2 Esdras 14 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤκουσεν Σαναβαλλατ καὶ Τωβια καὶ οἱ Ἄραβες καὶ οἱ Αμμανῖται ὅτι ἀνέβη φυὴ τοῖς τείχεσιν Ιερουσαλημ ὅτι ἤρξαντο αἱ διασφαγαὶ ἀναφράσσεσθαι καὶ πονηρὸν αὐτοῖς ἐφάνη σφόδρα

And it came to pass, when Sanballat and Tobiah and the Arabs and the Ammonites heard that the breached places in Jerusalem's walls had gone up and had begun to be closed, that it seemed very evil to them.

The mockery hardens into alarm as the gaps begin to closeκαὶ ἐγένετο

The enemies are disturbed not simply by wall-building in general but by the visible disappearance of vulnerable openings.

Word-by-word analysis· 29 words

καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὡςlike / asD · ὡςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἤκουσενhearVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ΣαναβαλλατSanballatN NSM · Σαναβαλλατnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαναβαλλατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ΤωβιαTobiahN NSM · Τωβιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΤωβια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἌραβεςArabsN NPM · Ἄραψnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationἌραβες: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΑμμανῖταιAmmonitesN1M NPM · Αμμανείτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΑμμανῖται: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνέβηwent upVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'went up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

φυὴgrowthN1 NSF · φυήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφυή: meaning 'growth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τείχεσινwallN3E DPN · τεῖχοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

ἤρξαντοbeginVAI AMI3P · ἄρχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄρχω: meaning 'begin'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

διασφαγαὶbreachN1 NPF · διασφαγήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδιασφαγή: meaning 'breach'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἀναφράσσεσθαιto close upV1 PMN · φράσσω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementφράσσω + ἀνα: meaning 'to close up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πονηρὸνevilA1A ASN · πονηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπονηρός: meaning 'evil'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐφάνηφαινωVDI API3S · φαίνωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφαίνω: meaning 'φαινω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

σφόδραgreatly / exceedinglyD · σφόδραadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastσφόδρα: meaning 'greatly'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

καὶ συνήχθησαν πάντες ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἐλθεῖν παρατάξασθαι ἐν Ιερουσαλημ

And they all gathered together to come and draw up for battle in Jerusalem.

The surrounding groups move from speech to conspiracyκαὶ συνήχθησαν

What was ridicule in the prior chapter now becomes coordinated military intent.

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words

συνήχθησανwere gatheredVQI API3P · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἄγω + συν: meaning 'were gathered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐλθεῖνto comeVB AAN · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementἔρχομαι: meaning 'to come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

παρατάξασθαιto marshalVA AMN · τάσσω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementτάσσω + παρα: meaning 'to marshal'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN DSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

καὶ προσηυξάμεθα πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ἡμῶν καὶ ἐστήσαμεν προφύλακας ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν

And we prayed to our God and stationed guards against them day and night because of them.

Prayer and watchfulness are joined as one responseκαὶ προσηυξάμεθα

The chapter refuses to separate trust in God from concrete protective action.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words

προσηυξάμεθαprayVAI AMI1P · εὔχομαι + προςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεὔχομαι + προς: meaning 'pray'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐστήσαμενto make / establishVAI AAI1P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'to make'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

προφύλακαςguardN3K APM · προφύλαξaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπροφύλαξ: meaning 'guard'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐπ'uponP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπ': meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἡμέραςdaysN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

νυκτὸςnyxN3 GSF · νύξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationνύξ: meaning 'nyx'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

προσώπουface / presenceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: meaning 'face'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καὶ εἶπεν Ιουδας συνετρίβη ἡ ἰσχὺς τῶν ἐχθρῶν καὶ ὁ χοῦς πολύς καὶ ἡμεῖς οὐ δυνησόμεθα οἰκοδομεῖν ἐν τῷ τείχει

And Judah said, 'The strength has been broken, and the rubble is much, and we shall not be able to build on the wall.'

Internal discouragement surfaces inside Judahκαὶ εἶπεν

The danger is now psychological as well as military. Exhaustion and debris threaten to accomplish what enemies desire.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ΙουδαςJudahN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΙουδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

συνετρίβηtore apart / crushedVCI API3S · τρίβω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristτρίβω + συν: meaning 'tore apart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἰσχὺςstrengthN3 NSF · ἰσχύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἰσχύς: meaning 'strength'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθρῶνenemyN2 GPM · ἐχθρόςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐχθρῶν: meaning 'enemy'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χοῦςchoysN3 NSM · χοῦςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχοῦς: meaning 'choys'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

πολύςpolysA3U NSM · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'polys'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

οὐnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

δυνησόμεθαthey were ableVF FMI1P · δύναμαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureδύναμαι: meaning 'they were able'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οἰκοδομεῖνoikodomeoV2 PAN · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ infinitival complementοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'oikodomeo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τείχειwallN3E DSN · τεῖχοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

καὶ εἶπαν οἱ θλίβοντες ἡμᾶς οὐ γνώσονται καὶ οὐκ ὄψονται ἕως ὅτου ἔλθωμεν εἰς μέσον αὐτῶν καὶ φονεύσωμεν αὐτοὺς καὶ καταπαύσωμεν τὸ ἔργον

And those afflicting us said, 'They will not know and will not see until we come into their midst and kill them and stop the work.'

The enemy strategy aims at surprise and work-stoppageκαὶ εἶπαν

Their intent is not merely to frighten but to interrupt the project decisively by hidden violence.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

εἶπανthey saidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'they said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θλίβοντεςafflictingV1 · παπνπμ θλίβωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ θλίβω: meaning 'afflicting'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡμᾶςIRP AP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

γνώσονταιwill knowVF FMI3P · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureγιγνώσκω: meaning 'will know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὄψονταιthey shall seeVF FMI3P · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureὁράω: meaning 'they shall see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὅτουthat / untilRX GSN · ὅστιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὅστις: meaning 'that'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἔλθωμενthey cameVB AAS1P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἔρχομαι: meaning 'they came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

μέσονmidstA1 ASM · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

φονεύσωμενmurdersVA AAS1P · φονεύωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyφονεύω: meaning 'murders'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καταπαύσωμενgive restVA AAS1P · παύω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyπαύω + κατα: meaning 'give rest'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔργονworkN2N ASN · ἔργονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔργον: meaning 'work'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤλθοσαν οἱ Ιουδαῖοι οἱ οἰκοῦντες ἐχόμενα αὐτῶν καὶ εἴποσαν ἡμῖν ἀναβαίνουσιν ἐκ πάντων τῶν τόπων ἐφ' ἡμᾶς

And it came to pass, when the Jews who dwelt near them came, that they said to us, 'They are coming up against us from every place.'

Border-dwellers bring repeated warnings from every sideκαὶ ἐγένετο

The report widens the sense of encirclement and confirms that the threat is not imaginary.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

ὡςasC · ὡςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἤλθοσανcome / goVBI AAI3P · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙουδαῖοιJudeanN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΙουδαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἰκοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐχόμεναechoV1 · πμπαπν ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπαπν ἔχω: meaning 'echo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

εἴποσανeiponVBI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'eipon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'to us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἀναβαίνουσινgo upV1 PAI3P · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'go up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόπωνplaceN2 GPM · τόποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐφ'ephP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐφ': meaning 'eph'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

καὶ ἔστησα εἰς τὰ κατώτατα τοῦ τόπου κατόπισθεν τοῦ τείχους ἐν τοῖς σκεπεινοῖς καὶ ἔστησα τὸν λαὸν κατὰ δήμους μετὰ ῥομφαιῶν αὐτῶν λόγχας αὐτῶν καὶ τόξα αὐτῶν

And I stationed men in the lowest parts of the place behind the wall, in the sheltered spots, and I stationed the people by clans with their swords, their spears, and their bows.

Nehemiah arranges the people defensively by family divisionsκαὶ ἔστησα

The defensive order honors social bonds. Those who will fight together are grouped as those who belong together.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words

ἔστησαset / appoint / standVAI AAI1S · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'set'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κατώταταlowerA1 APNS · κατώτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατώτερος: meaning 'lower'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόπουplace / siteN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

κατόπισθενafterP · κατόπισθενpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατόπισθεν: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τείχουςwallN3E GSN · τεῖχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σκεπεινοῖςsheltered placeN2 DPM · σκεπεινόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceσκεπεινός: meaning 'sheltered place'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

κατὰaccording toP · κατάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

δήμουςpeopleN2 APM · δῆμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδῆμος: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

μετὰwith / afterP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ῥομφαιῶνswordN1A GPF · ῥομφαίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

λόγχαςspearN1 APF · λόγχηaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationλόγχη: meaning 'spear'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τόξαbowN2N APN · τόξονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτόξον: meaning 'bow'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ εἶδον καὶ ἀνέστην καὶ εἶπα πρὸς τοὺς ἐντίμους καὶ πρὸς τοὺς στρατηγοὺς καὶ πρὸς τοὺς καταλοίπους τοῦ λαοῦ μὴ φοβηθῆτε ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν μνήσθητε τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ φοβεροῦ καὶ παρατάξασθε περὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑμῶν υἱῶν ὑμῶν καὶ θυγατέρων ὑμῶν γυναικῶν ὑμῶν καὶ οἴκων ὑμῶν

And I looked, and I rose and said to the nobles and to the commanders and to the rest of the people, 'Do not fear before them. Remember our God, the great and fearsome one, and fight for your brothers, your sons, your daughters, your wives, and your houses.'

Nehemiah reorients fear into remembrance and dutyκαὶ εἶδον

The call binds theology and ordinary loyalties together: God is remembered precisely so that households may be defended faithfully.

Word-by-word analysis· 48 words

εἶδονseeVBI AAI1S · ὁράωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὁράω: meaning 'see'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἀνέστηνistemi + anaVHI AAI1S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'istemi + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

εἶπαειπονVAI AAI1S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'ειπον'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐντίμουςentimosA1B APM · ἔντιμοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἔντιμος: meaning 'entimos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

στρατηγοὺςgeneralN2 APM · στρατηγόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationστρατηγός: meaning 'general'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καταλοίπουςremnantA1B APM · κατάλοιποςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκατάλοιπος: meaning 'remnant'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαοῦpeopleN2 GSM · λαόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

φοβηθῆτεfearVC APS2P · φοβέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyφοβέω: meaning 'fear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

μνήσθητεrememberVS APS2P · μιμνήσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyμιμνήσκω: meaning 'remember'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μεγάλουgreatA1 GSM · μέγαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

φοβεροῦfearsomeA1A GSM · φοβερόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφοβερός: meaning 'fearsome'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

παρατάξασθεdraw upVA AMD2P · τάσσω + παραverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateτάσσω + παρα: meaning 'draw up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ὑμῶνyourRP GP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

θυγατέρωνdaughterN3 GPF · θυγάτηρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughter'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

γυναικῶνwomenN3K GPF · γυνήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγυνή: meaning 'women'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

οἴκωνhousesN2 GPM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'houses'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶ ἐγένετο ἡνίκα ἤκουσαν οἱ ἐχθροὶ ἡμῶν ὅτι ἐγνώσθη ἡμῖν καὶ διεσκέδασεν ὁ θεὸς τὴν βουλὴν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπεστρέψαμεν πάντες ἡμεῖς εἰς τὸ τεῖχος ἀνὴρ εἰς τὸ ἔργον αὐτοῦ

And it came to pass, when our enemies heard that it had become known to us and that God had scattered their plan, that we all returned to the wall, each man to his own work.

The failed plot sends the people back to laborκαὶ ἐγένετο

Divine frustration of the enemy's counsel does not end the project; it restores the possibility of continued work.

Word-by-word analysis· 29 words

ἡνίκαηνικαD · ἡνίκαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: meaning 'ηνικα'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἤκουσανhearVAI AAI3P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐχθροὶenemyN2 NPM · ἐχθρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἐχθρός: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἐγνώσθηshall I knowVSI API3S · γιγνώσκωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγιγνώσκω: meaning 'shall I know'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

διεσκέδασενbreak apartVAI AAI3S · σκεδάζω + διαverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσκεδάζω + δια: meaning 'break apart'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεὸςGodN2 NSM · θεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βουλὴνcounselN1 ASF · βουλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβουλή: meaning 'counsel'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐπεστρέψαμενstrepho + epiVAI AAI1P · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'strepho + epi'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

καὶ ἐγένετο ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης ἥμισυ τῶν ἐκτετιναγμένων ἐποίουν τὸ ἔργον καὶ ἥμισυ αὐτῶν ἀντείχοντο καὶ λόγχαι καὶ θυρεοὶ καὶ τὰ τόξα καὶ οἱ θώρακες καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες ὀπίσω παντὸς οἴκου Ιουδα

And it came to pass from that day that half of the men did the work and half of them held the spears and the shields and the bows and the breastplates, and the rulers stood behind the whole house of Judah.

The workforce is permanently divided between labor and defenseκαὶ ἐγένετο

The arrangement institutionalizes vigilance. Threat is no longer treated as a passing interruption.

Word-by-word analysis· 33 words

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐκείνηςthatRD GSF · ἐκεῖνοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἐκείνης: meaning 'that'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἥμισυημισυςA3U NSN · ἥμισυςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἥμισυς: meaning 'ημισυς'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐκτετιναγμένωνthose shaken out / attendantsVM · χμπγπμ τινάσσω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχμπγπμ τινάσσω + ἐκ: meaning 'those shaken out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐποίουνdo / makeV2I IAI3P · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'do'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἥμισυhalfA3U ASN · ἥμισυςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἥμισυς: meaning 'half'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἀντείχοντοecho antiV1I IMI3P · ἔχω + ἀντιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processἔχω + ἀντι: meaning 'echo anti'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

λόγχαιspearN1 NPF · λόγχηnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceλόγχη: meaning 'spear'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

θυρεοὶthyreoysN2 NPM · θυρεόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυρεός: meaning 'thyreoys'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τόξαbowN2N NPN · τόξονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceτόξον: meaning 'bow'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θώρακεςbreastplateN3K NPM · θώραξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθώραξ: meaning 'breastplate'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄρχοντεςrulersN3 NPM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'rulers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ὀπίσωοπισωP · ὀπίσωpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: meaning 'οπισω'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

παντὸςallA3 GSM · πᾶςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ΙουδαJudahN GSM · Ἰουδάnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.

τῶν οἰκοδομούντων ἐν τῷ τείχει καὶ οἱ αἴροντες ἐν τοῖς ἀρτῆρσιν ἐν ὅπλοις ἐν μιᾷ χειρὶ ἐποίει αὐτὸ τὸ ἔργον καὶ μία ἐκράτει τὴν βολίδα

Of those building on the wall and those carrying in the loads, one hand did the work and one held the weapon.

Even carriers now work one-handed and armedτῶν οἰκοδομούντων

The image is vivid because it compresses fragility and determination into one bodily posture.

Word-by-word analysis· 25 words

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἰκοδομούντωνpapgpm oikodomeoV2 · παπγπμ οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπμ οἰκοδομέω: meaning 'papgpm oikodomeo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αἴροντεςbearingV1 · παπνπμ αἴρωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ αἴρω: meaning 'bearing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀρτῆρσινload-basketN3 DPM · ἀρτήρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceἀρτήρ: meaning 'load-basket'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ὅπλοιςweaponsN2N DPN · ὅπλονdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceὅπλον: meaning 'weapons'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

μιᾷoneA1A DSF · εἷςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ measure or countμιᾷ: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.

χειρὶhandN3 DSF · χείρdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἐποίειdoing / workingV2I IAI3S · ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processποιέω: meaning 'doing'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μίαoneA1A NPN · εἷςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ measure or countμία: meaning 'one'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.

ἐκράτειkratosN3E DSN · κράτοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκράτος: meaning 'kratos'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βολίδαweaponN3D ASF · βολίςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationβολίς: meaning 'weapon'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

καὶ οἱ οἰκοδόμοι ἀνὴρ ῥομφαίαν αὐτοῦ ἐζωσμένος ἐπὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ καὶ ᾠκοδομοῦσαν καὶ ὁ σαλπίζων ἐν τῇ κερατίνῃ ἐχόμενα αὐτοῦ

And the builders each had his sword girded upon his loins and so they built, and the one sounding the horn was beside him.

The trumpet signal stands ready beside the active buildersκαὶ οἱ

Communication is treated as part of defense; scattered labor requires an instant summons point.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἰκοδόμοιbuilderN2 NPM · οἰκοδόμοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceοἰκοδόμος: meaning 'builder'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ῥομφαίανswordN1A ASF · ῥομφαίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationῥομφαία: meaning 'sword'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ἐζωσμένοςVXI XPPNSMZWNNUWVXI XPPNSMZWNNU/Wverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participial qualificationἐζωσμένος: meaning 'VXI XPPNSMZWNNUW'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὀσφὺνloinsN3U ASF · ὀσφύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀσφύς: meaning 'loins'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

ᾠκοδομοῦσανyou shall buildVAI AAI3P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'you shall build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σαλπίζωνsoundingV1 · παπνσμ σαλπίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ σαλπίζω: meaning 'sounding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κερατίνῃtrumpetsN1 DSF · κερατίνηdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκερατίνη: meaning 'trumpets'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

καὶ εἶπα πρὸς τοὺς ἐντίμους καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας καὶ πρὸς τοὺς καταλοίπους τοῦ λαοῦ τὸ ἔργον πλατὺ καὶ πολύ καὶ ἡμεῖς σκορπιζόμεθα ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους μακρὰν ἀνὴρ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ

And I said to the nobles and to the rulers and to the rest of the people, 'The work is broad and great, and we are scattered on the wall, each man far from his brother.'

Nehemiah names the tactical problem created by the wall's scaleκαὶ εἶπα

Honest assessment is part of wise leadership. Courage does not require pretending the line is compact or easy to defend.

Word-by-word analysis· 32 words

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄρχονταςruler / chiefN3 APM · ἄρχωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

τὸtheRD NSN · ὁpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceτὸ: meaning 'the'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἔργονmatterN2N NSN · ἔργονnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἔργον: meaning 'matter'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

πλατὺπλατυςA3U NSN · πλατύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπλατύς: meaning 'πλατυς'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

πολύmuchA3U NSN · πολύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

σκορπιζόμεθαscatteredV1 PMI1P · σκορπίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processσκορπίζω: meaning 'scattered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μακρὰνμακράνD · μακράνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμακρὰν: meaning 'μακράν'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀδελφοῦbrotherN2 GSM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brother'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐν τόπῳ οὗ ἐὰν ἀκούσητε τὴν φωνὴν τῆς κερατίνης ἐκεῖ συναχθήσεσθε πρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν πολεμήσει περὶ ἡμῶν

In whatever place you hear the sound of the horn, gather yourselves there to us, and our God will fight for us.

The trumpet becomes the rally point under divine confidenceἐν τόπῳ

The assurance that God will fight does not erase procedure; it gives meaning to the procedure.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τόπῳplaceN2 DSM · τόποςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἐὰνεανC · ἐάνconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἐὰν: meaning 'εαν'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀκούσητεheardVA AAS2P · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

φωνὴνvoiceN1 ASF · φωνήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationφωνή: meaning 'voice'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κερατίνηςtrumpetsN1 GSF · κερατίνηgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκερατίνη: meaning 'trumpets'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκεῖ: meaning 'there'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

συναχθήσεσθεgather togetherVQ FPI2P · ἄγω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἄγω + συν: meaning 'gather together'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πολεμήσειwill fightVF FAI3S · πολεμέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureπολεμέω: meaning 'will fight'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

καὶ ἡμεῖς ποιοῦντες τὸ ἔργον καὶ ἥμισυ αὐτῶν κρατοῦντες τὰς λόγχας ἀπὸ ἀναβάσεως τοῦ ὄρθρου ἕως ἐξόδου τῶν ἄστρων

So we were doing the work, and half of them were holding the spears from the ascent of dawn until the coming out of the stars.

The day stretches from dawn to starlight under armed laborκαὶ ἡμεῖς

The extended hours underscore the costliness of perseverance under pressure.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

ποιοῦντεςπαπνπμ ποιεωV2 · παπνπμ ποιέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ ποιέω: meaning 'παπνπμ ποιεω'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

κρατοῦντεςpapnpm krateoV2 · παπνπμ κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ κρατέω: meaning 'papnpm krateo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀναβάσεωςascentN3I GSF · ἀνάβασιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνάβασις: meaning 'ascent'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὄρθρουdawnN2 GSM · ὄρθροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὄρθρος: meaning 'dawn'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ἐξόδουoutgoing borderN2 GSF · ἔξοδοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔξοδος: meaning 'outgoing border'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄστρωνstarN2N GPN · ἄστρονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἄστρον: meaning 'star'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

καὶ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ εἶπα τῷ λαῷ αὐλίσθητε ἐν μέσῳ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἔστω ὑμῖν ἡ νὺξ προφυλακὴ καὶ ἡ ἡμέρα ἔργον

And at that time I said to the people, 'Lodge within Jerusalem, and let the night be a guard for you and the day a work.'

Jerusalem itself is reorganized into a guarded labor campκαὶ ἐν

Night lodging inside the city closes vulnerability and turns the entire urban space into a disciplined staging ground.

Word-by-word analysis· 22 words

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καιρῷtimeN2 DSM · καιρόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: meaning 'time'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἐκείνῳthat oneRD DSM · ἐκεῖνοςadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἐκείνῳ: meaning 'that one'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαῷpeopleN2 DSM · λαόςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

αὐλίσθητεlodge / campVC APD2P · αὐλίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateαὐλίζω: meaning 'lodge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

μέσῳmidstA1 DSM · μέσοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.

ἔστωisV9 PAD3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ὑμῖνto youRP DP · σύpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestὑμῖν: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

νὺξnightN3 NSF · νύξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

προφυλακὴguardN1 NSF · προφυλακήnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπροφυλακή: meaning 'guard'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέραdayN1A NSF · ἡμέραnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: meaning 'day'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

καὶ ἤμην ἐγὼ καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες τῆς προφυλακῆς ὀπίσω μου καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐκδιδυσκόμενος ἀνὴρ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ

And I was there, and the men of the guard behind me, and not one of us was stripping off his garments.

Personal example seals the regime of constant readinessκαὶ ἤμην

Nehemiah's own household of guards lives under the same strain it asks of everyone else, which gives moral credibility to the demand.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words

ἤμηνειμιV9 IAI1S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'ειμι'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐγὼI / meRP NS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἐγὼ: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἄνδρεςmenN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.

τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

προφυλακῆςguardN1 GSF · προφυλακήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπροφυλακή: meaning 'guard'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.

ὀπίσωοπισωD · ὀπίσωadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastὀπίσω: meaning 'οπισω'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μουIRP GS · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.

ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.

ἐκδιδυσκόμενοςpmpnsm didysko ekV1 · πμπνσμ διδύσκω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπνσμ διδύσκω + ἐκ: meaning 'pmpnsm didysko ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.

τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱμάτιαgarmentsN2N APN · ἱμάτιονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἱμάτιον: meaning 'garments'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.

The Second Book of Esdras, Chapter 14ΕΣΔΡΑΣ Β′ ΙΔ′

Theme

Translation & textual notes