Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 1ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ Α′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

David's weakness sparks Adonijah's bid for the throne, but Nathan and Bathsheba secure Solomon's anointing.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms 1 (1 Kings) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. In the LXX the books of Samuel and Kings form a single tetralogy of 'Reigns' (Βασιλειῶν), so that 1 Kings is 3 Kingdoms (Βασιλειῶν Γ′); this chapter opens the Solomonic succession-narrative whose Hebrew Vorlage corresponds closely to the MT of 1 Kings 1. The chapter is a tightly woven court-intrigue: David's senility and the search for Abishag the Shunammite (Αβισακ ἡ Σωμανῖτις, vv. 1–4); Adonijah's self-coronation (ἐγὼ βασιλεύσω, v. 5) with chariots, fifty runners, and the backing of Joab and Abiathar, climaxing in his sacrificial feast at the Stone of Zoheleth by En-rogel (vv. 5–10); Nathan's coaching of Bathsheba and her appeal to David's sworn oath (vv. 11–21); Nathan's corroborating audience (vv. 22–27); David's emphatic oath ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives', v. 29) and his decree that Solomon ride the royal mule to Gihon (vv. 28–37); the anointing by Zadok with the horn of oil from the tent, the trumpet, and the acclamation ζήτω ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ('Long live King Solomon!', vv. 38–40); the collapse of Adonijah's banquet at the sound of the city (vv. 41–48); and Adonijah's flight to the horns of the altar, released by Solomon under a conditional pledge of clemency (vv. 49–53). A recurring Hebraism is the deferential address κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ / ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς ('my lord the king'), where κύριος denotes the human sovereign David, not the Tetragrammaton; the divine name κύριος appears proper in the oath ζῇ κύριος (v. 29), in ἐν κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ (vv. 17, 30), and in the blessings of vv. 36–37, 47–48. The proper names Δαυιδ, Σαλωμων, Αδωνιας, Ναθαν, Βηρσαβεε, Σαδωκ, Αβιαθαρ and the transliterated Cherethites and Pelethites (ὁ χερεθθι, ὁ φελεθθι) are indeclinable, while declinable names (Βαναιας, Ιωαβ, Ιωναθαν) take case-endings.

1

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ πρεσβύτερος προβεβηκὼς ἡμέραις καὶ περιέβαλλον αὐτὸν ἱματίοις καὶ οὐκ ἐθερμαίνετο

And king David was old, advanced in days, and they would cover him with garments, but he was not kept warm.

Narrative opening: new scene (David's senility)καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ
The chapter opens with a circumstantial nominal clause (no finite verb for the predicate 'was old'), a Hebraizing construction (וְהַמֶּלֶךְ דָּוִד זָקֵן) that sets the stage rather than advancing the plot; the imperfects περιέβαλλον and ἐθερμαίνετο describe ongoing, futile efforts to warm the dying king.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Δαυιδ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the title heads the whole succession-narrative, in which the question 'who will sit on the throne after the king' (v. 20) drives the plot.
ΔαυιδDavidappositional proper noun (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX; the once-vigorous warrior-king now appears in physical decline, framing the dynastic crisis of the chapter.
πρεσβύτεροςoldNominativepredicate adjective (nominal clause: 'was old')→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος: comparative of πρέσβυς used absolutely for 'old / advanced in age'; renders זָקֵן; the predicate stands without a copula, a Hebraizing nominal clause.
προβεβηκὼςadvancedPerf Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · προβαίνωperfect participle (attributive/predicate: 'advanced in days')→ resultative perfect (a settled state of advanced age)προβαίνω: 'go forward / advance'; the perfect participle προβεβηκὼς ἡμέραις renders בָּא בַּיָּמִים ('come into days'), a fixed idiom for advanced old age (cf. Gen 24:1; Josh 13:1; Luke 1:7).
ἡμέραιςin daysDativedative of respect (with προβεβηκώς)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the dative of respect ('advanced as to days') calques the Hebrew בַּיָּמִים; 'days' here is a measure of accumulated years.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιέβαλλονthey would coverImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · περιβάλλωmain verb (iterative imperfect)→ iterative/conative imperfect (repeated attempts to warm him)περιβάλλω: 'throw around / clothe / cover'; the imperfect denotes habitual, repeated wrapping of the king in garments — an ongoing effort that nonetheless fails.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (pronoun).
ἱματίοιςwith garmentsDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceἱμάτιον: 'garment / cloak'; renders בֶּגֶד; the instrumental dative names the means used to warm the king — bedclothes heaped on him without effect.
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (mild adversative in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθερμαίνετοhe was kept warmImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · θερμαίνωmain verb (passive)→ imperfect of failed result (he kept not getting warm)θερμαίνω: 'warm / heat'; the passive imperfect ἐθερμαίνετο describes the king's failure to retain bodily heat — a vivid sign of extreme old age and decline that motivates the search of vv. 2–4.
2

καὶ εἶπον οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ ζητησάτωσαν τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν τῷ βασιλεῖ παρθένον νεάνιδα καὶ παραστήσεται τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ ἔσται αὐτὸν θάλπουσα καὶ κοιμηθήσεται μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ θερμανθήσεται ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν ὁ βασιλεύς

And his servants said, 'Let them seek for our lord the king a young virgin, and let her attend the king and be cherishing him; and she shall lie with him, and our lord the king shall be kept warm.'

Servants' proposed remedy (direct speech)καὶ εἶπον οἱ παῖδες
The servants propose a medical-domestic remedy. The deferential ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν ὁ βασιλεύς ('our lord the king') is a human-honorific use of κύριος (David), not the Tetragrammaton; it recurs as a refrain throughout the chapter. A chain of jussives/futures (ζητησάτωσαν, παραστήσεται, ἔσται θάλπουσα, κοιμηθήσεται, θερμανθήσεται) lays out the plan step by step.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: the aorist εἶπον (3 pl.) introduces the servants' counsel; the form is the LXX's regular strong-aorist plural.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with παῖδες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'child / servant / attendant'; renders עֶבֶד; the royal household servants who attend David; παῖς is a courteous term for a court retainer.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ζητησάτωσανlet them seekAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb (third-person imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (let a search begin)ζητέω: 'seek / search for'; renders בִּקֵּשׁ; the third-person imperative is impersonal ('let them seek' = 'let there be sought'), introducing the quest fulfilled in v. 3.
τῷfor theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳlordDativedative of advantage ('for our lord')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: here the human-honorific 'lord / master' addressing David, NOT the Tetragrammaton; the idiom ὁ κύριός μου/ἡμῶν ὁ βασιλεύς ('my/our lord the king') is the standard courtly address throughout this chapter.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive (possessive, with κυρίῳ)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive, with κυρίῳ).
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ, appositional)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: in apposition to κυρίῳ, completing the honorific 'our lord the king.'
παρθένονvirginAccusativedirect object of ζητησάτωσαν→ object specificationπαρθένος: 'virgin / maiden'; renders בְּתוּלָה; pairs with νεάνιδα to stress both chastity and youth of the attendant sought.
νεάνιδαyoung womanAccusativeaccusative in apposition to παρθένον→ object specificationνεᾶνις (acc. νεάνιδα): 'young woman / girl'; renders נַעֲרָה; the doublet παρθένον νεάνιδα specifies a young, marriageable virgin.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραστήσεταιlet her attendFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · παρίστημιmain verb (future with jussive force)→ volitive future (functioning as command)παρίστημι (mid.): 'stand beside / attend / serve'; renders עָמַד לִפְנֵי; the middle future denotes her taking up a position of personal service before the king.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative (object of παραστήσεται: 'attend the king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεῖ: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative (object of παραστήσεται: 'attend the king').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιshe shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with θάλπουσα)→ predictive future (periphrastic)εἰμί: 'be'; with the participle θάλπουσα forms a periphrastic future ('she shall be cherishing'), a Hebraizing durative construction expressing continuous attendance.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of θάλπουσα→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θάλπουσα.
θάλπουσαcherishingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · θάλπωparticiple (periphrastic with ἔσται)→ durative present participle (continuous cherishing)θάλπω: 'warm / cherish / keep warm'; renders סָכַן; the participle in periphrasis with ἔσται stresses ongoing bodily warming and tender care; cf. the same verb in 1 Thess 2:7; Eph 5:29.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κοιμηθήσεταιshe shall lieFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb→ predictive futureκοιμάω (pass.): 'lie down / sleep'; renders שָׁכַב; here of sharing the king's bed for warmth; the same verb is used euphemistically of death in v. 21 (μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ).
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θερμανθήσεταιshall be kept warmFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · θερμαίνωmain verb (intended result)→ predictive future (purpose/result of the plan)θερμαίνω (pass.): 'be warmed'; the future passive answers the failed imperfect ἐθερμαίνετο of v. 1 — the proposed remedy aims precisely at the king's recovery of warmth.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςlordNominativesubject of θερμανθήσεται (human honorific)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human-honorific 'lord' (David), not the Tetragrammaton; subject of the verb, again styled ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν ὁ βασιλεύς.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative in apposition to κύριος.
3

καὶ ἐζήτησαν νεάνιδα καλὴν ἐκ παντὸς ὁρίου Ισραηλ καὶ εὗρον τὴν Αβισακ τὴν Σωμανῖτιν καὶ ἤνεγκαν αὐτὴν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα

And they sought a beautiful young woman from all the territory of Israel, and they found Abishag the Shunammite, and brought her to the king.

Execution of the servants' plan (narrative)καὶ ἐζήτησαν
Three aorists (ἐζήτησαν, εὗρον, ἤνεγκαν) narrate the quest's success in rapid succession. The article before the name (τὴν Αβισακ) is a Semitic-influenced way of introducing a known/named figure; Abishag will become a pivotal figure in 1 Kings 2.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐζήτησανthey soughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ constative aoristζητέω: the search commanded in v. 2 (ζητησάτωσαν) is now carried out, marked by the matching aorist.
νεάνιδαyoung womanAccusativedirect object→ object specificationνεᾶνις: 'young woman'; cf. v. 2; here qualified by καλήν.
καλὴνbeautifulAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying νεάνιδα)→ object specificationκαλός: 'beautiful / good / fair'; renders יָפֶה; Abishag's beauty (intensified in v. 4 by ἕως σφόδρα) marks her as a fitting royal attendant and later a coveted figure.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὁρίου)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; 'from all the territory of Israel' stresses the thoroughness of the nationwide search.
ὁρίουterritoryGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationὅριον: 'boundary / territory / region'; renders גְּבוּל; here the collective territory of Israel as a whole.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; designates the covenant nation and David's realm.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὗρονthey foundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find / discover'; renders מָצָא; the successful outcome of the search.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Αβισακ, naming a known figure)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβισακAbishagdirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβισακ: transliteration of Hebrew אֲבִישַׁג; indeclinable; the Shunammite woman who attends David and whose person becomes the occasion of Adonijah's downfall in 1 Kings 2.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Σωμανῖτιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣωμανῖτινShunammiteAccusativegentilic adjective in apposition to Αβισακ→ object specificationΣωμανῖτις: 'Shunammite', a woman of Shunem (שׁוּנֵם) in Issachar; the gentilic identifies Abishag's town of origin; cf. the Shunammite of 4 Kingdoms 4.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤνεγκανthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φέρωmain verb→ constative aoristφέρω (aor. ἤνεγκαν): 'bring / carry'; renders בּוֹא (Hiphil); the maiden is conducted into the royal presence.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object (pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (pronoun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
4

καὶ ἡ νεᾶνις καλὴ ἕως σφόδρα καὶ ἦν θάλπουσα τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ἐλειτούργει αὐτῷ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς οὐκ ἔγνω αὐτήν

And the young woman was very beautiful indeed; and she was cherishing the king and ministering to him, but the king did not know her.

Descriptive close of the Abishag episodeκαὶ ἡ νεᾶνις καλὴ
A nominal clause (καλὴ ἕως σφόδρα) plus periphrastic imperfect (ἦν θάλπουσα) and imperfect (ἐλειτούργει) paint Abishag's continuous service. The closing οὐκ ἔγνω αὐτήν ('did not know her') is a discreet notice of David's failed potency, a key narrative datum for the succession-crisis and for Adonijah's later fatal request for Abishag (1 Kings 2:13–25).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with νεᾶνις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νεᾶνιςyoung womanNominativesubject (nominal clause)→ participant prominenceνεᾶνις: 'young woman'; the subject of a verbless predicate ('the maiden [was] very beautiful').
καλὴbeautifulNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceκαλός: 'beautiful'; predicate of the nominal clause; intensified by ἕως σφόδρα.
ἕωςto (the point of)adverbial intensifier (with σφόδρα)→ clausal contributionἕως: normally 'until / as far as'; in the idiom καλὴ ἕως σφόδρα ('beautiful to an extreme degree') it functions as an intensifier, a Hebraizing rendering of עַד מְאֹד.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; with ἕως, 'very beautiful indeed.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνshe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with θάλπουσα)→ durative imperfect (periphrastic)εἰμί: imperfect ἦν with participle θάλπουσα forms a periphrastic imperfect ('was cherishing'), stressing continuous attendance.
θάλπουσαcherishingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · θάλπωparticiple (periphrastic with ἦν)→ durative present participleθάλπω: 'cherish / keep warm'; cf. v. 2; the realized fulfilment of the servants' plan.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of θάλπουσα→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as direct object of θάλπουσα.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλειτούργειshe ministeredImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λειτουργέωmain verb→ durative imperfect (continuous service)λειτουργέω: 'serve / minister / wait upon'; renders שָׁרַת; though later a cultic term, here it denotes Abishag's personal household service to the king.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐλειτούργει→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐλειτούργει.
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (adversative in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωknewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ constative aorist (sexual euphemism)γινώσκω: 'know'; the idiom οὐκ ἔγνω αὐτήν ('did not know her') is the biblical euphemism for sexual relations (cf. Gen 4:1); it discreetly attests David's impotence, a fact bearing on Adonijah's later request for Abishag and on the legitimacy questions of the succession.
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object of ἔγνω (pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔγνω (pronoun).
5

καὶ Αδωνιας υἱὸς Αγγιθ ἐπῄρετο λέγων ἐγὼ βασιλεύσω καὶ ἐποίησεν ἑαυτῷ ἅρματα καὶ ἱππεῖς καὶ πεντήκοντα ἄνδρας παρατρέχειν ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ

And Adonijah son of Haggith exalted himself, saying, 'I will be king,' and he made for himself chariots and horsemen and fifty men to run before him.

New scene: Adonijah's self-exaltation (main narrative)καὶ Αδωνιας
A fronted subject (Αδωνιας) marks a sharp scene-change from David's bedchamber to the would-be usurper. The imperfect ἐπῄρετο ('was lifting himself up') with the participle λέγων introduces his boast ἐγὼ βασιλεύσω; the trappings he assembles (chariots, horsemen, fifty runners) deliberately echo Absalom's earlier coup-preparations (2 Kingdoms 15:1).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (scene shift)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: transliteration of Hebrew אֲדֹנִיָּה ('my lord is YAH'); David's fourth son (2 Kingdoms 3:4), now the eldest surviving and so the natural dynastic claimant; treated as indeclinable in this chapter.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αδωνιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; the patronymic 'son of Haggith' distinguishes Adonijah and recalls his royal but non-promised lineage.
ΑγγιθHaggithgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Haggith')→ participant identificationΑγγιθ: transliteration of Hebrew חַגִּית, Adonijah's mother, one of David's wives (2 Kingdoms 3:4); indeclinable.
ἐπῄρετοexalted himselfImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπαίρωmain verb (reflexive/middle)→ inceptive imperfect (began lifting himself up)ἐπαίρω (mid.): 'lift / raise oneself up'; renders מִתְנַשֵּׂא (Hithpael of נשׂא); the middle expresses self-exaltation — Adonijah arrogates the kingship rather than receiving it; the same root marks prideful self-elevation throughout the OT.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of attendant circumstance (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω: the participle λέγων is the standard LXX way of introducing direct speech after a verb of action, calquing Hebrew לֵאמֹר.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic first-person pronoun foregrounds Adonijah's presumption — 'I, I will be king' — usurping a decision that belongs to David and ultimately to the LORD.
βασιλεύσωI will be kingFut Act Indic 1 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (Adonijah's boast)→ volitive/assertive future (claim of self-coronation)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; Adonijah's ἐγὼ βασιλεύσω is the programmatic boast the whole chapter overturns; the same verb recurs of his rumored accession (vv. 11, 18, 25) and of Solomon's true reign (vv. 13, 17, 30).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / provide'; renders עָשָׂה; Adonijah equips himself with the visible apparatus of royalty.
ἑαυτῷfor himselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive pronoun)→ participant reference or interestἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; 'for himself' underscores the self-serving, self-appointed character of the enterprise.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב; a symbol of military and royal power; cf. Absalom's identical gambit at 2 Kingdoms 15:1.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱππεῖςhorsemenAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ἅρματα)→ object specificationἱππεύς: 'horseman / cavalry'; renders פָּרָשׁ (or פָּרָשִׁים); together with chariots, the mark of a royal military retinue.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (modifying ἄνδρας, indeclinable cardinal)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; an indeclinable cardinal numeral classed as a noun-type modifier; the fifty runners are a royal honor-guard, exactly as Absalom's (2 Kingdoms 15:1).
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object (with πεντήκοντα)→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אִישׁ; the fifty men form the running escort that publicly proclaims Adonijah's royal pretensions.
παρατρέχεινto run alongsidePres Act Inf · παρατρέχωinfinitive of purpose→ purpose infinitive (function of the escort)παρατρέχω: 'run beside / run before'; the infinitive of purpose specifies the runners' function — to race ahead of his chariot as a royal vanguard.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: 'before / in front of'; renders לִפְנֵי; locates the runners ahead of Adonijah in the manner of a royal procession.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἔμπροσθεν→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἔμπροσθεν.
6

καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκώλυσεν αὐτὸν ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ οὐδέποτε λέγων διὰ τί σὺ ἐποίησας καί γε αὐτὸς ὡραῖος τῇ ὄψει σφόδρα καὶ αὐτὸν ἔτεκεν ὀπίσω Αβεσσαλωμ

And his father had never restrained him, saying, 'Why have you done so?' And he too was very handsome in appearance, and his mother bore him after Absalom.

Narratorial explanation (Adonijah's indulgence and standing)καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκώλυσεν
A narratorial aside accounts for Adonijah's presumption: David never disciplined him (οὐκ ἀπεκώλυσεν … οὐδέποτε), and he is handsome and next in line after Absalom — exactly the qualities that emboldened Absalom's earlier revolt. The verse subtly indicts David's parental failure as a root of the crisis.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing aside)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκώλυσενhe restrainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκωλύωmain verb→ constative aorist (with οὐδέποτε: 'never restrained')ἀποκωλύω: 'hinder / restrain / forbid'; renders עָצַב (here in the sense 'to pain/rebuke'); with οὐκ … οὐδέποτε, David is said never once to have checked Adonijah's behavior.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; David's failure as a father to discipline his son is here highlighted as a cause of the impending trouble.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐδέποτεneveradverb of time (reinforcing οὐκ)→ clausal contributionοὐδέποτε: 'never'; reinforces the preceding οὐκ to stress the total absence of paternal correction throughout Adonijah's life.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple (introducing the rebuke never spoken)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω: introduces the words David never uttered — the reproach 'Why have you done so?'
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (in the interrogative idiom διὰ τί)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: in the fixed interrogative διὰ τί ('why / for what reason'); a calque of Hebrew מַדּוּעַ / לָמָּה.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with διά)→ participant referenceτίς/τί: interrogative pronoun; with διά forms 'why?'
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'; the reproach would have demanded that Adonijah personally justify his conduct.
ἐποίησαςhave you doneAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of the unspoken question→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / act'; in the never-asked question 'Why have you done thus?'
καίandconjunction (with γε: 'and indeed')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedemphatic particle (with καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: emphatic enclitic; καί γε ('and indeed / moreover') renders Hebrew וְגַם, here adding a further explanatory note about Adonijah's appearance.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself'; introduces the further description of Adonijah.
ὡραῖοςhandsomeNominativepredicate adjective (nominal clause)→ participant prominenceὡραῖος: 'fair / handsome / good-looking'; renders טוֹב תֹּאַר; like Absalom (2 Kingdoms 14:25), Adonijah's good looks add to his popular appeal and self-confidence.
τῇin theDativearticle (with ὄψει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄψειappearanceDativedative of respect ('in appearance')→ sphere or referenceὄψις: 'appearance / look / face'; the dative of respect specifies the sphere of his beauty — his outward appearance.
σφόδραveryadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; intensifies ὡραῖος.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔτεκεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔτεκεν.
ἔτεκενshe boreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb (subject = his mother, implied)→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear / give birth'; the implied subject is Haggith; 'she bore him after Absalom' establishes Adonijah's birth-order — next in dynastic line after the dead rebel Absalom.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (sequence)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; here of birth-sequence, marking Adonijah as Absalom's junior and thus, after Absalom's death, the senior surviving prince.
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'after Absalom')→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliteration of Hebrew אַבְשָׁלוֹם; indeclinable; David's third son, whose earlier revolt (2 Kingdoms 15–18) Adonijah's coup deliberately mirrors.
7

καὶ ἐγένοντο οἱ λόγοι αὐτοῦ μετὰ Ιωαβ τοῦ υἱοῦ Σαρουιας καὶ μετὰ Αβιαθαρ τοῦ ἱερέως καὶ ἐβοήθουν ὀπίσω Αδωνιου

And his dealings were with Joab the son of Zeruiah and with Abiathar the priest, and they helped, following after Adonijah.

Adonijah's powerful backersκαὶ ἐγένοντο οἱ λόγοι αὐτοῦ
The Hebraism ἐγένοντο οἱ λόγοι αὐτοῦ μετά ('his words/dealings were with') means Adonijah negotiated and conspired with the army-commander Joab and the priest Abiathar — the two heavyweights of David's old guard. ὀπίσω Αδωνιου ('after Adonijah') is the chapter's recurring idiom for political allegiance (cf. vv. 8, 40).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένοντοwereAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (with λόγοι as subject)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / be'; the idiom ἐγένοντο οἱ λόγοι αὐτοῦ μετά ('his dealings were with') renders דְּבָרָיו עִם, denoting conspiratorial negotiation and alliance.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with λόγοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοιdealings / wordsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / matter / affair'; here in the plural idiom 'his dealings/affairs' (דְּבָרִים), i.e., his confidential conferences and plotting with his backers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
ΙωαβJoabgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָב; David's veteran army-commander and nephew (son of Zeruiah); indeclinable; his backing of Adonijah seals his fate under Solomon (1 Kings 2:28–34).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωαβ→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Zeruiah' identifies Joab by his mother, David's sister (1 Chr 2:16).
ΣαρουιαςZeruiahGenitivegenitive of relationship (declinable name)→ relational specificationΣαρουια (gen. Σαρουιας): transliteration of Hebrew צְרוּיָה; Joab's mother and David's sister; here declined with a Greek genitive ending.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
ΑβιαθαρAbiathargenitive object of μετά (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶבְיָתָר; the priest who survived Saul's massacre at Nob and joined David (1 Kingdoms 22:20–23); his support for Adonijah leads to his deposition (1 Kings 2:26–27); indeclinable.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἱερέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriestGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αβιαθαρ→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; Abiathar's priestly authority lent religious legitimacy to Adonijah's bid, set against Zadok who supports Solomon (v. 8).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβοήθουνthey helpedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · βοηθέωmain verb (iterative imperfect)→ iterative/durative imperfect (ongoing support)βοηθέω: 'help / aid / support'; renders עָזַר; the imperfect denotes their ongoing partisan backing of Adonijah's cause.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (allegiance idiom)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; the idiom βοηθεῖν / εἶναι ὀπίσω τινός ('to side with / follow after') renders אַחֲרֵי, denoting political allegiance; it recurs at vv. 8, 40.
ΑδωνιουAdonijahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; Greek-style genitive form Αδωνιου)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας (here gen. Αδωνιου): the name appears with a genitive-like ending after ὀπίσω; treated as a transliterated proper name (kind x).
8

καὶ Σαδωκ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε καὶ Ναθαν ὁ προφήτης καὶ Σεμεϊ καὶ Ρηι καὶ οἱ δυνατοὶ τοῦ Δαυιδ οὐκ ἦσαν ὀπίσω Αδωνιου

But Zadok the priest and Benaiah son of Jehoiada and Nathan the prophet and Shimei and Rei and David's mighty men were not on Adonijah's side.

Counter-list: those who did NOT support Adonijahκαὶ Σαδωκ ὁ ἱερεὺς
The verse balances v. 7 with a roster of the loyalists who stayed off Adonijah's side: Zadok, Benaiah, Nathan, Shimei, Rei, and David's elite warriors. The negated allegiance-idiom οὐκ ἦσαν ὀπίσω Αδωνιου mirrors ἐβοήθουν ὀπίσω Αδωνιου of v. 7, drawing the battle-lines of the coming contest.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (contrastive in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαδωκZadoksubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: transliteration of Hebrew צָדוֹק; the priest loyal to David and Solomon, set against Abiathar; he will anoint Solomon (v. 39); indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; cf. v. 7; Zadok's priestly support legitimates Solomon's anointing over against Abiathar's backing of Adonijah.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιαςBenaiahNominativesubject (declinable name, nominative)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: transliteration of Hebrew בְּנָיָהוּ; commander of David's bodyguard (the Cherethites and Pelethites); declined with Greek case-endings (cf. acc. Βαναιαν, vv. 10, 26); later Solomon's chief executioner and army-commander (1 Kings 2).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαναιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
ΙωδαεJehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹיָדָע; Benaiah's father; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαθανNathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: transliteration of Hebrew נָתָן; the court prophet who confronted David over Bathsheba (2 Kingdoms 12) and now orchestrates Solomon's accession; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with προφήτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativenominative in apposition to Ναθαν→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; Nathan's prophetic office lends divine sanction to Solomon's cause.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣεμεϊShimeisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: transliteration of Hebrew שִׁמְעִי; one of David's loyal officials (distinct from the Shimei who cursed David, 2 Kingdoms 16); indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΡηιReisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡηι: transliteration of Hebrew רֵעִי; an otherwise unknown loyal officer of David; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with δυνατοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνατοὶmighty menNominativesubject (substantival adjective)→ participant prominenceδυνατός: 'mighty / powerful'; substantivized 'the mighty men' renders הַגִּבּוֹרִים, David's elite warrior-corps (cf. 2 Kingdoms 23:8–39); their loyalty to David is decisive military weight against Adonijah.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'David's')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; here in the genitive of possession with the article τοῦ — 'David's mighty men.'
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (with ὀπίσω: allegiance)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; with ὀπίσω Αδωνιου, 'were not after / on the side of Adonijah' — the negated allegiance-idiom balancing v. 7.
ὀπίσωafter / on the side ofimproper preposition + genitive (allegiance idiom)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: cf. v. 7; here negated to mark the loyalists who refused Adonijah.
ΑδωνιουAdonijahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; genitive form Αδωνιου)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας (gen. Αδωνιου): cf. v. 7; transliterated proper name (kind x).
9

καὶ ἐθυσίασεν Αδωνιας πρόβατα καὶ μόσχους καὶ ἄρνας μετὰ λίθου τοῦ Ζωελεθ ὃς ἦν ἐχόμενα τῆς πηγῆς Ρωγηλ καὶ ἐκάλεσεν πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἁδροὺς Ιουδα παῖδας τοῦ βασιλέως

And Adonijah sacrificed sheep and calves and lambs by the Stone of Zoheleth, which was beside the spring Rogel, and he invited all his brothers and all the nobles of Judah, the king's servants.

Adonijah's coronation-feast (climax of his bid)καὶ ἐθυσίασεν Αδωνιας
Adonijah stages a sacrificial banquet — effectively a self-coronation rite — at the Stone of Zoheleth near En-rogel, just south of Jerusalem. The guest-list (all his brothers, the Judahite nobles, the king's servants) is pointedly selective; its omissions are itemized in v. 10. The lavish sacrifice mirrors the legitimate sacrifices that will accompany Solomon's true accession.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυσίασενsacrificedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb→ constative aoristθυσιάζω: 'sacrifice / slaughter for sacrifice'; renders זָבַח; the feast has cultic trappings, lending Adonijah's bid a veneer of religious legitimacy; cf. the parallel θυσία in Nathan's report (v. 19) and Jonathan's (v. 25).
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders צֹאן; first of the three sacrificial animals.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μόσχουςcalvesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; renders בָּקָר; abundant cattle signal the scale of the feast.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρναςlambsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationἀρήν (acc. pl. ἄρνας): 'lamb'; renders מְרִיא ('fatling') here; completes the threefold tally of slaughtered animals.
μετὰbypreposition + genitive (here locative: 'at / by')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: ordinarily 'with', here in a locative sense 'beside / by' the Stone of Zoheleth, a Hebraizing use rendering אֵצֶל / עִם.
λίθουstoneGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationλίθος: 'stone'; the Stone of Zoheleth (λίθος τοῦ Ζωελεθ) was a known landmark near En-rogel, likely a sacred or boundary stone fit for such a gathering.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Ζωελεθ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΖωελεθZohelethgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΖωελεθ: transliteration of Hebrew זֹחֶלֶת ('serpent's stone'); a named rock by En-rogel; indeclinable.
ὃςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; masculine ὅς agrees ad sensum with λίθος ('the stone, which was...').
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause→ stative imperfectεἰμί: imperfect ἦν in the locating relative clause ('which was beside the spring').
ἐχόμεναadjoiningPres Mid Ptcp Acc/Nom Neut Pl · ἔχωparticiple used adverbially/prepositionally ('next to')→ spatial or relational framingἔχω (mid. ptcp.): 'hold'; the middle participle ἐχόμενα + genitive is a fixed LXX idiom 'adjoining / next to / hard by' (cf. עַל / אֵצֶל), locating the stone immediately beside the spring.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with πηγῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πηγῆςspringGenitivegenitive (with ἐχόμενα: 'beside the spring')→ relational specificationπηγή: 'spring / fountain'; renders עֵין; the spring Rogel (En-rogel) lay in the Kidron/Hinnom valley just southeast of Jerusalem.
ΡωγηλRogelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡωγηλ: transliteration of Hebrew רֹגֵל (En-rogel, עֵין רֹגֵל); indeclinable; a spring marking the Judah–Benjamin border (Josh 15:7; 18:16).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενhe invitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / invite / summon'; renders קָרָא; the selective invitation-list is the crux — those invited (here) and those excluded (v. 10) define the political alignment; the verb recurs throughout (vv. 10, 19, 25, 26).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἀδελφούς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all his brothers' — but the next verse notes that the key brother, Solomon, was not called.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἀδελφούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; renders אָח; Adonijah's royal half-brothers, the other sons of David, invited as witnesses to his claim.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἁδρούς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the second sweep of invitees — the Judahite establishment.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἁδρούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁδροὺςnoblesAccusativedirect object (substantival adjective)→ object specificationἁδρός: 'thick / full-grown / great'; substantivized 'the great men / nobles'; renders אַנְשֵׁי ('the men of') or the leading men of Judah — the regional power-base Adonijah courts.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה; the tribe/region of Judah, David's own; indeclinable.
παῖδαςservantsAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the king's servants)→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant / officer'; in apposition, identifying the Judahite nobles as 'the king's servants' — royal officials whose presence would legitimate Adonijah.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession ('the king's servants')→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of possession ('the king's servants').
10

καὶ τὸν Ναθαν τὸν προφήτην καὶ Βαναιαν καὶ τοὺς δυνατοὺς καὶ τὸν Σαλωμων ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐκάλεσεν

But Nathan the prophet and Benaiah and the mighty men and Solomon his brother he did not invite.

The pointed omissions from the feastκαὶ τὸν Ναθαν
Fronting the un-invited (accusatives before the negated verb οὐκ ἐκάλεσεν) throws the exclusions into relief: Nathan, Benaiah, the warriors, and above all Solomon. The omission of precisely the pro-Solomon faction reveals that Adonijah knows of a rival claim — and triggers Nathan's counter-move in v. 11.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (contrastive in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ναθαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΝαθανNathandirect object (fronted; indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; here governed by the article τόν and the later verb ἐκάλεσεν; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with προφήτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηνprophetAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ναθαν→ object specificationπροφήτης: cf. v. 8; the exclusion of the king-making prophet is especially telling.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιανBenaiahAccusativedirect object (declinable name, accusative)→ object specificationΒαναιας (acc. Βαναιαν): cf. v. 8; commander of the royal guard, declined with a Greek accusative ending.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with δυνατούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνατοὺςmighty menAccusativedirect object (substantival adjective)→ object specificationδυνατός: cf. v. 8; David's elite warriors, omitted from the feast — a militarily significant snub.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה; David and Bathsheba's son, the promised heir (cf. 2 Kingdoms 12:24–25, where Nathan named him Jedidiah); indeclinable; the climactic omission from Adonijah's guest-list.
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ object specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; the appositive 'his brother' sharpens the affront — even his own brother and chief rival is excluded.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενhe invitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristκαλέω: cf. v. 9; the negated οὐκ ἐκάλεσεν caps the list of the deliberately uninvited rival faction.
11

καὶ εἶπεν Ναθαν πρὸς Βηρσαβεε μητέρα Σαλωμων λέγων οὐκ ἤκουσας ὅτι ἐβασίλευσεν Αδωνιας υἱὸς Αγγιθ καὶ ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν Δαυιδ οὐκ ἔγνω

And Nathan spoke to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon, saying, 'Have you not heard that Adonijah son of Haggith has become king, and our lord David does not know it?'

Nathan's counter-initiative (new sub-scene)καὶ εἶπεν Ναθαν
Nathan opens the loyalist response by alerting Bathsheba. His rhetorical question οὐκ ἤκουσας ('have you not heard?') conveys urgency; ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν Δαυιδ ('our lord David') is the human-honorific use of κύριος. The note that David 'does not know' (οὐκ ἔγνω) frames Adonijah's accession as a fait accompli executed behind the king's back.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Nathan's address to Bathsheba.
ΝαθανNathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebaaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: transliteration of Hebrew בַּת־שֶׁבַע; David's wife and Solomon's mother (2 Kingdoms 11–12); indeclinable; not to be confused with the place-name Beersheba.
μητέραmotherAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βηρσαβεε→ object specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; renders אֵם; the appositive 'mother of Solomon' frames the whole appeal — her son's claim and her own life are at stake (v. 12).
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable, here genitive ('Solomon's mother').
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω: the redundant participle λέγων after εἶπεν is a Hebraism (לֵאמֹר).
οὐκnotnegative particle (in rhetorical question)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσαςhave you heardAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb of rhetorical question→ constative aorist (in question expecting 'yes' or rousing attention)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the question οὐκ ἤκουσας ('have you not heard?') is a rhetorical alarm-bell, presupposing the gravity of the news Nathan is about to confirm.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing content clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the reported fact governed by ἤκουσας.
ἐβασίλευσενhas become kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωverb of content clause→ ingressive aorist (came to reign / seized the kingship)βασιλεύω: cf. v. 5; the ingressive aorist ('became king') reports Adonijah's de facto accession; the verb echoes his own boast ἐγὼ βασιλεύσω.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αδωνιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Haggith', repeated from v. 5 to underline his non-promised lineage.
ΑγγιθHaggithgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑγγιθ: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adding the second clause of the report)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςlordNominativesubject (human honorific)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human-honorific 'lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν Δαυιδ = 'our lord David', the deferential court title.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
ΔαυιδDavidnominative in apposition to κύριος (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; in apposition to ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωknowsAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ constative aorist (resultant state: 'does not know')γινώσκω: 'know / be aware'; here 'David does not (even) know' of the coup — the king's ignorance is the leverage point for Nathan's intervention.
12

καὶ νῦν δεῦρο συμβουλεύσω σοι δὴ συμβουλίαν καὶ ἐξελοῦ τὴν ψυχήν σου καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ υἱοῦ σου Σαλωμων

And now come, let me give you counsel, that you may save your own life and the life of your son Solomon.

Nathan's proposal of a plan (hortatory)καὶ νῦν δεῦρο
The transitional καὶ νῦν ('and now') pivots from problem to solution; δεῦρο ('come!') summons Bathsheba to action. The cognate construction συμβουλεύσω … συμβουλίαν ('I will counsel you a counsel') is a Hebraizing figura etymologica. The stakes are framed as life-and-death: 'save your life and Solomon's' — Adonijah, if secure, would eliminate rivals (cf. v. 21).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandconjunction (with νῦν: transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (logical transition)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν renders וְעַתָּה, the standard Hebrew pivot from situation to exhortation.
δεῦροcomeadverb-imperative ('come!')→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: 'come here / come now'; an adverb functioning as an imperative of summons; renders לְכִי / הִנֵּה; rouses Bathsheba to act.
συμβουλεύσωlet me counselAor Act Subj 1 Sg · συμβουλεύωhortatory subjunctive→ hortatory aorist subjunctive ('let me advise')συμβουλεύω: 'advise / counsel'; the hortatory subjunctive offers guidance; with the cognate object συμβουλίαν it forms a Hebraizing figura etymologica (אִיעָצֵךְ עֵצָה).
σοιyouDativedative (indirect object: 'to you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you'; the recipient of Nathan's counsel.
δὴnow / pleaseemphatic/hortatory particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic particle 'now / indeed / pray'; renders נָא; lends urgency and politeness to the exhortation.
συμβουλίανcounselAccusativecognate accusative (with συμβουλεύσω)→ object specificationσυμβουλία: 'counsel / advice'; the cognate accusative intensifying συμβουλεύσω ('counsel you a counsel'), a calque of the Hebrew infinitive-absolute-like figure.
καὶand soconjunction (with imperative of purpose/result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and so'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξελοῦsave / deliverAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαιρέωimperative (purpose/result of the counsel)→ aorist middle imperative (decisive self-rescue)ἐξαιρέω (mid.): 'take out / rescue / deliver'; the middle 'rescue for yourself' renders מָלַט / נָצַל; Bathsheba is to act to preserve her own and Solomon's life.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἐξελοῦ→ object specificationψυχή: 'soul / life'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here 'life' in the sense of physical survival, threatened if Adonijah's accession stands.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὴνlifeAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationψυχή: cf. above; the second life at stake — Solomon's.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; Solomon, whose claim and survival Nathan defends.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive in apposition to υἱοῦ (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable, in apposition to 'your son.'
13

δεῦρο εἴσελθε πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Δαυιδ καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγουσα οὐχὶ σύ κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ ὤμοσας τῇ δούλῃ σου λέγων ὅτι Σαλωμων ὁ υἱός σου βασιλεύσει μετ᾿ ἐμὲ καὶ αὐτὸς καθιεῖται ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου καὶ τί ὅτι ἐβασίλευσεν Αδωνιας

Come, go in to king David and say to him, 'Did not you, my lord the king, swear to your servant, saying, "Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne"? Why then has Adonijah become king?'

Nathan scripts Bathsheba's appeal (embedded direct speech)δεῦρο εἴσελθε
Nathan dictates Bathsheba's exact words, a speech-within-a-speech. The rhetorical οὐχὶ … ὤμοσας ('did you not swear?') invokes David's prior oath as binding; κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ ('my lord the king') is human-honorific. The closing τί ὅτι ἐβασίλευσεν Αδωνιας ('why then has Adonijah become king?') sets the oath against the present usurpation.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
δεῦροcomeadverb-imperative ('come!')→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: cf. v. 12; summons to action.
εἴσελθεgo inAor Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; Bathsheba is to enter the royal bedchamber (cf. v. 15), the private setting required for so delicate an appeal.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖςyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ volitive future (instruction)λέγω (fut. ἐρεῖς): 'you shall say'; the future as command, scripting Bathsheba's words; renders the Hebrew weqatal of instruction.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: feminine participle agreeing with Bathsheba; the Hebraizing speech-marker (לֵאמֹר).
οὐχὶdid notemphatic negative (interrogative)→ clausal contributionοὐχί: emphatic form of οὐ; introducing a question expecting an affirmative answer ('did you not surely swear?').
σύyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (yourself)', appealing directly to David's personal oath.
κύριέlordVocativevocative of address (human honorific)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): human-honorific 'my lord' addressing David, NOT the Tetragrammaton; κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ is the standard deferential court address.
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive, with κύριε)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive, with κύριε).
βασιλεῦkingVocativevocative in apposition to κύριε→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc. βασιλεῦ): 'O king'; completes the honorific address.
ὤμοσαςswearAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb of the question→ constative aorist (a past binding oath)ὄμνυμι: 'swear (an oath)'; renders שָׁבַע; the oath is the legal-religious linchpin of the appeal — David's sworn word obligates him; the verb recurs at vv. 17, 29, 30.
τῇtheDativearticle (with δούλῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλῃservantDativedative (indirect object: 'to your handmaid')→ sphere or referenceδούλη: 'female servant / handmaid'; renders אָמָה / שִׁפְחָה; Bathsheba's self-effacing self-designation before the king, conventional court humility.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple (introducing the content of the oath)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω: masculine participle agreeing with David (the swearer), introducing the oath's content.
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative, introducing oath content)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: recitative ὅτι introducing the substance of the sworn promise.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of βασιλεύσει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with υἱός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'Solomon your son' — naming the designated heir.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
βασιλεύσειshall reignFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb of oath content→ predictive future (sworn succession)βασιλεύω: cf. v. 5; the sworn promise that Solomon βασιλεύσει directly counters Adonijah's claim ἐγὼ βασιλεύσω.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; 'after me' = following David's death.
ἐμὲmeAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. ἐμέ): emphatic 'me'; David as the predecessor.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself' — Solomon, and no other, on the throne.
καθιεῖταιshall sitFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (coordinate with βασιλεύσει)→ predictive futureκαθίζω (mid.): 'sit / take one's seat'; 'sit on my throne' is the concrete image of accession; the throne-sitting motif recurs (vv. 17, 20, 24, 27, 30, 35, 46, 48).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; the central symbol of the disputed succession; David's throne, promised to Solomon.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandconjunction (introducing the closing question)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhyinterrogative (with ὅτι: 'why then')→ participant referenceτίς/τί: interrogative; τί ὅτι ('why is it that?') renders מַדּוּעַ; the pointed question contrasts the oath with Adonijah's accession.
ὅτιthatconjunction (in idiom τί ὅτι)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: in the idiom τί ὅτι ('why is it that').
ἐβασίλευσενhas become kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb of the question→ ingressive aoristβασιλεύω: cf. v. 11; 'why has Adonijah become king?' — the contradiction the appeal forces David to resolve.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
14

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἔτι λαλούσης σου ἐκεῖ μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐγὼ εἰσελεύσομαι ὀπίσω σου καὶ πληρώσω τοὺς λόγους σου

And behold, while you are still speaking there with the king, I myself will come in after you and confirm your words.

Nathan's part in the plan (corroboration)καὶ ἰδοὺ
Nathan completes the two-witness strategy: a genitive absolute (ἔτι λαλούσης σου) sets the timing — he will enter while Bathsheba still speaks. πληρώσω τοὺς λόγους σου ('I will fill up/confirm your words') means he will corroborate and complete her testimony, fulfilling the legal requirement of multiple witnesses (Deut 19:15).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandconjunction (with ἰδού)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; a deictic attention-marker introducing Nathan's promised intervention.
ἔτιstilltemporal adverb (with the genitive absolute)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; 'while you are still speaking' — the precise timing of Nathan's entry; the same construction recurs at vv. 22, 42.
λαλούσηςspeakingPres Act Ptcp Gen Fem Sg · λαλέωparticiple of genitive absolute (with σου)→ durative present participle (action in progress)λαλέω: 'speak'; the genitive absolute ἔτι λαλούσης σου ('while you are still speaking') sets the temporal frame for Nathan's entrance.
σουyouGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute participle→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): subject of the genitive-absolute participle.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; i.e., in the royal bedchamber where Bathsheba will be speaking.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive object of μετά.
καὶthenapodotic καί (resuming after the temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here apodotic, introducing the main clause after the temporal genitive absolute — a Hebraizing construction (וְ of apodosis).
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I myself' — Nathan personally guarantees the corroboration.
εἰσελεύσομαιwill come inFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureεἰσέρχομαι: 'come in / enter'; Nathan's entry 'after you' executes the staged double approach.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (sequence)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; here temporal-spatial, 'right after you', not the allegiance idiom of vv. 7–8.
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πληρώσωwill confirmFut Act Indic 1 Sg · πληρόωmain verb→ predictive futureπληρόω: 'fill / fulfil / complete'; here 'fill up / confirm your words' — Nathan will complete and ratify Bathsheba's testimony, supplying the corroborating second witness.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λόγους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of πληρώσω→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; Bathsheba's words/statements, which Nathan will confirm before the king.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
15

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Βηρσαβεε πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα εἰς τὸ ταμίειον καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς πρεσβύτης σφόδρα καὶ Αβισακ ἡ Σωμανῖτις ἦν λειτουργοῦσα τῷ βασιλεῖ

And Bathsheba went in to the king, into the bedchamber; and the king was very old, and Abishag the Shunammite was ministering to the king.

Execution of the plan: Bathsheba enters (narrative)καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Βηρσαβεε
The plan unfolds. Two circumstantial clauses (the king was very old; Abishag was attending) reset the scene from vv. 1–4, reminding the reader of David's frailty just as the decisive appeal begins. The detail of Abishag's presence reactivates the Abishag motif at the moment of crisis.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; Bathsheba carries out Nathan's instruction (εἴσελθε, v. 13).
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: cf. v. 11; indeclinable.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction into a place)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction into a place).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ταμίειον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταμίειονbedchamberAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationταμιεῖον: 'inner room / private chamber / bedchamber'; renders חֶדֶר; the king's private quarters, the setting for the confidential appeal.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (nominal clause)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject (nominal clause).
πρεσβύτηςold manNominativepredicate noun (nominal clause: 'was very old')→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτης: 'old man / aged person'; renders זָקֵן; recalls πρεσβύτερος of v. 1, reasserting David's extreme age at the pivotal moment.
σφόδραveryadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; intensifies πρεσβύτης.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (second circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβισακAbishagsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβισακ: cf. v. 3; her renewed mention links the bedchamber scene to vv. 1–4.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with Σωμανῖτις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣωμανῖτιςShunammiteNominativegentilic in apposition to Αβισακ→ participant prominenceΣωμανῖτις: cf. v. 3; 'the Shunammite.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with λειτουργοῦσα)→ durative imperfect (periphrastic)εἰμί: imperfect ἦν with the participle forms a periphrastic imperfect ('was ministering').
λειτουργοῦσαministeringPres Act Ptcp Nom Fem Sg · λειτουργέωparticiple (periphrastic with ἦν)→ durative present participleλειτουργέω: cf. v. 4 (ἐλειτούργει); Abishag's continued personal service to the king.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative object of λειτουργοῦσα→ sphere or referenceβασιλεῖ: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative object of λειτουργοῦσα.
16

καὶ ἔκυψεν Βηρσαβεε καὶ προσεκύνησεν τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς τί ἐστίν σοι

And Bathsheba bowed down and did obeisance to the king; and the king said, 'What is it with you?'

Court protocol and the king's questionκαὶ ἔκυψεν Βηρσαβεε
Bathsheba performs the obligatory homage (ἔκυψεν … προσεκύνησεν) before speaking. The king's terse τί ἐστίν σοι ('what is it with you?') opens the floor for her petition and propels the dialogue into its decisive phase.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκυψενbowed downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κύπτωmain verb→ constative aoristκύπτω: 'bend / stoop / bow down'; renders קָדַד; the physical bending that precedes prostration; paired conventionally with προσκυνέω (cf. v. 31).
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: cf. v. 11; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενdid obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: 'do obeisance / prostrate oneself / worship'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; here court homage to the king (not religious worship), the customary deference of a subject; recurs at vv. 23, 31, 47, 53.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν→ sphere or referenceβασιλεῖ: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative object of προσεκύνησεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces David's question.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate of ἐστίν)→ participant referenceτίς/τί: interrogative 'what'; τί ἐστίν σοι ('what is it to/with you?') is an idiom inviting the petitioner to state her business; renders מַה־לָּךְ.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; the copula in the idiom 'what is it with you?'
σοιwith youDativedative of interest ('to/with you')→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): dative of interest in the idiom τί ἐστίν σοι.
17

ἡ δὲ εἶπεν κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ σὺ ὤμοσας ἐν κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου τῇ δούλῃ σου λέγων ὅτι Σαλωμων ὁ υἱός σου βασιλεύσει μετ᾿ ἐμὲ καὶ αὐτὸς καθήσεται ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου

And she said, 'My lord the king, you swore by the LORD your God to your servant, saying, "Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne."'

Bathsheba's appeal (direct speech, executing v. 13)ἡ δὲ εἶπεν
Bathsheba speaks nearly as Nathan scripted, but heightens the oath: σὺ ὤμοσας ἐν κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου ('you swore by the LORD your God') — here κύριος IS the Tetragrammaton (the deity invoked in the oath), unlike the human-honorific κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ that opens her speech. The combination binds David's royal word to divine sanction.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἡsheNominativesubject (article used as pronoun with δέ)→ participant referenceὁ/ἡ: the article ἡ with δέ functions pronominally ('and she'), a classical/LXX narrative device for subject-switching.
δὲandnarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive continuative marking the shift to Bathsheba's reply.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Bathsheba's appeal.
κύριέlordVocativevocative of address (human honorific)→ direct addressκύριος (voc.): human-honorific 'my lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; the deferential court address opening her speech.
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive, with κύριε)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive, with κύριε).
βασιλεῦkingVocativevocative in apposition to κύριε→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc.): 'O king.'
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (yourself)' — pressing David's personal accountability for his oath.
ὤμοσαςsworeAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb→ constative aorist (a past binding oath)ὄμνυμι: cf. v. 13; the appeal to David's sworn word.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (oath formula: 'by/in the name of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: in the oath-formula ἐν κυρίῳ ('by the LORD'), renders the Hebrew בַּיהוה; the dative names the divine guarantor of the oath.
κυρίῳthe LORDDativedative in oath-formula (divine name)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: HERE the Tetragrammaton — the deity by whom David swore (ἐν κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ σου), distinct from the human-honorific κύριέ μου earlier in the same verse; the oath's divine sanction makes its breach unthinkable.
τῷtheDativearticle (with θεῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; in apposition, 'the LORD your God', the covenant deity invoked as oath-witness.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (with θεῷ)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (with θεῷ).
τῇtheDativearticle (with δούλῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλῃservantDativedative (indirect object: 'to your handmaid')→ sphere or referenceδούλη: cf. v. 13; Bathsheba's humble self-designation.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple (introducing oath content)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω: masculine participle agreeing with David, introducing the oath's words.
ὅτιthatrecitative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: recitative, introducing the sworn promise.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of βασιλεύσει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with υἱός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'Solomon your son.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
βασιλεύσειshall reignFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb of oath content→ predictive futureβασιλεύω: cf. v. 13; the sworn succession of Solomon.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal, elided).
ἐμὲmeAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. ἐμέ): David as predecessor in the quoted oath.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself' — Solomon and no other.
καθήσεταιshall sitFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb (coordinate with βασιλεύσει)→ predictive futureκάθημαι: 'sit'; here the future καθήσεται ('shall sit on my throne'); cf. καθιεῖται (καθίζω) in the parallel v. 13 — both render the throne-succession image.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; David's throne.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
18

καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ Αδωνιας ἐβασίλευσεν καὶ σύ κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ οὐκ ἔγνως

And now, behold, Adonijah has become king, and you, my lord the king, do not know it.

Bathsheba states the crisis (direct speech)καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ
The pivot καὶ νῦν ἰδού ('and now, behold') turns from the oath to the present emergency: the very thing David swore against has happened — Adonijah reigns, and the king is unaware (οὐκ ἔγνως). The juxtaposition of the binding oath (v. 17) and the present breach demands David's intervention.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandconjunction (with νῦν: transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (logical pivot)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν (וְעַתָּה) pivots from the recalled oath to the present crisis.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; dramatizes the shocking news that follows.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
ἐβασίλευσενhas become kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ ingressive aoristβασιλεύω: cf. v. 11; the alarming fact stated baldly — Adonijah already reigns.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (adversative in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — the king, of all people, is left uninformed.
κύριέlordVocativevocative of address (human honorific)→ direct addressκύριος (voc.): human-honorific 'my lord' (David).
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
βασιλεῦkingVocativevocative in apposition to κύριε→ direct addressβασιλεῦ: meaning 'king'; it serves as vocative in apposition to κύριε.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔγνωςyou knowAor Act Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ constative aorist (resultant state: 'you do not know')γινώσκω: 'know'; David's ignorance of the coup (echoing v. 11) is pressed home as the urgent reason for action.
19

καὶ ἐθυσίασεν μόσχους καὶ ἄρνας καὶ πρόβατα εἰς πλῆθος καὶ ἐκάλεσεν πάντας τοὺς υἱοὺς τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ Αβιαθαρ τὸν ἱερέα καὶ Ιωαβ τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ τὸν Σαλωμων τὸν δοῦλόν σου οὐκ ἐκάλεσεν

And he has sacrificed calves and lambs and sheep in abundance, and has invited all the sons of the king and Abiathar the priest and Joab the commander of the army; but Solomon your servant he did not invite.

Bathsheba reports the feast and exclusion (direct speech)καὶ ἐθυσίασεν
Bathsheba narrates the events of vv. 9–10 to David, naming the key backers (Abiathar, Joab) and stressing the one fatal omission — 'Solomon your servant.' Calling Solomon ὁ δοῦλός σου ('your servant') reframes the heir as the loyal subject wrongfully excluded, intensifying the appeal.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυσίασενhas sacrificedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb→ constative aoristθυσιάζω: cf. v. 9; Bathsheba reports Adonijah's sacrificial feast.
μόσχουςcalvesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationμόσχος: cf. v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρναςlambsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationἀρήν: cf. v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationπρόβατον: cf. v. 9; the threefold sacrifice repeated, with order varied.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (measure: 'in abundance')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: in the adverbial idiom εἰς πλῆθος ('in/to abundance'), a Hebraizing measure-phrase (לָרֹב).
πλῆθοςabundanceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (measure)→ object specificationπλῆθος: 'multitude / abundance'; εἰς πλῆθος = 'in great quantity', stressing the lavish scale of Adonijah's feast.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενhas invitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: cf. v. 9; the invitation-list reported to David.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with υἱούς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; all the king's sons — except Solomon.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱός: 'sons'; the king's other sons, the royal princes.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the king's sons')→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of relationship ('the king's sons').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβιαθαρAbiathardirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: cf. v. 7; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αβιαθαρ→ object specificationἱερεύς: cf. v. 7.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωαβJoabdirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: cf. v. 7; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρχοντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχονταcommanderAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωαβ→ object specificationἄρχων: 'ruler / commander / chief'; renders שַׂר; 'commander of the army' identifies Joab's office, underscoring the military weight behind Adonijah.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with δυνάμεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςarmyGenitivegenitive of relationship ('of the army')→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'power / force / army'; renders צָבָא; 'the army', i.e., the host of Israel under Joab's command.
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (contrastive in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαλωμων, fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondirect object (fronted; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable; fronted for emphasis before the negated verb.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; calling Solomon 'your servant' frames him as David's loyal subject, the wronged party in the exclusion.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενhe invitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristκαλέω: cf. v. 10; the climactic exclusion of Solomon, repeated for David's ears.
20

καὶ σύ κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ παντὸς Ισραηλ πρὸς σὲ ἀπαγγεῖλαι αὐτοῖς τίς καθήσεται ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ κυρίου μου τοῦ βασιλέως μετ᾿ αὐτόν

And you, my lord the king — the eyes of all Israel are upon you, to declare to them who shall sit upon the throne of my lord the king after him.

Bathsheba presses for a decision (direct speech)καὶ σύ κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ
Bathsheba turns the matter back to David's authority: all Israel awaits his word on the succession. The idiom οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ … πρὸς σέ ('the eyes are upon you') expresses expectant dependence; ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς is again human-honorific. The succession-question (τίς καθήσεται ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου) is now explicit.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandconjunction (resumptive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύyouNominativependent nominative (subject in focus)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic, pendent 'and you!' — focusing all attention on the king's decisive role.
κύριέlordVocativevocative of address (human honorific)→ direct addressκύριος (voc.): human-honorific 'my lord' (David).
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
βασιλεῦkingVocativevocative in apposition to κύριε→ direct addressβασιλεῦ: meaning 'king'; it serves as vocative in apposition to κύριε.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ὀφθαλμοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesNominativesubject (idiom: 'the eyes are upon you')→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the idiom οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ … πρὸς σέ ('the eyes of all Israel are on you') renders עֵינֵי … עָלֶיךָ, expressing the nation's expectant reliance on David's decision.
παντὸςof allGenitiveattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all Israel' — the whole nation awaits the verdict.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: cf. v. 3; indeclinable.
πρὸςuponpreposition + accusative (here: 'toward/upon')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'toward / upon'; in the idiom 'the eyes are upon you', directing the nation's expectation to the king.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σέ): the focus of the nation's expectant gaze.
ἀπαγγεῖλαιto declareAor Act Inf · ἀπαγγέλλωinfinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω: 'announce / declare / report'; the infinitive of purpose — Israel waits for David to declare his successor.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative (indirect object: 'to them' = all Israel)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl.): 'to them', i.e., to all Israel.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of καθήσεται)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'who'; introduces the indirect question of the succession — the chapter's driving issue.
καθήσεταιshall sitFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιverb of indirect question→ predictive future (deliberative in force)κάθημαι: cf. v. 17; 'who shall sit on the throne' — the explicit succession-question.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; here 'the throne of my lord the king.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive of possession (human honorific)→ relational specificationκύριος: human-honorific 'my lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς in the genitive ('of my lord the king').
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to κυρίου.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal, elided).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): 'after him', i.e., after David's death.
21

καὶ ἔσται ὡς ἂν κοιμηθῇ ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεὺς μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔσομαι ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ υἱός μου Σαλωμων ἁμαρτωλοί

And it shall be, when my lord the king sleeps with his fathers, that I and my son Solomon will be counted offenders.

Bathsheba names the danger to herself and Solomon (direct speech)καὶ ἔσται ὡς ἂν
Bathsheba closes by spelling out the lethal consequence of inaction. The euphemism κοιμηθῇ … μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ('sleep with his fathers') denotes David's death; ἁμαρτωλοί ('offenders / sinners') here means political criminals marked for elimination — a secured Adonijah would treat mother and son as traitors. The verbal echo of κοιμάω from v. 2 ironically reframes the king's bed-rest as his coming death.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandconjunction (introducing apodosis formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the 'and it shall come to pass' formula)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; καὶ ἔσται ('and it shall be / come to pass') renders the Hebrew וְהָיָה, a temporal-narrative formula introducing a future scenario.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction (with ἄν + subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when / as'; with ἄν and the subjunctive forms an indefinite temporal clause ('whenever / when').
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle marking the temporal clause as contingent/future.
κοιμηθῇsleepsAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κοιμάωverb of temporal clause→ aorist subjunctive (future contingency)κοιμάω (pass.): cf. v. 2; here the death-euphemism 'sleep with his fathers' (שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו), the standard biblical idiom for a king's death and burial.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject (human honorific)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human-honorific 'my lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς.
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative in apposition to κύριος.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; 'sleep with his fathers' = join the dead ancestors in the grave, the dynastic death-formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶthenapodotic καί (introducing the consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic, introducing the main clause after the temporal protasis.
ἔσομαιI will beFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (with compound subject)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; the first-person singular ἔσομαι agrees with the nearest subject (ἐγώ), though the predicate (ἁμαρτωλοί) is plural by sense-construction including Solomon.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: Bathsheba herself, first of the two endangered persons.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with υἱός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόςsonNominativesubject (coordinate with ἐγώ)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'my son' — Solomon, the second endangered party.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to υἱός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
ἁμαρτωλοίoffendersNominativepredicate adjective (plural by sense)→ participant prominenceἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner / offender / guilty one'; renders חַטָּאִים; here in the political sense of those deemed criminals/traitors and so liable to execution — the fate awaiting Bathsheba and Solomon if Adonijah's reign stands.
22

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἔτι αὐτῆς λαλούσης μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ Ναθαν ὁ προφήτης ἦλθεν

And behold, while she was still speaking with the king, Nathan the prophet also came in.

Nathan's timed entrance (narrative fulfilment of v. 14)καὶ ἰδοὺ ἔτι αὐτῆς λαλούσης
The narrator fulfils Nathan's plan (v. 14) almost verbatim: the genitive absolute ἔτι αὐτῆς λαλούσης ('while she was still speaking') matches Nathan's ἔτι λαλούσης σου. The coordinated entrance stages the two-witness corroboration the prophet had promised.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandconjunction (with ἰδού)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; dramatizes the precisely-timed arrival.
ἔτιstilltemporal adverb (with genitive absolute)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still'; cf. v. 14; marks the overlap of Bathsheba's speech and Nathan's entry.
αὐτῆςsheGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute participle→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): subject of the genitive absolute, 'while she...'
λαλούσηςspeakingPres Act Ptcp Gen Fem Sg · λαλέωparticiple of genitive absolute→ durative present participle (action in progress)λαλέω: cf. v. 14; the genitive absolute ἔτι αὐτῆς λαλούσης fulfils Nathan's predicted timing.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive object of μετά.
καὶalsoapodotic/adjunctive καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί after the genitive absolute (a Hebraism), here also adjunctive 'also/even Nathan came in.'
ΝαθανNathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with προφήτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativenominative in apposition to Ναθαν→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: cf. v. 8.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; Nathan's arrival on cue, executing his plan from v. 14.
23

καὶ ἀνηγγέλη τῷ βασιλεῖ ἰδοὺ Ναθαν ὁ προφήτης καὶ εἰσῆλθεν κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ προσεκύνησεν τῷ βασιλεῖ κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν

And it was announced to the king, 'Behold, Nathan the prophet!' And he came in before the king and did obeisance to the king with his face to the ground.

Nathan announced and admitted (narrative)καὶ ἀνηγγέλη τῷ βασιλεῖ
Court protocol is observed: Nathan is announced, enters κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως ('before the king'), and prostrates himself face to the ground (κατὰ πρόσωπον … ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν), the full obeisance befitting the royal audience for so weighty a matter.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνηγγέληit was announcedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal passive)→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω (pass.): 'announce / report'; renders נָגַד (Hophal); the impersonal passive 'it was reported to the king' — the herald's announcement of Nathan's arrival; the same verb recurs at v. 51.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative (indirect object: 'to the king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεῖ: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative (indirect object: 'to the king').
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (content of the announcement)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; the herald's words presenting Nathan.
ΝαθανNathannominative of exclamation (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable; 'Behold, Nathan the prophet!'
ὁtheNominativearticle (with προφήτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativenominative in apposition to Ναθαν→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: cf. v. 8.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενhe came inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: cf. v. 13; Nathan enters the royal presence.
κατὰbeforepreposition + accusative (in the idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: in κατὰ πρόσωπον ('before / in the presence of'), a Hebraizing rendering of לִפְנֵי.
πρόσωπονface / presenceAccusativeaccusative in the prepositional idiom (with κατά)→ spatial or relational framingπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ βασιλέως = 'before the king', in his royal presence.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive (with πρόσωπον)→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive (with πρόσωπον).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενdid obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: cf. v. 16; Nathan's homage to the king.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν→ sphere or referenceβασιλεῖ: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative object of προσεκύνησεν.
κατὰonpreposition + accusative (in κατὰ πρόσωπον)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: here κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ = 'on his face', describing the manner of prostration.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative (with κατά: 'on his face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν = 'face to the ground', full prostration.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Nathan's face)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Nathan's face).
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground'; 'to the ground' completes the picture of full prostration before the king.
24

καὶ εἶπεν Ναθαν κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ σὺ εἶπας Αδωνιας βασιλεύσει ὀπίσω μου καὶ αὐτὸς καθήσεται ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου

And Nathan said, 'My lord the king, did you say, "Adonijah shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne"?'

Nathan's corroborating challenge (direct speech)καὶ εἶπεν Ναθαν
Nathan corroborates Bathsheba by a leading question framed as if quoting David: σὺ εἶπας Αδωνιας βασιλεύσει. By putting the words in David's mouth ('did you say...?') he forces the king to disown them, knowing David never sanctioned Adonijah. κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ is again human-honorific.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Nathan's address.
ΝαθανNathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
κύριέlordVocativevocative of address (human honorific)→ direct addressκύριος (voc.): human-honorific 'my lord' (David).
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
βασιλεῦkingVocativevocative in apposition to κύριε→ direct addressβασιλεῦ: meaning 'king'; it serves as vocative in apposition to κύριε.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun, interrogative)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — 'did you (yourself) say?', pressing the king to affirm or deny.
εἶπαςdid you sayAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb of the (rhetorical) question→ constative aoristλέγω (2 sg. εἶπας): 'did you say?'; the question imputes to David a decree he never made, compelling its disavowal.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject of βασιλεύσει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
βασιλεύσειshall reignFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb of the quoted decree→ predictive futureβασιλεύω: cf. v. 5; in the words attributed to David, pointedly substituting Adonijah for the sworn Solomon (cf. v. 13).
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (temporal sequence)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; 'after me' = as David's successor (here temporal, as in v. 6).
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself' — Adonijah, in the imputed decree.
καθήσεταιshall sitFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb (coordinate with βασιλεύσει)→ predictive futureκάθημαι: cf. v. 17; the throne-succession image, here applied to Adonijah in the rhetorical question.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; David's throne.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
25

ὅτι κατέβη σήμερον καὶ ἐθυσίασεν μόσχους καὶ ἄρνας καὶ πρόβατα εἰς πλῆθος καὶ ἐκάλεσεν πάντας τοὺς υἱοὺς τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ Αβιαθαρ τὸν ἱερέα καὶ ἰδού εἰσιν ἐσθίοντες καὶ πίνοντες ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπαν ζήτω ὁ βασιλεὺς Αδωνιας

For he went down today and sacrificed calves and lambs and sheep in abundance, and invited all the sons of the king and the commanders of the army and Abiathar the priest; and behold, they are eating and drinking before him, and they have said, 'Long live King Adonijah!'

Nathan's evidential report of the feast (direct speech)ὅτι κατέβη σήμερον
Nathan substantiates his challenge with eyewitness detail. The vivid periphrastic εἰσιν ἐσθίοντες καὶ πίνοντες ('they are eating and drinking') and the quoted acclamation ζήτω ὁ βασιλεὺς Αδωνιας ('Long live King Adonijah!') present the coup as already proclaimed — the very acclamation later transferred to Solomon (vv. 34, 39).
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the evidence supporting Nathan's question of v. 24.
κατέβηhe went downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go down / descend'; renders יָרַד; Adonijah went down (from the city) to En-rogel in the valley for the feast.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; stresses the immediacy and urgency of the crisis — it is happening this very day.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυσίασενsacrificedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb→ constative aoristθυσιάζω: cf. v. 9; the sacrificial feast.
μόσχουςcalvesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationμόσχος: cf. v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄρναςlambsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationἀρήν: cf. v. 9.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρόβαταsheepAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationπρόβατον: cf. v. 9.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (measure)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: in εἰς πλῆθος ('in abundance'); cf. v. 19.
πλῆθοςabundanceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (measure)→ object specificationπλῆθος: cf. v. 19.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενinvitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: cf. v. 9.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with υἱούς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the king's sons.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationυἱός: cf. v. 19.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρχοντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχονταςcommandersAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationἄρχων: cf. v. 19; 'the commanders of the army' — here plural (Nathan's report broadens Joab's singular command of v. 19 to the military leadership generally).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with δυνάμεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωςarmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationδύναμις: cf. v. 19; 'of the army.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβιαθαρAbiathardirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: cf. v. 7; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αβιαθαρ→ object specificationἱερεύς: cf. v. 7.
καὶandconjunction (with ἰδού)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδούbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the vivid present scene of feasting.
εἰσινthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with participles)→ durative present (periphrastic)εἰμί: present εἰσιν with the participles ἐσθίοντες καὶ πίνοντες forms a periphrastic present, vividly portraying the banquet in progress.
ἐσθίοντεςeatingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · ἐσθίωparticiple (periphrastic with εἰσιν)→ durative present participleἐσθίω: 'eat'; renders אָכַל; part of the periphrastic 'they are eating.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίνοντεςdrinkingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · πίνωparticiple (periphrastic with εἰσιν)→ durative present participleπίνω: 'drink'; renders שָׁתָה; 'eating and drinking' is the standard pairing for festive banqueting.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (presence)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the guests feast in Adonijah's presence, treating him as their sovereign.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανthey have saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing acclamation)→ constative aoristλέγω (3 pl. εἶπαν): the late/Koine aorist plural; introduces the guests' royal acclamation of Adonijah.
ζήτωlong livePres Act Impv 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (acclamation: jussive)→ imperatival/optative force ('may he live!')ζάω (impv. ζήτω): 'let him live!'; ζήτω ὁ βασιλεύς renders יְחִי הַמֶּלֶךְ, the standard royal acclamation 'Long live the king!'; here for Adonijah, later for Solomon (vv. 34, 39) and David (v. 31).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ζήτω→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; in the acclamation 'Long live King Adonijah!'
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable; hailed as king by his guests.
26

καὶ ἐμὲ αὐτὸν τὸν δοῦλόν σου καὶ Σαδωκ τὸν ἱερέα καὶ Βαναιαν υἱὸν Ιωδαε καὶ Σαλωμων τὸν δοῦλόν σου οὐκ ἐκάλεσεν

But me, even me your servant, and Zadok the priest, and Benaiah son of Jehoiada, and Solomon your servant he did not invite.

Nathan lists the excluded loyalists (direct speech)καὶ ἐμὲ αὐτὸν τὸν δοῦλόν σου
Nathan itemizes the snubbed loyalists — himself emphatically (ἐμὲ αὐτόν, 'me, even me'), Zadok, Benaiah, and Solomon — paralleling the exclusion-list of v. 10 and matching Bathsheba's stress on Solomon 'your servant' (v. 19). The fronting of the objects before the negated verb sharpens the affront.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (contrastive in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμὲmeAccusativedirect object (fronted, emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. ἐμέ): emphatic 'me' — Nathan placing himself first among the excluded.
αὐτὸνeven meAccusativeintensive pronoun (reinforcing ἐμέ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive, reinforcing ἐμέ ('me, my very self'); the doubling stresses the personal insult to the prophet.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἐμέ→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; Nathan's self-designation 'your servant', the deferential court idiom.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαδωκZadokdirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: cf. v. 8; indeclinable; the loyal priest, excluded.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ object specificationἱερεύς: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιανBenaiahAccusativedirect object (declinable name, accusative)→ object specificationΒαναιας (acc. Βαναιαν): cf. v. 8; declined.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βαναιαν→ object specificationυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
ΙωδαεJehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable; the climactic excluded name.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'your servant' (Solomon), echoing v. 19; framing the heir as loyal subject.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενhe invitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristκαλέω: cf. v. 10; the negated verb caps Nathan's exclusion-list.
27

εἰ διὰ τοῦ κυρίου μου τοῦ βασιλέως γέγονεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο καὶ οὐκ ἐγνώρισας τῷ δούλῳ σου τίς καθήσεται ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον τοῦ κυρίου μου τοῦ βασιλέως μετ᾿ αὐτόν

Has this thing been done by my lord the king, and you did not make known to your servant who should sit upon the throne of my lord the king after him?

Nathan's pointed closing question (direct speech)εἰ διὰ τοῦ κυρίου μου τοῦ βασιλέως
Nathan ends with a deferential but pointed interrogation: the εἰ introduces a direct question (a Hebraism for הֲ) asking whether David authorized this. If so, why was his loyal servant (the prophet) not informed of so momentous a decision? ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς (twice) is human-honorific. The question presses David to act on what he plainly never sanctioned.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
εἰhas...?interrogative particle (introducing a direct question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: ordinarily 'if', here introducing a direct question (Hebraism for the interrogative הֲ): 'Has this been done...?'
διὰbypreposition + genitive (agency)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through / by means of'; here of agency — 'by my lord the king', i.e., on the king's authority.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive object of διά (human honorific)→ relational specificationκύριος: human-honorific 'my lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton.
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to κυρίου.
γέγονενhas been donePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of the question→ resultative perfect (an accomplished, standing fact)γίνομαι (perf. γέγονεν): 'has come to pass / been done'; the perfect stresses the abiding result — has this become an established royal decision?
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαthing / matterNominativesubject of γέγονεν→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / thing / matter'; renders דָּבָר (which means both 'word' and 'affair'); 'this matter' = Adonijah's accession.
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative (modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative pointing to the events just reported.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the reproachful clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγνώρισαςyou made knownAor Act Indic 2 Sg · γνωρίζωmain verb→ constative aoristγνωρίζω: 'make known / inform'; renders יָדַע (Hiphil); 'you did not inform your servant' — the implied reproach that David's confidants were bypassed (which itself proves David did not decree it).
τῷtheDativearticle (with δούλῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλῳservantDativedative (indirect object: 'to your servant')→ sphere or referenceδοῦλος: cf. v. 26; Nathan's self-designation.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of indirect question)→ participant referenceτίς: cf. v. 20; 'who shall sit on the throne' — the same succession-question Bathsheba posed.
καθήσεταιshall sitFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιverb of indirect question→ predictive/deliberative futureκάθημαι: cf. v. 20; the throne-succession verb.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (here position 'upon')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon'; with θρόνον in the accusative (variation from the genitive construction of v. 20).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θρόνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνονthroneAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; here accusative ('upon the throne').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive of possession (human honorific)→ relational specificationκύριος: human-honorific 'my lord' (David); 'the throne of my lord the king.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to κυρίου.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal, elided).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): 'after him', i.e., after David.
28

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Δαυιδ καὶ εἶπεν καλέσατέ μοι τὴν Βηρσαβεε καὶ εἰσῆλθεν ἐνώπιον τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἔστη ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ

And David answered and said, 'Call Bathsheba to me.' And she came in before the king and stood before him.

David acts: summons Bathsheba (narrative turn)καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Δαυιδ
The Hebraizing pair ἀπεκρίθη … καὶ εἶπεν ('answered and said') marks David's decisive response — he is roused to action. Summoning Bathsheba back signals that he will now settle the succession by oath (v. 29). Her standing 'before the king' sets the stage for the renewed pledge.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / respond'; the aorist-passive form (deponent) ἀπεκρίθη is the regular LXX form; the pair ἀπεκρίθη … καὶ εἶπεν renders וַיַּעַן … וַיֹּאמֶר, a Hebraic speech-formula.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: completes the 'answered and said' formula.
καλέσατέcallAor Act Impv 2 Pl · καλέωmain verb (imperative to attendants)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαλέω: cf. v. 9; here imperative 'summon!' addressed to the attendants; the same verb recurs in David's command of v. 32.
μοιto meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'to/for me' — bring her into my presence.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Βηρσαβεε, naming a known figure)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebadirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: cf. v. 11; indeclinable; (she had withdrawn when Nathan entered, v. 23).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενshe came inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: cf. v. 15; Bathsheba re-enters the royal presence.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (presence)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: cf. v. 25; 'before the king', in his presence.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive object of ἐνώπιον.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb→ constative aorist (entering a standing position)ἵστημι: 'stand / take one's stand'; the intransitive aorist ἔστη; Bathsheba stands before the king to receive his answer.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (presence)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before him', the posture of an attendant awaiting the royal word.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον.
29

καὶ ὤμοσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ εἶπεν ζῇ κύριος ὃς ἐλυτρώσατο τὴν ψυχήν μου ἐκ πάσης θλίψεως

And the king swore and said, 'As the LORD lives, who has redeemed my life out of every distress,'

David's solemn oath (direct speech, oath-formula)καὶ ὤμοσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς
David answers Bathsheba's appeal to his oath (vv. 13, 17) by swearing afresh. The oath-formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') invokes the living God — here κύριος IS the Tetragrammaton. The relative clause ὃς ἐλυτρώσατο … ἐκ πάσης θλίψεως grounds the oath in David's lifelong experience of YHWH's deliverance (cf. 2 Kingdoms 4:9), lending it maximal solemnity.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσενsworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb→ constative aoristὄμνυμι: cf. v. 13; David now performs the binding oath demanded by the appeal.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing oath)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the oath's content.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of oath-formula→ gnomic present (in the fixed oath-formula)ζάω: 'live'; ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') renders חַי־יהוה, the standard assertory oath-formula invoking the living God as guarantor; the present tense affirms YHWH's living reality.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (divine name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: HERE the Tetragrammaton — the living God invoked in the oath ζῇ κύριος; distinct from the human-honorific 'my lord the king' elsewhere in the chapter.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐλυτρώσατο)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the clause that characterizes YHWH as David's deliverer.
ἐλυτρώσατοhas redeemedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · λυτρόωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (summing up a lifetime of deliverance)λυτρόω (mid.): 'ransom / redeem / deliver'; renders פָּדָה / גָּאַל; the middle 'redeemed for himself'; David's confession that YHWH has rescued his life from every distress echoes 2 Kingdoms 4:9 and grounds the oath in covenant faithfulness.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ψυχήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἐλυτρώσατο→ object specificationψυχή: cf. v. 12; here 'my life / my soul', the object of YHWH's repeated deliverance.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source/separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source/separation).
πάσηςeveryGenitiveattributive adjective (with θλίψεως)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; 'out of every distress' — the comprehensive scope of YHWH's deliverances throughout David's life.
θλίψεωςdistressGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationθλῖψις: 'affliction / tribulation / distress'; renders צָרָה; the dangers and oppressions from which YHWH rescued David (Saul, Absalom, foreign foes).
30

ὅτι καθὼς ὤμοσά σοι ἐν κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ Ισραηλ λέγων ὅτι Σαλωμων ὁ υἱός σου βασιλεύσει μετ᾿ ἐμὲ καὶ αὐτὸς καθήσεται ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου ἀντ᾿ ἐμοῦ ὅτι οὕτως ποιήσω τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ

surely as I swore to you by the LORD the God of Israel, saying, 'Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne in my place,' so will I do this very day.

Content of the oath: David confirms Solomon (direct speech)ὅτι καθὼς ὤμοσά σοι
The oath's substance: David ratifies his earlier sworn word, adding ἀντ᾿ ἐμοῦ ('in my place') and the decisive temporal marker τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ('this very day') — the matter will be settled at once. Here ἐν κυρίῳ τῷ θεῷ Ισραηλ uses κύριος as the Tetragrammaton (the oath's divine witness). The καθὼς … οὕτως ('just as … so') correlates past oath and present fulfilment.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ὅτιsurelyasseverative conjunction (introducing oath content)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: after an oath-formula, asseverative 'surely / that' (rendering Hebrew כִּי of oaths), introducing what is solemnly affirmed.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction (correlative with οὕτως)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; correlated with οὕτως below ('just as I swore … so I will do').
ὤμοσάI sworeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb of comparative clause→ constative aoristὄμνυμι: cf. v. 13; David recalls his own prior oath to Bathsheba.
σοιto youDativedative (indirect object)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'to you', Bathsheba, the original recipient of the oath.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (oath formula)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: in the oath-formula ἐν κυρίῳ ('by the LORD'); cf. v. 17.
κυρίῳthe LORDDativedative in oath-formula (divine name)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: HERE the Tetragrammaton — the divine witness 'by the LORD the God of Israel', not the human-honorific use.
τῷtheDativearticle (with θεῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεῷGodDativedative in apposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεός: cf. v. 17; 'the God of Israel.'
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: cf. v. 3; indeclinable; 'the God of Israel.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple (introducing the oath's words)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω: introduces the quoted content of David's prior oath.
ὅτιthatrecitative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: recitative, introducing the sworn promise verbatim.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject of βασιλεύσει (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with υἱός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'Solomon your son.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
βασιλεύσειshall reignFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb of oath content→ predictive futureβασιλεύω: cf. v. 13; the sworn succession, now ratified by the king himself.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal, elided).
ἐμὲmeAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. ἐμέ): David as predecessor.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself' — Solomon.
καθήσεταιshall sitFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb (coordinate with βασιλεύσει)→ predictive futureκάθημαι: cf. v. 17; the throne-succession verb.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; David's throne.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντ᾿ ἐμοῦ ('in my place / in my stead') makes Solomon David's direct successor; the same phrase recurs at v. 35.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (emphatic pronoun)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): David, whose place Solomon takes.
ὅτιthatasseverative conjunction (resuming the oath)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: resumptive asseverative, picking up the main affirmation after the quoted oath: 'so I will do.'
οὕτωςsoadverb (correlative with καθώς)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; correlated with καθώς — 'just as I swore … so I will do', binding past oath to present action.
ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (apodosis of the comparison)→ predictive/volitive future (committed action)ποιέω: cf. v. 5; David commits to enact his oath — 'so will I do.'
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time ('on this day')→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ('this very day') marks the immediacy of David's resolve — the succession will be enacted at once.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; emphatic — 'this present day.'
31

καὶ ἔκυψεν Βηρσαβεε ἐπὶ πρόσωπον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ προσεκύνησεν τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ εἶπεν ζήτω ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα

And Bathsheba bowed with her face to the ground and did obeisance to the king and said, 'Long live my lord King David forever!'

Bathsheba's grateful homage and acclamation (narrative + direct speech)καὶ ἔκυψεν Βηρσαβεε
Bathsheba responds with full prostration and the royal acclamation ζήτω … εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('Long live … forever!'). Addressed to David himself (ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς, human-honorific), the cry expresses gratitude and loyalty; the hyperbolic 'forever' is conventional court flattery, poignant against the dying king's frailty.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκυψενbowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κύπτωmain verb→ constative aoristκύπτω: cf. v. 16; here intensified by 'face to the ground.'
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: cf. v. 11; indeclinable.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (manner of bowing)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'on / to'; ἐπὶ πρόσωπον = 'on her face', describing the prostration.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative (with ἐπί: 'on her face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: cf. v. 23; 'on her face to the ground', full obeisance.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: cf. v. 23; 'to the ground.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενdid obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: cf. v. 16; Bathsheba's grateful homage.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν→ sphere or referenceβασιλεῖ: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative object of προσεκύνησεν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing acclamation)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Bathsheba's acclamation.
ζήτωlong livePres Act Impv 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (acclamation: jussive)→ imperatival/optative force ('may he live!')ζάω (impv. ζήτω): cf. v. 25; here the loyal acclamation of David himself.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject of ζήτω (human honorific)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human-honorific 'my lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ.
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative in apposition to κύριος.
ΔαυιδDavidnominative in apposition (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; named in the acclamation 'King David.'
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (extent of time)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: 'for / unto'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever') renders לְעֹלָם, the hyperbolic court-wish for the king's perpetual life.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with αἰῶνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (extent of time)→ object specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα = 'forever', the conventional acclamation-formula for a monarch.
32

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ καλέσατέ μοι Σαδωκ τὸν ἱερέα καὶ Ναθαν τὸν προφήτην καὶ Βαναιαν υἱὸν Ιωδαε καὶ εἰσῆλθον ἐνώπιον τοῦ βασιλέως

And king David said, 'Call to me Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet and Benaiah son of Jehoiada.' And they came in before the king.

David summons the loyalist officers (narrative turn to action)καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ
David moves from oath to execution, summoning the three men who will enthrone Solomon: Zadok (priest), Nathan (prophet), and Benaiah (military). Their combined religious, prophetic, and martial authority will legitimate and secure the anointing of vv. 38–40.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces David's command.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ΔαυιδDavidnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable.
καλέσατέcallAor Act Impv 2 Pl · καλέωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαλέω: cf. v. 28; summon the named officers.
μοιto meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'to/for me.'
ΣαδωκZadokdirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ object specificationἱερεύς: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαθανNathandirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with προφήτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηνprophetAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ναθαν→ object specificationπροφήτης: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιανBenaiahAccusativedirect object (declinable name, accusative)→ object specificationΒαναιας (acc. Βαναιαν): cf. v. 8; declined.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βαναιαν→ object specificationυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
ΙωδαεJehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθονthey came inAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: cf. v. 13; the three officers enter the royal presence to receive their orders.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (presence)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: cf. v. 28; 'before the king.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive object of ἐνώπιον.
33

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς αὐτοῖς λάβετε τοὺς δούλους τοῦ κυρίου ὑμῶν μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν καὶ ἐπιβιβάσατε τὸν υἱόν μου Σαλωμων ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμίονον τὴν ἐμὴν καὶ καταγάγετε αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν Γιων

And the king said to them, 'Take with you the servants of your lord, and set my son Solomon upon my own mule, and bring him down to Gihon.'

David's coronation decree, part 1: the procession to Gihon (direct speech)καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς αὐτοῖς
David issues precise coronation instructions. Mounting Solomon on the king's own mule (τὴν ἡμίονον τὴν ἐμήν) is a public symbol of designated succession — riding the royal beast signals royal status. Gihon, a spring just outside the city (in contrast to Adonijah's En-rogel), becomes the legitimate coronation site. ὁ κύριος ὑμῶν is human-honorific (David).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces David's coronation decree.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative (indirect object: the three officers)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl.): 'to them', i.e., Zadok, Nathan, and Benaiah.
λάβετεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλαμβάνω: 'take / bring along'; renders לָקַח; the first command of the coronation sequence — take the royal retinue.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with δούλους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουςservantsAccusativedirect object of λάβετε→ object specificationδοῦλος: cf. v. 19; here 'the servants of your lord' = the royal guard/officials who give the procession its authority.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive of possession (human honorific)→ relational specificationκύριος: human-honorific 'your lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; the king refers to himself in the third person ('the servants of your lord').
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; 'with you', the retinue accompanying the procession.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιβιβάσατεset / mountAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐπιβιβάζωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπιβιβάζω: 'set upon / mount (someone on an animal)'; renders רָכַב (Hiphil); to place Solomon on the royal mule — a public act of designation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with υἱόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόνsonAccusativedirect object of ἐπιβιβάσατε→ object specificationυἱός: 'my son' — David personally claims Solomon as heir.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonaccusative in apposition to υἱόν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position onto).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμίονον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίονονmuleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἡμίονος: 'mule'; renders פִּרְדָּה; the king's personal mule was a royal mount (cf. 2 Kingdoms 13:29; 18:9); riding it publicly marks Solomon as the designated king.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐμήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμὴνmy ownAccusativepossessive adjective (modifying ἡμίονον)→ object specificationἐμός: 'my own'; the emphatic possessive τὴν ἐμήν stresses that it is the king's own royal mule — a deliberate sign of designated succession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταγάγετεbring downAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κατάγωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκατάγω: 'bring down / lead down'; renders יָרַד (Hiphil); the procession descends from the city to the spring of Gihon.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Γιων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓιωνGihonaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓιων: transliteration of Hebrew גִּיחוֹן; the spring on the east side of Jerusalem (the city's main water source), here the legitimate coronation site, pointedly distinct from Adonijah's En-rogel; indeclinable.
34

καὶ χρισάτω αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ Σαδωκ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ Ναθαν ὁ προφήτης εἰς βασιλέα ἐπὶ Ισραηλ καὶ σαλπίσατε κερατίνῃ καὶ ἐρεῖτε ζήτω ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων

And let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him there as king over Israel; and blow the trumpet and say, 'Long live King Solomon!'

David's coronation decree, part 2: anointing and acclamation (direct speech)καὶ χρισάτω αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ
The decree specifies the three legitimating acts of accession: anointing (χρισάτω … εἰς βασιλέα) by the priest and prophet, the trumpet-blast (σαλπίσατε κερατίνῃ), and the public acclamation ζήτω ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων — the very cry the conspirators raised for Adonijah (v. 25), now lawfully transferred to Solomon.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χρισάτωlet him anointAor Act Impv 3 Sg · χρίωmain verb (third-person imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeχρίω: 'anoint'; renders מָשַׁח; the cultic act constituting Solomon מָשִׁיחַ ('anointed one / messiah'); the third-person imperative (singular, by the nearer subject Zadok) commands the priestly anointing; cf. the fulfilment in v. 39.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there', i.e., at Gihon.
ΣαδωκZadoksubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: cf. v. 8; indeclinable; the anointing priest.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαθανNathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable; the prophet shares in the legitimating act.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with προφήτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativenominative in apposition to Ναθαν→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: cf. v. 8.
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative: 'to be king')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative 'as / to be'; εἰς βασιλέα ('as king') is a Hebraizing use of לְ rendering the role into which Solomon is anointed.
βασιλέαkingAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς: 'as king')→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the office to which Solomon is anointed.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; 'king over Israel', the scope of Solomon's rule.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: cf. v. 3; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σαλπίσατεblowAor Act Impv 2 Pl · σαλπίζωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσαλπίζω: 'sound a trumpet'; renders תָּקַע (בְּשׁוֹפָר); the trumpet-blast publicly proclaims the accession; fulfilled in v. 39.
κερατίνῃwith the trumpetDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceκερατίνη: 'horn / ram's-horn trumpet (shophar)'; renders שׁוֹפָר; the instrumental dative names the means of the signal-blast.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρεῖτεyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ volitive future (command)λέγω (fut. ἐρεῖτε): 'you shall say'; the future as command, prescribing the acclamation.
ζήτωlong livePres Act Impv 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (acclamation: jussive)→ imperatival/optative force ('may he live!')ζάω (impv. ζήτω): cf. v. 25; the royal acclamation, here lawfully for Solomon.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ζήτω→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: in the acclamation 'Long live King Solomon!'
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
35

καὶ καθήσεται ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου καὶ αὐτὸς βασιλεύσει ἀντ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἐγὼ ἐνετειλάμην τοῦ εἶναι εἰς ἡγούμενον ἐπὶ Ισραηλ καὶ Ιουδα

And he shall sit upon my throne, and he shall reign in my place; and I have commanded that he be ruler over Israel and Judah.

David's coronation decree, part 3: Solomon's installed rule (direct speech)καὶ καθήσεται ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου
David seals the decree: Solomon will sit on the throne and reign ἀντ᾿ ἐμοῦ ('in my place'). The emphatic ἐγὼ ἐνετειλάμην ('I have commanded') asserts the royal authority behind the act, and the title ἡγούμενος ('leader / ruler') over both Israel and Judah signals rule over the whole united kingdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθήσεταιhe shall sitFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb→ predictive futureκάθημαι: cf. v. 17; Solomon's installation on the throne, now decreed as fact.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; David's throne.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself' — Solomon, the legitimate successor.
βασιλεύσειshall reignFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ predictive futureβασιλεύω: cf. v. 5; Solomon will reign — the fulfilment of the sworn word against Adonijah's claim.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + gen.: cf. v. 30; 'in my stead', Solomon as David's direct successor.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (emphatic pronoun)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): David.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I myself' — the royal authority behind the appointment.
ἐνετειλάμηνhave commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (a decisive decree)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / enjoin'; renders צִוָּה; David's formal royal mandate appointing Solomon.
τοῦthearticular-infinitive marker (with εἶναι)→ clausal contributionτοῦ + infinitive: the genitive article with the infinitive expresses purpose/content ('that he be'); a common LXX construction rendering a Hebrew infinitive clause.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (content of the command)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be'; the articular infinitive τοῦ εἶναι ('that he be') states the content of David's command.
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative: 'to be ruler')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative 'as / to be'; εἰς ἡγούμενον ('as ruler'), a Hebraizing לְ-construction.
ἡγούμενονrulerAccusativepredicate accusative (substantival participle, with εἰς)→ object specificationἡγέομαι (ptcp. ἡγούμενος): 'lead / rule'; the substantival participle 'leader / ruler / prince' renders נָגִיד, the designation for the divinely-appointed leader of Israel (cf. 1 Kingdoms 9:16; 2 Kingdoms 5:2).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; the scope of Solomon's rule.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: cf. v. 3; indeclinable; the northern tribes / the nation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουδαJudahaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: cf. v. 9; indeclinable; the explicit pairing 'Israel and Judah' marks rule over the whole united kingdom.
36

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ εἶπεν γένοιτο οὕτως πιστώσαι κύριος ὁ θεὸς τοῦ κυρίου μου τοῦ βασιλέως

And Benaiah son of Jehoiada answered the king and said, 'So be it! May the LORD, the God of my lord the king, confirm it.'

Benaiah's amen-response (direct speech, blessing)καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Βαναιας
Benaiah, the military commander, voices loyal assent. The optative γένοιτο ('so be it / amen', rendering אָמֵן) ratifies the decree; the wish πιστώσαι κύριος ('may the LORD confirm') invokes divine ratification — here κύριος is the Tetragrammaton (ὁ θεὸς τοῦ κυρίου μου, 'the God of my lord the king', where ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς is the human David).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: cf. v. 28; Benaiah's response to the royal decree.
ΒαναιαςBenaiahNominativesubject (declinable name, nominative)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: cf. v. 8; declined.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαναιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
ΙωδαεJehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative (indirect object: 'answered the king')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεῖ: meaning 'king'; it serves as dative (indirect object: 'answered the king').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: completes the 'answered … and said' formula.
γένοιτοso be itAor Mid Opt 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (optative of wish)→ optative of wish (amen-formula)γίνομαι (opt. γένοιτο): 'may it be / so be it'; renders אָמֵן / כֵּן; the volitive optative expressing assent and the wish for fulfilment — 'amen!'
οὕτωςsoadverb (with γένοιτο)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; γένοιτο οὕτως = 'so be it / may it be thus.'
πιστώσαιmay he confirmAor Act Opt 3 Sg · πιστόωmain verb (optative of wish)→ optative of wish (invoking divine ratification)πιστόω: 'confirm / make sure / establish'; renders אָמַן (Hiphil); Benaiah prays that YHWH himself ratify the king's word.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of πιστώσαι (divine name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: HERE the Tetragrammaton — 'may the LORD confirm'; the divine subject invoked to guarantee the succession; distinguished from the human ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς that follows.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; 'the LORD, the God of my lord the king' — the covenant deity who guarantees the Davidic dynasty.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive of relationship (human honorific)→ relational specificationκύριος: human-honorific 'my lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; 'the God OF my lord the king' — note the same word κύριος used in both senses within one verse.
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to κυρίου.
37

καθὼς ἦν κύριος μετὰ τοῦ κυρίου μου τοῦ βασιλέως οὕτως εἴη μετὰ Σαλωμων καὶ μεγαλύναι τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ ὑπὲρ τὸν θρόνον τοῦ κυρίου μου τοῦ βασιλέως Δαυιδ

As the LORD has been with my lord the king, so may he be with Solomon, and may he make his throne greater than the throne of my lord King David.

Benaiah's blessing continued (direct speech)καθὼς ἦν κύριος
Benaiah extends his amen into a dynastic blessing structured on καθὼς … οὕτως ('as … so'): as YHWH was with David, may he be with Solomon, and exalt his throne even higher. Here κύριος (ἦν κύριος μετά) is the Tetragrammaton; ὁ κύριός μου ὁ βασιλεύς (twice) is the human David. The wish for a throne 'greater than David's' anticipates Solomon's unrivaled glory (cf. 3 Kingdoms 3:13; 10:23).
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (correlative with οὕτως)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: cf. v. 30; correlated with οὕτως ('as … so').
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of comparative clause→ durative imperfect (sustained divine presence)εἰμί: 'be'; ἦν κύριος μετά ('the LORD was with') is the covenant-presence formula (cf. 1 Kingdoms 18:14), here recalling YHWH's lifelong favor toward David.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (divine name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: HERE the Tetragrammaton — 'the LORD was with my lord the king'; the divine subject, distinguished from the human ὁ κύριός μου that follows.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive object of μετά (human honorific)→ relational specificationκύριος: human-honorific 'my lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton.
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to κυρίου.
οὕτωςsoadverb (correlative with καθώς)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'so'; completing the comparison ('as … so').
εἴηmay he bePres Act Opt 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (optative of wish)→ optative of wishεἰμί (opt. εἴη): 'may he be'; the volitive optative expressing the wish that YHWH's presence accompany Solomon as it did David.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεγαλύναιmay he magnifyAor Act Opt 3 Sg · μεγαλύνωmain verb (optative of wish)→ optative of wishμεγαλύνω: 'make great / magnify / exalt'; renders גָּדַל (Piel); the wish that YHWH exalt Solomon's throne even above David's; the same verb recurs in the servants' blessing (v. 47).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θρόνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνονthroneAccusativedirect object of μεγαλύναι→ object specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; Solomon's throne, the object of the exaltation-wish.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Solomon's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Solomon's).
ὑπὲρabovepreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: 'above / beyond / more than'; comparative, 'greater than the throne of David.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θρόνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνονthroneAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ→ object specificationθρόνος: David's throne, the standard of comparison.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουlordGenitivegenitive of possession (human honorific)→ relational specificationκύριος: human-honorific 'my lord' (David).
μουmyGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive in apposition to κυρίου.
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive in apposition (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'King David.'
38

καὶ κατέβη Σαδωκ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ Ναθαν ὁ προφήτης καὶ Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε καὶ ὁ χερεθθι καὶ ὁ φελεθθι καὶ ἐπεκάθισαν τὸν Σαλωμων ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμίονον τοῦ βασιλέως Δαυιδ καὶ ἀπήγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν Γιων

And Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet and Benaiah son of Jehoiada and the Cherethites and the Pelethites went down, and they set Solomon upon king David's mule and led him away to Gihon.

Execution of the decree: procession to Gihon (narrative)καὶ κατέβη Σαδωκ ὁ ἱερεὺς
The officers carry out David's orders exactly (cf. v. 33). The royal bodyguard — the Cherethites (χερεθθι) and Pelethites (φελεθθι), Benaiah's elite foreign mercenaries — accompany the procession, providing the armed security that ensures the coronation cannot be reversed.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (singular with compound subject)→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: cf. v. 25; the singular verb with a compound subject (a common Hebraizing/Greek agreement) — the party descends to Gihon.
ΣαδωκZadoksubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαθανNathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with προφήτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativenominative in apposition to Ναθαν→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιαςBenaiahNominativesubject (declinable name, nominative)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: cf. v. 8; declined; commander of the bodyguard named next.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαναιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
ΙωδαεJehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with χερεθθι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερεθθιCherethitessubject (indeclinable transliterated term)→ clausal contributionχερεθθι: transliteration of Hebrew כְּרֵתִי, the Cherethites — foreign (likely Cretan/Philistine) mercenaries forming part of David's royal bodyguard under Benaiah (2 Kingdoms 8:18; 20:23); indeclinable, used collectively.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with φελεθθι)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φελεθθιPelethitessubject (indeclinable transliterated term)→ clausal contributionφελεθθι: transliteration of Hebrew פְּלֵתִי, the Pelethites — the second corps of David's foreign bodyguard, paired always with the Cherethites; indeclinable, used collectively.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκάθισανthey setAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπικαθίζωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπικαθίζω: 'set / seat upon'; renders רָכַב (Hiphil); executing David's command ἐπιβιβάσατε (v. 33) — they mount Solomon on the royal mule; recurs at v. 44.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position onto).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμίονον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίονονmuleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἡμίονος: cf. v. 33; the king's mule, the symbol of designated succession.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession ('king David's mule')→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of possession ('king David's mule').
ΔαυιδDavidgenitive in apposition (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'king David's.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγαγονled awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπάγω: 'lead away / conduct'; renders הוֹלִיךְ; the procession conducts Solomon to Gihon, fulfilling καταγάγετε (v. 33).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Γιων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓιωνGihonaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓιων: cf. v. 33; indeclinable; the coronation site.
39

καὶ ἔλαβεν Σαδωκ ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ κέρας τοῦ ἐλαίου ἐκ τῆς σκηνῆς καὶ ἔχρισεν τὸν Σαλωμων καὶ ἐσάλπισεν τῇ κερατίνῃ καὶ εἶπεν πᾶς ὁ λαός ζήτω ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων

And Zadok the priest took the horn of oil from the tent and anointed Solomon; and he blew the trumpet, and all the people said, 'Long live King Solomon!'

The anointing of Solomon (narrative climax)καὶ ἔλαβεν Σαδωκ ὁ ἱερεὺς
The coronation reaches its climax: Zadok anoints Solomon with oil from the horn taken ἐκ τῆς σκηνῆς ('from the tent', the sacred tent housing the ark in Jerusalem). The trumpet sounds and the whole people raise the acclamation ζήτω ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων — fulfilling David's decree (v. 34) and decisively eclipsing Adonijah's rival cry (v. 25).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: cf. v. 33; Zadok takes the anointing oil.
ΣαδωκZadoksubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: cf. v. 8; indeclinable; the anointing priest.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: cf. v. 8.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with κέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέραςhornAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationκέρας: 'horn'; renders קֶרֶן; the horn-flask of anointing oil; cf. 1 Kingdoms 16:13 (Samuel anointing David with a horn of oil).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐλαίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐλαίουoilGenitivegenitive of content ('horn of oil')→ relational specificationἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; renders שֶׁמֶן; the holy anointing oil that consecrates the king.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with σκηνῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνῆςtentGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל; the sacred tent David pitched for the ark in Jerusalem (2 Kingdoms 6:17); the oil's holy origin sanctifies the anointing.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχρισενanointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · χρίωmain verb→ constative aoristχρίω: cf. v. 34; the decisive act — Solomon is now the LORD's anointed (χριστός), king over Israel.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσάλπισενblewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σαλπίζωmain verb→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: cf. v. 34; the trumpet-blast publicly proclaiming the new king.
τῇtheDativearticle (with κερατίνῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κερατίνῃtrumpetDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceκερατίνη: cf. v. 34; the ram's-horn trumpet (shophar).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (singular with collective subject)→ constative aoristλέγω: the singular verb with the collective subject πᾶς ὁ λαός ('all the people'), a regular agreement; introduces the popular acclamation.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole assembled people.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceλαός: cf. Exodus exemplar; 'all the people', the popular ratification of Solomon's kingship.
ζήτωlong livePres Act Impv 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (acclamation: jussive)→ imperatival/optative force ('may he live!')ζάω (impv. ζήτω): cf. v. 25; now the whole nation's acclamation of Solomon, fulfilling v. 34.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ζήτω→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'Long live King Solomon!'
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
40

καὶ ἀνέβη πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐχόρευον ἐν χοροῖς καὶ εὐφραινόμενοι εὐφροσύνην μεγάλην καὶ ἐρράγη ἡ γῆ ἐν τῇ φωνῇ αὐτῶν

And all the people went up after him, and they danced in dances and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth was split by their sound.

Popular jubilation (narrative)καὶ ἀνέβη πᾶς ὁ λαὸς
The people's exuberant response is described in three coordinated clauses: they go up after Solomon, dance, and rejoice with the cognate-accusative εὐφραινόμενοι εὐφροσύνην μεγάλην ('rejoicing a great joy', a Hebraism). The hyperbole ἐρράγη ἡ γῆ ('the earth was split') conveys the deafening volume of acclaim — a sound that will reach Adonijah's feast in v. 41. ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ here means literal procession behind Solomon.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (singular with collective subject)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; the people go back up (from Gihon to the city) in triumphal procession behind the new king.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole people.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαός: cf. v. 39; the rejoicing populace.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (procession behind)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after / behind'; here literal — the people process behind Solomon (not the allegiance-idiom of vv. 7–8).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐχόρευονthey dancedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · χορεύωmain verb (durative imperfect)→ durative imperfect (sustained celebration)χορεύω: 'dance / celebrate in a chorus'; the imperfect depicts ongoing festal dancing; with the cognate ἐν χοροῖς it forms a Hebraizing figure.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner/instrument).
χοροῖςdancesDativedative (cognate with ἐχόρευον: 'danced in dances')→ sphere or referenceχορός: 'dance / round-dance / festal chorus'; renders מָחוֹל; ἐχόρευον ἐν χοροῖς ('danced in dances') is a cognate Hebraizing expression of exuberant celebration.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐφραινόμενοιrejoicingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · εὐφραίνωparticiple of attendant circumstance→ durative present participle (accompanying celebration)εὐφραίνω (mid./pass.): 'rejoice / make merry'; renders שָׂמַח; the participle with the cognate εὐφροσύνην forms a Hebraizing figura etymologica ('rejoicing a great joy').
εὐφροσύνηνjoyAccusativecognate accusative (with εὐφραινόμενοι)→ object specificationεὐφροσύνη: 'gladness / joy'; the cognate accusative intensifying the verb — 'rejoicing with great joy', calquing the Hebrew infinitive-absolute-like construction.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying εὐφροσύνην)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great'; intensifies the joy; the magnitude of celebration matches the magnitude of the event.
καὶso thatnarrative conjunction (consecutive in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'so that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρράγηwas splitAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ῥήγνυμιmain verb (hyperbole)→ constative aorist (hyperbolic result)ῥήγνυμι (aor. pass. ἐρράγη): 'break / burst / split / rend'; renders בָּקַע; the hyperbole 'the earth was split by their sound' conveys the overwhelming volume of acclamation — audible even at distant En-rogel (v. 41).
ἡtheNominativearticle (with γῆ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆearthNominativesubject of ἐρράγη→ participant prominenceγῆ: 'earth / land / ground'; the subject of the hyperbolic splitting.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (cause/instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: here causal/instrumental, 'by/at their sound', a Hebraizing use of בְּ.
τῇtheDativearticle (with φωνῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῇsound / voiceDativedative of cause/instrument→ sphere or referenceφωνή: 'voice / sound / noise'; renders קוֹל; the roar of the celebrating crowd; the same word frames Joab's alarmed question in v. 41.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
41

καὶ ἤκουσεν Αδωνιας καὶ πάντες οἱ κλητοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ αὐτοὶ συνετέλεσαν φαγεῖν καὶ ἤκουσεν Ιωαβ τὴν φωνὴν τῆς κερατίνης καὶ εἶπεν τίς ἡ φωνὴ τῆς πόλεως ἠχούσης

And Adonijah and all his guests heard it, just as they had finished eating; and Joab heard the sound of the trumpet and said, 'What is the sound of the city in uproar?'

The rival feast hears the noise (narrative reversal)καὶ ἤκουσεν Αδωνιας
The scene cuts to En-rogel at the exact moment Adonijah's banquet ends. The sound of Solomon's coronation intrudes. The repeated ἤκουσεν ('heard') and the keyword φωνή link back to v. 40; Joab, the seasoned soldier, instantly senses danger, asking τίς ἡ φωνὴ τῆς πόλεως ἠχούσης ('what is this sound of the city in uproar?'), and the genitive absolute ἠχούσης stresses the tumult.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (singular with compound subject)→ constative aoristἀκούω: cf. v. 11; the noise of the coronation reaches Adonijah's company.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (with κλητοί)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; all the invited guests.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with κλητοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλητοὶguestsNominativesubject (substantival adjective)→ participant prominenceκλητός: 'called / invited'; substantivized 'the invited ones / guests'; renders הַקְּרֻאִים; Adonijah's banquet guests, recurring at v. 49.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶnownarrative conjunction (circumstantial)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'they'; introduces the circumstantial note about the timing — they had just finished the feast.
συνετέλεσανhad finishedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συντελέωmain verb→ constative aorist (completed action)συντελέω: 'complete / finish'; renders כָּלָה; the banquet had just ended — the news arrives at the worst moment, as celebration turns to dread.
φαγεῖνeatingAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωcomplementary infinitive (with συνετέλεσαν)→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω (aor. inf. φαγεῖν): 'to eat'; the complementary infinitive 'finished eating'; the suppletive aorist of ἐσθίω.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκούω: cf. above; Joab specifically hears the trumpet.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: cf. v. 7; indeclinable; the soldier first to recognize the alarm.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with φωνήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴνsoundAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσεν→ object specificationφωνή: cf. v. 40; here 'the sound of the trumpet.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with κερατίνης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κερατίνηςtrumpetGenitivegenitive (with φωνήν: 'sound of the trumpet')→ relational specificationκερατίνη: cf. v. 34; the coronation trumpet, its sound now ominous to the rival party.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Joab's alarmed question.
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'what / why'; here 'what is the meaning of...?'
ἡtheNominativearticle (with φωνή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνὴsoundNominativesubject of the nominal question→ participant prominenceφωνή: cf. v. 40; 'the sound of the city' — Joab senses an extraordinary event.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with πόλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute participle (and with φωνή)→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; renders עִיר; Jerusalem, ringing with the coronation tumult.
ἠχούσηςin uproarPres Act Ptcp Gen Fem Sg · ἠχέωparticiple (genitive absolute/attributive with πόλεως)→ durative present participle (ongoing tumult)ἠχέω: 'sound / resound / be in uproar'; the participle τῆς πόλεως ἠχούσης ('the city resounding / in uproar') describes the city in commotion; cf. the cognate verb at v. 45.
42

ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος καὶ ἰδοὺ Ιωναθαν υἱὸς Αβιαθαρ τοῦ ἱερέως ἦλθεν καὶ εἶπεν Αδωνιας εἴσελθε ὅτι ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως εἶ σύ καὶ ἀγαθὰ εὐαγγέλισαι

While he was still speaking, behold, Jonathan son of Abiathar the priest arrived; and Adonijah said, 'Come in, for you are a worthy man, and you bring good news.'

Jonathan the messenger arrives (narrative)ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος
The same 'still speaking' genitive absolute (ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος) that staged Nathan's entrance (vv. 14, 22) now stages Jonathan's. Adonijah's wishful greeting — ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως εἶ ('you are a worthy man') who brings ἀγαθά ('good news') — is dramatically ironic: the news will be catastrophic for him.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἔτιstilltemporal adverb (with genitive absolute)→ clausal contributionἔτι: cf. vv. 14, 22; 'while he was still speaking.'
αὐτοῦheGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute participle→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): subject of the genitive absolute (Joab).
λαλοῦντοςspeakingPres Act Ptcp Gen Masc Sg · λαλέωparticiple of genitive absolute→ durative present participle (action in progress)λαλέω: cf. vv. 14, 22; the genitive absolute setting the timing of Jonathan's arrival.
καὶthenapodotic καί (after temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί after the genitive absolute (Hebraism), with ἰδού.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; dramatizes the messenger's sudden appearance.
ΙωναθανJonathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹנָתָן; son of the priest Abiathar; a courier in David's service (cf. 2 Kingdoms 15:27, 36; 17:17); indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωναθαν→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Abiathar.'
ΑβιαθαρAbiathargenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: cf. v. 7; indeclinable; ironically Jonathan, son of Adonijah's own backer, brings the ruinous news.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἱερέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriestGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αβιαθαρ→ relational specificationἱερεύς: cf. v. 7.
ἦλθενarrivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: cf. v. 22; Jonathan's arrival at the feast.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Adonijah's greeting.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
εἴσελθεcome inAor Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeεἰσέρχομαι: cf. v. 13; Adonijah welcomes the courier in.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; gives the reason for the welcome.
ἀνὴρmanNominativepredicate noun (with εἶ)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως ('a man of worth / valor') renders אִישׁ חַיִל, an idiom for a capable, honorable man; Adonijah assumes such a man brings good tidings.
δυνάμεωςof worthGenitivegenitive of quality (with ἀνήρ)→ relational specificationδύναμις: cf. v. 19; here in the idiom ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως ('man of valor/worth'), a genitive of quality; cf. the same phrase υἱὸς δυνάμεως at v. 52.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'are'; the copula of the predication 'you are a worthy man.'
σύyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'; reinforcing the flattering address.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsAccusativedirect object of εὐαγγέλισαι→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good'; substantivized neuter plural 'good things / good news'; renders טוֹב; the object of the announcing — ironically the opposite of what Jonathan reports.
εὐαγγέλισαιyou bring good newsAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · εὐαγγελίζωmain verb (imperative/jussive)→ aorist middle imperative ('announce good news!')εὐαγγελίζω (mid.): 'bring/announce good news'; renders בִּשַּׂר; Adonijah confidently presumes Jonathan carries glad tidings — heavy dramatic irony given the catastrophic report to come.
43

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Ιωναθαν καὶ εἶπεν καὶ μάλα ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ ἐβασίλευσεν τὸν Σαλωμων

And Jonathan answered and said, 'On the contrary! Our lord King David has made Solomon king.'

Jonathan's devastating report (direct speech)καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Ιωναθαν
Jonathan's blunt reply shatters Adonijah's hope. The emphatic καὶ μάλα ('on the contrary! / indeed!') corrects the false expectation of 'good news.' ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ is human-honorific. The causative ἐβασίλευσεν τὸν Σαλωμων ('made Solomon king') reports the accomplished fact.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: cf. v. 28; Jonathan's reply.
ΙωναθανJonathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωναθαν: cf. v. 42; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: completes the 'answered and said' formula.
καὶon the contraryparticle (with μάλα: strong asseveration/correction)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here in the emphatic combination καὶ μάλα ('indeed / quite so / on the contrary'), correcting Adonijah's false hope — rendering Hebrew אֲבָל ('truly / however').
μάλαindeedintensive adverb (with καί)→ clausal contributionμάλα: 'very / indeed / certainly'; the emphatic καὶ μάλα signals an emphatic, corrective 'quite the opposite!'
ὁtheNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριοςlordNominativesubject (human honorific)→ participant prominenceκύριος: human-honorific 'our lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν ὁ βασιλεὺς Δαυιδ.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as nominative in apposition to κύριος.
ΔαυιδDavidnominative in apposition (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable.
ἐβασίλευσενhas made kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (causative/transitive use)→ constative aorist (causative: 'made king')βασιλεύω: cf. v. 5; here transitive/causative with the accusative τὸν Σαλωμων ('made Solomon king'), the Hiphil-sense (הִמְלִיךְ); the verb that framed Adonijah's boast now reports Solomon's installation by David.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable; the one whom David has made king.
44

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ τὸν Σαδωκ τὸν ἱερέα καὶ Ναθαν τὸν προφήτην καὶ Βαναιαν υἱὸν Ιωδαε καὶ τὸν χερεθθι καὶ τὸν φελεθθι καὶ ἐπεκάθισαν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμίονον τοῦ βασιλέως

And the king sent with him Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet and Benaiah son of Jehoiada and the Cherethites and the Pelethites, and they set him upon the king's mule.

Jonathan reports the coronation details (direct speech)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς
Jonathan recounts the events of vv. 38–39 to prove the report: David dispatched the full legitimating delegation (priest, prophet, commander, bodyguard) who mounted Solomon on the royal mule. The detailed witness leaves Adonijah no room for doubt.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; David sent the official delegation with Solomon.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; 'with him' (Solomon).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σαδωκ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαδωκZadokdirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ object specificationἱερεύς: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαθανNathandirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with προφήτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηνprophetAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ναθαν→ object specificationπροφήτης: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιανBenaiahAccusativedirect object (declinable name, accusative)→ object specificationΒαναιας (acc. Βαναιαν): cf. v. 8; declined.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βαναιαν→ object specificationυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
ΙωδαεJehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with χερεθθι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χερεθθιCherethitesdirect object (indeclinable transliterated term)→ clausal contributionχερεθθι: cf. v. 38; indeclinable; the royal bodyguard.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with φελεθθι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φελεθθιPelethitesdirect object (indeclinable transliterated term)→ clausal contributionφελεθθι: cf. v. 38; indeclinable; the second bodyguard corps.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκάθισανthey setAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπικαθίζωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπικαθίζω: cf. v. 38; they mounted Solomon on the royal mule.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position onto).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμίονον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμίονονmuleAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἡμίονος: cf. v. 33; the king's mule, the sign of designated succession.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession ('the king's mule')→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of possession ('the king's mule').
45

καὶ ἔχρισαν αὐτὸν Σαδωκ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ Ναθαν ὁ προφήτης εἰς βασιλέα ἐν τῷ Γιων καὶ ἀνέβησαν ἐκεῖθεν εὐφραινόμενοι καὶ ἤχησεν ἡ πόλις αὕτη ἡ φωνή ἣν ἠκούσατε

And Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anointed him king at Gihon, and they went up from there rejoicing, and the city resounded — this is the sound that you heard.

Jonathan reports the anointing and the source of the noise (direct speech)καὶ ἔχρισαν αὐτὸν
Jonathan completes the report (cf. vv. 39–40): the anointing at Gihon, the rejoicing ascent, and the resounding city — explicitly identifying the uproar as the very sound Joab heard (ἣν ἠκούσατε). The keyword chain φωνή/ἠχέω closes the loop with v. 41, confirming the irreversible accession.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχρισανanointedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · χρίωmain verb→ constative aoristχρίω: cf. v. 39; the anointing, here reported by Jonathan.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ΣαδωκZadoksubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: cf. v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΝαθανNathansubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: cf. v. 8; indeclinable.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with προφήτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativenominative in apposition to Ναθαν→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: cf. v. 8.
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as king')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative 'as king'; cf. v. 34.
βασιλέαkingAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς)→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'as king', the office into which Solomon was anointed.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: 'in / at'; ἐν τῷ Γιων = 'at Gihon.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with Γιων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓιωνGihondative object of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓιων: cf. v. 33; indeclinable; the legitimate coronation site.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβησανthey went upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: cf. v. 40; the triumphal ascent from Gihon back to the city.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there / thence'; i.e., from Gihon.
εὐφραινόμενοιrejoicingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · εὐφραίνωparticiple of attendant circumstance→ durative present participleεὐφραίνω (mid./pass.): cf. v. 40; the rejoicing that accompanies the procession back up.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤχησενresoundedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἠχέωmain verb→ constative aoristἠχέω: cf. v. 41 (ἠχούσης); 'the city resounded' — the same uproar Joab heard, now explained.
ἡtheNominativearticle (with πόλις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλιςcityNominativesubject of ἤχησεν→ participant prominenceπόλις: cf. v. 41; Jerusalem ringing with the acclamation.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative (resumptive: 'this is the sound')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; here the demonstrative αὕτη with ἡ φωνή identifies the noise — 'this (is) the sound...'; the syntax is somewhat loose (a Hebraizing identification).
ἡtheNominativearticle (with φωνή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνήsoundNominativesubject/predicate in identifying clause→ participant prominenceφωνή: cf. v. 40; explicitly identified as the sound Joab heard.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἠκούσατε)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; 'which you heard', linking the explanation to Joab's question of v. 41.
ἠκούσατεyou heardAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀκούωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: cf. v. 41; the sound the feasters heard, now named as Solomon's coronation acclaim.
46

καὶ ἐκάθισεν Σαλωμων ἐπὶ θρόνον τῆς βασιλείας

And Solomon has taken his seat upon the throne of the kingdom.

Jonathan reports the enthronement (direct speech)καὶ ἐκάθισεν Σαλωμων
A terse, decisive statement: Solomon now sits ἐπὶ θρόνον τῆς βασιλείας ('on the royal throne'). The fulfilment of the throne-succession motif (vv. 13, 17, 35) is reported as accomplished fact — the kingship is settled.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενhas taken his seatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aorist (accomplished enthronement)καθίζω: 'sit / take one's seat / be enthroned'; the aorist reports the completed act — Solomon is now enthroned; the throne-sitting motif of the chapter reaches its fulfilment.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'upon'; with θρόνον in the accusative (motion-onto sense, 'took his seat upon').
θρόνονthroneAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; here 'the throne of the kingdom' — the royal seat of authority.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλείας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαςkingdomGenitivegenitive of relationship ('throne of the kingdom')→ relational specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship / royal rule'; renders מַמְלָכָה / מַלְכוּת; θρόνος τῆς βασιλείας = 'the royal throne', the seat of sovereign power Solomon now occupies.
47

καὶ εἰσῆλθον οἱ δοῦλοι τοῦ βασιλέως εὐλογῆσαι τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν τὸν βασιλέα Δαυιδ λέγοντες ἀγαθύναι ὁ θεὸς τὸ ὄνομα Σαλωμων τοῦ υἱοῦ σου ὑπὲρ τὸ ὄνομά σου καὶ μεγαλύναι τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ ὑπὲρ τὸν θρόνον σου καὶ προσεκύνησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ τὴν κοίτην αὐτοῦ

And the servants of the king have come in to bless our lord King David, saying, 'May God make the name of Solomon your son better than your name, and may he make his throne greater than your throne'; and the king bowed himself upon his bed.

Jonathan reports the courtiers' blessing and David's worship (direct speech)καὶ εἰσῆλθον οἱ δοῦλοι
Jonathan adds the royal servants' blessing of David, echoing Benaiah's (v. 37) with the verbs ἀγαθύναι and μεγαλύναι ('make better / make greater'). Here ὁ θεός and ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν are distinguished — God blesses, David is the human lord. David's bowing 'upon his bed' (προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὴν κοίτην) is an act of worship/thanksgiving from the frail king, leading into his doxology in v. 48.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθονhave come inAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: cf. v. 13; the king's servants enter to congratulate David.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with δοῦλοι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλοιservantsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: cf. v. 19; the royal officials/courtiers.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive of relationship.
εὐλογῆσαιto blessAor Act Inf · εὐλογέωinfinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateεὐλογέω: 'bless / speak well of'; renders בָּרַךְ; the infinitive of purpose — they came to congratulate/bless the king.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονlordAccusativedirect object of εὐλογῆσαι (human honorific)→ object specificationκύριος: human-honorific 'our lord' (David), NOT the Tetragrammaton; τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν τὸν βασιλέα Δαυιδ.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive (possessive)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (possessive).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative in apposition to κύριον.
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative in apposition (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: introduces the servants' blessing.
ἀγαθύναιmay he make betterAor Act Opt 3 Sg · ἀγαθύνωmain verb (optative of wish)→ optative of wishἀγαθύνω: 'make good / make better / prosper'; renders יָטַב (Hiphil); the wish that God make Solomon's renown surpass even David's.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of ἀγαθύναι (divine name)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the divine subject of the blessing (a designation of the deity, distinct from the human κύριος of this verse).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἀγαθύναι→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name / renown / reputation'; renders שֵׁם; 'name' here connotes fame and honor — may Solomon's renown exceed David's.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable; 'the name of Solomon.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with υἱοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σαλωμων→ relational specificationυἱός: 'your son', addressing David.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ὑπὲρabovepreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: cf. v. 37; 'better than / above your name.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομάnameAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ→ object specificationὄνομα: David's name/renown, the standard of comparison.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μεγαλύναιmay he make greaterAor Act Opt 3 Sg · μεγαλύνωmain verb (optative of wish)→ optative of wishμεγαλύνω: cf. v. 37; the wish that God exalt Solomon's throne above David's, echoing Benaiah's blessing.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θρόνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνονthroneAccusativedirect object of μεγαλύναι→ object specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; Solomon's throne.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Solomon's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Solomon's).
ὑπὲρabovepreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: 'above / greater than'; cf. v. 37.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θρόνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνονthroneAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ→ object specificationθρόνος: David's throne, the standard of comparison.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενbowed himselfAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: cf. v. 16; here David's own act of worship/thanksgiving to God (bowing on his bed), not homage to another — the dying king reverences the LORD who secured his succession.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κοίτην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοίτηνbedAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκοίτη: 'bed / couch'; renders מִשְׁכָּב; the frail David worships from his sickbed — a poignant image of the dying king's gratitude.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
48

καί γε οὕτως εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς εὐλογητὸς κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ὃς ἔδωκεν σήμερον ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματός μου καθήμενον ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου βλέπουσιν

And moreover the king said thus, 'Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel, who has given today one of my seed sitting upon my throne, while my own eyes see it.'

Jonathan reports David's doxology (direct speech within report)καί γε οὕτως εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς
The climax of Jonathan's report: David's doxology. The benediction εὐλογητὸς κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ('Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel') uses κύριος as the Tetragrammaton. David thanks God for granting a successor 'of my seed' on the throne while his own eyes still behold it (οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου βλέπουσιν) — a fulfilled dynastic promise (cf. 2 Kingdoms 7). The report of this praise seals Adonijah's defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καίandconjunction (with γε: 'and moreover')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεmoreoveremphatic particle (with καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: emphatic enclitic; καί γε ('and moreover / and indeed') renders וְגַם, adding David's further words; cf. v. 6.
οὕτωςthusadverb (with εἶπεν)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; introducing the manner/content of David's speech.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces David's doxology (reported by Jonathan).
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
εὐλογητὸςblessedNominativepredicate adjective (benediction formula)→ participant prominenceεὐλογητός: 'blessed / worthy of praise'; renders בָּרוּךְ; the standard benediction-formula εὐλογητὸς κύριος ('Blessed be the LORD'), a doxological exclamation.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of the benediction (divine name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: HERE the Tetragrammaton — 'Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel'; the object of David's praise, not the human-honorific use.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative in apposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; 'the God of Israel', the covenant deity who fulfills the dynastic promise.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: cf. v. 3; indeclinable; 'the God of Israel.'
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔδωκεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the ground of the blessing.
ἔδωκενhas givenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (an accomplished gift)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; God has granted a successor — the fulfilment of the Davidic promise (2 Kingdoms 7:12–16).
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: cf. v. 25; 'this very day' — the promise fulfilled within David's own lifetime.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + gen.: 'from / of'; 'one from my seed', i.e., a descendant.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with σπέρματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματόςseedGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / descendant'; renders זֶרַע; 'of my seed' — Solomon as David's dynastic heir, key term of the covenant promise (2 Kingdoms 7:12).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καθήμενονsittingPres Mid Ptcp Acc Masc Sg · κάθημαιparticiple (object of ἔδωκεν: 'gave one sitting')→ durative present participleκάθημαι: cf. v. 17; the substantival participle 'one sitting (on my throne)' — the gift God gave is a descendant enthroned; the throne-motif fulfilled.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: cf. v. 13; David's throne, now occupied by his seed.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶwhilenarrative conjunction (circumstantial)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'while'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ὀφθαλμοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοίeyesNominativesubject of βλέπουσιν→ participant prominenceὀφθαλμός: cf. v. 20; 'my eyes see it' — David's joy at witnessing the fulfilment before his death.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
βλέπουσινseePres Act Indic 3 Pl · βλέπωmain verb→ descriptive present (present witnessing)βλέπω: 'see / behold'; the present tense stresses David's living, present witnessing of the promise's fulfilment — he sees his successor enthroned with his own eyes.
49

καὶ ἐξέστησαν καὶ ἐξανέστησαν πάντες οἱ κλητοὶ τοῦ Αδωνιου καὶ ἀπῆλθον ἀνὴρ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ

And all the guests of Adonijah were terrified and rose up, and each man went off on his own way.

The feast disperses in panic (narrative)καὶ ἐξέστησαν
Adonijah's coalition collapses instantly. The paronomastic pair ἐξέστησαν … ἐξανέστησαν ('were terrified … rose up') and the distributive ἀπῆλθον ἀνὴρ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ ('each man went his own way', a Hebraism, אִישׁ לְדַרְכּוֹ) depict the abrupt scattering of the would-be king's supporters.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέστησανwere terrifiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξίστημιmain verb→ ingressive aorist (fell into terror)ἐξίστημι: 'be amazed / be beside oneself / be terrified'; the intransitive aorist; the guests are thrown into panic by the news — wordplay with ἐξανέστησαν following.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξανέστησανrose upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξανίστημιmain verb→ ingressive aoristἐξανίστημι: 'rise up / stand up'; the intransitive aorist; the guests spring up from the banquet to flee; the paronomasia ἐξέστησαν/ἐξανέστησαν heightens the sense of sudden upheaval.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (with κλητοί)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the entire company.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with κλητοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κλητοὶguestsNominativesubject (substantival adjective)→ participant prominenceκλητός: cf. v. 41; Adonijah's invited guests.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Αδωνιου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδωνιουAdonijahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; genitive form Αδωνιου)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας (gen. Αδωνιου): cf. v. 7; transliterated proper name (kind x); 'Adonijah's guests.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθονwent offAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; renders הָלַךְ; the guests scatter, abandoning Adonijah.
ἀνὴρeach manNominativedistributive apposition to the subject ('each man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; here distributive 'each man' (אִישׁ), in the idiom ἀνὴρ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ ('each on his own way'), a Hebraism for total dispersal.
εἰςonpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁδόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδὸνwayAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; 'each on his own way' — every guest flees in his own direction.
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
50

καὶ Αδωνιας ἐφοβήθη ἀπὸ προσώπου Σαλωμων καὶ ἀνέστη καὶ ἀπῆλθεν καὶ ἐπελάβετο τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου

And Adonijah was afraid before Solomon, and he rose up and went off and laid hold of the horns of the altar.

Adonijah flees to the altar (narrative)καὶ Αδωνιας ἐφοβήθη
Abandoned, Adonijah fears Solomon's reprisal. The idiom ἐφοβήθη ἀπὸ προσώπου ('feared from before the face of') is a Hebraism (יָרֵא מִפְּנֵי). He seizes the horns of the altar (τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου), claiming the ancient right of sanctuary (cf. Exod 21:14) — a desperate bid for asylum from the new king.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
ἐφοβήθηwas afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (became afraid)φοβέω (pass.): 'fear / be afraid'; renders יָרֵא; with ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from before the face of') it is a Hebraism for terror of a person; Adonijah dreads Solomon's vengeance.
ἀπὸbeforepreposition + genitive (in the idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: in ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from before / on account of'), a Hebraizing rendering of מִפְּנֵי.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive in the prepositional idiom (with ἀπό)→ spatial or relational framingπρόσωπον: cf. v. 23; ἀπὸ προσώπου Σαλωμων = 'before Solomon / from Solomon's presence', the object of Adonijah's fear.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable; the new king Adonijah fears.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηrose upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise / stand up'; the intransitive aorist; Adonijah rises to flee.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενwent offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: cf. v. 49; Adonijah departs — to the altar for refuge.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπελάβετοlaid hold ofAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιλαμβάνωmain verb (middle + genitive)→ constative aoristἐπιλαμβάνω (mid.): 'take hold of / grasp'; the middle takes a genitive object; Adonijah grasps the altar-horns, the classic gesture of seeking sanctuary.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with κεράτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεράτωνhornsGenitivegenitive object of ἐπελάβετο→ relational specificationκέρας: cf. v. 39 (κέρας of oil); here the projecting 'horns' at the four corners of the altar (Exod 27:2); grasping them claimed asylum (cf. Exod 21:14; 1 Kings 2:28).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of relationship ('horns of the altar')→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the altar (likely at the tent of v. 39) as a place of sacred refuge; the horns symbolized the altar's power and sanctuary.
51

καὶ ἀνηγγέλη τῷ Σαλωμων λέγοντες ἰδοὺ Αδωνιας ἐφοβήθη τὸν βασιλέα Σαλωμων καὶ κατέχει τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγων ὀμοσάτω μοι σήμερον ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων εἰ οὐ θανατώσει τὸν δοῦλον αὐτοῦ ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ

And it was reported to Solomon, 'Behold, Adonijah is afraid of King Solomon, and he is holding fast to the horns of the altar, saying, "Let King Solomon swear to me today that he will not put his servant to death by the sword."'

Adonijah's plea relayed to Solomon (narrative + embedded speech)καὶ ἀνηγγέλη τῷ Σαλωμων
Adonijah's situation is reported to Solomon. His demand for an oath of clemency (ὀμοσάτω … εἰ οὐ θανατώσει) uses the Hebraizing negative-oath construction εἰ οὐ ('that he will not' — εἰ in oaths negates strongly). He styles himself 'his servant' (τὸν δοῦλον αὐτοῦ), an act of submission acknowledging Solomon as king. θανατώσει … ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ specifies death by the sword, the typical fate of a defeated rival.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνηγγέληit was reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal passive)→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω (pass.): cf. v. 23; 'it was reported to Solomon.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative (indirect object; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable; here dative with the article τῷ — 'to Solomon.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple (introducing report; constructio ad sensum)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the masculine plural participle (the unnamed reporters), a constructio ad sensum after the impersonal passive ἀνηγγέλη — a Hebraizing way of introducing reported speech (לֵאמֹר).
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; presents the situation to Solomon.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑδωνιας: cf. v. 5; indeclinable.
ἐφοβήθηis afraid ofAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέωmain verb (with accusative object)→ constative/resultant aoristφοβέω (pass.): cf. v. 50; here transitive with the accusative τὸν βασιλέα ('fears King Solomon').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of ἐφοβήθη→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon is now styled 'King Solomon', his kingship recognized even by his rival.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέχειis holding fastPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατέχωmain verb (vivid present)→ descriptive present (ongoing grip)κατέχω: 'hold fast / cling to / seize'; the present tense vividly portrays Adonijah still clinging to the altar; with the genitive τῶν κεράτων ('holds fast to the horns').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with κεράτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεράτωνhornsGenitivegenitive object of κατέχει→ relational specificationκέρας: cf. v. 50; the altar-horns of refuge.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: cf. v. 50; the altar of sanctuary.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple (introducing Adonijah's demand)→ imperfective participle (pleonastic speech-marker)λέγω: introduces Adonijah's own words within the report.
ὀμοσάτωlet him swearAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb (third-person imperative)→ aorist imperative (demand for an oath)ὄμνυμι: cf. v. 13; Adonijah demands a sworn guarantee of safety from the new king.
μοιto meDativedative (indirect object)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): 'to me', the recipient of the requested oath.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: cf. v. 25; the oath is demanded at once, while Adonijah still holds the altar.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ὀμοσάτω→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'King Solomon', whose oath is sought.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
εἰthat...notparticle (Hebraizing negative-oath formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in oath-contexts εἰ (with οὐ) renders the Hebrew אִם of negative oaths, giving an emphatic negation ('[swear] that he will surely NOT put me to death'); a strong Hebraism.
οὐnotnegative particle (with the oath εἰ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negative; εἰ οὐ θανατώσει = 'that he will not kill', the negated content of the oath.
θανατώσειwill put to deathFut Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωverb of the oath-content→ predictive future (negated in oath)θανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; the action Adonijah seeks assurance against; cf. v. 52 (θανατωθήσεται).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλονservantAccusativedirect object of θανατώσει→ object specificationδοῦλος: cf. v. 19; Adonijah's self-designation 'his servant' — a submission acknowledging Solomon's sovereignty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Solomon's servant)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Solomon's servant).
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dat.: instrumental, 'by the sword' (a Hebraizing בְּ of means).
ῥομφαίᾳswordDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: 'sword / large blade'; renders חֶרֶב; the instrument of execution Adonijah fears — death by the sword being the fate of a defeated usurper.
52

καὶ εἶπεν Σαλωμων ἐὰν γένηται εἰς υἱὸν δυνάμεως εἰ πεσεῖται τῶν τριχῶν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐὰν κακία εὑρεθῇ ἐν αὐτῷ θανατωθήσεται

And Solomon said, 'If he proves to be a worthy man, not a hair of his shall fall to the ground; but if evil is found in him, he shall die.'

Solomon's conditional clemency (direct speech)καὶ εἶπεν Σαλωμων
Solomon's measured reply grants conditional pardon. The idiom υἱὸς δυνάμεως ('son of valor / worthy man') matches Adonijah's earlier flattery of Jonathan (v. 42). The proverbial οὐ πεσεῖται … τῶν τριχῶν ('not a hair shall fall', here introduced by the oath-particle εἰ negating strongly) guarantees safety for good behavior; but ἐὰν κακία εὑρεθῇ ('if evil is found') leaves the door open for the execution carried out in 1 Kings 2:25.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Solomon's verdict.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable; the new king pronounces judgment, displaying early royal wisdom and restraint.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the first (favorable) condition with the subjunctive γένηται.
γένηταιhe provesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of conditional clause→ aorist subjunctive (future contingency)γίνομαι: 'become / prove to be'; γένηται εἰς υἱὸν δυνάμεως ('become / prove a worthy man') uses the Hebraizing εἰς + predicate (לְ); 'if he shows himself loyal and capable.'
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (predicative)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: predicative 'to be / as'; a Hebraizing לְ-construction with γίνομαι.
υἱὸνsonAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς)→ object specificationυἱός: in the idiom υἱὸς δυνάμεως ('son of valor / worthy man'), a Hebraism (בֶּן־חַיִל); cf. ἀνὴρ δυνάμεως at v. 42; Solomon picks up the very idiom of Adonijah's banquet.
δυνάμεωςof worthGenitivegenitive of quality (with υἱόν)→ relational specificationδύναμις: cf. v. 19; here 'of valor/worth' in the idiom 'son of valor.'
εἰsurely...notparticle (Hebraizing negative-oath formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: cf. v. 51; the oath-particle εἰ here gives an emphatic negation ('there shall surely NOT fall...'), rendering the Hebrew אִם of negative oaths.
πεσεῖταιshall fallFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (apodosis, negated by oath εἰ)→ predictive future (negated in oath)πίπτω: 'fall'; the proverbial 'not a hair shall fall to the ground' (cf. 1 Kingdoms 14:45; Luke 21:18; Acts 27:34) guarantees complete safety; the partitive genitive τῶν τριχῶν is the subject ('[none] of his hairs shall fall').
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with τριχῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριχῶνhairsGenitivepartitive genitive (subject of πεσεῖται: 'none of his hairs')→ relational specificationθρίξ (gen. pl. τριχῶν): 'hair'; renders שַׂעֲרָה; the partitive genitive in the idiom 'not [one] of his hairs shall fall' — a proverbial pledge of total protection.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: cf. v. 23; 'to the ground'; completing the proverbial expression of safety.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (contrastive in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the second (unfavorable) condition.
κακίαevilNominativesubject of εὑρεθῇ→ participant prominenceκακία: 'evil / wickedness / wrongdoing'; renders רָעָה; any treasonous or wicked act would void the clemency — the condition realized in 1 Kings 2.
εὑρεθῇis foundAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of conditional clause→ aorist passive subjunctive (future contingency)εὑρίσκω (pass.): cf. v. 3; 'if evil is found in him' — the conditional clause leaving Adonijah's fate dependent on his future conduct.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of ἐν.
θανατωθήσεταιhe shall dieFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (apodosis of second condition)→ predictive future (sentence of death)θανατόω (pass.): cf. v. 51; the passive 'he shall be put to death'; the conditional death-sentence ultimately executed at 1 Kings 2:25.
53

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων καὶ κατήνεγκεν αὐτὸν ἀπάνωθεν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ εἰσῆλθεν καὶ προσεκύνησεν τῷ βασιλεῖ Σαλωμων καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Σαλωμων δεῦρο εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου

And King Solomon sent and brought him down from the altar; and he came in and did obeisance to King Solomon, and Solomon said to him, 'Go to your house.'

Adonijah released and dismissed (narrative resolution)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων
The chapter closes with Adonijah's submission. Solomon has him brought down from the altar; Adonijah does obeisance (προσεκύνησεν), formally recognizing Solomon's kingship, and is dismissed with the curt δεῦρο εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου ('go to your house'). The reprieve is real but provisional (cf. v. 52), and the curtailed dismissal leaves the tension that erupts in 1 Kings 2. The repeated ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων / τῷ βασιλεῖ Σαλωμων underscores that Solomon, not Adonijah, is now king.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: cf. v. 44; Solomon sends men to fetch Adonijah from the altar.
ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'King Solomon' — the title now firmly Solomon's.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατήνεγκενbrought downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταφέρωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταφέρω: 'bring down / carry down'; Solomon's men bring Adonijah down from the altar where he had taken refuge.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἀπάνωθενfrom uponimproper preposition + genitive (separation from above)→ spatial or relational framingἀπάνωθεν: 'from above / down from'; renders מֵעַל; Adonijah is removed from the altar he was clinging to.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive object of ἀπάνωθεν→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: cf. v. 50; the altar of refuge, now left behind.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενhe came inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: cf. v. 13; Adonijah enters Solomon's presence.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενdid obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: cf. v. 16; Adonijah's homage formally submits to Solomon's kingship — the rival now bows to the king.
τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'King Solomon', to whom Adonijah submits.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative in apposition to βασιλεῖ (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Solomon's dismissal.
αὐτῷto himDativedative (indirect object)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (indirect object).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: cf. v. 10; indeclinable; the king who speaks the final word of the chapter.
δεῦροgoadverb-imperative ('go!')→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: cf. v. 12; here a command of dismissal, 'go / be off (to your house)'; the curt release leaves Adonijah on probation, setting up the events of 1 Kings 2.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; renders בַּיִת; 'to your house' — Adonijah is dismissed to private life under conditional clemency.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.