1
τῷ δὲ ἐνάτῳ καὶ τεσσαρακοστῷ καὶ ἑκατοστῷ ἔτει προσέπεσεν τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ιουδαν Ἀντίοχον τὸν Εὐπάτορα παραγενέσθαι σὺν πλήθεσιν ἐπὶ τὴν Ιουδαίαν
In the one hundred forty-ninth year it happened that Antiochus Eupator came against Judea with forces.
The chapter opens by dating a fresh Seleucid invasion. The notice turns the narrative from prior affairs to a new royal threat against Judea.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνάτῳninthA1 DSM · ἔνατοςordinal adjective in roster→ sphere or referenceἔνατος: meaning 'ninth'; it serves as ordinal adjective in roster.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τεσσαρακοστῷfortiethA1A DSM · τεσσαρακοστόςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageτεσσαρακοστός: meaning 'fortieth'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκατοστῷone hundredA1 DSN · ἑκατοστόςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseἑκατοστός: meaning 'one hundred'; it serves as adjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase.
ἔτειyearN3E DSN · ἔτοςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequence→ sphere or referenceἔτος: meaning 'year'; it serves as proper name or indeclinable element within the sequence.
προσέπεσενcome uponVAI AAI3S · πίπτω + προςmain verbal form advancing the clause→ constative aorist presenting the event as a wholeπίπτω + προς: meaning 'come upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudasN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςfirst named party in the prior treaty→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as first named party in the prior treaty.
ἈντίοχονAntiochusN2 ASM · Ἀντίοχονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἈντίοχον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕὐπάτοραEupatorN3R ASM · Εὐπάτωρobject or complement within the clauseΕὐπάτορα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object or complement within the clause.
παραγενέσθαιto comeVB AMN · γίγνομαι + παραinfinitive expressing the requested response→ verbal actionγίγνομαι + παρα: meaning 'to come'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive expressing the requested response.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
πλήθεσινforcesN3E DPN · πλῆθοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageπλῆθος: meaning 'forces'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίανJudeaN1A ASF · Ἰουδαίαproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting→ participant identificationΙουδαίαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting.
2
καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ Λυσίαν τὸν ἐπίτροπον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων ἕκαστον ἔχοντα δύναμιν Ἑλληνικὴν πεζῶν μυριάδας ἕνδεκα καὶ ἱππέων πεντακισχιλίους τριακοσίους καὶ ἐλέφαντας εἴκοσι δύο ἅρματα δὲ δρεπανηφόρα τριακόσια
With him was Lysias, the guardian and administrator of affairs, having a Greek force of one hundred ten thousand infantry, five thousand three hundred cavalry, twenty-two elephants, and three hundred scythed chariots.
This verse inventories the expeditionary force and underscores the scale of the danger by naming both the commander and the strength of the army.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ΛυσίανLysiasN1T ASM · Λυσίαςdirect object naming the official appointedΛυσίαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object naming the official appointed.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπίτροπονguardianN2 ASM · ἐπίτροποςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπίτροπος: meaning 'guardian'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πραγμάτωνaffairsN3M GPN · πρᾶγμαgenitive noun denoting the business placed under Lysias's oversight→ relational specificationπρᾶγμα: meaning 'affairs'; it serves as genitive noun denoting the business placed under Lysias's oversight.
ἕκαστονeachA1 ASM · ἕκαστοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἕκαστος: meaning 'each'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἔχονταcarryingV1 · παπασμ ἔχωcircumstantial participle modifying Νουμήνιον→ verbal action or stateπαπασμ ἔχω: meaning 'carrying'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as circumstantial participle modifying Νουμήνιον.
δύναμινarmy / forceN3I ASF · δύναμιςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationδύναμις: meaning 'army'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἙλληνικὴνGreekA1 ASF · Ἑλληνικόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἙλληνικός: meaning 'Greek'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πεζῶνfoot soldierA1 GPM · πεζόςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ qualification or source relationπεζός: meaning 'foot soldier'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
μυριάδαςmyriadsN3D APF · μυριάςaccusative numeral noun completing the total count→ object specificationμυριάς: meaning 'myriads'; it serves as accusative numeral noun completing the total count.
ἕνδεκαelevenM · ἕνδεκαnumeral or number-word quantifying the counted item→ discourse linkage or contrastἕνδεκα: meaning 'eleven'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱππέωνof horsemenN3V GPM · ἱππεύςgenitive specifying the troop type counted→ participant or category named within the oracleἱππεύς: meaning 'of horsemen'; it serves as genitive specifying the troop type counted.
πεντακισχιλίουςfive thousandA1A APM · πεντακισχίλιοιnumeral modifier of σίκλουςπεντακισχίλιοι: meaning 'five thousand'; it serves as numeral modifier of σίκλους.
τριακοσίουςthree hundredA1A APM · τριακόσιοιadjectival or ordinal modifierτριακόσιοι: meaning 'three hundred'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλέφανταςelephantsN3 ASM · ἐλέφαςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐλέφας: meaning 'elephants'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἴκοσιtwentyM · εἴκοσιlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastεἴκοσι: meaning 'twenty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
δύοtwoM · δύοcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδύο: meaning 'two'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἅρματαchariotN3M APN · ἅρμαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complement→ object specificationἅρμα: meaning 'chariot'; it serves as accusative substantive functioning as object or complement.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δρεπανηφόραscythedA1B APN · δρεπανηφόροςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalδρεπανηφόρος: meaning 'scythed'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τριακόσιαthree hundredA1A APN · τριακόσιοιnumeral modifier of τάλαντατριακόσιοι: meaning 'three hundred'; it serves as numeral modifier of τάλαντα.
3
συνέμειξεν δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ Μενέλαος καὶ παρεκάλει μετὰ πολλῆς εἰρωνείας τὸν Ἀντίοχον οὐκ ἐπὶ σωτηρίᾳ τῆς πατρίδος οἰόμενος δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς κατασταθήσεσθαι
Menelaus also joined them and with great duplicity kept urging Antiochus on, supposing not that he was acting for the safety of the fatherland but that he would be installed in office.
Menelaus enters as an opportunist whose counsel is driven by self-advancement rather than public good, sharpening the moral contrast within the invasion narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
συνέμειξενjoinedVAI AAI3S · μίγνυμι + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionμίγνυμι + συν: meaning 'joined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜενέλαοςMenelausN2 NSM · Μενέλαοςsubject or predicate element within the clauseΜενέλαος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject or predicate element within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεκάλειhe urgedV2I IAI3S · καλέω + παραfinite verbal form advancing the clauseκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'he urged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal form advancing the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πολλῆςlargeA1 GSF · πολύςnominal element functioning within the clause→ relational specificationπολύς: meaning 'large'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause.
εἰρωνείαςduplicityN1A GSF · εἰρωνείαgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionεἰρωνεία: meaning 'duplicity'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈντίοχονAntiochusN2 ASM · Ἀντίοχοςdirect object of ἔτρεφενἈντίοχον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of ἔτρεφεν.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σωτηρίᾳsalvationN1A DSF · σωτηρίαdative object of ἐν (ground of gladness)→ sphere or referenceσωτηρία: meaning 'salvation'; it serves as dative object of ἐν (ground of gladness).
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρίδοςhomelandN3D GSF · πατρίςgenitive modifier or complement→ relational specificationπατρίς: meaning 'homeland'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
οἰόμενοςοἰόμενοςV1 · πμπνσμ οἴομαιfinite verbal action advancing or explaining the clauseπμπνσμ οἴομαι: meaning 'οἰόμενος'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal action advancing or explaining the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχῆςbeginningN1 GSF · ἀρχήgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationἀρχή: meaning 'beginning'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
κατασταθήσεσθαιbe appointedVC FPN · ἵστημι + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionἵστημι + κατα: meaning 'be appointed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
4
ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλέων ἐξήγειρεν τὸν θυμὸν τοῦ Ἀντιόχου ἐπὶ τὸν ἀλιτήριον καὶ Λυσίου ὑποδείξαντος τοῦτον αἴτιον εἶναι πάντων τῶν κακῶν προσέταξεν ὡς ἔθος ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ προσαπολέσαι ἀγαγόντας εἰς Βέροιαν
But the King of kings stirred Antiochus' anger against the wretch, and when Lysias pointed him out as the cause of all the troubles, he ordered that they take him to Beroea and put him to death according to the custom of that place.
The narrator attributes Menelaus' reversal to the supreme divine ruler. Royal wrath becomes the instrument of judgment on the corrupt high priest.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'kings'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
ἐξήγειρενaroused / hurledV1I IAI3S · ἀγείρω + ἐκmain verb→ ongoing verbal processἀγείρω + ἐκ: meaning 'aroused'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμὸνwrathN2 ASM · θυμόςdirect object naming the passionate force he raises→ object specificationθυμός: meaning 'wrath'; it serves as direct object naming the passionate force he raises.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ἀντιόχουof AntiochusN2 GSM · Ἀντίοχοςproper name within the narrative sequenceἈντιόχου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name within the narrative sequence.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλιτήριονwretchA1B ASM · ἀλιτήριοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀλιτήριος: meaning 'wretch'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Λυσίουof LysiasN1T GSM · Λυσίαςgenitive dependent on παρεμβολῆςΛυσίου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive dependent on παρεμβολῆς.
ὑποδείξαντοςdeiknuo + upoVA · ααπγσμ δεικνύω + ὑποparticiple supporting the clause actionααπγσμ δεικνύω + ὑπο: meaning 'deiknuo + upo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle supporting the clause action.
τοῦτονtheseRD ASM · οὗτοςpronoun→ participant referenceτοῦτον: meaning 'these'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun.
αἴτιονresponsibleA1A ASM · αἴτιοςobject or complement within the clauseαἴτιος: meaning 'responsible'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'to be'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement or purpose expression.
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακῶνevilsA1 GPM · κακόςgenitive substantive after μιμνῄσκομαι→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive substantive after μιμνῄσκομαι.
προσέταξενcommandedVAI AAI3S · τάσσω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionτάσσω + προς: meaning 'commanded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationὡς: meaning 'like'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθοςcustomN3E ASN · ἔθοςpredicate noun with ἐστὶν→ object specificationἔθος: meaning 'custom'; it serves as predicate noun with ἐστὶν.
ἐστὶνisV9 PAI3S · εἰμίcopular verb in explanatory identification→ present of identificationεἰμί: meaning 'is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as copular verb in explanatory identification.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπῳplaceN2 DSM · τόποςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
προσαπολέσαιput to deathVA AAN · ὄλλυμι + προς + ἀποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaὄλλυμι + προς + ἀπο: meaning 'put to death'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
ἀγαγόνταςhaving ledVB · ααπαπμ ἄγωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveααπαπμ ἄγω: meaning 'having led'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΒέροιανBeroeaN1A ASF · Βέροιαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalΒέροιαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
5
ἔστιν δὲ ἐν τῷ τόπῳ πύργος πεντήκοντα πήχεων πλήρης σποδοῦ οὗτος δὲ ὄργανον εἶχεν περιφερὲς πάντοθεν ἀπόκρημνον εἰς τὴν σποδόν
Now in that place there is a tower fifty cubits high filled with ashes, and it had a circular contrivance sloping steeply on every side down into the ashes.
The narrator pauses to explain the execution device at Beroea so that Menelaus' punishment can be understood in concrete local terms.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἔστινthere isV9 PAI3S · εἰμίmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: meaning 'there is'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπῳplaceN2 DSM · τόποςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
πύργοςtowerN2 NSM · πύργοςcommon noun within the clause→ participant prominenceπύργος: meaning 'tower'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
πεντήκονταfiftyM · πεντήκονταlexical item contributing to the clause or list→ discourse linkage or contrastπεντήκοντα: meaning 'fifty'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
πήχεωνcubitsN3U GSM · πῆχυςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionπῆχυς: meaning 'cubits'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
πλήρηςfullA3H NSM · πλήρηςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ participant prominenceπλήρης: meaning 'full'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
σποδοῦashesN2 GSM · σποδόςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationσποδός: meaning 'ashes'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualification.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceοὗτος: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄργανονdeviceN2N ASN · ὄργανονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὄργανον: meaning 'device'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἶχενpmpdsph echoV1I IAI3S · ἔχωfinite verb advancing the clause→ past ongoingἔχω: meaning 'pmpdsph echo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
περιφερὲςcircularA3H APN · περιφερήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalπεριφερής: meaning 'circular'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πάντοθενon every sideD · πάντοθενadverbial or indeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastπάντοθεν: meaning 'on every side'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀπόκρημνονsteeply slopingA1B ASN · ἀπόκρημνοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀπόκρημνος: meaning 'steeply sloping'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σποδόνashesN2 ASF · σποδόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ repentance, intercession, and restorationσποδός: meaning 'ashes'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
6
ἐνταῦθα τὸν ἱεροσυλίας ἔνοχον ἢ καί τινων ἄλλων κακῶν ὑπεροχὴν πεποιημένον ἅπαντες προσωθοῦσιν εἰς ὄλεθρον
There they all push to destruction anyone guilty of temple robbery or anyone who has committed an extreme measure of other crimes.
The tower is interpreted as a place reserved for especially heinous offenders, which prepares the moral logic of Menelaus' sentence.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐνταῦθαhereD · ἐνταῦθαparticle or discourse marker shaping the flow of the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἐνταῦθα: meaning 'here'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱεροσυλίαςtemple robberyN1A GSF · ἱεροσυλίαgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἱεροσυλία: meaning 'temple robbery'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
ἔνοχονguiltyA1B ASM · ἔνοχοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἔνοχος: meaning 'guilty'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἢ: meaning 'or'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καίandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τινωνtisRI GPM · τιςgenitive modifier or complementτις: meaning 'tis'; it marks person, possession, or reference within the clause.
ἄλλωνotherRD GPM · ἄλλοςgenitive element qualifying another term or governed by a prepositionἄλλων: meaning 'other'; here it marks the relation signaled by genitive element qualifying another term or governed by a preposition.
κακῶνevilsA1 GPM · κακόςgenitive substantive after μιμνῄσκομαι→ relational specificationκακός: meaning 'evils'; it serves as genitive substantive after μιμνῄσκομαι.
ὑπεροχὴνextreme measureN1 ASF · ὑπεροχήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalὑπεροχή: meaning 'extreme measure'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
πεποιημένονhaving committedVM · χμπασμ ποιέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive→ authority, delayed judgment, and hidden providenceχμπασμ ποιέω: meaning 'having committed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
ἅπαντεςallA3 NPM · ἅπαςsubject or predicate element within the clause→ subject or predicate term within the clauseἅπας: meaning 'all'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
προσωθοῦσινpushV2 PAI3P · ὠθέω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionὠθέω + προς: meaning 'push'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὄλεθρονdestructionN2 ASM · ὄλεθροςaccusative of result (with εἰς)→ object specificationὄλεθρος: meaning 'destruction'; it serves as accusative of result (with εἰς).
7
τοιούτῳ μόρῳ τὸν παράνομον συνέβη θανεῖν μηδὲ τῆς γῆς τυχόντα Μενέλαον
By such a fate it happened that the lawless Menelaus died, not even obtaining burial in the earth.
The sentence falls directly on Menelaus. The denial of burial intensifies the shame of the judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
τοιούτῳsuchA1 DSM · τοιοῦτοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage→ sphere or referenceτοιοῦτος: meaning 'such'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
μόρῳfateN2 DSM · μόροςdative complement within the clauseμόρος: meaning 'fate'; it serves as dative complement within the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παράνομονlawlessA1B ASM · παράνομοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationπαράνομος: meaning 'lawless'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
συνέβηit happenedVZI AAI3S · βαίνω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionβαίνω + συν: meaning 'it happened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
θανεῖνto dieVB AAN · θνήσκωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaθνήσκω: meaning 'to die'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
μηδὲand do not / norC · μηδέcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationμηδὲ: meaning 'and do not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςland / earthN1 GSF · γῆgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationγῆ: meaning 'land'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
τυχόνταobtainingVB · ααπασμ τυγχάνωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπασμ τυγχάνω: meaning 'obtaining'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
ΜενέλαονMenelausN2 ASM · Μενέλαοςobject or complement within the clauseΜενέλαον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object or complement within the clause.
8
πάνυ δικαίως ἐπεὶ γὰρ συνετελέσατο πολλὰ περὶ τὸν βωμὸν ἁμαρτήματα οὗ τὸ πῦρ ἁγνὸν ἦν καὶ ἡ σποδός ἐν σποδῷ τὸν θάνατον ἐκομίσατο
And quite justly, for because he had committed many sins against the altar, whose fire and ashes were holy, he received his death in ashes.
The narrator explicitly interprets the punishment as fitting retribution: the man who defiled the holy altar dies by means of ashes.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
πάνυentirelyD · πάνυadverb qualifying the clause or assertionπάνυ: meaning 'entirely'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
δικαίωςrighteously / justlyD · δικαίωςadverb of manner (with κρίνατε)→ royal discipline and the strong wifeδικαίως: meaning 'righteously'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐπεὶwhenC · ἐπείtemporal conjunction (introducing the time of the theophany)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐπεὶ: meaning 'when'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετελέσατοundertookVAI AMI3S · τελέω + συνfinite verbal action advancing or explaining the clauseτελέω + συν: meaning 'undertook'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal action advancing or explaining the clause.
πολλὰmuchA1 APN · πολύςadjectival or ordinal modifier→ object specificationπολύς: meaning 'much'; it serves as adjectival or ordinal modifier.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βωμὸνaltarN2 ASM · βωμόςdirect object naming the illicit cultic structure→ object specificationβωμός: meaning 'altar'; it serves as direct object naming the illicit cultic structure.
ἁμαρτήματαoffensesN3M APN · ἁμάρτημαsecond direct object of ἀφίεμεν→ object specificationἁμάρτημα: meaning 'offenses'; it serves as second direct object of ἀφίεμεν.
οὗwhereRR GSM · ὅςpronoun in genitival dependence→ relational specificationοὗ: meaning 'where'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun in genitival dependence.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πῦρfireN3 ASN · πῦρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationπῦρ: meaning 'fire'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἁγνὸνpureA1 ASN · ἁγνόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἁγνός: meaning 'pure'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἦνit wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clause→ participant referenceἦν: meaning 'it was'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as participle or verbal form modifying the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σποδόςashesN2 NSF · σποδόςsubject or predicate element within the clauseσποδός: meaning 'ashes'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
σποδῷashesN2 DSF · σποδόςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage→ sphere or referenceσποδός: meaning 'ashes'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάνατονdeath / pestilenceN2 ASM · θάνατοςcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθάνατος: meaning 'death'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἐκομίσατοreceiveVAI AMI3S · κομίζωmain verbal form advancing the clauseκομίζω: meaning 'receive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
9
τοῖς δὲ φρονήμασιν ὁ βασιλεὺς βεβαρβαρωμένος ἤρχετο τὰ χείριστα τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ γεγονότων ἐνδειξόμενος τοῖς Ιουδαίοις
But the king, made savage in his mind, began to show the Jews the worst of the things that had happened under his father.
After Menelaus' death the focus returns to Antiochus. His inner hardening signals an escalation rather than relief for Judea.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φρονήμασινthoughtsN3M DPN · φρόνημαdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageφρόνημα: meaning 'thoughts'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
βεβαρβαρωμένοςmade savageVM · χμπγσμ βαρβαρόωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπγσμ βαρβαρόω: meaning 'made savage'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
ἤρχετοbeganV1I IMI3S · ἔρχομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative action→ eventἔρχομαι: meaning 'began'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χείρισταworst thingsA1 APNS · χείρωνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalχείρων: meaning 'worst things'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherN3 GSM · πατήρgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationπατήρ: meaning 'father'; it serves as genitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or description.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
γεγονότωνhaving happenedVX · χαπγπμ γίγνομαιfinite verbal action advancing or explaining the clauseχαπγπμ γίγνομαι: meaning 'having happened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal action advancing or explaining the clause.
ἐνδειξόμενοςintending to showVF · φμπνσμ δεικνύω + ἐνparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveφμπνσμ δεικνύω + ἐν: meaning 'intending to show'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίοιςιουδαιοςN2 DPM · Ἰουδαῖοςdative complement marking indirect object, reference, location, or means→ participant identificationΙουδαίοις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative complement marking indirect object, reference, location, or means.
10
μεταλαβὼν δὲ Ιουδας ταῦτα παρήγγειλεν τῷ πλήθει δι' ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς ἐπικαλεῖσθαι τὸν κύριον εἴ ποτε καὶ ἄλλοτε καὶ νῦν ἐπιβοηθεῖν τοῖς τοῦ νόμου καὶ πατρίδος καὶ ἱεροῦ ἁγίου στερεῖσθαι μέλλουσιν
When Judas learned this, he ordered the multitude to call upon the Lord day and night, that, as on other occasions and now also, he might come to the aid of those who were about to be deprived of law, fatherland, and the holy temple.
Judas answers the royal threat not first with tactics but with sustained prayer, framing the coming struggle as a defense of covenantal identity.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
μεταλαβὼνtakeVB · ααπνσμ λαμβάνω + μεταparticiple elaborating the clause actionααπνσμ λαμβάνω + μετα: meaning 'take'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle elaborating the clause action.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουδαςJudahN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςnominative head term or subject complement→ participant identificationΙουδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative head term or subject complement.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceταῦτα: meaning 'these things'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
παρήγγειλενgave ordersVAI AAI3S · ἀγγέλλω + παραmain verb of the clauseἀγγέλλω + παρα: meaning 'gave orders'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of the clause.
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλήθειmultitudeN3E DSN · πλῆθοςnominal term functioning as a dative complement→ sphere or referenceπλῆθος: meaning 'multitude'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a dative complement.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingδι': meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νυκτὸςnightN3 GSF · νύξGenitive object of διά marking duration→ relational specificationνύξ: meaning 'night'; it serves as Genitive object of διά marking duration.
ἐπικαλεῖσθαιcall uponV2 PMN · καλέω + ἐπιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea→ infinitival complementκαλέω + ἐπι: meaning 'call upon'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
εἴifC · εἰcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastεἴ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποτεeverD · ποτέadverbial or connective modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastποτε: meaning 'ever'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄλλοτεat other timesD · ἄλλοτεadverbial or indeclinable element shaping the clauseἄλλοτε: meaning 'at other times'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιβοηθεῖνcome helpV2 PAN · βοηθέω + ἐπιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaβοηθέω + ἐπι: meaning 'come help'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawN2 GSM · νόμοςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependent→ relational specificationνόμος: meaning 'law'; it serves as nominal term functioning as a genitive dependent.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατρίδοςhomelandN3D GSF · πατρίςgenitive modifier or complement→ relational specificationπατρίς: meaning 'homeland'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱεροῦtempleN2N GSN · ἱερόςgenitive element marking relation, possession, or qualificationἱερός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, possession, or qualification.
ἁγίουholyA1A GSN · ἅγιοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description→ relational specificationἅγιος: meaning 'holy'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
στερεῖσθαιbe deprivedV2 PMN · στερέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaστερέω: meaning 'be deprived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
μέλλουσινthey are going toV1 PAI3P · μέλλωmain verb of indirect statement (μέλλω + infinitive = imminent)μέλλω: meaning 'they are going to'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of indirect statement (μέλλω + infinitive = imminent).
11
καὶ τὸν ἄρτι βραχέως ἀνεψυχότα λαὸν μὴ ἐᾶσαι τοῖς δυσφήμοις ἔθνεσιν ὑποχειρίους γενέσθαι
He asked that the people, who had only just recovered breath a little, not be allowed to become subject to the blasphemous nations.
The prayer is sharpened into a specific petition: recent relief must not give way to renewed subjugation under hostile nations.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρτιjust nowD · ἄρτιadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseἄρτι: meaning 'just now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βραχέωςfor a short timeD · βραχέωςconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseβραχέως: meaning 'for a short time'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεψυχόταrevivedVX · χαπασμ ψύχω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionχαπασμ ψύχω + ἀνα: meaning 'revived'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
λαὸνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐᾶσαιpermitVA AAN · ἐάωinfinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complementἐάω: meaning 'permit'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitival verbal form expressing purpose, content, or complement.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσφήμοιςblasphemousA1B DPN · δύσφημοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageδύσφημος: meaning 'blasphemous'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location→ sphere or referenceἔθνος: meaning 'nation'; it serves as dative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or location.
ὑποχειρίουςsubjectA1A APM · ὑποχείριοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationὑποχείριος: meaning 'subject'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
γενέσθαιbecome / happenVB AMN · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ infinitival complementγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
12
πάντων δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ ποιησάντων ὁμοῦ καὶ καταξιωσάντων τὸν ἐλεήμονα κύριον μετὰ κλαυθμοῦ καὶ νηστειῶν καὶ προπτώσεως ἐπὶ ἡμέρας τρεῖς ἀδιαλείπτως παρακαλέσας αὐτοὺς ὁ Ιουδας ἐκέλευσεν παραγίνεσθαι
When all together had done the same and had implored the merciful Lord with weeping and fastings and prostration continuously for three days, Judas encouraged them and ordered them to assemble.
Corporate lament and supplication lead into mobilization. Judas turns the community's common prayer into coordinated action.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
πάντωνallA3 GPM · πᾶςgen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive→ relational specificationπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as gen adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantive.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτὸitRD ASN · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ποιησάντωνhaving doneVA · ααπγπμ ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπγπμ ποιέω: meaning 'having done'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
ὁμοῦomouD · ὁμοῦadverbial or connective modifier within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὁμοῦ: meaning 'omou'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταξιωσάντωνhaving imploredVA · ααπγπμ ἀξιόω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπγπμ ἀξιόω + κατα: meaning 'having implored'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλεήμοναmercifulA3N ASM · ἐλεήμωνaccusative element functioning within the clause→ qualificationἐλεήμων: meaning 'merciful'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ object specificationκύριος: meaning 'LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
κλαυθμοῦweepingN2 GSM · κλαυθμόςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description→ relational specificationκλαυθμός: meaning 'weeping'; it serves as genitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νηστειῶνfastingsN1A GPF · νηστείαgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionνηστεία: meaning 'fastings'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προπτώσεωςprostrationN3I GSF · πρόπτωσιςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionπρόπτωσις: meaning 'prostration'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A APF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
τρεῖςthreeA3 APF · τρεῖςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phrase→ descriptionτρεῖς: meaning 'three'; numeral expression contributing count or measure in context.
ἀδιαλείπτωςunceasinglyD · ἀδιαλείπτωςadverb modifying μιμνῃσκόμεθαἀδιαλείπτως: meaning 'unceasingly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
παρακαλέσαςencouragingVA · ααπνσμ καλέω + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'encouraging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαςJudahN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςnominative head term or subject complement→ participant identificationΙουδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative head term or subject complement.
ἐκέλευσενorderedVAI AAI3S · κελεύωmain verb taking περικαθῆσθαι as complementary infinitive→ constative aoristκελεύω: meaning 'ordered'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb taking περικαθῆσθαι as complementary infinitive.
παραγίνεσθαιto arriveV1 PMN · γίγνομαι + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative or description→ present middle infinitiveγίγνομαι + παρα: meaning 'to arrive'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative or description.
13
καθ' ἑαυτὸν δὲ σὺν τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις γενόμενος ἐβουλεύσατο πρὶν εἰσβαλεῖν τοῦ βασιλέως τὸ στράτευμα εἰς τὴν Ιουδαίαν καὶ γενέσθαι τῆς πόλεως ἐγκρατεῖς ἐξελθόντας κρῖναι τὰ πράγματα τῇ τοῦ θεοῦ βοηθείᾳ
After meeting privately with the elders, he resolved that before the king's army entered Judea and gained control of the city, they should go out and decide the matter with the help of God.
Judas supplements public exhortation with private counsel. The plan is to seize the initiative before the invaders can secure Jerusalem.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκαθ': meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfRD ASM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun functioning as object or complement→ participant referenceἑαυτὸν: meaning 'himself'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronoun functioning as object or complement.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέροιςelderN2 DPM · πρεσβύτεροςdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object→ sphere or referenceπρεσβύτερος: meaning 'elder'; it serves as dative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect object.
γενόμενοςhaving becomeVB · αμπνσμ γίγνομαιfinite verbal predicate advancing the narrative→ verbal action or stateαμπνσμ γίγνομαι: meaning 'having become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate advancing the narrative.
ἐβουλεύσατοtook counselVAI AMI3S · βουλεύωmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ verbal form contributing the clause’s actionβουλεύω: meaning 'took counsel'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
πρὶνbeforeD · πρίνadverbial marker of prior time→ discourse linkage or contrastπρίν: meaning 'before'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
εἰσβαλεῖνenterVF2 FAN · βάλλω + εἰςinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaβάλλω + εἰς: meaning 'enter'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στράτευμαarmyN3M ASN · στράτευμαaccusative element functioning within the clauseστράτευμα: meaning 'army'; it serves as accusative element functioning within the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίανJudeaN1A ASF · Ἰουδαίαproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting→ participant identificationΙουδαίαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γενέσθαιbecome / happenVB AMN · γίγνομαιverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ infinitival complementγίγνομαι: meaning 'become'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
ἐγκρατεῖςholding fastA3H NPM · ἐγκρατήςsubject or predicate element within the clause→ participant prominenceἐγκρατής: meaning 'holding fast'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
ἐξελθόνταςthose who came outVB · ααπαπμ ἔρχομαι + ἐκfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseααπαπμ ἔρχομαι + ἐκ: meaning 'those who came out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
κρῖναιjudgeVA AAN · κρίνωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ infinitival complementκρίνω: meaning 'judge'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πράγματαmatterN3M APN · πρᾶγμαobject or complement within the clause→ integrity, generosity, and social orderπρᾶγμα: meaning 'matter'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
βοηθείᾳhelpN1A DSF · βοήθειαdative element functioning within the clause→ sphere or referenceβοήθεια: meaning 'help'; it serves as dative element functioning within the clause.
14
δοὺς δὲ τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν τῷ κτίστῃ τοῦ κόσμου παρακαλέσας τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ γενναίως ἀγωνίσασθαι μέχρι θανάτου περὶ νόμων ἱεροῦ πόλεως πατρίδος πολιτείας περὶ δὲ Μωδεϊν ἐποιήσατο τὴν στρατοπεδείαν
Entrusting the decision to the Creator of the world, he exhorted those with him to fight nobly unto death for laws, temple, city, fatherland, and commonwealth; and he made his camp near Modein.
The verse binds theology and warfare together: the campaign is committed to the Creator, while the soldiers are summoned to defend the whole covenantal order.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
δοὺςgiveVO · ααπνσμ δίδωμιparticipial modifier qualifying the surrounding clause→ verbal action or stateααπνσμ δίδωμι: meaning 'give'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participial modifier qualifying the surrounding clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιτροπὴνchargeN1 ASF · ἐπιτροπήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπιτροπή: meaning 'charge'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτίστῃCreatorN1M DSM · κτίστηςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageκτίστης: meaning 'Creator'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόσμουadornmentN2 GSM · κόσμοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualification→ heavenly praise and daily doxologyκόσμος: meaning 'adornment'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualification.
παρακαλέσαςencouragingVA · ααπνσμ καλέω + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ καλέω + παρα: meaning 'encouraging'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
γενναίωςnoblyD · γενναίωςadverb modifying ζῆν and τεθνηκέναιγενναίως: meaning 'nobly'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἀγωνίσασθαιfightVA AMN · ἀγωνίζομαιmain verbal form advancing the clauseἀγωνίζομαι: meaning 'fight'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the clause.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριconjunction (with οὗ: temporal 'until')→ spatial or relational framingμέχρι: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: meaning 'of death'; it serves as genitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death').
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
νόμωνlawsN2 GPM · νόμοςgenitive object of περί→ accountable rule and the pursuit of wisdomνόμος: meaning 'laws'; it serves as genitive object of περί.
ἱεροῦtempleN2N GSN · ἱερόςgenitive element marking relation, possession, or qualificationἱερός: meaning 'temple'; it serves as genitive element marking relation, possession, or qualification.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationπόλις: meaning 'city'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
πατρίδοςhomelandN3D GSF · πατρίςgenitive modifier or complement→ relational specificationπατρίς: meaning 'homeland'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
πολιτείαςcommonwealthN1A GSF · πολιτείαgenitive element qualifying a related head termπολιτεία: meaning 'commonwealth'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜωδεϊνModeinN AS · Μωδεϊνindeclinable place name functioning within the clauseΜωδεϊν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable place name functioning within the clause.
ἐποιήσατοmadeVAI AMI3S · ποιέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative action→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'made'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατοπεδείανcampN1A ASF · στρατοπεδείαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalστρατοπεδεία: meaning 'camp'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
15
ἀναδοὺς δὲ τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν σύνθημα θεοῦ νίκην μετὰ νεανίσκων ἀρίστων κεκριμένων ἐπιβαλὼν νύκτωρ ἐπὶ τὴν βασιλικὴν αὐλὴν τὴν παρεμβολὴν ἀνεῖλεν εἰς ἄνδρας δισχιλίους καὶ τὸν πρωτεύοντα τῶν ἐλεφάντων σὺν τῷ κατ' οἰκίαν ὄντι συνεκέντησεν
Giving those around him the watchword, “God's victory,” he attacked the royal camp by night with carefully chosen young men, killed as many as two thousand men, and stabbed the leading elephant together with its rider in the howdah.
The prayerful preparation issues in a daring surprise attack. The watchword itself declares the theological meaning of the action.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
ἀναδοὺςgivingVO · ααπνσμ δίδωμι + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ δίδωμι + ἀνα: meaning 'giving'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
σύνθημαwatchwordN3M ASM · σύνθημαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalσύνθημα: meaning 'watchword'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationθεός: meaning 'God'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
νίκηνvictoryN1 ASF · νίκηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ reputation, prudence, and instructional turnνίκη: meaning 'victory'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
νεανίσκωνyoung menN2 GPM · νεανίσκοςobject of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationνεανίσκος: meaning 'young men'; it serves as object of ὀπίσω.
ἀρίστωνbestA1 GPMS · ἀγαθόςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἀγαθός: meaning 'best'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
κεκριμένωνchosenVM · χμπγπμ κρίνωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπγπμ κρίνω: meaning 'chosen'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
ἐπιβαλὼνattackingVB · ααπνσμ βάλλω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ βάλλω + ἐπι: meaning 'attacking'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
νύκτωρby nightD · νύκτωρadverbial or indeclinable element shaping the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastνύκτωρ: meaning 'by night'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλικὴνroyalA1 ASF · βασιλικόςaccusative object / complement within the clauseβασιλικός: meaning 'royal'; it serves as accusative object / complement within the clause.
αὐλὴνcourtN1 ASF · αὐλήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal→ object specificationαὐλή: meaning 'court'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcampN1 ASF · παρεμβολήcommon noun within the clause→ content focusπαρεμβολή: meaning 'camp'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
ἀνεῖλενkilledVBI AAI3S · αἱρέω + ἀναfinite verb stating the killing of the beast→ constative aorist of successful slayingαἱρέω + ἀνα: meaning 'killed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb stating the killing of the beast.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἄνδραςmanN3 APM · ἀνήρcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationἀνήρ: meaning 'man'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δισχιλίουςtwo thousandA1A APM · δισχίλιοιaccusative object or complementδισχίλιοι: meaning 'two thousand'; it serves as accusative object or complement.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρωτεύονταleadingV1 · παπασμ πρωτεύωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπασμ πρωτεύω: meaning 'leading'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλεφάντωνelephantsN3 GPM · ἐλεφάντωνgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἐλεφάντων: meaning 'elephants'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingσὺν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατ'againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingκατ': meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition introducing its complement phrase.
οἰκίανhouseN1A ASF · οἰκίαnominal element functioning within the clause or phrase→ object specificationοἰκία: meaning 'house'; it serves as nominal element functioning within the clause or phrase.
ὄντιthat was / beingV9 · παπδσμ εἰμίattributive participle (with καδίῳ: 'the bag that was to him')παπδσμ εἰμί: meaning 'that was'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as attributive participle (with καδίῳ: 'the bag that was to him').
συνεκέντησενstabbedVAI AAI3S · κεντέω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionκεντέω + συν: meaning 'stabbed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
16
καὶ τὸ τέλος τὴν παρεμβολὴν δέους καὶ ταραχῆς ἐπλήρωσαν καὶ ἐξέλυσαν εὐημεροῦντες
In the end they filled the camp with fear and confusion and withdrew in success.
The immediate result of the raid is panic in the Seleucid camp and a successful disengagement for Judas' men.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέλοςendN3E ASN · τέλοςaccusative complement→ object specificationτέλος: meaning 'end'; it serves as accusative complement.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρεμβολὴνcampN1 ASF · παρεμβολήcommon noun within the clause→ content focusπαρεμβολή: meaning 'camp'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
δέουςdeosN3E GSN · δέοςgenitive dependent phrase within the clauseδέος: meaning 'deos'; it serves as genitive dependent phrase within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ταραχῆςtaracheN1 GSF · ταραχήgenitive modifier or complement→ relational specificationταραχή: meaning 'tarache'; it serves as genitive modifier or complement.
ἐπλήρωσανhad fulfilledVAI AAI3P · πληρόωverb of the relative clauseπληρόω: meaning 'had fulfilled'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verb of the relative clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέλυσανwithdrewVAI AAI3P · λύω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionλύω + ἐκ: meaning 'withdrew'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
εὐημεροῦντεςsuccessfullyV2 · παπνπμ εὐημερέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνπμ εὐημερέω: meaning 'successfully'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
17
ὑποφαινούσης δὲ ἤδη τῆς ἡμέρας τοῦτο ἐγεγόνει διὰ τὴν ἐπαρήγουσαν αὐτῷ τοῦ κυρίου σκέπην
This had already happened as day was beginning to dawn because the Lord's sheltering protection was covering him.
The narrator again supplies theological interpretation, attributing the success of the night action to the Lord's protective covering.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὑποφαινούσηςphainoV1 · παπγσφ φαίνω + ὑποparticiple elaborating the clause actionπαπγσφ φαίνω + ὑπο: meaning 'phaino'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle elaborating the clause action.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastἤδη: meaning 'ede'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term→ relational specificationἡμέρα: meaning 'days'; it serves as genitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head term.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant referenceτοῦτο: meaning 'this'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
ἐγεγόνειhad happenedVXI YAI3S · γίγνομαιmain verb of first explanatory clause→ pluperfect with resultant senseγίγνομαι: meaning 'had happened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of first explanatory clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαρήγουσανshieldingVA · ααπασφ ἐπαρήγωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπασφ ἐπαρήγω: meaning 'shielding'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as pronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in view.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDN2 GSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationκύριος: meaning 'of the LORD'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
σκέπηνprotectionN1 ASF · σκέπηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ hidden injustice and delayed reckoningσκέπη: meaning 'protection'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
18
ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς εἰληφὼς γεῦμα τῆς τῶν Ιουδαίων εὐτολμίας κατεπείρασεν διὰ μεθόδων τοὺς τόπους
But the king, after getting a taste of the Jews' boldness, tried to take the strongholds by stratagem.
Having learned the character of his opponents, the king shifts from blunt pressure to tactical maneuvering.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
εἰληφὼςhaving gottenVX · χαπνσμ λαμβάνωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionχαπνσμ λαμβάνω: meaning 'having gotten'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
γεῦμαtasteN3M ASN · γεῦμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalγεῦμα: meaning 'taste'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJudeansN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting→ participant identificationΙουδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting.
εὐτολμίαςboldnessN1A GSF · εὐτολμίαgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionεὐτολμία: meaning 'boldness'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
κατεπείρασενtriedVAI AAI3S · πειράζω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionπειράζω + κατα: meaning 'tried'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιὰ: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
μεθόδωνschemeN2 GPF · μέθοδοςgenitive dependent modifier / possession relationμέθοδος: meaning 'scheme'; it serves as genitive dependent modifier / possession relation.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουςplaceN2 APM · τόποςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, measure, or goal.
19
καὶ ἐπὶ Βαιθσουρα φρούριον ὀχυρὸν τῶν Ιουδαίων προσῆγεν ἐτροποῦτο προσέκρουεν ἠλαττονοῦτο
He advanced against Beth-sura, a strong fortress of the Jews, but was turned back, repulsed, and weakened.
The first concrete test of the new strategy fails. The string of imperfects portrays a sustained setback rather than a momentary check.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΒαιθσουραBeth-suraN AS · Βαιθσουραindeclinable place name functioning within the clauseΒαιθσουρα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable place name functioning within the clause.
φρούριονfortressN2N ASN · φρούριονobject or complement within the clauseφρούριον: meaning 'fortress'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
ὀχυρὸνstrongA1A ASN · ὀχυρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ qualificationὀχυρός: meaning 'strong'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJudeansN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting→ participant identificationΙουδαίων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration setting.
προσῆγενbrought it upV1I IAI3S · ἄγω + προςmain verbal action advancing the clauseἄγω + προς: meaning 'brought it up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal action advancing the clause.
ἐτροποῦτοwas turned backV4I IAI3S · τροπόωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionτροπόω: meaning 'was turned back'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
προσέκρουενwas repulsedV1I IAI3S · κρούω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionκρούω + προς: meaning 'was repulsed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
ἠλαττονοῦτοwas weakenedV4I IAI3S · ἐλαττονόωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionἐλαττονόω: meaning 'was weakened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
20
τοῖς δὲ ἔνδον Ιουδας τὰ δέοντα εἰσέπεμψεν
But Judas sent in the necessary supplies to those within.
Judas counters the siege pragmatically by sustaining the defenders inside the fortress.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔνδονinsideD · ἔνδονadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseἔνδον: meaning 'inside'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουδαςJudahN1T NSM · Ἰούδαςnominative head term or subject complement→ participant identificationΙουδας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as nominative head term or subject complement.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δέονταnecessary thingsV2 · παπαπν δέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπαπν δέω: meaning 'necessary things'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
εἰσέπεμψενsent inVAI AAI3S · πέμπω + εἰςmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionπέμπω + εἰς: meaning 'sent in'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
21
προσήγγειλεν δὲ τὰ μυστήρια τοῖς πολεμίοις Ροδοκος ἐκ τῆς Ιουδαϊκῆς τάξεως ἀνεζητήθη καὶ κατελήμφθη καὶ κατεκλείσθη
But Rhodocus, from the Jewish ranks, disclosed the secrets to the enemy; he was sought out, seized, and confined.
An internal betrayal briefly complicates the defense, yet the traitor is identified and removed before the narrative moves on.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
προσήγγειλεν+ prosVAI AAI3S · ἀγγέλλω + προςfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseἀγγέλλω + προς: meaning '+ pros'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastδὲ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μυστήριαsecretsN2N APN · μυστήριονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ object specificationμυστήριον: meaning 'secrets'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμίοιςenemyA1A DPM · πολέμιοςdative complement or reference term→ idolatry exposed and covenant fidelity in exileπολέμιος: meaning 'enemy'; it serves as dative complement or reference term.
ΡοδοκοςRhodocusN2 NSM · Ροδοκοςsubject or predicate element within the clauseΡοδοκος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject or predicate element within the clause.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαϊκῆςJewishA1 GSF · Ἰουδαικοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἸουδαικος: meaning 'Jewish'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
τάξεωςstationN3I GSF · τάξιςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionτάξις: meaning 'station'; it serves as genitive term marking possession, source, relation, or description.
ἀνεζητήθηwas sought outVAI API3S · ζητέω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionζητέω + ἀνα: meaning 'was sought out'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατελήμφθηwas seizedVVI API3S · λαμβάνω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative action→ assertion or appealλαμβάνω + κατα: meaning 'was seized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεκλείσθηwas confinedVAI API3S · κλείω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionκλείω + κατα: meaning 'was confined'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
22
ἐδευτερολόγησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῖς ἐν Βαιθσουροις δεξιὰν ἔδωκεν ἔλαβεν ἀπῄει προσέβαλεν τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ιουδαν ἥττων ἐγένετο
The king negotiated a second time with those in Beth-sura, gave and received pledges, departed, attacked the men with Judas, and was defeated.
Negotiation and renewed attack are compressed into one rapid sequence, ending with another reversal for the royal side.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐδευτερολόγησενnegotiated a second timeVAI AAI3S · δευτερολογέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionδευτερολογέω: meaning 'negotiated a second time'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΒαιθσουροιςBeth-suraN DPM · Βαιθσουραindeclinable place name functioning within the clauseΒαιθσουροις: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable place name functioning within the clause.
δεξιὰνto the rightA1A ASF · δεξιόςadverbial accusative in the idiom of directional deviation→ object specificationδεξιός: meaning 'to the right'; it serves as adverbial accusative in the idiom of directional deviation.
ἔδωκενgaveVAI AAI3S · δίδωμιmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeδίδωμι: meaning 'gave'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form carrying the clause forward.
ἔλαβενseizedVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: meaning 'seized'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀπῄειdepartedV9 IAI3S · εἶμι + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionεἶμι + ἀπο: meaning 'departed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
προσέβαλενattackedVBI AAI3S · βάλλω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionβάλλω + προς: meaning 'attacked'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudasN1T ASM · Ἰούδαςfirst named party in the prior treaty→ participant identificationΙουδαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as first named party in the prior treaty.
ἥττωνdefeatedA3C NSM · ἥσσωνsubject or predicate element within the clauseἥσσων: meaning 'defeated'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
ἐγένετοit happenedVBI AMI3S · γίγνομαιfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristγίγνομαι: meaning 'it happened'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
23
μετέλαβεν ἀπονενοῆσθαι τὸν Φίλιππον ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ τὸν ἀπολελειμμένον ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων συνεχύθη τοὺς Ιουδαίους παρεκάλεσεν ὑπετάγη καὶ ὤμοσεν ἐπὶ πᾶσι τοῖς δικαίοις συνελύθη καὶ θυσίαν προσήγαγεν ἐτίμησεν τὸν νεὼ καὶ τὸν τόπον ἐφιλανθρώπησεν
He learned that Philip, the man left over affairs in Antioch, had revolted; he was thrown into confusion, appealed to the Jews, yielded, and swore to all just terms, came to an agreement, offered sacrifice, honored the sanctuary, and treated the place kindly.
News from Antioch forces a sudden political reversal. Military pressure gives way to conciliation because the king can no longer sustain the campaign.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
μετέλαβενlearnedVBI AAI3S · λαμβάνω + μεταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionλαμβάνω + μετα: meaning 'learned'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
ἀπονενοῆσθαιto have revoltedVX XMN · νοέω + ἀποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaνοέω + ἀπο: meaning 'to have revolted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦίλιππονPhilipN2 ASM · Φίλιπποςproper name as direct object of ἐκάλεσενΦίλιππον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as proper name as direct object of ἐκάλεσεν.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἈντιοχείᾳAntiochN1A DSF · Ἀντιοχίαdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἈντιοχείᾳ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀπολελειμμένονleft behindVP · χμπασμ λείπω + ἀποparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπασμ λείπω + ἀπο: meaning 'left behind'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as participle expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantive.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πραγμάτωνaffairsN3M GPN · πρᾶγμαgenitive noun denoting the business placed under Lysias's oversight→ relational specificationπρᾶγμα: meaning 'affairs'; it serves as genitive noun denoting the business placed under Lysias's oversight.
συνεχύθηwas confoundedVCI API3S · χέω + συνfirst main verb of reaction→ ingressive aorist passiveχέω + συν: meaning 'was confounded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as first main verb of reaction.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαίουςJewN2 APM · Ἰουδαῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal→ participant identificationΙουδαίους: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
παρεκάλεσενencouragedVAI AAI3S · καλέω + παραmain verb of exhortation→ constative aoristκαλέω + παρα: meaning 'encouraged'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of exhortation.
ὑπετάγηsubmittedN1 NSF · ὑπετάγηsubject or predicate element within the clauseὑπετάγη: meaning 'submitted'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσενsworeVAI AAI3S · ὄμνυμιmain verb of oath-taking→ constative aoristὄμνυμι: meaning 'swore'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of oath-taking.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
πᾶσιallA3 DPM · πᾶςattributive adjective (with ὁρίοις)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (with ὁρίοις).
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαίοιςjust termsA1A DPM · δίκαιοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage→ sphere or referenceδίκαιος: meaning 'just terms'; it serves as dative element marking reference, means, location, or advantage.
συνελύθηcame to termsVCI API3S · λύω + συνmain verb describing reconciliation or concessionλύω + συν: meaning 'came to terms'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb describing reconciliation or concession.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θυσίανsacrificeN1A ASF · θυσίαcommon noun within the clause→ object specificationθυσία: meaning 'sacrifice'; it serves as common noun within the clause.
προσήγαγενbrought it upVBI AAI3S · ἄγω + προςmain verb of approach toward the cityἄγω + προς: meaning 'brought it up'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb of approach toward the city.
ἐτίμησενhonorVAI AAI3S · τιμάωfinite verbal predicate carrying the clause action→ crafted idols and moral corruptionτιμάω: meaning 'honor'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate carrying the clause action.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεὼtempleN2 ASM · νεώςobject or complement within the clauseνεώς: meaning 'temple'; it serves as object or complement within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning as object or goal→ object specificationτόπος: meaning 'place'; it serves as accusative element functioning as object or goal.
ἐφιλανθρώπησενtreated kindlyVAI AAI3S · φιλανθρωπέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionφιλανθρωπέω: meaning 'treated kindly'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
24
καὶ τὸν Μακκαβαῖον ἀπεδέξατο κατέλιπεν στρατηγὸν ἀπὸ Πτολεμαίδος ἕως τῶν Γερρηνῶν ἡγεμονίδην
He accepted Maccabaeus and left Hegemonides as governor from Ptolemais to the territory of the Gerrenes.
The settlement includes both recognition of Maccabaeus and a regional administrative arrangement, marking a temporary stabilization.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜακκαβαῖονMaccabaeusN2 ASM · Μακκαβαῖοςobject or complement within the clauseΜακκαβαῖον: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object or complement within the clause.
ἀπεδέξατοreceivedVAI AMI3S · δέχομαι + ἀποverbal form carrying the action or command of the clauseδέχομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'received'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as verbal form carrying the action or command of the clause.
κατέλιπενleftVBI AAI3S · λείπω + καταfirst main verb describing abandonment→ constative aoristλείπω + κατα: meaning 'left'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as first main verb describing abandonment.
στρατηγὸνgeneralN2 ASM · στρατηγόςpredicate accusative after ἔθετοστρατηγός: meaning 'general'; it serves as predicate accusative after ἔθετο.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΠτολεμαίδοςPtolemaisN3D GSM · Πτολεμαίςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionΠτολεμαίδος: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
ἕωςuntilC · ἕωςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: meaning 'until'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓερρηνῶνGerrenesN2 GPM · Γερρηνοίgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionΓερρηνῶν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
ἡγεμονίδηνHegemonidesN1M ASM · ἡγεμονίδηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἡγεμονίδης: meaning 'Hegemonides'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
25
ἦλθεν εἰς Πτολεμαίδα ἐδυσφόρουν περὶ τῶν συνθηκῶν οἱ Πτολεμαεῖς ἐδείναζον γὰρ ὑπὲρ ὧν ἠθέλησαν ἀθετεῖν τὰς διαστάλσεις
He came to Ptolemais, but the people of Ptolemais were displeased about the treaty, for they were indignant because they wanted to annul the terms.
Even after the settlement, opposition remains among the king's own side. Local discontent shows how fragile the agreement is.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: meaning 'came'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ΠτολεμαίδαPtolemaisN3D ASM · Πτολεμαίςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalΠτολεμαίδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ἐδυσφόρουνwere displeasedV2I IAI3S · δυσφορέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionδυσφορέω: meaning 'were displeased'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phrase→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing a following complement phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συνθηκῶνtreaty termsN1 GPF · συνθήκηgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionσυνθήκη: meaning 'treaty terms'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΠτολεμαεῖςPtolemaeansN3D NPM · Πτολεμαεῖςsubject or predicate element within the clauseΠτολεμαεῖς: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject or predicate element within the clause.
ἐδείναζονgrieveV1I IAI3P · δεινάζωfinite verbal predicate advancing the narrativeδεινάζω: meaning 'grieve'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verbal predicate advancing the narrative.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clause→ discourse linkage or contrastγὰρ: meaning 'for'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronoun→ relational specificationὧν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun.
ἠθέλησανwantedVAI AAI3P · ἐθέλωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionἐθέλω: meaning 'wanted'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
ἀθετεῖνannulV2 PAN · ἀθετέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἀθετέω: meaning 'annul'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as infinitive complement completing the governing verbal idea.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαστάλσειςstipulationsN3I APF · διάσταλσιςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalδιάσταλσις: meaning 'stipulations'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
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προσῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα Λυσίας ἀπελογήσατο ἐνδεχομένως συνέπεισεν κατεπράυνεν εὐμενεῖς ἐποίησεν ἀνέζευξεν εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν οὕτω τὰ τοῦ βασιλέως τῆς ἐφόδου καὶ τῆς ἀναζυγῆς ἐχώρησεν
Lysias came forward to the tribunal, defended the case as best he could, persuaded them, calmed them, made them well disposed, and departed for Antioch. Thus matters concerning the king's advance and withdrawal turned out.
The chapter closes with Lysias managing the unrest and the narrator summing up the whole expedition from advance to withdrawal as a completed episode.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
προσῆλθενcame forwardVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαι + προςmain verb describing the volunteer's public approach→ constative aoristἔρχομαι + προς: meaning 'came forward'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verb describing the volunteer's public approach.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βῆμαtribunalN3M ASN · βῆμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalβῆμα: meaning 'tribunal'; it serves as accusative term functioning as object, extent, or goal.
ΛυσίαςLysiasN1T NSM · Λυσίαςsubject of ἐπέλεξενΛυσίας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἐπέλεξεν.
ἀπελογήσατοmade his defenseVAI AMI3S · λογέομαι + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionλογέομαι + ἀπο: meaning 'made his defense'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
ἐνδεχομένωςas best he couldD · ἐνδεχομένωςadverbial or indeclinable element shaping the clauseἐνδεχομένως: meaning 'as best he could'; it shapes the local clause or phrase relation in this passage.
συνέπεισενpersuadedVAI AAI3S · πείθω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionπείθω + συν: meaning 'persuaded'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
κατεπράυνενcalmedVAI AAI3S · πραύνω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionπραύνω + κατα: meaning 'calmed'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as main verbal form advancing the narrative action.
εὐμενεῖςwell disposedA3H NPM · εὐμενήςsubject or predicate element within the clauseεὐμενής: meaning 'well disposed'; it serves as subject or predicate element within the clause.
ἐποίησενhe had doneVAI AAI3S · ποιέωfinite verb advancing the clause→ constative aoristποιέω: meaning 'he had done'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the clause.
ἀνέζευξενVerbal form from ζευγνύω + ἀνα meaning “march out” in this context.VAI AAI3S · ζευγνύω + ἀναFinite verb / predicateζευγνύω + ἀνα: meaning 'Verbal form from ζευγνύω + ἀνα meaning “march out” in this context.'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as Finite verb / predicate.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition governing the following phrase.
ἈντιόχειανAntiochN1A ASF · Ἀντιοχίαaccusative element functioning within the clauseἈντιόχειαν: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative element functioning within the clause.
οὕτωthusD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier qualifying manner, time, degree, or discourse flow→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτω: meaning 'thus'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clause→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as head noun within the clause.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐφόδουadvanceN2 GSF · ἔφοδοςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἔφοδος: meaning 'advance'; it serves as genitive element qualifying a related head term.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phrase→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναζυγῆςwithdrawalN1 GSF · ἀναζυγήgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἀναζυγή: meaning 'withdrawal'; it serves as genitive modifier defining relationship, source, or description.
ἐχώρησενchoreoVAI AAI3S · χωρέωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseχωρέω: meaning 'choreo'; it carries the action, process, or state of the clause; here it functions as finite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clause.