1
μετ' οὐ πολὺν δὲ χρόνον ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς γέροντα Ἀθηναῖον ἀναγκάζειν τοὺς Ιουδαίους μεταβαίνειν ἀπὸ τῶν πατρίων νόμων καὶ τοῖς τοῦ θεοῦ νόμοις μὴ πολιτεύεσθαι
Not long afterward the king sent an old Athenian to compel the Jews to depart from their ancestral laws and no longer live according to the laws of God.
The chapter opens with a formal royal intervention aimed directly at covenant identity. The attack is framed not merely as political control but as enforced apostasy from the ancestral law.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing the following phraseμετά: with or after; preposition whose force depends on case.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; standard particle of negation.
πολὺνmuchA3U ASM · πολύςnominal element functioning within the clauseπολύς: much; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalχρόνος: time; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐξαπέστειλενsend outVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἐκ + ἀποmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionστέλλω + ἐκ + ἀπο: to send out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: king; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γέρονταold manN3 ASM · γέρωνnominal element functioning within the clauseγέρων: old man; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἈθηναῖονAthenianN2 ASM · Ἀθηναῖοςnominal element functioning within the clauseθηναῖος: Ἀθηναῖον; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀναγκάζεινcompelV1 PAN · ἀγκάζω + ἀναinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaγκάζω + ἀνα: to compel; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ΙουδαίουςJewN2 APM · Ἰουδαῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalουδαῖος: Jew; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μεταβαίνεινdepartV1 PAN · βαίνω + μεταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaβαίνω + μετα: to depart; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phraseπό: from / of; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
πατρίωνancestral lineA1A GPM · πάτριοςnominal element functioning within the clauseπάτριος: ancestral line; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
νόμωνlawsN2 GPM · νόμοςgenitive object of περίνόμος: laws; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςhead noun within the clauseθεός: God; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
νόμοιςlawsN2 DPM · νόμοςdative rule or standard with πορευέσθωσαννόμος: laws; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clauseμή: not; negation commonly used with infinitives, non-indicative forms, and prohibitions.
πολιτεύεσθαιliveV1 PMN · πολιτεύωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaπολιτεύω: to live; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
2
μολῦναι δὲ καὶ τὸν ἐν Ιεροσολύμοις νεὼ καὶ προσονομάσαι Διὸς Ὀλυμπίου καὶ τὸν ἐν Γαριζιν καθὼς ἐτύγχανον οἱ τὸν τόπον οἰκοῦντες Διὸς Ξενίου
He also ordered the sanctuary in Jerusalem to be defiled and renamed for Olympian Zeus, and the one on Gerizim for Zeus the Protector of Strangers, in keeping with the character of those who inhabited that place.
The decree extends from behavior to sacred space itself. Renaming the sanctuaries signals an attempt to overwrite Judean and Samaritan cultic identity through pagan dedication.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
μολῦναιdefiledVA AAN · μολύνωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaμολύνω: to defiled; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseν: among; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
ΙεροσολύμοιςJerusalemN3M DPM · Ιεροσόλυμαobject of ἐνΙεροσόλυμα: Jerusalem; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
νεὼtempleN2 ASM · νεώςnominal element functioning within the clauseνεώς: temple; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
προσονομάσαιrenameVA AAN · ὀνομάζω + προςinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaνομάζω + προς: to προσονομάσαι; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ΔιὸςZeusN3 GSM · Ζεύςnominal element functioning within the clauseΖεύς: Zeus, the chief Greek deity invoked here in forced pagan rededication.
ὈλυμπίουOlympianN2 GSM · Ὀλύμπιοςnominal element functioning within the clauseλύμπιος: Ὀλυμπίου; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseν: among; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
ΓαριζινGerizimN DS · Γαριζειnominal element functioning within the clauseΓαριζείν / Γαριζει: Gerizim, the Samaritan sacred mountain and temple site.
καθὼςjust asD · καθώςadverbial modifier of the clauseκαθώς: just as, according as; comparative or explanatory connector.
ἐτύγχανονstrikes / hits uponV1I IAI3P · τυγχάνωmain verbal action advancing the clauseτυγχάνω: to strikes / hits upon; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τόπονplaceN2 ASM · τόποςaccusative element functioning as object or goalτόπος: place; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
οἰκοῦντεςdwellingV2 · παπνπμ οἰκέωparticipial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstanceπαπνπμ οἰκέω: to dwelling; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ΔιὸςZeusN3 GSM · Ζεύςnominal element functioning within the clauseΖεύς: Zeus, the chief Greek deity invoked here in forced pagan rededication.
ΞενίουProtector of StrangersN2 GSM · Ξένιοςnominal element functioning within the clauseΞένιος: “Protector of Strangers,” a cultic epithet of Zeus associated with hospitality.
3
χαλεπὴ δὲ καὶ τοῖς ὅλοις ἦν δυσχερὴς ἡ ἐπίτασις τῆς κακίας
The intensification of this evil was harsh and oppressive for everyone.
The narrator briefly steps back to summarize the human cost of the policy. The evil is presented as broad and crushing, not limited to a few isolated victims.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
χαλεπὴharshA1 NSF · χαλεπόςsubject or predicate element within the clauseχαλεπός: harsh; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ὅλοιςnailA1 DPM · ὅλοςnominal element functioning within the clauseλος: nail; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἦνit wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseεἰμί: to it was; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δυσχερὴςoppressiveA3H NSM · δυσχερήςnominal element functioning within the clauseδυσχερής: oppressive; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡtheRA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐπίτασιςintensificationN3I NSF · ἐπίτασιςnominal element functioning within the clauseπίτασις: ἐπίτασις; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
κακίαςevilN1A GSF · κακίαgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionκακία: evil; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
4
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἱερὸν ἀσωτίας καὶ κώμων ὑπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐπεπληροῦτο ῥᾳθυμούντων μεθ' ἑταιρῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς περιβόλοις γυναιξὶ πλησιαζόντων ἔτι δὲ τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα ἔνδον εἰσφερόντων
For the temple was filled by the Gentiles with debauchery and revelry, as they amused themselves with courtesans and approached women within the sacred courts, and moreover brought inside things that were unfit.
The desecration is described in concrete cultic and moral terms. What should have marked holiness is turned into a scene of riotous impurity.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μὲνindeedX · μένconnective or particle shaping the clause flowμέν: on the one hand; particle often preparing a contrast or structural balance.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: for, because; explanatory particle introducing grounds or explanation.
ἱερὸνierosN2N NSN · ἱερόςnominal element functioning within the clauseερός: ieros; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀσωτίαςdebaucheryN1A GSF · ἀσωτίαnominal element functioning within the clauseσωτία: ἀσωτίας; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
κώμωνrevelryN2 GPM · κῶμοςnominal element functioning within the clauseκῶμος: revelry; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπὸas / byP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phraseπό: as / by; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionθνος: nation; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπεπληροῦτοfillV4I IPI3S · πληρόω + ἐπιmain verbal action advancing the clauseπληρόω + ἐπι: to fill; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ῥᾳθυμούντωνreveling idlyV2 · παπγπν ῥᾳθυμέωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπγπν ῥᾳθυμέω: to ῥᾳθυμούντων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μεθ'with / afterP · μετάpreposition governing the following phraseμετά: with or after; preposition whose force depends on case.
ἑταιρῶνcourtesansN1A GPF · ἑταίραnominal element functioning within the clauseταίρα: ἑταιρῶν; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phraseν: among; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἱεροῖςsacred / holyA1A DPN · ἱερόςdative term functioning as indirect object, reference, means, or locationερός: sacred / holy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
περιβόλοιςenclosureN2 DPN · περίβολοςnominal element functioning within the clauseπερίβολος: enclosure; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γυναιξὶwomanN3K DPF · γυνήdative complement marking reference, recipient, means, or sphereγυνή: woman; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πλησιαζόντωνapproachingV1 · παπγπν πλησιάζωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπγπν πλησιάζω: to πλησιαζόντων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clauseτι: still; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clauseμή: not; negation commonly used with infinitives, non-indicative forms, and prohibitions.
καθήκονταfittingV1 · παπαπν ἥκω + καταparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπαπν ἥκω + κατα: to καθήκοντα; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἔνδονinsideD · ἔνδονadverbial expression modifying the clauseνδον: ἔνδον; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
εἰσφερόντωνbringing inV1 · παπγπν φέρω + εἰςparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπγπν φέρω + εἰς: to εἰσφερόντων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
5
τὸ δὲ θυσιαστήριον τοῖς ἀποδιεσταλμένοις ἀπὸ τῶν νόμων ἀθεμίτοις ἐπεπλήρωτο
The altar too was heaped with unlawful offerings from persons who had been alienated from the laws.
The profanation reaches the altar itself. The point is not simply unauthorized ritual but ritual performed in defiance of the covenantal order.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
θυσιαστήριονaltarN2N NSN · θυσιαστήριονcommon noun within the clauseθυσιαστήριον: altar; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἀποδιεσταλμένοιςalienatedVM · χμπδπμ στέλλω + ἀπο + διαparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateχμπδπμ στέλλω + ἀπο + δια: to ἀποδιεσταλμένοις; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phraseπό: from / of; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
νόμωνlawsN2 GPM · νόμοςgenitive object of περίνόμος: laws; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀθεμίτοιςunlawfulA1B DPM · ἀθέμιτοςnominal element functioning within the clauseθέμιτος: ἀθεμίτοις; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπεπλήρωτοpeplerokosV4I IPI3S · πληρόωmain verbal action advancing the clauseπληρόω: to peplerokos; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
6
ἦν δ' οὔτε σαββατίζειν οὔτε πατρῴους ἑορτὰς διαφυλάττειν οὔτε ἁπλῶς Ιουδαῖον ὁμολογεῖν εἶναι
It was no longer possible either to keep the Sabbath or to observe the ancestral festivals or even simply to confess oneself to be a Jew.
Ordinary markers of Judean identity are criminalized. The verse shows that public confession, liturgical time, and communal memory were all under assault.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἦνit wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseεἰμί: to it was; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanctionδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argumentοὔτε: neither, nor; coordinating negative conjunction.
σαββατίζεινwill keep sabbathV1 PAN · σαββατίζωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaσαββατίζω: to will keep sabbath; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argumentοὔτε: neither, nor; coordinating negative conjunction.
πατρῴουςancestralA1A APM · πατρῷοςnominal element functioning within the clauseπατρῷος: ancestral; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἑορτὰςfeastsN1 APF · ἑορτήdirect object coordinated with σάββαταορτή: feasts; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διαφυλάττεινkeptV1 PAN · φυλάσσω + διαinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaφυλάσσω + δια: to kept; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argumentοὔτε: neither, nor; coordinating negative conjunction.
ἁπλῶςsimplyD · ἁπλῶςadverbial expression modifying the clauseπλῶς: ἁπλῶς; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
ΙουδαῖονJewN2 ASM · Ἰουδαῖοςdirect object / accusative complementουδαῖος: Jew; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὁμολογεῖνgive thanksV2 PAN · ὁμολογέωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaμολογέω: to give thanks; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expressionεἰμί: to to be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
7
ἤγοντο δὲ μετὰ πικρᾶς ἀνάγκης εἰς τὴν κατὰ μῆνα τοῦ βασιλέως γενέθλιον ἡμέραν ἐπὶ σπλαγχνισμόν γενομένης δὲ Διονυσίων ἑορτῆς ἠναγκάζοντο κισσοὺς ἔχοντες πομπεύειν τῷ Διονύσῳ
With bitter compulsion they were led on the king's monthly birthday to the sacrificial meal, and when the festival of Dionysus arrived they were forced, wearing ivy wreaths, to march in procession for Dionysus.
Royal festival culture becomes an instrument of coercion. Participation in pagan procession and sacrifice is imposed as a test of submission.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἤγοντοwere driving / leadingV1I IMI3P · ἄγωmain verbal action advancing the clauseγω: to were driving / leading; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phraseμετά: with or after; preposition whose force depends on case.
πικρᾶςbitterA1A GSF · πικρόςnominal element functioning within the clauseπικρός: bitter; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνάγκηςdistressN1 GSF · ἀνάγκηnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseνάγκη: distress; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: into, to, toward; preposition governing the accusative.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phraseκατά: according to, against, down from, throughout; preposition whose force depends on case.
μῆναmonthN3 ASM · μήνaccusative complementμήν: month; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: king; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γενέθλιονbirthdayA1B ASF · γενέθλιοςnominal element functioning within the clauseγενέθλιος: birthday; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goalμέρα: day; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseπί: against; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
σπλαγχνισμόνsacrificial mealN2 ASM · σπλαγχνισμόςnominal element functioning within the clauseσπλαγχνισμός: sacrificial meal; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γενομένηςhaving occurredVB · αμπγσφ γίγνομαιparticipial verbal form modifying the clause circumstantially or attributivelyαμπγσφ γίγνομαι: to having occurred; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
ΔιονυσίωνDionysiaN GPN · Διονύσιαnominal element functioning within the clauseΔιονύσια: the Dionysian festival celebrated in honor of Dionysus.
ἑορτῆςa feastN1 GSF · ἑορτήobject of πρόορτή: a feast; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἠναγκάζοντοcompelV1I IPI3P · ἀγκάζω + ἀναmain verbal action advancing the clauseγκάζω + ἀνα: to compel; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κισσοὺςivyN2 APM · κισσόςnominal element functioning within the clauseκισσός: ivy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔχοντεςholdingV1 · παπνπμ ἔχωparticipial verbal form qualifying an action, agent, or circumstanceπαπνπμ ἔχω: to holding; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πομπεύεινmarch in processionV1 PAN · πομπεύωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaπομπεύω: to march in procession; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ΔιονύσῳDionysusN2 DSM · Διόνυσοςnominal element functioning within the clauseΔιόνυσος: Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, revelry, and festival procession.
8
ψήφισμα δὲ ἐξέπεσεν εἰς τὰς ἀστυγείτονας Ἑλληνίδας πόλεις Πτολεμαίου ὑποθεμένου τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγωγὴν κατὰ τῶν Ιουδαίων ἄγειν καὶ σπλαγχνίζειν
A decree also went out to the neighboring Greek cities, at Ptolemy's suggestion, that they should apply the same policy against the Jews and force them to partake of the sacrificial meal.
The persecution is widened beyond Jerusalem into the surrounding urban network. The policy is made systematic and regional rather than merely local.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ψήφισμαdecreeN3M ASN · ψήφισμαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseψήφισμα: decree; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
ἐξέπεσενgo outVAI AAI3S · πίπτω + ἐκmain verbal action advancing the clauseπίπτω + ἐκ: to go out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: into, to, toward; preposition governing the accusative.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἀστυγείτοναςneighboringA3N APF · ἀστυγείτωνnominal element functioning within the clauseστυγείτων: ἀστυγείτονας; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἙλληνίδαςGreekN3D APF · Ἑλληνίςnominal element functioning within the clauseλληνίς: Ἑλληνίδας; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πόλειςcitiesN3I APF · πόλιςhead noun within the clauseπόλις: cities; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ΠτολεμαίουPtolemyN2 GSM · Πτολεμαῖοςproper name within the clause or listΠτολεμαῖος: Ptolemy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑποθεμένουproposingVE · αμπγσμ τίθημι + ὑποparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateαμπγσμ τίθημι + ὑπο: to ὑποθεμένου; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
αὐτὴνit / herRD ASF · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: it / her; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
ἀγωγὴνorderingN1 ASF · ἀγωγήhead noun or nominal element within the clauseγωγή: ordering; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phraseκατά: according to, against, down from, throughout; preposition whose force depends on case.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ΙουδαίωνJudeansN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration settingουδαῖος: Judeans; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἄγεινcelebrateV1 PAN · ἄγωinfinitive expressing the instituted observanceγω: to celebrate; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
σπλαγχνίζεινmake partake of the sacrificeV1 PAN · σπλαγχνίζωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaσπλαγχνίζω: to make partake of the sacrifice; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
9
τοὺς δὲ μὴ προαιρουμένους μεταβαίνειν ἐπὶ τὰ ἑλληνικὰ κατασφάζειν παρῆν οὖν ὁρᾶν τὴν ἐνεστῶσαν ταλαιπωρίαν
Those who were unwilling to adopt Greek ways were to be slaughtered, and so one could see the misery that had come upon them.
The alternative to assimilation is openly lethal. The narrator presents the crisis as visible, public, and impossible to mistake.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clauseμή: not; negation commonly used with infinitives, non-indicative forms, and prohibitions.
προαιρουμένουςchoosingV2 · πμπαπμ αἱρέω + προparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπμπαπμ αἱρέω + προ: to προαιρουμένους; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μεταβαίνεινdepartV1 PAN · βαίνω + μεταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaβαίνω + μετα: to depart; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseπί: against; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἑλληνικὰGreekA1 APN · ἑλληνικόςnominal element functioning within the clauseλληνικός: Greek; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατασφάζεινto butcherV1 PAN · σφάζω + καταinfinitive expressing action, purpose, or result within the clauseσφάζω + κατα: to to butcher; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
παρῆνbe presentV9 IAI3S · εἰμί + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandεἰμί + παρα: to be present; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particleοὖν: therefore, then; inferential particle drawing a conclusion or transition.
ὁρᾶνsawV3 PAN · ὁράωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaράω: to saw; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐνεστῶσανpresentVH · ααπασφ ἵστημι + ἐνparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπασφ ἵστημι + ἐν: to ἐνεστῶσαν; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ταλαιπωρίανmiseryN1A ASF · ταλαιπωρίαnominal element functioning within the clauseταλαιπωρία: misery; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
10
δύο γὰρ γυναῖκες ἀνήχθησαν περιτετμηκυῖαι τὰ τέκνα τούτων δὲ ἐκ τῶν μαστῶν κρεμάσαντες τὰ βρέφη καὶ δημοσίᾳ περιαγαγόντες αὐτὰς τὴν πόλιν κατὰ τοῦ τείχους ἐκρήμνισαν
For two women were brought in because they had circumcised their children; after hanging the infants from their breasts and leading the women publicly around the city, they hurled them down from the wall.
The chapter gives a concrete example of the violence directed at covenantal practice. Circumcision becomes the occasion for exemplary terror.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
δύοtwoM · δύοcommon noun within the clauseδύο: two; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: for, because; explanatory particle introducing grounds or explanation.
γυναῖκεςwife/womanN3K NPF · γυνήnominative head term or subject complementγυνή: wife/woman; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνήχθησανbrought upVQI API3P · ἄγω + ἀναmain verbal action advancing the clauseγω + ἀνα: to brought up; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
περιτετμηκυῖαιhaving circumcisedVX · χαπνπφ τέμνω + περιparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateχαπνπφ τέμνω + περι: to περιτετμηκυῖαι; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τέκναchildrenN2N APN · τέκνονnominal element within the genealogical noticeτέκνον: children; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τούτωνthis/theseRD GPF · οὗτοςdemonstrative summarizing the preceding namesοὗτος: this/these; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phraseκ: from; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μαστῶνbreastN2 GPM · μαστόςnominal element functioning within the clauseμαστός: breast; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κρεμάσαντεςhaving hungVA · ααπνπμ κρεμάζωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνπμ κρεμάζω: to κρεμάσαντες; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
βρέφηinfantsN2 APN · βρέφοςnominal element functioning within the clauseβρέφος: infants; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
δημοσίᾳpublicA1A DSF · δημόσιοςnominal element functioning within the clauseδημόσιος: public; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
περιαγαγόντεςhaving led aroundVB · ααπνπμ ἄγω + περιparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνπμ ἄγω + περι: to περιαγαγόντες; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
αὐτὰςthemRD APF · αὐτόςpronoun referring back to the current family, city, or groupαὐτός: them; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςhead noun within the clauseπόλις: city; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phraseκατά: according to, against, down from, throughout; preposition whose force depends on case.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τείχουςwallN3E GSN · τεῖχοςGenitive dependent on the implied partitive idea with ἔπεσεντεῖχος: wall; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐκρήμνισανthrew downVAI AAPASFKRHMNI/ZWmain verbal action advancing the clause: to ἐκρήμνισαν; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
11
ἕτεροι δὲ πλησίον συνδραμόντες εἰς τὰ σπήλαια λεληθότως ἄγειν τὴν ἑβδομάδα μηνυθέντες τῷ Φιλίππῳ συνεφλογίσθησαν διὰ τὸ εὐλαβῶς ἔχειν βοηθῆσαι ἑαυτοῖς κατὰ τὴν δόξαν τῆς σεμνοτάτης ἡμέρας
Others, who had gathered in caves nearby to keep the seventh day secretly, were betrayed to Philip and burned together because in reverence for the most holy day they scrupled to defend themselves.
Sabbath observance is shown to carry mortal risk even in concealment. Their refusal to violate the day by self-defense heightens the pathos of the scene.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἕτεροιotherA1A NPM · ἕτεροςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequenceτερος: other; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
πλησίονnearD · πλησίονpreposition introducing its complement phraseπλησίον: near; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
συνδραμόντεςhaving gatheredVB · ααπνπμ τρέχω + συνparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνπμ τρέχω + συν: to συνδραμόντες; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: into, to, toward; preposition governing the accusative.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
σπήλαιαcaveN2N APN · σπήλαιονnominal element functioning within the clauseσπήλαιον: cave; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
λεληθότωςsecretlyD · λεληθότωςadverbial expression modifying the clauseλεληθότως: secretly, unnoticed, in concealment.
ἄγεινcelebrateV1 PAN · ἄγωinfinitive expressing the instituted observanceγω: to celebrate; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἑβδομάδαof weeksN3D ASF · ἑβδομάςnominal element functioning within the clauseβδομάς: of weeks; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μηνυθέντεςhaving been informed againstVC · αππνπμ μηνύωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateαππνπμ μηνύω: to μηνυθέντες; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
Φιλίππῳof PhilipN2 DSM · Φίλιπποςnominal element functioning within the clauseΦίλιππος: Philip, the official to whom the Sabbath-keepers were betrayed.
συνεφλογίσθησανburn togetherVCI API3P · φλογίζω + συνmain verbal action advancing the clauseφλογίζω + συν: to burn together; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
εὐλαβῶςreverentlyD · εὐλαβῶςadverbial expression modifying the clauseεὐλαβῶς: reverently, carefully, with pious caution.
ἔχεινhaveV1 PAN · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionχω: to have; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
βοηθῆσαιto helpVA AAN · βοηθέωinfinitive complement or purpose expressionβοηθέω: to to help; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἑαυτοῖςhimself / themselvesRD DPM · ἑαυτοῦdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseαυτοῦ: himself / themselves; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phraseκατά: according to, against, down from, throughout; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δόξανgloryN1S ASF · δόξαaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementδόξα: glory; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
σεμνοτάτηςreveredA1 GSFS · σεμνόςnominal element functioning within the clauseσεμνός: revered; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμέραςdaysN1A GSF · ἡμέραgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termμέρα: days; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
12
παρακαλῶ οὖν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας τῇδε τῇ βίβλῳ μὴ συστέλλεσθαι διὰ τὰς συμφοράς λογίζεσθαι δὲ τὰς τιμωρίας μὴ πρὸς ὄλεθρον ἀλλὰ πρὸς παιδείαν τοῦ γένους ἡμῶν εἶναι
Therefore I urge those who encounter this book not to be disheartened by these calamities, but to consider that these punishments are meant not for destruction but for the discipline of our nation.
The narrator pauses the story to guide the reader's theological response. Suffering is to be read through the category of covenant discipline rather than simple ruin.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
παρακαλῶcomfortV2 PAI1S · καλέω + παραmain verbal action advancing the clauseκαλέω + παρα: to comfort; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particleοὖν: therefore, then; inferential particle drawing a conclusion or transition.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐντυγχάνονταςreadingV1 · παπαπμ τυγχάνω + ἐνparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπαπμ τυγχάνω + ἐν: to ἐντυγχάνοντας; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῇδεthis way / hereRD DSF · ὅδεpronominal element referring to a participant or object in the clauseδε: this way / here; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
βίβλῳbook / scrollN2 DSF · βίβλοςsubject of ἀποστήσεταιβίβλος: book / scroll; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clauseμή: not; negation commonly used with infinitives, non-indicative forms, and prohibitions.
συστέλλεσθαιlaunchedV1 PMN · στέλλωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaστέλλω: to launched; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
συμφοράςdisasterN1A APF · συμφοράnominal element functioning within the clauseσυμφορά: disaster; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
λογίζεσθαιreckonedV1 PMN · λογίζομαιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaλογίζομαι: to reckoned; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τιμωρίαςpunishmentN1A APF · τιμωρίαnominal element functioning within the clauseτιμωρία: punishment; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clauseμή: not; negation commonly used with infinitives, non-indicative forms, and prohibitions.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
ὄλεθρονdestructionN2 ASM · ὄλεθροςaccusative of result (with εἰς)λεθρος: destruction; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunctionλλά: but; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
παιδείανdiscipline / instructionN1A ASF · παιδείαdirect object of οἴδασιν / εἴδοσαν (first in the catalogue)παιδεία: discipline / instruction; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
γένουςfamilyN3E GSN · γένοςobject of ἐκγένος: family; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependenceγώ: our; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expressionεἰμί: to to be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
13
καὶ γὰρ τὸ μὴ πολὺν χρόνον ἐᾶσθαι τοὺς δυσσεβοῦντας ἀλλ' εὐθέως περιπίπτειν ἐπιτίμοις μεγάλης εὐεργεσίας σημεῖόν ἐστιν
For it is a sign of great beneficence that the impious are not left long alone but quickly fall under correction.
Immediate chastisement is interpreted as mercy, not neglect. Divine severity is presented as proof of continued concern.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: for, because; explanatory particle introducing grounds or explanation.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clauseμή: not; negation commonly used with infinitives, non-indicative forms, and prohibitions.
πολὺνmuchA3U ASM · πολύςnominal element functioning within the clauseπολύς: much; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalχρόνος: time; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐᾶσθαιpermitV3 PMN · ἐάωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaω: to permit; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δυσσεβοῦνταςacting impiouslyV2 · παπαπμ δυσσεβέωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπαπμ δυσσεβέω: to δυσσεβοῦντας; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀλλ'butC · ἀλλάconnective or subordinator structuring the clauseλλά: but; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
εὐθέωςimmediatelyD · εὐθέωςadverbial modifier qualifying manner, time, degree, or discourse flowεὐθέως: immediately; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
περιπίπτεινfall intoV1 PAN · πίπτω + περιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaπίπτω + περι: to fall into; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπιτίμοιςcorrective penaltiesA1B DPM · ἐπίτιμοςnominal element functioning within the clauseπίτιμος: ἐπιτίμοις; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μεγάληςgreatA1 GSF · μέγαςattributive modifier of κακίαςμέγας: great; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εὐεργεσίαςbeneficenceN1A GSF · εὐεργεσίαnominal element functioning within the clauseεὐεργεσία: beneficence; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σημεῖόνsignN2 ASN · σημεῖονnominal element functioning within the clauseσημεῖον: sign; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceεἰμί: to be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
14
οὐ γὰρ καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν ἀναμένει μακροθυμῶν ὁ δεσπότης μέχρι τοῦ καταντήσαντας αὐτοὺς πρὸς ἐκπλήρωσιν ἁμαρτιῶν κολάσαι οὕτως καὶ ἐφ' ἡμῶν ἔκρινεν εἶναι
For in the case of the other nations the Master waits patiently until they reach the full measure of their sins before punishing them, but he judged that it should not be so with us.
Israel's covenant status explains the different pattern of judgment. Delay for the nations is contrasted with swifter correction for the people of God.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; standard particle of negation.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: for, because; explanatory particle introducing grounds or explanation.
καθάπερjust asD · καθάπερadverbial or discourse-level modifierκαθάπερ: just as; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseπί: against; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἄλλωνotherRD GPN · ἄλλοςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordinationλλος: other; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
ἐθνῶνnationN3E GPN · ἔθνοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionθνος: nation; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀναμένειwaitV1 PAI3S · μένω + ἀναmain verbal action advancing the clauseμένω + ἀνα: to wait; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μακροθυμῶνmakrothymosA1B GPM · μακρόθυμοςnominal element functioning within the clauseμακρόθυμος: makrothymos; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δεσπότηςMasterN1M NSM · δεσπότηςnominal element functioning as subject or predicate within the clauseδεσπότης: Master; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριconjunction (with οὗ: temporal 'until')μέχρι: until; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
καταντήσανταςhaving reachedVA · ααπαπμ ἀντάω + καταparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπαπμ ἀντάω + κατα: to καταντήσαντας; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: them; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
ἐκπλήρωσινfull measureN3I ASF · ἐκπλήρωσιςnominal element functioning within the clauseκπλήρωσις: ἐκπλήρωσιν; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinN1A GPF · ἁμαρτίαcommon noun within the clauseμαρτία: sin; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κολάσαιpunishVA AAN · κολάζωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaκολάζω: to punish; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: so; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
ἐφ'ephP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phraseπί: eph; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependenceγώ: our; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
ἔκρινενkrinoVAI AAI3S · κρίνωfinite verb advancing the clauseκρίνω: to krino; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expressionεἰμί: to to be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
15
ἵνα μὴ πρὸς τέλος ἀφικομένων ἡμῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ὕστερον ἡμᾶς ἐκδικᾷ
He acts thus lest, after our sins have reached their full measure, he should later take vengeance on us.
The logic of discipline is preventative as well as punitive. Earlier correction is portrayed as protection from final destruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceνα: so that; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clauseμή: not; negation commonly used with infinitives, non-indicative forms, and prohibitions.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
τέλοςendN3E ASN · τέλοςaccusative complementτέλος: end; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀφικομένωνhaving arrivedVB · αμπγπμ ἱκνέομαι + ἀποparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateαμπγπμ ἱκνέομαι + ἀπο: to ἀφικομένων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependenceγώ: our; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
τῶνtheRA GPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinN1A GPF · ἁμαρτίαcommon noun within the clauseμαρτία: sin; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὕστερονlaterD · ὕστερονconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseστερον: later; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as object or complementγώ: us; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
ἐκδικᾷtake vengeanceVA AAN · δικάζω + ἐκinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaδικάζω + ἐκ: to take vengeance; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
16
διόπερ οὐδέποτε μὲν τὸν ἔλεον ἀφ' ἡμῶν ἀφίστησιν παιδεύων δὲ μετὰ συμφορᾶς οὐκ ἐγκαταλείπει τὸν ἑαυτοῦ λαόν
Therefore he never withdraws his mercy from us; though he disciplines with adversity, he does not abandon his own people.
The narrator states the theological center of the digression. Affliction and mercy are held together within the covenant relationship.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
διόπερtherefore indeedD · διόπερconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseδιόπερ: therefore, for which reason; inferential adverb.
οὐδέποτεneverD · οὐδέποτεadverbial expression modifying the clauseοὐδέποτε: never, at no time.
μὲνindeedX · μένconnective or particle shaping the clause flowμέν: on the one hand; particle often preparing a contrast or structural balance.
τὸνtheRA ASN · ὁarticle with ζυγὸνὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἔλεονmercyN3E ASN · ἔλεοςnominal element functioning within the clauseλεος: mercy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀφ'aphP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phraseπό: aph; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
ἡμῶνourRP GP · ἐγώpronoun in genitival dependenceγώ: our; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
ἀφίστησινremoveV6 IMI3S · ἵστημι + ἀποmain verbal action advancing the clauseστημι + ἀπο: to remove; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
παιδεύωνdiscipliningV1 · παπνσμ παιδεύωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπνσμ παιδεύω: to παιδεύων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phraseμετά: with or after; preposition whose force depends on case.
συμφορᾶςdisasterN1A GSF · συμφοράnominal element functioning within the clauseσυμφορά: disaster; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
οὐκnotD · οὐadverbial modifier within the clauseοὐ: not; standard particle of negation.
ἐγκαταλείπειleave behindV1 PAI3S · λείπω + ἐν + καταmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionλείπω + ἐν + κατα: to leave behind; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun referring within the clauseαυτοῦ: his own; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
λαόνpeopleN2 ASM · λαόςhead noun within the clauseλαός: people; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
17
πλὴν ἕως ὑπομνήσεως ταῦθ' ἡμῖν εἰρήσθω δι' ὀλίγων δ' ἐλευστέον ἐπὶ τὴν διήγησιν
But let this be said for our reminder; after these few words we must return to the narrative.
The author closes the interpretive aside and resumes the story. The remark signals that the coming martyr narrative should be read through the lens just provided.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
πλὴνexcept / besidesD · πλήνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeπλήν: except, but, nevertheless; marker of exception or limitation.
ἕωςuntilP · ἕωςpreposition governing the following phraseως: until; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
ὑπομνήσεωςreminderN3I GSF · ὑπόμνησιςnominal element functioning within the clauseπόμνησις: ὑπομνήσεως; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ταῦθ'theseRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal element referring to a participant or object in the clauseοὗτος: these; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as dative complementγώ: to us; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
εἰρήσθωsaidVM XMD3S · εἶπονmain verbal action advancing the clauseεἶπον: to said; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
ὀλίγωνof a fewA1 GPM · ὀλίγοςgenitive modifier completing the idiom with χερσὶνλίγος: of a few; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δ'butX · δέmild adversative marking transition to sanctionδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
ἐλευστέονone must proceedA1A NSN · ἐλευστέονnominal element functioning within the clauseλευστέον: ἐλευστέον; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseπί: against; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
διήγησινnarrativeN3I ASF · διήγησιςnominal element functioning within the clauseδιήγησις: narrative; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
18
Ελεάζαρός τις τῶν πρωτευόντων γραμματέων ἀνὴρ ἤδη προβεβηκὼς τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ τὴν πρόσοψιν τοῦ προσώπου κάλλιστος ἀναχανὼν ἠναγκάζετο φαγεῖν ὕειον κρέας
A man named Eleazar, one of the foremost scribes, already advanced in age and very distinguished in appearance, was being forced, with his mouth pried open, to eat swine's flesh.
Eleazar is introduced with social honor, advanced age, and visible dignity. The violence of the scene underscores the outrage of compelling such a man to violate the law.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ΕλεάζαρόςEleazarN2 NSM · Ελεάζαροςnominal element functioning within the clauseΕλεάζαρος: Eleazar, the aged scribe whose martyrdom dominates the second half of the chapter.
τιςanyoneRI NSM · τιςindefinite pronoun serving as the subject of the conditionτις: anyone; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
πρωτευόντωνforemostV1 · παπγπμ πρωτεύωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπγπμ πρωτεύω: to πρωτευόντων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
γραμματέωνof the scribesN3V GPM · γραμματεύςnominal element within the genealogical noticeγραμματεύς: of the scribes; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνὴρmanN3 NSM · ἀνήρcommon noun within the clauseνήρ: man; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἤδηalreadyD · ἤδηadverbial modifier of the clauseδη: already; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
προβεβηκὼςhaving advancedVX · χαπνσμ βαίνω + προparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateχαπνσμ βαίνω + προ: to προβεβηκὼς; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἡλικίανageN1A ASF · ἡλικίαobject or complement within the clauseλικία: age; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
πρόσοψινappearanceN3I ASF · πρόσοψιςnominal element functioning within the clauseπρόσοψις: appearance; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
προσώπουfaceN2N GSN · πρόσωπονcommon noun within the clauseπρόσωπον: face; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κάλλιστοςKaloA1 NSMS · καλόςnominal element functioning within the clauseκαλός: Kalo; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀναχανὼνhaving opened wideVB · ααπνσμ χάσκω + ἀναparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνσμ χάσκω + ἀνα: to ἀναχανὼν; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἠναγκάζετοcompelV1I IPI3S · ἀγκάζω + ἀναmain verbal action advancing the clauseγκάζω + ἀνα: to compel; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φαγεῖνto eatVB AAN · ἐσθίωinfinitive expressing purpose, result, or verbal complementσθίω: to to eat; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὕειονswineA1 ASN · ὕειοςnominal element functioning within the clauseειος: swine; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κρέαςfleshN3 ASN · κρέαςnominal element functioning within the clauseκρέας: flesh; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
19
ὁ δὲ τὸν μετ' εὐκλείας θάνατον μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν μετὰ μύσους βίον ἀναδεξάμενος αὐθαιρέτως ἐπὶ τὸ τύμπανον προσῆγεν
But he, welcoming an honorable death rather than a life polluted with defilement, went of his own accord to the rack.
Eleazar's first decisive act is framed as a choice of values. He treats death with honor as preferable to survival under contamination.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μετ'withP · μετάpreposition governing the following phraseμετά: with or after; preposition whose force depends on case.
εὐκλείαςgood reputeN1A GSF · εὔκλειαnominal element functioning within the clauseεὔκλεια: good repute; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
θάνατονdeath / pestilenceN2 ASM · θάνατοςcommon noun within the clauseθάνατος: death / pestilence; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μᾶλλονratherD · μᾶλλονadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level senseμᾶλλον: rather; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clauseἤ: or; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phraseμετά: with or after; preposition whose force depends on case.
μύσουςdefilementN3E GSN · μύσοςnominal element functioning within the clauseμύσος: defilement; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
βίονlifeN2 ASM · βίοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalβίος: life; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀναδεξάμενοςhaving acceptedVA · αμπνσμ δέχομαι + ἀναparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateαμπνσμ δέχομαι + ἀνα: to ἀναδεξάμενος; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
αὐθαιρέτωςvoluntarilyD · αὐθαιρέτωςadverbial expression modifying the clauseαὐθαιρέτως: voluntarily, of one’s own accord.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseπί: against; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τύμπανονtambourinesN2N ASN · τύμπανονnominal element functioning within the clauseτύμπανον: tambourines; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
προσῆγενbrought it upV1I IAI3S · ἄγω + προςmain verbal action advancing the clauseγω + προς: to brought it up; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
20
προπτύσας δὲ καθ' ὃν ἔδει τρόπον προσέρχεσθαι τοὺς ὑπομένοντας ἀμύνασθαι ὧν οὐ θέμις γεύσασθαι διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ ζῆν φιλοστοργίαν
He spat the meat out, coming forward in the way that those ought to do who are determined to resist what it is unlawful to taste, even out of affection for life.
The gesture makes his refusal public and unmistakable. The narrator turns the act into a model of lawful courage under pressure.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
προπτύσαςhaving spat outVA · ααπνσμ πτύω + προparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνσμ πτύω + προ: to προπτύσας; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
καθ'in / duringP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phraseκατά: according to, against, down from, throughout; preposition whose force depends on case.
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronoun functioning as object or complementς: which; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
ἔδειeatingVF FAI3S · ἐσθίωmain verbal action advancing the clauseσθίω: to eating; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τρόπονformN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseτρόπος: form; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
προσέρχεσθαιcame overV1 PMN · ἔρχομαι + προςinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaρχομαι + προς: to came over; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ὑπομένονταςenduringV1 · παπαπμ μένω + ὑποparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπαπμ μένω + ὑπο: to ὑπομένοντας; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀμύνασθαιresist, defendVA AMN · ἀμύνωcircumstantial participleμύνω: to resist, defend; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronounς: which; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; standard particle of negation.
θέμιςlawfulN3T NSF · θέμιςnominal element functioning within the clauseθέμις: lawful; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γεύσασθαιtastedVA AMN · γεύωmain verbal action advancing the clauseγεύω: to tasted; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ζῆνto liveV3 PAN · ζάωfirst complementary infinitive after ἕτοιμοί εἰσινζάω: to to live; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φιλοστοργίανlove of lifeN1A ASF · φιλοστοργίαnominal element functioning within the clauseφιλοστοργία: love of life; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
21
οἱ δὲ πρὸς τῷ παρανόμῳ σπλαγχνισμῷ τεταγμένοι διὰ τὴν ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν χρόνων πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα γνῶσιν ἀπολαβόντες αὐτὸν κατ' ἰδίαν παρεκάλουν ἐνέγκαντα κρέα οἷς καθῆκον αὐτῷ χρᾶσθαι δι' αὐτοῦ παρασκευασθέντα ὑποκριθῆναι δὲ ὡς ἐσθίοντα τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως προστεταγμένα τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς θυσίας κρεῶν
But those appointed over the unlawful sacrificial meal, because of their long-standing acquaintance with the man, took him aside and urged him to bring meat lawful for his own use and prepared by himself, and then pretend that he was eating the meat from the sacrifice ordered by the king.
The officials attempt a compromise that would preserve appearances while sparing his life. The temptation is not open apostasy alone but carefully managed deceit.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
οἱtheRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
παρανόμῳlawlessA1B DSM · παράνομοςnominal element functioning within the clauseπαράνομος: lawless; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σπλαγχνισμῷsacrificial mealN2 DSM · σπλαγχνισμόςnominal element functioning within the clauseσπλαγχνισμός: sacrificial meal; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τεταγμένοιappointedVK · χμπνπμ τάσσωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateχμπνπμ τάσσω: to τεταγμένοι; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phraseκ: from; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
παλαιῶνformerA1A GPM · παλαιόςnominal element functioning within the clauseπαλαιός: former; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
χρόνωνtimeN2 GPM · χρόνοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionχρόνος: time; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἄνδραhusbandN3 ASM · ἀνήρcommon noun within the clauseνήρ: husband; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γνῶσινknowledge / discernmentN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative object or complementγνῶσις: knowledge / discernment; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπολαβόντεςhaving taken asideVB · ααπνπμ λαμβάνω + ἀποparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνπμ λαμβάνω + ἀπο: to ἀπολαβόντες; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: him; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
κατ'againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phraseκατά: according to, against, down from, throughout; preposition whose force depends on case.
ἰδίανone's ownA1A ASF · ἴδιοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδιος: one's own; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
παρεκάλουνcomfortV2I IAI3P · καλέω + παραmain verbal action advancing the clauseκαλέω + παρα: to comfort; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐνέγκανταbringingVAI AAPASMFE/RWmain verbal action advancing the clause: to ἐνέγκαντα; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κρέαfleshN3 APN · κρέαςnominal element functioning within the clauseκρέας: flesh; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
οἷςwho / whichRR DPM · ὅςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseς: who / which; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
καθῆκονfittingV1 · παπασν ἥκω + καταparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπασν ἥκω + κατα: to καθῆκον; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: to him / his; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
χρᾶσθαιactV3 PMN · χράομαιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaχράομαι: to act; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: his; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
παρασκευασθένταhaving been preparedVS · αππασν σκευάζω + παραparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateαππασν σκευάζω + παρα: to παρασκευασθέντα; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὑποκριθῆναιpretendVC APN · κρίνω + ὑποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaκρίνω + ὑπο: to pretend; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceς: like / as; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
ἐσθίονταeatingV1 · παπασμ ἐσθίωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπασμ ἐσθίω: to ἐσθίοντα; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰtheRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ὑπὸas / byP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phraseπό: as / by; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: king; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
προστεταγμέναcommandedVK · χμπαπν τάσσω + προςparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateχμπαπν τάσσω + προς: to προστεταγμένα; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἀπὸfrom / ofP · ἀπόpreposition governing the following phraseπό: from / of; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
θυσίαςsacrificesN1A GSF · θυσίαcommon noun within the clauseθυσία: sacrifices; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κρεῶνfleshN3 GPN · κρέαςnominal element functioning within the clauseκρέας: flesh; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
22
ἵνα τοῦτο πράξας ἀπολυθῇ τοῦ θανάτου καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀρχαίαν πρὸς αὐτοὺς φιλίαν τύχῃ φιλανθρωπίας
In this way, by doing so, he might be delivered from death and, because of their old friendship with him, receive humane treatment.
The proposed deception is made to sound practical and benevolent. The verse clarifies the immediate advantage Eleazar is being asked to purchase.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceνα: so that; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: this; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
πράξαςhaving done thisVA · ααπνσμ πράσσωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνσμ πράσσω: to πράξας; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπολυθῇsent awayVC APS3S · λύω + ἀποmain verbal action advancing the clauseλύω + ἀπο: to sent away; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')θάνατος: of death; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἀρχαίανlongstandingA1A ASF · ἀρχαῖοςnominal element functioning within the clauseρχαῖος: ἀρχαίαν; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: them; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
φιλίανfriendshipN1A ASF · φιλίαobject of καταλαβέσθαιφιλία: friendship; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τύχῃreceiveN1 DSF · τύχηnominal element functioning within the clauseτύχη: τύχῃ; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
φιλανθρωπίαςhumanityN1A GSF · φιλανθρωπίαgenitive dependent modifier / possession relationφιλανθρωπία: humanity; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
23
ὁ δὲ λογισμὸν ἀστεῖον ἀναλαβὼν καὶ ἄξιον τῆς ἡλικίας καὶ τῆς τοῦ γήρως ὑπεροχῆς καὶ τῆς ἐπικτήτου καὶ ἐπιφανοῦς πολιᾶς καὶ τῆς ἐκ παιδὸς καλλίστης ἀναστροφῆς μᾶλλον δὲ τῆς ἁγίας καὶ θεοκτίστου νομοθεσίας ἀκολούθως ἀπεφήνατο ταχέως λέγων προπέμπειν εἰς τὸν ᾅδην
But he adopted a noble resolve, worthy of his age and of the dignity of old age and of his acquired and distinguished gray hair and of the excellent conduct he had maintained from childhood, and above all worthy of the holy and God-given law, and at once declared that they should send him to Hades.
Eleazar evaluates the situation in light of biography, honor, and law. His response binds personal integrity to fidelity before God.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
ὁtheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
λογισμὸνplansN2 ASM · λογισμόςObject / complementλογισμός: plans; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀστεῖονgracefulA1A ASM · ἀστεῖοςnominal element functioning within the clauseστεῖος: graceful; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀναλαβὼνhaving taken upVB · ααπνσμ λαμβάνω + ἀναparticiple contributing attendant circumstance, manner, or descriptionααπνσμ λαμβάνω + ἀνα: to having taken up; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
ἄξιονfull / proper / worthyA1A ASM · ἄξιοςnominal element functioning within the clauseξιος: full / proper / worthy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἡλικίαςageN1A GSF · ἡλικίαnominal element functioning within the clauseλικία: age; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
γήρωςGereiN3 GSN · γῆραςnominal element functioning within the clauseγῆρας: Gerei; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπεροχῆςdistinctionN1 GSF · ὑπεροχήnominal element functioning within the clauseπεροχή: ὑπεροχῆς; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐπικτήτουacquiredA1B GSF · ἐπίκτητοςnominal element functioning within the clauseπίκτητος: ἐπικτήτου; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
ἐπιφανοῦςmanifestA3H GSF · ἐπιφανήςnominal element functioning within the clauseπιφανής: manifest; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πολιᾶςgray hairN1A GSF · πολιάnominal element functioning within the clauseπολιά: gray hair; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phraseκ: from; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
παιδὸςservantN3D GSM · παῖςnominal element functioning within the clauseπαῖς: servant; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καλλίστηςKaloA1 GSFS · καλόςnominal element functioning within the clauseκαλός: Kalo; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀναστροφῆςconductN1 GSF · ἀναστροφήnominal element functioning within the clauseναστροφή: conduct; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μᾶλλονratherD · μᾶλλονadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level senseμᾶλλον: rather; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἁγίαςholyA1A GSF · ἅγιοςgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionγιος: holy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
θεοκτίστουGod-givenA1B GSF · θεόκτιστοςnominal element functioning within the clauseθεόκτιστος: God-given; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
νομοθεσίαςlawgivingN1A GSF · νομοθεσίαnominal element functioning within the clauseνομοθεσία: lawgiving; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀκολούθωςin accordance withD · ἀκολούθωςparticle or discourse marker shaping the flow of the clauseκολούθως: in accordance with; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
ἀπεφήνατοdeclareVAI AMI3S · φαίνω + ἀποmain verbal action advancing the clauseφαίνω + ἀπο: to declare; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ταχέωςsoonD · ταχέωςadverbial or particle element shaping nuance or connectionταχέως: quickly, without delay.
λέγωνsayingV1 · παπνσμ λέγωparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive forceπαπνσμ λέγω: to saying; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
προπέμπεινthey might escortV1 PAN · πέμπω + προinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaπέμπω + προ: to they might escort; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: into, to, toward; preposition governing the accusative.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ᾅδηνHadesN1M ASM · ᾅδηςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδης: Hades; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
24
οὐ γὰρ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἡλικίας ἄξιόν ἐστιν ὑποκριθῆναι ἵνα πολλοὶ τῶν νέων ὑπολαβόντες Ελεαζαρον τὸν ἐνενηκονταετῆ μεταβεβηκέναι εἰς ἀλλοφυλισμὸν
For it is not fitting for our time of life to dissemble, lest many of the young should suppose that Eleazar at ninety years of age had gone over to foreign ways.
Eleazar's speech begins with concern for public example. His age gives his actions formative power over the young, for good or for harm.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; standard particle of negation.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: for, because; explanatory particle introducing grounds or explanation.
τῆςtheRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἡμετέραςourA1A GSF · ἡμέτεροςgenitive dependent modifier / possession relationμέτερος: our; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡλικίαςageN1A GSF · ἡλικίαnominal element functioning within the clauseλικία: age; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἄξιόνfull / proper / worthyA1A ASM · ἄξιοςnominal element functioning within the clauseξιος: full / proper / worthy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceεἰμί: to be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὑποκριθῆναιpretendVC APN · κρίνω + ὑποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaκρίνω + ὑπο: to pretend; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἵναso thatC · ἵναcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceνα: so that; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
πολλοὶmanyA1 NPM · πολύςnominative head term or subject complementπολύς: many; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
νέωνyoungA1A GPM · νέοςgenitive element qualifying another term or governed by a prepositionνέος: young; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπολαβόντεςhaving supposedVB · ααπνπμ λαμβάνω + ὑποparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνπμ λαμβάνω + ὑπο: to ὑπολαβόντες; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ΕλεαζαρονEleazarN2 ASM · Ελεάζαροςnominal element functioning within the clauseΕλεάζαρος: Eleazar, the aged scribe whose martyrdom dominates the second half of the chapter.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐνενηκονταετῆninety-year-oldM · ἐνενηκονταετήςnominal element functioning within the clauseνενηκονταετής: ἐνενηκονταετῆ; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μεταβεβηκέναιdepartVX XAN · βαίνω + μεταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaβαίνω + μετα: to depart; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: into, to, toward; preposition governing the accusative.
ἀλλοφυλισμὸνforeign waysN2 ASM · ἀλλοφυλισμόςnominal element functioning within the clauseλλοφυλισμός: foreign ways; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
25
καὶ αὐτοὶ διὰ τὴν ἐμὴν ὑπόκρισιν καὶ διὰ τὸ μικρὸν καὶ ἀκαριαῖον ζῆν πλανηθῶσιν δι' ἐμέ καὶ μύσος καὶ κηλῖδα τοῦ γήρως κατακτήσωμαι
Then through my hypocrisy, for the sake of this brief and fleeting life, they would be led astray because of me, and I would acquire defilement and disgrace for my old age.
He refuses to separate private survival from communal consequence. A momentary pretense would stain the whole meaning of his long life.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
αὐτοὶtheyRD NPM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive elementαὐτός: they; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐμὴνI wasA1 ASF · ἐμόςnominal element functioning within the clauseμός: I was; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπόκρισινreplyN3I ASF · ὑπόκρισιςnominal element functioning within the clauseπόκρισις: reply; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μικρὸνsmall / insignificantA1A ASN · μικρόςnominal element functioning within the clauseμικρός: small / insignificant; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
ἀκαριαῖονfleetingA1 ASN · ἀκαριαῖοςnominal element functioning within the clauseκαριαῖος: ἀκαριαῖον; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ζῆνto liveV3 PAN · ζάωfirst complementary infinitive after ἕτοιμοί εἰσινζάω: to to live; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πλανηθῶσινlead astrayVC APS3P · πλανάωmain verbal action advancing the clauseπλανάω: to lead astray; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δι'through / because ofP · διάpreposition governing a following complement phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
ἐμέegoRP AS · ἐγώaccusative element functioning as object or goalγώ: ego; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
μύσοςdefilementN3E ASN · μύσοςnominal element functioning within the clauseμύσος: defilement; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
κηλῖδαstainN3D ASF · κηλίςnominal element functioning within the clauseκηλίς: stain; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
γήρωςGereiN3 GSN · γῆραςnominal element functioning within the clauseγῆρας: Gerei; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατακτήσωμαιacquireVA AMS1S · κτάομαι + καταmain verbal action advancing the clauseκτάομαι + κατα: to κατακτήσωμαι; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
26
εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐξελοῦμαι τὴν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τιμωρίαν ἀλλὰ τὰς τοῦ παντοκράτορος χεῖρας οὔτε ζῶν οὔτε ἀποθανὼν ἐκφεύξομαι
For even if for the present I should escape human punishment, yet I shall not escape the hands of the Almighty, whether alive or dead.
The argument now shifts from social example to divine judgment. The issue is not merely reputation but accountability before the sovereign God.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceεἰ: if; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
γὰρforX · γάρcommon noun within the clauseγάρ: for, because; explanatory particle introducing grounds or explanation.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseπί: against; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
παρόντοςbeV9 · παπγσμ εἰμί + παραparticiple elaborating the clause actionπαπγσμ εἰμί + παρα: to be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐξελοῦμαιdeliverVF2 FMI1S · αἱρέω + ἐκmain verbal action advancing the clauseαἱρέω + ἐκ: to deliver; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phraseκ: from; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
ἀνθρώπωνman / human beingN2 GPM · ἄνθρωποςcommon noun within the clauseνθρωπος: man / human being; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τιμωρίανpunishmentN1A ASF · τιμωρίαnominal element functioning within the clauseτιμωρία: punishment; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunctionλλά: but; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
τὰςtheRA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
παντοκράτοροςAlmightyN3R GSM · παντοκράτωρgenitive element qualifying another term or governed by a prepositionπαντοκράτωρ: Almighty; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaχείρ: hands; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argumentοὔτε: neither, nor; coordinating negative conjunction.
ζῶνlivingV3 · παπνσμ ζάωcircumstantial participleπαπνσμ ζάω: to living; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὔτεneitherC · οὔτεcoordinating or connective particle linking clauses or steps in the argumentοὔτε: neither, nor; coordinating negative conjunction.
ἀποθανὼνhaving diedVB · ααπνσμ θνήσκω + ἀποparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνσμ θνήσκω + ἀπο: to ἀποθανὼν; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐκφεύξομαιescape fromVF FMI1S · φεύγω + ἐκmain verbal action advancing the clauseφεύγω + ἐκ: to escape from; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
27
διόπερ ἀνδρείως μὲν νῦν διαλλάξας τὸν βίον τοῦ μὲν γήρως ἄξιος φανήσομαι
Therefore, by bravely giving up my life now, I shall show myself worthy of my old age,
Eleazar treats courageous death as the fitting completion of a faithful old age. Martyrdom becomes the final act by which his life is interpreted.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
διόπερtherefore indeedD · διόπερconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseδιόπερ: therefore, for which reason; inferential adverb.
ἀνδρείωςbravelyD · ἀνδρείωςadverbial expression modifying the clauseνδρείως: ἀνδρείως; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
μὲνindeedX · μένconnective or particle shaping the clause flowμέν: on the one hand; particle often preparing a contrast or structural balance.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or timeνῦν: now; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
διαλλάξαςbringing to an endVA · ααπνσμ ἀλλάσσω + διαparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνσμ ἀλλάσσω + δια: to διαλλάξας; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
βίονlifeN2 ASM · βίοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalβίος: life; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μὲνindeedX · μένconnective or particle shaping the clause flowμέν: on the one hand; particle often preparing a contrast or structural balance.
γήρωςGereiN3 GSN · γῆραςnominal element functioning within the clauseγῆρας: Gerei; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἄξιοςworthyA1A NSM · ἄξιοςnominative subject / predicate element in the clauseξιος: worthy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
φανήσομαιappearVD FPI1S · φαίνωmain verbal action advancing the clauseφαίνω: to appear; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
28
τοῖς δὲ νέοις ὑπόδειγμα γενναῖον καταλελοιπὼς εἰς τὸ προθύμως καὶ γενναίως ὑπὲρ τῶν σεμνῶν καὶ ἁγίων νόμων ἀπευθανατίζειν τοσαῦτα δὲ εἰπὼν ἐπὶ τὸ τύμπανον εὐθέως ἦλθεν
and I shall leave to the young a noble example of how to die willingly and courageously for the revered and holy laws. After saying these things, he went at once to the rack.
His speech culminates in exemplary purpose: the young are to learn readiness for holy death. The narrative then moves immediately from word to deed.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
νέοιςyoungA1A DPM · νέοςnominal element functioning within the clauseνέος: young; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπόδειγμαexampleN3M ASN · ὑπόδειγμαnominal element functioning within the clauseπόδειγμα: ὑπόδειγμα; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γενναῖονnobleA1A ASN · γενναῖοςnominal element functioning within the clauseγενναῖος: noble; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καταλελοιπὼςhaving left behindVX · χαπνσμ λείπω + καταparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateχαπνσμ λείπω + κατα: to καταλελοιπὼς; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: into, to, toward; preposition governing the accusative.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
προθύμωςprothymosD · προθύμωςadverbial form modifying the verbal action or descriptionπροθύμως: prothymos; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
γενναίωςnoblyD · γενναίωςadverb modifying ζῆν and τεθνηκέναιγενναίως: nobly; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofP · ὑπέρpreposition governing the following phraseπέρ: for / on behalf of; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
σεμνῶνreveredA1 GPM · σεμνόςnominal element functioning within the clauseσεμνός: revered; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
ἁγίωνof holy thingsA1A GPM · ἅγιοςcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaγιος: of holy things; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
νόμωνlawsN2 GPM · νόμοςgenitive object of περίνόμος: laws; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπευθανατίζεινdie willinglyV1 PAN · εὐθανατίζω + ἀποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaεὐθανατίζω + ἀπο: to die willingly; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοσαῦταso greatRD APN · τοσοῦτοςpronominal element referring to a participant or object in the clauseτοσοῦτος: so great; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
εἰπὼνhaving saidVBI AAPNSMLE/GWmain verbal action advancing the clause: to εἰπὼν; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phraseπί: against; prepositional form whose force is determined by its complement.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τύμπανονtambourinesN2N ASN · τύμπανονnominal element functioning within the clauseτύμπανον: tambourines; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εὐθέωςimmediatelyD · εὐθέωςadverbial modifier qualifying manner, time, degree, or discourse flowεὐθέως: immediately; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
ἦλθενcameVBI AAI3S · ἔρχομαιfinite verb advancing the clauseρχομαι: to came; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
29
τῶν δὲ ἀγόντων πρὸς αὐτὸν τὴν μικρῷ πρότερον εὐμένειαν εἰς δυσμένειαν μεταβαλόντων διὰ τὸ τοὺς προειρημένους λόγους ὡς αὐτοὶ διελάμβανον ἀπόνοιαν εἶναι
Those who were leading him, having shortly before shown him goodwill, turned to hostility because they regarded the words just spoken as madness.
The crowd's sympathy collapses when Eleazar proves immovable. Fidelity that looks clear to him appears irrational to them.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
τῶνtheRA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
ἀγόντωνthose leadingV1 · παπγπμ ἄγωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπγπμ ἄγω: to ἀγόντων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phraseπρός: to, toward, against, with; preposition whose force depends on case.
αὐτὸνhimRD ASM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: him; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
μικρῷsmall / insignificantA1A DSM · μικρόςnominal element functioning within the clauseμικρός: small / insignificant; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πρότερονformerD · πρότερονadverbial modifier of the clauseπρότερον: former; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
εὐμένειανgoodwillN1A ASF · εὐμένειαnominal element functioning within the clauseεὐμένεια: goodwill; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phraseεἰς: into, to, toward; preposition governing the accusative.
δυσμένειανhostilityN1A ASF · δυσμένειαnominal element functioning within the clauseδυσμένεια: hostility; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μεταβαλόντωνhaving changedVB · ααπγπμ βάλλω + μεταparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπγπμ βάλλω + μετα: to μεταβαλόντων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τοὺςtheRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
προειρημένουςpreviously spokenVM · χμπαπμ ἐρῶ + προparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateχμπαπμ ἐρῶ + προ: to προειρημένους; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
λόγουςwordN2 APM · λόγοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementλόγος: word; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceς: like / as; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
αὐτοὶtheyRD NPM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as subject or resumptive elementαὐτός: they; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
διελάμβανονconcludedV1I IAI3P · λαμβάνω + διαmain verbal action advancing the clauseλαμβάνω + δια: to concluded; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπόνοιανmadnessN1A ASF · ἀπόνοιαnominal element functioning within the clauseπόνοια: ἀπόνοιαν; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expressionεἰμί: to to be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
30
μέλλων δὲ ταῖς πληγαῖς τελευτᾶν ἀναστενάξας εἶπεν τῷ κυρίῳ τῷ τὴν ἁγίαν γνῶσιν ἔχοντι φανερόν ἐστιν ὅτι δυνάμενος ἀπολυθῆναι τοῦ θανάτου σκληρὰς ὑποφέρω κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἀλγηδόνας μαστιγούμενος κατὰ ψυχὴν δὲ ἡδέως διὰ τὸν αὐτοῦ φόβον ταῦτα πάσχω
And when he was about to die under the blows, he groaned and said, “To the Lord, who possesses holy knowledge, it is plain that though I could have been released from death, I endure grievous pains in my body under the scourges, yet in my soul I gladly suffer these things because I fear him.”
Eleazar's last confession joins bodily agony to inward willingness before God. His martyrdom is presented as conscious, theological, and freely embraced.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
μέλλωνbeing about toV1 · παπνσμ μέλλωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπαπνσμ μέλλω: to μέλλων; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
ταῖςtheRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
πληγαῖςplaguesN1 DPF · πληγήsubstantive functioning within the clause according to caseπληγή: plagues; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τελευτᾶνact/doV3 PAN · τελευτάωinfinitive complement within the clauseτελευτάω: to act/do; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀναστενάξαςhaving groanedVA · ααπνσμ στενάζω + ἀναparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνσμ στενάζω + ἀνα: to ἀναστενάξας; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the clauseεἶπον: to said; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
κυρίῳLORDN2 DSM · κύριοςhead noun within the clauseκύριος: LORD; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῷtheRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τὴνtheRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἁγίανholyA1A ASF · ἅγιοςattributive adjective modifying διαθήκηνγιος: holy; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γνῶσινknowledge / discernmentN3I ASF · γνῶσιςaccusative object or complementγνῶσις: knowledge / discernment; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔχοντιhaveV1 · παπδσμ ἔχωparticipial verbal form supplying circumstance, cause, manner, or attendant actionπαπδσμ ἔχω: to have; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φανερόνplainA1A ASM · φονερόςnominal element functioning within the clauseφονερός: plain; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐστινbeV9 PAI3S · εἰμίparticiple contributing attendant, descriptive, or supplementary verbal forceεἰμί: to be; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὅτιfor / becauseC · ὅτιcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceτι: for / because; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
δυνάμενοςbeing strongV6 · πμπνσμ δύναμαιcircumstantial participle intensifying the causal clauseπμπνσμ δύναμαι: to being strong; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπολυθῆναιsent awayVC APN · λύω + ἀποinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaλύω + ἀπο: to sent away; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
θανάτουof deathN2 GSM · θάνατοςgenitive of quality / destiny (with υἱός: 'son of death')θάνατος: of death; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σκληρὰςmighty / sternA1A APF · σκληρόςnominal element functioning within the clauseσκληρός: mighty / stern; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑποφέρωwe shall endureV1 PAI1S · φέρω + ὑποmain verbal action advancing the clauseφέρω + ὑπο: to we shall endure; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phraseκατά: according to, against, down from, throughout; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
σῶμαbodyN3M ASN · σῶμαcommon noun within the clauseσῶμα: body; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀλγηδόναςpainsN3N APF · ἀλγηδώνnominal element functioning within the clauseλγηδών: ἀλγηδόνας; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μαστιγούμενοςbeing scourgedV4 · πμπνσμ μαστιγόωparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateπμπνσμ μαστιγόω: to μαστιγούμενος; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phraseκατά: according to, against, down from, throughout; preposition whose force depends on case.
ψυχὴνlifeN1 ASF · ψυχήaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseψυχή: life; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: but, and, now; mild adversative or continuative particle marking development.
ἡδέωςgladlyD · ἡδέωςadverbial or particle element shaping nuance or connectionδέως: gladly; adverbial form contributing circumstance, emphasis, or manner.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phraseδιά: through, because of; preposition whose force depends on case.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: his; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
φόβονfearN2 ASM · φόβοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalφόβος: fear; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ταῦταthese thingsRD APN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: these things; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
πάσχωsufferedV1 PAI1S · πάσχωmain verbal action advancing the clauseπάσχω: to suffered; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
31
καὶ οὗτος οὖν τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον μετήλλαξεν οὐ μόνον τοῖς νέοις ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς πλείστοις τοῦ ἔθνους τὸν ἑαυτοῦ θάνατον ὑπόδειγμα γενναιότητος καὶ μνημόσυνον ἀρετῆς καταλιπών
Thus he passed away in this manner, leaving in his death not only to the young but also to the great body of the nation an example of nobility and a memorial of virtue.
The chapter closes by interpreting Eleazar's death as exemplary memory. His martyrdom becomes both instruction for the young and a lasting monument for the nation.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
οὗτοςthisRD NSM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: this; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particleοὖν: therefore, then; inferential particle drawing a conclusion or transition.
τοῦτονtheseRD ASM · οὗτοςpronounοὗτος: these; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
τρόπονformN2 ASM · τρόποςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseτρόπος: form; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μετήλλαξενendedVAI AAI3S · ἀλλάσσω + μεταmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionλλάσσω + μετα: to ended; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: not; standard particle of negation.
μόνονonlyA1 ASM · μόνονnominal element functioning within the clauseμόνον: only; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῖςtheRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
νέοιςyoungA1A DPM · νέοςnominal element functioning within the clauseνέος: young; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunctionλλά: but; connective or particle shaping the flow of the discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
τοῖςtheRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
πλείστοιςmuchA1 DPNS · πολύςnominal element functioning within the clauseπολύς: much; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἔθνουςnationN3E GSN · ἔθνοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionθνος: nation; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the definite article; marks substantives and their modifiers with case, gender, and number.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSM · ἑαυτοῦpronoun referring within the clauseαυτοῦ: his own; lexical form used here in its ordinary contextual sense.
θάνατονdeath / pestilenceN2 ASM · θάνατοςcommon noun within the clauseθάνατος: death / pestilence; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπόδειγμαexampleN3M ASN · ὑπόδειγμαnominal element functioning within the clauseπόδειγμα: ὑπόδειγμα; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γενναιότητοςnobilityN3T GSF · γενναιότηςnominal element functioning within the clauseγενναιότης: nobility; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequenceκαί: and, also, even; coordinating conjunction linking clauses, phrases, or items in sequence.
μνημόσυνονremembranceN2N ASN · μνημόσυνονdirect object of ἐξάρωμενμνημόσυνον: remembrance; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀρετῆςpraise / excellenceN1 GSF · ἀρετήnominal element functioning within the clauseρετή: praise / excellence; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καταλιπώνleaving behindVB · ααπνσμ λείπω + καταparticiple describing attendant action, manner, or stateααπνσμ λείπω + κατα: to leaving behind; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.