1
καὶ ἀνέστη Ελισουβ ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ οἱ ἱερεῖς καὶ ᾠκοδόμησαν τὴν πύλην τὴν προβατικήν αὐτοὶ ἡγίασαν αὐτὴν καὶ ἔστησαν θύρας αὐτῆς καὶ ἕως πύργου τῶν ἑκατὸν ἡγίασαν ἕως πύργου Ανανεηλ
And Eliashib the high priest rose up with his brothers the priests, and they built the Sheep Gate; they consecrated it and set up its doors, and they consecrated it as far as the Tower of the Hundred, as far as the Tower of Hananel.
The wall register opens liturgically. Before the city is merely secured, its first gate is treated as holy work under priestly oversight.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηraise upVHI AAI3S · ἵστημι + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι + ἀνα: meaning 'raise up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΕλισουβElisoubN NSM · Ελισουβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕλισουβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestN3V NSM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγαςgreatA3 NSM · μέγαςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησανbuildVAI AAI3P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateN1 ASF · πύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβατικήνπροβατικοςA1 ASF · προβατικόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπροβατικός: meaning 'προβατικος'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡγίασανconsecrateVAI AAI3P · ἁγιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἁγιάζω: meaning 'consecrate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνhe / she / itRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανstoodVHI AAI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύραςdoorN1A APF · θύραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πύργουtowerN2 GSM · πύργοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑκατὸνa hundredM · ἑκατόνadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἑκατὸν: meaning 'a hundred'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡγίασανconsecrateVAI AAI3P · ἁγιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἁγιάζω: meaning 'consecrate'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πύργουtowerN2 GSM · πύργοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΑνανεηλHananelN NSM · Ανανεηλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑνανεηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
2
καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρας υἱῶν ἀνδρῶν Ιεριχω καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρας υἱῶν Ζακχουρ υἱοῦ Αμαρι
And at their side the men of Jericho built, and at their side Zaccur son of Amari built.
The repeated phrase 'at their side' starts to create the chapter's rhythm of distributed labor and linked responsibility.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀνδρῶνof menN3 GPM · ἀνήρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'of men'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΙεριχωIerichoN GSM · Ιεριχωnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙεριχω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hands'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
υἱῶνsonsN2 GPM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΖακχουρZaccurN GSM · Ζακχουρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖακχουρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΑμαριAmariN GSM · Αμαριnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑμαρι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
3
καὶ τὴν πύλην τὴν ἰχθυηρὰν ᾠκοδόμησαν υἱοὶ Ασανα αὐτοὶ ἐστέγασαν αὐτὴν καὶ ἔστησαν θύρας αὐτῆς καὶ κλεῖθρα αὐτῆς καὶ μοχλοὺς αὐτῆς
And the sons of Asana built the Fish Gate; they roofed it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars.
The detail about doors, bolts, and bars stresses that rebuilding is not symbolic. The city must become actually defensible.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateN1 ASF · πύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰχθυηρὰνιχθυηροςA1A ASF · ἰχθυηρόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἰχθυηρός: meaning 'ιχθυηρος'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ᾠκοδόμησανbuildVAI AAI3P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΑσαναAsanaN GSM · Ασαναnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσανα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐστέγασανto roofVAI AAI3P · στεγάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστεγάζω: meaning 'to roof'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνhe / she / itRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανstoodVHI AAI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύραςdoorN1A APF · θύραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλεῖθραboltN2N APN · κλεῖθρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλεῖθρον: meaning 'bolt'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοχλοὺςbars / crossbarsN2 APM · μοχλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
4
καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτῶν κατέσχεν ἀπὸ Ραμωθ υἱὸς Ουρια υἱοῦ Ακως καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτῶν κατέσχεν Μοσολλαμ υἱὸς Βαραχιου υἱοῦ Μασεζεβηλ καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτῶν κατέσχεν Σαδωκ υἱὸς Βαανα
And at their side Ramoth son of Uriah son of Akkos repaired; and at their side Mosollam son of Barachiou son of Masezebel repaired; and at their side Zadok son of Baana repaired.
The list keeps moving through successive builders so the reader feels the chain of responsibility rather than isolated acts.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέσχενkept / retainedVBI AAI3S · ἔχω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔχω + κατα: meaning 'kept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΡαμωθRamothN GSM · Ραμωθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαμωθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΟυριαUriahN GSM · Ουριαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΟυρια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΑκωςAkkosN GSM · Ακωςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑκως: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέσχενkept / retainedVBI AAI3S · ἔχω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔχω + κατα: meaning 'kept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜοσολλαμMosollamN NSM · Μοσολλαμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜοσολλαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΒαραχιουBarachiasN GSM · Βαραχιαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒαραχιου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΜασεζεβηλMasezebelN GSM · Μασεζεβηλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜασεζεβηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέσχενkept / retainedVBI AAI3S · ἔχω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔχω + κατα: meaning 'kept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣαδωκZadokN NSM · Σαδωκnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΒααναBaanahN GSM · Βααναnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒαανα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
5
καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτῶν κατέσχοσαν οἱ Θεκωιν καὶ αδωρηεμ οὐκ εἰσήνεγκαν τράχηλον αὐτῶν εἰς δουλείαν αὐτῶν
And at their side the Tekoites repaired, but their nobles did not bring their neck into the service of their lord.
The single negative notice is memorable because it exposes how status can resist the common burden even in a restoration moment.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
κατέσχοσανkept / retainedVBI AAI3P · ἔχω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔχω + κατα: meaning 'kept'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘεκωινTekoitesN NPM · Θεκωινnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘεκωιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αδωρηεμnoblesN NPM · αδωρηεμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastαδωρηεμ: meaning 'nobles'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήνεγκανbring inVAI AAI3P · φέρω + εἰςverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristφέρω + εἰς: meaning 'bring in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τράχηλονneckN2 ASM · τράχηλοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτράχηλος: meaning 'neck'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
δουλείανservitude / one sideN1A ASF · δουλείαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδουλεία: meaning 'servitude'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
6
καὶ τὴν πύλην τοῦ Ισανα ἐκράτησαν Ιοϊδα υἱὸς Φασεκ καὶ Μεσουλαμ υἱὸς Βασωδια αὐτοὶ ἐστέγασαν αὐτὴν καὶ ἔστησαν θύρας αὐτῆς καὶ κλεῖθρα αὐτῆς καὶ μοχλοὺς αὐτῆς
And Joiada son of Phasek and Mesoulam son of Basodia repaired the Gate of Isana; they roofed it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars.
The repetitive building formula is not filler; it marks steady progress and the concrete completion of each assigned segment.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateN1 ASF · πύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσαναIsanaN GSM · Ισαναnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙσανα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐκράτησανholding powerVAI AAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙοϊδαJoiadaN NSM · Ιοϊδαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙοϊδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΦασεκPhasekN GSM · Φασεκnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΦασεκ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜεσουλαμMeshullamN NSM · Μεσουλαμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜεσουλαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΒασωδιαBasodiaN GSM · Βασωδιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒασωδια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐστέγασανto roofVAI AAI3P · στεγάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristστεγάζω: meaning 'to roof'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνhe / she / itRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανstoodVHI AAI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύραςdoorN1A APF · θύραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλεῖθραboltN2N APN · κλεῖθρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλεῖθρον: meaning 'bolt'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοχλοὺςbars / crossbarsN2 APM · μοχλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
8
καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτῶν ἐκράτησεν Ανανιας υἱὸς τοῦ Ρωκεϊμ καὶ κατέλιπον Ιερουσαλημ ἕως τοῦ τείχους τοῦ πλατέος
And at their side Hananias son of Rokeim repaired, and they restored Jerusalem as far as the Broad Wall.
The register now begins to signal larger urban landmarks, showing that the work is reclaiming recognizable civic space.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑνανιαςAnaniasN NSM · Ανανιαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑνανιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡωκεϊμRokeimN GSM · Ρωκεϊμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡωκεϊμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέλιπονleave behindVBI AAI3P · λείπω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristλείπω + κατα: meaning 'leave behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN ASF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχουςwallN3E GSN · τεῖχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλατέοςπλατυςA3U GSN · πλατύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπλατύς: meaning 'πλατυς'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
9
καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτῶν ἐκράτησεν Ραφαια ἄρχων ἡμίσους περιχώρου Ιερουσαλημ
And at their side Rephaiah, ruler of half the district of Jerusalem, repaired.
Administrative office does not excuse manual responsibility; the chapter repeatedly folds rulers into the same work pattern as everyone else.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΡαφαιαRephaiahN NSM · Ραφαιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαφαια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμίσουςhalfA3U GSM · ἥμισυςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἥμισυς: meaning 'half'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
περιχώρουperichorosN2 GSM · περίχωροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπερίχωρος: meaning 'perichoros'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
10
καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτῶν ἐκράτησεν Ιεδαια υἱὸς Ερωμαφ καὶ κατέναντι οἰκίας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐκράτησεν Ατους υἱὸς Ασβανια
And at their side Jedaiah son of Eromaph repaired opposite his house, and at his side Atous son of Asbania repaired.
Repairing opposite one's own house ties public restoration to immediate domestic stake and vigilance.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΙεδαιαJedaiahN NSM · Ιεδαιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙεδαια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΕρωμαφEromaphN GSM · Ερωμαφnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕρωμαφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέναντικατεναντιP · κατέναντιpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατέναντι: meaning 'κατεναντι'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
οἰκίαςhouseN1A GSF · οἰκίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑτουςAtousN NSM · Ατουςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑτους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΑσβανιαAsbaniaN GSM · Ασβανιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσβανια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
11
καὶ δεύτερος ἐκράτησεν Μελχιας υἱὸς Ηραμ καὶ Ασουβ υἱὸς Φααθμωαβ καὶ ἕως πύργου τῶν θαννουριμ
A second section Malchias son of Heram and Asoub son of Phaathmoab repaired, and they repaired as far as the Tower of the Ovens.
The chapter regularly marks 'second' sections, showing that some workers do not stop after a first assignment.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεύτεροςsecondA1A NSM · δεύτεροςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜελχιαςMelchiasN NSM · Μελχιαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜελχιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΗραμEramN GSM · Ηραμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗραμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑσουβHashubN NSM · Ασουβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσουβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΦααθμωαβPhaathmoabN GSM · Φααθμωαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΦααθμωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πύργουtowerN2 GSM · πύργοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαννουριμthannoyrimN GPM · θαννουριμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastθαννουριμ: meaning 'thannoyrim'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
12
καὶ ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐκράτησεν Σαλουμ υἱὸς Αλλωης ἄρχων ἡμίσους περιχώρου Ιερουσαλημ αὐτὸς καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες αὐτοῦ
And at his side Shallum son of Alloesh, ruler of half the district of Jerusalem, repaired, he and his daughters.
The notice widens the social picture of restoration. The work is not restricted to a narrow male official class.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣαλουμSaloymN NSM · Σαλουμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαλουμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΑλλωηςAlloeshN GSM · Αλλωηςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑλλωης: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμίσουςhalfA3U GSM · ἥμισυςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἥμισυς: meaning 'half'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
περιχώρουperichorosN2 GSM · περίχωροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπερίχωρος: meaning 'perichoros'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemN GSF · Ἰερουσαλήμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
αὐτὸςhe / she / itRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheRA NPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρεςdaughtersN3 NPF · θυγάτηρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: meaning 'daughters'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
13
τὴν πύλην τῆς φάραγγος ἐκράτησαν Ανουν καὶ οἱ κατοικοῦντες Ζανω αὐτοὶ ᾠκοδόμησαν αὐτὴν καὶ ἔστησαν θύρας αὐτῆς καὶ κλεῖθρα αὐτῆς καὶ μοχλοὺς αὐτῆς καὶ χιλίους πήχεις ἐν τῷ τείχει ἕως πύλης τῆς κοπρίας
Hanun and the inhabitants of Zano repaired the Valley Gate; they built it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars, and they built a thousand cubits of the wall as far as the Dung Gate.
The thousand-cubit notice underscores the scale of labor being carried by local communities beyond the city core.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateN1 ASF · πύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φάραγγοςvalleyN3G GSF · φάραγξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφάραγξ: meaning 'valley'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκράτησανholding powerVAI AAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑνουνHanunN NSM · Ανουνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑνουν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω + κατα: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΖανωZanoN GSM · Ζανωnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖανω: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
αὐτοὶhe / she / itRD NPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὶ: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ᾠκοδόμησανbuildVAI AAI3P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνhe / she / itRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανstoodVHI AAI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύραςdoorN1A APF · θύραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλεῖθραboltN2N APN · κλεῖθρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλεῖθρον: meaning 'bolt'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοχλοὺςbars / crossbarsN2 APM · μοχλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χιλίουςthousandA1A APM · χίλιοιaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχίλιοι: meaning 'thousand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πήχειςπῆχυςA3U APM · πῆχυςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπῆχυς: meaning 'πῆχυς'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχειwallN3E DSN · τεῖχοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πύληςπυληN1 GSF · πύληgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'πυλη'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοπρίαςκοπριαN1A GSF · κοπρίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκοπρία: meaning 'κοπρια'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
14
καὶ τὴν πύλην τῆς κοπρίας ἐκράτησεν Μελχια υἱὸς Ρηχαβ ἄρχων περιχώρου Βηθαχαρμ αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐσκέπασαν αὐτὴν καὶ ἔστησαν θύρας αὐτῆς καὶ κλεῖθρα αὐτῆς καὶ μοχλοὺς αὐτῆς
And Malchia son of Rechab, ruler of the district of Bethacharm, repaired the Dung Gate, he and his sons; they roofed it and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars.
Even the least glamorous urban access points matter. Restoration includes the city's refuse routes as well as its prestigious entrances.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateN1 ASF · πύληaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπύλη: meaning 'gate'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοπρίαςκοπριαN1A GSF · κοπρίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκοπρία: meaning 'κοπρια'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜελχιαMelchiaN NSM · Μελχιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜελχια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΡηχαβRechabN GSM · Ρηχαβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡηχαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
περιχώρουperichorosN2 GSM · περίχωροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπερίχωρος: meaning 'perichoros'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΒηθαχαρμBethacharmN GSM · Βηθαχαρμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒηθαχαρμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
αὐτὸςhe / she / itRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸς: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsN2 NPM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'sons'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσκέπασανto shelterVAI AAI3P · σκεπάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristσκεπάζω: meaning 'to shelter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτὴνhe / she / itRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστησανstoodVHI AAI3P · ἵστημιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἵστημι: meaning 'stood'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
θύραςdoorN1A APF · θύραaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κλεῖθραboltN2N APN · κλεῖθρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκλεῖθρον: meaning 'bolt'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μοχλοὺςbars / crossbarsN2 APM · μοχλόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμοχλός: meaning 'bars'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῆςitsRD GSF · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
15
καὶ τὸ τεῖχος κολυμβήθρας τῶν κωδίων τῇ κουρᾷ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἕως τῶν κλιμάκων τῶν καταβαινουσῶν ἀπὸ πόλεως Δαυιδ
And the wall of the Pool of the Gardens, by the king's garden, and as far as the stairs descending from the city of David.
The Greek here is elliptical, sounding more like a topographical continuation than a fully restated repair formula. The translation preserves that compressed movement.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
κολυμβήθραςkolymbethraN1A GSF · κολυμβήθραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκολυμβήθρα: meaning 'kolymbethra'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κωδίωνgardenN2N GPN · κώδιονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκώδιον: meaning 'garden'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κουρᾷgardenN1A DSF · κουράdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceκουρά: meaning 'garden'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλιμάκωνstairsN3K GPF · κλιμάξgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκλιμάξ: meaning 'stairs'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταβαινουσῶνpapgpph baino kataV1 · παπγπφ βαίνω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγπφ βαίνω + κατα: meaning 'papgpph baino kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
16
ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ἐκράτησεν Νεεμιας υἱὸς Αζαβουχ ἄρχων ἡμίσους περιχώρου Βηθσουρ ἕως κήπου τάφου Δαυιδ καὶ ἕως τῆς κολυμβήθρας τῆς γεγονυίας καὶ ἕως Βηθαγγαβαριμ
After him Nehemiah son of Azabouch, ruler of half the district of Bethsur, repaired as far as the garden tomb of David, and as far as the pool that had been made, and as far as Bethaggabarim.
Royal memory, water infrastructure, and defensive geography all meet in this stretch, showing how layered the city's restoration is.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὀπίσωοπισωP · ὀπίσωpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: meaning 'οπισω'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΝεεμιαςNehemiahN NSM · Νεεμιαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΝεεμιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΑζαβουχAzabouchN GSM · Αζαβουχnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑζαβουχ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμίσουςhalfA3U GSM · ἥμισυςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἥμισυς: meaning 'half'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
περιχώρουperichorosN2 GSM · περίχωροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπερίχωρος: meaning 'perichoros'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΒηθσουρBethsurN GSM · Βηθσουρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒηθσουρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κήπουgardenN2 GSM · κῆποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκῆπος: meaning 'garden'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τάφουtombsN2 GSM · τάφοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτάφος: meaning 'tombs'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΔαυιδDavidN GSM · Δαυίδnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κολυμβήθραςkolymbethraN1A GSF · κολυμβήθραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκολυμβήθρα: meaning 'kolymbethra'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεγονυίαςchapgsph gignomaiVX · χαπγσφ γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateχαπγσφ γίγνομαι: meaning 'chapgsph gignomai'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΒηθαγγαβαριμBethaggabarimN GPM · Βηθαγγαβαριμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒηθαγγαβαριμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
17
ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ἐκράτησαν οἱ Λευῖται Ραουμ υἱὸς Βανι ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐκράτησεν Ασαβια ἄρχων ἡμίσους περιχώρου Κεϊλα τῷ περιχώρῳ αὐτοῦ
After him the Levites repaired, Rehum son of Bani; at his side Hasabia, ruler of half the district of Keila, repaired for his district.
Cultic servants are not confined to sanctuary work. They appear here as public laborers in the city's protection.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ὀπίσωοπισωP · ὀπίσωpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: meaning 'οπισω'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησανholding powerVAI AAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛευῖταιLeviteN1M NPM · Λευίτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΛευῖται: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΡαουμRaoumN NSM · Ραουμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΡαουμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΒανιBaniN GSM · Βανιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒανι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑσαβιαHashabiahN NSM · Ασαβιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσαβια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμίσουςhalfA3U GSM · ἥμισυςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἥμισυς: meaning 'half'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
περιχώρουperichorosN2 GSM · περίχωροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπερίχωρος: meaning 'perichoros'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΚεϊλαKeilaN GSM · Κεϊλαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚεϊλα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιχώρῳperichorosN2 DSM · περίχωροςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceπερίχωρος: meaning 'perichoros'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
18
μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησαν ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν Βενι υἱὸς Ηναδαδ ἄρχων ἡμίσους περιχώρου Κεϊλα
After him their brothers repaired, Beni son of Henadad, ruler of half the district of Keila.
The word 'brothers' emphasizes corporate solidarity rather than isolated craftsmanship.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησανholding powerVAI AAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀδελφοὶbrothersN2 NPM · ἀδελφόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΒενιBeniN NSM · Βενιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒενι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΗναδαδHenadadN GSM · Ηναδαδnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗναδαδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἡμίσουςhalfA3U GSM · ἥμισυςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἥμισυς: meaning 'half'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
περιχώρουperichorosN2 GSM · περίχωροςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπερίχωρος: meaning 'perichoros'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΚεϊλαKeilaN GSM · Κεϊλαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΚεϊλα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
19
καὶ ἐκράτησεν ἐπὶ χεῖρα αὐτοῦ Αζουρ υἱὸς Ἰησοῦ ἄρχων τοῦ Μασφε μέτρον δεύτερον πύργου ἀναβάσεως τῆς συναπτούσης τῆς γωνίας
And at his side Azour son of Jesous, ruler of Masphe, repaired a second measure opposite the ascent of the armory at the angle.
The reference to ascent and angle signals a tactically important point in the wall circuit.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
χεῖραhandN3 ASF · χείρaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationχείρ: meaning 'hand'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΑζουρAzourN NSM · Αζουρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑζουρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἸησοῦJeshuaN GSM · Ἰησοῦςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationἸησοῦ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἄρχωνruler / leaderN3 NSM · ἄρχωνnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἄρχων: meaning 'ruler'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜασφεMaspheN GSM · Μασφεnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜασφε: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μέτρονmeasureN2N ASN · μέτρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεύτερονsecondA1A ASM · δεύτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πύργουtowerN2 GSM · πύργοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἀναβάσεωςascentN3I GSF · ἀνάβασιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνάβασις: meaning 'ascent'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συναπτούσηςjoiningV1 · παπγσφ ἅπτω + συνverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσφ ἅπτω + συν: meaning 'joining'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γωνίαςgoniaN1A GSF · γωνίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγωνία: meaning 'gonia'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
20
μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Βαρουχ υἱὸς Ζαβου μέτρον δεύτερον ἀπὸ τῆς γωνίας ἕως θύρας Βηθελισουβ τοῦ ἱερέως τοῦ μεγάλου
After him Barouch son of Zabou repaired a second measure from the angle as far as the door of the house of Beth-Eliashib the high priest.
The wall register repeatedly interweaves civic defense with priestly residences, reinforcing the city's sacred-political unity.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΒαρουχBaruchN NSM · Βαρουχnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒαρουχ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΖαβουZaboyN GSM · Ζαβουnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΖαβου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μέτρονmeasureN2N ASN · μέτρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεύτερονsecondA1A ASN · δεύτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γωνίαςgoniaN1A GSF · γωνίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγωνία: meaning 'gonia'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θύραςdoor / gateN1A GSF · θύραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΒηθελισουβBeth-EliashibN GSM · Βηθελισουβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒηθελισουβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriestN3V GSM · ἱερεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἱερεύς: meaning 'priest'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλουgreatA1 GSM · μέγαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
21
μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Μεραμωθ υἱὸς Ουρια υἱοῦ Ακως μέτρον δεύτερον ἀπὸ θύρας Βηθελισουβ ἕως ἐκλείψεως Βηθελισουβ
After him Meramoth son of Uriah son of Akkos repaired a second measure from the door of the house of Beth-Eliashib as far as the end of Beth-Eliashib.
Repeated service by the same worker highlights zeal and dependable follow-through.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜεραμωθMeramothN NSM · Μεραμωθnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜεραμωθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΟυριαUriahN GSM · Ουριαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΟυρια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΑκωςAkkosN GSM · Ακωςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑκως: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μέτρονmeasureN2N ASN · μέτρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεύτερονsecondA1A ASN · δεύτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
θύραςdoor / gateN1A GSF · θύραgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationθύρα: meaning 'door'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΒηθελισουβBeth-EliashibN GSM · Βηθελισουβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒηθελισουβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλείψεωςekleipsisN3I GSF · ἔκλειψιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἔκλειψις: meaning 'ekleipsis'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΒηθελισουβBeth-EliashibN GSM · Βηθελισουβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒηθελισουβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
22
καὶ μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησαν οἱ ἱερεῖς ἄνδρες Αχεχαρ
And after him the priests, the men of Achechar, repaired.
The work keeps drawing in personnel from beyond the immediate neighborhood of each stretch.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησανholding powerVAI AAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἄνδρεςmenN3 NPM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'men'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΑχεχαρAchecharN GSM · Αχεχαρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑχεχαρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
23
καὶ μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Βενιαμιν καὶ Ασουβ κατέναντι οἴκου αὐτῶν μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Αζαρια υἱὸς Μαασηα υἱοῦ Ανανια ἐχόμενα οἴκου αὐτοῦ
After him Benjamin and Asoub repaired opposite their house; after him Azaria son of Maaseia son of Anania repaired beside his house.
The narrative keeps binding wall labor to home frontage, making defense a lived neighborhood responsibility.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΒενιαμινBenjaminN NSM · Βενιαμίνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒενιαμιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑσουβHashubN NSM · Ασουβnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑσουβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
κατέναντιoppositeD · κατέναντιadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastκατέναντι: meaning 'opposite'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑζαριαAzariahN NSM · Αζαριαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑζαρια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΜαασηαMaaseaN GSM · Μαασηαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜαασηα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΑνανιαAnaniaN GSM · Ανανιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑνανια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐχόμεναechoV1 · πμπαπν ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπαπν ἔχω: meaning 'echo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
24
μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Βανι υἱὸς Ηναδαδ μέτρον δεύτερον ἀπὸ Βηθαζαρια ἕως τῆς γωνίας καὶ ἕως τῆς καμπῆς
After him Bani son of Henadad repaired a second measure from the house of Beth-Azaria as far as the angle and as far as the turning.
Corners and turns matter because they are structural weak points; the register attends to them carefully.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΒανιBaniN NSM · Βανιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒανι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΗναδαδHenadadN GSM · Ηναδαδnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΗναδαδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μέτρονmeasureN2N ASN · μέτρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεύτερονsecondA1A ASN · δεύτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΒηθαζαριαethazariaN GSM · Βηθαζαριαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒηθαζαρια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γωνίαςgoniaN1A GSF · γωνίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγωνία: meaning 'gonia'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καμπῆςkampeN1 GSF · καμπήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαμπή: meaning 'kampe'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
25
Φαλαλ υἱοῦ Ευζαι ἐξ ἐναντίας τῆς γωνίας καὶ ὁ πύργος ὁ ἐξέχων ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως ὁ ἀνώτερος ὁ τῆς αὐλῆς τῆς φυλακῆς καὶ μετ' αὐτὸν Φαδαια υἱὸς Φορος
Phalal son of Euzi repaired opposite the angle and the projecting tower from the upper house of the king, that belongs to the court of the guard; and after him Phadaia son of Phoros repaired.
The city's defensive line passes royal-administrative architecture, so rebuilding also stabilizes the apparatus of governance.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ΦαλαλPhalalN GSM · Φαλαλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΦαλαλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱοῦsonN2 GSM · υἱόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ΕυζαιEuziN GSM · Ευζαιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕυζαι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐναντίαςεναντιοςA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐναντίος: meaning 'εναντιος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γωνίαςgoniaN1A GSF · γωνίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγωνία: meaning 'gonia'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύργοςtowerN2 NSM · πύργοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξέχωνpapnsm echo ekV1 · παπνσμ ἔχω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἔχω + ἐκ: meaning 'papnsm echo ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνώτεροςanoterosA1ACNSM · ἀνώτεροςnominal element functioning within the clause→ clausal contributionἀνώτερος: meaning 'anoteros'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλῆςcourtN1 GSF · αὐλήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαὐλή: meaning 'court'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλακῆςprisonN1 GSF · φυλακήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationφυλακή: meaning 'prison'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ΦαδαιαPedaiahN NSM · Φαδαιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΦαδαια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΦοροςPhorosN GSM · Φοροςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΦορος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
26
καὶ οἱ ναθινιμ ἦσαν οἰκοῦντες ἐν τῷ Ωφαλ ἕως κήπου πύλης τοῦ ὕδατος εἰς ἀνατολάς καὶ ὁ πύργος ὁ ἐξέχων
And the temple servants were dwelling on the Ophel as far as the garden of the Water Gate to the east, and the projecting tower.
This notice is more residential than verbal, but it still helps map who inhabited and implicitly supported the vulnerable eastern rise.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναθινιμNathinimN NPM · ναθινιμadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastναθινιμ: meaning 'Nathinim'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανwereV9 IAI3P · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processεἰμί: meaning 'were'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἰκοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνπμ οἰκέω: meaning 'dwelling'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΩφαλOphelN DSM · Ωφαλnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΩφαλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κήπουgardenN2 GSM · κῆποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκῆπος: meaning 'garden'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
πύληςπυληN1 GSF · πύληgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'πυλη'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατοςwaterN3T GSN · ὕδωρgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationὕδωρ: meaning 'water'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνατολάςeastN1 APF · ἀνατολήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνατολή: meaning 'east'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύργοςtowerN2 NSM · πύργοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξέχωνpapnsm echo ekV1 · παπνσμ ἔχω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπνσμ ἔχω + ἐκ: meaning 'papnsm echo ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
27
μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησαν οἱ Θεκωιν μέτρον δεύτερον ἐξ ἐναντίας τοῦ πύργου τοῦ μεγάλου τοῦ ἐξέχοντος καὶ ἕως τοῦ τείχους τοῦ Οφλα
After him the Tekoites repaired a second measure opposite the great projecting tower and as far as the wall of the Ophel.
The earlier rebuke in v. 5 makes this second Tekoite appearance especially telling: the common builders outdo their absent elites.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησανholding powerVAI AAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘεκωινTekoitesN NPM · Θεκωινnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΘεκωιν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
μέτρονmeasureN2N ASN · μέτρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεύτερονsecondA1A ASN · δεύτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐναντίαςεναντιοςA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐναντίος: meaning 'εναντιος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύργουtowerN2 GSM · πύργοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλουgreatA1 GSM · μέγαςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationμέγας: meaning 'great'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξέχοντοςpapgsm echo ekV1 · παπγσμ ἔχω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπαπγσμ ἔχω + ἐκ: meaning 'papgsm echo ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχουςwallN3E GSN · τεῖχοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΟφλαOphlaN GSM · Οφλαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΟφλα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
28
ἀνώτερον πύλης τῶν ἵππων ἐκράτησαν οἱ ἱερεῖς ἀνὴρ ἐξ ἐναντίας οἴκου αὐτοῦ
Above the Horse Gate the priests repaired, each one opposite his own house.
Again priestly service is local and practical; holiness is expressed by taking responsibility for the stretch nearest one's dwelling.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἀνώτερονanoP · ἄνωpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνώτερον: meaning 'ano'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πύληςπυληN1 GSF · πύληgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'πυλη'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππωνhorseN2 GPM · ἵπποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἵππος: meaning 'horse'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκράτησανholding powerVAI AAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsN3V NPM · ἱερεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: meaning 'priests'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐναντίαςεναντιοςA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐναντίος: meaning 'εναντιος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
29
μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Σαδδουκ υἱὸς Εμμηρ ἐξ ἐναντίας οἴκου αὐτοῦ καὶ μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Σαμαια υἱὸς Σεχενια φύλαξ τῆς πύλης τῆς ἀνατολῆς
After him Zadduk son of Emmer repaired opposite his own house, and after him Samaia son of Sechenia, keeper of the East Gate, repaired.
The presence of the East Gate's keeper is fitting: those charged with gates also share in rebuilding them.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣαδδουκZadokN NSM · Σαδδουκnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαδδουκ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΕμμηρEmmerN GSM · Εμμηρnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΕμμηρ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐναντίαςεναντιοςA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐναντίος: meaning 'εναντιος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
οἴκουhouseN2 GSM · οἶκοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationοἶκος: meaning 'house'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣαμαιαSamaiaN NSM · Σαμαιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαμαια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣεχενιαSecheniaN GSM · Σεχενιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣεχενια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
φύλαξphylaxN3K NSM · φύλαξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceφύλαξ: meaning 'phylax'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληςπυληN1 GSF · πύληgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'πυλη'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνατολῆςeastN1 GSF · ἀνατολήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνατολή: meaning 'east'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
30
μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Ανανια υἱὸς Σελεμια καὶ Ανουμ υἱὸς Σελεφ ὁ ἕκτος μέτρον δεύτερον μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Μεσουλαμ υἱὸς Βαρχια ἐξ ἐναντίας γαζοφυλακίου αὐτοῦ
After him Hanania son of Selemia and Hanun, the sixth son of Seleph, repaired a second measure; after him Mesoulam son of Barachia repaired opposite his chamber.
The repeated mention of second measures shows that sustained labor, not one-off contribution, drives the chapter forward.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΑνανιαHananiahN NSM · Ανανιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑνανια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣελεμιαShelemiahN GSM · Σελεμιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣελεμια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑνουμHanunN NSM · Ανουμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΑνουμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣελεφSelephN GSM · Σελεφnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣελεφ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕκτοςsixthA1 NSM · ἕκτοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἕκτος: meaning 'sixth'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
μέτρονmeasureN2N ASN · μέτρονaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέτρον: meaning 'measure'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
δεύτερονsecondA1A ASN · δεύτεροςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationδεύτερος: meaning 'second'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜεσουλαμMeshullamN NSM · Μεσουλαμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜεσουλαμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΒαρχιαBarachiaN GSM · Βαρχιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒαρχια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἐναντίαςεναντιοςA1A GSF · ἐναντίοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἐναντίος: meaning 'εναντιος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
γαζοφυλακίουstoreroom / treasuryN2N GSN · γαζοφυλάκιονgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationγαζοφυλάκιον: meaning 'storeroom'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
31
μετ' αὐτὸν ἐκράτησεν Μελχια υἱὸς τοῦ Σαραφι ἕως Βηθαναθινιμ καὶ οἱ ῥοποπῶλαι ἀπέναντι πύλης τοῦ Μαφεκαδ καὶ ἕως ἀναβάσεως τῆς καμπῆς
After him Malchia son of the goldsmith repaired as far as the house of the temple servants and the traders, opposite the Gate of Maphkad and as far as the upper room of the corner.
The wall is not only a cultic or political project. Commercial guilds and service groups are also woven into the rebuilding effort.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingμετ': meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἐκράτησενholding powerVAI AAI3S · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΜελχιαMelchiaN NSM · Μελχιαnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜελχια: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
υἱὸςsonN2 NSM · υἱόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceυἱός: meaning 'son'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαραφιthe goldsmithN GSM · Σαραφιnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαραφι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ΒηθαναθινιμethanathinimN GSM · Βηθαναθινιμnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΒηθαναθινιμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥοποπῶλαιropopolesN1M NPM · ῥωποπώληςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥωποπώλης: meaning 'ropopoles'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἀπέναντιαπεναντιP · ἀπέναντιpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: meaning 'απεναντι'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πύληςπυληN1 GSF · πύληgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'πυλη'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαφεκαδMaphkadN GSM · Μαφεκαδnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΜαφεκαδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'until'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀναβάσεωςascentN3I GSF · ἀνάβασιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνάβασις: meaning 'ascent'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καμπῆςkampeN1 GSF · καμπήgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationκαμπή: meaning 'kampe'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
32
καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον ἀναβάσεως τῆς πύλης τῆς προβατικῆς ἐκράτησαν οἱ χαλκεῖς καὶ οἱ ῥοποπῶλαι
And between the upper room of the corner and the Sheep Gate the goldsmiths and the traders repaired.
By returning to the Sheep Gate, the chapter presents the work as a completed ring of coordinated responsibility.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenP · ἀνάpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μέσονmidstA1 ASM · μέσοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμέσος: meaning 'midst'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἀναβάσεωςascentN3I GSF · ἀνάβασιςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀνάβασις: meaning 'ascent'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληςπυληN1 GSF · πύληgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπύλη: meaning 'πυλη'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προβατικῆςπροβατικοςA1 GSF · προβατικόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationπροβατικός: meaning 'προβατικος'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
ἐκράτησανholding powerVAI AAI3P · κρατέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristκρατέω: meaning 'holding power'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χαλκεῖςsmithsN3V NPM · χαλκεύςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceχαλκεύς: meaning 'smiths'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥοποπῶλαιropopolesN1M NPM · ῥωποπώληςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceῥωποπώλης: meaning 'ropopoles'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
33
καὶ ἐγένετο ἡνίκα ἤκουσεν Σαναβαλλατ ὅτι ἡμεῖς οἰκοδομοῦμεν τὸ τεῖχος καὶ πονηρὸν ἦν αὐτῷ καὶ ὠργίσθη ἐπὶ πολὺ καὶ ἐξεγέλα ἐπὶ τοῖς Ιουδαίοις
And it came to pass, when Sanballat heard that we were building the wall, that it was evil to him, and he was very angry and mocked the Jews.
The opposition reacts not to theory but to progress. The work has become substantial enough to threaten rival interests.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἡνίκαηνικαD · ἡνίκαadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastἡνίκα: meaning 'ηνικα'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενhearVAI AAI3S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: meaning 'hear'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ΣαναβαλλατSanballatN NSM · Σαναβαλλατnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣαναβαλλατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμεῖςweRP NP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἡμεῖς: meaning 'we'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἰκοδομοῦμενyou shall buildV2 PAI1P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'you shall build'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πονηρὸνponerosA1A NSN · πονηρόςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceπονηρός: meaning 'poneros'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἦνwasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτῷto himRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠργίσθηwas angryVSI API3S · ὀργίζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristὀργίζω: meaning 'was angry'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
πολὺmuchA3U ASN · πολύςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεγέλαgelao + ekV3I IAI3S · γελάω + ἐκverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processγελάω + ἐκ: meaning 'gelao + ek'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίοιςIoydaioisN2 DPM · Ἰουδαῖοςdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ participant identificationΙουδαίοις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
34
καὶ εἶπεν ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτοῦ αὕτη ἡ δύναμις Σομορων ὅτι οἱ Ιουδαῖοι οὗτοι οἰκοδομοῦσιν τὴν ἑαυτῶν πόλιν
And he said before his brothers and the force of Samaria, 'What are these Jews doing? Are they building this city for themselves?'
The taunt is performative. It is meant to shame the builders by making their labor look presumptuous and absurd.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐνώπιονinP · ἐνώπιονpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersN2 GPM · ἀδελφόςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationἀδελφός: meaning 'brothers'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
αὕτηthis / theseRD NSF · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὕτη: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύναμιςforce / powerN3I NSF · δύναμιςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceδύναμις: meaning 'force'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ΣομορωνSamariaN GSF · Σομορωνnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΣομορων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαῖοιJudeanN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant identificationΙουδαῖοι: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
οὗτοιtheseRD NPM · οὗτοςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceοὗτοι: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οἰκοδομοῦσινare buildingV2 PAI3P · οἰκοδομέωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ ongoing verbal processοἰκοδομέω: meaning 'are building'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτῶνhimself / themselvesRD GPM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἑαυτῶν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
35
καὶ Τωβιας ὁ αμμανίτης ἐχόμενα αὐτοῦ ἦλθεν καὶ εἶπαν πρὸς ἑαυτούς μὴ θυσιάσουσιν ἢ φάγονται ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῶν οὐχὶ ἀναβήσεται ἀλώπηξ καὶ καθελεῖ τὸ τεῖχος λίθων αὐτῶν
And Tobiah the Ammonite who was beside him came and said among themselves, 'Will they sacrifice, or eat in their place? Will not even a fox go up and pull down their wall of stones?'
The speech is sneering rather than coherent. Its aim is to turn labor into embarrassment and faith into ridicule.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΤωβιαςTobijahN NSM · Τωβιαςnominal element functioning within the clause→ participant identificationΤωβιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominal element functioning within the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αμμανίτηςammaneitesN1M NSM · ἀμμανείτηςnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀμμανείτης: meaning 'ammaneites'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
ἐχόμεναechoV1 · πμπαπν ἔχωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateπμπαπν ἔχω: meaning 'echo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ἦλθενcomeVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανthey saidVAI AAI3P · εἶπονverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristεἶπον: meaning 'they said'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
πρὸςto / towardP · πρόςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτούςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceἑαυτούς: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυσιάσουσινthey sacrificedVF2 FAI3P · θυσιάζωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureθυσιάζω: meaning 'they sacrificed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγονταιeatsVF FMI3P · ἐσθίωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureἐσθίω: meaning 'eats'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουplace / siteN2 GSM · τόποςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
οὐχὶnotD · οὐadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχὶ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεταιbaino + anaVF2 FMI3S · βαίνω + ἀναverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureβαίνω + ἀνα: meaning 'baino + ana'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἀλώπηξalopexN3K NSF · ἀλώπηξnominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition→ participant prominenceἀλώπηξ: meaning 'alopex'; it serves as nominative element functioning as subject, predicate, or apposition.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθελεῖaireo + kataVF2 FAI3S · αἱρέω + καταverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ futureαἱρέω + κατα: meaning 'aireo + kata'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallN3E ASN · τεῖχοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationτεῖχος: meaning 'wall'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
λίθωνstoneN2 GPM · λίθοςgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationλίθος: meaning 'stone'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
36
ἄκουσον ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ὅτι ἐγενήθημεν εἰς μυκτηρισμόν καὶ ἐπίστρεψον ὀνειδισμὸν αὐτῶν εἰς κεφαλὴν αὐτῶν καὶ δὸς αὐτοὺς εἰς μυκτηρισμὸν ἐν γῇ αἰχμαλωσίας
Hear, O our God, for we have become an object of mockery; turn their reproach back upon their own head, and give them over for derision in a land of captivity.
Nehemiah does not trade insults. He places the shaming speech before God and asks that the mockers bear the weight of their own reproach.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἄκουσονheardVA AAD2S · ἀκούωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateἀκούω: meaning 'heard'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodN2 VSM · θεόςvocative nominal element used in direct address→ direct addressθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as vocative nominal element used in direct address.
ἡμῶνIRP GP · ἐγώpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'I'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
ὅτιthatC · ὅτιconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθημενit came to passVCI API1P · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it came to pass'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μυκτηρισμόνmykterismosN2 ASM · μυκτηρισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμυκτηρισμός: meaning 'mykterismos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίστρεψονturned backVA AAD2S · στρέφω + ἐπιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateστρέφω + ἐπι: meaning 'turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ὀνειδισμὸνoneidismosN2 ASM · ὀνειδισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὀνειδισμός: meaning 'oneidismos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadN1 ASF · κεφαλήaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationκεφαλή: meaning 'head'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
αὐτῶνtheirRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δὸςyou shall giveVO AAD2S · δίδωμιverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ verbal action or stateδίδωμι: meaning 'you shall give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form marking person, reference, or participant role within the clause.
εἰςinto/toP · εἰςpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
μυκτηρισμὸνmykterismosN2 ASM · μυκτηρισμόςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμυκτηρισμός: meaning 'mykterismos'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐνinP · ἐνpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
γῇland / earthN1 DSF · γῆdative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient→ sphere or referenceγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as dative nominal element marking relation, instrument, sphere, or recipient.
αἰχμαλωσίαςcaptivity / captivesN1A GSF · αἰχμαλωσίαgenitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality→ relational specificationαἰχμαλωσία: meaning 'captivity'; it serves as genitive nominal element defining relation, possession, source, or quality.
37
καὶ μὴ καλύψῃς ἐπὶ ἀνομίαν
And do not cover over iniquity.
The surviving clause is abrupt, which intensifies the sense that the prayer refuses to minimize the moral seriousness of the contempt.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
καὶandC · καίconnective or conjunction linking the clause to its context→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial or particle element shaping the clause or phrase→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καλύψῃςcoveredVA AAS2S · καλύπτωverbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause→ subjunctive contingencyκαλύπτω: meaning 'covered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action, process, or state of the clause.
ἐπὶon/upon/againstP · ἐπίpreposition governing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing its complement phrase.
ἀνομίανiniquitiesN1A ASF · ἀνομίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationἀνομία: meaning 'iniquities'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object, extent, or goal.