Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Second Book of Chronicles, Chapter 21ΠΑΡΑΛΕΙΠΟΜΕΝΩΝ Β′ ΚΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Jehoram secures his throne by bloodshed, imitates Ahab, and collapses under judgment while David's line is spared.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 2 Chronicles 21 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs-Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter narrates the rapid collapse of Jehoram's reign. His accession is secured by fratricide, his policy imitates the house of Ahab, and the covenant with David is the only reason Judah is not extinguished at once. Edom and Libnah revolt, Elijah's written oracle interprets the king's violence and apostasy, and the closing disease narrative makes his body itself a sign of judgment. The Greek keeps the episode stark and unsentimental: the king who seduced Judah into covenant infidelity dies without honor, while the Davidic lamp survives only because the LORD remembers his promise.

1

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωσαφατ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτάφη παρὰ τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωραμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ' αὐτοῦ

And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers and was buried beside his fathers in the city of David, and Jehoram his son reigned in his place.

The narrative turns from Jehoshaphat's burial to Jehoram's accessionκαὶ ἐκοιμήθη
The customary succession formula sounds stable at first, but it serves mainly as the calm surface before the chapter's violent unmaking of that inheritance.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleepVCI API3S · κοιμάωfinite verb advancing the clause→ aoristic force presenting the action as a discrete event in the court narrativeκοιμάω: meaning 'sleep'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatN NSM · Ιωσαφατproper name within the list or clauseΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfatherN3 GPM · πατήρgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηthey buriedVDI API3S · θάπτωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristθάπτω: meaning 'they buried'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
παρὰbeside / byP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfatherN3 DPM · πατήρcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedVAI AAI3S · βασιλεύωmain verb of regnal-duration summary→ constative aorist (regnal summary)βασιλεύω: meaning 'reigned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of regnal-duration summary.
ΙωραμJoramN NSM · Ιωραμproper name within the genealogical or territorial registerΙωραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἀντ'in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing its complement→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀντ': meaning 'in place of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
2

καὶ αὐτῷ ἀδελφοὶ υἱοὶ Ιωσαφατ ἕξ Αζαριας καὶ Ιιηλ καὶ Ζαχαριας καὶ Αζαριας καὶ Μιχαηλ καὶ Σαφατιας πάντες οὗτοι υἱοὶ Ιωσαφατ βασιλέως Ιουδα

And he had six brothers, sons of Jehoshaphat: Azariah, Jehiel, Zechariah, Azariah, Michael, and Shephatiah; all these were sons of Jehoshaphat king of Judah.

The royal brothers are named as legitimate members of the houseκαὶ αὐτῷ
The list matters because Jehoram's guilt will consist not in abstract cruelty but in destroying a clearly enumerated family entrusted to him.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatN GSM · Ιωσαφατproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ nations judged and zion securedΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἕξhexM · ἕξproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ discourse linkage or contrastἕξ: meaning 'hex'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ΑζαριαςAzariasN1T NSM · Αζαριαςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ participant identificationΑζαριας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙιηλIielN NSM · Ιιηλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙιηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΖαχαριαςZechariahN1T NSM · Ζαχαριαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list itemΖαχαριας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑζαριαςAzariasN1T NSM · Αζαριαςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ participant identificationΑζαριας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜιχαηλMichaelN NSM · Μιχαηλproper-name item in the genealogical chain→ participantΜιχαηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper-name item in the genealogical chain.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαφατιαςSaphatiasN1T NSM · Σαφατιαςnominative term in clause/list→ participant identificationΣαφατιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative term in clause/list.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatN GSM · Ιωσαφατproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ nations judged and zion securedΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
3

καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν δόματα πολλά ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον καὶ ὅπλα μετὰ πόλεων τετειχισμένων ἐν Ιουδα καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν ἔδωκεν τῷ Ιωραμ ὅτι οὗτος ὁ πρωτότοκος

And their father gave them many gifts of silver and gold and arms, along with fortified cities in Judah; but he gave the kingdom to Jehoram, because he was the firstborn.

Jehoshaphat had already provided for the younger sons while reserving the throne for Jehoramκαὶ ἔδωκεν
The verse removes any pretext for later bloodshed. Jehoram inherits a settled arrangement and chooses violence despite it.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherN3 NSM · πατήρnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
δόματαδόμαN3M APN · δόμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationδόμα: meaning 'δόμα'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πολλάmuchA1 APN · πολύςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative complement→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρυσίονchrysionN2N ASN · χρυσίονaccusative complement→ object specificationχρυσίον: meaning 'chrysion'; it serves as accusative complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅπλαweaponsN2N APN · ὅπλονcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationὅπλον: meaning 'weapons'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
πόλεωνcityN3I GPF · πόλιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
τετειχισμένωνχμπγπφ τειχίζωVT · χμπγπφ τειχίζωfinite verb advancing the clauseχμπγπφ τειχίζω: meaning 'χμπγπφ τειχίζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
Ιουδαof JudahN DSM · Ἰουδάproper name or indeclinable item→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name or indeclinable item.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἔδωκενgiveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωραμJehoramN DSM · Ιωραμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΙωραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthis oneRD NSM · οὗτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this one'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωτότοκοςfirstbornA1B NSM · πρωτότοκοςrank marker identifying the firstbornπρωτότοκος: meaning 'firstborn'; it serves as rank marker identifying the firstborn.
4

καὶ ἀνέστη Ιωραμ ἐπὶ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκραταιώθη καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρχόντων Ισραηλ

And Jehoram rose over his kingdom and strengthened himself, and he killed all his brothers with the sword, and also some of the rulers of Israel.

Jehoram secures power by murdering his own houseκαὶ ἀνέστη
His first act as strengthened king is not protection but elimination. Chronicles defines the reign from the outset by fratricidal self-preservation.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηraise upVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'raise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΙωραμJoramN NSM · Ιωραμproper name within the genealogical or territorial registerΙωραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκραταιώθηgrow strong / prevailVCI API3S · κραταιόωfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aoristκραταιόω: meaning 'grow strong'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέκτεινενkillVAI AAI3S · κτείνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristκτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'kill'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
πάνταςall / everyA3 APM · πᾶςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersN2 APM · ἀδελφόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ῥομφαίᾳswordN1A DSF · ῥομφαίαcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχόντωνprincesN3 GPM · ἄρχωνgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἄρχων: meaning 'princes'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
5

ὄντος αὐτοῦ τριάκοντα καὶ δύο ἐτῶν κατέστη Ιωραμ ἐπὶ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ καὶ ὀκτὼ ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ

Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he took the kingdom, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.

The reign is dated and measuredὄντος αὐτοῦ
The brief regnal notice gives chronological frame, but in this chapter the count of years only underscores how swiftly a reign can be squandered.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ὄντοςbeing / while wasV9 · παπγσμ εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ εἰμί: meaning 'being'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τριάκονταthirtyM · τριάκονταcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoM · δύοlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐτῶνyearsN3E GPN · ἔτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
κατέστηappoint / setVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + καταfinite verb advancing the clauseἵστημι + κατα: meaning 'appoint'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΙωραμJoramN NSM · Ιωραμproper name within the genealogical or territorial registerΙωραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomN1A ASF · βασιλείαaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationβασιλεία: meaning 'kingdom'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀκτὼeightM · ὀκτώproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὀκτὼ: meaning 'eight'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsN3E APN · ἔτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ object specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedVAI AAI3S · βασιλεύωmain verb of regnal-duration summary→ constative aorist (regnal summary)βασιλεύω: meaning 'reigned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of regnal-duration summary.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
6

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ βασιλέων Ισραηλ ὡς ἐποίησεν οἶκος Αχααβ ὅτι θυγάτηρ Αχααβ ἦν αὐτοῦ γυνή καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον κυρίου

And he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, as the house of Ahab had done, for a daughter of Ahab was his wife; and he did what was evil before the Lord.

The narrator interprets Jehoram through his alliance with Ahab's houseκαὶ ἐπορεύθη
Marriage becomes theological orientation here. The king's path is measured not by diplomacy but by the moral road on which that alliance sets him.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηgoVCI API3S · πορεύομαιmovement predicate→ verbal action in summary styleπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as movement predicate.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὁδῷwayN2 DSF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ sphere or referenceὁδῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
ὡςlike / asD · ὡςproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΑχααβAhabN GSM · Αχααβproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΑχααβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγάτηρdaughterN3 NSF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΑχααβAhabN GSM · Αχααβproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΑχααβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
γυνήwifeN3K NSF · γυνήcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilA1A ASN · πονηρόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐναντίονbefore / in the sight ofP · ἐναντίονpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐναντίον: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
7

καὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο κύριος ἐξολεθρεῦσαι τὸν οἶκον Δαυιδ διὰ τὴν διαθήκην ἣν διέθετο τῷ Δαυιδ καὶ ὡς εἶπεν αὐτῷ δοῦναι αὐτῷ λύχνον καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας

Yet the Lord did not wish to destroy the house of David, because of the covenant that he had made with David, and because he had said he would give him a lamp, to him and to his sons, all the days.

Divine covenant mercy restrains total destructionκαὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο
This is the chapter's stabilizing center. Judah survives not because Jehoram deserves patience but because the LORD remembers David.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐβούλετοwas minded / willedV1I IMI3S · βούλομαιparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ ongoing verbal processβούλομαι: meaning 'was minded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐξολεθρεῦσαιdestroyVA AAN · ὀλεθρεύω + ἐκfinite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause→ infinitival complementὀλεθρεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'destroy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite or non-finite verbal form advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / householdN2 ASM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
διὰthrough/byP · διάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηνcovenantN1 ASF · διαθήκηcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationδιαθήκη: meaning 'covenant'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
διέθετοhe madeVEI AMI3S · τίθημι + διαfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι + δια: meaning 'he made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidN DSM · Δαυίδsubstantive functioning within the clause according to context→ discourse linkage or contrastΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as substantive functioning within the clause according to context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
δοῦναιgiveVO AAN · δίδωμιinfinitive complement within the clause→ infinitival complementδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement within the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
λύχνονlampN2 ASM · λύχνοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationλύχνος: meaning 'lamp'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςto the sonsN2 DPM · υἱόςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'to the sons'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
πάσαςallA1S APF · πᾶςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
8

ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἀπέστη Εδωμ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ιουδα καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν ἐφ' ἑαυτοὺς βασιλέα

In those days Edom revolted from Judah, and they set up a king over themselves.

The weakening reign immediately produces political fractureἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις
The outer revolt reflects inner covenant disorder. A king who breaks the house cannot keep the borders.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysN1A DPF · ἡμέραcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
ἐκείναιςthatRD DPF · ἐκεῖνοςpronoun referring within the clause→ participant reference or interestἐκείναις: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
ἀπέστηremoveVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΕδωμEdomN NS · Εδωμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσανto make kingVAI AAI3P · βασιλεύωfinite verb advancing the clause→ perfectiveβασιλεύω: meaning 'to make king'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐφ'ephP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐφ': meaning 'eph'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileἑαυτοὺς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
9

καὶ ᾤχετο Ιωραμ μετὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων καὶ πᾶσα ἡ ἵππος μετ' αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐγένετο καὶ ἠγέρθη νυκτὸς καὶ ἐπάταξεν Εδωμ τὸν κυκλοῦντα αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας τῶν ἁρμάτων καὶ ἔφυγεν ὁ λαὸς εἰς τὰ σκηνώματα αὐτῶν

And Jehoram went out with his commanders and all the cavalry with him, and it happened that he arose by night and struck Edom, who had surrounded him, and the commanders of the chariots; and the people fled to their tents.

Jehoram's night action breaks the encirclement but not the rebellionκαὶ ᾤχετο
The verse gives him a tactical moment, yet it is notably not a true restoration of dominance. Survival is not the same as restored rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾤχετοοἴχομαιV1I IMI3S · οἴχομαιfinite verb advancing the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἴχομαι: meaning 'οἴχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΙωραμJoramN NSM · Ιωραμproper name within the genealogical or territorial registerΙωραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχόντωνprincesN3 GPM · ἄρχωνgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἄρχων: meaning 'princes'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
theRA NSF · ὁnominal element within the genealogical notice→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the local noun phrase relation.
ἵπποςhorseN2 NSF · ἵπποςcommon noun within the clauseἵππος: meaning 'horse'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠγέρθηraises / liftsVCI API3S · ἐγείρωfinite verb advancing the clauseἐγείρω: meaning 'raises'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
νυκτὸςnightN3 GSF · νύξcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstrikeVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristπατάσσω: meaning 'strike'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ΕδωμEdomN NSM · Εδωμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΕδωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυκλοῦνταπαπασμ κυκλόωV4 · παπασμ κυκλόωfinite verb advancing the clauseπαπασμ κυκλόω: meaning 'παπασμ κυκλόω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχονταςruler / chiefN3 APM · ἄρχωνcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotN3M GPN · ἅρμαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἅρμα: meaning 'chariot'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενfleeVBI AAI3S · φεύγωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristφεύγω: meaning 'flee'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνώματαcampN3M APN · σκήνωμαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationσκήνωμα: meaning 'camp'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
10

καὶ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ Ιουδα Εδωμ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης τότε ἀπέστη Λομνα ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ἀπὸ χειρὸς αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἐγκατέλιπεν κύριον θεὸν τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ

So Edom revolted from Judah to this day; then Libnah revolted at that time from under his hand, because he had forsaken the Lord God of his fathers.

The continuing revolts are read as consequences of apostasyκαὶ ἀπέστη
Chronicles makes the theological explanation explicit: political loss persists because Jehoram has already abandoned the covenant Lord.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηremoveVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
ΕδωμEdomN NS · Εδωμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΕδωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
ταύτηςthis/theseRD GSF · οὗτοςdemonstrative summarizing the preceding names→ relational specificationταύτης: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as demonstrative summarizing the preceding names.
τότεthenD · τότεconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastτότε: meaning 'then'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηremoveVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀπο: meaning 'remove'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ΛομναLibnahN NSM · Λομναproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΛομνα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐκείνῳthat oneRD DSM · ἐκεῖνοςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ participant reference or interestἐκεῖνος: meaning 'that one'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκατέλιπενthey forsookVBI AAI3S · λείπω + ἐν + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'they forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfatherN3 GPM · πατήρgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
11

καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς ἐποίησεν ὑψηλὰ ἐν πόλεσιν Ιουδα καὶ ἐξεπόρνευσεν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἀπεπλάνησεν τὸν Ιουδαν

He himself also made high places in the cities of Judah, and he prostituted the inhabitants of Jerusalem and led Judah astray.

Jehoram intensifies the kingdom's guilt through cultic seductionκαὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς
The king is not merely personally wicked; he becomes an active corrupter of the people entrusted to him.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ὑψηλὰhigh placesA1 APN · ὑψηλόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationὑψηλός: meaning 'high places'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesN3I DPF · πόλιςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'cities'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεπόρνευσενπορνεύωVAI AAI3S · πορνεύω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristπορνεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'πορνεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςinhabitants / dwellersV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'inhabitants'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεπλάνησενlead astrayVAI AAI3S · πλανάω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ seduction, vigilance, and fatal desireπλανάω + ἀπο: meaning 'lead astray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudahN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
12

καὶ ἦλθεν αὐτῷ ἐγγραφὴ παρὰ Ηλιου τοῦ προφήτου λέγων τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρός σου ἀνθ' ὧν οὐκ ἐπορεύθης ἐν ὁδῷ Ιωσαφατ τοῦ πατρός σου καὶ ἐν ὁδοῖς Ασα βασιλέως Ιουδα

And a writing came to him from Elijah the prophet, saying, 'Thus says the Lord, the God of David your father: Because you have not walked in the way of Jehoshaphat your father and in the ways of Asa king of Judah,'

Elijah's letter names the breach with Judah's faithful pastκαὶ ἦλθεν
The prophet reaches across kingdoms and generations to measure Jehoram against the better paths he refused.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
ἐγγραφὴwrite downVCI API3S · γράφωfinite verb advancing the clauseγράφω: meaning 'write down'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
παρὰbeside / byP · παράpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ΗλιουElijahN GSM · Ηλιουproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΗλιου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτουprophetN1M GSM · προφήτηςgenitive dependent→ temple neglect, covenant chastening, and renewed obedienceπροφήτης: meaning 'prophet'; it serves as genitive dependent.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωmain verbal predicate→ verbal action in summary styleπαπνσμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal predicate.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceτάδε: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
λέγειsayV1 PAI3S · λέγωparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'say'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal force.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀνθ'in place ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀνθ': meaning 'in place of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπορεύθηςgoVCI API2S · πορεύομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὁδῷwayN2 DSF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ sphere or referenceὁδῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatN GSM · Ιωσαφατproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ nations judged and zion securedΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὁδοῖςwayN2 DPF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ sphere or referenceὁδοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσαAsaN GSM · Ασαproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΑσα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάproper name within the genealogical or territorial register→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the genealogical or territorial register.
13

καὶ ἐπορεύθης ἐν ὁδοῖς βασιλέων Ισραηλ καὶ ἐξεπόρνευσας τὸν Ιουδαν καὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ὡς ἐξεπόρνευσεν οἶκος Αχααβ καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφούς σου υἱοὺς τοῦ πατρός σου τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ὑπὲρ σὲ ἀπέκτεινας

'but have walked in the ways of the kings of Israel and have caused Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to prostitute themselves, as the house of Ahab prostituted Israel, and have also killed your brothers, your father's sons, who were better than you,'

The indictment gathers apostasy and bloodguilt into one chargeκαὶ ἐπορεύθης
The oracle does not let Jehoram hide behind policy. His imitation of Ahab and his murder of better brothers stand together as one moral collapse.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηςgoVCI API2S · πορεύομαιfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ὁδοῖςwayN2 DPF · ὁδόςarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ sphere or referenceὁδοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΙσραηλIsraelN GSM · Ἰσραήλproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεπόρνευσαςπορνεύωVAI AAI2S · πορνεύω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clause→ aoristπορνεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'πορνεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudahN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦνταςinhabitants / dwellersV2 · παπαπμ οἰκέω + καταparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπαπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'inhabitants'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἐξεπόρνευσενπορνεύωVAI AAI3S · πορνεύω + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristπορνεύω + ἐκ: meaning 'πορνεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
οἶκοςhouseN2 NSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ΑχααβAhabN GSM · Αχααβproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΑχααβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφούςbrothersN2 APM · ἀδελφόςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρcommon noun within the clause→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθοὺςgoodA1 APM · ἀγαθόςcommon noun within the clause→ The chapter warns against self-exalting desire and unreliable friendship, then turns into an extended invitation to seek wisdom early, endure her discipline, and receive her as a source of rest, adornment, and steadfast counsel.ἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
σὲyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
ἀπέκτειναςkilledVAI AAI2S · κτείνω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristκτείνω + ἀπο: meaning 'killed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
14

ἰδοὺ κύριος πατάξει σε πληγὴν μεγάλην ἐν τῷ λαῷ σου καὶ ἐν τοῖς υἱοῖς σου καὶ ἐν γυναιξίν σου καὶ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ ἀποσκευῇ σου

'behold, the Lord will strike your people and your sons and your wives and all your possessions with a great plague,'

Judgment is announced against the king's whole houseἰδοὺ κύριος
Because Jehoram corrupted both family and kingdom, the blow reaches public, domestic, and material spheres alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούinterjection introducing or coloring the speech→ discourse markerἰδού: meaning 'behold'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
πατάξειstruck / killedVF FAI3S · πατάσσωfinite verb advancing the clause→ futureπατάσσω: meaning 'struck'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
σεyouRP AS · σύacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πληγὴνplague / blowN1 ASF · πληγήcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπληγή: meaning 'plague'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μεγάληνgreatA1 ASF · μέγαςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςto the sonsN2 DPM · υἱόςcommon noun or modifier within the list formula→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'to the sons'; it serves as common noun or modifier within the list formula.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
γυναιξίνwifeN3K DPF · γυνήcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceγυνή: meaning 'wife'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πάσῃallA1S DSF · πᾶςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποσκευῇproperty / baggageN1 DSF · ἀποσκευήcommon noun within the clauseἀποσκευή: meaning 'property'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
15

καὶ σὺ ἐν μαλακίᾳ πονηρᾷ ἐν νόσῳ κοιλίας ἕως οὗ ἐξέλθῃ ἡ κοιλία σου μετὰ τῆς μαλακίας ἐξ ἡμερῶν εἰς ἡμέρας

'and you yourself with a grievous sickness, with disease of the bowels, until your bowels come out because of the sickness, day by day.'

The oracle gives the king a humiliating bodily sentenceκαὶ σὺ
The disease is slow, shameful, and intimate. The body of the king becomes the site where his inward corruption is outwardly displayed.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
μαλακίᾳsicknessN1A DSF · μαλακίαcommon noun within the clauseμαλακία: meaning 'sickness'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πονηρᾷevilA1A DSF · πονηρόςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
νόσῳdiseaseN2 DSF · νόσοςcommon noun within the clause→ hidden injustice and delayed reckoningνόσος: meaning 'disease'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
κοιλίαςbelly / wombN1A GSF · κοιλίαgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationκοιλία: meaning 'belly'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐξέλθῃwent outVB AAS3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκfinite verb advancing the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
theRA NSF · ὁnominal element within the genealogical notice→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the local noun phrase relation.
κοιλίαbelly / wombN1A NSF · κοιλίαcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκοιλία: meaning 'belly'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
σουyouRP GS · σύgen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as gen pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαλακίαςsicknessN1A GSF · μαλακίαcommon noun within the clauseμαλακία: meaning 'sickness'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
16

καὶ ἐπήγειρεν κύριος ἐπὶ Ιωραμ τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους καὶ τοὺς Ἄραβας καὶ τοὺς ὁμόρους τῶν Αἰθιόπων

And the Lord stirred up against Jehoram the Philistines and the Arabs and those bordering the Ethiopians.

Foreign enemies are raised up by the Lord himselfκαὶ ἐπήγειρεν
The invasions are not random geopolitics. Chronicles frames them as instruments summoned into service by divine judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπήγειρενstir upV1I IAI3S · ἀγείρω + ἐπιmain verbal predicate→ verbal action in summary styleἀγείρω + ἐπι: meaning 'stir up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal predicate.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙωραμJehoramN ASM · Ιωραμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceΙωραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλλοφύλουςPhilistinesA1B APM · ἀλλόφυλοςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationἀλλόφυλος: meaning 'Philistines'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἌραβαςἌραψN APM · Ἄραψproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequenceἌραβας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁμόρουςneighboringA1B APM · ὅμοροςcommon noun within the clauseὅμορος: meaning 'neighboring'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑἰθιόπωνEthiopiansN3P GPF · Αἰθίοψcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΑἰθιόπων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
17

καὶ ἀνέβησαν ἐπὶ Ιουδαν καὶ κατεδυνάστευον καὶ ἀπέστρεψαν πᾶσαν τὴν ἀποσκευήν ἣν εὗρον ἐν οἴκῳ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐ κατελείφθη αὐτῷ υἱὸς ἀλλ' ἢ Οχοζιας ὁ μικρότατος τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ

And they went up against Judah and overran it and carried off all the possessions that they found in the king's house, along with his sons and his daughters, so that no son was left to him except Ahaziah, the youngest of his sons.

The invaders strip the royal house almost bareκαὶ ἀνέβησαν
The plundering of palace and children answers the earlier murder of brothers. Jehoram's house is reduced to a single surviving heir.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβησανwent upVZI AAI3P · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙουδανJudahN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςcommon noun within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεδυνάστευονδυναστεύωV1I IAI3P · δυναστεύω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ ongoing verbal processδυναστεύω + κατα: meaning 'δυναστεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψανbring back / turn backVAI AAI3P · στρέφω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἀπο: meaning 'bring back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
πᾶσανallA1S ASF · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as acc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποσκευήνproperty / baggageN1 ASF · ἀποσκευήcommon noun within the clauseἀποσκευή: meaning 'property'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἣνwho / whomRR ASF · ὅςaccusative object or complement→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object or complement.
εὗρονfindVB AAI3P · εὑρίσκωmain verbal predicate→ aorist indicative summaryεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal predicate.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἴκῳhouseN2 DSM · οἶκοςhead noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραςdaughtersN3 APF · θυγάτηρaccusative complement→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as accusative complement.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as adverbial modifier of the clause.
κατελείφθηthey leftVVI API3S · λείπω + καταfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + κατα: meaning 'they left'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as dative complement→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as dative complement.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλ': meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
orC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahN1T NSM · Οχοζιαςcommon noun within the clauseΟχοζιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as common noun within the clause.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μικρότατοςsmall / insignificantA1A NSMS · μικρόςcommon noun within the clauseμικρός: meaning 'small'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
18

καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα πάντα ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν κύριος εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν μαλακίᾳ ἐν ᾗ οὐκ ἔστιν ἰατρεία

And after all these things the Lord struck him in his bowels with an incurable disease.

The personal judgment now arrives exactly as announcedκαὶ μετὰ ταῦτα
After the external blows comes the inward one. The sequence confirms prophetic certainty rather than mere narrative coincidence.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ταῦταthisRD APN · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as acc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clause.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
ἐπάταξενstrikeVAI AAI3S · πατάσσωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause→ constative aoristπατάσσω: meaning 'strike'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
κύριοςLORDN2 NSM · κύριοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιλίανbelly / wombN1A ASF · κοιλίαcommon noun within the clause→ content focusκοιλία: meaning 'belly'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
μαλακίᾳsicknessN1A DSF · μαλακίαcommon noun within the clauseμαλακία: meaning 'sickness'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
who / whichRR DSF · ὅςpronoun referring within the clause→ participant reference or interestᾗ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun referring within the clause.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἰατρείαhealingN1A NSF · ἰατρείαcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceἰατρεία: meaning 'healing'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
19

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐξ ἡμερῶν εἰς ἡμέρας καὶ ὡς ἦλθεν καιρὸς τῶν ἡμερῶν ἡμέρας δύο ἐξῆλθεν ἡ κοιλία αὐτοῦ μετὰ τῆς νόσου καὶ ἀπέθανεν ἐν μαλακίᾳ πονηρᾷ καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ὁ λαὸς αὐτοῦ ἐκφορὰν καθὼς ἐκφορὰν πατέρων αὐτοῦ

And it came to pass day after day, and when the time of the days came, after two full years, his bowels came out because of the sickness, and he died in grievous disease; and his people did not make a burning for him like the burning for his fathers.

Jehoram dies slowly and without the honors given to former kingsκαὶ ἐγένετο
The long disease and withheld funeral honor seal the verdict. Royal dignity has been emptied out before the eyes of the people.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςasC · ὡςpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
καιρὸςtimeN2 NSM · καιρόςcommon noun within the clause→ appointed times and creaturely limitsκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δύοtwoM · δύοlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐξῆλθενwent outVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + ἐκmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'went out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
theRA NSF · ὁnominal element within the genealogical notice→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the local noun phrase relation.
κοιλίαbelly / wombN1A NSF · κοιλίαcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceκοιλία: meaning 'belly'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόσουdiseaseN2 GSF · νόσοςcommon noun within the clauseνόσος: meaning 'disease'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedVBI AAI3S · θνήσκω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristθνήσκω + ἀπο: meaning 'he died'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
μαλακίᾳsicknessN1A DSF · μαλακίαcommon noun within the clauseμαλακία: meaning 'sickness'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πονηρᾷevilA1A DSF · πονηρόςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
theRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative substantive functioning as subject, predicate, or list item.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
ἐκφορὰνburningN1A ASF · ἐκφοράcommon noun within the clauseἐκφορά: meaning 'burning'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: meaning 'just as'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐκφορὰνburningN1A ASF · ἐκφοράcommon noun within the clauseἐκφορά: meaning 'burning'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πατέρωνfatherN3 GPM · πατήρgenitival dependent within the phrase→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitival dependent within the phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
20

ἦν τριάκοντα καὶ δύο ἐτῶν ὅτε ἐβασίλευσεν καὶ ὀκτὼ ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν οὐκ ἐπαίνῳ καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ οὐκ ἐν τάφοις τῶν βασιλέων

He was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem; and he departed without praise, and they buried him in the city of David, but not in the tombs of the kings.

The chapter closes by naming Jehoram's shameful legacyἦν τριάκοντα
He remains in David's city but not in the royal tombs. The burial formula itself becomes a final theological judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ imperfective past: portrays continuing or repeated actionἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
τριάκονταthirtyM · τριάκονταcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastτριάκοντα: meaning 'thirty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoM · δύοlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἐτῶνyearsN3E GPN · ἔτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ relational specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ὅτεὅτεD · ὅτεproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: meaning 'ὅτε'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedVAI AAI3S · βασιλεύωmain verb of regnal-duration summary→ constative aorist (regnal summary)βασιλεύω: meaning 'reigned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of regnal-duration summary.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀκτὼeightM · ὀκτώproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastὀκτὼ: meaning 'eight'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἔτηyearsN3E APN · ἔτοςnominal element within the genealogical notice→ object specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as nominal element within the genealogical notice.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedVAI AAI3S · βασιλεύωmain verb of regnal-duration summary→ constative aorist (regnal summary)βασιλεύω: meaning 'reigned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of regnal-duration summary.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμproper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name in the genealogical or narrative sequence.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηgoVCI API3S · πορεύομαιmovement predicate→ verbal action in summary styleπορεύομαι: meaning 'go'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as movement predicate.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπαίνῳpraiseN2 DSM · ἔπαινοςcommon noun within the clauseἔπαινος: meaning 'praise'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηthey buriedVDI API3S · θάπτωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristθάπτω: meaning 'they buried'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
πόλειcityN3I DSF · πόλιςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument→ sphere or referenceπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as dative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrument.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδproper name within the list or clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the list or clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the next item or clause→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
τάφοιςtombsN2 DPM · τάφοςcommon noun within the clause→ sphere or referenceτάφος: meaning 'tombs'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as head noun within the clause.