπι + συνperfect participle modifying 'nations'ἐπισυνάγω: 'gather together against'; perfect participle stressing the nations as already massed.
ἐφ'againstP · ἐπίpreposition expressing hostilityἐπί: with the accusative, marks direction of attack against the people.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώobject of the hostile prepositionἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun naming the threatened community.
ἐξᾶραιto destroyVA AAN · αἴρω + ἐκinfinitive of purpose explaining the enemy's assemblyἐξαίρω: 'remove / take away utterly'; here with lethal and annihilating force.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώdirect object of the infinitiveἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun as the enemy's target.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the second object of attackκαί: connective showing that both people and sancta are threatened.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the second objectὁ: article introducing the holy things.
ἅγιαholy thingsA1A APN · ἅγιοςsubstantivized adjective as second objectἅγιος: holy things / sancta; the consecrated realities bound to Israel's worship.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'holy things'ἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun expressing communal possession of the sancta.
59
ὅτι κρεῖσσον ἡμᾶς ἀποθανεῖν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ ἢ ἐπιδεῖν ἐπὶ τὰ κακὰ τοῦ ἔθνους ἡμῶν καὶ τῶν ἁγίων
For it is better for us to die in battle than to look upon the evils of our nation and of the holy things.
The speech gives the theological logic of courage. Death in battle is judged preferable to passive witness of the nation's ruin and the desecration of its sancta.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ὅτιforC · ὅτιconjunction introducing the reason for the exhortationὅτι: for / because; gives the rationale behind Judas's call.
κρεῖσσονbetterA3C ASN · κρείσσωνimpersonal comparative predicateκρείσσων: better / preferable; expresses a moral valuation.
ἡμᾶςfor usRP AP · ἐγώaccusative subject of the infinitive constructionἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun naming those for whom the comparison holds.
ἀποθανεῖνto dieVB AAN · θνήσκω + ἀποinfinitive complement to the comparative predicateἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; here death embraced within battle rather than dishonor.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of deathἐν: preposition marking the setting of death.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the dative nounὁ: article introducing battle as the relevant sphere.
πολέμῳbattleN2 DSM · πόλεμοςdative object of the prepositionπόλεμος: war / battle; the place where honorable death may occur.
ἢthanC · ἤcomparative conjunctionἤ: than; introduces the alternative judged worse.
ἐπιδεῖνto look uponV2 PAN · δέω + ἐπιsecond infinitive in the comparisonἐφοράω / ἐπιδεῖν: 'look upon / witness'; here endure the sight of devastation.
ἐπὶuponP · ἐπίpreposition introducing what is witnessedἐπί: preposition marking the object of pained observation.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the direct objectὁ: article introducing the evils to be witnessed.
κακὰevilsA1 APN · κακόςsubstantivized adjective as object of the prepositionκακός: evils / calamities; destructive events befalling the people.
τοῦof theRA GSN · ὁarticle introducing the dependent genitiveὁ: article linking the evils to the nation.
ἔθνουςnationN3E GSN · ἔθνοςgenitive modifier of 'evils'ἔθνος: nation / people; here Israel in its corporate existence.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώgenitive pronoun modifying 'nation'ἐγώ: first-person plural pronoun expressing communal belonging.
καὶandC · καίconnective adding the second sphere of disasterκαί: connective joining the nation with the holy things it bears.
τῶνof theRA GPN · ὁarticle introducing the second genitive termὁ: article marking the sancta as a second locus of loss.
ἁγίωνholy thingsA1A GPN · ἅγιοςsubstantivized adjective in dependent genitive relationἅγιος: holy things / sancta; the sacred order endangered by the enemy.
60
ὡς δ' ἂν ᾖ θέλημα ἐν οὐρανῷ οὕτως ποιήσει
But as the will in heaven may be, so he will do.
Judas's speech ends not in bravado but in surrender. Human courage and planning remain subordinate to the will that stands in heaven.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ὡςasC · ὡςcomparative conjunction opening the protasis-like phraseὡς: as / just as; introduces the measure of divine will.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative particleδέ: but / and; lightly shifts from human resolve to divine determination.
ἂνeverX · ἄνparticle qualifying the subjunctive clauseἄν: modal particle accompanying the subjunctive in an indefinite expression.
ᾖmay beV9 PAS3S · εἰμίsubjunctive verb in the clause of contingencyεἰμί: 'be'; with ἄν it expresses whatever the heavenly will may prove to be.
θέλημαwillN3T NSN · θέλημαsubject of the subjunctive clauseθέλημα: will / purpose; the determining intention that belongs to God.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing the sphere of that willἐν: preposition locating the will in heaven.
οὐρανῷheavenN2 DSM · οὐρανόςdative object of the prepositionοὐρανός: heaven; reverent designation of the divine sphere.
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverb introducing the corresponding apodosisοὕτως: so / thus; marks the correspondence between divine will and action.
ποιήσειhe will doVF FAI3S · ποιέωmain future verb concluding the statementποιέω: 'do / act'; the final acknowledgment that the decisive action belongs to God.