Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 2ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ Β′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

David charges Solomon, who secures the kingdom by judging Adonijah, Abiathar, Joab, and Shimei.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms (1 Kings) 2 follows the Rahlfs–Hanhart critical edition of the Septuagint (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. 3 Kingdoms is the LXX's designation for the book English Bibles call 1 Kings (ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′, 'Of Kingdoms, the Third'). Chapter 2 narrates David's deathbed charge to Solomon (vv. 1–9), David's death and the consolidation of Solomon's reign (vv. 10–12), and Solomon's systematic removal of his rivals: Adonijah, executed after seeking Abishag the Shunammite as wife (vv. 13–25); Abiathar the priest, deposed to Anathoth (vv. 26–27); Joab, slain at the horns of the altar by Benaiah son of Jehoiada (vv. 28–34); and Shimei son of Gera, confined to Jerusalem and later executed for crossing the Kidron (vv. 36–46). The chapter's most distinctive LXX feature is the so-called 'MISCELLANIES' — two long blocks of supplementary material with no equivalent in the Hebrew Masoretic Text, traditionally lettered 2:35a–o and 2:46a–l. In the present edition these pluses are run together within the long verses 35 and 46 (the source's editorial sub-letter markers, originally inserted as inline tags before each lettered unit, have been removed and are not annotated as words). The first miscellany (35a–o) gathers notices of Solomon's God-given wisdom 'as the sand by the sea,' his marriage to Pharaoh's daughter, his building of the temple, the walls of Jerusalem, the Millo (ἄκρα), and store-cities, his corvée labor of seventy thousand burden-bearers and eighty thousand quarrymen, his bronze sea and temple furnishings, and a doublet of David's charge concerning Shimei. The second miscellany (46a–l) summarizes Solomon's surpassing wisdom, the peace and prosperity of his realm where Judah and Israel dwelt secure 'each under his vine and his fig tree from Dan to Beersheba,' his lavish daily provisions, the roster of his chief officers, his forty thousand chariot-horses, and his dominion over all the kingdoms 'from the River to the border of Egypt.' This material the MT distributes across 1 Kings 3–5 and 9–10, so that 3 Kingdoms stands as a primary witness to a Hebrew Vorlage and an editorial arrangement differing markedly from the MT. Throughout the chapter κύριος renders the Tetragrammaton; David's charge employs the deuteronomistic idiom φυλάξεις τὴν φυλακὴν κυρίου ('you shall keep the charge of the LORD,' v. 3) and the dynastic-promise formula οὐκ ἐξολεθρευθήσεταί σοι ἀνήρ ('a man shall not be cut off from you,' v. 4).

1

καὶ ἤγγισαν αἱ ἡμέραι Δαυιδ ἀποθανεῖν αὐτόν καὶ ἐνετείλατο τῷ Σαλωμων υἱῷ αὐτοῦ λέγων

And the days of David drew near for him to die, and he gave a charge to Solomon his son, saying:

Narrative opening (death-bed scene, continuing from ch. 1)καὶ ἤγγισαν
The chapter opens with the deuteronomistic death-notice formula 'the days of X drew near to die' (cf. Gen 47:29 of Jacob; Deut 31:14 of Moses), framing David's charge as a patriarchal last testament. The Hebraizing articular-infinitive-with-accusative-subject construction ἀποθανεῖν αὐτόν renders Hebrew לָמוּת.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤγγισανdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐγγίζωmain verb→ constative aorist (settled fact of approaching death)ἐγγίζω: 'draw near / approach'; renders קָרַב; the idiom 'the days drew near to die' is a deuteronomistic death-notice formula (cf. Gen 47:29; Deut 31:14), casting David's words as a patriarchal testament.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the plural αἱ ἡμέραι ('the days') as a periphrasis for the span of one's life is a Hebraism (יְמֵי), here the close of David's lifetime.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a genitive ('the days of David').
ἀποθανεῖνto dieAor Act Inf · ἀποθνῄσκωepexegetical infinitive (with accusative subject αὐτόν)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the articular-infinitive-with-accusative-subject construction ἀποθανεῖν αὐτόν ('for him to die') is a Hebraism rendering לָמוּת, specifying the purpose/content of the drawing-near.
αὐτόνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἀποθανεῖν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative αὐτόν is the subject of the infinitive (accusative-and-infinitive), a Hebraizing redundancy with the implicit subject of ἤγγισαν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοhe charged / commandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (decisive testamentary act)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / enjoin'; renders צִוָּה; the deponent middle is standard; the verb introduces the formal deathbed charge (διαθήκη) that structures vv. 2–9.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Σαλωμων, dative recipient)→ noun-phrase markingThe dative article τῷ governs the indeclinable Σαλωμων, marking it as the dative recipient of the charge.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative recipient (indeclinable proper noun, case shown by article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה; treated as indeclinable in this passage, its case marked by the accompanying article (here dative τῷ).
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; in apposition to Solomon, stressing the dynastic father-to-son transmission of the charge.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing, Hebraism)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: the participle λέγων ('saying') introducing direct speech is a Hebraism calquing לֵאמֹר, ubiquitous in LXX narrative.
2

ἐγώ εἰμι πορεύομαι ἐν ὁδῷ πάσης τῆς γῆς καὶ ἰσχύσεις καὶ ἔσῃ εἰς ἄνδρα

I am going in the way of all the earth; so be strong and become a man.

Direct speech: David's exordium (the dying man's self-announcement)ἐγώ εἰμι πορεύομαι
David opens his charge with the euphemism for death 'I am going in the way of all the earth' (cf. Josh 23:14). The emphatic ἐγώ and the periphrastic-looking ἐγώ εἰμι πορεύομαι ('I myself am going') give solemn weight; the futures ἰσχύσεις … ἔσῃ are imperatival/predictive ('be strong … become'), echoing the encouragement-formula given to Joshua (Deut 31:23).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic first-person pronoun lends solemnity to David's self-announcement of his impending death.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula / existential (with following πορεύομαι, emphatic)→ stative present (divine self-attestation)εἰμί: here the juxtaposition ἐγώ εἰμι πορεύομαι ('I am — I am going') reflects the Hebrew הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי הֹלֵךְ ('behold, I am going'), an emphatic Hebraism for the dying man's announcement.
πορεύομαιam goingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (futuristic/processive present)→ futuristic present (imminent death viewed as journey already underway)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey / travel'; renders הָלַךְ; the euphemism 'I am going in the way of all the earth' (cf. Josh 23:14) names death as the universal road every mortal must walk.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative/manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative/manner).
ὁδῷwayDativedative of place (the 'way')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / journey'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; 'the way of all the earth' is a standard biblical euphemism for death (cf. Josh 23:14).
πάσηςallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying γῆς)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; here genitive πάσης modifying γῆς in the merism 'all the earth' = all mortals.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὁδῷ: 'way of the earth')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / land'; renders אֶרֶץ; 'the way of all the earth' denotes the common lot of mortality.
καὶand / socoordinate conjunction (consecutive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰσχύσειςyou shall be strongFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (exhortation: 'be strong!')ἰσχύω: 'be strong / prevail / have power'; renders חָזַק; the future with imperatival force echoes the encouragement-charge חֲזַק וֶאֱמָץ given to Joshua (Deut 31:23; Josh 1:6).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσῃyou shall be / becomeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (imperatival future, with εἰς + accusative predicate)→ imperatival future ('become a man!')εἰμί (fut.): the idiom ἔσῃ εἰς ἄνδρα ('be for a man / become a man') uses εἰς + accusative as a predicate complement, a Hebraism rendering הָיָה לְ; the exhortation calls Solomon to mature manhood and royal resolve.
εἰςinto / forpreposition + accusative (predicate complement, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with ἔσῃ forms the Hebraizing predicate 'become a man' (הָיָה לְאִישׁ).
ἄνδραa manAccusativeaccusative predicate complement (with εἰς)→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man / husband / warrior'; renders אִישׁ; here connoting mature, courageous manhood befitting a king.
3

καὶ φυλάξεις τὴν φυλακὴν κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου τοῦ πορεύεσθαι ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ φυλάσσειν τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ δικαιώματα καὶ τὰ κρίματα τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν νόμῳ Μωυσέως ἵνα συνίῃς ἃ ποιήσεις κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἂν ἐντείλωμαί σοι

And you shall keep the charge of the LORD your God, to walk in his ways, to keep his commandments and the ordinances and the judgments that are written in the law of Moses, that you may understand what you shall do in all things, whatever I command you;

Direct speech: the central religious charge (deuteronomistic core)καὶ φυλάξεις
The heart of David's testament is cast in dense deuteronomistic language: the cognate figure φυλάξεις τὴν φυλακήν ('keep the keeping/charge'), the threefold object 'commandments, ordinances, judgments' (ἐντολάς … δικαιώματα … κρίματα), and the appeal to 'the law of Moses' (νόμῳ Μωυσέως). Two anarthrous-genitive infinitives (τοῦ πορεύεσθαι … φυλάσσειν) specify the content of covenant-keeping, and the ἵνα-clause states its goal: success (συνίῃς, 'that you may prosper/understand') in all Solomon undertakes.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative/coordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φυλάξειςyou shall keepFut Act Indic 2 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (covenant injunction)φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep / observe'; renders שָׁמַר; with its cognate object φυλακήν forms the deuteronomistic idiom שָׁמַר מִשְׁמֶרֶת ('keep the charge of'), the technical term for covenant fidelity to YHWH (cf. Deut 11:1; Lev 18:30).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλακὴνcharge / keepingAccusativecognate accusative (direct object of φυλάξεις)→ object specificationφυλακή: 'guard / watch / charge / obligation'; renders מִשְׁמֶרֶת; the cognate accusative with φυλάξεις ('keep the keeping') is a Hebraism denoting the whole body of covenant duty owed to YHWH.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (objective/possessive: the charge owed to the LORD)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive marks YHWH as the one to whom the 'charge' is owed.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (in apposition to κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the full title κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου ('the LORD your God') is the standard deuteronomistic covenant designation.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (possessive pronoun)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (possessive pronoun).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (genitive, governing articular infinitive πορεύεσθαι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύεσθαιto walkPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive of purpose/epexegesis (τοῦ + inf.)→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ πορεύεσθαι ('to walk') epexegetically defines the 'charge'; 'walking in YHWH's ways' (הָלַךְ בִּדְרָכָיו) is the deuteronomistic metaphor for obedient life.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῖςwaysDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / path'; the plural 'his ways' (δρָכָיו) denotes YHWH's commanded manner of life.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
φυλάσσεινto keepPres Act Inf · φυλάσσωepexegetical infinitive (parallel to τοῦ πορεύεσθαι)→ present infinitive (ongoing observance)φυλάσσω: the second epexegetical infinitive (here anarthrous) restates the charge as keeping the specific legal categories that follow; the present aspect denotes ongoing observance.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολὰςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of φυλάσσειν (first of three legal terms)→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment / precept'; renders מִצְוָה; first member of the deuteronomistic triad commandments/ordinances/judgments summarizing the whole Torah.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιώματαordinancesAccusativedirect object (second legal term)→ object specificationδικαίωμα: 'ordinance / statute / requirement'; renders חֻקָּה / מִשְׁפָּט; second member of the legal triad, denoting binding decrees.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρίματαjudgmentsAccusativedirect object (third legal term)→ object specificationκρίμα: 'judgment / legal decision / ordinance'; renders מִשְׁפָּט; third member of the triad, denoting case-law and judicial rulings.
τὰthe (things)Accusativearticle (with attributive participle γεγραμμένα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Acc Neut Pl · γράφωattributive participle (modifying the legal triad)→ resultative perfect (standing written authority)γράφω: 'write'; the perfect passive participle τὰ γεγραμμένα ('the things written / that stand written') points to the fixed, authoritative written Torah; the perfect stresses abiding validity.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
νόμῳlawDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; 'the law of Moses' (תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה) is the deuteronomistic title for the Mosaic legislation as the binding norm for the king (cf. Deut 17:18–20).
Μωυσέωςof MosesGenitivegenitive of authorship/relationship→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς: transliteration of מֹשֶׁה; declined as a noun in the LXX (gen. Μωυσέως); 'the law of Moses' grounds royal duty in covenant Torah.
ἵναthat / so thatconjunction (purpose/result, introducing subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: introduces the purpose clause stating the goal of obedience — Solomon's understanding and success.
συνίῃςyou may understand / prosperPres Act Subj 2 Sg · συνίημιverb of purpose clause (subjunctive with ἵνα)→ verbal action or stateσυνίημι: 'understand / perceive / act wisely'; renders Hebrew שָׂכַל ('act prudently / prosper'); the verb carries both 'understand' and the resultant 'succeed', the deuteronomistic promise of success through obedience (cf. Josh 1:7–8).
what (things)Accusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιήσεις)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἅ ('the things which') as object of ποιήσεις.
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ predictive future (the future course of Solomon's actions)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the future denotes whatever Solomon will undertake — all of which obedience to Torah will render prosperous.
κατὰaccording to / inpreposition + accusative (distributive: 'in all things')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / throughout'; κατὰ πάντα ('in all things / everything') is a distributive Hebraism.
πάνταall thingsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / everything'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('in everything whatsoever') universalizes the scope of the charge.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative/correlative pronoun (object of ἐντείλωμαι)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; the indefinite relative generalizes: everything David commands.
ἂν[whatever]modal particle (with subjunctive in indefinite relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle marking the relative clause as indefinite/general ('whatever I may command').
ἐντείλωμαίI may commandAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of indefinite relative clause (subjunctive with ἄν)→ aorist subjunctive (whatever command the LORD gives)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; the same verb used of David's charging in v. 1, here in the subjunctive of the indefinite relative clause.
σοιyouDativedative indirect object (recipient of the command)→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (recipient of the command).
4

ἵνα στήσῃ κύριος τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ ὃν ἐλάλησεν λέγων ἐὰν φυλάξωσιν οἱ υἱοί σου τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτῶν πορεύεσθαι ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ ἐν ὅλῃ καρδίᾳ αὐτῶν καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ ψυχῇ αὐτῶν λέγων οὐκ ἐξολεθρευθήσεταί σοι ἀνὴρ ἐπάνωθεν θρόνου Ισραηλ

that the LORD may establish his word that he spoke, saying, 'If your sons keep their way, to walk before me in truth with all their heart and with all their soul,' saying, 'There shall not be cut off from you a man from upon the throne of Israel.'

Direct speech: the dynastic-promise rationale (purpose of obedience)ἵνα στήσῃ κύριος
A second ἵνα-clause grounds the charge in the Davidic dynastic promise (2 Sam 7): obedience secures YHWH's establishing (στήσῃ) of his word. The conditional ἐάν-clause ('if your sons keep their way') states the human condition; the apodosis is the never-failing-heir formula οὐκ ἐξολεθρευθήσεταί σοι ἀνήρ ('a man shall not be cut off from you'). The doubled λέγων (introducing both protasis and apodosis as quoted divine speech) is a Hebraizing layering of direct discourse.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
ἵναthat / so thatconjunction (purpose, introducing subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: a second purpose clause, now grounding obedience in the dynastic promise.
στήσῃmay establish / confirmAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἵστημιverb of purpose clause (subjunctive with ἵνα)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (establish / constitute)ἵστημι (trans. aor.): 'set up / establish / confirm'; renders הֵקִים; 'establish the word' (הֵקִים דָּבָר) is covenant-confirmation language drawn from the Davidic promise (2 Sam 7:25).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the agent who confirms the dynastic word.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of στήσῃ→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / promise / saying'; renders דָּבָר; here YHWH's dynastic promise to David.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. masc. sg., referring back to λόγον.
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the past dynastic oracle)λαλέω: 'speak'; refers to YHWH's prior word of promise to David (2 Sam 7).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing, Hebraism)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: the participle λέγων introducing the quoted divine condition, calquing לֵאמֹר.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (introducing subjunctive protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the conditional protasis with subjunctive, stating the human condition of the dynastic promise.
φυλάξωσινthey keepAor Act Subj 3 Pl · φυλάσσωverb of conditional protasis (subjunctive with ἐάν)→ verbal action or stateφυλάσσω: 'keep / guard'; the same covenant-keeping verb as in v. 3, now of Solomon's descendants keeping 'their way.'
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοίsonsNominativesubject of φυλάξωσιν→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; 'your sons' = the Davidic descendants whose obedience conditions the dynasty's continuance.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδὸνwayAccusativedirect object of φυλάξωσιν→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / conduct of life'; 'keep their way' = maintain faithful conduct before YHWH.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πορεύεσθαιto walkPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιepexegetical infinitive (explaining 'keep their way')→ verbal action or stateπορεύομαι: the infinitive epexegetically defines 'keeping their way' as 'walking before me in truth.'
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'in the presence of')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; 'walking before YHWH' is covenant-loyalty language.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (YHWH speaking)→ relational specificationἐγώ: emphatic first-person genitive; the speaker shifts to YHWH's own voice within the quoted promise.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
ἀληθείᾳtruthDativedative of manner (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἀλήθεια: 'truth / faithfulness'; renders אֱמֶת; 'in truth' = with covenant sincerity and fidelity.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
ὅλῃwhole / allDativeattributive adjective (modifying καρδίᾳ)→ sphere or referenceὅλος: 'whole / entire'; 'with all their heart' (בְּכָל לֵבָב) is the Shema's deuteronomistic total-devotion formula (Deut 6:5).
καρδίᾳheartDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵבָב; the inner seat of will and devotion.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
ὅλῃwhole / allDativeattributive adjective (modifying ψυχῇ)→ sphere or referenceὅλος: paired with καρδία in the Shema-formula 'with all their heart and with all their soul.'
ψυχῇsoulDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceψυχή: 'soul / life / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; the second member of the total-devotion pair (Deut 6:5).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (re-introducing the apodosis as quoted speech)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: the second λέγων layers a further level of direct discourse, introducing the apodosis (the never-failing-heir promise); the doubling is a Hebraism.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with future indicative)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: emphatic negation of the future, forming the promise 'there shall not be cut off.'
ἐξολεθρευθήσεταίshall be cut offFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb of apodosis (negated future)→ predictive future (dynastic guarantee, negated)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / cut off / extirpate'; renders כָּרַת (Niphal); the negated passive forms the dynastic guarantee οὐκ ἐξολεθρευθήσεταί σοι ἀνήρ ('a man shall never be cut off from you'), echoing 2 Sam 7:12–16; cf. the parallel promise at 8:25; 9:5.
σοιfrom you / to youDativedative of disadvantage/reference ('from you')→ participant reference or interestσύ: ethical/reference dative; 'there shall not be cut off, with respect to you, a man' = you will never lack a descendant on the throne.
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject of ἐξολεθρευθήσεται→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; here 'a man (heir)' to occupy the throne — the dynastic successor formula.
ἐπάνωθενfrom uponpreposition/adverb + genitive (separation: 'from off')→ spatial or relational framingἐπάνωθεν: 'from above / from off'; renders מֵעַל; with θρόνου, 'from off the throne' — no heir will be removed from the royal seat.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπάνωθεν→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; the throne of Israel as the locus of the perpetual Davidic dynasty.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable; 'the throne of Israel' designates the united Davidic kingship.
5

καί γε σὺ ἔγνως ὅσα ἐποίησέν μοι Ιωαβ υἱὸς Σαρουιας ὅσα ἐποίησεν τοῖς δυσὶν ἄρχουσιν τῶν δυνάμεων Ισραηλ τῷ Αβεννηρ υἱῷ Νηρ καὶ τῷ Αμεσσαϊ υἱῷ Ιεθερ καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἔταξεν τὰ αἵματα πολέμου ἐν εἰρήνῃ καὶ ἔδωκεν αἷμα ἀθῷον ἐν τῇ ζώνῃ αὐτοῦ τῇ ἐν τῇ ὀσφύι αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ ὑποδήματι αὐτοῦ τῷ ἐν τῷ ποδὶ αὐτοῦ

Moreover you yourself know what Joab son of Zeruiah did to me, what he did to the two commanders of the armies of Israel — to Abner son of Ner and to Amasa son of Jether — how he killed them and avenged the blood of war in peacetime, and put innocent blood on his belt that was around his waist and on his sandal that was on his foot.

Direct speech: first specific charge (the case against Joab)καί γε σὺ ἔγνως
David shifts from general piety to particular reckonings. The emphatic καί γε σύ ('and moreover you yourself') and the appeal to Solomon's own knowledge (ἔγνως) frame the indictment of Joab for the murders of Abner (2 Sam 3:27) and Amasa (2 Sam 20:10): shedding 'blood of war in peace' and so defiling his garments with innocent blood. The graphic image of bloodguilt clinging to belt and sandal renders the Hebrew with vivid concreteness.
Word-by-word analysis· 60 words
καίand / moreovercoordinate conjunction (with γε, emphatic transition)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here with γε forming the emphatic transitional 'and moreover / furthermore.'
γεindeedemphatic particle (post-positive, intensifying)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: enclitic emphatic particle; καί γε renders Hebrew וְגַם ('and also / indeed'), strengthening the appeal to Solomon's own knowledge.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic — 'you yourself know,' invoking Solomon as competent witness to Joab's crimes.
ἔγνωςyou know / knewAor Act Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ constative aorist (settled, established knowledge)γινώσκω: 'know / recognize'; the aorist 'you came to know / you know' appeals to Solomon's awareness of Joab's deeds as common knowledge.
ὅσαwhat / all thatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν, clausal object of ἔγνως)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / all that'; introduces the indirect object-clause of ἔγνως.
ἐποίησένhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (Joab's past deeds)ποιέω: 'do / make'; here of Joab's acts of violence against David's interests.
μοιto meDativedative of disadvantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: transliteration of יוֹאָב; indeclinable; David's nephew and army commander, here the object of David's posthumous reckoning.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαβ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Zeruiah' identifies Joab (Zeruiah being David's sister).
Σαρουιαςof ZeruiahGenitivegenitive of relationship (patronymic/metronymic)→ relational specificationΣαρουια: transliteration of צְרוּיָה (Zeruiah), David's sister; declined here as a genitive (Σαρουιας); the matronymic is regular for Joab and his brothers.
ὅσαwhat / all thatAccusativerelative pronoun (resumptive, object of second ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: resumptive repetition specifying the particular deeds — the murders of the two commanders.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: repeated to specify the two murders.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶνtwoDativenumeral (modifying ἄρχουσιν)→ sphere or referenceδύο: 'two'; dative δυσίν; the 'two commanders' are Abner and Amasa, named in apposition.
ἄρχουσινcommandersDativedative indirect object (recipients of Joab's deed)→ sphere or referenceἄρχων: 'ruler / commander / officer'; renders שַׂר; here the two army-commanders Joab treacherously slew.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωνarmies / forcesGenitivegenitive (commanders 'of the armies')→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'power / force / army'; renders צָבָא; the plural 'armies/forces of Israel.'
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here genitive 'of Israel.'
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Αβεννηρ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβεννηρAbnerdative in apposition to ἄρχουσιν (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΑβεννηρ: transliteration of אַבְנֵר (Abner), Saul's army-commander, murdered by Joab at Hebron (2 Sam 3:27); indeclinable, case shown by τῷ.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Αβεννηρ→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Ner.'
Νηρof Nergenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΝηρ: transliteration of נֵר (Ner); indeclinable; Abner's father.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Αμεσσαϊ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμεσσαϊAmasadative in apposition to ἄρχουσιν (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΑμεσσαϊ: transliteration of עֲמָשָׂא (Amasa), Absalom's then David's commander, treacherously killed by Joab (2 Sam 20:9–10); indeclinable.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Αμεσσαϊ→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jether.'
Ιεθερof Jethergenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΙεθερ: transliteration of יֶתֶר (Jether/Ithra); indeclinable; Amasa's father.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέκτεινενhe killedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb→ constative aorist (the murders)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill / slay'; renders הָרַג; the blunt verb names Joab's two treacherous killings.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (Abner and Amasa)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Abner and Amasa).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔταξενhe set / avengedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristτάσσω: 'arrange / appoint / set'; here 'set/charged the blood of war in peace' — i.e., he exacted wartime bloodshed during a time of peace, incurring bloodguilt (rendering Hebrew שִׂים, 'place/put').
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματαblood / bloodshedAccusativedirect object of ἔταξεν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the plural αἵματα (rendering דָּמִים) is the idiomatic 'bloodshed / bloodguilt'; 'the blood of war' = bloodshed proper to battle.
πολέμουof warGenitivegenitive of quality (with αἵματα)→ relational specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; 'blood of war' — bloodshed legitimate only in warfare, here shed in peace.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal/circumstantial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal/circumstantial).
εἰρήνῃpeace / peacetimeDativedative of circumstance (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the antithesis 'war-blood in peace' is the crux of Joab's guilt — wartime killing committed during peacetime.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενhe put / placedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / put / place'; renders נָתַן; here 'put innocent blood' — the bloodguilt clings to Joab's own garments.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; here singular with the adjective 'innocent.'
ἀθῷονinnocentAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying αἷμα)→ object specificationἀθῷος: 'innocent / guiltless / unpunished'; renders נָקִי; 'innocent blood' (דָּם נָקִי) is the technical term for the unjust killing that defiles and demands requital (cf. Deut 19:10).
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζώνῃbelt / girdleDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceζώνη: 'belt / girdle'; renders חֲגוֹרָה; the bloodguilt is graphically located on Joab's military belt — the very gear of his treachery.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τῇthe (one)Dativearticle (attributive, 'the one on his waist')→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνon / aroundpreposition + dative (locative, in attributive phrase)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, in attributive phrase).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύιwaist / loinsDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὀσφῦς: 'loins / waist'; renders מָתְנַיִם; the attributive phrase 'the (belt) on his waist' specifies the location concretely.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποδήματιsandalDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὑπόδημα: 'sandal / footwear'; renders נַעַל; the second locus of bloodguilt — belt and sandal together (a merism for Joab's whole person) bear the stain.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τῷthe (one)Dativearticle (attributive, 'the one on his foot')→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (locative, in attributive phrase)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative, in attributive phrase).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδὶfootDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceπούς: 'foot'; renders רֶגֶל; 'the (sandal) on his foot' completes the vivid image of bloodguilt clinging to Joab from belt to footwear.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
6

καὶ ποιήσεις κατὰ τὴν σοφίαν σου καὶ οὐ κατάξεις τὴν πολιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐν εἰρήνῃ εἰς ᾅδου

So you shall act according to your wisdom, and you shall not bring his gray head down to Hades in peace.

Direct speech: the verdict on Joab (consequence of vv. 5)καὶ ποιήσεις
David draws the practical conclusion: Solomon's σοφία ('wisdom') is to find the means; the negated imperatival future οὐ κατάξεις … ἐν εἰρήνῃ ('do not let his gray head go down to Hades in peace') means Joab must not die a peaceful natural death but suffer judicial requital. The phrase 'gray head' (πολιά) is a metonymy for aged Joab; cf. the inverted command at v. 9 concerning Shimei.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶand / socoordinate conjunction (consecutive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσειςyou shall actFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (charge to act)ποιέω: 'do / act'; the imperatival future commits the manner of dealing with Joab to Solomon's discretion ('according to your wisdom').
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / in conformity with.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σοφίανwisdomAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationσοφία: 'wisdom / skill'; renders חָכְמָה; David appeals to Solomon's proverbial wisdom to devise the appropriate (lethal) response to Joab — a motif developed in the miscellany at v. 35a–b.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with future indicative)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of the imperatival future — 'you shall not let.'
κατάξειςyou shall bring downFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατάγωmain verb (negated imperatival future)→ imperatival future (prohibition of peaceful death)κατάγω: 'lead/bring down'; renders הוֹרִיד; the idiom 'bring the gray head down to Hades' = cause death; negated with ἐν εἰρήνῃ it means Joab must not die peacefully but by violent requital (contrast the positive command re Shimei in v. 9).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολιὰνgray head / old ageAccusativedirect object of κατάξεις→ object specificationπολιά: 'gray hair / gray head / old age'; renders שֵׂיבָה; metonymy for the aged Joab; 'his gray head' personalizes the death-sentence.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
εἰρήνῃpeaceDativedative of manner (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; renders שָׁלוֹם; 'in peace' = a peaceful natural death, which Joab is not to be granted — a fitting requital for shedding 'blood of war in peace' (v. 5).
εἰςto / intopreposition + genitive (here with ᾅδου, 'to Hades')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'to / into'; with ᾅδου, 'down to Hades' (the realm of the dead).
ᾅδουHades / SheolGenitivegenitive of place (with εἰς: 'to Hades')→ relational specificationᾅδης: 'Hades / the grave / the underworld'; renders שְׁאוֹל; the realm of the dead to which death 'brings down'; εἰς ᾅδου is an idiom ('to the house of Hades').
7

καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς Βερζελλι τοῦ Γαλααδίτου ποιήσεις ἔλεος καὶ ἔσονται ἐν τοῖς ἐσθίουσιν τὴν τράπεζάν σου ὅτι οὕτως ἤγγισάν μοι ἐν τῷ με ἀποδιδράσκειν ἀπὸ προσώπου Αβεσσαλωμ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου

But to the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite you shall show kindness, and they shall be among those who eat at your table, because they drew near to me thus when I was fleeing from the face of Absalom your brother.

Direct speech: the charge of kindness (positive counterpart to Joab/Shimei)καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς Βερζελλι
Amid the death-sentences David inserts a charge of covenant kindness: the sons of Barzillai, who provisioned David during his flight from Absalom (2 Sam 17:27–29; 19:31–40), are to eat at the royal table — a mark of permanent honored dependence. ποιήσεις ἔλεος ('do kindness') is the deuteronomistic ḥesed idiom; the ὅτι-clause grounds the reward in their earlier loyalty.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (contrastive turn)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object (recipients of kindness)→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; 'the sons of Barzillai' — the beneficiaries of David's gratitude.
Βερζελλιof Barzillaigenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒερζελλι: transliteration of בַּרְזִלַּי (Barzillai); indeclinable; the wealthy Gileadite who sustained David at Mahanaim (2 Sam 17:27–29).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with gentilic Γαλααδίτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Γαλααδίτουthe GileaditeGenitivegenitive attributive (gentilic, modifying Βερζελλι)→ relational specificationΓαλααδίτης: 'Gileadite'; gentilic from Γαλααδ (Gilead, גִּלְעָד); declinable, here genitive; identifies Barzillai by region east of the Jordan.
ποιήσειςyou shall show / doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (charge of kindness)ποιέω: 'do / show'; with ἔλεος forms the idiom 'do kindness / show loyalty' (עָשָׂה חֶסֶד), the deuteronomistic language of covenant reciprocity.
ἔλεοςkindness / mercyAccusativedirect object of ποιήσεις→ object specificationἔλεος: 'mercy / kindness / loyal love'; renders חֶסֶד; here covenant kindness repaying Barzillai's loyalty to David.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιthey shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predictive future)→ predictive future (their honored status)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; 'they shall be among those eating at your table' — perpetual royal patronage as a mark of honor.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (membership)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'among'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (membership).
τοῖςthe (ones)Dativearticle (with substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐσθίουσινthose who eatPres Act Part Dat Masc Pl · ἐσθίωsubstantival participle (object of ἐν: 'among those eating')→ customary present (habitual table-fellowship)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the substantival participle 'those eating at your table' denotes the privileged royal pensioners (cf. Mephibosheth, 2 Sam 9:7).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τράπεζάνtableAccusativeaccusative (object of ἐσθίουσιν: 'eat the table' = eat at the table)→ object specificationτράπεζα: 'table'; renders שֻׁלְחָן; 'eating the king's table' is a Hebraism for permanent maintenance at royal expense.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the ground of the reward — Barzillai's family's loyalty during David's flight.
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this way'; 'they drew near to me thus' = they came to my aid in this manner (with provisions).
ἤγγισάνthey drew nearAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐγγίζωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the past act of loyalty)ἐγγίζω: 'draw near / approach'; here 'they drew near to me' = came to my support in crisis (the same verb opening the chapter at v. 1, now of loyal aid).
μοιto meDativedative (object of ἤγγισαν)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (object of ἤγγισαν).
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: with the articular infinitive τῷ … ἀποδιδράσκειν forms a temporal clause 'when I was fleeing' (Hebraism rendering בְּ + infinitive).
τῷtheDativearticle (governing articular infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεI / meAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ἀποδιδράσκειν→ participant referenceἐγώ: accusative subject of the articular infinitive ('when I was fleeing').
ἀποδιδράσκεινto flee / run awayPres Act Inf · ἀποδιδράσκωarticular infinitive (temporal, with ἐν τῷ)→ durative present (the whole period of flight)ἀποδιδράσκω: 'run away / flee secretly'; renders בָּרַח; refers to David's flight from Jerusalem during Absalom's revolt (2 Sam 15–17).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Hebraism: 'from the face of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from the face of') is a Hebraism rendering מִפְּנֵי, 'away from / before.'
ΑβεσσαλωμAbsalomgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβεσσαλωμ: transliteration of אַבְשָׁלוֹם (Absalom); indeclinable; David's rebel son whose revolt forced David's flight.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αβεσσαλωμ→ relational specificationἀδελφός: 'brother'; Absalom is named as Solomon's (half-)brother, a poignant reminder of the fratricidal dangers surrounding the throne.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
8

καὶ ἰδοὺ μετὰ σοῦ Σεμεϊ υἱὸς Γηρα υἱὸς τοῦ Ιεμενι ἐκ Βαουριμ καὶ αὐτὸς κατηράσατό με κατάραν ὀδυνηρὰν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ ἐπορευόμην εἰς παρεμβολάς καὶ αὐτὸς κατέβη εἰς ἀπαντήν μου εἰς τὸν Ιορδάνην καὶ ὤμοσα αὐτῷ ἐν κυρίῳ λέγων εἰ θανατώσω σε ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ

And behold, with you is Shimei son of Gera, the Benjamite from Bahurim; and he cursed me with a grievous curse on the day I went to the camps. But he came down to meet me at the Jordan, and I swore to him by the LORD, saying, 'I will surely not put you to death by the sword.'

Direct speech: the case of Shimei (the unfinished business)καὶ ἰδοὺ μετὰ σοῦ Σεμεϊ
David turns to his most delicate score. The presentative ἰδού ('behold') flags Shimei son of Gera, the Benjamite who cursed David during the flight from Absalom (2 Sam 16:5–13). David recalls his own oath of clemency at the Jordan (2 Sam 19:18–23). The oath-formula εἰ θανατώσω σε ('[I swore] if I shall kill you') is a Hebraism: an oath introduced by Hebrew אִם functions as an emphatic negative — 'I will surely not kill you' — which sets up the dilemma resolved in v. 9.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ὁράω (frozen interjection)presentative particle (attention-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; frozen imperative functioning as a presentative interjection, rendering הִנֵּה; introduces Shimei as a present concern 'with you.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; 'with you (is)' — Shimei remains in Solomon's sphere, an outstanding liability.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
ΣεμεϊShimeisubject (predicate of the verbless clause; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: transliteration of שִׁמְעִי (Shimei); indeclinable; the Benjamite of Saul's clan who cursed David (2 Sam 16:5–13).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σεμεϊ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Gera.'
Γηραof Geragenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΓηρα: transliteration of גֵּרָא (Gera); indeclinable; Shimei's father, of the tribe of Benjamin.
υἱὸςson / memberNominativenominative in apposition (gentilic 'a Benjamite')→ participant prominenceυἱός: here 'son of the Yemini' = a Benjamite (son of the right hand, בֶּן הַיְמִינִי); a Hebraizing gentilic designation.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (governing indeclinable Ιεμενι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεμενιBenjamite / Yeminigenitive of relationship (indeclinable gentilic, case via article)→ participant identificationΙεμενι: transliteration of הַיְמִינִי ('the Benjamite / the right-handed'); indeclinable, case marked by τοῦ; identifies Shimei's tribal origin (Benjamin, Saul's tribe).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
ΒαουριμBahurimgenitive of place (indeclinable place-name, with ἐκ)→ participant identificationΒαουριμ: transliteration of בַּחֻרִים (Bahurim); indeclinable; the Benjamite village from which Shimei cursed David (2 Sam 16:5).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (emphatic/resumptive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: emphatic 'he himself' — focusing attention on Shimei's culpable act of cursing.
κατηράσατόcursedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · καταράομαιmain verb (with cognate accusative κατάραν)→ constative aorist (the act of cursing)καταράομαι: 'curse / invoke evil upon'; renders קִלֵּל; with the cognate accusative κατάραν ('cursed a curse') it is a Hebraism intensifying the gravity of Shimei's imprecation against the LORD's anointed.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
κατάρανa curseAccusativecognate accusative (with κατηράσατο)→ object specificationκατάρα: 'curse / imprecation'; the cognate accusative κατηράσατο κατάραν renders the Hebrew construction emphasizing the curse's severity.
ὀδυνηρὰνgrievous / painfulAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κατάραν)→ object specificationὀδυνηρός: 'painful / grievous / bitter'; renders נִמְרֶצֶת ('vehement / grievous'); intensifies the cognate curse as deeply wounding.
τῇtheDativearticle (temporal dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; dative of time 'on the day' — i.e., the day of David's flight.
on whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dat. fem. sg.; 'on which (day) I went' — temporal relative clause.
ἐπορευόμηνI was goingImpf Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of relative clause→ imperfect (the journey in progress)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; the imperfect depicts David's flight 'to the camps' as in progress when Shimei cursed him.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
παρεμβολάςcamps / encampmentsAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp / encampment / army'; renders מַחֲנַיִם (Mahanaim, taken as 'camps'); David fled toward Mahanaim during Absalom's revolt — the LXX may read it as the common noun 'camps.'
καὶand / butnarrative conjunction (mild contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (emphatic/resumptive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: emphatic 'he himself' — Shimei came down in submission at the Jordan.
κατέβηcame downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go/come down'; renders יָרַד; Shimei descended to the Jordan to meet the returning David and beg pardon (2 Sam 19:18–20).
εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here with ἀπαντήν, 'for a meeting / to meet.'
ἀπαντήνa meetingAccusativeaccusative (with εἰς: 'to meet me')→ object specificationἀπάντησις/ἀπαντή: 'meeting / encounter'; εἰς ἀπαντήν μου ('to meet me') is the idiom rendering לִקְרַאת.
μουme / myGenitivegenitive (object of the verbal noun ἀπαντήν)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of the verbal noun ἀπαντήν).
εἰςat / topreposition + accusative (place toward)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place toward).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativeaccusative of place (with εἰς)→ object specificationΙορδάνης: transliteration of יַרְדֵּן (Jordan); declined as a first-declension noun (acc. Ιορδάνην); the river David recrossed on his return to Jerusalem.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσαI sworeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb→ constative aorist (the binding oath)ὄμνυμι: 'swear (an oath)'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; David's oath to spare Shimei (2 Sam 19:23) creates the legal-moral bind that complicates Solomon's task.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (oath-instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here instrumental 'by' — swearing 'by the LORD' (Hebraism, בַּיהוה).
κυρίῳthe LORDDativedative (object of ἐν: oath sworn by YHWH)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the oath 'by the LORD' invokes YHWH as guarantor, making David's clemency religiously binding.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing, Hebraism)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: λέγων introducing the content of the oath, calquing לֵאמֹר.
εἰ[surely not]conditional particle (Hebraic oath-formula = emphatic negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: ordinarily 'if'; in an oath it renders Hebrew אִם, which functions as an emphatic negative — 'if I kill you (may God do so to me)' = 'I will surely not kill you'; an idiomatic self-imprecatory oath.
θανατώσωI shall put to deathFut Act Indic 1 Sg · θανατόωmain verb of oath-clause (apodosis suppressed)→ future (within the Hebraic oath-negation)θανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; within the εἰ-oath the future is effectively negated — David swore he would not execute Shimei (cf. the resolution Solomon devises in v. 9).
σεyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐνby / withpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
ῥομφαίᾳswordDativedative of instrument (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: 'sword / large broadsword'; renders חֶרֶב; the specified manner of execution David swore to forgo — leaving open other means, which Solomon exploits (v. 9).
9

καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀθῳώσῃς αὐτόν ὅτι ἀνὴρ σοφὸς εἶ σὺ καὶ γνώσῃ ἃ ποιήσεις αὐτῷ καὶ κατάξεις τὴν πολιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐν αἵματι εἰς ᾅδου

But now you shall by no means hold him guiltless, for you are a wise man and will know what you should do to him; and you shall bring his gray head down to Hades in blood.

Direct speech: the verdict on Shimei (resolving the oath-dilemma)καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀθῳώσῃς αὐτόν
David transfers the unfulfilled judgment to Solomon, who is not bound by David's personal oath. The emphatic οὐ μή + aorist subjunctive ('by no means hold guiltless') and the appeal to Solomon's wisdom (ἀνὴρ σοφὸς εἶ σύ) deftly authorize Shimei's death while preserving David's sworn word. The positive command κατάξεις … ἐν αἵματι ('bring his gray head down in blood') exactly inverts the Joab clause of v. 6 (οὐ κατάξεις … ἐν εἰρήνῃ).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative turn)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with μή, emphatic)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: with μή forms the emphatic double negation οὐ μή ('by no means'), the strongest Greek prohibition/denial.
μὴ[not]negative particle (οὐ μή + aor. subj. = emphatic prohibition)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the second member of οὐ μή; with the aorist subjunctive ἀθῳώσῃς it forms an emphatic prohibition addressed to Solomon.
ἀθῳώσῃςhold guiltless / leave unpunishedAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀθῳόωmain verb (prohibitive subjunctive with οὐ μή)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (emphatic command not to acquit)ἀθῳόω: 'hold innocent / leave unpunished / acquit'; renders נִקָּה (Piel, 'treat as guiltless'); cognate with ἀθῷον ('innocent', v. 5); Solomon is charged not to let Shimei's cursing go unrequited.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object (Shimei)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Shimei).
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; grounds the charge in Solomon's competence to devise the means.
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶ: 'you are a man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; predicate 'a wise man' — flattering Solomon's discernment to authorize a delicate act.
σοφὸςwiseNominativepredicate adjective (modifying ἀνήρ)→ participant prominenceσοφός: 'wise / skilled'; renders חָכָם; Solomon's wisdom (cf. σοφία, v. 6) qualifies him to find a way to execute Shimei without violating David's oath — anticipating his proverbial wisdom (miscellany 35a–b; ch. 3).
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; copula of the predicate-adjective clause 'you are a wise man.'
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (yourself).'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώσῃyou will knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (predictive future)→ predictive future (Solomon will discern the means)γινώσκω: 'know / recognize'; 'you will know what to do' — Solomon's wisdom will supply the prudent course (he later confines and then executes Shimei, vv. 36–46).
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιήσεις)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neut. pl.; 'the things which you should do.'
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ predictive/deliberative futureποιέω: 'do'; here of the action Solomon will take against Shimei.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατάξειςyou shall bring downFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατάγωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (positive death-charge)κατάγω: 'bring down'; the same idiom as v. 6 but now positive and 'in blood' — the exact inversion of the Joab clause, charging Solomon to bring about Shimei's violent death.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολιὰνgray head / old ageAccusativedirect object of κατάξεις→ object specificationπολιά: 'gray head / old age'; metonymy for the aged Shimei, as for Joab in v. 6.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνin / withpreposition + dative (manner/circumstance)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner/circumstance).
αἵματιbloodDativedative of manner (with ἐν: 'in blood')→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: 'blood'; 'in blood' (= by a bloody/violent death) inverts 'in peace' of v. 6 — Shimei is to die violently.
εἰςtopreposition + genitive (with ᾅδου)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (with ᾅδου).
ᾅδουHades / SheolGenitivegenitive of place (with εἰς: 'to Hades')→ relational specificationᾅδης: 'Hades / the grave'; renders שְׁאוֹל; the realm of the dead; εἰς ᾅδου ('to Hades'), as in v. 6, completes the death-charge.
10

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Δαυιδ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ

And David slept with his fathers and was buried in the city of David.

Narrative resumption: the death-and-burial notice (regnal formula)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Δαυιδ
The narrative resumes with the standard deuteronomistic death-and-burial formula 'X slept with his fathers and was buried in …' (cf. 11:43; 14:31), recurring for every Judahite king. The euphemism ἐκοιμήθη ('slept') for death and the dynastic burial 'in the city of David' (Zion) seal David's reign and transfer focus to Solomon.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / diedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (the death)κοιμάομαι: 'lie down / sleep'; renders שָׁכַב; 'slept with his fathers' (שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו) is the deuteronomistic euphemism for a king's peaceful death and burial in the ancestral tomb.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; here nominative subject.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathers / ancestorsGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; renders אָב; 'with his fathers' = joined to the ancestral dead, the standard regnal death-formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb→ constative aorist (the burial)θάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the burial 'in the city of David' establishes the royal necropolis on Zion.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; 'the city of David' (עִיר דָּוִד) is the Jebusite stronghold of Zion captured by David (2 Sam 5:7), now the royal burial-place.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable, 'city of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; here genitive in the place-name 'city of David.'
11

καὶ αἱ ἡμέραι ἃς ἐβασίλευσεν Δαυιδ ἐπὶ τὸν Ισραηλ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη ἐν Χεβρων ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη ἑπτὰ καὶ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ τριάκοντα τρία ἔτη

And the days that David reigned over Israel were forty years: in Hebron he reigned seven years, and in Jerusalem thirty-three years.

Narrative: regnal-length summary (chronological formula)καὶ αἱ ἡμέραι ἃς ἐβασίλευσεν Δαυιδ
The regnal-length notice (cf. 2 Sam 5:4–5) tallies David's forty-year reign, divided between Hebron (seven years over Judah) and Jerusalem (thirty-three years over all Israel). The figure forty marks a full, ideal reign; the casus pendens construction 'the days that David reigned … forty years' is a Hebraizing nominal summary.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject (casus pendens / nominative absolute)→ participant prominenceἡμέρα: 'day'; 'the days that David reigned' = the duration of his reign, a Hebraizing temporal summary (יְמֵי).
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative of extent, object of ἐβασίλευσεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. fem. pl.; 'the days during which he reigned' (accusative of temporal extent).
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the whole reign as a unit)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the constative aorist sums up the entire reign.
ΔαυιδDavidsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; subject of the relative clause.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; 'reigned over Israel' (מָלַךְ עַל).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the realm over which David reigned.
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (indeclinable, with ἔτη)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable cardinal; forty years is the ideal full-reign figure (cf. Saul, Solomon).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration 'forty years.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΧεβρωνHebrondative of place (indeclinable place-name, with ἐν)→ participant identificationΧεβρων: transliteration of חֶבְרוֹן (Hebron); indeclinable; David's first capital, where he reigned over Judah (2 Sam 5:5).
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: repeated for the Hebron sub-total.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the seven-year Hebron sub-total.
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (indeclinable, with ἔτη)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable cardinal; David's seven years over Judah at Hebron.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable place-name, with ἐν)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of יְרוּשָׁלִַם (Jerusalem); indeclinable; David's united capital after capturing Zion (2 Sam 5:6–9).
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (indeclinable, with ἔτη)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable cardinal; part of the Jerusalem sub-total.
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral (with τριάκοντα and ἔτη)→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; neuter τρία with ἔτη; 'thirty-three years' over all Israel from Jerusalem.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the thirty-three-year Jerusalem sub-total, completing the forty.
12

καὶ Σαλωμων ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ υἱὸς ἐτῶν δώδεκα καὶ ἡτοιμάσθη ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ σφόδρα

And Solomon sat upon the throne of David his father, a son of twelve years, and his kingdom was firmly established.

Narrative: Solomon's accession and the establishment refrainκαὶ Σαλωμων ἐκάθισεν
Solomon's accession is stated in dynastic terms — 'sat upon the throne of David his father' — fulfilling the promise of v. 4. The LXX plus 'a son of twelve years' (υἱὸς ἐτῶν δώδεκα), absent from the MT, makes Solomon a youth at accession (cf. 'a little child,' 3:7). The closing refrain ἡτοιμάσθη ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ σφόδρα ('his kingdom was firmly established') frames the rival-purges of vv. 13–46 and is echoed at v. 46.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; here nominative subject, the new king.
ἐκάθισενsatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (took his seat = acceded)καθίζω: 'sit / sit down / be enthroned'; renders יָשַׁב; 'sat on the throne' = formally acceded to kingship, fulfilling the dynastic promise of v. 4.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; 'the throne of David his father' stresses dynastic continuity (cf. vv. 4, 24, 45).
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; here genitive 'of David.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (in apposition to Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; 'David his father' underscores the legitimate father-to-son succession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σαλωμων (age-formula)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the age-idiom 'a son of N years' (בֶּן N שָׁנִים) gives a person's age; here a LXX plus making Solomon twelve at accession.
ἐτῶνof yearsGenitivegenitive (in the age-idiom 'son of … years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; genitive in the age-construction; absent from the MT, this notice depicts Solomon as a youth (cf. 3:7).
δώδεκαtwelvenumeral (indeclinable, with ἐτῶν)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable cardinal; Solomon's age at accession according to this LXX plus.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡτοιμάσθηwas establishedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἑτοιμάζωmain verb→ constative aorist (the kingdom firmly set)ἑτοιμάζω: 'prepare / make ready / establish'; renders כּוּן (Niphal, 'be established'); the divine-passive 'his kingdom was established' frames the entire chapter's politics — echoed in the closing refrain at v. 46 (κατωρθώθη).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαkingdom / kingshipNominativesubject of ἡτοιμάσθη→ participant prominenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / reign / kingship'; renders מַלְכוּת / מַמְלָכָה; the consolidation of Solomon's rule, secured through the purges that follow.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
σφόδραexceedingly / firmlyadverb of degree (intensifying ἡτοιμάσθη)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; intensifies the establishment — the kingdom is 'very firmly' set.
13

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Αδωνιας υἱὸς Αγγιθ πρὸς Βηρσαβεε μητέρα Σαλωμων καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῇ ἡ δὲ εἶπεν εἰρήνη ἡ εἴσοδός σου καὶ εἶπεν εἰρήνη

And Adonijah son of Haggith came to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon and prostrated himself before her. And she said, 'Is your coming in peace?' And he said, 'Peace.'

Narrative: new scene (the Adonijah episode begins)καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Αδωνιας
A new episode opens with the fatal request. Adonijah — Solomon's elder half-brother and former pretender (ch. 1) — approaches the queen mother Bathsheba with a deferential προσκύνησις. Her wary question εἰρήνη ἡ εἴσοδός σου ('is your coming peaceful?') and his terse reply εἰρήνη ('peace') heighten suspense; the reader knows Adonijah's earlier bid for the throne, so the exchange is laden with dramatic irony.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενcame / went inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (the approach)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / come in'; renders בּוֹא; Adonijah's entrance to the queen mother sets the fatal request in motion.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΑδωνιας: transliteration of אֲדֹנִיָּה (Adonijah); declined as a first-declension masculine (nom. -ας); David's fourth son who had earlier sought the throne (ch. 1).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αδωνιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; matronymic 'son of Haggith.'
Αγγιθof Haggithgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑγγιθ: transliteration of חַגִּית (Haggith); indeclinable; Adonijah's mother (2 Sam 3:4).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebaaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: transliteration of בַּת־שֶׁבַע (Bathsheba); indeclinable; the queen mother whose intercession Adonijah seeks (also spelled identically to the place-name Beersheba).
μητέραmotherAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βηρσαβεε→ object specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; 'mother of Solomon' — the queen-mother (גְּבִירָה) holds influence at court, which Adonijah hopes to exploit.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; here genitive 'of Solomon.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενprostrated himself / did obeisanceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the act of homage)προσκυνέω: 'do obeisance / bow down / prostrate'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; Adonijah's deferential homage to the queen mother signals his subordinate, suppliant posture.
αὐτῇto herDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of προσεκύνησεν.
sheNominativearticle used as pronoun (subject, with δέ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ/ἡ: the article ἡ with δέ ('and she') functions pronominally to mark a change of speaker — a standard LXX narrative device.
δὲand / butnarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: marks the shift to Bathsheba's response.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces Bathsheba's cautious question.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate nominative (verbless question: 'is your coming peace?')→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace / welfare'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the idiom 'is it peace?' (הֲשָׁלוֹם) asks whether one comes with friendly intent — here freighted with suspicion given Adonijah's history.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴσοδόςcoming in / entranceNominativesubject of the verbless question→ participant prominenceεἴσοδος: 'entrance / coming in'; 'your coming' = the purpose/manner of your visit; the question probes Adonijah's intent.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Adonijah's reassuring one-word reply.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativepredicate nominative / one-word answer→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; Adonijah's terse affirmation 'peace' (= 'I come peaceably'), masking the dangerous request to follow.
14

λόγος μοι πρὸς σέ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ λάλησον

'I have a word for you.' And she said to him, 'Speak.'

Direct speech: the preface to the request (dialogue continued)λόγος μοι πρὸς σέ
Adonijah's verbless clause λόγος μοι πρὸς σέ ('a word [is] to me for you' = 'I have something to say to you') is a polite request for audience; Bathsheba's single imperative λάλησον ('speak') grants it. The clipped exchange maintains narrative tension before the substance is disclosed in v. 16–17.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
λόγοςa word / matterNominativesubject of the verbless clause→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word / matter / thing to say'; the verbless 'a word is to me for you' (Hebraism, דָּבָר לִי אֵלַיִךְ) = 'I have something to ask of you.'
μοιto me / I haveDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestἐγώ: dative of possession ('a word is to me' = 'I have a word').
πρὸςfor / topreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic accusative 'you' — the addressee of the request.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενshe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Bathsheba's permission to speak.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative ('begin to speak')λαλέω: 'speak'; the aorist imperative grants Adonijah leave to state his request.
15

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ σὺ οἶδας ὅτι ἐμοὶ ἦν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἐπ᾿ ἐμὲ ἔθετο πᾶς Ισραηλ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ εἰς βασιλέα καὶ ἐστράφη ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἐγενήθη τῷ ἀδελφῷ μου ὅτι παρὰ κυρίου ἐγένετο αὐτῷ

And he said to her, 'You know that the kingdom was mine, and all Israel had set its face on me to be king; but the kingdom was turned about and became my brother's, for it came to him from the LORD.

Direct speech: Adonijah's apologia (preamble to the request)καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ σὺ οἶδας
Adonijah frames his appeal with a claim of thwarted right: the kingdom 'was mine' and 'all Israel' looked to him, yet 'it was turned about' (ἐστράφη) to Solomon. The concluding theological concession ὅτι παρὰ κυρίου ἐγένετο αὐτῷ ('for it came to him from the LORD') appears pious but underscores his lingering sense of grievance — the rhetorical ground for the dangerous request that Abishag be given him.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Adonijah's apologia.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (yourself) know' — appealing to Bathsheba as witness to his thwarted claim.
οἶδαςknowPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (perfect with present sense)→ stative perfect (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present meaning); appeals to shared, established knowledge of the recent succession crisis.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing content clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the object clause of οἶδας.
ἐμοὶto me / mineDativedative of possession (fronted for emphasis)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ: emphatic dative of possession 'the kingdom was mine' — Adonijah asserts a prior right.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (existence/possession)→ imperfect (the kingdom 'belonged' to him)εἰμί: 'be'; with the dative ἐμοί expresses possession ('was mine').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαkingdom / kingshipNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship'; the throne Adonijah claims was rightfully his as elder son.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπ᾿on / towardpreposition + accusative (elided; with πρόσωπον idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'on / upon'; in the idiom 'set the face on someone' = look to as leader.
ἐμὲmeAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic accusative; 'all Israel set its face on me.'
ἔθετοset / fixedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι (mid.): 'set / place / fix'; with πρόσωπον forms the Hebraism 'set one's face' (שִׂים פָּנִים) = direct one's expectation/allegiance toward.
πᾶςallNominativeadjective (modifying Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all Israel' — Adonijah's exaggerated claim of universal support (cf. ch. 1, where only part backed him).
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable, with πᾶς)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here nominative subject 'all Israel.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο (in the idiom 'set the face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; with ἔθετο, the Hebraism 'set the face on me' (= looked to me as king).
αὐτοῦits / hisGenitivegenitive of possession (of 'all Israel')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (of 'all Israel').
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (predicate goal: 'as king')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / as'; 'set its face on me to be king' (εἰς βασιλέα = as/for king).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative (predicate goal with εἰς)→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the office Adonijah claims Israel intended for him.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστράφηwas turned aboutAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · στρέφωmain verb→ constative aorist (the reversal)στρέφω: 'turn / turn about'; renders סָבַב; the passive 'the kingdom was turned about' (a divine passive) describes the reversal of fortune by which Solomon, not Adonijah, gained the throne.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of ἐστράφη→ participant prominenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the throne that 'turned' to Solomon.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηbecameAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / come to be'; 'became my brother's' = passed into Solomon's possession.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῷbrotherDativedative of possession (with ἐγενήθη)→ sphere or referenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; 'my brother' = Solomon; the dative marks the new possessor of the kingdom.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the theological concession explaining the reversal.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + genitive: 'from (the side of)'; 'from the LORD' marks divine origin.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with παρά)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; Adonijah concedes (whether sincerely or rhetorically) that Solomon's kingship is divinely given.
ἐγένετοit came / becameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of causal clause→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be / happen'; 'it came to him from the LORD' — the kingdom's transfer is attributed to YHWH (cf. v. 24).
αὐτῷto himDativedative of advantage (to Solomon)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage (to Solomon).
16

καὶ νῦν αἴτησιν μίαν ἐγὼ αἰτοῦμαι παρὰ σοῦ μὴ ἀποστρέψῃς τὸ πρόσωπόν σου καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Βηρσαβεε λάλει

And now I ask one request of you; do not turn away your face.' And Bathsheba said to him, 'Speak.'

Direct speech: the formal petition (transition to the ask)καὶ νῦν
The transitional καὶ νῦν ('and now') moves from preamble to petition. The cognate construction αἴτησιν … αἰτοῦμαι ('I ask a request') is a Hebraism; the plea μὴ ἀποστρέψῃς τὸ πρόσωπόν σου ('do not turn away your face') is the conventional language of supplication (= do not refuse), recurring in Solomon's own words at v. 20. Bathsheba's λάλει grants the hearing.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (with νῦν, transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (discourse transition)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν ('and now', וְעַתָּה) is the standard Hebraizing transition from preamble to the main point of a speech.
αἴτησινrequest / petitionAccusativecognate accusative (object of αἰτοῦμαι)→ object specificationαἴτησις: 'request / petition'; the cognate accusative with αἰτοῦμαι ('I ask a request', שְׁאֵלָה אֲנִי שֹׁאֶלֶת) is a Hebraism emphasizing the single, specific nature of the petition.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (modifying αἴτησιν)→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; 'one request' stresses the modesty of the ask — a rhetorical device to lower resistance.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I' — Adonijah personalizes the petition.
αἰτοῦμαιI ask / requestPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb→ present (the act of petitioning)αἰτέω (mid.): 'ask / request for oneself'; the middle voice fits a petition made on one's own behalf.
παρὰof / frompreposition + genitive (source of request)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + genitive: 'from'; 'I ask from you' — Bathsheba as the one petitioned.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of παρά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of παρά.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive, with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: prohibitive negative with the aorist subjunctive ἀποστρέψῃς ('do not turn away').
ἀποστρέψῃςturn away / refuseAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀποστρέφωprohibitive subjunctive (μή + aor. subj.)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (entreaty not to refuse)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn away / turn back'; with πρόσωπον the idiom 'turn away the face' = refuse/reject a petition (Hebraism, הֵשִׁיב פָּנִים); recurs at v. 20.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect object of ἀποστρέψῃς (in the refusal-idiom)→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; 'turn away the face' = deny the request; the petitioner asks not to be rebuffed.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Bathsheba's reply granting the hearing.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebasubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: indeclinable; the queen mother, here named as speaker.
λάλειspeakPres Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (imperative)→ present imperative (general 'go on, speak')λαλέω: 'speak'; the present imperative λάλει ('speak on / keep speaking') invites Adonijah to state the petition fully.
17

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ εἰπὸν δὴ πρὸς Σαλωμων τὸν βασιλέα ὅτι οὐκ ἀποστρέψει τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ δώσει μοι τὴν Αβισακ τὴν Σωμανῖτιν εἰς γυναῖκα

And he said to her, 'Speak, please, to Solomon the king — for he will not turn his face away from you — that he give me Abishag the Shunammite as wife.'

Direct speech: the substance of the request (the fatal ask)καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ εἰπὸν δὴ
Adonijah names his request: Abishag the Shunammite (David's last nurse-companion, 1:1–4). In the ancient Near East possession of a king's concubine implied a claim on the throne (cf. Absalom, 2 Sam 16:21–22), so the seemingly modest petition is politically explosive. The polite particle δή ('please') and the confident aside 'he will not turn his face from you' show Adonijah counting on the queen mother's influence.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the substance of Adonijah's request.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
εἰπὸνspeak / sayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (imperative, request)→ aorist imperative (specific entreaty)λέγω: the aorist imperative εἰπόν ('say / speak') asks Bathsheba to relay the petition to Solomon.
δὴplease / nowentreaty particle (softening the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic/entreaty particle (renders נָא); softens the imperative to a polite 'please.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king to whom Bathsheba is to speak.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (in apposition to Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Solomon the king' — emphasizing the royal authority that alone can grant the request.
ὅτιfor / thatconjunction (here causal/parenthetical: 'for')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here introducing the confident parenthesis 'for he will not refuse you.'
οὐκnotnegative particle (with future)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of the future ἀποστρέψει.
ἀποστρέψειhe will turn away / refuseFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (predictive future)→ predictive future (Adonijah's confident expectation)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn away'; with πρόσωπον, the refusal-idiom (cf. v. 16); Adonijah is sure Solomon will not deny the queen mother.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of ἀποστρέψει (refusal-idiom)→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; 'turn away the face from you' = refuse you.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειhe will giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (predictive future, content of request)→ predictive future (the hoped-for grant)δίδωμι: 'give'; 'he will give me Abishag' — the substance of the request, framed as confident expectation.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Αβισακ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβισακAbishagdirect object of δώσει (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΑβισακ: transliteration of אֲבִישַׁג (Abishag); indeclinable; David's young attendant in his old age (1:1–4); possession of her implies a claim on David's royal estate.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with gentilic Σωμανῖτιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σωμανῖτινthe ShunammiteAccusativeaccusative attributive (gentilic, modifying Αβισακ)→ object specificationΣωμανῖτις: 'Shunammite'; feminine gentilic from Shunem (שׁוּנֵם); declinable (acc. -ιν); identifies Abishag's town in Issachar.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (predicate goal: 'as wife')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for / as'; εἰς γυναῖκα ('as wife') is the Hebraism לְאִשָּׁה for taking in marriage.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative (predicate goal with εἰς)→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; 'as wife' — the marriage Adonijah seeks, which Solomon will read as a renewed bid for the throne.
18

καὶ εἶπεν Βηρσαβεε καλῶς ἐγὼ λαλήσω περὶ σοῦ τῷ βασιλεῖ

And Bathsheba said, 'Well; I will speak for you to the king.'

Direct speech: Bathsheba's consent (brief assent)καὶ εἶπεν Βηρσαβεε καλῶς
Bathsheba consents with a single approving adverb καλῶς ('well / very well') and a promise of advocacy. Whether she perceives the political danger is left ambiguous; the brevity propels the narrative to the throne-room scene of v. 19.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Bathsheba's consent.
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebasubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: indeclinable; the queen mother, agreeing to advocate.
καλῶςwell / very welladverb (assent particle)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαλῶς: 'well / good'; here an interjection of assent ('very well / all right'), rendering טוֹב.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I myself will speak.'
λαλήσωI will speakFut Act Indic 1 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (predictive/promissory future)→ promissory future (pledge to advocate)λαλέω: 'speak'; 'I will speak for you to the king' — Bathsheba's pledge of intercession.
περὶconcerning / forpreposition + genitive (advocacy: 'on behalf of')→ spatial or relational framingπερί + genitive: 'concerning / on behalf of'; here 'for you.'
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of περί.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative indirect object (recipient of the speech)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, to whom Bathsheba will convey the request.
19

καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Βηρσαβεε πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Σαλωμων λαλῆσαι αὐτῷ περὶ Αδωνιου καὶ ἐξανέστη ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰς ἀπαντὴν αὐτῇ καὶ κατεφίλησεν αὐτὴν καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτέθη θρόνος τῇ μητρὶ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐκ δεξιῶν αὐτοῦ

And Bathsheba went in to King Solomon to speak to him about Adonijah. And the king rose to meet her and kissed her and sat upon his throne, and a throne was set for the mother of the king, and she sat at his right hand.

Narrative: the throne-room reception (honor shown the queen mother)καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Βηρσαβεε
The scene shifts to the throne room. Solomon's extraordinary courtesies — rising, kissing, and seating his mother on a throne at his right hand (ἐκ δεξιῶν αὐτοῦ) — display the honored office of the gĕbîrâ (queen mother) and lull the reader into expecting the request will be granted, sharpening the reversal at v. 22. The right hand is the place of highest honor (cf. Ps 110:1).
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; Bathsheba enters the royal presence to make her plea.
ΒηρσαβεεBathshebasubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: indeclinable; the queen mother.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, the object of the visit.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonaccusative in apposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; in apposition 'King Solomon.'
λαλῆσαιto speakAor Act Inf · λαλέωinfinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitiveλαλέω: the infinitive of purpose 'to speak to him about Adonijah' states Bathsheba's errand.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (of λαλῆσαι)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (of λαλῆσαι).
περὶabout / concerningpreposition + genitive (topic)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (topic).
ΑδωνιουAdonijahGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationΑδωνιας: declined here in the genitive (Αδωνιου); the topic of Bathsheba's intercession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξανέστηrose upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξανίστημιmain verb→ constative aorist (act of honor)ἐξανίστημι: 'rise up / stand up'; renders קוּם; the king's rising to meet his mother is an extraordinary mark of filial honor for the queen mother.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon rising in honor.
εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with ἀπαντήν, 'to meet.'
ἀπαντὴνa meetingAccusativeaccusative (with εἰς: 'to meet her')→ object specificationἀπάντησις/ἀπαντή: 'meeting'; εἰς ἀπαντήν ('to meet'), Hebraism rendering לִקְרַאת.
αὐτῇherDativedative (object of the meeting-idiom)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (object of the meeting-idiom).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεφίλησενkissedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταφιλέωmain verb→ constative aorist (gesture of affection/honor)καταφιλέω: 'kiss (warmly) / kiss down'; the intensive compound renders נָשַׁק; an affectionate filial gesture of honor.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενhe satAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aoristκαθίζω: 'sit down'; the king resumes his throne.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; the king's seat.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτέθηwas set / placedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (passive)→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'place / set'; the passive 'a throne was set' for the queen mother signals her honored co-regnal status.
θρόνοςa throneNominativesubject of ἐτέθη→ participant prominenceθρόνος: 'throne / seat of honor'; a second throne for the gĕbîrâ underscores her dignity.
τῇfor theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὶmotherDativedative of advantage (for whom the throne is set)→ sphere or referenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; the queen mother for whom the throne is placed.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship ('mother of the king')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'the mother of the king' = Bathsheba in her official capacity.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενshe satAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aoristκαθίζω: 'sit'; Bathsheba takes her seat of honor.
ἐκat / onpreposition + genitive (position: 'at the right')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: in the idiom ἐκ δεξιῶν ('on/at the right hand'), the place of highest honor.
δεξιῶνright handGenitivegenitive of place (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right (hand/side)'; ἐκ δεξιῶν ('at the right hand') marks the position of supreme honor beside the king (cf. Ps 110:1).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
20

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ αἴτησιν μίαν μικρὰν ἐγὼ αἰτοῦμαι παρὰ σοῦ μὴ ἀποστρέψῃς τὸ πρόσωπόν σου καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ ὁ βασιλεύς αἴτησαι μῆτερ ἐμή ὅτι οὐκ ἀποστρέψω σε

And she said to him, 'I ask one small request of you; do not turn away your face.' And the king said to her, 'Ask, my mother, for I will not turn you away.'

Direct speech: Bathsheba's petition and Solomon's open-handed promiseκαὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ
Bathsheba echoes Adonijah's own wording (αἴτησιν … αἰτοῦμαι … μὴ ἀποστρέψῃς, v. 16), now adding μικράν ('small') to minimize it. Solomon's warm αἴτησαι μῆτερ ἐμή ('ask, my mother') and his unconditional pledge οὐκ ἀποστρέψω σε ('I will not turn you away') maximize the reversal when, on hearing the actual request, he reacts with fury (v. 22). The king commits before knowing the content — classic narrative entrapment.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Bathsheba's petition.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
αἴτησινrequestAccusativecognate accusative (object of αἰτοῦμαι)→ object specificationαἴτησις: 'request'; the cognate accusative echoes Adonijah's wording of v. 16.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral (modifying αἴτησιν)→ measure or countεἷς, μία: 'one'; 'one request' — minimizing rhetoric.
μικρὰνsmall / littleAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying αἴτησιν)→ object specificationμικρός: 'small / little'; renders קְטַנָּה; Bathsheba downplays the request as trivial — heightening the irony of Solomon's violent reaction (v. 22).
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I ask.'
αἰτοῦμαιI askPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb→ present (the petition)αἰτέω (mid.): 'request for oneself'; the middle of personal petition.
παρὰof / frompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of παρά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of παρά.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: prohibitive with the aorist subjunctive.
ἀποστρέψῃςturn away / refuseAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀποστρέφωprohibitive subjunctive (μή + aor. subj.)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctive (entreaty)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn away'; the refusal-idiom (v. 16); Bathsheba pleads not to be rebuffed.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect object of ἀποστρέψῃς (refusal-idiom)→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; 'turn away the face' = refuse.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Solomon's open-handed reply.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
αἴτησαιaskAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperative (open invitation)αἰτέω (mid.): 'ask'; the middle imperative αἴτησαι ('ask [for yourself]') warmly invites the petition — before Solomon learns its content.
μῆτερmotherVocativevocative (direct address)→ direct addressμήτηρ: 'mother'; the vocative μῆτερ with ἐμή ('my mother') is affectionate and honoring.
ἐμήmyVocativepossessive adjective (with μῆτερ)→ direct addressἐμός: 'my'; the possessive heightens the warmth of address, sharpening the coming reversal.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; grounds the invitation in the pledge that follows.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with future)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of ἀποστρέψω.
ἀποστρέψωI will turn away / refuseFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (predictive/promissory future)→ promissory future (unconditional pledge)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn away / refuse'; Solomon's rash unconditional promise 'I will not turn you away' — given before he knows the request — sets the trap that springs in v. 22.
σεyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
21

καὶ εἶπεν δοθήτω δὲ Αβισακ ἡ Σωμανῖτις τῷ Αδωνια τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου εἰς γυναῖκα

And she said, 'Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to Adonijah your brother as wife.'

Direct speech: the request stated plainly (the trap sprung)καὶ εἶπεν δοθήτω
Bathsheba states the petition with a third-person passive imperative δοθήτω ('let her be given'), a deferential way of asking. The naming of 'Adonijah your brother' inadvertently underscores the dynastic threat: a living elder brother claiming a royal woman. The verse is the hinge on which Solomon's warm welcome turns to lethal suspicion.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the plainly stated request.
δοθήτωlet her be givenAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (third-person passive imperative)→ aorist passive imperative (deferential request)δίδωμι: 'give'; the third-person passive imperative δοθήτω ('let her be given') is a deferential, indirect way of asking — softening the politically charged petition.
δὲnow / andnarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive connective marking the substance of the request.
ΑβισακAbishagsubject of δοθήτω (indeclinable, marked by article ἡ)→ noun-phrase markingΑβισακ: indeclinable; David's Shunammite attendant, the subject of the request.
theNominativearticle (with gentilic Σωμανῖτις)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σωμανῖτιςthe ShunammiteNominativenominative attributive (gentilic, modifying Αβισακ)→ participant prominenceΣωμανῖτις: 'Shunammite'; feminine gentilic; identifies Abishag (cf. v. 17).
τῷtoDativearticle (with Αδωνια)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδωνιαAdonijahDativedative indirect object (recipient)→ sphere or referenceΑδωνιας: declined here in the dative (Αδωνια); the intended recipient of Abishag.
τῷtheDativearticle (in apposition to Αδωνια)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῷbrotherDativedative in apposition to Αδωνια→ sphere or referenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; 'your brother' — the very designation that, to Solomon's ear, transforms the request into a dynastic threat.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (predicate goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'as'; εἰς γυναῖκα ('as wife'), Hebraism לְאִשָּׁה.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative (predicate goal with εἰς)→ object specificationγυνή: 'wife'; the marriage requested for Adonijah.
22

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Σαλωμων ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ εἶπεν τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἵνα τί σὺ ᾔτησαι τὴν Αβισακ τῷ Αδωνια καὶ αἴτησαι αὐτῷ τὴν βασιλείαν ὅτι οὗτος ἀδελφός μου ὁ μέγας ὑπὲρ ἐμέ καὶ αὐτῷ Αβιαθαρ ὁ ἱερεὺς καὶ αὐτῷ Ιωαβ ὁ υἱὸς Σαρουιας ὁ ἀρχιστράτηγος ἑταῖρος

And King Solomon answered and said to his mother, 'And why do you ask Abishag for Adonijah? Ask the kingdom for him too! For he is my elder brother, and Abiathar the priest is on his side, and Joab son of Zeruiah, the commander-in-chief, is his comrade.'

Direct speech: Solomon's furious counter (the request unmasked)καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Σαλωμων
Solomon explodes the request's hidden meaning. The indignant ἵνα τί ('why?') and the sarcastic αἴτησαι αὐτῷ τὴν βασιλείαν ('ask the kingdom for him too!') equate the request for Abishag with a bid for the throne. He names Adonijah's powerful backers — Abiathar the priest and Joab the commander-in-chief — exposing a coalition; this list directly motivates the purges of vv. 26–27 (Abiathar) and 28–34 (Joab).
Word-by-word analysis· 46 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / reply'; renders עָנָה; the deponent-passive form is standard; with εἶπεν forms the Hebraizing 'answered and said.'
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king.
theNominativearticle (in apposition to Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition ('Solomon the king')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title underscores that Solomon now responds in his official capacity as judge.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in 'answered and said')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: completes the 'answered and said' formula.
τῇto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὶmotherDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; Bathsheba, the addressee.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the indignant question)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναwhyinterrogative (with τί: 'to what end? / why?')→ clausal contributionἵνα: in the idiom ἵνα τί ('for what purpose? / why?'), an indignant interrogative rendering לָמָּה.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with ἵνα)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; ἵνα τί ('why?') opens Solomon's indignant rejoinder.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — Solomon's astonishment that his own mother makes such a request.
ᾔτησαιdo you askPerf Mid Indic 2 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb (perfect with present/recent force)→ perfect (the request as a completed act with present bearing)αἰτέω (mid.): 'ask'; the middle perfect ᾔτησαι ('you have asked / you ask') treats the petition as a just-completed act whose import Solomon now unmasks.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Αβισακ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβισακAbishagdirect object of ᾔτησαι (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΑβισακ: indeclinable; the requested woman.
τῷforDativearticle (with Αδωνια)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑδωνιαAdonijahDativedative of advantage ('for Adonijah')→ sphere or referenceΑδωνιας: dative (Αδωνια); 'for Adonijah' — the beneficiary Solomon now treats as a rival.
καὶand / toocoordinate conjunction (escalating sarcasm)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἴτησαιaskAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb (sarcastic imperative)→ aorist imperative (bitter irony)αἰτέω (mid.): 'ask'; the sarcastic imperative 'ask the kingdom for him too!' equates the request for Abishag with seeking the throne itself.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'for him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdom / kingshipAccusativedirect object of αἴτησαι→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom / kingship'; the climactic sarcasm — Abishag = the kingdom; possession of the royal woman is tantamount to a throne-claim.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; grounds the suspicion in Adonijah's seniority and powerful allies.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; here 'he (is) my elder brother' — the demonstrative carries a dismissive edge.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; 'my elder brother' — Adonijah's seniority gives his claim dangerous plausibility.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
theNominativearticle (with adjective μέγας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγαςelder / greaterNominativeattributive adjective ('the elder')→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great / elder'; ὁ μέγας ('the great/elder one') = senior in age; renders הַגָּדוֹל, the elder son with prior claim.
ὑπὲρabove / thanpreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + accusative: 'above / more than'; comparative 'greater/elder than me.'
ἐμέmeAccusativeaccusative of comparison (with ὑπέρ)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic accusative; 'older than I' — acknowledging Adonijah's seniority as the heart of the threat.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷon his side / with himDativedative of association (verbless: 'with him / on his side')→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of association; 'and with him (are) Abiathar … and Joab' — naming Adonijah's faction.
ΑβιαθαρAbiatharsubject of verbless clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: transliteration of אֶבְיָתָר (Abiathar); indeclinable; the priest who supported Adonijah (1:7), here named as a co-conspirator — leading to his deposition (vv. 26–27).
theNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Αβιαθαρ→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; Abiathar's priestly office made his political backing of Adonijah especially weighty.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτῷwith him / hisDativedative of association→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of association; introducing the second named ally, Joab.
ΙωαβJoabsubject of verbless clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the army commander who also backed Adonijah (1:7), named here — leading to his death (vv. 28–34).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαβ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Zeruiah.'
Σαρουιαςof ZeruiahGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationΣαρουια: Zeruiah, David's sister; genitive Σαρουιας; the matronymic for Joab.
theNominativearticle (with ἀρχιστράτηγος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχιστράτηγοςcommander-in-chiefNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαβ→ participant prominenceἀρχιστράτηγος: 'commander-in-chief / chief of the army'; renders שַׂר צָבָא; Joab's office over Israel's army made his support a grave military threat.
ἑταῖροςcomrade / companionNominativepredicate nominative (Joab as Adonijah's 'comrade')→ participant prominenceἑταῖρος: 'comrade / companion / partisan'; underscores Joab's personal alliance with Adonijah — the political faction Solomon must dismantle.
23

καὶ ὤμοσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου λέγων τάδε ποιήσαι μοι ὁ θεὸς καὶ τάδε προσθείη ὅτι κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ἐλάλησεν Αδωνιας τὸν λόγον τοῦτον

And King Solomon swore by the LORD, saying, 'May God do thus to me, and thus may he add, for Adonijah has spoken this word against his own life!'

Direct speech: Solomon's self-imprecatory oath (verdict pronounced)καὶ ὤμοσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων
Solomon seals Adonijah's fate with the conventional self-imprecation formula τάδε ποιήσαι μοι ὁ θεὸς καὶ τάδε προσθείη ('may God do so to me and more also'), the standard biblical oath (cf. Ruth 1:17; 1 Sam 3:17). The ὅτι-clause states the ground: by asking for Abishag, Adonijah 'has spoken against his own life' — i.e., self-condemned. The oath 'by the LORD' makes the verdict irrevocable.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσενsworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb→ constative aorist (the binding oath)ὄμνυμι: 'swear'; renders נִשְׁבַּע; Solomon's oath makes Adonijah's death-sentence irrevocable.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon acting judicially.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; 'King Solomon.'
κατὰbypreposition + genitive (oath-formula: 'swear by')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + genitive: in oaths 'by / against'; 'swear by the LORD' (נִשְׁבַּע בַּ).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive (object of κατά: oath sworn by YHWH)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the oath 'by the LORD' invokes God as guarantor and avenger.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing, Hebraism)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: λέγων introduces the oath's content, calquing לֵאמֹר.
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of ποιήσαι)→ participant referenceὅδε: 'this'; in the oath-formula τάδε ποιήσαι ('may [God] do thus'), the demonstrative gestures vaguely at unstated punishment — a self-curse.
ποιήσαιmay he doAor Act Opt 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (optative of wish in the oath-formula)→ optative of wish (self-imprecation)ποιέω: 'do'; the aorist optative ποιήσαι ('may he do') in the self-imprecatory oath-formula 'may God do so to me and more' (כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה לִי אֱלֹהִים, cf. Ruth 1:17; 1 Sam 3:17).
μοιto meDativedative of disadvantage (the self-curse)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage (the self-curse).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of ποιήσαι→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; invoked as the executor of the self-curse should Solomon fail to act.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάδεthus / moreAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of προσθείη)→ participant referenceὅδε: 'this'; the second τάδε in 'and so may he add (more)' intensifies the self-imprecation.
προσθείηmay he addAor Act Opt 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (optative of wish)→ optative of wish (intensifying the oath)προστίθημι: 'add / increase'; the optative προσθείη ('may he add') completes the formula 'may God do so to me and more also' (וְכֹה יוֹסִיף), heightening the gravity of the oath.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; states the ground of the oath.
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + genitive: 'against'; 'against his own life' — the request is self-incriminating.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςlife / soulGenitivegenitive object of κατά→ relational specificationψυχή: 'life / soul / self'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; 'spoke against his own life' = his request amounts to self-condemnation, a capital offense.
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐλάλησενhas spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of causal clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; Adonijah's speaking the request is construed as a capital act against himself.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceΑδωνιας: nominative (declined -ας); the self-condemned petitioner.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of ἐλάλησεν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / matter'; 'this word' = the fatal request for Abishag.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying λόγον)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; deictic pointing to the just-uttered petition.
24

καὶ νῦν ζῇ κύριος ὃς ἡτοίμασέν με καὶ ἔθετό με ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρός μου καὶ αὐτὸς ἐποίησέν μοι οἶκον καθὼς ἐλάλησεν κύριος ὅτι σήμερον θανατωθήσεται Αδωνιας

And now, as the LORD lives, who established me and set me on the throne of David my father, and who has made me a house as he promised — today Adonijah shall be put to death!

Direct speech: the death-sentence sealed by oath (the 'living-LORD' formula)καὶ νῦν ζῇ κύριος
Solomon adds the assertory oath-formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives', חַי יהוה), grounding the sentence in YHWH's own faithfulness: the God who 'established' (ἡτοίμασεν, echoing v. 12) and 'made me a house' (the dynastic promise) is the guarantor. The triple relative description of YHWH heightens solemnity before the verdict σήμερον θανατωθήσεται Αδωνιας ('today Adonijah shall die').
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (with νῦν, transitional)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (discourse transition)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν moves from the oath-formula to the verdict.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (assertory oath-formula)→ gnomic/assertory present ('as the LORD lives')ζάω: 'live'; the formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives', חַי יהוה) is the standard biblical assertory oath, invoking the living God as witness and guarantor.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ζῇ→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the living God by whom Solomon swears.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἡτοίμασεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the threefold description of YHWH's faithfulness to Solomon.
ἡτοίμασένestablished / preparedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἑτοιμάζωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the past act of establishing)ἑτοιμάζω: 'prepare / establish'; echoes ἡτοιμάσθη of v. 12 — YHWH established Solomon's kingship; the ground of the oath's authority.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθετόset / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristτίθημι (mid.): 'set / place'; 'set me on the throne of David' — YHWH as the agent of Solomon's enthronement (cf. v. 12).
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνονthroneAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; 'the throne of David my father' — the dynastic seat (cf. v. 12).
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; here genitive 'of David.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (in apposition to Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; 'David my father' — dynastic legitimacy.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject (emphatic/intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself' — emphasizing YHWH's personal agency in establishing the dynasty.
ἐποίησένmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; 'made me a house' (עָשָׂה בַּיִת) = established a dynasty, fulfilling the promise of 2 Sam 7:11.
μοιfor meDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'for me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
οἶκονhouse / dynastyAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; renders בַּיִת; the 'house' (= enduring dynasty) promised to David (2 Sam 7), now realized in Solomon.
καθὼςas / just ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; introduces the comparison with YHWH's promise.
ἐλάλησενpromised / spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak / promise'; 'as the LORD promised' refers to the Davidic covenant word (2 Sam 7).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the promise-keeping God.
ὅτιthat / surelyconjunction (introducing the oath's apodosis/content)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here introducing the substance sworn ('[I swear] that … today Adonijah shall die'); functions emphatically after the oath.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; the immediacy of execution underscores the sentence's finality.
θανατωθήσεταιshall be put to deathFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (sworn verdict)→ predictive future (the sworn death-sentence)θανατόω: 'put to death'; the passive 'shall be put to death' is the formal verdict, executed in v. 25.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahNominativesubject of θανατωθήσεται→ participant prominenceΑδωνιας: nominative (declined -ας); the condemned man.
25

καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν Σαλωμων ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐν χειρὶ Βαναιου υἱοῦ Ιωδαε καὶ ἀνεῖλεν αὐτόν καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αδωνιας ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ

And King Solomon sent by the hand of Benaiah son of Jehoiada, and he struck him down, and Adonijah died on that day.

Narrative: the execution carried out (verdict fulfilled)καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν Σαλωμων
The sentence is executed swiftly through Benaiah son of Jehoiada, Solomon's enforcer (who will also kill Joab, v. 34, and Shimei, v. 46). The Hebraism ἐν χειρὶ ('by the hand of') marks Benaiah as the king's agent. The phrase ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that day') fulfills Solomon's σήμερον of v. 24.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἐξαποστέλλω: 'send out / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; Solomon dispatches his agent to carry out the execution.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king.
theNominativearticle (in apposition to Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Solomon the king' acting with royal authority.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (agency, Hebraism: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental 'by'; ἐν χειρί ('by the hand of', בְּיַד) is a Hebraism marking the human agent.
χειρὶhandDativedative of means (in the agency-idiom)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρί = 'by the agency of.'
ΒαναιουBenaiahGenitivegenitive (object of the agency-idiom 'hand of Benaiah')→ relational specificationΒαναιας: transliteration of בְּנָיָהוּ (Benaiah); declined as a genitive (Βαναιου); commander of Solomon's bodyguard and chief executioner (vv. 25, 34, 46).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Βαναιου→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
Ιωδαεof Jehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: transliteration of יְהוֹיָדָע (Jehoiada); indeclinable; Benaiah's father, a priest.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεῖλενstruck down / killedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the killing)ἀναιρέω: 'kill / do away with / destroy'; renders הָרַג / פָּגַע; the standard LXX verb for judicial execution; Benaiah dispatches Adonijah.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object (Adonijah)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Adonijah).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aorist (the death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; confirms Adonijah's death, ending the first rival's threat.
ΑδωνιαςAdonijahNominativesubject of ἀπέθανεν→ participant prominenceΑδωνιας: nominative; the executed pretender.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; 'on that day' fulfills Solomon's σήμερον ('today,' v. 24).
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; deictic 'that (very) day' of the sworn sentence.
26

καὶ τῷ Αβιαθαρ τῷ ἱερεῖ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεύς ἀπότρεχε σὺ εἰς Αναθωθ εἰς ἀγρόν σου ὅτι ἀνὴρ θανάτου εἶ σὺ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ καὶ οὐ θανατώσω σε ὅτι ἦρας τὴν κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης κυρίου ἐνώπιον τοῦ πατρός μου καὶ ὅτι ἐκακουχήθης ἐν ἅπασιν οἷς ἐκακουχήθη ὁ πατήρ μου

And to Abiathar the priest the king said, 'Run off to Anathoth, to your field, for you are a man worthy of death this day; but I will not put you to death, because you bore the ark of the covenant of the LORD before my father, and because you were afflicted in all the things in which my father was afflicted.'

Direct speech: Abiathar banished (the second rival dealt with)καὶ τῷ Αβιαθαρ τῷ ἱερεῖ εἶπεν
Solomon turns to Abiathar, Adonijah's priestly backer (v. 22). The brusque imperative ἀπότρεχε ('run off!') banishes him to his ancestral field at Anathoth. Though 'a man worthy of death' (ἀνὴρ θανάτου, a Hebraism), Abiathar is spared for two reasons of ḥesed: he carried the ark before David (cf. 2 Sam 15:24–29) and shared David's hardships. Banishment, not execution, ends his priestly career.
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Αβιαθαρ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβιαθαρAbiathardative indirect object (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: indeclinable; the priest, Adonijah's ally, now addressed by the king.
τῷtheDativearticle (in apposition to Αβιαθαρ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativedative in apposition to Αβιαθαρ→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; Abiathar's office, soon stripped (v. 27).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the king's sentence of banishment.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
ἀπότρεχεrun off / go awayPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποτρέχωmain verb (imperative of banishment)→ present imperative (command of dismissal)ἀποτρέχω: 'run away / depart'; renders הָלַךְ; the brusque 'run off!' summarily banishes Abiathar from court to his rural estate.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun with imperative)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' reinforcing the personal command.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑναθωθAnathothaccusative of place (indeclinable place-name, with εἰς)→ participant identificationΑναθωθ: transliteration of עֲנָתוֹת (Anathoth); indeclinable; a priestly town in Benjamin (later Jeremiah's home, Jer 1:1), Abiathar's ancestral holding.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction, in apposition)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction, in apposition).
ἀγρόνfield / estateAccusativeaccusative of place (with εἰς)→ object specificationἀγρός: 'field / farm / estate'; renders שָׂדֶה; Abiathar's private landholding, to which he is confined.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; grounds the harsh dismissal in Abiathar's deserved guilt.
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominative (in 'man of death')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; in the Hebraism ἀνὴρ θανάτου ('man of death' = one deserving death, אִישׁ מָוֶת).
θανάτουof deathGenitivegenitive of quality (Hebraism: 'deserving death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: 'death'; the genitive of quality 'man of death' (אִישׁ מָוֶת) = one liable to capital punishment.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; copula of the predicate 'you are a man of death.'
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (yourself).'
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; 'this day' — Abiathar is presently liable to death.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; deictic 'this (very) day.'
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative turn)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with future)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of θανατώσω — the act of clemency.
θανατώσωI will put to deathFut Act Indic 1 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (negated future, clemency)→ predictive future (negated: act of sparing)θανατόω: 'put to death'; the negated future grants clemency: despite deserving death, Abiathar is spared for the reasons that follow.
σεyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (first ground of clemency)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; the first reason for sparing Abiathar.
ἦραςyou bore / carriedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · αἴρωverb of causal clause→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'lift / carry / bear'; renders נָשָׂא; Abiathar bore/served the ark before David (2 Sam 15:24–29), a priestly service now invoked as grounds for mercy.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κιβωτὸνarkAccusativedirect object of ἦρας→ object specificationκιβωτός: 'ark / chest'; renders אֲרוֹן; the ark of the covenant, whose handling by Abiathar earns him clemency.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive of relationship ('ark of the covenant')→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant / testament'; renders בְּרִית; 'the ark of the covenant of the LORD' is the sacred chest housing the covenant tablets.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with διαθήκης)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the covenant of the LORD.'
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'in the presence of')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; David, before whom Abiathar served as priest.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (second ground of clemency)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; the second reason — shared affliction with David.
ἐκακουχήθηςyou were afflictedAor Pass Indic 2 Sg · κακουχέωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (shared past hardship)κακουχέω: 'maltreat / afflict / cause hardship'; the passive 'you were afflicted' refers to Abiathar's sharing David's persecutions (e.g., fleeing Saul, then Absalom); a bond of loyalty that earns mercy.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
ἅπασινallDativeadjective (substantival: 'in all things')→ sphere or referenceἅπας: 'all (together) / every'; intensive form of πᾶς; 'in all the things' in which David suffered.
οἷςin whichDativerelative pronoun (dative, attracted to ἅπασιν)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dat. neut. pl.; 'in which (things) my father was afflicted' — the case attracted to its antecedent ἅπασιν.
ἐκακουχήθηwas afflictedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κακουχέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristκακουχέω: 'be afflicted'; repeated of David — Abiathar's solidarity in David's hardships grounds his pardon.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject of ἐκακουχήθη→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; David, whose afflictions Abiathar shared.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
27

καὶ ἐξέβαλεν Σαλωμων τὸν Αβιαθαρ τοῦ μὴ εἶναι ἱερέα τοῦ κυρίου πληρωθῆναι τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ὃ ἐλάλησεν ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Ηλι ἐν Σηλωμ

And Solomon expelled Abiathar from being a priest of the LORD, so as to fulfill the word of the LORD that he spoke against the house of Eli in Shiloh.

Narrative comment: theological fulfillment (the deposition interpreted)καὶ ἐξέβαλεν Σαλωμων
The narrator interprets Abiathar's deposition as the fulfillment of the prophecy against the house of Eli (1 Sam 2:27–36; 3:11–14). The genitive articular infinitive τοῦ μὴ εἶναι ('so as not to be') states the result; the second infinitive πληρωθῆναι ('to fulfill') gives the deeper theological purpose: dynastic-priestly politics serve YHWH's earlier word. Abiathar, last of Eli's line, is thus removed.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέβαλενexpelled / cast outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκβάλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκβάλλω: 'throw out / expel / remove'; renders גָּרַשׁ; Solomon removes Abiathar from priestly office — a deposition, not an execution.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Αβιαθαρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβιαθαρAbiathardirect object of ἐξέβαλεν (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: indeclinable; the deposed priest, last of Eli's line.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (governing articular infinitive, result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μὴnotnegative particle (with infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: the negative used with infinitives; 'so as not to be a priest.'
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive of result (τοῦ μὴ εἶναι)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ μὴ εἶναι ('so as not to be') expresses result — Abiathar ceases to function as priest.
ἱερέαa priestAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἶναι)→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the office of which Abiathar is deprived.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship ('priest of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'priest of the LORD.'
πληρωθῆναιto fulfill / be fulfilledAor Pass Inf · πληρόωinfinitive of purpose/result (theological)→ verbal action or stateπληρόω: 'fill / fulfill / complete'; the passive infinitive 'so that the word might be fulfilled' interprets the deposition as fulfilling the oracle against Eli's house — a fulfillment-formula characteristic of deuteronomistic theology.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / sayingAccusativesubject of the passive infinitive πληρωθῆναι (acc. with inf.)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / matter'; renders דָּבָר; the prophetic word against Eli's house (1 Sam 2:27–36).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with ῥῆμα)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; 'the word of the LORD' = YHWH's prophetic oracle.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. neut. sg., referring to ῥῆμα.
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the past oracle)λαλέω: 'speak'; refers to YHWH's prophetic word at Shiloh against Eli's priestly house.
ἐπὶagainst / concerningpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here 'against / concerning'; the oracle directed against Eli's house.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / line'; 'the house of Eli' = the Elide priestly dynasty, of which Abiathar was the last to serve.
Ηλιof Eligenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλι: transliteration of עֵלִי (Eli); indeclinable; the priest of Shiloh against whose house judgment was pronounced (1 Sam 2–3).
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣηλωμShilohdative of place (indeclinable place-name, with ἐν)→ participant identificationΣηλωμ: transliteration of שִׁלֹה (Shiloh); indeclinable; the early sanctuary-site where the ark resided under Eli and the oracle was delivered.
28

καὶ ἡ ἀκοὴ ἦλθεν ἕως Ιωαβ τοῦ υἱοῦ Σαρουιας ὅτι Ιωαβ ἦν κεκλικὼς ὀπίσω Αδωνιου καὶ ὀπίσω Σαλωμων οὐκ ἔκλινεν καὶ ἔφυγεν Ιωαβ εἰς τὸ σκήνωμα τοῦ κυρίου καὶ κατέσχεν τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου

And the report came to Joab son of Zeruiah — for Joab had inclined after Adonijah, but after Solomon he had not inclined — and Joab fled to the tent of the LORD and took hold of the horns of the altar.

Narrative: new scene (Joab's flight to sanctuary)καὶ ἡ ἀκοὴ ἦλθεν ἕως Ιωαβ
The Joab episode opens with the report (ἀκοή) reaching him. The parenthetical periphrastic pluperfect ἦν κεκλικώς ('had inclined') with its antithesis (after Adonijah, not after Solomon) explains his peril: he had backed the failed pretender (1:7; also Absalom). Joab seeks asylum at 'the horns of the altar,' the recognized place of refuge (Exod 21:14), gripping them (κατέσχεν) — though that very law denied refuge to a willful murderer.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀκοὴreport / newsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἀκοή: 'report / rumor / hearing'; renders שְׁמוּעָה; 'the report' of the executions reaches Joab, prompting his flight.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; 'the report came as far as Joab' = news reached him.
ἕωςas far as / topreposition + genitive (extent: 'reaching to')→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'up to / as far as'; the report 'reached as far as' Joab.
ΙωαβJoabgenitive object of ἕως (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the army commander, here the recipient of the news.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωαβ→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Zeruiah.'
Σαρουιαςof ZeruiahGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationΣαρουια: Zeruiah; genitive Σαρουιας; Joab's mother, David's sister.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (introducing the explanatory parenthesis)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the explanation of Joab's danger.
ΙωαβJoabsubject of the periphrastic clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; subject of the parenthetical explanation.
ἦνhadImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (with participle κεκλικώς, periphrastic pluperfect)→ periphrastic pluperfect (settled prior allegiance)εἰμί: imperfect auxiliary; with the perfect participle κεκλικώς forms a periphrastic pluperfect 'had inclined' — Joab's settled past allegiance.
κεκλικὼςinclined / turnedPerf Act Part Nom Masc Sg · κλίνωparticiple (with ἦν, periphrastic pluperfect)→ perfect participle (resultant inclination)κλίνω: 'bend / incline / turn'; renders נָטָה; 'had inclined after Adonijah' = had thrown his support to the pretender (1:7); the political miscalculation that now imperils him.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (allegiance: 'after / behind')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω + genitive: 'after / behind'; 'incline after' = follow/support (Hebraism אַחֲרֵי).
ΑδωνιουAdonijahGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationΑδωνιας: genitive (Αδωνιου); the pretender Joab backed.
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (allegiance, fronted for contrast)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω + genitive: 'after'; fronted before its negated verb for emphatic contrast.
ΣαλωμωνSolomongenitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; here genitive 'after Solomon.'
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of ἔκλινεν — Joab did not side with Solomon.
ἔκλινενhe inclinedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλίνωmain verb of the parenthesis (negated)→ constative aorist (negated allegiance)κλίνω: 'incline / turn'; 'after Solomon he did not incline' — the fatal failure to support the eventual victor.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming main line)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; renders נוּס; Joab flees to sanctuary, seeking asylum at the altar.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the fugitive.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκήνωμαtent / tabernacleAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationσκήνωμα: 'tent / dwelling / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל; 'the tent of the LORD' = the sacred tent housing the altar, a place of asylum (cf. σκηνή, v. 29–30).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the tent of the LORD' = YHWH's sanctuary.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέσχενtook hold / seizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατέχωmain verb (with partitive genitive)→ constative aorist (grasping for asylum)κατέχω: 'hold fast / seize / grasp'; renders אָחַז / הֶחֱזִיק; Joab grips the altar-horns, the gesture of one claiming sanctuary (cf. 1:50–51 of Adonijah).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεράτωνhornsGenitivepartitive genitive (object of κατέσχεν)→ relational specificationκέρας (pl. κέρατα): 'horn'; renders קַרְנוֹת; the projecting 'horns' at the altar's four corners; grasping them claimed asylum (Exod 27:2; 1 Kings 1:50).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of relationship ('horns of the altar')→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the altar of burnt offering, whose horns afforded asylum — though not, per Exod 21:14, to a willful murderer like Joab.
29

καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαλωμων λέγοντες ὅτι ἔφυγεν Ιωαβ εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἰδοὺ κατέχει τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαλωμων πρὸς Ιωαβ λέγων τί γέγονέν σοι ὅτι πέφευγας εἰς τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ εἶπεν Ιωαβ ὅτι ἐφοβήθην ἀπὸ προσώπου σου καὶ ἔφυγον πρὸς κύριον καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Σαλωμων ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Βαναιου υἱὸν Ιωδαε λέγων πορεύου καὶ ἄνελε αὐτὸν καὶ θάψον αὐτόν

And it was reported to Solomon, saying, 'Joab has fled to the tent of the LORD, and behold, he is holding the horns of the altar.' And Solomon sent to Joab, saying, 'What has happened to you, that you have fled to the altar?' And Joab said, 'Because I was afraid before you, and I fled to the LORD.' And King Solomon sent Benaiah son of Jehoiada, saying, 'Go, strike him down and bury him.'

Narrative + dialogue: the report, exchange, and death-orderκαὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαλωμων
This long verse compresses report, royal interrogation, Joab's confession of fear (ἐφοβήθην ἀπὸ προσώπου σου, 'I was afraid before you'), and the death-order in one sweep. The constructio ad sensum λέγοντες ('saying', masc. pl. with impersonal ἀπηγγέλη) is a Hebraism. Joab's 'I fled to the LORD' claims sanctuary, but Solomon dispatches Benaiah with the terse triple command πορεύου … ἄνελε … θάψον ('go, strike, bury').
Word-by-word analysis· 63 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηγγέληit was reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal passive)→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; renders נָגַד (Hophal); the impersonal passive 'it was reported to Solomon' introduces the news of Joab's asylum.
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative indirect object (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the recipient of the report.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple (constructio ad sensum: 'people saying')→ present participle (speech accompanying the objecting)λέγω: the masculine-plural participle λέγοντες after the impersonal passive ἀπηγγέλη is a constructio ad sensum (= 'they reported, saying'), a Hebraism calquing לֵאמֹר.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing reported speech)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: recitative 'that' introducing the content of the report.
ἔφυγενhas fledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωverb of reported clause→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; reports Joab's flight to sanctuary.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the fugitive.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtent / tabernacleAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; renders אֹהֶל; the sacred tent (synonymous with σκήνωμα, v. 28).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; 'the tent of the LORD.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ὁράω (frozen interjection)presentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; vividly presents Joab clinging to the altar.
κατέχειhe is holdingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατέχωverb of reported clause→ vivid present (the ongoing grasp)κατέχω: 'hold fast / grasp'; the present 'he is holding (the horns)' depicts the ongoing claim of asylum.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεράτωνhornsGenitivepartitive genitive (object of κατέχει)→ relational specificationκέρας: 'horn'; the altar-horns gripped for sanctuary.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the altar of asylum.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Solomon sends a message to Joab demanding explanation.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙωαβJoabaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the addressee.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: λέγων introducing the king's question, calquing לֵאמֹר.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of γέγονεν)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; 'what has happened to you?' — a challenge phrased as concern.
γέγονένhas happenedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of question (perfect)→ resultative perfect (present state resulting from a past event)γίνομαι: 'become / happen'; the perfect 'what has happened to you?' inquires into the present situation produced by Joab's flight.
σοιto youDativedative of reference→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of reference.
ὅτιthatconjunction (causal/consecutive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that / seeing that'; introduces the ground of the question.
πέφευγαςyou have fledPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · φεύγωverb of subordinate clause (perfect)→ resultative perfect (fled and now in refuge)φεύγω: 'flee'; the perfect 'you have fled (and remain) at the altar' stresses Joab's present asylum-state.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the place of refuge to which Joab fled.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Joab's reply.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the fugitive speaking.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (recitative/causal)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; Joab's answer gives his reason.
ἐφοβήθηνI was afraidAor Pass Indic 1 Sg · φοβέομαιverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the onset of fear)φοβέομαι: 'fear / be afraid'; renders יָרֵא; Joab confesses fear of Solomon as his motive for seeking asylum.
ἀπὸbefore / frompreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'from the face of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: in ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from the face of', מִפְּנֵי), a Hebraism for 'before / because of.'
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (refuge-from idiom)→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἀπὸ προσώπου σου ('from before you') = in fear of you.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγονI fledAor Act Indic 1 Sg · φεύγωverb of causal clause→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; 'I fled to the LORD' — Joab claims divine asylum, casting his flight as religious refuge.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'I fled to the LORD' = sought asylum at YHWH's altar.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Solomon dispatches his executioner.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king.
theNominativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'Solomon the king' acting with royal authority.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing genitive-form name Βαναιου)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαναιουBenaiahAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν (frozen genitive form, acc. via article)→ object specificationΒαναιας: here the genitive-form Βαναιου is treated as an indeclinable-style object marked accusative by τόν — a not-uncommon LXX irregularity; Solomon's executioner.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βαναιου→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
Ιωδαεof Jehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: indeclinable; Benaiah's father.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: λέγων introducing the death-order.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (imperative)→ present imperative (command to set out)πορεύομαι: 'go'; first of the triple command 'go, strike, bury.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνελεstrike down / killAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperative (decisive command to kill)ἀναιρέω: 'kill / do away with'; the order to execute Joab even at the altar — overriding the asylum-claim, since Joab is a willful murderer (Exod 21:14).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάψονburyAor Act Impv 2 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeθάπτω: 'bury'; the third command — Joab is to receive burial (cf. v. 34), an honorable disposal despite the execution.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
30

καὶ ἦλθεν Βαναιου υἱὸς Ιωδαε πρὸς Ιωαβ εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ κυρίου καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ τάδε λέγει ὁ βασιλεύς ἔξελθε καὶ εἶπεν Ιωαβ οὐκ ἐκπορεύομαι ὅτι ὧδε ἀποθανοῦμαι καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν Βαναιας υἱὸς Ιωδαε καὶ εἶπεν τῷ βασιλεῖ λέγων τάδε λελάληκεν Ιωαβ καὶ τάδε ἀποκέκριταί μοι

And Benaiah son of Jehoiada came to Joab at the tent of the LORD and said to him, 'Thus says the king: Come out.' And Joab said, 'I will not come out, for here I will die.' And Benaiah son of Jehoiada returned and said to the king, 'Thus has Joab spoken, and thus has he answered me.'

Narrative + dialogue: Benaiah's parley and Joab's defianceκαὶ ἦλθεν Βαναιου υἱὸς Ιωδαε
Benaiah hesitates to violate sanctuary, so he summons Joab out with the royal messenger-formula τάδε λέγει ὁ βασιλεύς ('thus says the king', echoing prophetic τάδε λέγει κύριος). Joab's defiant refusal — 'I will not come out, for here I will die' — chooses death at the altar, forcing the king's hand. Benaiah reports back with the perfect verbs λελάληκεν … ἀποκέκριται ('he has spoken … answered'), seeking fresh instruction.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; Benaiah arrives at the sanctuary to confront Joab.
ΒαναιουBenaiahNominativesubject (frozen genitive form used as nominative)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: here the genitive-form Βαναιου functions as the subject ('Benaiah came') — an LXX irregularity in the declension of this name.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαναιου→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
Ιωδαεof Jehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: indeclinable; Benaiah's father.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΙωαβJoabaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the fugitive at the altar.
εἰςto / atpreposition + accusative (location toward)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location toward).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνὴνtent / tabernacleAccusativeaccusative of place (with εἰς)→ object specificationσκηνή: 'tent / tabernacle'; the sanctuary where Joab clings to the altar.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; 'the tent of the LORD.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Benaiah's summons.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λέγει, messenger-formula)→ participant referenceὅδε: 'this'; in the royal messenger-formula τάδε λέγει ὁ βασιλεύς ('thus says the king'), modeled on the prophetic τάδε λέγει κύριος (כֹּה אָמַר).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (messenger-formula, historic present)→ historic present (vivid citation of royal command)λέγω (pres.): the messenger-formula present 'thus says the king' lends the royal order immediate authority.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the authority behind Benaiah's summons.
ἔξελθεcome outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (imperative, royal command)→ aorist imperative (summons from sanctuary)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go/come out'; the command 'come out' would remove Joab from the altar's protection so he might be killed away from the sacred precinct.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Joab's defiant refusal.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the defiant fugitive.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of ἐκπορεύομαι — Joab's refusal.
ἐκπορεύομαιI will come outPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐκπορεύομαιmain verb (defiant present/futuristic)→ futuristic present (resolute refusal)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go/come out'; the present 'I am not coming out' is a flat, defiant refusal to leave the altar.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives Joab's grim reason.
ὧδεhereadverb of place→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here'; 'here (at the altar) I will die' — Joab chooses to die in the sanctuary rather than be dragged out.
ἀποθανοῦμαιI will dieFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of causal clause→ predictive future (resolute acceptance of death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; Joab resolves to die at the altar, forcing Solomon to authorize killing within the sacred space.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; here intransitive 'returned' — Benaiah goes back to report Joab's defiance and seek further orders.
ΒαναιαςBenaiahNominativesubject (regular nominative form)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: here the regular nominative form (contrast frozen Βαναιου above); the executioner reporting back.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαναιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
Ιωδαεof Jehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: indeclinable; Benaiah's father.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Benaiah's report.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, to whom Benaiah reports.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: λέγων introducing the report's content.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λελάληκεν)→ participant referenceὅδε: 'this / thus'; 'thus Joab has spoken' summarizes his defiant words.
λελάληκενhas spokenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (perfect)→ resultative perfect (Joab's words standing on record)λαλέω: 'speak'; the perfect 'has spoken' presents Joab's defiance as a fixed datum for the king's decision.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the defiant subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of ἀποκέκριται)→ participant referenceὅδε: 'this / thus'; 'thus he has answered me' — restating Joab's reply for the king.
ἀποκέκριταίhas answeredPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (perfect)→ resultative perfect (the answer standing on record)ἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the perfect 'has answered me' presents Joab's response as the settled basis for Solomon's next order (v. 31).
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
31

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεύς πορεύου καὶ ποίησον αὐτῷ καθὼς εἴρηκεν καὶ ἄνελε αὐτὸν καὶ θάψεις αὐτὸν καὶ ἐξαρεῖς σήμερον τὸ αἷμα ὃ δωρεὰν ἐξέχεεν Ιωαβ ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ πατρός μου

And the king said to him, 'Go and do to him as he has said: strike him down and bury him, and you shall remove today the blood that Joab shed without cause from me and from the house of my father.'

Direct speech: the renewed death-order with its rationale (bloodguilt removed)καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεύς
Solomon grants Joab's death-at-the-altar wish ('do to him as he has said') and supplies the theological-legal rationale: executing Joab will 'remove' (ἐξαρεῖς) the bloodguilt of his unprovoked killings (δωρεάν, 'without cause') from David's house. The verb ἐξαίρω is deuteronomistic purge-language ('you shall remove the evil from your midst', Deut 19:13).
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Solomon's renewed order.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (imperative)→ present imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go'; renews the command to act.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποίησονdoAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeποιέω: 'do'; 'do to him as he has said' — Solomon accedes to Joab's choice to die at the altar.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; introduces the comparison with Joab's own words.
εἴρηκενhe has saidPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγω (εἴρω)verb of comparative clause (perfect)→ resultative perfectλέγω (perf. εἴρηκα): 'say'; 'as he has said' refers to Joab's declared willingness to die at the altar (v. 30).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνελεstrike down / killAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperativeἀναιρέω: 'kill'; the explicit order to execute Joab, even at the altar.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θάψειςyou shall buryFut Act Indic 2 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (command to bury)θάπτω: 'bury'; the imperatival future commands burial — Joab still receives interment (v. 34).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαρεῖςyou shall removeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (purging of bloodguilt)ἐξαίρω: 'take away / remove / purge'; renders בִּעֵר ('purge out'); deuteronomistic purge-language (Deut 19:13); executing Joab removes the bloodguilt from David's house.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; the purgation is to be accomplished at once.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαblood / bloodguiltAccusativedirect object of ἐξαρεῖς→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; here 'bloodguilt' — the moral stain of Joab's murders that must be purged from the dynasty.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξέχεεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. neut. sg., referring to αἷμα.
δωρεὰνwithout cause / gratuitouslyadverbial accusative (manner)→ clausal contributionδωρεάν: 'freely / without cause / gratuitously'; renders חִנָּם; underscores that Joab's killings of Abner and Amasa were unprovoked murders, hence true bloodguilt.
ἐξέχεενshed / poured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐκχέω: 'pour out / shed'; renders שָׁפַךְ; 'shed blood' (שָׁפַךְ דָּם) is the standard idiom for murder.
ΙωαβJoabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the murderer.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; the bloodguilt is removed 'from me (Solomon) and from my father's house.'
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἐγώ: emphatic genitive; the bloodguilt must be cleared from Solomon himself.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; 'the house of my father' = David's dynasty, which must be purged of Joab's bloodguilt.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship ('house of my father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; David, whose house bore the latent bloodguilt of Joab's deeds.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
32

καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν κύριος τὸ αἷμα τῆς ἀδικίας αὐτοῦ εἰς κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ὡς ἀπήντησεν τοῖς δυσὶν ἀνθρώποις τοῖς δικαίοις καὶ ἀγαθοῖς ὑπὲρ αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου Δαυιδ οὐκ ἔγνω τὸ αἷμα αὐτῶν τὸν Αβεννηρ υἱὸν Νηρ ἀρχιστράτηγον Ισραηλ καὶ τὸν Αμεσσα υἱὸν Ιεθερ ἀρχιστράτηγον Ιουδα

And the LORD shall return the blood of his wrongdoing on his own head, because he met two men more righteous and good than himself and killed them with the sword — and my father David did not know it — Abner son of Ner, commander-in-chief of Israel, and Amasa son of Jether, commander-in-chief of Judah.

Direct speech: the lex talionis principle (blood returns on the shedder)καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν κύριος
Solomon articulates the talionic principle: YHWH 'returns the blood on his own head' — Joab's death is divine requital, not mere royal vengeance. The aorist ἀπέστρεψεν is prophetic/performative ('the LORD herewith returns'). The ground is restated: Joab murdered two better men (Abner, Amasa) by the sword, unknown to David, thus incurring personal bloodguilt that does not attach to the innocent king.
Word-by-word analysis· 50 words
καὶandnarrative/coordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενshall return / has returnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (performative/prophetic aorist)→ performative aorist (the divine requital declared as accomplished)ἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders הֵשִׁיב; 'the LORD returns the blood on his head' (cf. הֵשִׁיב דָּם) is the talionic principle — bloodguilt recoils on the shedder.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the true agent of the requital, framing the execution as divine justice.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαblood / bloodguiltAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστρεψεν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood / bloodguilt'; the guilt of Joab's murders, now returned upon him.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδικίαςwrongdoing / injusticeGenitivegenitive of quality ('blood of his wrongdoing')→ relational specificationἀδικία: 'injustice / wrongdoing / unrighteousness'; the genitive of quality marks the blood as guiltily, unjustly shed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςon / ontopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'onto'; 'on his own head' (עַל רֹאשׁוֹ), the talionic idiom.
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; 'on his head' = upon himself; the locus where bloodguilt settles for requital.
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὡςbecause / ascausal/comparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here causal 'inasmuch as / because'; introduces the ground of requital.
ἀπήντησενmet / fell uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαντάωverb of causal clause→ constative aoristἀπαντάω: 'meet / encounter / fall upon'; here 'fell upon / attacked' the two men — euphemistic for treacherous assault (cf. πάγαω).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶνtwoDativenumeral (modifying ἀνθρώποις)→ sphere or referenceδύο: 'two'; dative δυσίν; the two victims — Abner and Amasa.
ἀνθρώποιςmenDativedative object of ἀπήντησεν→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος: 'man / human being'; the two men Joab killed.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with adjectives)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαίοιςrighteousDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀνθρώποις)→ sphere or referenceδίκαιος: 'righteous / just'; renders צַדִּיק; the victims were morally superior to their killer — heightening Joab's guilt.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀγαθοῖςgoodDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἀνθρώποις)→ sphere or referenceἀγαθός: 'good'; renders טוֹב; pairs with δίκαιος to characterize Abner and Amasa as upright men.
ὑπὲρthan / abovepreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + accusative: 'more than'; 'more righteous and good than himself.'
αὐτὸνhimselfAccusativeaccusative of comparison (with ὑπέρ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'himself' (Joab); the comparison underscores the injustice of the murders.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέκτεινενkilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; Joab's murders of the two commanders.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐνby / withpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
ῥομφαίᾳswordDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: 'sword'; renders חֶרֶב; the weapon of the murders (cf. 2 Sam 3:27; 20:10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (parenthetical)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject (in parenthesis)→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; David, exonerated of the murders.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ΔαυιδDavidnominative in apposition to πατήρ (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'David my father' — declared innocent of Joab's bloodguilt.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of ἔγνω — David's ignorance exonerates him.
ἔγνωknewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb of parenthesis (negated)→ constative aorist (negated knowledge)γινώσκω: 'know'; 'David did not know (of) their blood' — he neither sanctioned nor was complicit in the murders (cf. 2 Sam 3:26–28).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἔγνω→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; 'their blood' = the bloodshed of Abner and Amasa, of which David was unaware.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Αβεννηρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβεννηρAbneraccusative in apposition (the first victim; case via article)→ participant identificationΑβεννηρ: indeclinable; Abner son of Ner, Israel's commander, murdered by Joab (2 Sam 3:27).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αβεννηρ→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Ner.'
Νηρof Nergenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝηρ: indeclinable; Abner's father.
ἀρχιστράτηγονcommander-in-chiefAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αβεννηρ→ object specificationἀρχιστράτηγος: 'commander-in-chief'; Abner commanded Saul's/Israel's army (2 Sam 2:8).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'commander of Israel' (the northern forces).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Αμεσσα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμεσσαAmasaaccusative in apposition (the second victim; case via article)→ participant identificationΑμεσσα: indeclinable (here, contrast the form Αμεσσαϊ at v. 5); Amasa son of Jether, murdered by Joab (2 Sam 20:10).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αμεσσα→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jether.'
Ιεθερof Jethergenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεθερ: indeclinable; Amasa's father.
ἀρχιστράτηγονcommander-in-chiefAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αμεσσα→ object specificationἀρχιστράτηγος: 'commander-in-chief'; Amasa commanded Judah's (Absalom's, then David's) army (2 Sam 17:25; 19:13).
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of יְהוּדָה (Judah); indeclinable; 'commander of Judah' (the southern forces) — the Abner/Israel : Amasa/Judah pairing spans both kingdoms.
33

καὶ ἐπεστράφη τὰ αἵματα αὐτῶν εἰς κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς κεφαλὴν τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ τῷ Δαυιδ καὶ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ καὶ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ καὶ τῷ θρόνῳ αὐτοῦ γένοιτο εἰρήνη ἕως αἰῶνος παρὰ κυρίου

So their blood shall return on his head and on the head of his seed forever; but to David and to his seed and to his house and to his throne may there be peace forever from the LORD.

Direct speech: the antithetical curse-and-blessing (closing the Joab verdict)καὶ ἐπεστράφη τὰ αἵματα αὐτῶν
Solomon closes with a balanced curse-and-blessing: the bloodguilt rests perpetually on Joab and his seed (curse), while peace from YHWH rests perpetually on David's seed, house, and throne (blessing). The optative of wish γένοιτο εἰρήνη ('may there be peace') invokes the Davidic covenant; the antithesis 'his head … forever' / 'David's throne … forever from the LORD' frames the execution as covenant-preserving.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶand / socoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεστράφηshall return / has returnedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (performative/prophetic aorist passive)→ performative aorist (the bloodguilt declared to recoil)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; the passive 'their blood is returned on his head' restates the talionic recoil of v. 32, now extended perpetually to Joab's seed.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματαbloodNominativesubject of ἐπεστράφη→ participant prominenceαἷμα (pl. αἵματα): the idiomatic plural 'bloodshed / bloodguilt' (דָּמִים); the guilt of the two murders.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the victims')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the victims').
εἰςonpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the talionic 'on his head' = upon Joab.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςonpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the bloodguilt extends to Joab's descendants.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματοςseed / offspringGenitivegenitive of relationship ('head of his seed')→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / descendants'; renders זֶרַע; the bloodguilt is transgenerational — falling on Joab's line.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςfor / untopreposition + accusative (duration)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: in εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever'), the duration-idiom (לְעוֹלָם).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative of duration (with εἰς)→ object specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever') — the perpetuity of the curse on Joab's line.
καὶbut / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative turn to blessing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDaviddative of advantage (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the first beneficiary of the counter-blessing of peace.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρματιseed / offspringDativedative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσπέρμα: 'seed / descendants'; David's offspring — the counterpart to Joab's cursed seed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of advantage→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; David's house, blessed with peace (cf. 2 Sam 7).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνῳthroneDativedative of advantage→ sphere or referenceθρόνος: 'throne'; David's throne, the dynastic seat blessed with perpetual peace.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
γένοιτοmay there beAor Mid Opt 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (optative of wish)→ optative of wish (benediction)γίνομαι: 'become / be'; the optative γένοιτο ('may there be') forms the benediction of perpetual peace on the Davidic dynasty.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativesubject of γένοιτο→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace / well-being'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the comprehensive covenant blessing wished on David's line.
ἕωςunto / foreverpreposition + genitive (duration)→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'until / unto'; ἕως αἰῶνος ('forever', עַד עוֹלָם) marks perpetuity.
αἰῶνοςage / foreverGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως)→ relational specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; the peace is perpetual, matching the perpetuity of the curse on Joab.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + genitive: 'from'; the peace comes 'from the LORD' — divinely guaranteed.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with παρά)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the peace on David's house is YHWH's own gift.
34

καὶ ἀπήντησεν Βαναιου υἱὸς Ιωδαε τῷ Ιωαβ καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἔθαψεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ

And Benaiah son of Jehoiada went up to Joab and put him to death and buried him at his house in the wilderness.

Narrative: the execution carried out (Joab episode resolved)καὶ ἀπήντησεν Βαναιου υἱὸς Ιωδαε
The order is executed: Benaiah falls upon Joab (the verb ἀπήντησεν deliberately echoes Joab's own 'falling upon' his victims in v. 32 — lex talionis enacted) and kills him at the altar, then buries him at his own house in the wilderness. The burial 'at his house in the wilderness' (the Judean steppe near his estate) accords with the king's order to bury him (v. 31).
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήντησενwent up to / fell uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαντάωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαντάω: 'meet / fall upon'; the same verb used of Joab's assaults in v. 32 — a deliberate verbal echo: Benaiah 'falls upon' Joab as Joab fell upon Abner and Amasa, enacting talionic justice.
ΒαναιουBenaiahNominativesubject (frozen genitive form used as nominative)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: the genitive-form Βαναιου here serves as subject (cf. v. 30); the executioner.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαναιου→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
Ιωδαεof Jehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: indeclinable; Benaiah's father.
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Ιωαβ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωαβJoabdative object of ἀπήντησεν (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; the victim of the execution.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενput to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb→ constative aorist (the killing)θανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; Benaiah executes Joab at the altar.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψενburiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb→ constative aorist (the burial)θάπτω: 'bury'; Joab is buried per the king's order (v. 31), at his own estate.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house / home'; 'at his (own) house' = on Joab's family property.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwilderness / desertDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert / wasteland'; renders מִדְבָּר; Joab's estate lay in the Judean steppe; his burial there ends the Joab episode.
35

καὶ ἔδωκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Βαναιου υἱὸν Ιωδαε ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν στρατηγίαν καὶ ἡ βασιλεία κατωρθοῦτο ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ τὸν Σαδωκ τὸν ἱερέα ἔδωκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰς ἱερέα πρῶτον ἀντὶ Αβιαθαρ καὶ ἔδωκεν κύριος φρόνησιν τῷ Σαλωμων καὶ σοφίαν πολλὴν σφόδρα καὶ πλάτος καρδίας ὡς ἡ ἄμμος ἡ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ ἐπληθύνθη ἡ φρόνησις Σαλωμων σφόδρα ὑπὲρ τὴν φρόνησιν πάντων ἀρχαίων υἱῶν καὶ ὑπὲρ πάντας φρονίμους Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἔλαβεν τὴν θυγατέρα Φαραω καὶ εἰσήγαγεν αὐτὴν εἰς τὴν πόλιν Δαυιδ ἕως συντελέσαι αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν οἶκον κυρίου ἐν πρώτοις καὶ τὸ τεῖχος Ιερουσαλημ κυκλόθεν ἐν ἑπτὰ ἔτεσιν ἐποίησεν καὶ συνετέλεσεν καὶ ἦν τῷ Σαλωμων ἑβδομήκοντα χιλιάδες αἴροντες ἄρσιν καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα χιλιάδες λατόμων ἐν τῷ ὄρει καὶ ἐποίησεν Σαλωμων τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὰ ὑποστηρίγματα καὶ τοὺς λουτῆρας τοὺς μεγάλους καὶ τοὺς στύλους καὶ τὴν κρήνην τῆς αὐλῆς καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν τὴν χαλκῆν καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν ἄκραν καὶ τὰς ἐπάλξεις αὐτῆς καὶ διέκοψεν τὴν πόλιν Δαυιδ οὕτως θυγάτηρ Φαραω ἀνέβαινεν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Δαυιδ εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτῆς ὃν ᾠκοδόμησεν αὐτῇ τότε ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν ἄκραν καὶ Σαλωμων ἀνέφερεν τρεῖς ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ ὁλοκαυτώσεις καὶ εἰρηνικὰς ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ὃ ᾠκοδόμησεν τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἐθυμία ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ συνετέλεσεν τὸν οἶκον καὶ οὗτοι οἱ ἄρχοντες οἱ καθεσταμένοι ἐπὶ τὰ ἔργα τοῦ Σαλωμων τρεῖς χιλιάδες καὶ ἑξακόσιοι ἐπιστάται τοῦ λαοῦ τῶν ποιούντων τὰ ἔργα καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν Ασσουρ καὶ τὴν Μαγδω καὶ τὴν Γαζερ καὶ τὴν Βαιθωρων τὴν ἐπάνω καὶ τὰ Βααλαθ πλὴν μετὰ τὸ οἰκοδομῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ κυρίου καὶ τὸ τεῖχος Ιερουσαλημ κύκλῳ μετὰ ταῦτα ᾠκοδόμησεν τὰς πόλεις ταύτας καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔτι Δαυιδ ζῆν ἐνετείλατο τῷ Σαλωμων λέγων ἰδοὺ μετὰ σοῦ Σεμεϊ υἱὸς Γηρα υἱὸς σπέρματος τοῦ Ιεμινι ἐκ Χεβρων οὗτος κατηράσατό με κατάραν ὀδυνηρὰν ἐν ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ἐπορευόμην εἰς παρεμβολάς καὶ αὐτὸς κατέβαινεν εἰς ἀπαντήν μοι ἐπὶ τὸν Ιορδάνην καὶ ὤμοσα αὐτῷ κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου λέγων εἰ θανατωθήσεται ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ καὶ νῦν μὴ ἀθῳώσῃς αὐτόν ὅτι ἀνὴρ φρόνιμος σὺ καὶ γνώσῃ ἃ ποιήσεις αὐτῷ καὶ κατάξεις τὴν πολιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐν αἵματι εἰς ᾅδου

And the king set Benaiah son of Jehoiada in his place over the army, and the kingdom was set in order in Jerusalem; and Zadok the priest the king appointed as first priest in place of Abiathar. And the LORD gave Solomon understanding and very great wisdom and breadth of heart like the sand by the sea; and the understanding of Solomon increased greatly, beyond the understanding of all the ancients and beyond all the wise men of Egypt. And he took the daughter of Pharaoh and brought her into the city of David until he had finished his own house and the house of the LORD first and the wall of Jerusalem round about; in seven years he made and completed it. And Solomon had seventy thousand burden-bearers and eighty thousand stonecutters in the mountain. And Solomon made the sea and the supports and the great lavers and the pillars and the fountain of the court and the bronze sea. And he built the citadel and its battlements, and he breached the city of David; thus the daughter of Pharaoh went up from the city of David to her house which he built for her; then he built the citadel. And Solomon offered up three times a year whole burnt offerings and peace offerings on the altar which he built to the LORD, and he burned incense before the LORD, and he finished the house. And these are the officials appointed over the works of Solomon: three thousand six hundred overseers of the people who did the works. And he built Asshur and Magdo and Gazer and Upper Beth-horon and Baalath. But after he had built the house of the LORD and the wall of Jerusalem round about, afterward he built these cities. And while David was still living he charged Solomon, saying, 'Behold, with you is Shimei son of Gera, of the seed of the Benjamite, from Hebron. He cursed me with a grievous curse on the day I went to the camps; but he came down to meet me at the Jordan, and I swore to him by the LORD, saying, I will surely not put him to death by the sword. And now do not hold him guiltless, for you are a prudent man and will know what to do to him, and you shall bring his gray head down in blood to Hades.'

Narrative + LXX 'miscellany': appointments, then the great supplementary plus (35a–o)καὶ ἔδωκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Βαναιου
The base verse records Solomon's two key appointments — Benaiah over the army (replacing Joab) and Zadok as chief priest (replacing Abiathar) — sealing the consolidation. From there the verse runs into the LXX's first 'MISCELLANY' (traditionally 35a–o), a long block of supplementary material absent from the Hebrew MT (the source's inline sub-letter markers have been stripped and are not annotated). It gathers: Solomon's God-given wisdom 'like the sand by the sea,' surpassing the ancients and the Egyptians (35a–b); his marriage to Pharaoh's daughter and his building of his palace, the temple, and the wall of Jerusalem (35c); his corvée of 70,000 burden-bearers and 80,000 quarrymen (35d); his bronze sea and temple furnishings (35e); the Akra/Millo and the breaching of the city of David (35f); his thrice-yearly sacrifices (35g); his 3,600 overseers (35h); his store-cities (35i, 35k); and a doublet of David's charge concerning Shimei (35l–o, paralleling vv. 8–9). The MT distributes this material across 1 Kings 3–9, making 3 Kingdoms a witness to a divergent Hebrew arrangement.
Word-by-word analysis· 338 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενset / appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / set / appoint'; renders נָתַן; 'gave/set Benaiah over the army' = appointed him commander-in-chief in Joab's place.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon making appointments.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing genitive-form name Βαναιου)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαναιουBenaiahAccusativedirect object (frozen genitive form, acc. via article)→ object specificationΒαναιας: frozen genitive-form Βαναιου marked accusative by τόν; the loyal commander now elevated over the whole army.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Βαναιου→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
Ιωδαεof Jehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: indeclinable; Benaiah's father.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; Benaiah replaces the executed Joab.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (Joab)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί (Joab).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (oversight)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; appointed 'over the army.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατηγίανcommand / army-commandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationστρατηγία: 'generalship / military command'; the office of commander-in-chief, now Benaiah's.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; Solomon's rule, now stabilized through the purges.
κατωρθοῦτοwas set in order / prosperedImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατορθόωmain verb (imperfect passive)→ imperfect (progressive establishment)κατορθόω: 'set straight / make prosper / establish'; the imperfect passive 'was being established/set in order' echoes the establishment-refrain of v. 12 (anticipating κατωρθώθη at v. 46).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable, with ἐν)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the capital, seat of the established kingdom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Σαδωκ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαδωκZadokdirect object (fronted; indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: transliteration of צָדוֹק (Zadok); indeclinable; the priest loyal to Solomon (1:8, 39), now installed as chief priest — founder of the Zadokite line.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σαδωκ→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; Zadok's office.
ἔδωκενappointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / appoint'; 'appointed Zadok as first priest' — the second key appointment.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicate goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'as'; 'appointed as first priest' (predicate use, Hebraism).
ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative (predicate goal with εἰς)→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the office to which Zadok is raised.
πρῶτονfirst / chiefAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἱερέα)→ object specificationπρῶτος: 'first / foremost / chief'; 'first priest' = high priest; Zadok becomes head of the priesthood.
ἀντὶin place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of'; Zadok replaces the deposed Abiathar.
ΑβιαθαρAbiathargenitive object of ἀντί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβιαθαρ: indeclinable; the deposed priest (vv. 26–27), replaced by Zadok.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35a)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; YHWH 'gave Solomon understanding' — the wisdom-gift theme that the MT develops at 1 Kings 3 and 5.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine giver of Solomon's wisdom.
φρόνησινunderstanding / prudenceAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationφρόνησις: 'understanding / prudence / discernment'; renders חָכְמָה / תְּבוּנָה; the practical wisdom granted Solomon (cf. 1 Kings 3:12).
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative indirect object (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; recipient of the wisdom-gift.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφίανwisdomAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationσοφία: 'wisdom / skill'; renders חָכְמָה; paired with φρόνησις, the comprehensive God-given wisdom of Solomon.
πολλὴνmuch / greatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying σοφίαν)→ object specificationπολύς: 'much / great'; 'very great wisdom.'
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; intensifies 'great wisdom.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πλάτοςbreadthAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationπλάτος: 'breadth / width'; 'breadth of heart' (רֹחַב לֵב) = largeness of mind, vast comprehension (cf. 1 Kings 5:9 LXX).
καρδίαςof heartGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πλάτος)→ relational specificationκαρδία: 'heart / mind'; renders לֵב; 'breadth of heart' = expansive understanding.
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'like / as'; introduces the simile 'like the sand by the sea.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμμοςsandNominativesubject of the simile (with ellipsis of verb)→ participant prominenceἄμμος: 'sand'; renders חוֹל; 'as the sand by the sea' is a proverbial image of immeasurable abundance (cf. Gen 22:17).
the (one)Nominativearticle (attributive, 'the [sand] by the sea')→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρὰby / besidepreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + accusative: 'beside / along'; 'the sand beside the sea.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative object of παρά→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; renders יָם; the seashore whose sand images Solomon's boundless wisdom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35b)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπληθύνθηincreased / was multipliedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πληθύνωmain verb (passive)→ constative aorist (the increase)πληθύνω: 'multiply / increase'; renders רָבָה; Solomon's understanding 'was multiplied' beyond all rivals (cf. 1 Kings 5:10 LXX).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρόνησιςunderstandingNominativesubject of ἐπληθύνθη→ participant prominenceφρόνησις: 'understanding / prudence'; Solomon's discernment, here surpassing all.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; here genitive 'of Solomon.'
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; intensifies the increase of wisdom.
ὑπὲρbeyond / more thanpreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + accusative: 'beyond / more than'; Solomon's wisdom surpasses all others.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φρόνησινunderstandingAccusativeaccusative of comparison (with ὑπέρ)→ object specificationφρόνησις: 'understanding'; the wisdom of others, surpassed by Solomon's.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive attributive (modifying υἱῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the ancients.'
ἀρχαίωνancients / men of oldGenitivegenitive attributive (with υἱῶν)→ relational specificationἀρχαῖος: 'ancient / of old'; 'the ancient ones / men of old' — the legendary sages whose wisdom Solomon exceeds.
υἱῶνsons / menGenitivegenitive of comparison ('of the ancient sons/men')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; 'sons of the ancients' = the men of old (Hebraism, בְּנֵי קֶדֶם, cf. 1 Kings 5:10), renowned for wisdom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὲρbeyond / more thanpreposition + accusative (comparison)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + accusative: 'beyond'; second comparison — the wise of Egypt.
πάνταςallAccusativeadjective (modifying φρονίμους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the wise of Egypt.'
φρονίμουςwise / prudent menAccusativeaccusative of comparison (substantival adjective)→ object specificationφρόνιμος: 'prudent / wise / sensible'; the wise men of Egypt, proverbial for learning, surpassed by Solomon (cf. 1 Kings 5:10).
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (with φρονίμους)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; renders מִצְרַיִם; Egypt's sages, the benchmark of ancient wisdom, are eclipsed by Solomon.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35c)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; 'took the daughter of Pharaoh' (in marriage) — the diplomatic alliance recorded at 1 Kings 3:1.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; Pharaoh's daughter, Solomon's Egyptian bride, sealing a royal alliance.
Φαραωof Pharaohgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; the Egyptian king, Solomon's father-in-law.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσήγαγενbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead in'; Solomon brought his bride into the city of David until his building projects were complete (1 Kings 3:1).
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὴν: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; 'the city of David' (Zion), the royal quarter.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'city of David.'
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal, with infinitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; with the infinitive συντελέσαι forms a temporal clause 'until he finished.'
συντελέσαιto finish / completeAor Act Inf · συντελέωinfinitive (temporal, with ἕως and acc. subject αὐτόν)→ completive aorist infinitiveσυντελέω: 'finish / complete / accomplish'; renders כָּלָה; 'until he completed' his building works.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive συντελέσαι→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative subject of the infinitive ('until he finished').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / palaceAccusativedirect object of συντελέσαι→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; here Solomon's own palace (cf. 1 Kings 7:1).
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / templeAccusativedirect object of συντελέσαι→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; 'the house of the LORD' = the temple (1 Kings 6).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; 'the house of the LORD' = the temple.
ἐνamong / firstpreposition + dative (priority idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: in ἐν πρώτοις ('first of all / among the first'), an idiom of priority.
πρώτοιςfirst / first of allDativesubstantival adjective (with ἐν: 'first of all')→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; ἐν πρώτοις ('among the first / first of all') marks the temple as a priority project.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallAccusativedirect object of συντελέσαι→ object specificationτεῖχος: 'wall / city-wall'; renders חוֹמָה; the wall of Jerusalem, another major Solomonic project (1 Kings 3:1; 9:15).
Ιερουσαλημof Jerusalemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; 'the wall of Jerusalem.'
κυκλόθενround aboutadverb of place→ clausal contributionκυκλόθεν: 'round about / all around'; renders סָבִיב; the wall encircled the city.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal extent).
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (with ἔτεσιν)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the temple took seven years to build (1 Kings 6:38).
ἔτεσινyearsDativedative of time (within which)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; 'in seven years' — the construction period.
ἐποίησενhe made / builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / do / build'; Solomon 'made/built it' (the temple/wall) in seven years.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετέλεσενcompleted / finishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντελέωmain verb→ constative aoristσυντελέω: 'complete / finish'; pairs with ἐποίησεν to stress the full accomplishment of the works.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35d)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere was / he hadImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existence/possession)→ imperfect (state of having)εἰμί: 'be'; with the dative τῷ Σαλωμων expresses possession ('Solomon had'); introduces the corvée-labor census.
τῷto / forDativearticle (dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative of possession (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; 'Solomon had' the laborers.
ἑβδομήκονταseventynumeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countἑβδομήκοντα: 'seventy'; 'seventy thousand' burden-bearers (cf. 1 Kings 5:15).
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativesubject (with numeral ἑβδομήκοντα)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς: 'thousand'; 'seventy thousand' of the labor force.
αἴροντεςbearing / carryingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · αἴρωattributive participle (modifying χιλιάδες)→ customary present (their ongoing labor)αἴρω: 'lift / carry'; 'bearing a burden' = burden-bearers, the corvée porters (1 Kings 5:15; cf. נֹשֵׂא סַבָּל).
ἄρσινburden / loadAccusativedirect object of αἴροντες (cognate)→ object specificationἄρσις: 'a lifting / burden / load'; cognate with αἴρω; 'bearing a burden' describes the porters' corvée toil.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀγδοήκονταeightynumeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countὀγδοήκοντα: 'eighty'; 'eighty thousand' quarrymen (1 Kings 5:15).
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativesubject (with numeral ὀγδοήκοντα)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς: 'thousand'; the eighty thousand stonecutters.
λατόμωνof stonecutters / quarrymenGenitivegenitive of content (with χιλιάδες)→ relational specificationλατόμος: 'stonecutter / quarryman'; renders חֹצֵב; those who hewed stone in the hill-country for the temple.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρειmountain / hill-countryDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄρος: 'mountain / hill-country'; renders הַר; the quarrymen worked 'in the mountain' (the highlands).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35e)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; introduces the list of bronze temple-furnishings Solomon made (1 Kings 7).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the temple-builder.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσανsea / basinAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; here the great bronze basin called 'the (molten) Sea' in the temple court (1 Kings 7:23).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑποστηρίγματαsupports / standsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationὑποστήριγμα: 'support / prop / stand'; the bronze stands/bases supporting the lavers (1 Kings 7:27).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λουτῆραςlavers / basinsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationλουτήρ: 'laver / wash-basin'; the bronze lavers for ritual washing (1 Kings 7:38).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλουςgreat / largeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying λουτῆρας)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great / large'; 'the great lavers' — the large washing-basins.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στύλουςpillars / columnsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationστῦλος: 'pillar / column'; the two great bronze pillars Jachin and Boaz at the temple porch (1 Kings 7:15–22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρήνηνfountain / basinAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationκρήνη: 'fountain / spring / basin'; the water-feature of the temple court.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλῆςcourt / courtyardGenitivegenitive of relationship (with κρήνην)→ relational specificationαὐλή: 'court / courtyard'; renders חָצֵר; 'the fountain of the court' — a court-installation of the temple complex.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θάλασσανsea / basinAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; the 'bronze Sea' — restating/specifying the great basin as cast in bronze.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χαλκῆνbronze / of bronzeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θάλασσαν)→ object specificationχαλκοῦς: 'made of bronze / copper'; renders נְחֹשֶׁת; 'the bronze Sea' (1 Kings 7:23–26), the great cast-metal basin.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35f)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; renders בָּנָה; Solomon built the Akra/Millo, the fortified citadel of Jerusalem (cf. 1 Kings 9:15, 24).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρανcitadel / Akra (Millo)Accusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationἄκρα: 'citadel / fortified height / acropolis'; the LXX's rendering of the Millo (הַמִּלּוֹא), the fortification of the city of David (1 Kings 9:15, 24; 11:27).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπάλξειςbattlements / rampartsAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationἔπαλξις: 'battlement / rampart / parapet'; the defensive crenellations of the citadel.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of the Akra)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (of the Akra).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέκοψενbreached / broke throughAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διακόπτωmain verb→ constative aoristδιακόπτω: 'cut through / breach'; Solomon 'breached' (made a gap/passage in) the city of David — restructuring its fortifications (cf. the Millo closing the breach, 1 Kings 11:27).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of διέκοψεν→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; 'the city of David' (Zion), whose wall Solomon breached/restructured.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'city of David.'
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner (connective)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὕτως: 'thus'; links the building to the queen's relocation that follows.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; Pharaoh's daughter, who moved from the city of David to her own house (cf. 1 Kings 9:24).
Φαραωof Pharaohgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦαραω: indeclinable; the king of Egypt, the queen's father.
ἀνέβαινενwent upImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ imperfect (the move described as a process)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; renders עָלָה; the queen 'went up' from the old city quarter to her newly built residence.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; 'the city of David,' her former residence.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'city of David.'
εἰςto / intopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the queen's own residence built by Solomon (1 Kings 7:8; 9:24).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. masc. sg., referring to οἶκον.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the house Solomon built for his Egyptian wife.
αὐτῇfor herDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'for her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
τότεthentemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; marks the sequence — only afterward did he build the Akra.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; restates the building of the Akra in temporal sequence with the queen's relocation.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄκρανcitadel / Akra (Millo)Accusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationἄκρα: 'citadel'; the Millo, built 'then' — the LXX correlates its construction with the queen's move out of the old city (cf. 1 Kings 9:24; 11:27).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35g)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the king as offerer of sacrifice.
ἀνέφερενoffered upImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναφέρωmain verb→ customary imperfect (regular thrice-yearly offering)ἀναφέρω: 'offer up / bring up'; renders הֶעֱלָה; the imperfect denotes Solomon's customary thrice-yearly sacrifices (cf. 1 Kings 9:25).
τρεῖςthree (times)numeral (adverbial: 'three times')→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; 'three times in the year' — the three pilgrimage feasts (cf. Exod 23:14; 1 Kings 9:25).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time (within which)→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; 'in the year' = annually; the offerings recurred three times each year.
ὁλοκαυτώσειςwhole burnt offeringsAccusativedirect object of ἀνέφερεν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: 'whole burnt offering / holocaust'; renders עֹלָה; sacrifices wholly consumed on the altar.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰρηνικὰςpeace offeringsAccusativedirect object of ἀνέφερεν (substantival adjective)→ object specificationεἰρηνικός: 'pertaining to peace'; substantival 'peace offerings' (θυσίαι εἰρηνικαί), rendering שְׁלָמִים; fellowship sacrifices shared by worshippers.
ἐπὶon / uponpreposition + accusative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the temple altar of burnt offering Solomon built.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. neut. sg., referring to θυσιαστήριον.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the altar Solomon built for the LORD.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳto the LORDDativedative of advantage (the altar built 'to/for the LORD')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the altar dedicated to YHWH.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίαburned incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θυμιάωmain verb→ customary imperfectθυμιάω: 'burn incense / offer incense'; renders הִקְטִיר; Solomon's customary incense-offering before YHWH (cf. 1 Kings 9:25).
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'in the presence of')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; 'before the LORD' = in the temple presence.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνετέλεσενfinished / completedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντελέωmain verb→ constative aoristσυντελέω: 'complete / finish'; 'he finished the house' = brought the temple to completion (cf. 1 Kings 6:38; 9:25).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / templeAccusativedirect object of συνετέλεσεν→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, now completed.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35h)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; 'these are the officials' — introduces the roster of work-overseers (cf. 1 Kings 5:16; 9:23).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςofficials / chiefsNominativepredicate nominative (with οὗτοι)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler / official / chief'; renders שַׂר; the supervisors over Solomon's building works.
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (with attributive participle)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καθεσταμένοιappointed / setPerf Pass Part Nom Masc Pl · καθίστημιattributive participle (modifying ἄρχοντες)→ resultative perfect (standing appointment)καθίστημι: 'appoint / set in charge'; the perfect passive participle 'those appointed over the works' designates the standing corps of overseers.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (oversight)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; appointed 'over the works.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworks / projectsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / labor / project'; renders מְלָאכָה; Solomon's building enterprises.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (governing indeclinable Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; 'the works of Solomon.'
τρεῖςthreenumeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countτρεῖς: 'three'; part of the tally 'three thousand six hundred.'
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativepredicate (number of overseers)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς: 'thousand'; 'three thousand' (with six hundred) overseers (cf. 1 Kings 5:16).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑξακόσιοιsix hundredNominativenumeral (with χιλιάδες, total 3,600)→ measure or countἑξακόσιοι: 'six hundred'; completing the figure '3,600 overseers' (the LXX total; cf. MT variants).
ἐπιστάταιoverseers / foremenNominativenominative in apposition (the 3,600 = overseers)→ participant prominenceἐπιστάτης: 'overseer / superintendent / taskmaster'; renders נֹצֵחַ / נִצָּב; foremen directing the corvée.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (overseers 'of the people')→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; the laboring populace under the overseers' charge.
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (with substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιούντωνdoing / who doPres Act Part Gen Masc Pl · ποιέωsubstantival participle (genitive, 'those doing the works')→ customary presentποιέω: 'do / perform'; 'those performing the works' = the laborers themselves.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of ποιούντων→ object specificationἔργον: 'work'; the labor performed on Solomon's projects.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35i)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; introduces Solomon's store-cities and fortifications (cf. 1 Kings 9:15–19).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable place-name)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσσουρAsshur / Hazordirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑσσουρ: indeclinable place-name; here a Solomonic fortress-city (likely corresponding to Hazor, חָצוֹר, in the MT list of 1 Kings 9:15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable place-name)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜαγδωMagdo / Megiddodirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΜαγδω: indeclinable; Megiddo (מְגִדּוֹ), a fortified store-city Solomon rebuilt (1 Kings 9:15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable place-name)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαζερGazer / Gezerdirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαζερ: indeclinable; Gezer (גֶּזֶר), given to Solomon as Pharaoh's daughter's dowry and rebuilt (1 Kings 9:16–17).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable place-name)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαιθωρωνBeth-horondirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒαιθωρων: indeclinable; Beth-horon (בֵּית חֹרוֹן), a strategic pass-town Solomon fortified (1 Kings 9:17).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπάνωupperadverb used attributively ('the upper')→ clausal contributionἐπάνω: 'above / upper'; 'Upper Beth-horon' (the elevation; cf. עֶלְיוֹן), distinguishing it from Lower Beth-horon.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable place-name)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλαθBaalathdirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒααλαθ: indeclinable; Baalath (בַּעֲלָת), another store-city Solomon built (1 Kings 9:18).
πλὴνhowever / onlyadversative/restrictive particle (begins miscellany 35k)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'however / only / but'; introduces a chronological clarification — the cities were built after the temple and wall.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + accusative: 'after'; with the articular infinitive 'after his building.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (governing articular infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκοδομῆσαιto build / buildingAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωarticular infinitive (temporal, with μετά and acc. subject αὐτόν)→ verbal action or stateοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the articular infinitive μετὰ τὸ οἰκοδομῆσαι ('after building') sets the temporal sequence.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive οἰκοδομῆσαι→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative subject of the infinitive ('after he built').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / templeAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομῆσαι→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; 'the house of the LORD' = the temple, built first.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; 'the house of the LORD.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομῆσαι→ object specificationτεῖχος: 'wall'; the wall of Jerusalem, built before the store-cities.
Ιερουσαλημof Jerusalemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; 'the wall of Jerusalem.'
κύκλῳround aboutDativeadverbial dative (of place: 'all around')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος: 'circle'; the dative κύκλῳ ('round about') functions adverbially, rendering סָבִיב.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + accusative: 'after'; μετὰ ταῦτα ('after these things') marks sequence.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; μετὰ ταῦτα ('afterward') — the cities came later.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; 'afterward he built these cities' — clarifying construction order.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; the store-cities and fortresses listed in 35i.
ταύταςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (modifying πόλεις)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; the cities just named.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35l)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνin / whilepreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: with the articular infinitive 'while David was yet living' (Hebraism, בְּ + infinitive).
τῷtheDativearticle (governing articular infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔτιstill / yetadverb (with the infinitive ζῆν)→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; 'while David was still living' — dating this charge to David's lifetime (a doublet of vv. 8–9).
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative subject of the infinitive ζῆν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; subject of the temporal infinitive.
ζῆνto live / livingPres Act Inf · ζάωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'while David was living')→ present infinitive (the act of living)ζάω: 'live'; ἐν τῷ ἔτι ... ζῆν ('while [David] was still living') is a Hebraizing temporal construction.
ἐνετείλατοhe chargedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; the same verb as v. 1; David's charge to Solomon, here a doublet of the Shimei-charge of vv. 8–9.
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative indirect object (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; recipient of the charge.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: λέγων introducing the quoted charge, calquing לֵאמֹר.
ἰδοὺbeholdAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ὁράω (frozen interjection)presentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; presents Shimei as in v. 8.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; 'with you (is) Shimei.'
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
ΣεμεϊShimeisubject of verbless clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; the Benjamite (cf. v. 8); this is a doublet of David's earlier charge.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σεμεϊ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Gera.'
Γηραof Geragenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓηρα: indeclinable; Shimei's father.
υἱὸςson / memberNominativenominative in apposition (gentilic phrase)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; here 'son of the seed of the Benjamite' — a fuller gentilic than v. 8 (where 'son of the Yemini').
σπέρματοςseed / lineageGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱός)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / offspring / lineage'; 'son of the seed of the Benjamite' = of Benjaminite descent.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (governing indeclinable Ιεμινι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεμινιBenjamite / Yeminigenitive of relationship (indeclinable gentilic, case via article)→ participant identificationΙεμινι: indeclinable; 'the Benjamite' (הַיְמִינִי); Shimei's tribal origin (cf. v. 8).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
ΧεβρωνHebrongenitive of place (indeclinable, with ἐκ)→ participant identificationΧεβρων: indeclinable; here Shimei's town is given as Hebron — a variant from v. 8, where Bahurim (Βαουριμ) is named; a notable divergence within the LXX doublet.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject; begins miscellany 35m)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; 'he cursed me' — resuming the indictment of Shimei (cf. αὐτός, v. 8).
κατηράσατόcursedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · καταράομαιmain verb (with cognate accusative κατάραν)→ constative aoristκαταράομαι: 'curse'; with the cognate κατάραν, the Hebraism 'cursed a curse' (cf. v. 8).
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
κατάρανa curseAccusativecognate accusative (with κατηράσατο)→ object specificationκατάρα: 'curse'; cognate accusative intensifying the cursing (cf. v. 8).
ὀδυνηρὰνgrievous / painfulAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying κατάραν)→ object specificationὀδυνηρός: 'grievous / painful'; renders נִמְרֶצֶת; the bitter curse (cf. v. 8).
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (temporal, with relative ᾗ)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'on'; ἐν ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ('on which day') — here the temporal phrase uses ἐν (contrast the plain dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ at v. 8).
whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, with ἡμέρᾳ)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dat. fem. sg.; 'on which (day).'
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the day of David's flight, when Shimei cursed him.
ἐπορευόμηνI was goingImpf Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of relative clause→ imperfect (the journey in progress)πορεύομαι: 'go'; David's flight 'to the camps' (cf. v. 8).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
παρεμβολάςcamps / encampmentsAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationπαρεμβολή: 'camp'; 'to the camps' (Mahanaim), as v. 8.
καὶand / butnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35n)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: emphatic 'he himself'; Shimei coming down in submission.
κατέβαινενcame downImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ imperfect (the descent, here imperfective; cf. aorist κατέβη at v. 8)καταβαίνω: 'come down'; the imperfect κατέβαινεν here (vs. aorist κατέβη at v. 8) is a stylistic variant within the LXX doublet — Shimei descended to the Jordan to meet David.
εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with ἀπαντήν, 'to meet.'
ἀπαντήνa meetingAccusativeaccusative (with εἰς: 'to meet me')→ object specificationἀπάντησις/ἀπαντή: 'meeting'; εἰς ἀπαντήν ('to meet'), Hebraism לִקְרַאת.
μοιmeDativedative (object of the meeting-idiom; cf. genitive μου at v. 8)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ: here dative μοι (vs. genitive μου at v. 8) — a minor variant in the doublet.
ἐπὶat / topreposition + accusative (place toward; cf. εἰς at v. 8)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'to / at'; here ἐπὶ τὸν Ιορδάνην (vs. εἰς at v. 8), a variant within the doublet.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙορδάνηνJordanAccusativeaccusative of place (with ἐπί)→ object specificationΙορδάνης: 'Jordan'; declined (acc. -ην); the river where Shimei met David.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤμοσαI sworeAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb→ constative aoristὄμνυμι: 'swear'; David's oath of clemency to Shimei (cf. v. 8).
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
κατὰbypreposition + genitive (oath-formula; cf. ἐν at v. 8)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + genitive: in oaths 'by'; here 'by the LORD' (κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου), where v. 8 has ἐν κυρίῳ — a variant oath-construction in the doublet.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive (object of κατά: oath sworn by YHWH)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the oath sworn by YHWH.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: λέγων introducing the oath's content.
εἰ[surely not]conditional particle (Hebraic oath-formula = emphatic negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in an oath, renders Hebrew אִם as an emphatic negative ('I will surely not…'); cf. v. 8.
θανατωθήσεταιhe shall be put to deathFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωverb of oath-clause (3rd person; cf. 1st sg. θανατώσω at v. 8)→ future (within the Hebraic oath-negation)θανατόω: 'put to death'; here the passive 3rd-person θανατωθήσεται ('he shall be killed'), where v. 8 has the active 1st-person θανατώσω σε — a variant within the doublet, both negated by the εἰ-oath.
ἐνby / withpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
ῥομφαίᾳswordDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: 'sword'; the means of death David swore to forgo (cf. v. 8).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 35o)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (discourse transition)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν transitions to the verdict (cf. v. 9).
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive; cf. οὐ μή at v. 9)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: prohibitive with the aorist subjunctive; here simple μή (vs. emphatic οὐ μή at v. 9).
ἀθῳώσῃςhold guiltlessAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀθῳόωprohibitive subjunctive (μή + aor. subj.)→ prohibitive aorist subjunctiveἀθῳόω: 'hold guiltless / acquit'; renders נִקָּה; Solomon is charged not to leave Shimei unpunished (cf. v. 9).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; grounds the charge in Solomon's prudence.
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominative ('a prudent man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; 'you are a prudent man' (cf. ἀνὴρ σοφός at v. 9).
φρόνιμοςprudent / wiseNominativepredicate adjective (modifying ἀνήρ)→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: 'prudent / sensible / wise'; here (vs. σοφός at v. 9) — a synonym-variant within the doublet; Solomon's discernment qualifies him to act.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun; copula 'are' elided)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (are) a prudent man' (the copula εἶ of v. 9 is here omitted).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώσῃyou will knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (predictive future)→ predictive futureγινώσκω: 'know'; 'you will know what to do' (cf. v. 9).
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιήσεις)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neut. pl.; 'the things which you should do.'
ποιήσειςyou shall doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ predictive/deliberative futureποιέω: 'do'; what Solomon will do to Shimei (cf. v. 9).
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατάξειςyou shall bring downFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κατάγωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (death-charge)κατάγω: 'bring down'; 'bring his gray head down in blood to Hades' (verbatim as v. 9).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολιὰνgray head / old ageAccusativedirect object of κατάξεις→ object specificationπολιά: 'gray head'; metonymy for the aged Shimei (cf. vv. 6, 9).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνin / withpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
αἵματιbloodDativedative of manner (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceαἷμα: 'blood'; 'in blood' = by a violent death (cf. v. 9).
εἰςtopreposition + genitive (with ᾅδου)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (with ᾅδου).
ᾅδουHades / SheolGenitivegenitive of place (with εἰς: 'to Hades')→ relational specificationᾅδης: 'Hades / the grave'; renders שְׁאוֹל; εἰς ᾅδου completes the death-charge, closing the first miscellany (cf. vv. 6, 9).
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καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Σεμεϊ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ οἰκοδόμησον σεαυτῷ οἶκον ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ κάθου ἐκεῖ καὶ οὐκ ἐξελεύσῃ ἐκεῖθεν οὐδαμοῦ

And the king summoned Shimei and said to him, 'Build yourself a house in Jerusalem and dwell there, and you shall not go out from there anywhere.'

Narrative: new scene (the Shimei episode resumes from v. 9)καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν Σεμεϊ
The narrative returns to the last unfinished charge (vv. 8–9). Rather than executing Shimei outright, the wise Solomon devises house-arrest in Jerusalem, where Shimei can be watched. The command 'build … dwell … do not go out' confines him on pain of the death-condition specified in v. 37 — a snare that Shimei will eventually spring himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενsummoned / calledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; renders קָרָא; Solomon summons Shimei to impose the terms of confinement.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Σεμεϊ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣεμεϊShimeidirect object of ἐκάλεσεν (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; the Benjamite, now placed under house-arrest.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the terms of confinement.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
οἰκοδόμησονbuildAor Act Impv 2 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (imperative)→ aorist imperative (command)οἰκοδομέω: 'build'; 'build yourself a house in Jerusalem' — fixing Shimei's residence under royal surveillance.
σεαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive pronoun (dative of advantage)→ participant reference or interestσεαυτοῦ: 'yourself'; reflexive 'for yourself.'
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδόμησον→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; Shimei's residence in the capital.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable, with ἐν)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the city of Shimei's confinement.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κάθουdwell / stayPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb (imperative)→ present imperative (durative: 'remain')κάθημαι: 'sit / dwell / remain'; the present imperative κάθου ('stay put') enjoins continuous residence.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; 'dwell there' — in Jerusalem.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with future, prohibitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of the future ἐξελεύσῃ — the prohibition of departure.
ἐξελεύσῃyou shall go outFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (prohibitive future)→ imperatival/prohibitive future ('you shall not go out')ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the negated future forbids Shimei from leaving the city — the condition whose breach means death (v. 37).
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; from Jerusalem.
οὐδαμοῦanywhere / nowhereadverb of place (with negative: 'to nowhere')→ clausal contributionοὐδαμοῦ: 'nowhere'; reinforces the total ban on leaving — Shimei may go nowhere from the city.
37

καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς ἐξόδου σου καὶ διαβήσῃ τὸν χειμάρρουν Κεδρων γινώσκων γνώσῃ ὅτι θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ τὸ αἷμά σου ἔσται ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλήν σου καὶ ὥρκισεν αὐτὸν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ

And it shall be, on the day you go out and cross the Wadi Kidron, know for certain that you shall surely die; your blood shall be upon your own head.' And the king put him under oath on that day.

Direct speech: the death-condition (the terms of the oath)καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς ἐξόδου σου
Solomon names the trigger: crossing the Kidron (the wadi marking the city's eastern boundary). The emphatic infinitive-absolute constructions γινώσκων γνώσῃ ('know for certain') and θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ ('you shall surely die') are Hebraisms calquing יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע and מוֹת תָּמוּת (cf. Gen 2:17). The self-incrimination formula 'your blood on your own head' transfers all guilt to Shimei. The king binds him by oath (ὥρκισεν).
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis-introducing formula)→ predictive future (Hebraizing 'and it shall come to pass')εἰμί (fut.): καὶ ἔσται ('and it shall be / come to pass', וְהָיָה) is a Hebraizing apodosis-introducer setting up the conditional death-sentence.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; 'on the day of your going out' — the day Shimei breaks confinement.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξόδουgoing out / departureGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ relational specificationἔξοδος: 'going out / departure / exodus'; here Shimei's leaving the city — the forbidden act.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (Hebraizing apodosis-καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the redundant καί before διαβήσῃ reflects a Hebraizing protasis-apodosis linkage.
διαβήσῃyou cross overFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · διαβαίνωverb of temporal/conditional clause→ predictive future (the triggering act)διαβαίνω: 'cross over'; renders עָבַר; crossing the Kidron — the boundary whose breach triggers the death-sentence.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρουνwadi / torrent-valleyAccusativedirect object of διαβήσῃ→ object specificationχείμαρρος: 'winter-stream / wadi / torrent-valley'; renders נַחַל; the Kidron ravine east of Jerusalem, the city's boundary.
ΚεδρωνKidrongenitive/appositional (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΚεδρων: transliteration of קִדְרוֹן (Kidron); indeclinable; the wadi marking Jerusalem's eastern limit.
γινώσκωνknowingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · γινώσκωparticiple (infinitive-absolute Hebraism, intensifying γνώσῃ)→ intensive (Hebraizing emphatic certainty)γινώσκω: the participle + finite verb γινώσκων γνώσῃ ('knowing you shall know' = 'know for certain') calques the Hebrew infinitive absolute יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע, expressing absolute certainty.
γνώσῃyou shall knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (apodosis; with intensifying participle)→ predictive future (emphatic)γινώσκω: 'know'; the finite verb of the emphatic 'know for certain' construction.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the certain consequence.
θανάτῳby death / surelyDativecognate dative (infinitive-absolute Hebraism, with ἀποθανῇ)→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: 'death'; the cognate dative θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ ('by death you shall die' = 'you shall surely die') renders the Hebrew infinitive absolute מוֹת תָּמוּת (cf. Gen 2:17).
ἀποθανῇyou shall dieFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb of content clause (with cognate dative)→ predictive future (emphatic, the sworn penalty)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the emphatic 'you shall surely die' states the inexorable penalty for breaking confinement.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμάbloodNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceαἷμα: 'blood / bloodguilt'; 'your blood shall be on your own head' — Shimei alone will bear the guilt of his death.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'be'; 'your blood shall be on your head' — the self-incrimination formula (cf. Josh 2:19; 2 Sam 1:16).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλήνheadAccusativeaccusative of direction (with ἐπί)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; 'on your own head' = the bloodguilt rests solely on Shimei, exonerating the king.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὥρκισενput under oath / made swearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρκίζωmain verb→ constative aoristὁρκίζω: 'make swear / put under oath / adjure'; renders הִשְׁבִּיעַ; the king binds Shimei by oath to the confinement terms, making any breach perjury.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Shimei)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Shimei).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon administering the oath.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; 'on that day' the oath was administered.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; deictic 'that day' of the oath.
38

καὶ εἶπεν Σεμεϊ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα ἀγαθὸν τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐλάλησας κύριέ μου βασιλεῦ οὕτω ποιήσει ὁ δοῦλός σου καὶ ἐκάθισεν Σεμεϊ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ τρία ἔτη

And Shimei said to the king, 'The word that you have spoken is good, my lord the king; so will your servant do.' And Shimei dwelt in Jerusalem three years.

Direct speech + narrative: Shimei's submission and the three-year intervalκαὶ εἶπεν Σεμεϊ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα
Shimei accepts the terms with deferential court-language ('the word is good, my lord the king … your servant will do so'). The narrator's note that he 'dwelt in Jerusalem three years' marks the lapse of time before the fatal breach (vv. 39–40); the κύριε here is the human honorific 'my lord' addressed to the king, not the divine name.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Shimei's submissive reply.
ΣεμεϊShimeisubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; accepting the king's terms.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, the addressee.
ἀγαθὸνgoodNominativepredicate adjective (verbless: 'the word is good')→ participant prominenceἀγαθός: 'good'; renders טוֹב; 'the word is good' = the terms are acceptable — court-language of compliant assent.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαword / matterNominativesubject of the verbless clause→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / saying / matter'; renders דָּבָר; the king's stipulation, which Shimei accepts.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησας)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. neut. sg., referring to ῥῆμα.
ἐλάλησαςyou have spokenAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; 'the word you spoke' = the king's command.
κύριέlordVocativevocative (honorific address to the king)→ direct addressκύριος: here NOT the Tetragrammaton but the human honorific 'my lord' (אֲדֹנִי), addressed to the king as a mark of deference.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship (with κύριε)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (with κύριε).
βασιλεῦO kingVocativevocative (in apposition to κύριε)→ direct addressβασιλεύς: 'king'; vocative 'my lord the king' — full deferential address.
οὕτωso / thusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτω(ς): 'so / thus'; 'so will your servant do' = I will comply exactly.
ποιήσειwill doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (promissory future)→ promissory future (pledge of compliance)ποιέω: 'do'; Shimei's pledge to obey, spoken in the deferential third person ('your servant will do').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservant / slaveNominativesubject of ποιήσει (deferential self-reference)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders עֶבֶד; 'your servant' is Shimei's deferential self-designation before the king.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενdwelt / remainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aorist (the period of residence)καθίζω: 'sit / settle / dwell'; Shimei kept the terms, dwelling in Jerusalem for the stated interval.
ΣεμεϊShimeisubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; complying for a time.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable, with ἐν)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the place of confinement.
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral (with ἔτη)→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; the three-year interval before the fatal breach.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; 'three years' of compliance, after which Shimei leaves the city (v. 39).
39

καὶ ἐγενήθη μετὰ τρία ἔτη καὶ ἀπέδρασαν δύο δοῦλοι τοῦ Σεμεϊ πρὸς Αγχους υἱὸν Μααχα βασιλέα Γεθ καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σεμεϊ λέγοντες ἰδοὺ οἱ δοῦλοί σου ἐν Γεθ

And it came to pass after three years that two of Shimei's slaves ran away to Achish son of Maacah, king of Gath; and it was reported to Shimei, saying, 'Behold, your slaves are in Gath.'

Narrative: the precipitating incident (runaway slaves)καὶ ἐγενήθη μετὰ τρία ἔτη
The Hebraizing temporal formula καὶ ἐγενήθη ('and it came to pass', וַיְהִי) opens the episode that springs the trap: two of Shimei's slaves flee to Achish king of Gath (the Philistine city where David once took refuge, 1 Sam 27). The report 'your slaves are in Gath' tempts Shimei to pursue them — and thus to leave Jerusalem, breaking his oath.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal formula)→ constative aorist (Hebraizing 'and it came to pass')γίνομαι: 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγενήθη ('and it came to pass', וַיְהִי) is a Hebraizing narrative temporal-setting formula.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + accusative: 'after'; 'after three years.'
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral (with ἔτη)→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; the interval of v. 38, now elapsed.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the three years of confinement.
καὶand / thatcoordinate conjunction (Hebraizing apodosis-καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodosis-καί after καὶ ἐγενήθη, a Hebraism (וַיְהִי … וַ).
ἀπέδρασανran awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποδιδράσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποδιδράσκω: 'run away / flee'; renders בָּרַח; the slaves' flight is the catalyst (the same verb used of David's flight in v. 7).
δύοtwoNominativenumeral (modifying δοῦλοι)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; two of Shimei's slaves.
δοῦλοιslavesNominativesubject→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders עֶבֶד; Shimei's fugitive slaves.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (governing indeclinable Σεμεϊ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σεμεϊof Shimeigenitive of possession (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; the slaves' owner.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑγχουςAchishaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑγχους: transliteration of אָכִישׁ (Achish); treated as indeclinable; the Philistine king of Gath (cf. 1 Sam 21:10; 27:2).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αγχους→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Maacah.'
Μααχαof Maacahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜααχα: transliteration of מַעֲכָה (Maacah); indeclinable; Achish's father.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αγχους→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Achish, king of the Philistine city of Gath.
Γεθof Gathgenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓεθ: transliteration of גַּת (Gath); indeclinable; a Philistine city, refuge of the runaway slaves.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηγγέληit was reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal passive)→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; the impersonal passive 'it was reported to Shimei.'
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Σεμεϊ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣεμεϊShimeidative indirect object (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; the recipient of the report.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple (constructio ad sensum, Hebraism)→ present participle (speech accompanying the objecting)λέγω: the masc.-pl. participle after the impersonal passive (constructio ad sensum) calques לֵאמֹר (cf. v. 29).
ἰδοὺbeholdAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ὁράω (frozen interjection)presentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; vividly presents the news of the slaves' whereabouts.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλοίslavesNominativesubject of the verbless clause→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave'; 'your slaves are in Gath' — the report that lures Shimei out.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΓεθGathdative of place (indeclinable, with ἐν)→ participant identificationΓεθ: indeclinable; the slaves' refuge in Philistia.
40

καὶ ἀνέστη Σεμεϊ καὶ ἐπέσαξε τὴν ὄνον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπορεύθη εἰς Γεθ πρὸς Αγχους τοῦ ἐκζητῆσαι τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπορεύθη Σεμεϊ καὶ ἤγαγεν τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ ἐκ Γεθ

And Shimei arose and saddled his donkey and went to Gath, to Achish, to seek out his slaves; and Shimei went and brought his slaves back from Gath.

Narrative: Shimei breaks confinement (the fatal act)καὶ ἀνέστη Σεμεϊ
The chain of verbs ἀνέστη … ἐπέσαξε … ἐπορεύθη ('arose … saddled … went') traces Shimei's decisive, self-condemning action: leaving Jerusalem and crossing the boundary to retrieve his slaves. By prioritizing two slaves over his sworn life, Shimei seals his own fate; the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ ἐκζητῆσαι ('to seek out') gives his (fatally short-sighted) purpose.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ constative aorist (ingressive: 'set out')ἀνίστημι: 'rise / arise / set out'; renders קוּם; Shimei acts decisively — to his own ruin.
ΣεμεϊShimeisubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; the one breaking his confinement.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέσαξεsaddledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπισάσσω: 'saddle / put a saddle on'; renders חָבַשׁ; Shimei readies his mount for the forbidden journey.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνονdonkey / assAccusativedirect object of ἐπέσαξε→ object specificationὄνος: 'donkey / ass'; renders חֲמוֹר; Shimei's mount for the trip to Gath.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (the forbidden departure)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; Shimei's departure from Jerusalem — the breach of his oath.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΓεθGathaccusative of direction (indeclinable, with εἰς)→ participant identificationΓεθ: indeclinable; the Philistine city, his destination.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑγχουςAchishaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑγχους: indeclinable; the king of Gath, to whom the slaves fled.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (governing articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκζητῆσαιto seek outAor Act Inf · ἐκζητέωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ + inf.)→ aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)ἐκζητέω: 'seek out / search for'; the purpose infinitive τοῦ ἐκζητῆσαι ('to seek out') gives Shimei's fatal motive — retrieving his slaves.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουςslavesAccusativedirect object of ἐκζητῆσαι→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'slave'; the runaways Shimei sought.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; restates Shimei's journey, emphasizing the completed round-trip.
ΣεμεϊShimeisubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤγαγενbrought / ledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aoristἄγω: 'lead / bring'; Shimei brought his recovered slaves back — completing the journey that doomed him.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουςslavesAccusativedirect object of ἤγαγεν→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'slave'; the recovered runaways.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΓεθGathgenitive of place (indeclinable, with ἐκ)→ participant identificationΓεθ: indeclinable; the place from which Shimei retrieved his slaves.
41

καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαλωμων λέγοντες ὅτι ἐπορεύθη Σεμεϊ ἐξ Ιερουσαλημ εἰς Γεθ καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ

And it was reported to Solomon, saying, 'Shimei has gone from Jerusalem to Gath and has brought back his slaves.'

Narrative: the breach reported to the kingκαὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Σαλωμων
The report reaches Solomon — the violation is now on record. The wording precisely matches the oath's condition ('went from Jerusalem to Gath'), so the breach is legally unambiguous. The constructio ad sensum λέγοντες again marks the impersonal report (cf. vv. 29, 39).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηγγέληit was reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal passive)→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report'; the impersonal passive 'it was reported to Solomon' — the breach reaches the king.
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative indirect object (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the recipient of the report.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · λέγωparticiple (constructio ad sensum, Hebraism)→ present participle (speech accompanying the objecting)λέγω: the masc.-pl. participle after impersonal ἀπηγγέλη (constructio ad sensum), calquing לֵאמֹר.
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of the report.
ἐπορεύθηhas goneAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of reported clause→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; the report states the very act forbidden by the oath.
ΣεμεϊShimeisubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; the oath-breaker.
ἐξfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemgenitive of source (indeclinable, with ἐξ)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the city Shimei was forbidden to leave.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΓεθGathaccusative of direction (indeclinable, with εἰς)→ participant identificationΓεθ: indeclinable; Shimei's forbidden destination.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενbrought backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωverb of reported clause→ constative aoristἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / bring back'; here transitive 'brought back his slaves' — completing the report of the round-trip.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουςslavesAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστρεψεν→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'slave'; the recovered runaways.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
42

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τὸν Σεμεϊ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν οὐχὶ ὥρκισά σε κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἐπεμαρτυράμην σοι λέγων ἐν ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ ἐξέλθῃς ἐξ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ πορευθῇς εἰς δεξιὰ ἢ εἰς ἀριστερά γινώσκων γνώσῃ ὅτι θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ

And the king sent and summoned Shimei and said to him, 'Did I not put you under oath by the LORD and solemnly warn you, saying, On the day you go out from Jerusalem and travel anywhere, to right or to left, know for certain that you shall surely die?'

Direct speech: Solomon's prosecuting question (the oath invoked)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς
Solomon summons Shimei and prosecutes him with a rhetorical question (οὐχί, expecting 'yes') recalling the oath and warning of v. 37. The merism 'to right or to left' makes the prohibition absolute (any departure whatever). The repeated emphatic infinitive-absolute Hebraisms γινώσκων γνώσῃ … θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ verbatim echo v. 37, establishing that Shimei knew the terms exactly.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Solomon sends to summon the oath-breaker.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενsummonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; Solomon calls Shimei to account.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable Σεμεϊ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣεμεϊShimeidirect object of ἐκάλεσεν (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; summoned to judgment.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Solomon's prosecuting question.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
οὐχὶdid not / surelyinterrogative negative (expecting affirmative answer)→ clausal contributionοὐχί: emphatic form of οὐ; introduces a rhetorical question expecting 'yes' — 'Did I not (surely) put you under oath?'
ὥρκισάput under oathAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁρκίζωmain verb of question→ constative aoristὁρκίζω: 'make swear / put under oath'; recalls the oath administered in v. 37.
σεyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
κατὰbypreposition + genitive (oath-formula)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + genitive: 'by'; 'by the LORD' — the oath sworn before YHWH.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitivegenitive (object of κατά: oath by YHWH)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the oath bound Shimei before YHWH, so its breach is sacrilege.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεμαρτυράμηνsolemnly warned / testifiedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐπιμαρτύρομαιmain verb of question→ constative aoristἐπιμαρτύρομαι: 'testify / charge solemnly / warn'; renders הֵעִיד; Solomon solemnly warned Shimei of the consequences.
σοιyouDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (speech-introducing)→ durative present participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: λέγων introducing the recalled warning.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal, with relative ᾗ)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'on'; ἐν ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ ('on whatever day') — indefinite temporal clause.
whateverDativerelative pronoun (dative of time, with ἄν)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun, dat. fem. sg.; with ἄν, 'on whatever day.'
ἂν[ever]modal particle (indefinite relative, with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle marking the temporal clause as indefinite ('on whatever day you go out').
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the day of any departure.
ἐξέλθῃςyou go outAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of indefinite temporal clause (subjunctive with ἄν)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (entering upon a campaign)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; leaving Jerusalem — the forbidden act.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemgenitive of source (indeclinable, with ἐξ)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the city of confinement.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πορευθῇςyou travel / goAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of indefinite temporal clause (subjunctive)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (the walking of covenant life)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; any movement away from the city, specified by the merism that follows.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
δεξιὰrightAccusativeaccusative of direction (substantival adjective)→ object specificationδεξιός: 'right (hand/side)'; 'to the right or to the left' is a merism for 'anywhere at all' (cf. Deut 5:32).
ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; joins the two poles of the merism.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ἀριστεράleftAccusativeaccusative of direction (substantival adjective)→ object specificationἀριστερός: 'left (hand/side)'; the second pole of the merism 'right or left' = in any direction whatever.
γινώσκωνknowingPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · γινώσκωparticiple (infinitive-absolute Hebraism, intensifying γνώσῃ)→ intensive (emphatic certainty)γινώσκω: γινώσκων γνώσῃ ('know for certain'), the Hebraizing emphatic construction (יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע), verbatim from v. 37.
γνώσῃyou shall knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive future (emphatic)γινώσκω: 'know'; the finite verb of the 'know for certain' construction.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the certain penalty.
θανάτῳby death / surelyDativecognate dative (infinitive-absolute Hebraism, with ἀποθανῇ)→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: 'death'; θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ ('you shall surely die'), the Hebraizing emphatic (מוֹת תָּמוּת), verbatim from v. 37.
ἀποθανῇyou shall dieFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb of content clause→ predictive future (the sworn penalty)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the inexorable death-penalty for breaking confinement, which Shimei has now incurred.
43

καὶ τί ὅτι οὐκ ἐφύλαξας τὸν ὅρκον κυρίου καὶ τὴν ἐντολήν ἣν ἐνετειλάμην κατὰ σοῦ

Why then have you not kept the oath of the LORD and the command that I commanded you?

Direct speech: the accusing question (the charge made explicit)καὶ τί ὅτι
Solomon presses the charge with τί ὅτι ('why is it that?'), naming the double violation: the oath of the LORD and the king's command. The phrasing 'oath of the LORD' (ὅρκον κυρίου) underscores that Shimei has sinned against God, not merely the king — establishing the religious-legal ground for execution.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τίwhyinterrogative pronoun (with ὅτι: 'why is it that?')→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative; τί ὅτι ('why is it that?', מַדּוּעַ) demands account for the breach.
ὅτιthatconjunction (with τί, idiomatic interrogative)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: in the idiom τί ὅτι ('why is it that'), introducing the reproach.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negation of ἐφύλαξας — the failure to keep the oath.
ἐφύλαξαςyou keptAor Act Indic 2 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb of question→ constative aorist (the failure)φυλάσσω: 'keep / guard / observe'; renders שָׁמַר; Shimei failed to 'keep' the oath — the same verb of covenant-keeping used in David's charge (v. 3), here of a broken oath.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅρκονoathAccusativedirect object of ἐφύλαξας→ object specificationὅρκος: 'oath'; renders שְׁבוּעָה; 'the oath of the LORD' — sworn before YHWH (v. 37), so its breach is against God.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὅρκον)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; 'the oath of the LORD' = the oath sworn in YHWH's name.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολήνcommandAccusativedirect object of ἐφύλαξας (second object)→ object specificationἐντολή: 'command / commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; the king's confinement-command, also violated.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐνετειλάμην)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. fem. sg., referring to ἐντολήν.
ἐνετειλάμηνI commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; the king's command laid on Shimei (v. 36–37).
κατὰconcerning / againstpreposition + genitive ('against / concerning you')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + genitive: here 'against / with respect to you' — the command directed at Shimei.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of κατά→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of κατά.
44

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς Σεμεϊ σὺ οἶδας πᾶσαν τὴν κακίαν σου ἣν ἔγνω ἡ καρδία σου ἃ ἐποίησας τῷ Δαυιδ τῷ πατρί μου καὶ ἀνταπέδωκεν κύριος τὴν κακίαν σου εἰς κεφαλήν σου

And the king said to Shimei, 'You yourself know all the evil that your heart is aware of, which you did to David my father; and the LORD has repaid your evil on your own head.'

Direct speech: the comprehensive indictment (older guilt invoked)καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς Σεμεϊ
Solomon widens the charge beyond the oath-breach to Shimei's whole record of malice against David (the cursing at Bahurim, v. 8). The appeal to Shimei's own conscience ('the evil your heart knows') makes the sentence morally self-evident, and the talionic formula ἀνταπέδωκεν κύριος … εἰς κεφαλήν σου ('the LORD has repaid your evil on your head') frames the execution, like Joab's (v. 32–33), as divine requital.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the comprehensive indictment.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon as judge.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΣεμεϊShimeiaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣεμεϊ: indeclinable; the condemned man.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you yourself know' — appealing to Shimei's own conscience.
οἶδαςknowPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (perfect with present sense)→ stative perfect (settled awareness)οἶδα: 'know'; Shimei is fully aware of his own guilt — his conscience condemns him.
πᾶσανallAccusativeadjective (modifying κακίαν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the evil' — the totality of Shimei's wrongdoing.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίανevil / wickednessAccusativedirect object of οἶδας→ object specificationκακία: 'evil / wickedness / malice'; renders רָעָה; Shimei's malice against David (esp. the cursing, v. 8).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔγνω)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, acc. fem. sg., referring to κακίαν.
ἔγνωknows / is aware ofAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (conscience's settled knowledge)γινώσκω: 'know'; 'which your heart knows' — Shimei's own conscience attests his guilt.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἔγνω→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart / conscience'; renders לֵב; the inner self that knows its own guilt.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
what / which thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησας)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun, neut. pl.; 'the things which you did.'
ἐποίησαςyou didAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; Shimei's deeds against David — the cursing and disloyalty (2 Sam 16:5–13).
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαυιδDaviddative indirect object (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; the victim of Shimei's malice.
τῷtheDativearticle (in apposition to Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρίfatherDativedative in apposition to Δαυιδ→ sphere or referenceπατήρ: 'father'; 'David my father' — the wronged king.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνταπέδωκενhas repaid / requitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνταποδίδωμιmain verb→ performative aorist (the requital declared)ἀνταποδίδωμι: 'repay / requite / give back in return'; renders הֵשִׁיב / שִׁלֵּם; YHWH 'repays' Shimei's evil upon himself — the talionic principle as with Joab (vv. 32–33).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH the true requiter, framing the execution as divine justice.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κακίανevilAccusativedirect object of ἀνταπέδωκεν→ object specificationκακία: 'evil'; Shimei's own wickedness, now recoiling on him.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςonpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'on'; 'on your own head' (עַל רֹאשְׁךָ), the talionic idiom (cf. vv. 32–33, 37).
κεφαλήνheadAccusativeaccusative of direction (with εἰς)→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; the bloodguilt and its requital settle on Shimei himself.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
45

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ηὐλογημένος καὶ ὁ θρόνος Δαυιδ ἔσται ἕτοιμος ἐνώπιον κυρίου εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα

But King Solomon is blessed, and the throne of David shall be established before the LORD forever.

Direct speech: the counter-blessing on the dynasty (antithesis to the curse)καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων ηὐλογημένος
As with Joab (v. 33), Solomon pairs the requital on the wrongdoer with a blessing on the dynasty: 'King Solomon is blessed' (perfect participle ηὐλογημένος) and 'the throne of David shall be established before the LORD forever.' The execution of Shimei thus serves the perpetuity of the Davidic throne — fulfilling David's charge (vv. 4, 9) and securing the kingdom (v. 46).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶand / butcoordinate conjunction (antithetical turn)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon, pronounced blessed.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; 'King Solomon.'
ηὐλογημένοςblessedPerf Pass Part Nom Masc Sg · εὐλογέωpredicate participle (periphrastic, copula 'is' implied)→ resultative perfect (standing in a blessed state)εὐλογέω: 'bless'; renders בָּרַךְ; the perfect passive participle 'is blessed' (with implied copula) declares Solomon's blessed standing before YHWH — the antithesis to the cursed oath-breaker.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνοςthroneNominativesubject→ participant prominenceθρόνος: 'throne'; the Davidic throne, whose perpetuity is here affirmed (cf. vv. 4, 24, 33).
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'the throne of David.'
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (with predicate ἕτοιμος)→ predictive future (dynastic assurance)εἰμί (fut.): 'be'; 'shall be established' — the future assurance of the throne's perpetuity.
ἕτοιμοςestablished / secureNominativepredicate adjective (with ἔσται)→ participant prominenceἕτοιμος: 'ready / fixed / established'; renders נָכוֹן; 'the throne shall be established/secure before the LORD forever' (cf. 2 Sam 7:16).
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'in the presence of')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the throne is established under YHWH's gaze and guarantee.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the throne stands 'before the LORD,' divinely secured.
εἰςunto / foreverpreposition + accusative (duration)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: in εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever', לְעוֹלָם), the duration-idiom.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative of duration (with εἰς)→ object specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever') affirms the perpetuity of the Davidic dynasty (cf. v. 33).
46

καὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων τῷ Βαναια υἱῷ Ιωδαε καὶ ἐξῆλθεν καὶ ἀνεῖλεν αὐτόν καὶ ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἦν ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων φρόνιμος σφόδρα καὶ σοφός καὶ Ιουδα καὶ Ισραηλ πολλοὶ σφόδρα ὡς ἡ ἄμμος ἡ ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης εἰς πλῆθος ἐσθίοντες καὶ πίνοντες καὶ χαίροντες καὶ Σαλωμων ἦν ἄρχων ἐν πάσαις ταῖς βασιλείαις καὶ ἦσαν προσφέροντες δῶρα καὶ ἐδούλευον τῷ Σαλωμων πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ Σαλωμων ἤρξατο διανοίγειν τὰ δυναστεύματα τοῦ Λιβάνου καὶ αὐτὸς ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν Θερμαι ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἄριστον τῷ Σαλωμων τριάκοντα κόροι σεμιδάλεως καὶ ἑξήκοντα κόροι ἀλεύρου κεκοπανισμένου δέκα μόσχοι ἐκλεκτοὶ καὶ εἴκοσι βόες νομάδες καὶ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα ἐκτὸς ἐλάφων καὶ δορκάδων καὶ ὀρνίθων ἐκλεκτῶν νομάδων ὅτι ἦν ἄρχων ἐν παντὶ πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἀπὸ Ραφι ἕως Γάζης ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ ἦν αὐτῷ εἰρήνη ἐκ πάντων τῶν μερῶν αὐτοῦ κυκλόθεν καὶ κατῴκει Ιουδα καὶ Ισραηλ πεποιθότες ἕκαστος ὑπὸ τὴν ἄμπελον αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν συκῆν αὐτοῦ ἐσθίοντες καὶ πίνοντες ἀπὸ Δαν καὶ ἕως Βηρσαβεε πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας Σαλωμων καὶ οὗτοι οἱ ἄρχοντες τοῦ Σαλωμων Αζαριον υἱὸς Σαδωκ τοῦ ἱερέως καὶ Ορνιου υἱὸς Ναθαν ἄρχων τῶν ἐφεστηκότων καὶ Εδραμ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ καὶ Σουβα γραμματεὺς καὶ Βασα υἱὸς Αχιθαλαμ ἀναμιμνῄσκων καὶ Αβι υἱὸς Ιωαβ ἀρχιστράτηγος καὶ Αχιρε υἱὸς Εδραϊ ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρσεις καὶ Βαναια υἱὸς Ιωδαε ἐπὶ τῆς αὐλαρχίας καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ πλινθείου καὶ Ζαχουρ υἱὸς Ναθαν ὁ σύμβουλος καὶ ἦσαν τῷ Σαλωμων τεσσαράκοντα χιλιάδες τοκάδες ἵπποι εἰς ἅρματα καὶ δώδεκα χιλιάδες ἱππέων καὶ ἦν ἄρχων ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ ἕως γῆς ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ἕως ὁρίων Αἰγύπτου Σαλωμων υἱὸς Δαυιδ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ καὶ Ιουδα ἐν Ιερουσαλημ

And King Solomon charged Benaiah son of Jehoiada, and he went out and struck him down, and he died. And King Solomon was very prudent and wise; and Judah and Israel were very many, like the sand that is by the sea in multitude, eating and drinking and rejoicing. And Solomon was ruler over all the kingdoms, and they were bringing gifts and serving Solomon all the days of his life. And Solomon began to open up the dominions of Lebanon, and he himself built Thermai in the wilderness. And this was the daily provision for Solomon: thirty kors of fine flour and sixty kors of milled meal, ten fatted oxen and twenty pastured oxen and a hundred sheep, besides deer and gazelles and choice fatted fowl; for he was ruler in all the region beyond the River, from Raphi to Gaza, over all the kings beyond the River. And he had peace on all sides round about; and Judah and Israel dwelt securely, each under his vine and under his fig tree, eating and drinking, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon. And these were Solomon's officials: Azariah son of Zadok the priest, and Orniou son of Nathan chief of the appointed officers, and Edram over his household, and Souba secretary, and Basa son of Ahithalam recorder, and Abi son of Joab commander-in-chief, and Achire son of Edrai over the levies, and Banaia son of Jehoiada over the court-administration and over the brickworks, and Zachour son of Nathan the counselor. And Solomon had forty thousand brood-mares, horses for chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen; and he was ruler over all the kings from the River even to the land of the Philistines and to the border of Egypt. Solomon son of David reigned over Israel and Judah in Jerusalem.

Narrative + LXX 'miscellany': Shimei executed, then the closing supplementary plus (46a–l)καὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμων
The base verse executes Shimei through Benaiah (the third and last of the chapter's executions), completing David's charge and the consolidation of the kingdom; the MT here adds 'and the kingdom was established in the hand of Solomon' (a refrain echoing v. 12), which in this LXX edition is replaced/expanded by the second 'MISCELLANY' (traditionally 46a–l, with the source's sub-letter markers stripped and not annotated). This long plus, absent from the MT at this point, summarizes Solomon's reign in terms the MT distributes across 1 Kings 4–5 and 9–10: his surpassing wisdom and the prosperity of Judah and Israel 'like the sand by the sea' (46a); his dominion over the kingdoms and their tribute (46b); his ventures in Lebanon and his building of Thermai/Tadmor (46c–d); his daily provisions (46e); his rule 'beyond the River from Raphi to Gaza' (46f); the proverbial peace 'each under his vine and fig tree from Dan to Beersheba' (46g); the roster of his chief officers (46h); his chariot-horses (46i); his dominion 'from the River to the border of Egypt' (46k); and the closing regnal summary 'Solomon son of David reigned over Israel and Judah in Jerusalem' (46l).
Word-by-word analysis· 275 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοcharged / commandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; Solomon orders Benaiah to execute Shimei (the verb framing the chapter, cf. vv. 1, 43).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; 'King Solomon.'
τῷtoDativearticle (with Βαναια)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒαναιαBenaiahDativedative indirect object (recipient of the charge)→ sphere or referenceΒαναιας: here the dative form Βαναια; the chief executioner who has already dispatched Adonijah (v. 25) and Joab (v. 34).
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Βαναια→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
Ιωδαεof Jehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: indeclinable; Benaiah's father.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; Benaiah went out to carry out the execution.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεῖλενstruck down / killedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the execution)ἀναιρέω: 'kill / do away with'; Benaiah executes Shimei, the third and last rival removed (cf. vv. 25, 34).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object (Shimei)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Shimei).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; Shimei's death completes the purges; the MT here adds 'and the kingdom was established in Solomon's hand' (cf. v. 12), expanded in the LXX by the miscellany that follows.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46a)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfect (characterizing state)εἰμί: 'be'; introduces the summary of Solomon's wisdom and the realm's prosperity.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonnominative in apposition to βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; 'King Solomon.'
φρόνιμοςprudent / wiseNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceφρόνιμος: 'prudent / sensible / wise'; Solomon's renowned discernment (cf. miscellany 35a–b).
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; intensifies 'prudent.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σοφόςwiseNominativepredicate adjective (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceσοφός: 'wise'; paired with φρόνιμος to sum up Solomon's wisdom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουδαJudahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern tribe/kingdom, here flourishing under Solomon.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern tribes, paired with Judah for the whole nation.
πολλοὶmany / numerousNominativepredicate adjective (with implied 'were')→ participant prominenceπολύς: 'many'; the people were numerous — a sign of covenant blessing (cf. Gen 22:17).
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; 'very many.'
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'like'; introduces the simile of the sand (cf. 35a).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμμοςsandNominativesubject of the simile→ participant prominenceἄμμος: 'sand'; 'like the sand by the sea' — the proverbial image of countless multitude (Gen 22:17; 1 Kings 4:20).
the (one)Nominativearticle (attributive, 'the [sand] on the sea')→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶon / bypreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'on / at'; 'the sand on the seashore.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; the seashore whose sand images the multitude.
εἰςin / forpreposition + accusative (respect: 'in multitude')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'as to / in respect of'; εἰς πλῆθος ('in multitude / abundance').
πλῆθοςmultitude / abundanceAccusativeaccusative of respect (with εἰς)→ object specificationπλῆθος: 'multitude / great number'; 'in multitude' = exceedingly numerous.
ἐσθίοντεςeatingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · ἐσθίωcircumstantial participle (describing the people's state)→ customary present (ongoing well-being)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; the participle-triad 'eating and drinking and rejoicing' images national prosperity and security (cf. 1 Kings 4:20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίνοντεςdrinkingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · πίνωcircumstantial participle→ customary presentπίνω: 'drink'; second member of the prosperity-triad.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χαίροντεςrejoicingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · χαίρωcircumstantial participle→ customary presentχαίρω: 'rejoice / be glad'; third member of the triad — the joy of the golden age of Solomon's reign.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46b)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the imperial ruler.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with predicate ἄρχων)→ imperfect (settled state of dominion)εἰμί: 'be'; 'Solomon was ruler' over the surrounding kingdoms (cf. 1 Kings 5:1).
ἄρχωνrulerNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler / overlord'; renders מֹשֵׁל; Solomon's suzerainty over the kingdoms (cf. 46f, 46k; 1 Kings 5:1).
ἐνover / amongpreposition + dative (sphere of rule)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: 'among / over'; the sphere of Solomon's dominion.
πάσαιςallDativeadjective (modifying βασιλείαις)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the kingdoms.'
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαιςkingdomsDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the subject-kingdoms over which Solomon held sway.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic with προσφέροντες)→ periphrastic imperfect (customary tribute)εἰμί: imperfect auxiliary; with προσφέροντες forms a periphrastic imperfect 'they were bringing' — the subject-kingdoms' ongoing tribute.
προσφέροντεςbringing / offeringPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · προσφέρωparticiple (with ἦσαν, periphrastic imperfect)→ customary present (habitual tribute)προσφέρω: 'bring / offer / present'; the vassals 'were bringing gifts' (tribute) to Solomon (cf. 1 Kings 5:1; 10:25).
δῶραgifts / tributeAccusativedirect object of προσφέροντες→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / tribute / present'; renders מִנְחָה; the tribute of subject peoples.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδούλευονserved / were subjectImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · δουλεύωmain verb→ customary imperfect (ongoing subjection)δουλεύω: 'serve / be subject to'; renders עָבַד; the kingdoms 'served' Solomon as vassals throughout his reign.
τῷtoDativearticle (governing indeclinable Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative object of ἐδούλευον (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the overlord served by the vassals.
πάσαςallAccusativeadjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the days.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; 'all the days of his life' — throughout Solomon's reign.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationζωή: 'life'; 'the days of his life' = his whole reign.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46c)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable.
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb (with complementary infinitive)→ ingressive aorist (the undertaking begun)ἄρχω (mid. ἄρχομαι): 'begin'; with διανοίγειν, 'began to open up' — Solomon's exploitation of Lebanon's resources.
διανοίγεινto open up / developPres Act Inf · διανοίγωcomplementary infinitive (with ἤρξατο)→ verbal action or stateδιανοίγω: 'open thoroughly / open up'; here of opening up/developing the 'dominions' (resources, strongholds) of Lebanon — its timber and territory (cf. 1 Kings 5:6).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστεύματαdominions / strongholdsAccusativedirect object of διανοίγειν→ object specificationδυνάστευμα: 'dominion / domain / stronghold'; the controlled territories/resources of Lebanon Solomon began to exploit.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Λιβάνουof LebanonGenitivegenitive of relationship (with δυναστεύματα)→ relational specificationΛίβανος: 'Lebanon'; renders לְבָנוֹן; the mountain region famed for cedar, source of Solomon's building timber (1 Kings 5:6).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46d)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'he himself' — emphasizing Solomon's own building activity.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; Solomon built a desert city (cf. Tadmor/Palmyra, 1 Kings 9:18; 2 Chr 8:4).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (governing indeclinable place-name)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘερμαιThermai (Tadmor)direct object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερμαι: indeclinable place-name; the desert city Solomon built — corresponding to Tadmor/Tamar (תַּדְמֹר/תָּמָר) of 1 Kings 9:18 (the LXX form perhaps influenced by θερμός, 'hot,' of the desert).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐρήμῳwilderness / desertDativedative of place (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔρημος: 'wilderness / desert'; renders מִדְבָּר; the desert location of the city Solomon built (1 Kings 9:18).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46e)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of verbless clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; 'this was the daily provision' — introduces the catalogue of Solomon's table-supply (cf. 1 Kings 4:22–23).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄριστονmeal / provisionNominativepredicate nominative (with τοῦτο)→ participant prominenceἄριστον: 'meal / breakfast / provision'; here the daily food-allotment of Solomon's court (cf. 1 Kings 4:22).
τῷforDativearticle (governing indeclinable Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαλωμωνfor Solomondative of advantage (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; the provision was 'for Solomon' (his court).
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (with κόροι)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; thirty kors of fine flour (cf. 1 Kings 4:22).
κόροιkors / measuresNominativesubject (quantity of flour)→ participant prominenceκόρος: 'kor' (a large dry measure, c. 220 liters); renders כֹּר; the unit of grain-supply.
σεμιδάλεωςof fine flourGenitivegenitive of content (with κόροι)→ relational specificationσεμίδαλις: 'fine flour / semolina'; renders סֹלֶת; the finest wheat flour.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑξήκονταsixtynumeral (with κόροι)→ measure or countἑξήκοντα: 'sixty'; sixty kors of meal (cf. 1 Kings 4:22).
κόροιkors / measuresNominativesubject (quantity of meal)→ participant prominenceκόρος: 'kor'; the measure of ordinary meal.
ἀλεύρουof meal / flourGenitivegenitive of content (with κόροι)→ relational specificationἄλευρον: 'meal / ground flour'; renders קֶמַח; ordinary flour, as distinct from fine σεμίδαλις.
κεκοπανισμένουmilled / poundedPerf Pass Part Gen Neut Sg · κοπανίζωattributive participle (modifying ἀλεύρου)→ resultative perfect (processed state)κοπανίζω: 'pound / crush / mill'; the perfect passive participle 'pounded/milled meal' specifies processed flour.
δέκαtennumeral (with μόσχοι)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; ten fatted oxen (cf. 1 Kings 4:23).
μόσχοιcalves / oxenNominativesubject (quantity of cattle)→ participant prominenceμόσχος: 'calf / young ox'; renders בָּקָר; the stall-fed cattle of the royal table.
ἐκλεκτοὶchoice / fattedNominativeattributive adjective (modifying μόσχοι)→ participant prominenceἐκλεκτός: 'chosen / choice / select'; renders בְּרִיא ('fatted'); the prime stall-fed oxen.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with βόες)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; twenty pasture-fed oxen (cf. 1 Kings 4:23).
βόεςoxen / cattleNominativesubject (quantity of cattle)→ participant prominenceβοῦς: 'ox / cow'; renders בָּקָר; the pasture-fed cattle.
νομάδεςpastured / grazingNominativeattributive adjective (modifying βόες)→ participant prominenceνομάς: 'grazing / pastured / roaming'; renders רְעִי ('pasture'); free-range oxen, as distinct from stall-fed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκατὸνa hundrednumeral (with πρόβατα)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; a hundred sheep (cf. 1 Kings 4:23).
πρόβαταsheepNominativesubject (quantity of flock)→ participant prominenceπρόβατον: 'sheep'; renders צֹאן; the daily allotment of sheep.
ἐκτὸςbesides / apart frompreposition + genitive (exception)→ spatial or relational framingἐκτός + genitive: 'besides / apart from / except'; 'besides' the game-animals that follow.
ἐλάφωνdeer / stagsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκτός→ relational specificationἔλαφος: 'deer / stag'; renders אַיָּל; game animals supplementing the royal table (1 Kings 4:23).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δορκάδωνgazelles / roe-deerGenitivegenitive object of ἐκτός→ relational specificationδορκάς: 'gazelle / roe-deer'; renders צְבִי; another game animal of the royal provision.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀρνίθωνfowl / birdsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκτός→ relational specificationὄρνις: 'bird / fowl'; renders בַּרְבֻּרִים (fattened fowl); poultry for the royal table (1 Kings 4:23).
ἐκλεκτῶνchoice / selectGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὀρνίθων)→ relational specificationἐκλεκτός: 'choice / select'; the finest fowl.
νομάδωνfree-range / pasturedGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ὀρνίθων)→ relational specificationνομάς: 'grazing / free-range'; here of free-ranging or fattened fowl, completing the inventory of provisions.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (begins miscellany 46f)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; grounds the lavish provision in the extent of Solomon's dominion.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with predicate ἄρχων)→ imperfect (settled state of rule)εἰμί: 'be'; 'he was ruler' over the Transeuphrates region.
ἄρχωνrulerNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler'; Solomon's dominion over the lands west of the Euphrates (cf. 1 Kings 5:4).
ἐνin / overpreposition + dative (sphere of rule)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of rule).
παντὶallDativesubstantival adjective (with ἐν: 'in all [the region]')→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'in all (the region) beyond the River.'
πέρανbeyond / acrosspreposition/adverb + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingπέραν + genitive: 'beyond / across'; 'beyond the River' (עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר), the Transeuphrates province-name.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverGenitivegenitive object of πέραν→ relational specificationποταμός: 'river'; renders נָהָר; 'the River' = the Euphrates, the standard boundary-marker of Solomon's empire (cf. 1 Kings 5:1).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (starting point).
ΡαφιRaphi / Tiphsahgenitive of place (indeclinable place-name, with ἀπό)→ participant identificationΡαφι: indeclinable place-name; a northern boundary-point of the realm (corresponding to Tiphsah, תִּפְסַח, on the Euphrates in 1 Kings 5:4).
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (end point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'as far as'; the southern limit, Gaza.
Γάζηςof GazaGenitivegenitive of place (with ἕως)→ relational specificationΓάζα: 'Gaza'; renders עַזָּה; declined (gen. Γάζης); the southwestern limit of Solomon's dominion (cf. 1 Kings 5:4).
ἐνover / amongpreposition + dative (sphere of rule)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of rule).
πᾶσινallDativeadjective (modifying βασιλεῦσιν)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the kings.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the vassal kings of the Transeuphrates region under Solomon's rule.
πέρανbeyondpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingπέραν + genitive: 'beyond'; repeated to define the province 'beyond the River.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverGenitivegenitive object of πέραν→ relational specificationποταμός: 'river'; the Euphrates, boundary of the realm.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46g)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere was / he hadImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (with dative of possession)→ imperfect (state of peace)εἰμί: 'be'; with the dative αὐτῷ, 'he had peace' on every side (cf. 1 Kings 5:4).
αὐτῷto him / he hadDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the rest from enemies that characterized Solomon's reign (his name evokes shalom; cf. 1 Kings 5:4).
ἐκfrom / onpreposition + genitive (source/extent)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source/extent).
πάντωνallGenitiveadjective (modifying μερῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'from all his sides' = on every side.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μερῶνsides / partsGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationμέρος: 'part / side / region'; 'from all his sides' = on every border.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κυκλόθενround aboutadverb of place→ clausal contributionκυκλόθεν: 'round about / all around'; renders מִסָּבִיב; peace on every side (cf. 1 Kings 5:4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατῴκειdwelt / livedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb→ customary imperfect (settled secure dwelling)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; Judah and Israel dwelt securely throughout Solomon's reign.
ΙουδαJudahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern tribes; together 'Judah and Israel' = the whole nation.
πεποιθότεςin security / trustingPerf Act Part Nom Masc Pl · πείθωcircumstantial participle (manner: 'securely')→ resultative perfect (state of confident security)πείθω (perf. πέποιθα, 'trust / be confident'): the perfect participle 'being confident/secure' renders לָבֶטַח ('in safety'); the people dwelt without fear.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativedistributive subject ('each man')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; distributive — every individual dwelt secure.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingὑπό + accusative: 'under'; 'under his vine' — the idiom of secure prosperity.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄμπελονvineAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό→ object specificationἄμπελος: 'vine / grapevine'; renders גֶּפֶן; 'each under his own vine and fig tree' is the proverbial image of peace and plenty (cf. 1 Kings 4:25; Mic 4:4).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingὑπὸ: meaning 'under'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συκῆνfig treeAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπό→ object specificationσυκῆ: 'fig tree'; renders תְּאֵנָה; paired with the vine in the peace-and-plenty idiom (1 Kings 4:25; Mic 4:4).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐσθίοντεςeatingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · ἐσθίωcircumstantial participle→ customary presentἐσθίω: 'eat'; renews the prosperity-image (cf. 46a).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίνοντεςdrinkingPres Act Part Nom Masc Pl · πίνωcircumstantial participle→ customary presentπίνω: 'drink'; the secure enjoyment of plenty.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπὸ Δαν ... ἕως Βηρσαβεε ('from Dan to Beersheba'), the merism for the whole land.
ΔανDangenitive of place (indeclinable, with ἀπό)→ participant identificationΔαν: indeclinable; the northernmost city — one pole of the 'Dan to Beersheba' merism for all Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (end point of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'as far as'; the southern pole, Beersheba.
ΒηρσαβεεBeershebagenitive of place (indeclinable, with ἕως)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: indeclinable; here the southernmost town Beersheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע) — the other pole of the 'Dan to Beersheba' merism (note: the same spelling as Bathsheba's name, vv. 13–19, distinguished by context).
πάσαςallAccusativeadjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the days of Solomon.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; 'all the days of Solomon' = throughout his peaceful reign.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; here genitive 'of Solomon' — the era of peace bears his name.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46h)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; 'these are Solomon's officials' — introduces the cabinet-roster (cf. 1 Kings 4:2–6).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςofficials / chiefsNominativepredicate nominative (with οὗτοι)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'official / chief / minister'; renders שַׂר; Solomon's chief officers of state.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (governing indeclinable Σαλωμων)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Σαλωμωνof Solomongenitive of relationship (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; 'the officials of Solomon.'
ΑζαριονAzariahNominativesubject (first official named)→ participant prominenceΑζαριας: transliteration of עֲזַרְיָה (Azariah); here in the form Αζαριον; the priest, Zadok's son, an official of Solomon (cf. 1 Kings 4:2).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αζαριον→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Zadok.'
Σαδωκof Zadokgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: indeclinable; the chief priest (v. 35), Azariah's father.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἱερέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερέωςpriestGenitivegenitive in apposition to Σαδωκ→ relational specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; Zadok 'the priest' (cf. v. 35).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΟρνιουOrniousubject (indeclinable proper noun, frozen form)→ participant identificationΟρνιου: a transliterated personal name (corresponding to a son of Nathan among Solomon's officials, cf. 1 Kings 4:5); treated as indeclinable here.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ορνιου→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Nathan.'
Ναθανof Nathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: transliteration of נָתָן (Nathan); indeclinable; the father (cf. the prophet/official Nathan).
ἄρχωνchief / officerNominativenominative in apposition (his office)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'chief / officer'; 'chief of the appointed officers' — head of the district prefects (cf. 1 Kings 4:5).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with substantival participle)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐφεστηκότωνthose appointed / officers in chargePerf Act Part Gen Masc Pl · ἐφίστημιsubstantival participle (genitive, 'those set in charge')→ resultative perfect (standing appointment)ἐφίστημι: 'set over / appoint / stand in charge'; the perfect participle 'those set in charge' = the district officers Orniou headed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕδραμEdramsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕδραμ: transliterated personal name; the official 'over the household' (corresponding to Ahishar, the palace-steward, 1 Kings 4:6); indeclinable.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (oversight)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; 'over his household.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhousehold / palaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / household'; the royal palace, of which Edram was steward (cf. 1 Kings 4:6).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣουβαSoubasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΣουβα: transliterated personal name; the royal 'secretary' (corresponding to the scribes Elihoreph and Ahijah, 1 Kings 4:3); indeclinable.
γραμματεὺςsecretary / scribeNominativenominative in apposition (his office)→ participant prominenceγραμματεύς: 'scribe / secretary'; renders סֹפֵר; the royal secretary of state (cf. 1 Kings 4:3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒασαBasasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΒασα: transliterated personal name; the 'recorder' (corresponding to Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud, 1 Kings 4:3); indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βασα→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Ahithalam.'
Αχιθαλαμof Ahithalamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχιθαλαμ: transliterated patronymic (corresponding to Ahilud, 1 Kings 4:3); indeclinable; Basa's father.
ἀναμιμνῄσκωνrecorder / remembrancerPres Act Part Nom Masc Sg · ἀναμιμνῄσκωsubstantival participle (his office: 'the one recording')→ customary presentἀναμιμνῄσκω: 'remind / call to mind / record'; the participle 'the recorder / remembrancer' renders מַזְכִּיר, the royal chancellor who kept the chronicles (cf. 1 Kings 4:3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβιAbisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑβι: transliterated personal name; the commander-in-chief (corresponding to Benaiah/the army chief); indeclinable; here 'son of Joab.'
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αβι→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Joab.'
Ιωαβof Joabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαβ: indeclinable; here a patronymic in the officer-list (distinct from the executed commander Joab of vv. 5, 28–34).
ἀρχιστράτηγοςcommander-in-chiefNominativenominative in apposition (his office)→ participant prominenceἀρχιστράτηγος: 'commander-in-chief'; renders שַׂר צָבָא; the head of the army (the office Benaiah held, v. 35).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑχιρεAchiresubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχιρε: transliterated personal name; the officer 'over the levies' (corresponding to Adoniram over the forced labor, 1 Kings 4:6); indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αχιρε→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Edrai.'
Εδραϊof Edraigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕδραϊ: transliterated patronymic; Achire's father; indeclinable.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (oversight)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; 'over the levies/burdens.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρσειςlevies / burdensAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἄρσις: 'a lifting / burden / levy'; here the forced-labor levies (corvée), over which Achire was set (cf. Adoniram, 1 Kings 4:6; 5:14).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΒαναιαBanaia / BenaiahNominativesubject (an official named)→ participant prominenceΒαναιας: here the form Βαναια as subject; an official set over the court-administration (a name shared with the executioner Benaiah, but here in the cabinet-list).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Βαναια→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jehoiada.'
Ιωδαεof Jehoiadagenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωδαε: indeclinable; the father in the patronymic.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (oversight)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'over'; 'over the court-administration.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐλαρχίαςcourt-administrationGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationαὐλαρχία: 'rule of the court / court-administration'; the office of chief court-official.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (oversight)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'over'; a second responsibility, the brickworks.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλινθείουbrickworks / brickyardGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationπλινθεῖον: 'brickyard / brick-kiln'; the brick-making works, also under this official's charge.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΖαχουρZachoursubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΖαχουρ: transliterated personal name; the royal 'counselor'; indeclinable; here 'son of Nathan.'
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ζαχουρ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic 'son of Nathan.'
Ναθανof Nathangenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: indeclinable; the father (cf. 1 Kings 4:5, 'Zabud son of Nathan, the king's friend').
theNominativearticle (with σύμβουλος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σύμβουλοςcounselorNominativenominative in apposition (his office)→ participant prominenceσύμβουλος: 'counselor / adviser'; the king's confidential adviser (cf. 'the king's friend,' 1 Kings 4:5), closing the officer-list.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46i)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthere were / he hadImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (with dative of possession)→ imperfect (state of possession)εἰμί: 'be'; with the dative τῷ Σαλωμων, 'Solomon had' — introduces his cavalry-force (cf. 1 Kings 4:26; 10:26).
τῷto / forDativearticle (dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣαλωμωνSolomondative of possession (indeclinable, case via article)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; 'Solomon had' the horses.
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; forty thousand (cf. 1 Kings 4:26; the parallel at 10:26 has variant figures).
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativesubject (number of horses)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς: 'thousand'; forty thousand brood-mares/horses for the chariotry.
τοκάδεςbrood-mares / breedingNominativeattributive (modifying ἵπποι: 'breeding horses')→ participant prominenceτοκάς: 'breeding / brood (female)'; here 'brood-mares' — breeding stock for the chariot-horses.
ἵπποιhorsesNominativesubject (in apposition to χιλιάδες)→ participant prominenceἵππος: 'horse'; renders סוּס; the chariot-horses of Solomon's stables (1 Kings 4:26).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'for'; 'horses for chariots.'
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς)→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב / מֶרְכָּבָה; the war- and parade-chariots the horses drew.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώδεκαtwelvenumeral (with χιλιάδες)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; twelve thousand horsemen (cf. 1 Kings 4:26; 10:26).
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativesubject (number of horsemen)→ participant prominenceχιλιάς: 'thousand'; twelve thousand cavalry.
ἱππέωνhorsemen / cavalryGenitivegenitive of content (with χιλιάδες)→ relational specificationἱππεύς: 'horseman / cavalryman'; renders פָּרָשׁ; Solomon's mounted troops.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (begins miscellany 46k)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with predicate ἄρχων)→ imperfect (settled state of rule)εἰμί: 'be'; 'he was ruler' over the kings — restating Solomon's dominion (cf. 46b, 46f).
ἄρχωνrulerNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)→ participant prominenceἄρχων: 'ruler'; Solomon's suzerainty over all neighboring kings (cf. 1 Kings 5:1).
ἐνover / amongpreposition + dative (sphere of rule)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of rule).
πᾶσινallDativeadjective (modifying βασιλεῦσιν)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the kings.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the subject kings under Solomon's dominion.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ('from the River') — the extent of the realm.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποταμοῦriverGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationποταμός: 'river'; 'the River' = the Euphrates, the realm's far boundary (cf. 1 Kings 5:1).
καὶand / evencoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (end point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'as far as'; the realm extended to Philistia and Egypt's border.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of place (with ἕως)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; 'the land of the Philistines' — the western reach of the realm.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the Philistines / foreignersGenitivegenitive of relationship (with γῆς)→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'foreigner / of another tribe'; the LXX's standard term for the Philistines (פְּלִשְׁתִּים); 'the land of the Philistines' marks the realm's western edge.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςto / as far aspreposition + genitive (end point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'as far as'; to the border of Egypt.
ὁρίωνborders / territoryGenitivegenitive of place (with ἕως)→ relational specificationὅριον: 'boundary / border / territory'; renders גְּבוּל; 'the borders of Egypt' — the southwestern limit of Solomon's empire (cf. 1 Kings 5:1).
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὁρίων)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος: 'Egypt'; renders מִצְרַיִם; the realm reached to Egypt's frontier.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonsubject (indeclinable; begins miscellany 46l, the closing summary)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: indeclinable; subject of the closing regnal summary.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σαλωμων→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; 'Solomon son of David' — the dynastic title closing the chapter.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'son of David' — sealing the dynastic succession that the whole chapter has secured.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ constative aorist (the reign summed up)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the summary verb framing Solomon's whole reign over the united kingdom.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; 'reigned over Israel and Judah.'
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern tribes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουδαJudahaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom; 'Israel and Judah' = the whole united realm.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable, with ἐν)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the capital — the final word of the chapter, sealing Solomon's established reign over the united kingdom from Jerusalem.