2 Esdras 15 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

καὶ ἦν κραυγὴ τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ γυναικῶν αὐτῶν μεγάλη πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτῶν τοὺς Ιουδαίους

And there was a great outcry of the people and of their wives against their brothers the Jews.

The wall project is interrupted by an internal cry of oppressionκαὶ ἦν

The inclusion of wives in the outcry highlights how widely the economic crisis is being felt across households.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

κραυγὴcryingN1 NSF · κραυγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκραυγή: meaning 'crying'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

γυναικῶνwomenN3K GPF · γυνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγυνή: meaning 'women'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

μεγάληgreatA1 NSF · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφοὺςbrothersN2 APM · ἀδελφόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙουδαίουςIoydaioysN2 APM · Ἰουδαῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΙουδαίους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ ἦσάν τινες λέγοντες ἐν υἱοῖς ἡμῶν καὶ ἐν θυγατράσιν ἡμῶν ἡμεῖς πολλοί καὶ λημψόμεθα σῖτον καὶ φαγόμεθα καὶ ζησόμεθα

And there were some saying, 'With our sons and our daughters we are many; let us get grain, and we shall eat and live.'

Large families plead for grain simply to surviveκαὶ ἦσάν

The complaint is elemental. Before any policy debate, the issue is hunger and life itself.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

ἦσάνit wasV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'it was'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τινεςanythingRI NPM · τιςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτινες: meaning 'anything'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

λέγοντεςsayingV1 · παπνπμ λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ λέγω: meaning 'saying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

υἱοῖςsonN2 DPM · υἱόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

θυγατράσινdaughterN3 DPF · θυγατήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceθυγατήρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

πολλοίmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'many'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

λημψόμεθαseized / took hold ofVF FMI1P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureλαμβάνω: meaning 'seized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σῖτονgrain / wheatN2 ASM · σῖτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationσῖτος: meaning 'grain'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

φαγόμεθαeatsVF FMI1P · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ζησόμεθαcame to lifeVF FMI1P · ζάωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureζάω: meaning 'came to life'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶ εἰσίν τινες λέγοντες ἀγροὶ ἡμῶν καὶ ἀμπελῶνες ἡμῶν καὶ οἰκίαι ἡμῶν ἡμεῖς διεγγυῶμεν καὶ λημψόμεθα σῖτον καὶ φαγόμεθα

And there are some saying, 'Our fields and our vineyards and our houses we are pledging, and we shall get grain and eat.'

Property is mortgaged to secure foodκαὶ εἰσίν

The crisis has reached the point where ancestral assets must be leveraged just to keep the household alive.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

εἰσίνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀγροὶfieldN2 NPM · ἀγρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἀμπελῶνεςvineyardN3W NPM · ἀμπελώνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

οἰκίαιhouseholdN1A NPF · οἰκίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκία: meaning 'household'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

διεγγυῶμενto pledgeV3 PAI1P · ἐγγυάω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἐγγυάω + δια: meaning 'to pledge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶ εἰσίν τινες λέγοντες ἐδανεισάμεθα ἀργύριον εἰς φόρους τοῦ βασιλέως ἀγροὶ ἡμῶν καὶ ἀμπελῶνες ἡμῶν καὶ οἰκίαι ἡμῶν

And there are some saying, 'We have borrowed money for the king's taxes on our fields and our vineyards and our houses.'

Royal taxation compounds the debt burdenκαὶ εἰσίν

The pressure comes from empire as well as local exploitation, but the immediate wound is how fellow Judeans profit within that pressure.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words

ἐδανεισάμεθαyou shall lendVAI AMI1P · δανείζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδανείζω: meaning 'you shall lend'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀργύριονsilverN2N ASN · ἀργύριονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

φόρουςtributeN2 APM · φόροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφόρος: meaning 'tribute'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶ νῦν ὡς σὰρξ ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν σὰρξ ἡμῶν ὡς υἱοὶ αὐτῶν υἱοὶ ἡμῶν καὶ ἰδοὺ ἡμεῖς καταδυναστεύομεν τοὺς υἱοὺς ἡμῶν καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας ἡμῶν εἰς δούλους καὶ εἰσὶν ἀπὸ θυγατέρων ἡμῶν καταδυναστευόμεναι καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν δύναμις χειρῶν ἡμῶν καὶ ἀγροὶ ἡμῶν καὶ ἀμπελῶνες ἡμῶν τοῖς ἐντίμοις

And now our flesh is as the flesh of our brothers, and our children are as their children; and behold, we are subjecting our sons and our daughters to slavery, and some of our daughters are being subjected, and there is no power in our hands, while our fields and our vineyards belong to the nobles.'

Shared flesh makes the enslavement scandal sharperκαὶ νῦν

The complaint is covenantal before it is political: those being crushed are of the same flesh as those doing the crushing.

Word-by-word analysis· 46 words

νῦνnowD · νῦνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σὰρξfleshN3K NSF · σάρξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceσάρξ: meaning 'flesh'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἰδοὺbeholdI · ἰδούadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδοὺ: meaning 'behold'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

καταδυναστεύομενδυναστεύωV1 PAI1P · δυναστεύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processδυναστεύω + κατα: meaning 'δυναστεύω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱοὺςsonsN2 APM · υἱόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυγατέραςdaughterN3 APF · θυγάτηρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

δούλουςservantN2 APM · δοῦλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδοῦλος: meaning 'servant'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

εἰσὶνbeV9 PAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

θυγατέρωνdaughterN3 GPF · θυγάτηρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καταδυναστευόμεναιbeing enslavedV1 · πμπνπφ δυναστεύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπφ δυναστεύω + κατα: meaning 'being enslaved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

δύναμιςforce / powerN3I NSF · δύναμιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδύναμις: meaning 'force'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

χειρῶνhandsN3 GPF · χείρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐντίμοιςentimosA1B DPM · ἔντιμοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔντιμος: meaning 'entimos'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

καὶ ἐλυπήθην σφόδρα καθὼς ἤκουσα τὴν κραυγὴν αὐτῶν καὶ τοὺς λόγους τούτους

And I was greatly grieved when I heard their outcry and these words.

Nehemiah receives the cry with deep griefκαὶ ἐλυπήθην

The governor's first response is moral disturbance, not administrative distancing.

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

ἐλυπήθηνgrievedVCI API1S · λυπέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλυπέω: meaning 'grieved'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

καθὼςjust asC · καθώςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἤκουσαheardVAI AAI1S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κραυγὴνcryingN1 ASF · κραυγήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκραυγή: meaning 'crying'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τούτουςthisRD APM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτούτους: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καὶ ἐβουλεύσατο καρδία μου ἐπ' ἐμέ καὶ ἐμαχεσάμην πρὸς τοὺς ἐντίμους καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας καὶ εἶπα αὐτοῖς ἀπαιτήσει ἀνὴρ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ ὑμεῖς ἀπαιτεῖτε καὶ ἔδωκα ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἐκκλησίαν μεγάλην

And my heart took counsel within me, and I contended with the nobles and the rulers and said to them, 'Does each man exact from his brother? You are exacting.' And I set a great assembly against them.

Private reflection becomes public confrontationκαὶ ἐβουλεύσατο

Nehemiah does not act impulsively, but once resolved he moves the matter into communal, accountable space.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

ἐβουλεύσατοtook counselVAI AMI3S · βουλεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβουλεύω: meaning 'took counsel'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καρδίαheartN1A NSF · καρδίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκαρδία: meaning 'heart'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

μουIRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἐμέegoRP AS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐμέ: meaning 'ego'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐμαχεσάμηνμαχομαιVAI AMI1S · μάχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristμάχομαι: meaning 'μαχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐντίμουςentimosA1B APM · ἔντιμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔντιμος: meaning 'entimos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄρχονταςruler / chiefN3 APM · ἄρχωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

εἶπαειπονVAI AAI1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'ειπον'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἀπαιτήσειhe exactedVF FAI3S · αἰτέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἰτέω + ἀπο: meaning 'he exacted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφὸνbrotherN2 ASM · ἀδελφόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ὑμεῖςyou / yourRP NP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἀπαιτεῖτεhe exactedV2 PAI2P · αἰτέω + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processαἰτέω + ἀπο: meaning 'he exacted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἔδωκαgiveVAI AAI1S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐκκλησίανassemblyN1A ASF · ἐκκλησίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐκκλησία: meaning 'assembly'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

μεγάληνgreatA1 ASF · μέγαςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ εἶπα αὐτοῖς ἡμεῖς κεκτήμεθα τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἡμῶν τοὺς Ιουδαίους τοὺς πωλουμένους τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐν ἑκουσίῳ ἡμῶν καὶ ὑμεῖς πωλεῖτε τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ὑμῶν καὶ ἡσύχασαν καὶ οὐχ εὕροσαν λόγον

And I said to them, 'We, as far as it lay in us, have acquired our brothers the Jews who were being sold to the nations, and you are selling your own brothers.' And they were silent and found no word.

Their conduct is exposed as the reverse of redemptionκαὶ εἶπα

The silence of the nobles marks the force of the accusation: they are undoing with internal greed what the community has tried to repair from exile.

Word-by-word analysis· 29 words

κεκτήμεθαyou acquired / purchasedVM XMI1P · κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateκτάομαι: meaning 'you acquired'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πωλουμένουςbeing soldV2 · πμπαπμ πωλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπαπμ πωλέω: meaning 'being sold'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἑκουσίῳfreewillA1A DSM · ἑκούσιοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἑκούσιος: meaning 'freewill'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

πωλεῖτεwas sellingV2 PAI2P · πωλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processπωλέω: meaning 'was selling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἡσύχασανquietVA AAI3P · ἡσυχάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἡσυχάζω: meaning 'quiet'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εὕροσανfindVA AAI3P · εὑρίσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: meaning 'find'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

λόγονwordN2 ASM · λόγοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ εἶπα οὐκ ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος ὃν ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε οὐχ οὕτως ἐν φόβῳ θεοῦ ἡμῶν ἀπελεύσεσθε ἀπὸ ὀνειδισμοῦ τῶν ἐθνῶν τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἡμῶν

And I said, 'The thing that you are doing is not good. Will you not walk in the fear of our God to avoid the reproach of the nations, our enemies?'

Nehemiah reframes the issue in terms of fear of God and witnessκαὶ εἶπα

Economic ethics matter not only for private conscience but for the public credibility of the restored people.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

ἀγαθὸςgoodA1 NSM · ἀγαθόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λόγοςwordN2 NSM · λόγοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγος: meaning 'word'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ὃνwho / whichRR ASM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ποιεῖτεdo / makeV2 PAI2P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οὕτωςthus / soD · οὕτωςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: meaning 'thus'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

φόβῳfearN2 DSM · φόβοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἀπελεύσεσθεἔρχομαιVF FMI2P · ἔρχομαι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἔρχομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'ἔρχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὀνειδισμοῦoneidismosN2 GSM · ὀνειδισμόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὀνειδισμός: meaning 'oneidismos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemyN2 GPM · ἐχθρόςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐχθρῶν: meaning 'enemy'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί μου καὶ οἱ γνωστοί μου καὶ ἐγὼ ἐθήκαμεν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀργύριον καὶ σῖτον ἐγκαταλίπωμεν δὴ τὴν ἀπαίτησιν ταύτην

And my brothers and my acquaintances and I have put money and grain among them; let us indeed leave off this exaction.

Nehemiah includes his own circle in the reform demandκαὶ οἱ

The appeal gains force because he is not placing himself above the rule he imposes.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφοίbrotherN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

γνωστοίknownA1 NPM · γνωστόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceγνωστός: meaning 'known'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἐγὼI / meRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐθήκαμενestablished / setVEI AAI1P · τίθημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: meaning 'established'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἐγκαταλίπωμενthey forsookVB AAS1P · λείπω + ἐν + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyλείπω + ἐν + κατα: meaning 'they forsook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

δὴnow / indeedX · δήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδὴ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀπαίτησινexactionN3I ASF · ἀπαίτησιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀπαίτησις: meaning 'exaction'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ταύτηνthisRD ASF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceταύτην: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐπιστρέψατε δὴ αὐτοῖς ὡς σήμερον ἀγροὺς αὐτῶν ἀμπελῶνας αὐτῶν ἐλαίας αὐτῶν καὶ οἰκίας αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀργυρίου τὸν σῖτον καὶ τὸν οἶνον καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον ἐξενέγκατε αὐτοῖς

Restore to them today their fields, their vineyards, their olive groves, and their houses, and from the money, the grain, the wine, and the oil bring it out to them.

Immediate restitution is required, not gradual adjustmentἐπιστρέψατε δὴ

The command aims at concrete reversal: property, produce, and liquid assets are all brought back into view.

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words

ἐπιστρέψατεturned backVA AAD2P · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σήμερονtodayD · σήμερονadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσήμερον: meaning 'today'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀγροὺςfieldN2 APM · ἀγρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀμπελῶναςvineyardN3W APM · ἀμπελώνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀμπελών: meaning 'vineyard'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐλαίαςolive groveN1A APF · ἐλαίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐλαία: meaning 'olive grove'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀργυρίουsilverN2N GSN · ἀργύριονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀργύριον: meaning 'silver'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἶνονwineN2 ASM · οἶνοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔλαιονoilN2N ASN · ἔλαιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔλαιον: meaning 'oil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐξενέγκατεto bring outVA AAD2P · φέρω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateφέρω + ἐκ: meaning 'to bring out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶ εἶπαν ἀποδώσομεν καὶ παρ' αὐτῶν οὐ ζητήσομεν οὕτως ποιήσομεν καθὼς σὺ λέγεις καὶ ἐκάλεσα τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ ὥρκισα αὐτοὺς ποιῆσαι ὡς τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο

And they said, 'We will give them back, and from them we will seek nothing; so we will do as you say.' And I called the priests and made them swear to do according to this word.

The nobles consent and are bound by priestly oathκαὶ εἶπαν

The oath converts verbal assent into a publicly accountable covenant obligation.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

εἶπανthey saidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'they said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀποδώσομενgave overVF FAI1P · δίδωμι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδίδωμι + ἀπο: meaning 'gave over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

παρ'from / besideP · παράpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπαρ': meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ζητήσομενto inquireVF FAI1P · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureζητέω: meaning 'to inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ποιήσομενwe will doVF FAI1P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureποιέω: meaning 'we will do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'just as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σὺyouRP NS · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceσὺ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

λέγειςthey saidV1 PAI2S · λέγωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processλέγω: meaning 'they said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐκάλεσαyou have invited / calledVAI AAI1S · καλέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκαλέω: meaning 'you have invited'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱερεῖςpriestN3V APM · ἱερεύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ὥρκισαορκιζωVAI AAI1S · ὁρκίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁρκίζω: meaning 'ορκιζω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ποιῆσαιmake / doVA AAN · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementποιέω: meaning 'make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ῥῆμαword / matterN3M ASN · ῥῆμαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥῆμα: meaning 'word'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καὶ τὴν ἀναβολήν μου ἐξετίναξα καὶ εἶπα οὕτως ἐκτινάξαι ὁ θεὸς πάντα ἄνδρα ὃς οὐ στήσει τὸν λόγον τοῦτον ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκ κόπου αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔσται οὕτως ἐκτετιναγμένος καὶ κενός καὶ εἶπεν πᾶσα ἡ ἐκκλησία αμην καὶ ᾔνεσαν τὸν κύριον καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ λαὸς τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο

And I shook out my garment-fold and said, 'Thus may God shake out every man who will not uphold this word from his house and from his labor; thus may he be shaken out and emptied.' And all the assembly said, 'Amen,' and they praised the Lord, and the people did this word.

A physical curse-sign seals the reformκαὶ τὴν

The enacted shaking makes the threatened loss memorable: one who clutches unjust gain may be cast out from house and labor alike.

Word-by-word analysis· 50 words

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀναβολήνbuttocks / rear edgeN1 ASF · ἀναβολήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀναβολή: meaning 'buttocks'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐξετίναξαto shake outVAI AAI1S · τινάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτινάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'to shake out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐκτινάξαιto shake outVA AAN · τινάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementτινάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'to shake out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἄνδραmanN3 ASM · ἀνήρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ὃςwhoRR NSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

στήσειto make / establishVF FAI3S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἵστημι: meaning 'to make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦτονthisRD ASM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

κόπουlaborN2 GSM · κόποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκόπος: meaning 'labor'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἔσταιshall beVF FMI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureεἰμί: meaning 'shall be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐκτετιναγμένοςshaken outVM · χππνσμ τινάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνσμ τινάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'shaken out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

κενόςemptyA1 NSM · κενόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceκενός: meaning 'empty'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πᾶσαallA1S NSF · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐκκλησίαassemblyN1A NSF · ἐκκλησίαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐκκλησία: meaning 'assembly'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

αμηνamenI AMHNadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastαμην: meaning 'amen'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ᾔνεσανpraiseVAI AAI3P · αἰνέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristαἰνέω: meaning 'praise'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐποίησενdidVAI AAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'did'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαὸςpeopleN2 NSM · λαόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἐνετείλατό μοι εἶναι εἰς ἄρχοντα αὐτῶν ἐν γῇ Ιουδα ἀπὸ ἔτους εἰκοστοῦ καὶ ἕως ἔτους τριακοστοῦ καὶ δευτέρου τῷ Αρθασασθα ἔτη δώδεκα ἐγὼ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί μου βίαν αὐτῶν οὐκ ἔφαγον

From the day when he commanded me to be their ruler in the land of Judah, from the twentieth year until the thirty-second year of Artaxerxes, twelve years, I and my brothers did not eat their governor's allowance.

Nehemiah begins his defense of non-extractive ruleἀπὸ τῆς

The retrospective note shows that his rebuke of the nobles stands on a long pattern of personal restraint.

Word-by-word analysis· 35 words

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέραςdaysN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἧςwho / whichRR GSF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἧς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐνετείλατόcommandVAI AMI3S · τέλλομαι + ἐνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτέλλομαι + ἐν: meaning 'command'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

μοιto meRP DS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

εἶναιbeV9 PAN · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementεἰμί: meaning 'be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἄρχονταruler / commanderN3 ASM · ἄρχωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

γῇland / earthN1 DSF · γῆdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἔτουςyearN3E GSN · ἔτοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔτος: meaning 'year'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

εἰκοστοῦeikostosA1 GSN · εἰκοστόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationεἰκοστός: meaning 'eikostos'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τριακοστοῦtriakostoyA1 GSN · τριακοστόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτριακοστός: meaning 'triakostoy'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

δευτέρουsecondA1A GSM · δεύτεροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΑρθασασθαArtaxerxesN DSM · Αρθασασθαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑρθασασθα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἔτηyearsN3E APN · ἔτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔτος: meaning 'years'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

δώδεκαtwelveM · δώδεκαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδώδεκα: meaning 'twelve'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βίανgovernor's allowanceN1A ASF · βίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβία: meaning 'governor's allowance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἔφαγονeatsVBI AAI1S · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶ τὰς βίας τὰς πρώτας ἃς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἐβάρυναν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐλάβοσαν παρ' αὐτῶν ἐν ἄρτοις καὶ ἐν οἴνῳ ἔσχατον ἀργύριον δίδραχμα τεσσαράκοντα καὶ οἱ ἐκτετιναγμένοι αὐτῶν ἐξουσιάζονται ἐπὶ τὸν λαόν καὶ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἐποίησα οὕτως ἀπὸ προσώπου φόβου θεοῦ

But the former exactions that were before me had burdened them, and they had taken from them in bread and in wine, besides forty didrachmas of silver; and their attendants exercised authority over the people. But I did not do so because of the fear of God.

Previous governors had treated office as a burden upon the peopleκαὶ τὰς

The fear of God is presented as the motive for refusing the normal privileges of rank.

Word-by-word analysis· 41 words

τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βίαςgovernor's allowanceN1A APF · βίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβία: meaning 'governor's allowance'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρώταςfirstA1 APFS · πρῶτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρῶτος: meaning 'first'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἃςwho / whichRR APF · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

πρὸbeforeP · πρόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸ: meaning 'before'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἐμοῦIRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐβάρυνανLet it be made heavy / let it press downVAI AAI3P · βαρύνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαρύνω: meaning 'Let it be made heavy'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐλάβοσανlambanoVBI AAI3P · λαμβάνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'lambano'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἄρτοιςbreadN2 DPM · ἄρτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

οἴνῳwineN2 DSM · οἶνοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἔσχατονlastA1 ASM · ἔσχατοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔσχατος: meaning 'last'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

δίδραχμαtwo-drachma taxN2N APN · δίδραγμονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδίδραγμον: meaning 'two-drachma tax'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τεσσαράκονταtessarakontaM · τεσσαράκονταadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastτεσσαράκοντα: meaning 'tessarakonta'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐκτετιναγμένοιthose shaken outVM · χππνπμ τινάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχππνπμ τινάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'those shaken out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐξουσιάζονταιto exercise authority overV1 PMI3P · οὐσιάζω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοὐσιάζω + ἐκ: meaning 'to exercise authority over'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαόνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐποίησαdo / makeVAI AAI1S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

φόβουfearN2 GSM · φόβοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφόβος: meaning 'fear'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶ ἐν ἔργῳ τοῦ τείχους τούτων οὐκ ἐκράτησα ἀγρὸν οὐκ ἐκτησάμην καὶ πάντες οἱ συνηγμένοι ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ τὸ ἔργον

And in the work of this wall I did not seize field-property; I acquired no field, and all who were gathered there were at the work.

Nehemiah declines personal land accumulation during the projectκαὶ ἐν

He refuses to turn a public emergency into private acquisition, which directly contrasts with the nobles' behavior.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἔργῳworkN2N DSN · ἔργονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τείχουςwallN3E GSN · τεῖχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τούτωνthisRD GPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationτούτων: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐκράτησαholding powerVAI AAI1S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀγρὸνfieldN2 ASM · ἀγρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγρός: meaning 'field'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐκτησάμηνyou acquired / purchasedVAI AMI1S · κτάομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκτάομαι: meaning 'you acquired'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

συνηγμένοιthose gatheredVK · χμπνπμ ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπνπμ ἄγω + συν: meaning 'those gathered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔργονworkN2N ASN · ἔργονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ οἱ Ιουδαῖοι ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες καὶ οἱ ἐρχόμενοι πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν τῶν κύκλῳ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ τράπεζάν μου

And the Jews, one hundred and fifty men, and those coming to us from the nations around us, were at my table.

Nehemiah's table carries a large and mixed companyκαὶ οἱ

The governor's household resources are directed outward in hospitality rather than inward in extraction.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙουδαῖοιJudeanN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΙουδαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἑκατὸνa hundredM · ἑκατόνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἑκατὸν: meaning 'a hundred'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πεντήκονταfiftyM · πεντήκονταadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastπεντήκοντα: meaning 'fifty'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἄνδρεςmenN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐρχόμενοιπμπνπμ ερχομαιV1 · πμπνπμ ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνπμ ἔρχομαι: meaning 'πμπνπμ ερχομαι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κύκλῳkyklosN2 DSM · κύκλοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: meaning 'kyklos'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τράπεζάνTrapezonN1S ASF · τράπεζαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτράπεζα: meaning 'Trapezon'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ ἦν γινόμενον εἰς ἡμέραν μίαν μόσχος εἷς καὶ πρόβατα ἓξ ἐκλεκτὰ καὶ χίμαρος ἐγίνοντό μοι καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον δέκα ἡμερῶν ἐν πᾶσιν οἶνος τῷ πλήθει καὶ σὺν τούτοις ἄρτους τῆς βίας οὐκ ἐζήτησα ὅτι βαρεῖα ἡ δουλεία ἐπὶ τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον

And what was prepared for one day was one calf and six choice sheep, and a goat was prepared for me, and every ten days wine in abundance of every kind; yet with these things I did not seek the governor's allowance, because the slavery lay heavy upon this people.

Personal generosity is contrasted with refusal to claim public allowanceκαὶ ἦν

The point is not lavishness for its own sake but voluntary cost-bearing in a time when the people's burden is already severe.

Word-by-word analysis· 42 words

γινόμενονwhat was preparedV1 · πμπνσν γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσν γίγνομαι: meaning 'what was prepared'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

μίανoneA1A ASF · εἷςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ measure or countμίαν: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.

μόσχοςcalfN2 NSM · μόσχοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμόσχος: meaning 'calf'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

εἷςintoM NSM · εἷςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastεἷς: meaning 'into'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πρόβαταsheepN2N APN · πρόβατονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπρόβατον: meaning 'sheep'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἓξsixM · ἕξadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἓξ: meaning 'six'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐκλεκτὰchosenA1 APN · ἐκλεκτόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἐκλεκτός: meaning 'chosen'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

χίμαροςmale goatN2 NSM · χίμαροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχίμαρος: meaning 'male goat'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἐγίνοντόit came to passV1I IMI3P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

μέσονmidstA1 ASN · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

δέκαtenM · δέκαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastδέκα: meaning 'ten'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἡμερῶνdayN1A GPF · ἡμέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

οἶνοςwineN2 NSM · οἶνοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἶνος: meaning 'wine'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πλήθειmultitudeN3E DSN · πλῆθοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τούτοιςthisRD DPN · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτούτοις: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἄρτουςbreadN2 APM · ἄρτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄρτος: meaning 'bread'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βίαςgovernor's allowanceN1A GSF · βίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβία: meaning 'governor's allowance'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐζήτησαto inquireVAI AAI1S · ζητέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristζητέω: meaning 'to inquire'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

βαρεῖαproud / heavyA3U NSF · βαρύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceβαρύς: meaning 'proud'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

δουλείαservitude / one sideN1A NSF · δουλείαnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδουλεία: meaning 'servitude'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

μνήσθητί μου ὁ θεός εἰς ἀγαθὸν πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησα τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ

Remember me, O God, for good, for all that I have done for this people.

The chapter closes by placing leadership before God's memoryμνήσθητί μου

The final appeal refuses self-vindication before men and seeks divine evaluation instead.

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

μνήσθητίrememberVS APD2S · μιμνήσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεόςGodN2 VSM · θεόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.

ἀγαθὸνgoodA1 ASN · ἀγαθόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀγαθός: meaning 'good'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ὅσαas much asA1 APN · ὅσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὅσος: meaning 'as much as'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τούτῳto himRD DSM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestτούτῳ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

The Second Book of Esdras, Chapter 15ΕΣΔΡΑΣ Β′ ΙΕ′

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Translation & textual notes