Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Second Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 14ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Β′ ΙΔ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Through Joab and the wise woman, Absalom returns to Jerusalem, but unreconciled ambition keeps ripening toward revolt.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 2 Kingdoms 14 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. 2 Kingdoms (= 2 Samuel) 14 belongs to the so-called 'kaige' recension stratum of Samuel–Kings, where the Greek hews closely and often woodenly to a Hebrew Vorlage near the Masoretic Text. The chapter is a sustained study in indirect persuasion: Joab (Ιωαβ), perceiving that the king's heart is 'toward Absalom' (ἐπὶ Αβεσσαλωμ, v. 1), engineers a recall of the exiled prince by means of a parable delivered by a coached 'wise woman' from Tekoa (γυνὴ σοφή, v. 2). She enters in mourning dress (ἱμάτια πενθικά) and plays the role of a widow whose two sons have quarreled, one slaying the other, so that the clan now demands the surviving heir's life — which would 'quench the coal that is left to me' (σβέσουσιν τὸν ἄνθρακά μου τὸν καταλειφθέντα, v. 7), an idiom for extinguishing the family line. Her speech climaxes in the chapter's theological heart (v. 14): 'we shall surely die (θανάτῳ ἀποθανούμεθα), and we are like water poured out on the ground that cannot be gathered up — yet God does not take away a life (λήμψεται ὁ θεὸς ψυχήν), but devises means (λογιζόμενος) that the banished one (ἐξωσμένον) be not utterly cast out from him.' The cognate-accusative θανάτῳ ἀποθανούμεθα is a classic LXX rendering of the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute (מוֹת נָמוּת), and the participle ἐξωσμένος ('the banished/expelled one,' from ἐξωθέω) is the verbal thread tying the parable to Absalom. Throughout her audience the woman addresses David as ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς ('my lord the king') — human-master κύριος, not the divine name; the divine κύριος appears only at v. 11 (τὸν κύριον θεὸν αὐτοῦ; ζῇ κύριος, 'as the LORD lives') and v. 17 (κύριος ὁ θεός σου). David swiftly detects Joab's hand behind the ruse (μὴ ἡ χεὶρ Ιωαβ ... μετὰ σοῦ, v. 19) and grants the recall (vv. 21–23), yet bars Absalom from the royal presence: 'let him not see my face' (τὸ πρόσωπόν μου μὴ βλεπέτω, v. 24). The narrator then turns to Absalom's celebrated beauty — flawless 'from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head' (vv. 25–26) — and the famous annual weighing of his cut hair at two hundred royal shekels. After two years of estrangement (v. 28), Absalom forces Joab's attention by burning his barley field (vv. 29–31), demands either reconciliation or death ('if there is iniquity in me, then put me to death,' v. 32), and the chapter closes with the king's reconciling kiss (κατεφίλησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Αβεσσαλωμ, v. 33) — a resolution whose hollowness the following chapters will expose.

1

καὶ ἔγνω Ιωαβ υἱὸς Σαρουιας ὅτι ἡ καρδία τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπὶ Αβεσσαλωμ

And Joab the son of Zeruiah knew that the heart of the king was toward Absalom.

New narrative episode (main-line aorist with καί-parataxis)καὶ ἔγνω Ιωαβ
The chapter opens with a perception-verb (ἔγνω) that motivates everything to follow: Joab reads the king's emotional disposition and acts upon it. The καί-parataxis is the standard Hebraizing narrative connective of the 'kaige' Samuel text; ἡ καρδία ... ἐπί renders the Hebrew idiom of the heart 'being upon/toward' someone (לֵב עַל).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωknew / perceivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (perception introducing the episode)→ constative aorist (a single act of insight)γινώσκω: 'know / perceive / discern'; renders יָדַע; here a verb of perception by which Joab reads David's inner disposition — the catalyst for the whole stratagem.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָב ('YHWH is father'); indeclinable in the LXX; David's nephew and commander of the army, the political operator behind Absalom's recall.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαβ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; the patronymic identifies Joab through his mother Zeruiah (David's sister), as regularly in Samuel.
Σαρουιαςof Zeruiahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable transliterated name)→ participant identificationΣαρουια: transliteration of Hebrew צְרוּיָה (Zeruiah), David's sister; treated as an indeclinable transliteration in the LXX; the matronymic 'son of Zeruiah' is the fixed epithet for Joab and his brothers Abishai and Asahel.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clause of ἔγνω→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of Joab's perception.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of the object clause→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; the seat of will and affection; the construction 'the heart of the king was toward Absalom' denotes David's yearning longing for his exiled son.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (the king's heart)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; David, here referred to by title throughout the chapter, often standing in implicit contrast to the woman's deferential address 'my lord the king.'
ἐπὶtoward / uponpreposition + accusative (disposition 'toward')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here renders the Hebrew idiom לֵב עַל ('heart upon/toward'); the king's affection is directed at Absalom — whether in longing or in unresolved grievance the verse leaves productively ambiguous.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomobject of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliteration of Hebrew אַבְשָׁלוֹם ('father of peace'); indeclinable in the LXX; David's third son, in exile at Geshur since killing his half-brother Amnon (ch. 13); the object of the whole chapter's manoeuvring.
2

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Ιωαβ εἰς Θεκωε καὶ ἔλαβεν ἐκεῖθεν γυναῖκα σοφὴν καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτήν πένθησον δὴ καὶ ἔνδυσαι ἱμάτια πενθικὰ καὶ μὴ ἀλείψῃ ἔλαιον καὶ ἔσῃ ὡς γυνὴ πενθοῦσα ἐπὶ τεθνηκότι τοῦτο ἡμέρας πολλὰς

And Joab sent to Tekoa and took from there a wise woman, and said to her, 'Mourn, please, and put on mourning garments, and do not anoint yourself with oil, and be like a woman who has been mourning over one who has died many days for this.'

Sequential action: Joab sets the stratagem in motionκαὶ ἀπέστειλεν Ιωαβ
A chain of aorists (ἀπέστειλεν ... ἔλαβεν ... εἶπεν) carries the narrative forward to direct speech: a string of imperatives coaching the woman to impersonate long mourning. The detail of refusing oil (μὴ ἀλείψῃ ἔλαιον) belongs to the standard ancient repertoire of mourning behaviour.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (sequential action)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; Joab sends to fetch an agent for his plan.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΘεκωεTekoaobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘεκωε: transliteration of Hebrew תְּקוֹעַ (Tekoa), a town in the Judean hill country south of Bethlehem, later home of the prophet Amos; indeclinable in the LXX; renowned, evidently, for shrewd people.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (sequential)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / fetch'; renders לָקַח; Joab procures the woman as the instrument of his scheme.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; renders מִשָּׁם; points back to Tekoa as the source.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman'; renders אִשָּׁה; the unnamed protagonist of the stratagem.
σοφὴνwiseAccusativeattributive adjective modifying γυναῖκα→ object specificationσοφός: 'wise / skilled'; renders חָכָם; 'wise' here connotes practical shrewdness and rhetorical skill — the very qualities the role demands; cf. the 'wise woman' of Abel (2 Kgdms 20:16).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Joab's coaching speech.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτήνherAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
πένθησονmournAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πενθέωimperative (coaching command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (go into mourning)πενθέω: 'mourn / grieve'; renders אָבַל (hithpael); here a command to feign mourning as a stage-role.
δὴplease / nowparticle of entreaty/urgency with the imperative→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: enclitic particle softening or urging the imperative; renders Hebrew נָא ('please / now').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔνδυσαιput onAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἐνδύωimperative (clothing command)→ ingressive aorist middle imperative (clothe yourself)ἐνδύω (mid.): 'put on / clothe oneself'; renders לָבַשׁ; the middle voice marks the action as done to/for oneself.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of ἔνδυσαι→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak'; renders בֶּגֶד; the plural denotes a full set of clothing.
πενθικὰmourningAccusativeattributive adjective modifying ἱμάτια→ object specificationπενθικός: 'of mourning / mournful'; the adjective specifies the garments as those worn in bereavement.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative with prohibitive subjunctive→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἀλείψῃanointAor Mid Subj 2 Sg · ἀλείφωprohibitive subjunctive (μή + aor. subj.)→ prohibition (do not anoint yourself)ἀλείφω: 'anoint / rub with oil'; renders סוּךְ; abstaining from anointing oil is a standard mark of mourning (cf. Ruth 3:3; 2 Kgdms 12:20 reversed).
ἔλαιονoilAccusativedirect object of ἀλείψῃ→ object specificationἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the cosmetic oil of festivity, whose omission signals grief.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσῃyou shall beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίfuture indicative with imperatival force→ volitive future (instruction: comport yourself as)εἰμί (fut. ἔσῃ): 'be'; the future continues the chain of instruction — 'and you shall be like a mourning woman.'
ὡςas / likecomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the simile of the role to be played.
γυνὴwomanNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσῃ ... ὡς)→ participant prominenceγυνή: here the imagined 'mourning woman' whose part she is to assume.
πενθοῦσαmourningPres Act Ptcp Fem Nom Sg · πενθέωattributive participle modifying γυνή→ imperfective participle (ongoing mourning)πενθέω (pres. ptcp.): 'mourning'; the present aspect depicts protracted grief, fitting the 'many days' that follow.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + dative (object of grief)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'over / for'; marks the object mourned.
τεθνηκότιone who has diedPerf Act Ptcp Masc Dat Sg · θνῄσκωsubstantival participle, object of ἐπί→ perfect participle (a settled state of death)θνῄσκω (perf. ptcp. τεθνηκώς): 'one who has died / the dead'; the perfect stresses the abiding condition of death — the fictive deceased over whom she 'mourns.'
τοῦτοfor thisAccusativeadverbial accusative (of cause/respect)→ participant referenceοὗτος: the neuter τοῦτο here functions adverbially with the time-phrase, 'on this account / for this purpose'; the woodenly literal Greek mirrors the Hebrew word order.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative of extent, 'for many days,' renders יָמִים רַבִּים.
πολλὰςmanyAccusativeattributive adjective modifying ἡμέρας→ object specificationπολύς: 'many'; the length of the mourning is what lends the woman's grief its persuasive verisimilitude.
3

καὶ ἐλεύσῃ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ λαλήσεις πρὸς αὐτὸν κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο καὶ ἔθηκεν Ιωαβ τοὺς λόγους ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῆς

'And you shall go to the king and speak to him according to this word.' And Joab put the words in her mouth.

Continuation of Joab's instruction, then narratorial summaryκαὶ ἐλεύσῃ
Two volitive futures (ἐλεύσῃ, λαλήσεις) complete the coaching, followed by the narrator's telling summary: ἔθηκεν ... τοὺς λόγους ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῆς ('he put the words in her mouth'), the LXX idiom (שִׂים דָּבָר בְּפֶה) for scripting another's speech — explicitly flagging the woman as Joab's mouthpiece (cf. v. 19).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλεύσῃyou shall goFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἔρχομαιfuture indicative with imperatival force→ volitive future (instruction)ἔρχομαι (fut. ἐλεύσομαι): 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; the woman is directed to present herself before the king.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: David, the target of the staged petition.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λαλήσειςyou shall speakFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωfuture indicative with imperatival force→ volitive future (instruction)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the woman is to deliver the scripted address.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the speech is to conform to Joab's script.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter / saying'; renders דָּבָר; here the prescribed speech.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective modifying ῥῆμα→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; points to the specific script Joab has devised.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (shift to narratorial summary)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενputAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (narrator's summary)→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'put / place'; the idiom ἔθηκεν τοὺς λόγους ἐν τῷ στόματι renders שִׂים דְּבָרִים בְּפֶה ('put words in the mouth'), denoting the scripting of another's speech (cf. Exod 4:15; Num 22:38).
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / saying'; renders דָּבָר; the specific words Joab dictates to her.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματιmouthDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceστόμα: 'mouth'; renders פֶּה; part of the idiom for furnishing someone with words to speak.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession (her mouth)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (her mouth).
4

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν ἡ γυνὴ ἡ Θεκωῖτις πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτῆς εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῷ καὶ εἶπεν Σῶσον βασιλεῦ σῶσον

And the Tekoite woman went in to the king and fell on her face to the ground and did obeisance to him, and said, 'Save, O king, save!'

Scene shift: the audience with David beginsκαὶ εἰσῆλθεν ἡ γυνὴ ἡ Θεκωῖτις
The woman executes Joab's script: entry, prostration, obeisance, and a doubled cry of appeal (Σῶσον ... σῶσον). The emphatic repetition imitates the urgency of a genuine suppliant and opens the petition before its content is disclosed.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (scene-opening)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; renders בּוֹא; the woman comes into the royal presence.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman'; the protagonist now in action before the king.
theNominativearticle (attributive, with gentilic)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘεκωῖτιςTekoiteNominativeattributive gentilic adjective modifying γυνή→ participant prominenceΘεκωῖτις: feminine gentilic adjective 'of Tekoa / Tekoite,' a Greek-declined formation from Θεκωε; identifies the woman by her town.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as object of πρός.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (gesture of homage)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; renders נָפַל; the prostration formula ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον ... εἰς τὴν γῆν is the standard LXX gesture of deep homage before a sovereign.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; renders פָּנִים; here the face thrown to the ground in obeisance — a motif (the king's 'face') that will recur pointedly in vv. 24, 28, 32–33.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction/goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction/goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground'; renders אֶרֶץ; the ground onto which she casts herself.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενdid obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (act of homage)→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: 'do obeisance / prostrate oneself in homage'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; here homage to the king, not worship of God.
αὐτῷto himDativedative complement of προσεκύνησεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of προσεκύνησεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΣῶσονsaveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · σῴζωimperative (urgent appeal)→ aorist imperative (urgent petition)σῴζω: 'save / help / rescue'; renders הוֹשִׁיעָה ('save!'), the cry of a suppliant before the king as supreme judicial authority (cf. 2 Kgdms 14:4; 4 Kgdms 6:26).
βασιλεῦO kingVocativevocative of direct address→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc. βασιλεῦ): direct address to David as the one able to grant deliverance.
σῶσονsaveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · σῴζωimperative (emphatic repetition)→ aorist imperative (intensifying repetition)σῴζω: the doubled imperative heightens the urgency of the staged plea.
5

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὴν ὁ βασιλεύς τί ἐστίν σοι ἡ δὲ εἶπεν καὶ μάλα γυνὴ χήρα ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀνήρ μου

And the king said to her, 'What is the matter with you?' And she said, 'Truly I am a widow woman, and my husband has died.'

Dialogue: the king's inquiry opens the woman's caseκαὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὴν ὁ βασιλεύς
David's brief question (τί ἐστίν σοι, 'what is it with you?') prompts the first installment of the fabricated story. The δέ marks the shift of speaker; the woman establishes her pathos-laden premise: a bereaved widow.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτὴνherAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate of ἐστίν)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'what / who'; the phrase τί ἐστίν σοι ('what is it to you / with you?') renders מַה־לָּךְ, an idiom of solicitous inquiry.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula in the question→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the verb of the idiomatic question 'what is it with you?'
σοιto youDativedative of reference→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of reference.
sheNominativesubject (article used as demonstrative pronoun)→ participant referenceὁ/ἡ: the article ἡ with δέ functions as a demonstrative pronoun ('and she'), a common Greek narrative device marking a change of speaker.
δὲand / butpost-positive particle (speaker shift)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the turn from king to woman in the dialogue.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (reply)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
καὶindeedintensifying particle (with μάλα)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί ... μάλα: the combination functions as an emphatic affirmation, 'truly / yes indeed,' opening the lament.
μάλαtruly / surelyadverb of emphasis→ clausal contributionμάλα: 'very / truly'; here an asseverative intensifier reinforcing the claim of widowhood; renders the Hebrew אֲבָל ('truly / alas').
γυνὴwomanNominativepredicate nominative (with εἰμι)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman'; the self-description that frames the whole appeal.
χήραwidowNominativepredicate nominative (attributive: 'a widow woman')→ participant prominenceχήρα: 'widow'; renders אַלְמָנָה; the widow is the paradigmatic figure of vulnerability in OT law and rhetoric, calculated to elicit the king's protective justice.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic first-person pronoun foregrounding the speaker's plight.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present (divine self-attestation)εἰμί: 'be'; links subject and predicate in the self-identification.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhas diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (background to the plight)→ constative aorist (completed event)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the husband's death sets up the crisis of the surviving sons and the threatened line.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνήρhusbandNominativesubject of ἀπέθανεν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man / husband'; renders אִישׁ; here specifically the deceased husband.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
6

καί γε τῇ δούλῃ σου δύο υἱοί καὶ ἐμαχέσαντο ἀμφότεροι ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ ἐξαιρούμενος ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτῶν καὶ ἔπαισεν ὁ εἷς τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτόν

'And indeed your servant had two sons, and the two of them quarreled in the field, and there was no one to deliver between them; and the one struck his brother and killed him.'

Elaboration: the core of the parableκαί γε τῇ δούλῃ σου
The woman unfolds the heart of her fabricated case. The self-designation ἡ δούλη σου ('your servant') is the standard deferential idiom before a king. The fratricide 'in the field with no one to deliver' deliberately echoes Cain and Abel (Gen 4:8), priming a meditation on bloodguilt and the surviving line.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καίandcoordinate conjunction (with γε)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedemphatic particle→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: enclitic emphatic particle; καί γε together render the Hebrew וְגַם ('and also / indeed'), a characteristic marker of the kaige stratum (whence its name).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλῃservantDativedative of possession ('your servant had')→ sphere or referenceδούλη: 'female servant / handmaid'; renders שִׁפְחָה/אָמָה; the self-abasing court idiom; the dative of possession 'to your servant were two sons' = 'your servant had two sons.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
δύοtwocardinal numeral modifying υἱοί (indeclinable)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable cardinal; renders שְׁנַיִם; the two sons are the structural pivot of the parable.
υἱοίsonsNominativesubject (of implied 'were')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the two sons correspond, in the parable's hidden referent, to the dynamics of David's own household.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμαχέσαντοquarreled / foughtAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · μάχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristμάχομαι: 'fight / quarrel'; renders נָצָה; the deponent middle describes the brothers' violent altercation.
ἀμφότεροιbothNominativeappositional subject ('the two of them')→ participant prominenceἀμφότεροι: 'both / the two together'; renders שְׁנֵיהֶם; underscores that no third party was present.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρῷfieldDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceἀγρός: 'field'; renders שָׂדֶה; the field as the lonely scene of fratricide directly recalls Cain's murder of Abel 'in the field' (Gen 4:8 LXX).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ imperfect (state: there was no one)εἰμί: 'be / exist'; the existential 'there was no one to deliver' heightens the tragic inevitability.
the oneNominativearticle substantivizing the participle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαιρούμενοςdeliveringPres Mid Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · ἐξαιρέωsubstantival participle ('one who delivers')→ imperfective participleἐξαιρέω (mid.): 'rescue / deliver / take out'; renders נָצַל (hiphil); the middle 'one who would intervene to rescue / separate' — no one to part the combatants.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον 'between / in the midst of,' rendering בֵּין.
μέσονmidstAccusativeobject in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον (+ gen.)→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; ἀνὰ μέσον αὐτῶν = 'between them.'
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive with ἀνὰ μέσον→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive with ἀνὰ μέσον.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπαισενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παίωmain verb→ constative aoristπαίω: 'strike / smite'; renders נָכָה; the blow that becomes fatal.
theNominativearticle (with εἷς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἷςoneNominativesubject ('the one [son]')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; ὁ εἷς = 'the one (of the two),' the aggressor brother.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativedirect object of ἔπαισεν→ object specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; the fratricide motif binds the parable to the murder of Amnon by Absalom (ch. 13) at the level of the king's own house.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενkilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb→ constative aoristθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders מוּת (hiphil); completes the act and triggers the clan's demand for blood-vengeance.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
7

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐπανέστη ὅλη ἡ πατριὰ πρὸς τὴν δούλην σου καὶ εἶπαν δὸς τὸν παίσαντα τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ θανατώσομεν αὐτὸν ἀντὶ τῆς ψυχῆς τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ οὗ ἀπέκτεινεν καὶ ἐξαροῦμεν καί γε τὸν κληρονόμον ὑμῶν καὶ σβέσουσιν τὸν ἄνθρακά μου τὸν καταλειφθέντα ὥστε μὴ θέσθαι τῷ ἀνδρί μου κατάλειμμα καὶ ὄνομα ἐπὶ προσώπου τῆς γῆς

'And behold, the whole clan rose up against your servant and said, "Give up the one who struck his brother, and we will put him to death for the life of his brother whom he killed, and we will destroy even your heir"; and so they would quench my coal that is left, so as to leave my husband neither remnant nor name on the face of the earth.'

Climax of the parable: the clan's lethal demandκαὶ ἰδοὺ ἐπανέστη ὅλη ἡ πατριά
The presentative ἰδού dramatizes the clan's uprising. Their demand to execute the surviving son for blood-vengeance would, the widow argues, extinguish her family's last hope. The vivid metaphor σβέσουσιν τὸν ἄνθρακά μου ('they will quench my coal') and the legal pair κατάλειμμα καὶ ὄνομα ('remnant and name') frame the threat as the obliteration of the dead husband's posterity.
Word-by-word analysis· 56 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; a vivifying marker drawing the king into the scene of the clan's onslaught.
ἐπανέστηrose upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπανίστημιmain verb (with collective subject)→ constative aoristἐπανίστημι: 'rise up against'; renders קוּם עַל; the compound ἐπ-ανα- denotes hostile insurrection against the widow.
ὅληwholeNominativeattributive adjective modifying πατριά→ participant prominenceὅλος: 'whole / entire'; renders כֹּל; the entirety of the kin-group is arrayed against the lone widow.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατριὰclan / familyNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπατριά: 'paternal clan / family line'; renders מִשְׁפָּחָה; the extended kin-group that asserts the duty of blood-vengeance.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'against,' indicating hostile confrontation.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούληνservantAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationδούλη: 'handmaid'; the deferential self-reference continued.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing the clan's demand)→ constative aoristλέγω (Hellenistic 3 pl. εἶπαν): introduces the clan's direct speech.
δὸςgive upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιimperative (the clan's demand)→ aorist imperative (peremptory demand)δίδωμι: 'give / hand over'; renders נָתַן; the demand to surrender the killer for execution.
τὸνthe oneAccusativearticle substantivizing the participle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίσανταwho struckAor Act Ptcp Masc Acc Sg · παίωsubstantival participle (object of δός)→ aorist participle (the one who did the striking)παίω (aor. ptcp.): 'the one who struck'; the killer designated for surrender.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeobject of παίσαντα→ object specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; the victim.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θανατώσομενwe will put to deathFut Act Indic 1 Pl · θανατόωmain verb (the clan's purpose)→ predictive/volitive futureθανατόω: 'put to death'; the clan asserts the law of life-for-life retribution (Gen 9:6; Num 35:19).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἀντὶfor / in exchange forpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: 'in place of / for'; expresses the lex talionis exchange, 'a life for a life.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςlifeGenitiveobject of ἀντί→ relational specificationψυχή: 'life / soul'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; 'for the life of his brother' is the formula of blood-vengeance.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationἀδελφός: the slain brother whose blood is to be avenged.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἀπέκτεινεν, attracted to gen.)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; its genitive form reflects attraction to its antecedent ἀδελφοῦ.
ἀπέκτεινενhe killedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill / slay'; renders הָרַג; restates the fratricide in the relative clause.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαροῦμενwe will destroy / removeFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ἐξαίρωmain verb (escalation of the threat)→ predictive/volitive futureἐξαίρω: 'remove / destroy / take away'; renders בָּעַר/שָׁמַד; the clan's threat reaches beyond the killer to the very heir of the line.
καίevenascensive conjunction (with γε)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'even'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedemphatic particle (καί γε = 'even')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί γε: 'even / also,' rendering וְגַם; here ascensive, marking the heir as the climactic object of the threat.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονόμονheirAccusativedirect object of ἐξαροῦμεν→ object specificationκληρονόμος: 'heir / inheritor'; renders יוֹרֵשׁ; to destroy the heir is to end the family's claim to land and name.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (plural)→ relational specificationthe plural ὑμῶν ('your,' addressing the widow's household) within the quoted threat reflects the wooden Greek of the underlying Hebrew.
καὶand soconsecutive conjunction (resuming the widow's voice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and so'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σβέσουσινthey will quenchFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σβέννυμιmain verb (the consequence)→ predictive futureσβέννυμι: 'extinguish / quench'; renders כָּבָה; the metaphor of quenching the last live coal vividly figures the snuffing-out of the family line (cf. 2 Kgdms 21:17, the 'lamp of Israel').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρακάcoal / emberAccusativedirect object of σβέσουσιν→ object specificationἄνθραξ: 'live coal / ember'; renders גַּחֶלֶת; the single surviving ember is the metaphor for the one remaining son who keeps the household's 'fire' alive.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλειφθένταthat is leftAor Pass Ptcp Masc Acc Sg · καταλείπωattributive participle modifying ἄνθρακα→ aorist passive participle (the one remaining)καταλείπω (aor. pass. ptcp.): 'leave behind / leave remaining'; renders שָׁאַר/יָתַר; 'the coal that has been left,' i.e., the sole survivor.
ὥστεso as toconjunction introducing result/purpose infinitive→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / so as to'; here with infinitive expressing the dire consequence.
μὴnotnegative with infinitive→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
θέσθαιto leave / setAor Mid Inf · τίθημιinfinitive of result (with ὥστε)→ aorist infinitiveτίθημι (aor. mid. inf.): 'set / place / leave'; here 'so as not to leave for my husband a remnant and name' — the obliteration of his posterity.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρίhusbandDativedative of advantage ('for my husband')→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ: 'husband'; the deceased, whose name and line are at stake.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κατάλειμμαremnantAccusativedirect object of θέσθαι→ object specificationκατάλειμμα: 'remnant / survivor'; renders שְׁאֵרִית; the legal-theological term for what survives to perpetuate a line.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of θέσθαι (coordinate with κατάλειμμα)→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; 'remnant and name' (שֵׁם וּשְׁאֵרִית) is a fixed pair for the continuation of a family in Israel (cf. Isa 14:22).
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
προσώπουfaceGenitiveobject of ἐπί (idiom 'face of the earth')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / surface'; ἐπὶ προσώπου τῆς γῆς ('on the face of the earth') renders עַל־פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה, an idiom for the whole inhabited world.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (with προσώπου)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / land'; completes the idiom 'on the face of the earth.'
8

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς ὑγιαίνουσα βάδιζε εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου κἀγὼ ἐντελοῦμαι περὶ σοῦ

And the king said, 'Go in good health to your house, and I will give orders concerning you.'

Response: David's first (vague) rulingκαὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς
David dismisses the woman with a benevolent but non-committal assurance (ἐντελοῦμαι περὶ σοῦ, 'I will give orders concerning you'). The vagueness invites her to press for a firmer guarantee in the verses that follow.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ὑγιαίνουσαin good healthPres Act Ptcp Fem Nom Sg · ὑγιαίνωcircumstantial participle (manner, agreeing with implied subject)→ imperfective participleὑγιαίνω: 'be well / in good health'; the participle functions adverbially, 'go in peace/well' — a courteous formula of dismissal (cf. בְּשָׁלוֹם).
βάδιζεgoPres Act Impv 2 Sg · βαδίζωimperative (dismissal)→ present imperative (go on your way)βαδίζω: 'walk / go'; renders הָלַךְ; the courteous command to depart homeward.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; renders בַּיִת; her home, to which she is sent with assurance.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κἀγὼand INominativesubject (crasis of καί + ἐγώ, emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceκἀγώ: crasis of καί ἐγώ ('and I'); the emphatic first-person subject of the king's promise.
ἐντελοῦμαιI will give ordersFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (royal promise)→ predictive future (commitment to act)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / give orders'; renders צִוָּה; David promises administrative intervention on her behalf, though without yet specifying terms.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference).
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of περί→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of περί.
9

καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνὴ ἡ Θεκωῖτις πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ ἡ ἀνομία καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρός μου καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ ὁ θρόνος αὐτοῦ ἀθῷος

And the Tekoite woman said to the king, 'Upon me, my lord the king, be the guilt, and upon the house of my father; but the king and his throne be guiltless.'

Rejoinder: the woman shoulders the blame to extract firmer assuranceκαὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνὴ ἡ Θεκωῖτις
The woman presses by offering to absorb any guilt arising from a merciful ruling onto herself and her father's house, leaving the king and throne 'guiltless' (ἀθῷος). The juridical vocabulary of ἀνομία ('guilt/iniquity') and ἀθῷος ('innocent') frames the matter as a question of the king's legal liability.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
theNominativearticle (attributive, with gentilic)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘεκωῖτιςTekoiteNominativeattributive gentilic adjective modifying γυνή→ participant prominenceΘεκωῖτις: feminine gentilic 'Tekoite'; reidentifies the speaker.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as object of πρός.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (burden/responsibility)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon'; ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ ('upon me') is the idiom of assuming responsibility/guilt (cf. 1 Kgdms 25:24).
ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of ἐπί (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐμέ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπί (emphatic).
κύριέmy lordVocativevocative of address (human master)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): here a human honorific, 'my lord,' addressed to David the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with κύριε)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κύριε).
βασιλεῦO kingVocativevocative of address (in apposition to κύριε)→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc.): the deferential double address 'my lord the king' recurs through the woman's speech.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνομίαguilt / iniquityNominativesubject of implied 'be' ('upon me be the guilt')→ participant prominenceἀνομία: 'lawlessness / iniquity / guilt'; renders עָוֹן; the woman offers to bear whatever legal culpability a lenient verdict might incur.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; her father's house, included in her self-incrimination.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; 'the house of my father' = the paternal family.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (mild contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (predicate ἀθῷος)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the king, whom she wishes to absolve of any blame.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνοςthroneNominativesubject (coordinate with βασιλεύς)→ participant prominenceθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; metonym for the royal authority and dynasty, to be kept legally untainted.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀθῷοςguiltlessNominativepredicate adjective ('be guiltless')→ participant prominenceἀθῷος: 'innocent / unpunished / guiltless'; renders נָקִי; the judicial antonym of ἀνομία — the king is to incur no bloodguilt by sparing the slayer.
10

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς τίς ὁ λαλῶν πρὸς σέ καὶ ἄξεις αὐτὸν πρὸς ἐμέ καὶ οὐ προσθήσει ἔτι ἅψασθαι αὐτοῦ

And the king said, 'Whoever speaks against you, bring him to me, and he shall not touch you again.'

Response: David's second, firmer rulingκαὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς
David escalates from vague promise (v. 8) to concrete protection: any accuser is to be brought to him, and shall trouble her no more. The litotes-like οὐ προσθήσει ἔτι ἅψασθαι ('he will not add to touch again') is a Hebraizing idiom (יָסַף + infinitive) for permanent cessation.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
τίςwhoever / whoNominativeinterrogative/indefinite pronoun (protasis)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'who?'; here functioning quasi-conditionally, 'whoever (speaks against you) — bring him.'
the oneNominativearticle substantivizing the participle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαλῶνwho speaksPres Act Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · λαλέωsubstantival participle (predicate of τίς)→ imperfective participleλαλέω (pres. ptcp.): 'the one speaking (against)'; the accuser who would press the clan's demand.
πρὸςto / againstpreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: here 'to/against you,' of hostile address.
σέyouAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄξειςyou shall bringFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἄγωfuture indicative with imperatival force→ volitive future (instruction)ἄγω: 'lead / bring'; renders בּוֹא (hiphil); 'bring him to me' — the king will adjudicate personally.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceἐμέ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negative.
προσθήσειhe will add / do againFut Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (auxiliary in Hebraizing idiom)→ emphatic future negationπροστίθημι: 'add'; here as auxiliary in the idiom οὐ προσθήσει ... ἅψασθαι ('he will not again touch'), rendering לֹא־יוֹסִיף + inf., a Hebraism for 'never again.'
ἔτιany more / againadverb (temporal)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / again'; reinforces the finality of the prohibition.
ἅψασθαιto touchAor Mid Inf · ἅπτωcomplementary infinitive (with προσθήσει)→ aorist infinitiveἅπτω (mid. ἅπτομαι): 'touch / lay hold of (+ gen.)'; renders נָגַע; here of harmful contact — the accuser shall not lay a hand on her again.
αὐτοῦyou / itGenitivegenitive object of ἅψασθαι→ relational specificationthe genitive complement of ἅπτομαι; the woodenly literal Greek leaves the referent ('you'/'your son') ambiguous, following the Hebrew.
11

καὶ εἶπεν μνημονευσάτω δὴ ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν κύριον θεὸν αὐτοῦ πληθυνθῆναι ἀγχιστέα τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ διαφθεῖραι καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐξάρωσιν τὸν υἱόν μου καὶ εἶπεν ζῇ κύριος εἰ πεσεῖται ἀπὸ τῆς τριχὸς τοῦ υἱοῦ σου ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν

And she said, 'Let the king please remember the LORD his God, that the avenger of blood not multiply to destroy, and that they not destroy my son.' And he said, 'As the LORD lives, not one hair of your son shall fall to the ground.'

Petition and oath: the woman secures a divine guaranteeκαὶ εἶπεν μνημονευσάτω δή
The woman now invokes God to constrain the blood-avenger, and David responds with a solemn oath (ζῇ κύριος, 'as the LORD lives') guaranteeing the son's absolute safety. Here κύριος is the Tetragrammaton: τὸν κύριον θεὸν αὐτοῦ ('the LORD his God') and the oath-formula ζῇ κύριος both name God, in contrast to the human-master κύριε of vv. 9, 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
μνημονευσάτωlet him rememberAor Act Impv 3 Sg · μνημονεύωthird-person imperative (deferential petition)→ aorist imperative (entreaty)μνημονεύω: 'remember / call to mind / invoke'; renders זָכַר; the woman asks the king to invoke God as guarantor and restrainer of the avenger.
δὴpleaseparticle of entreaty→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: softens the third-person imperative into deferential request (Hebrew נָא).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of μνημονευσάτω→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject of μνημονευσάτω.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of μνημονευσάτω→ object specificationκύριος: here the Tetragrammaton יהוה; τὸν κύριον θεὸν αὐτοῦ ('the LORD his God') is divine reference, distinct from the woman's human address 'my lord the king.'
θεὸνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; 'the LORD his God' identifies David's covenant deity as the one invoked.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
πληθυνθῆναιto multiply / increaseAor Pass Inf · πληθύνωinfinitive of purpose/result (with negative sense)→ aorist passive infinitiveπληθύνω (aor. pass.): 'multiply / increase'; renders רָבָה; the wooden Greek expresses the petition that the avenger not multiply destruction (i.e., not press the killing further).
ἀγχιστέαkinsman / avengerAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ object specificationἀγχιστεύς: 'near kinsman / redeemer'; renders גֹּאֵל; here the גֹּאֵל הַדָּם, the kinsman charged with avenging shed blood (Num 35:19), whom the woman fears.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive of relationship (ἀγχιστεὺς τοῦ αἵματος = 'avenger of blood')→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; 'avenger of blood' is the technical phrase for the kinsman-executioner.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαφθεῖραιto destroyAor Act Inf · διαφθείρωarticular infinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitiveδιαφθείρω: 'destroy / ruin'; renders שָׁחַת; the destructive act the woman seeks to forestall.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative (in emphatic οὐ μή)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negative (in emphatic οὐ μή).
μὴnotnegative (emphatic οὐ μή + subjunctive)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐ μή: the strong double negative with the aorist subjunctive expresses emphatic denial, 'they shall by no means destroy.'
ἐξάρωσινthey may destroyAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐξαίρωsubjunctive with οὐ μή (emphatic negation)→ emphatic future denialἐξαίρω: 'remove / destroy'; renders שָׁמַד; the clan's threatened obliteration of the heir, here strongly denied.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόνsonAccusativedirect object of ἐξάρωσιν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the surviving son whose life is at stake — and, behind the parable, Absalom.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (king's reply)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb in oath-formula→ gnomic present (oath asseveration)ζάω: 'live'; the oath-formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') renders חַי־יְהוָה, the most solemn Israelite asseveration, staking the truth of the promise on God's own life.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (oath-formula)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; in the oath ζῇ κύριος the divine name guarantees David's pledge of the son's safety.
εἰ(surely not)particle introducing oath-apodosis (emphatic negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in oath formulas εἰ renders the Hebrew אִם, functioning as a strong negative ('if [it happens]... [may God do so to me]'), hence 'surely not even a hair shall fall.'
πεσεῖταιshall fallFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb in oath-apodosis→ emphatic future denial (within oath)πίπτω: 'fall'; the idiom 'not a hair shall fall to the ground' (cf. 1 Kgdms 14:45; Luke 21:18; Acts 27:34) is a proverbial guarantee of total preservation.
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive, '(any) of the hair.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριχὸςhairGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationθρίξ (gen. τριχός): 'hair'; renders שַׂעֲרָה; the single hair stands for the smallest conceivable harm — none of which will befall the son.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationυἱός: the son whose total safety the oath secures.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπὶto / uponpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: 'ground / earth'; the destination 'to the ground' completes the proverbial guarantee of safety.
12

καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνή λαλησάτω δὴ ἡ δούλη σου πρὸς τὸν κύριόν μου τὸν βασιλέα ῥῆμα καὶ εἶπεν λάλησον

And the woman said, 'Let your servant please speak a word to my lord the king.' And he said, 'Speak.'

Hinge: the woman seeks leave to turn the parable on the kingκαὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνή
Having secured the oath, the woman asks formal permission to 'speak a word' — the rhetorical pivot from parable to application. The deference (ἡ δούλη σου ... τὸν κύριόν μου τὸν βασιλέα) is at its thickest just as she prepares the sharpest turn. Here κύριος is again human ('my lord the king').
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
λαλησάτωlet her speakAor Act Impv 3 Sg · λαλέωthird-person imperative (deferential request)→ aorist imperative (entreaty)λαλέω: 'speak'; the self-effacing third-person request, 'let your servant speak,' rendering תְּדַבֶּר־נָא.
δὴpleaseparticle of entreaty→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: deferential 'please' (Hebrew נָא).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούληservantNominativesubject of λαλησάτω→ participant prominenceδούλη: 'handmaid'; the self-abasing court term.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόνlordAccusativeobject of πρός (human master)→ object specificationκύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' i.e., the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'the king,' specifying who 'my lord' is.
ῥῆμαa wordAccusativedirect object of λαλησάτω→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter'; renders דָּבָר; the 'word' she is about to apply against David himself.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (king's reply)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωimperative (granting leave)→ aorist imperative (permission)λαλέω: 'speak'; the king's curt assent, granting the woman the floor.
13

καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνή ἵνα τί ἐλογίσω τοιοῦτο ἐπὶ λαὸν θεοῦ ἦ ἐκ στόματος τοῦ βασιλέως ὁ λόγος οὗτος ὡς πλημμέλεια τοῦ μὴ ἐπιστρέψαι τὸν βασιλέα τὸν ἐξωσμένον αὐτοῦ

And the woman said, 'Why have you devised such a thing against the people of God? Indeed, from the mouth of the king this word comes as a fault, in that the king does not bring back his own banished one.'

Application: the parable turned against the kingἵνα τί ἐλογίσω τοιοῦτο
The decisive turn: the woman accuses David of self-conviction. By granting mercy in her fictive case while leaving his own banished son in exile, he indicts himself before 'the people of God.' The participle τὸν ἐξωσμένον ('the banished one,' from ἐξωθέω) is the key term linking parable to Absalom, recurring at v. 14.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
ἵναwhyin interrogative idiom ἵνα τί ('to what end / why')→ clausal contributionἵνα: in the fixed phrase ἵνα τί ('for what purpose / why?'), rendering לָמָּה.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (ἵνα τί = 'why')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; with ἵνα forms the causal question 'why?'
ἐλογίσωhave you devisedAor Mid Indic 2 Sg · λογίζομαιmain verb (accusatory question)→ constative aoristλογίζομαι: 'reckon / devise / plan'; renders חָשַׁב; the same verb returns in v. 14 of God's gracious 'devising' — a pointed contrast between the king's reckoning and God's.
τοιοῦτοsuch a thingAccusativedirect object of ἐλογίσω→ object specificationτοιοῦτος: 'such / of this kind'; the demonstrative summing up David's self-incriminating policy.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'against,' of harm done to the people.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; 'the people of God' — David's policy is framed as an offence against the whole covenant community, not just Absalom.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship (λαὸν θεοῦ)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; 'the people of God' invests the appeal with covenantal weight.
indeed / surelyasseverative/interrogative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἦ: an emphatic particle, 'truly / indeed'; introduces the indictment that the king's own word condemns him.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source of the word)→ relational specificationστόμα: 'mouth'; the king's own verdict (in the parable) becomes the standard by which he is judged.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (the king's mouth)→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of possession (the king's mouth).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςwordNominativesubject (of implied copula)→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word'; the king's pronouncement, which (the woman argues) testifies against his own conduct.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative adjective modifying λόγος→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the very ruling just given.
ὡςascomparative particle (predicate)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the predicate 'as a fault.'
πλημμέλειαfault / offenseNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceπλημμέλεια: 'fault / trespass / guilt'; renders אָשָׁם/אַשְׁמָה; the king's word, judged against his own inaction, amounts to a culpable inconsistency.
τοῦin thatGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (epexegetical/causal)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative with infinitive→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπιστρέψαιto bring backAor Act Inf · ἐπιστρέφωarticular infinitive (epexegetical of πλημμέλεια)→ aorist infinitiveἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / bring back / restore'; renders שׁוּב (hiphil); the failure to 'bring back' the banished son is the precise content of the king's fault.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ object specificationβασιλεύς: the king as subject of 'not bringing back' — i.e., David himself is the one failing to act.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle substantivizing the participle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξωσμένονbanished onePerf Pass Ptcp Masc Acc Sg · ἐξωθέωsubstantival participle (object of ἐπιστρέψαι)→ perfect passive participle (settled state of banishment)ἐξωθέω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'thrust out / banish / expel'; renders נָדַח; 'the banished one' is the keyword tying the parable to Absalom; the perfect marks his exile as an abiding condition crying out for reversal (cf. v. 14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession ('his own banished one')→ relational specificationthe possessive αὐτοῦ ('his own') sharpens the indictment: it is David's very own outcast he leaves cast away.
14

ὅτι θανάτῳ ἀποθανούμεθα καὶ ὥσπερ τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ καταφερόμενον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὃ οὐ συναχθήσεται καὶ λήμψεται ὁ θεὸς ψυχήν καὶ λογιζόμενος τοῦ ἐξῶσαι ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐξωσμένον

'For we shall surely die, and we are like water poured out on the ground, which cannot be gathered up; yet God will not take away a life, but devises means that the banished one be not cast out from him.'

Theological climax: mortality and God's gracious devisingὅτι θανάτῳ ἀποθανούμεθα
The chapter's theological heart. Human mortality (the cognate-accusative θανάτῳ ἀποθανούμεθα, a Hebraism for 'surely die') is figured as irretrievable spilt water; against this, God does not merely 'take a life' but 'devises means' (λογιζόμενος, echoing the king's ἐλογίσω of v. 13) so that the banished is not finally cast out. The wooden Greek of the verse is notoriously difficult; the rendering follows the dominant restorative reading.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the rationale grounding the appeal in universal mortality.
θανάτῳsurely / with deathDativecognate dative (Hebraism intensifying the verb)→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: 'death'; the cognate dative θανάτῳ ἀποθανούμεθα renders the Hebrew infinitive-absolute construction מוֹת נָמוּת ('we shall surely die'), expressing the certainty of death (cf. ἀποθανεῖν θανάτῳ, Gen 2:17).
ἀποθανούμεθαwe shall dieFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ predictive future (universal mortality)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the inclusive first plural ('we all') universalizes the truth of human transience.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥσπερlike / ascomparative particle (introducing simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥσπερ: 'just as'; introduces the simile of spilt water.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of the simile→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; the spilt water that cannot be regathered is the image of irreversible death.
τὸtheNominativearticle (attributive, with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταφερόμενονpoured outPres Mid Ptcp Neut Nom Sg · καταφέρωattributive participle modifying ὕδωρ→ imperfective participleκαταφέρω (pres. mid./pass. ptcp.): 'carry down / pour down'; renders נִגָּר; the water 'poured down on the ground,' beyond recall.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςgroundGenitiveobject of ἐπί→ relational specificationγῆ: 'ground / earth'; the surface that swallows the spilt water irretrievably.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of συναχθήσεται)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun referring to ὕδωρ.
οὐnotnegative→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negative.
συναχθήσεταιcan be gatheredFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωverb of relative clause→ predictive future (impossibility)συνάγω: 'gather together'; renders אָסַף; the passive 'cannot be gathered up' completes the image of irreversibility.
καὶyetcoordinate conjunction (adversative force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here with adversative nuance ('and yet'), turning from human mortality to divine action.
λήμψεταιwill takeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (divine action)→ predictive futureλαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; renders נָשָׂא; the clause is famously crux-laden — read with the preceding negation it yields 'God will not take away a life (but devises),' contrasting divine mercy with human irretrievability.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of λήμψεται and λογιζόμενος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the agent of the gracious 'devising' set against human mortality.
ψυχήνa lifeAccusativedirect object of λήμψεται→ object specificationψυχή: 'life / soul'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; 'a life' — the object God is said (with the governing negation) not to take away.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λογιζόμενοςdevisingPres Mid Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · λογίζομαιcircumstantial participle (modifying ὁ θεός)→ imperfective participle (ongoing purpose)λογίζομαι: 'reckon / devise / plan'; renders חָשַׁב; God 'devises means' — the same verb used of the king's faulty reckoning (v. 13), now of God's redemptive purpose to recover the outcast.
τοῦthat ... notGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξῶσαιto cast outAor Act Inf · ἐξωθέωarticular infinitive of purpose (with privative sense)→ aorist infinitiveἐξωθέω: 'thrust out / banish'; the cognate of ἐξωσμένον; God's devising aims that the banished not remain finally thrust out from him.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ = 'from himself,' i.e., from God.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἀπό (God)→ relational specificationthe reflexive sense 'from himself' (God) underscores that the outcast's restoration is a restoration to God's own presence.
ἐξωσμένονbanished onePerf Pass Ptcp Masc Acc Sg · ἐξωθέωsubstantival participle (object of ἐξῶσαι)→ perfect passive participle (settled state)ἐξωθέω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'the banished/expelled one'; the keyword from v. 13 repeated — God's purpose is that this outcast be not permanently cast away, the theological warrant for Absalom's recall.
15

καὶ νῦν ὃ ἦλθον λαλῆσαι πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν κύριόν μου τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο ὅτι ὄψεταί με ὁ λαός καὶ ἐρεῖ ἡ δούλη σου λαλησάτω δὴ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα εἴ πως ποιήσει ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς δούλης αὐτοῦ

'And now, that which I came to speak to the king my lord, this word — because the people will see me — and your servant said, "Let me speak to the king; perhaps the king will do the word of his servant."'

Transition: the woman reframes her petition as fear-drivenκαὶ νῦν
With καὶ νῦν ('and now') the woman shifts from theology to a renewed plea, ostensibly explaining her own motive (the people's pressure) for daring to approach the king. The syntax is broken and anacoluthic, mimicking earnest, unrehearsed-sounding speech — itself part of the rhetorical craft.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (discourse transition)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν (וְעַתָּה) is the standard Hebrew rhetorical hinge moving from premise to petition.
that whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of λαλῆσαι)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the suspended object of her coming to speak.
ἦλθονI cameAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; renders בּוֹא; her stated reason for coming before the king.
λαλῆσαιto speakAor Act Inf · λαλέωinfinitive of purpose (with ἦλθον)→ aorist infinitiveλαλέω: 'speak'; the purpose of her coming.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as object of πρός.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόνlordAccusativeaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (human master)→ object specificationκύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeappositional object (resuming ὅ)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter'; the 'this word' restating the suspended relative.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective modifying ῥῆμα→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the matter she has come to lay before David.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces her stated motive — fear of the people.
ὄψεταίwill seeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (causal clause)→ predictive futureὁράω: 'see'; renders רָאָה; the people's watching gaze pressures her (and, in the fiction, justifies her appeal).
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject of ὄψεται→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the community whose scrutiny she invokes as her motive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖsaidFut Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the servant's resolve, future for reported speech)→ future of resolveλέγω (fut. ἐρεῖ): 'say'; here introducing the woman's own reported inner resolve to approach the king.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούληservantNominativesubject of ἐρεῖ→ participant prominenceδούλη: 'handmaid'; the deferential self-reference.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
λαλησάτωlet her speakAor Act Impv 3 Sg · λαλέωthird-person imperative (reported resolve)→ aorist imperativeλαλέω: 'speak'; her resolve 'let your servant speak to the king.'
δὴnowparticle of entreaty→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: deferential particle (Hebrew נָא).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as object of πρός.
εἴif / whetherconditional particle (in εἴ πως, 'perhaps')→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: with πως, 'if perhaps / in hope that,' expressing tentative expectation.
πωςperhapsenclitic adverb (with εἴ)→ clausal contributionπως: enclitic 'somehow / perhaps'; εἴ πως conveys hopeful contingency.
ποιήσειwill do / grantFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (object of hope)→ predictive futureποιέω: 'do / make / grant'; renders עָשָׂה; the hoped-for royal action — granting the servant's request.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ποιήσει→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject of ποιήσει.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / requestAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter / request'; the petition the king is asked to enact.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούληςservantGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationδούλη: 'handmaid'; 'the request of his servant.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
16

ὅτι ἀκούσει ὁ βασιλεὺς ῥύσασθαι τὴν δούλην αὐτοῦ ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τοῦ ζητοῦντος ἐξᾶραί με καὶ τὸν υἱόν μου ἀπὸ κληρονομίας θεοῦ

'For the king will hear, to deliver his servant from the hand of the man who seeks to remove me and my son together from the inheritance of God.'

Ground: the king as deliverer from disinheritanceὅτι ἀκούσει ὁ βασιλεύς
The woman expresses confidence that the king will hear and rescue her from the one seeking to cut her and her son off from 'the inheritance of God' (κληρονομία θεοῦ) — the land allotted by God. The phrase elevates the personal threat into the loss of covenant inheritance, again pressing David toward restorative justice.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; grounds her hope in the king's expected mercy.
ἀκούσειwill hearFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ predictive future (confident expectation)ἀκούω: 'hear / heed'; renders שָׁמַע; the king's 'hearing' here connotes favorable response and deliverance.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ῥύσασθαιto deliverAor Mid Inf · ῥύομαιinfinitive of purpose/result (with ἀκούσει)→ aorist infinitiveῥύομαι: 'rescue / deliver'; renders נָצַל (hiphil); the king's hearing issues in deliverance of the suppliant.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούληνservantAccusativedirect object of ῥύσασθαι→ object specificationδούλη: 'handmaid'; the one to be rescued.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
χειρὸςhandGenitiveobject of ἐκ (idiom 'from the hand of')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός ('from the hand of') is the standard idiom for deliverance from someone's power (מִיַּד).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρὸςmanGenitivegenitive of possession (the man's hand)→ relational specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; the unnamed adversary, i.e., the avenger pressing the clan's demand.
τοῦthe oneGenitivearticle substantivizing the participle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζητοῦντοςwho seeksPres Act Ptcp Masc Gen Sg · ζητέωattributive participle modifying ἀνδρός→ imperfective participleζητέω: 'seek'; renders בָּקַשׁ; 'the man who seeks (to remove)' — the hostile intent of the avenger.
ἐξᾶραίto removeAor Act Inf · ἐξαίρωcomplementary infinitive (with ζητοῦντος)→ aorist infinitiveἐξαίρω: 'remove / destroy'; renders שָׁמַד; what the adversary seeks to do to her and her son.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξᾶραι→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξᾶραι.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόνsonAccusativedirect object (coordinate with με)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; she and her son together face disinheritance.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
κληρονομίαςinheritanceGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationκληρονομία: 'inheritance / allotted portion'; renders נַחֲלָה; the family's God-given land-share, loss of which means erasure from the covenant community.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source (κληρονομία θεοῦ)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; 'the inheritance of God' marks the land as divinely granted, raising the stakes of disinheritance to a covenant injury.
17

καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνή εἴη δὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ κυρίου μου τοῦ βασιλέως εἰς θυσίαν ὅτι καθὼς ἄγγελος θεοῦ οὕτως ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῦ ἀκούειν τὸ ἀγαθὸν καὶ τὸ πονηρόν καὶ κύριος ὁ θεός σου ἔσται μετὰ σοῦ

And the woman said, 'May the word of my lord the king now be for a peace-offering; for as an angel of God, so is my lord the king, to hear the good and the evil; and the LORD your God be with you.'

Peroration: flattery and blessingκαὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνή
The woman closes her main appeal with elaborate praise — likening the king's discernment to an angel of God's — and a benediction. Here both registers of κύριος appear: ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς (human, 'my lord the king') and κύριος ὁ θεός σου (divine, 'the LORD your God').
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
εἴηmay ... bePres Act Opt 3 Sg · εἰμίoptative of wish→ volitive optative (benediction)εἰμί (opt. εἴη): 'be'; the optative of wish, 'may the king's word be...,' the rare LXX optative marking elevated, prayerful register.
δὴnow / pleaseparticle of entreaty→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: deferential particle reinforcing the wish.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςwordNominativesubject of εἴη→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word'; the king's verdict, which she wishes to be accepted favorably.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive of possession (human master)→ relational specificationκύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: specifying 'my lord' as the king.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here of purpose, 'unto / for (acceptance).'
θυσίανa sacrifice / peace-offeringAccusativeobject of εἰς (predicate of εἴη)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; renders מְנוּחָה ('rest / acceptance') in the parallel idiom — the difficult Greek seems to wish that the king's word be 'unto rest/acceptance,' i.e., bring resolution and favor.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; grounds the wish in the king's angelic discernment.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (correlative with οὕτως)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; sets up the simile 'as an angel ... so the king.'
ἄγγελοςangel / messengerNominativesubject of the comparison→ participant prominenceἄγγελος: 'messenger / angel'; renders מַלְאָךְ; 'an angel of God' connotes superhuman discernment of good and evil (cf. v. 20; 1 Kgdms 29:9).
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; 'angel of God' — the standard of perfect insight to which the king is likened.
οὕτωςsocorrelative adverb (with καθώς)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; completes the comparison.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject (human master)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
theNominativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'the king,' likened to the angel of God.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (epexegetical)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκούεινto hearPres Act Inf · ἀκούωarticular infinitive (epexegetical of the comparison)→ imperfective infinitiveἀκούω: 'hear / discern'; here of judicial discernment, 'to hear/distinguish the good and the evil.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing adjective)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθὸνgoodAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ἀκούειν)→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good'; 'the good and the evil' — the polarity an angel-like discernment perceives (cf. Gen 3:5).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing adjective)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρόνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (coordinate with ἀγαθόν)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / bad'; the negative pole of the moral discernment ascribed to the king.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing benediction)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (Tetragrammaton, in benediction)→ participant prominenceκύριος: here the Tetragrammaton יהוה; κύριος ὁ θεός σου ('the LORD your God') is divine reference in the closing blessing, distinct from the human 'my lord the king' just used.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativeapposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; 'the LORD your God,' the covenant deity invoked to be with the king.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἔσταιbe / will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (benedictory future)→ future with optatival/benedictory forceεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the benediction 'the LORD your God be with you' (cf. 1 Kgdms 17:37; 20:13).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μετά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.
18

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα μὴ δὴ κρύψῃς ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐγὼ ἐπερωτῶ σε καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνή λαλησάτω δὴ ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς

And the king answered and said to the woman, 'Please do not hide from me a word that I ask you.' And the woman said, 'Let my lord the king please speak.'

Turn: David begins to probe the ruseκαὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ βασιλεύς
David senses something behind the performance and demands candor (μὴ ... κρύψῃς, 'do not hide'). The woman, with continued deference (ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς, human-master κύριος), invites his question — the setup for his direct accusation in v. 19.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / respond'; renders עָנָה; the deponent/passive aorist common in narrative speech-frames.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (καὶ εἶπεν pleonasm)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the redundant ἀπεκρίθη ... εἶπεν frame)→ constative aoristλέγω: the pair 'answered and said' renders the Hebrew וַיַּעַן ... וַיֹּאמֶר, a standard speech-introduction.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationγυναῖκα: meaning 'woman'; it serves as object of πρός.
μὴnotnegative with prohibitive subjunctive→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
δὴpleaseparticle softening the prohibition→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: 'please / now' (Hebrew נָא), softening the command.
κρύψῃςhideAor Act Subj 2 Sg · κρύπτωprohibitive subjunctive (μή + aor. subj.)→ prohibitionκρύπτω: 'hide / conceal'; renders כָּחַד (piel); the king demands she conceal nothing from his probing question.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as object of ἀπό.
ῥῆμαa word / thingAccusativedirect object of κρύψῃς→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter'; the very thing the king is about to ask.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπερωτῶ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun referring to ῥῆμα.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I myself,' stressing the king's personal demand.
ἐπερωτῶaskPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb of relative clause→ imperfective presentἐπερωτάω: 'ask / question'; renders שָׁאַל; the intensive compound suits a probing interrogation.
σεyouAccusativedirect object (of asking)→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (of asking).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (woman's reply)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
λαλησάτωlet him speakAor Act Impv 3 Sg · λαλέωthird-person imperative (deferential invitation)→ aorist imperativeλαλέω: 'speak'; the woman invites the king to put his question.
δὴpleaseparticle of entreaty→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: deferential 'please' (Hebrew נָא).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject of λαλησάτω (human master)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
theNominativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'the king,' specifying 'my lord.'
19

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς μὴ ἡ χεὶρ Ιωαβ ἐν παντὶ τούτῳ μετὰ σοῦ καὶ εἶπεν ἡ γυνὴ τῷ βασιλεῖ ζῇ ἡ ψυχή σου κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ εἰ ἔστιν εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ ἢ εἰς τὰ ἀριστερὰ ἐκ πάντων ὧν ἐλάλησεν ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς ὅτι ὁ δοῦλός σου Ιωαβ αὐτὸς ἐνετείλατό μοι καὶ αὐτὸς ἔθετο ἐν τῷ στόματι τῆς δούλης σου πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους

And the king said, 'Is not the hand of Joab with you in all this?' And the woman answered the king, 'As your soul lives, my lord the king, there is no turning to the right or to the left from all that my lord the king has spoken; for your servant Joab, he it was who commanded me, and he put all these words in the mouth of your servant.'

Disclosure: Joab unmasked as the author of the ruseκαὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς
David names Joab directly (μὴ ἡ χεὶρ Ιωαβ ... μετὰ σοῦ, 'is not Joab's hand with you?'). The woman, swearing by the king's life and conceding his unerring perception ('no turning right or left'), admits that Joab scripted her — answering ἔθετο ... ἐν τῷ στόματι, exactly the narrator's idiom of v. 3.
Word-by-word analysis· 65 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
μὴ(is) not?interrogative particle expecting affirmative answer→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: introduces a question; here, with the implied 'is...?', anticipating the answer 'yes' — 'surely Joab's hand is with you, is it not?'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of implied copula→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; metonym for agency and influence — 'the hand of Joab' = Joab's contrivance behind the scene.
ΙωαβJoabgenitive of possession (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; David correctly identifies him as the author of the ruse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative.
παντὶallDativeattributive adjective with τούτῳ→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'in all this' — the whole staged affair.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative (object of ἐν)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; the entire performance.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μετά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (woman's reply)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaid / answeredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖto the kingDativeindirect object (dative of address)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: the king as addressee of her admission.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb in oath-formula→ gnomic present (oath asseveration)ζάω: 'live'; the oath ζῇ ἡ ψυχή σου ('as your soul lives') renders חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ, swearing by the addressee's own life — here by the king's, hence a human oath, not the divine ζῇ κύριος of v. 11.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήsoul / lifeNominativesubject of ζῇ→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'life / soul'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the king's life sworn by.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κύριέmy lordVocativevocative of address (human master)→ direct addressκύριος (voc.): human honorific, 'my lord,' to David; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
βασιλεῦO kingVocativevocative of address (apposition to κύριε)→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc.): 'O king,' completing the deferential address.
εἰ(there is no)particle of negative oath-apodosis→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in the oath, renders Hebrew אִם as a strong negation — 'there is no turning right or left,' i.e., the king's perception is unerring.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, in oath)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be / exist'; 'there is no (way) to turn aside' from the king's word.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δεξιὰrightAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of εἰς)→ object specificationδεξιός: 'right (hand/side)'; 'to the right' — part of the merism 'right or left' for any deviation.
ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; links the two poles of the merism.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀριστερὰleftAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of εἰς)→ object specificationἀριστερός: 'left (hand/side)'; 'right or left' (יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל) is the idiom for any deviation whatever — the king's insight is exact.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
πάντωνallGenitivesubstantival adjective (object of ἐκ)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'from all that my lord the king has said' — nothing in his perception is amiss.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν, attracted to gen.)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun, genitive by attraction to πάντων.
ἐλάλησενhas spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; the king's penetrating words, from which she cannot deviate.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν (human master)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
theNominativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'the king,' specifying 'my lord.'
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (introducing the confession)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the admission of Joab's authorship.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject (in apposition to Ιωαβ)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; 'your servant Joab' — the deferential designation of the army commander before the king.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable, in apposition to δοῦλος)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; now openly named as the author of the stratagem.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself'; renders the emphatic Hebrew הוּא, foregrounding Joab as the sole agent.
ἐνετείλατόcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command / instruct'; renders צִוָּה; Joab's commissioning of the woman, confirming vv. 2–3.
μοιmeDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic, repeated)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the repeated intensive underscores that it was entirely Joab's doing.
ἔθετοputAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι (mid.): 'put / place'; the idiom ἔθετο ... ἐν τῷ στόματι ('put in the mouth') exactly echoes the narrator's ἔθηκεν of v. 3, confirming the woman as Joab's mouthpiece.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματιmouthDativeobject of ἐν→ sphere or referenceστόμα: 'mouth'; part of the idiom for scripting another's speech.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούληςservantGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationδούλη: 'handmaid'; the woman's continued self-reference.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective with λόγους→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all these words' — the entire script.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; the words Joab placed in her mouth.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective modifying λόγους→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; the very words she has just spoken.
20

ἕνεκεν τοῦ περιελθεῖν τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ ῥήματος τούτου ἐποίησεν ὁ δοῦλός σου Ιωαβ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον καὶ ὁ κύριός μου σοφὸς καθὼς σοφία ἀγγέλου τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ γνῶναι πάντα τὰ ἐν τῇ γῇ

'It was to change the face of this matter that your servant Joab did this thing; and my lord is wise, like the wisdom of an angel of God, to know all things that are on the earth.'

Explanation and flattery: the purpose of the ruseἕνεκεν τοῦ περιελθεῖν
The woman explains Joab's purpose — 'to change the face/aspect of this matter' (περιελθεῖν τὸ πρόσωπον) — i.e., to give the affair a new turn that would move the king. She closes with renewed flattery: the king's wisdom is as an angel's, knowing all things on earth (cf. v. 17). Here ὁ κύριός μου is the human master.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἕνεκενfor the sake of / in orderpreposition + genitive (purpose, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἕνεκεν: 'on account of / for the sake of'; with the articular infinitive expresses purpose.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with articular infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περιελθεῖνto change / turn aroundAor Act Inf · περιέρχομαιarticular infinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitiveπεριέρχομαι: 'go around / come round'; here transitive in sense, 'to bring round / change the aspect of'; renders סָבַב; the aim was to reframe the whole matter so as to move the king.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονface / aspectAccusativedirect object of περιελθεῖν→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / appearance'; here 'the face/aspect of the matter,' i.e., its presentation — to give the issue a new look that would prompt David to act.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥήματοςmatterGenitivegenitive (with πρόσωπον)→ relational specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter / affair'; the situation of Absalom's exile, reframed by the parable.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective modifying ῥήματος→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the matter at hand.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; Joab's enacting of the whole scheme.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject (in apposition to Ιωαβ)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant'; 'your servant Joab.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable, in apposition)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; named as the doer of the deed.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονthing / matterAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / thing'; ἐποίησεν τὸν λόγον τοῦτον = 'did this thing,' the whole staged plan.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective modifying λόγον→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing flattery)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject (human master)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
σοφὸςwiseNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceσοφός: 'wise'; renders חָכָם; the flattering ascription of superlative, angel-like wisdom to David.
καθὼςas / likecomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; introduces the comparison to angelic wisdom.
σοφίαwisdomNominativesubject of the comparison→ participant prominenceσοφία: 'wisdom'; renders חָכְמָה; the standard of comparison.
ἀγγέλουof an angelGenitivegenitive of possession (the angel's wisdom)→ relational specificationἄγγελος: 'angel / messenger'; the angel of God as the paradigm of complete discernment (cf. v. 17).
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationship (ἄγγελος τοῦ θεοῦ)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; 'angel of God,' the figure of perfect knowledge.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (epexegetical)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γνῶναιto knowAor Act Inf · γινώσκωarticular infinitive (epexegetical of σοφία)→ aorist infinitiveγινώσκω: 'know'; renders יָדַע; the content of the angelic wisdom — comprehensive knowledge of all earthly matters.
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object of γνῶναι→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of what happens on earth, known to angelic (and, flatteringly, royal) wisdom.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle substantivizing the prepositional phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇearthDativeobject of ἐν (locative)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'earth / land'; 'all things on the earth' — the scope of the king's praised omniscience.
21

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς Ιωαβ ἰδοὺ δὴ ἐποίησά σοι κατὰ τὸν λόγον σου τοῦτον πορεύου ἐπίστρεψον τὸ παιδάριον τὸν Αβεσσαλωμ

And the king said to Joab, 'Behold now, I have done this according to your word; go, bring back the young man Absalom.'

Resolution: David grants the recallκαὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς Ιωαβ
The scene shifts directly to David addressing Joab — the woman's mediation has worked. The asyndetic imperatives πορεύου ... ἐπίστρεψον ('go, bring back') effect the recall the whole chapter has aimed at. 'The young man Absalom' (τὸ παιδάριον) is a touch of paternal tenderness.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
ΙωαβJoabobject of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the king now addresses the contriver directly.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; marks the king's formal granting of the request.
δὴnowemphatic particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: 'now / indeed'; reinforces ἰδού.
ἐποίησάI have doneAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (performative)→ performative/declarative aoristποιέω: 'do / grant'; renders עָשָׂה; the aorist here is virtually performative — by speaking, the king enacts the granting.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; the king accedes to Joab's wish.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / request'; Joab's desire, now granted.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective modifying λόγον→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the specific request for Absalom's return.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative (command)→ present imperative (set out)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; renders הָלַךְ; the first of two commands sending Joab to fetch Absalom.
ἐπίστρεψονbring backAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωimperative (command, asyndetic)→ aorist imperative (decisive act)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / bring back'; renders שׁוּב (hiphil); the very verb the woman used (v. 13) of what the king failed to do — now obeyed.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονyoung man / ladAccusativedirect object of ἐπίστρεψον→ object specificationπαιδάριον: 'boy / young man / lad'; renders נַעַר; the affectionate diminutive for the grown Absalom betrays the king's paternal tenderness.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomaccusative in apposition to παιδάριον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: indeclinable; named at last as the one to be brought home.
22

καὶ ἔπεσεν Ιωαβ ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ προσεκύνησεν καὶ εὐλόγησεν τὸν βασιλέα καὶ εἶπεν Ιωαβ σήμερον ἔγνω ὁ δοῦλός σου ὅτι εὗρον χάριν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς σου κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ ὅτι ἐποίησεν ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν λόγον τοῦ δούλου αὐτοῦ

And Joab fell on his face to the ground and did obeisance and blessed the king, and Joab said, 'Today your servant knows that I have found favor in your eyes, my lord the king, in that the king has done the word of his servant.'

Response: Joab's grateful homageκαὶ ἔπεσεν Ιωαβ
Joab performs the same prostration the woman did in v. 4 and offers thanks in courtly idiom ('found favor in your eyes'). The double κύριε/κύριος here is human-master address; the verse highlights Joab's relief and satisfaction at gaining his end.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (gesture of homage)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; the prostration formula matching the woman's at v. 4.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; the face cast to the ground in homage.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: 'ground'; onto which Joab prostrates himself.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενdid obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (act of homage)→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: 'do obeisance'; homage to the king.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐλόγησενblessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐλογέω: 'bless / praise'; renders בָּרַךְ; here the formal blessing/thanks rendered to a benefactor-king.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of εὐλόγησεν→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as direct object of εὐλόγησεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; marks this as the day of Joab's vindication before the king.
ἔγνωknows / has come to knowAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (has come to know)γινώσκω: 'know'; renders יָדַע; Joab now has assurance of the king's favor — the same verb that opened the chapter (v. 1).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject of ἔγνω (Joab's self-reference)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant'; the deferential self-designation.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clause of ἔγνω→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; the content of Joab's knowledge.
εὗρονI have foundAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of the object clause→ resultative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; the idiom εὗρον χάριν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ('found favor in the eyes of') renders מָצָא חֵן בְּעֵינֵי, the courtly formula for gaining approval.
χάρινfavorAccusativedirect object of εὗρον→ object specificationχάρις: 'favor / goodwill'; renders חֵן; the king's gracious regard toward his servant.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom 'in the eyes of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom 'in the eyes of').
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativeobject of ἐν→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; 'in your eyes' = in your estimation (idiom).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κύριέmy lordVocativevocative of address (human master)→ direct addressκύριος (voc.): human honorific, 'my lord,' to the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
βασιλεῦO kingVocativevocative of address (apposition)→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc.): 'O king.'
ὅτιin thatcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / in that'; grounds Joab's assurance in the king's compliance.
ἐποίησενhas doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (causal clause)→ resultative aoristποιέω: 'do / grant'; the king has enacted his servant's request.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject (human master)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human honorific 'my lord,' the king; not the divine name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
theNominativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'the king.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονword / requestAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / request'; the petition the king has granted.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουservantGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; Joab's self-reference in the third person.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
23

καὶ ἀνέστη Ιωαβ καὶ ἐπορεύθη εἰς Γεδσουρ καὶ ἤγαγεν τὸν Αβεσσαλωμ εἰς Ιερουσαλημ

And Joab arose and went to Geshur and brought Absalom to Jerusalem.

Execution: the recall accomplishedκαὶ ἀνέστη Ιωαβ
A terse chain of aorists (ἀνέστη ... ἐπορεύθη ... ἤγαγεν) records the swift fulfilment of the command. Geshur was the Aramean kingdom of Absalom's maternal grandfather Talmai, where he had taken refuge (2 Kgdms 13:37–38).
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise up / set out'; renders קוּם; here inceptive, marking the start of Joab's journey.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; renders הָלַךְ; Joab's journey to Geshur.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΓεδσουρGeshurobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓεδσουρ: transliteration of Hebrew גְּשׁוּר (Geshur), an Aramean realm east of the Sea of Galilee ruled by Talmai, Absalom's maternal grandfather; indeclinable; Absalom's place of refuge.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤγαγενbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aoristἄγω: 'lead / bring'; renders בּוֹא (hiphil); Joab brings the exiled prince home.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomdirect object of ἤγαγεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: indeclinable; the recalled prince.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; indeclinable in this form in the LXX; the royal city, Absalom's destination.
24

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς ἀποστραφήτω εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν μου μὴ βλεπέτω καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν Αβεσσαλωμ εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως οὐκ εἶδεν

And the king said, 'Let him turn aside to his own house, and let him not see my face.' And Absalom turned aside to his own house, and did not see the face of the king.

Conditional reconciliation: barred from the king's faceκαὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς
The recall is qualified: Absalom may return to the city but not to the king's presence (τὸ πρόσωπόν μου μὴ βλεπέτω, 'let him not see my face'). The repeated 'face of the king' motif — emphasized by the closing οὐκ εἶδεν — frames the estrangement that vv. 28–33 will strain to resolve.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ἀποστραφήτωlet him turn asideAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωthird-person imperative (royal directive)→ aorist imperativeἀποστρέφω: 'turn away / turn aside / withdraw'; renders שׁוּב/סָבַב; Absalom is to retire to his own house, not to court.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; Absalom's own residence, the limit of his restored access.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect object of βλεπέτω→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; 'my face' = the king's presence; to 'see the king's face' is the idiom for access to the royal presence (cf. Gen 43:3; 2 Kgdms 14:28, 32).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μὴnotnegative with prohibitive imperative→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
βλεπέτωlet him seePres Act Impv 3 Sg · βλέπωthird-person prohibitive imperative→ present imperative (continuing prohibition)βλέπω: 'see / look'; renders רָאָה; the prohibition bars Absalom from the king's presence — a partial, withheld reconciliation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (fulfilment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενturned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (compliance)→ constative aoristἀποστρέφω: 'turn away / withdraw'; Absalom complies, retiring to his house.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; his own residence.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; the king's presence, which Absalom does not gain.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (narratorial closure)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the closing οὐκ εἶδεν seals the estrangement — Absalom is home but not restored to fellowship with his father.
25

καὶ ὡς Αβεσσαλωμ οὐκ ἦν ἀνὴρ ἐν παντὶ Ισραηλ αἰνετὸς σφόδρα ἀπὸ ἴχνους ποδὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἕως κορυφῆς αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἦν ἐν αὐτῷ μῶμος

And like Absalom there was no man in all Israel so highly praised for beauty; from the sole of his foot even to the crown of his head there was no blemish in him.

Narratorial portrait: Absalom's unrivaled beautyκαὶ ὡς Αβεσσαλωμ
The narrative pauses for a descriptive aside on Absalom's physical perfection — unmatched in all Israel, flawless 'from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head.' The merism (ἀπὸ ἴχνους ποδός ... ἕως κορυφῆς) is the standard idiom for completeness; the praise foreshadows both his popular appeal and the fatal hair of the next verse.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; here 'like Absalom there was no man,' i.e., none comparable to him.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomstandard of comparison (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: indeclinable; the unrivaled standard of male beauty.
οὐκnotnegative→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ imperfect (descriptive state)εἰμί: 'be'; the descriptive imperfect of the narratorial aside.
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubject (existential 'there was no man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; no man in Israel rivaled Absalom in beauty.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
παντὶallDativeattributive adjective with Ισραηλ→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'in all Israel.'
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; the whole nation, against which Absalom's beauty is measured.
αἰνετὸςpraised / praiseworthyNominativepredicate adjective (modifying ἀνήρ/Absalom)→ participant prominenceαἰνετός: 'praised / worthy of praise'; renders מְהֻלָּל; Absalom was 'much praised' — celebrated for his appearance.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying αἰνετός)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; intensifies the praise.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (start of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπό ... ἕως forms the merism of completeness, 'from sole to crown.'
ἴχνουςsole / footprintGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationἴχνος: 'track / sole of the foot'; renders כַּף; the lowest point of the body.
ποδὸςfootGenitivegenitive (with ἴχνους: 'sole of the foot')→ relational specificationπούς: 'foot'; renders רֶגֶל; 'sole of his foot.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within merism)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςto / up topreposition + genitive (end of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; completes the merism.
κορυφῆςcrown / top of the headGenitiveobject of ἕως→ relational specificationκορυφή: 'crown / top of the head'; renders קָדְקֹד; the highest point — together with 'sole' it spans the whole body.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ imperfect (descriptive state)εἰμί: 'be'; 'there was no blemish in him.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν.
μῶμοςblemishNominativesubject (existential 'there was no blemish')→ participant prominenceμῶμος: 'blemish / defect'; renders מוּם; the term used of disqualifying defects in sacrificial animals and priests (Lev 21:17–21) — here ironically of Absalom's flawless exterior, his inner corruption notwithstanding.
26

καὶ ἐν τῷ κείρεσθαι αὐτὸν τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐγένετο ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς ἡμερῶν εἰς ἡμέρας ὡς ἂν ἐκείρετο ὅτι κατεβαρύνετο ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν καὶ κειρόμενος αὐτὴν ἔστησεν τὴν τρίχα τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ διακοσίους σίκλους ἐν τῷ σίκλῳ τῷ βασιλικῷ

And when he cut the hair of his head — and it happened from year to year, whenever he would cut it, because it grew heavy upon him — when he cut it, he would weigh the hair of his head at two hundred shekels by the royal shekel.

Narratorial detail: the famous heavy hairκαὶ ἐν τῷ κείρεσθαι αὐτόν
A celebrated detail: Absalom's hair grew so heavy that he cut it annually, weighing the cuttings at two hundred royal shekels. The syntactically loose, almost parenthetical construction reflects the wooden Greek. The hair — emblem of his beauty — will become the instrument of his death (2 Kgdms 18:9–15).
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwhen / inpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + inf.: temporal idiom, 'when / while'; renders the Hebrew infinitive construct with בְּ.
τῷtheDativearticle with articular infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κείρεσθαιcutting / shearingPres Mid Inf · κείρωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ imperfective infinitive (habitual)κείρω (mid.): 'cut / shear (one's hair)'; renders גָּלַח; the middle marks the action as done to himself.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeobject of κείρεσθαι→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; renders רֹאשׁ; metonymically the hair of the head.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resumptive, Hebraizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal 'it came to pass')→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / happen'; the καὶ ἐγένετο formula renders וַיְהִי, introducing a recurring circumstance.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (temporal start)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; in the time-idiom 'from the beginning of days to (other) days.'
ἀρχῆςbeginningGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationἀρχή: 'beginning'; ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς ἡμερῶν εἰς ἡμέρας renders the Hebrew idiom מִקֵּץ יָמִים לַיָּמִים ('from time to time / year to year'), a periodic recurrence.
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivegenitive (with ἀρχῆς)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; in the periodic time-idiom, 'days' = the yearly cycle.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (temporal end)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal end).
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; completing the periodic idiom 'from year to year.'
ὡςwhenever / astemporal conjunction (with ἄν, iterative)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς (with ἄν): 'whenever / as often as,' marking habitual repetition.
ἂν(ever)modal particle (iterative, with ὡς + imperfect)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle; with the imperfect ἐκείρετο expresses customary, repeated action.
ἐκείρετοhe would cutImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κείρωverb of iterative temporal clause→ iterative imperfect (customary action)κείρω (impf. mid.): 'cut / shear'; the iterative imperfect describes the recurring annual haircut.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason for the periodic cutting — the hair's weight.
κατεβαρύνετοit grew heavyImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταβαρύνωverb of causal clause→ iterative/durative imperfectκαταβαρύνω: 'weigh down / make heavy'; renders כָּבֵד; the hair became burdensomely heavy upon him.
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπί.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κειρόμενοςwhen cuttingPres Mid Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · κείρωcircumstantial participle (temporal, modifying subject)→ imperfective participleκείρω (pres. mid. ptcp.): 'cutting (his hair)'; resumes the action before stating the weight.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of κειρόμενος (the hair)→ participant referencethe feminine αὐτήν anticipates τὴν τρίχα ('the hair').
ἔστησενweighedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb→ iterative/constative aoristἵστημι: 'set / make stand'; here in the sense 'weigh' (set on the scales), rendering שָׁקַל; he weighed the cut hair.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίχαhairAccusativedirect object of ἔστησεν→ object specificationθρίξ (acc. τρίχα): 'hair'; renders שֵׂעָר; the prized hair, here measured by weight.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivegenitive of source (hair of the head)→ relational specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; 'the hair of his head.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
διακοσίουςtwo hundredAccusativecardinal numeral modifying σίκλους→ object specificationδιακόσιοι: 'two hundred'; renders מָאתַיִם; the weight of the annual cuttings, a hyperbolic mark of his abundant hair.
σίκλουςshekelsAccusativeaccusative of measure (weight)→ object specificationσίκλος: 'shekel'; transliteration/rendering of שֶׁקֶל; a unit of weight; the measure of the hair.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (standard of measure)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here of the standard, 'by the royal shekel.'
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σίκλῳshekelDativeobject of ἐν (standard weight)→ sphere or referenceσίκλος: 'shekel'; the standard reckoning unit.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλικῷroyalDativeattributive adjective modifying σίκλῳ→ sphere or referenceβασιλικός: 'royal'; the 'royal shekel' (אֶבֶן הַמֶּלֶךְ) was an official standard of weight; specifying it lends precision to the marvel.
27

καὶ ἐτέχθησαν τῷ Αβεσσαλωμ τρεῖς υἱοὶ καὶ θυγάτηρ μία καὶ ὄνομα αὐτῇ Θημαρ αὕτη ἦν γυνὴ καλὴ σφόδρα καὶ γίνεται γυνὴ τῷ Ροβοαμ υἱῷ Σαλωμων καὶ τίκτει αὐτῷ τὸν Αβια

And there were born to Absalom three sons and one daughter, and her name was Tamar; she was a very beautiful woman, and she became wife to Rehoboam son of Solomon and bore him Abia.

Narratorial detail: Absalom's childrenκαὶ ἐτέχθησαν τῷ Αβεσσαλωμ
A genealogical note: three sons and a daughter Tamar (named, like Absalom's violated sister, ch. 13). The added Greek tradition that Tamar married Rehoboam and bore Abia harmonizes Absalom's line with the Judahite royal succession; this clause goes beyond the MT and reflects the LXX's expansionary tendency here.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτέχθησανwere bornAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · τίκτωmain verb→ constative aoristτίκτω (aor. pass.): 'be born / be brought forth'; renders יָלַד (niphal/pual); the passive 'were born to Absalom.'
τῷtoDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomdative of advantage (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: indeclinable; 'to Absalom were born.'
τρεῖςthreeNominativecardinal numeral modifying υἱοί→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; renders שְׁלֹשָׁה; the number of sons.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐτέχθησαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the three (unnamed) sons; cf. 2 Kgdms 18:18, where Absalom is said to have no son to keep his name alive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubject (coordinate with υἱοί)→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; the single daughter.
μίαoneNominativecardinal numeral modifying θυγάτηρ→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; 'one daughter.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of implied copula ('her name [was]')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the naming formula 'and her name [was] Tamar.'
αὐτῇto herDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
ΘημαρTamarpredicate of the naming formula (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΘημαρ: transliteration of Hebrew תָּמָר (Tamar, 'date-palm'); indeclinable; Absalom names his daughter after his ravaged sister (ch. 13).
αὕτηsheNominativesubject (demonstrative pronoun)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'she / this woman'; resumes Tamar as subject.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; describes Tamar's beauty.
γυνὴwomanNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman'; here 'a beautiful woman.'
καλὴbeautifulNominativeattributive adjective modifying γυνή→ participant prominenceκαλός: 'beautiful / good'; renders יָפֶה/טוֹב; Tamar inherits the family's renowned beauty.
σφόδραveryadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; intensifies καλή.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γίνεταιbecomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)γίνομαι: 'become'; the historic present 'she becomes wife' belongs to the expanded LXX tradition linking Tamar to the Davidic succession.
γυνὴwifeNominativepredicate nominative (with γίνεται)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'wife'; 'becomes wife to Rehoboam.'
τῷtoDativearticle (dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΡοβοαμRehoboamdative (indeclinable, 'to Rehoboam')→ participant identificationΡοβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew רְחַבְעָם (Rehoboam); indeclinable; Solomon's son and successor — this marriage notice is unique to the LXX expansion.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Ροβοαμ→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; 'son of Solomon.'
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (Solomon); here in indeclinable form functioning as genitive; the dynastic link is to David's royal line.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίκτειbearsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)τίκτω: 'bear / give birth'; renders יָלַד; Tamar bears Abia to Rehoboam (cf. 2 Chr 11:20–22, where Abijah's mother is named Maacah, identified as Absalom's [grand]daughter).
αὐτῷto himDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβιαAbiadirect object of τίκτει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβια: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִיָּה (Abijah); indeclinable; the future king of Judah, here traced to Absalom's daughter Tamar in the LXX tradition.
28

καὶ ἐκάθισεν Αβεσσαλωμ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ δύο ἔτη ἡμερῶν καὶ τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως οὐκ εἶδεν

And Absalom dwelt in Jerusalem two full years, and did not see the face of the king.

Resumption: the prolonged estrangementκαὶ ἐκάθισεν Αβεσσαλωμ
The narrative returns to the estrangement: two whole years in the city without access to the king (τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως οὐκ εἶδεν, verbatim repeating v. 24). The repeated 'face of the king not seen' builds the pressure that drives the desperate measures of vv. 29–32.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενdwelt / remainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aorist (covering the two-year span)καθίζω: 'sit / settle / dwell'; renders יָשַׁב; Absalom 'sat / remained' in the city, in enforced inactivity.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the city where he remained, yet barred from court.
δύοtwocardinal numeral modifying ἔτη (indeclinable)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; renders שְׁנָתַיִם.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the duration of the estrangement.
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivegenitive (Hebraizing: 'two years of days' = two full years)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the idiom δύο ἔτη ἡμερῶν ('two years of days') renders שְׁנָתַיִם יָמִים, emphasizing two complete years.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; the king's presence, still withheld.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the verbatim repetition of v. 24's οὐκ εἶδεν underscores the unbroken estrangement.
29

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Αβεσσαλωμ πρὸς Ιωαβ τοῦ ἀποστεῖλαι αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν ἐλθεῖν πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ἐκ δευτέρου πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν παραγενέσθαι

And Absalom sent to Joab, to send him to the king, but he would not come to him; and he sent a second time to him, but he would not come.

Complication: Joab refuses to respondκαὶ ἀπέστειλεν Αβεσσαλωμ πρὸς Ιωαβ
Absalom seeks to use Joab — his original advocate — as intermediary to the king, but Joab twice refuses to come (the doubled οὐκ ἠθέλησεν). The refusal sets up Absalom's drastic field-burning in v. 30.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; renders שָׁלַח; Absalom summons Joab as go-between.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
ΙωαβJoabobject of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (indeclinable).
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποστεῖλαιto sendAor Act Inf · ἀποστέλλωarticular infinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitiveἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Absalom's purpose — to have Joab sent (i.e., act as envoy) to the king.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject/object of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject/object of the infinitive.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as object of πρός.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἠθέλησενwas not willingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ constative aoristθέλω: 'will / be willing'; renders אָבָה; Joab's refusal to respond to the summons.
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησεν)→ aorist infinitiveἔρχομαι: 'come'; Joab will not come to Absalom.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Absalom's second summons.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (idiom 'a second time')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ δευτέρου: 'a second time / again,' a fixed adverbial idiom.
δευτέρουsecond (time)Genitiveobject of ἐκ (in idiom 'a second time')→ relational specificationδεύτερος: 'second'; ἐκ δευτέρου = 'again, a second time.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἠθέλησενwas not willingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ constative aoristθέλω: 'be willing'; Joab again refuses.
παραγενέσθαιto comeAor Mid Inf · παραγίνομαιcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησεν)→ aorist infinitiveπαραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come / present oneself'; renders בּוֹא; varies the earlier ἐλθεῖν — Joab will not present himself.
30

καὶ εἶπεν Αβεσσαλωμ πρὸς τοὺς παῖδας αὐτοῦ ἴδετε ἡ μερὶς ἐν ἀγρῷ τοῦ Ιωαβ ἐχόμενά μου καὶ αὐτῷ κριθαὶ ἐκεῖ πορεύεσθε καὶ ἐμπρήσατε αὐτὴν ἐν πυρί καὶ ἐνέπρησαν αὐτὰς οἱ παῖδες Αβεσσαλωμ καὶ παραγίνονται οἱ δοῦλοι Ιωαβ πρὸς αὐτὸν διερρηχότες τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν καὶ εἶπαν ἐνεπύρισαν οἱ δοῦλοι Αβεσσαλωμ τὴν μερίδα ἐν πυρί

And Absalom said to his servants, 'See, the plot of Joab's in the field is next to mine, and he has barley there; go and set it on fire.' And Absalom's servants burned them; and Joab's servants came to him with their garments torn, and said, 'Absalom's servants have set the plot on fire.'

Drastic measure: Absalom burns Joab's fieldκαὶ εἶπεν Αβεσσαλωμ πρὸς τοὺς παῖδας αὐτοῦ
Frustrated by Joab's refusals, Absalom forces the issue by ordering his servants to burn Joab's adjacent barley field. The provocation works: Joab's servants, garments torn in alarm, report the arson — guaranteeing that Joab will finally come (v. 31). The burning of a field is a calculated act of aggression demanding redress.
Word-by-word analysis· 53 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδαςservantsAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / young man'; renders נַעַר/עֶבֶד; Absalom's retainers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἴδετεsee / lookAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ὁράωimperative (drawing attention)→ aorist imperativeὁράω (aor. impv. ἴδετε): 'see / look'; renders רְאוּ; calls the servants' attention to the target field.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερὶςplot / portionNominativesubject (of implied 'is')→ participant prominenceμερίς: 'portion / plot of land'; renders חֶלְקָה; Joab's parcel of field.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ἀγρῷfieldDativeobject of ἐν→ sphere or referenceἀγρός: 'field'; renders שָׂדֶה; the cultivated land where Joab's plot lay.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωαβJoabgenitive of possession (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the owner of the plot.
ἐχόμενάnext to / adjoiningPres Mid Ptcp Neut Nom/Acc Pl · ἔχωparticiple in adverbial/prepositional idiom (ἐχόμενα + gen.)→ imperfective participleἔχω (mid. ptcp. ἐχόμενα): 'holding / next to'; the idiom ἐχόμενά τινος means 'adjoining / next to,' rendering אֵצֶל; Joab's field abuts Absalom's.
μουmine / meGenitivegenitive with ἐχόμενα ('next to mine')→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'mine'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive with ἐχόμενα ('next to mine').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷhe has / to himDativedative of possession ('he has barley there')→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'he has'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession ('he has barley there').
κριθαὶbarleyNominativesubject (of dative of possession)→ participant prominenceκριθή (pl. κριθαί): 'barley'; renders שְׂעֹרִים; the standing crop to be burned.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; in Joab's plot.
πορεύεσθεgoPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · πορεύομαιimperative (command)→ present imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go'; the command to set out to the field.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμπρήσατεset on fireAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐμπίμπρημιimperative (command)→ aorist imperative (decisive act)ἐμπίμπρημι: 'set on fire / burn'; renders יָצַת/שָׂרַף; the command to torch Joab's barley.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἐμπρήσατε (the plot)→ participant referencethe feminine αὐτήν refers to ἡ μερίς ('the plot').
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν πυρί: 'with fire' (Hebraizing instrumental ἐν, בָּאֵשׁ).
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; the means of destruction.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (fulfilment)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνέπρησανthey burnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπίμπρημιmain verb (compliance)→ constative aoristἐμπίμπρημι: 'set on fire'; the servants carry out the order.
αὐτὰςthemAccusativedirect object (the portions/fields)→ participant referencethe feminine plural αὐτάς ('them') refers to the plots/portions burned.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativesubject of ἐνέπρησαν→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant'; Absalom's retainers, executing the arson.
Αβεσσαλωμof Absalomgenitive of possession (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραγίνονταιcomePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come'; the historic present makes the servants' alarmed report vivid.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλοιservantsNominativesubject of παραγίνονται→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; Joab's servants who witnessed the burning.
Ιωαβof Joabgenitive of possession (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός (Joab)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός (Joab).
διερρηχότεςhaving tornPerf Act Ptcp Masc Nom Pl · διαρρήγνυμιcircumstantial participle (manner)→ perfect participle (resultant state)διαρρήγνυμι (perf. ptcp.): 'tear / rend apart'; renders קָרַע; tearing one's garments expresses grief or alarm — the servants come in distress over the burned crop.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of διερρηχότες→ object specificationἱμάτιον: 'garment'; the torn clothes signal their consternation.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (3 pl. εἶπαν): introduces the servants' report.
ἐνεπύρισανhave set on fireAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπυρίζωmain verb (reported event)→ constative aoristἐμπυρίζω: 'set on fire / burn up'; a synonym of ἐμπίμπρημι; the servants report the arson.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλοιservantsNominativesubject of ἐνεπύρισαν→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant'; here Absalom's men named as the arsonists.
Αβεσσαλωμof Absalomgenitive of possession (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of possession (indeclinable).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδαplot / portionAccusativedirect object of ἐνεπύρισαν→ object specificationμερίς: 'portion / plot'; Joab's parcel, the object of the arson.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the means of destruction, repeated for emphasis.
31

καὶ ἀνέστη Ιωαβ καὶ ἦλθεν πρὸς Αβεσσαλωμ εἰς τὸν οἶκον καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν ἵνα τί οἱ παῖδές σου ἐνεπύρισαν τὴν μερίδα τὴν ἐμὴν ἐν πυρί

And Joab arose and came to Absalom at the house and said to him, 'Why have your servants set my plot on fire?'

Confrontation: Joab finally comesκαὶ ἀνέστη Ιωαβ
The provocation succeeds: Joab, who twice refused to come (v. 29), now rises and confronts Absalom (ἵνα τί ... ἐνεπύρισαν, 'why did your servants burn...?'). Absalom has manipulated Joab exactly as Joab earlier manipulated David — a fitting reversal.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise up / set out'; Joab finally responds — now compelled.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; Joab now does what he twice refused (v. 29).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomobject of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (indeclinable).
εἰςto / atpreposition + accusative (direction/location)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction/location).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; Absalom's residence, where Joab confronts him.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός.
ἵναwhyin interrogative idiom ἵνα τί ('why')→ clausal contributionἵνα: in ἵνα τί, 'why?' (לָמָּה).
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (ἵνα τί = 'why')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; with ἵνα = 'for what reason?'
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδέςservantsNominativesubject of ἐνεπύρισαν→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant'; Absalom's retainers, the arsonists.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνεπύρισανset on fireAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπυρίζωmain verb (the accusatory question)→ constative aoristἐμπυρίζω: 'set on fire / burn'; Joab's pointed question about the arson.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερίδαplot / portionAccusativedirect object of ἐνεπύρισαν→ object specificationμερίς: 'portion / plot'; Joab's burned land.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive, with possessive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμὴνmyAccusativepossessive adjective modifying μερίδα→ object specificationἐμός: 'my / mine'; the emphatic possessive — 'my own plot' — sharpens Joab's grievance.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
πυρίfireDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the means of the arson.
32

καὶ εἶπεν Αβεσσαλωμ πρὸς Ιωαβ ἰδοὺ ἀπέστειλα πρὸς σὲ λέγων ἧκε ὧδε καὶ ἀποστελῶ σε πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα λέγων ἵνα τί ἦλθον ἐκ Γεδσουρ ἀγαθόν μοι ἦν τοῦ ἔτι εἶναί με ἐκεῖ καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως οὐκ εἶδον εἰ δέ ἐστιν ἐν ἐμοὶ ἀδικία καὶ θανάτωσόν με

And Absalom said to Joab, 'Behold, I sent to you, saying, "Come here, and I will send you to the king to say, Why did I come from Geshur? It would have been better for me to be still there"; and now, behold, I have not seen the face of the king. But if there is iniquity in me, then put me to death.'

Demand: reconciliation or deathκαὶ εἶπεν Αβεσσαλωμ πρὸς Ιωαβ
Absalom explains and presses his ultimatum: he wants Joab to gain him an audience with the king. His rhetoric is bitter ('better to have stayed in Geshur') and defiant ('if there is iniquity in me, put me to death'), forcing the issue of his unresolved status. The 'face of the king' motif recurs once more.
Word-by-word analysis· 50 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
ΙωαβJoabobject of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of πρός (indeclinable).
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; opens Absalom's justification.
ἀπέστειλαI sentAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Absalom recalls his earlier summons (v. 29).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
σὲyouAccusativeobject of πρός (Joab)→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of πρός (Joab).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participleλέγω (pres. ptcp. λέγων): 'saying'; the participle λέγων introducing quoted speech renders the Hebrew לֵאמֹר.
ἧκεcomePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἥκωimperative (the summons)→ present imperativeἥκω: 'come / be present'; renders בּוֹא; Absalom's call for Joab to come.
ὧδεhereadverb of place→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here / hither'; 'come here.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστελῶI will sendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (intended action)→ predictive futureἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Absalom intended to dispatch Joab as his envoy to the king.
σεyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Masc Nom Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing the message)→ imperfective participleλέγω (pres. ptcp.): 'saying'; introduces the message Joab was to carry.
ἵναwhyin interrogative idiom ἵνα τί ('why')→ clausal contributionἵνα: in ἵνα τί, 'why?' (לָמָּה).
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (ἵνα τί = 'why')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; 'for what reason did I come?'
ἦλθονI cameAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the message's question)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; Absalom's bitter question about his pointless return.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΓεδσουρGeshurobject of ἐκ (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓεδσουρ: indeclinable; the place of refuge Absalom left to return to a half-restoration.
ἀγαθόνgood / betterNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: 'good'; 'it was good/better for me' — a comparative sense, 'I would have been better off.'
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
ἦνit wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfect (counterfactual nuance)εἰμί: 'be'; 'it was good for me' with counterfactual force — 'it would have been better.'
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (epexegetical)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτιstilladverb (temporal)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; 'to be still there.'
εἶναίto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (epexegetical of ἀγαθόν)→ imperfective infinitiveεἰμί: 'be'; 'for me to be still there' (in Geshur) — better than this limbo.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of the infinitive.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; in Geshur.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (discourse marker)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν marks the turn to the present demand.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; underscores the grievance.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of εἶδον→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; the king's presence, still denied — the recurring motif.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἶδονI have seenAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; Absalom's first-person echo of the narrator's οὐκ εἶδεν (vv. 24, 28).
εἰifconditional conjunction (protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; introduces the defiant conditional ultimatum.
δέbutpost-positive particle (adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; marks the turn to the ultimatum.
ἐστινis / there isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of protasis (existential)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be / exist'; 'if there is iniquity in me.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ἐμοὶmeDativeobject of ἐν→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν.
ἀδικίαiniquity / guiltNominativesubject of ἐστιν→ participant prominenceἀδικία: 'unrighteousness / iniquity / guilt'; renders עָוֹן; Absalom dares the king to execute him if he is genuinely guilty — a calculated bid to force reconciliation.
καὶthencoordinate conjunction (apodosis, consecutive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the apodosis, 'then (put me to death).'
θανάτωσόνput to deathAor Act Impv 2 Sg · θανατόωimperative (apodosis of the ultimatum)→ aorist imperative (defiant challenge)θανατόω: 'put to death'; renders מוּת (hiphil); Absalom's bold demand — execution if guilty, otherwise full restoration.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
33

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Ιωαβ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τὸν Αβεσσαλωμ καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ κατεφίλησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Αβεσσαλωμ

And Joab went in to the king and reported to him; and he called for Absalom, and he came in to the king and did obeisance to him and fell on his face to the ground before the king; and the king kissed Absalom.

Resolution: the reconciliation kissκαὶ εἰσῆλθεν Ιωαβ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα
The chapter ends with the long-deferred reconciliation: Joab reports, the king summons Absalom, who prostrates himself (resolving the 'face of the king' motif), and the king kisses him (κατεφίλησεν). The kiss formally restores Absalom — but its incompleteness, after so calculated a campaign, sets the stage for his revolt in the chapters to come.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; Joab finally mediates, entering the royal presence on Absalom's behalf.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as object of πρός.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενreportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; renders נָגַד (hiphil); Joab relays Absalom's demand to the king.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; renders קָרָא; the king summons Absalom into his presence — the breach is about to close.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomdirect object of ἐκάλεσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἐκάλεσεν (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενcame inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; Absalom at last enters the royal presence so long denied him.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as object of πρός.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενdid obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (act of homage)→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: 'do obeisance'; Absalom prostrates himself before his father-king.
αὐτῷto himDativedative complement of προσεκύνησεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative complement of προσεκύνησεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (gesture of homage)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; the full prostration formula, matching the woman (v. 4) and Joab (v. 22).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; here Absalom's own face cast down — a counterpoint to the long-withheld 'face of the king.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: 'ground'; the floor of the royal presence.
κατὰbeforepreposition + accusative (in idiom 'before the face')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: in κατὰ πρόσωπον, 'before / in the presence of,' rendering לִפְנֵי.
πρόσωπονface / presenceAccusativeobject in idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως ('before the face of the king') resolves at last the motif of the withheld royal presence (vv. 24, 28, 32).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (climax)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεφίλησενkissedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταφιλέωmain verb (the reconciling act)→ constative aorist (climactic)καταφιλέω: 'kiss (warmly/earnestly)'; the intensive compound renders נָשַׁק; the king's kiss formally seals the reconciliation — yet, after Absalom's manipulations, an ominously fragile peace (cf. the revolt of chs. 15–18).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of κατεφίλησεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: David, who completes the reconciliation with a kiss.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomdirect object of κατεφίλησεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: indeclinable; the reconciled — but not chastened — prince, with whom the chapter closes.