Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 18ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ ΙΗ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Elijah's contest on Carmel exposes Baal's impotence, restores the Lord's honor, and ends with returning rain.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms 18 (= 1 Kings 18 in the Hebrew/English numbering) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. 3 Kingdoms 18 is the great Carmel narrative, the dramatic centre of the Elijah cycle. In the third year of the drought the word of the LORD comes to Elijah (Ηλιου) commanding him to show himself to Ahab (Αχααβ), with the promise δώσω ὑετόν ('I will give rain', v. 1) — the frame that the chapter resolves only at its close. The famine (ἡ λιμός, feminine in the LXX) is severe in Samaria. Obadiah (Αβδιου), Ahab's God-fearing steward (οἰκονόμος), had hidden a hundred prophets of the LORD by fifties in caves during Jezebel's (Ιεζαβελ) purge (v. 4), anticipating the remnant theology of 19:18 and Rom 11:2–4. The meeting of Obadiah and Elijah (vv. 7–16), and then of Ahab and Elijah — εἰ σὺ εἶ αὐτὸς ὁ διαστρέφων τὸν Ισραηλ ('are you he who troubles Israel?', v. 17) — sets up the contest. Elijah's challenge to the people, ἕως πότε ὑμεῖς χωλανεῖτε ἐπ᾽ ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς ἰγνύαις ('how long will you go limping on both hams?', v. 21), demands decision. The prophets of Baal (Βααλ) cry from morning to noon, cutting themselves (κατετέμνοντο, v. 28) ἕως ἐκχύσεως αἵματος, while Elijah mocks them — ἀδολεσχία αὐτῷ ἐστιν … μήποτε καθεύδει ('he is musing … perhaps he is asleep', v. 27). Elijah then rebuilds the altar with twelve stones for the twelve tribes (vv. 31–32), digs a trench (θααλα), and drenches the sacrifice three times. His prayer (vv. 36–37) brings down πῦρ παρὰ κυρίου ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (v. 38) that consumes the whole-offering, the stones, the dust, and even the water; the people fall and confess ἀληθῶς κύριός ἐστιν ὁ θεός ('truly the LORD, he is God!', v. 39). The Baal-prophets are slaughtered at the wadi Kishon (Κισων, v. 40). Then the rain: Elijah's sevenfold sending of his servant (vv. 43–44) yields the little cloud ὡς ἴχνος ἀνδρός ('like a man's footprint'), the heavens grow black, and a great rain falls (v. 45) — the answered-prayer rain that James cites (Jas 5:17–18). The chapter ends with the hand of the LORD on Elijah (χεὶρ κυρίου ἐπὶ τὸν Ηλιου, v. 46) as he girds his loins and outruns Ahab's chariot to Jezreel (Ιεζραελ).

1

καὶ ἐγένετο μεθ᾿ ἡμέρας πολλὰς καὶ ῥῆμα κυρίου ἐγένετο πρὸς Ηλιου ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ τρίτῳ λέγων πορεύθητι καὶ ὄφθητι τῷ Αχααβ καὶ δώσω ὑετὸν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον τῆς γῆς

And it came to pass after many days that the word of the LORD came to Elijah in the third year, saying, 'Go and show yourself to Ahab, and I will give rain upon the face of the earth.'

Narrative opening formula (resumption of the action after the long drought)καὶ ἐγένετο
καὶ ἐγένετο … καὶ ῥῆμα κυρίου ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew narrative opener וַיְהִי with the prophetic word-event formula הָיָה דְבַר־יהוה; the second καί is apodotic (a Hebraism). The 'third year' fixes the drought's duration, the background to James' tradition that Elijah's prayer withheld rain three years and six months (Jas 5:17). The divine promise δώσω ὑετόν is the chapter's controlling frame, resolved only at v. 45.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal-narrative formula)→ constative aorist (scene-setting)γίνομαι: 'become / happen / come to pass'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי, the standard LXX opener introducing a new scene or episode.
μεθ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; elided to μεθ᾿ before the rough breathing of ἡμέρας.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (temporal extent)→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative plural marking the lapse of time.
πολλὰςmanyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπολύς: 'many'; μεθ᾿ ἡμέρας πολλάς marks the long interval since the drought began at 17:1.
καὶandapodotic καί (Hebraism, introducing the main clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the second καί after καὶ ἐγένετο is apodotic, a Hebraism rendering the waw of the apodosis.
ῥῆμαwordNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / matter'; renders דָּבָר; ῥῆμα κυρίου is the prophetic word-event that sets the narrative in motion.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (the word's origin)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; genitive of source — the word originates from YHWH himself.
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (prophetic revelation formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: the repeated ἐγένετο frames the verse; ἐγένετο πρός renders הָיָה … אֶל, the technical formula 'the word of the LORD came to (the prophet).'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient of revelation)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient of revelation).
ΗλιουElijahaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אֵלִיָּהוּ ('YHWH is my God'); Elijah the Tishbite, prophet of the drought and the Carmel contest, named at Jas 5:17 as the model of effective prayer.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time ('in the … year')→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the dative of time — 'in the third year' of the drought, the background of Jas 5:17.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive position)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτῳthirdDativeattributive ordinal (modifying ἐνιαυτῷ)→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'; the third year of drought corresponds to the tradition behind Jas 5:17 (rain withheld three years and six months by Elijah's prayer).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple introducing direct speech→ circumstantial present participle (Hebraistic 'saying')λέγω (ptc.): the redundant λέγων is a Hebraism rendering לֵאמֹר, marking the onset of direct divine speech; constructed loosely with the impersonal narrative formula.
πορεύθητιgoAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (divine command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive commission)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; aorist passive-deponent imperative; the divine command sends Elijah back from hiding to confront Ahab.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄφθητιshow yourselfAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (divine command, coordinate)→ ingressive aorist imperativeὁράω (aor. pass.): 'be seen / appear'; the passive imperative ὄφθητι ('let yourself be seen') sends Elijah to present himself openly to Ahab; cf. the purpose infinitive ὀφθῆναι in v. 2.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχααβAhabdative indirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אַחְאָב; Ahab king of Israel, husband of Jezebel and patron of the Baal cult.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing divine promise)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine first-person promise)→ predictive future (promised act)δίδωμι: 'give'; the first-person δώσω ὑετόν ('I will give rain') is YHWH's promise to end the drought — the controlling frame of the whole chapter, resolved at v. 45.
ὑετὸνrainAccusativedirect object of δώσω→ object specificationὑετός: 'rain'; the key noun of the chapter's frame (vv. 1, 41, 44–45); the promised rain answers the rain withheld at 17:1 and grounds the prayer-and-rain theme of Jas 5:17–18.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / surface'; ἐπὶ πρόσωπον τῆς γῆς ('upon the face of the earth') is a Hebraism (עַל־פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה) for the whole land's surface.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (with πρόσωπον)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'earth / land'; the parched land that will receive the promised rain.
2

καὶ ἐπορεύθη Ηλιου τοῦ ὀφθῆναι τῷ Αχααβ καὶ ἡ λιμὸς κραταιὰ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ

And Elijah went to show himself to Ahab; and the famine was severe in Samaria.

Narrative continuation (Elijah's obedience and the famine's severity)καὶ ἐπορεύθη
Elijah's obedient departure answers the double command of v. 1 (πορεύθητι … ὄφθητι) with πορεύθητι echoed by ἐπορεύθη and ὄφθητι by the purpose infinitive τοῦ ὀφθῆναι. The verbless clause ἡ λιμὸς κραταιά ('the famine [was] severe') sets the stakes: the drought has reached crisis in the capital.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (Elijah's obedience)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; the obedient ἐπορεύθη answers the command πορεύθητι of v. 1.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; Elijah, the obedient prophet.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive (purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: the genitive article with the infinitive (τοῦ ὀφθῆναι) expresses purpose.
ὀφθῆναιto show himselfAor Pass Inf · ὁράωarticular infinitive of purpose→ purpose infinitive (in order to present oneself)ὁράω (aor. pass. inf.): 'to be seen / appear'; the articular infinitive τοῦ ὀφθῆναι expresses purpose, echoing the imperative ὄφθητι (v. 1).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχααβAhabdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; king of Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing circumstantial clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λιμὸςfamineNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceλιμός: 'famine / hunger'; here construed as feminine (ἡ λιμός), a usage attested in the LXX and Koine; the famine is the consequence of the drought.
κραταιὰsevereNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceκραταιός: 'mighty / strong / severe'; predicate — the famine had grown severe (renders חָזַק).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: Samaria, capital of the northern kingdom founded by Omri (16:24) and seat of Ahab's reign; declined as a first-declension noun.
3

καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Αχααβ τὸν Αβδιου τὸν οἰκονόμον καὶ Αβδιου ἦν φοβούμενος τὸν κύριον σφόδρα

And Ahab called Obadiah the steward; now Obadiah feared the LORD greatly.

Introduction of a new character (Obadiah the God-fearing steward)καὶ ἐκάλεσεν
The narrator introduces Obadiah with a characterizing parenthetical: Αβδιου ἦν φοβούμενος τὸν κύριον σφόδρα. The periphrastic imperfect (ἦν + participle) marks his fear of YHWH as a settled disposition, in pointed contrast to the Baal-patronage of the king who employs him.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (Ahab summons his steward)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; Ahab summons his chief household officer to organize the search for water.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; king of Israel.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with proper noun)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβδιουObadiahdirect object (indeclinable; marked accusative by article)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew עֹבַדְיָהוּ ('servant of YHWH'); Obadiah, Ahab's God-fearing palace steward; the article τόν supplies the accusative function.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with appositive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἰκονόμονstewardAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αβδιου→ object specificationοἰκονόμος: 'household manager / steward'; the chief officer over the royal house (Hebrew אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת); a position of high trust.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing parenthetical)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introduces a characterizing aside ('now Obadiah …').
ΑβδιουObadiahsubject of periphrastic clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: indeclinable; the resumptive subject of the parenthetical.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (periphrastic imperfect with participle)→ durative imperfect (settled disposition)εἰμί (impf.): ἦν φοβούμενος is a periphrastic imperfect ('was fearing'), stressing Obadiah's habitual, settled piety.
φοβούμενοςfearingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · φοβέομαιparticiple (periphrastic with ἦν)→ verbal action or stateφοβέομαι: 'fear / revere'; the periphrastic φοβούμενος τὸν κύριον marks covenantal reverence — the 'God-fearer' — in sharp contrast to Ahab's Baal-worship.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative object of φοβούμενος→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; Obadiah fears YHWH the true God, not Baal — the object of his reverence.
σφόδραgreatlyadverb of degree→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; intensifies the depth of Obadiah's fear of the LORD.
4

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ τύπτειν τὴν Ιεζαβελ τοὺς προφήτας κυρίου καὶ ἔλαβεν Αβδιου ἑκατὸν ἄνδρας προφήτας καὶ ἔκρυψεν αὐτοὺς κατὰ πεντήκοντα ἐν σπηλαίῳ καὶ διέτρεφεν αὐτοὺς ἐν ἄρτῳ καὶ ὕδατι

And it came to pass, when Jezebel was striking down the prophets of the LORD, that Obadiah took a hundred men, prophets, and hid them by fifties in a cave, and fed them with bread and water.

Explanatory flashback (the ground of Obadiah's piety: his rescue of the prophets)καὶ ἐγένετο
A flashback (καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ τύπτειν, 'when [Jezebel] was striking down') explaining how Obadiah's fear of the LORD took concrete form: he hid a hundred prophets by fifties from Jezebel's purge and sustained them ἐν ἄρτῳ καὶ ὕδατι. The hundred preserved prophets anticipate the remnant of 7,000 who had not bowed to Baal (19:18 / Rom 11:2–4).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (flashback formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο renders וַיְהִי, here opening a flashback to Jezebel's persecution of the prophets.
ἐνwhenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: a temporal construction ('when / while'), rendering the Hebrew infinitive construct with בְּ.
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τύπτεινstriking downPres Act Inf · τύπτωarticular infinitive (temporal clause)→ durative present (action in progress)τύπτω: 'strike / beat / kill'; the present infinitive in ἐν τῷ τύπτειν portrays Jezebel's purge as ongoing — 'while she was striking down.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (marking accusative subject of infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙεζαβελJezebelaccusative subject of the infinitive (indeclinable; marked by article)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אִיזֶבֶל; Jezebel, Ahab's Sidonian queen and persecutor of the prophets of YHWH (cf. 19:1–2); the article τήν marks her as the accusative subject of τύπτειν.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetsAccusativedirect object of τύπτειν→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the prophets of YHWH whom Jezebel was killing.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's prophets)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the prophets belong to YHWH, making their slaughter an assault on the LORD himself.
καὶandapodotic καί (introducing the main clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic, introducing the principal clause after the temporal protasis.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (Obadiah's rescue)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; Obadiah's decisive act of rescue.
ΑβδιουObadiahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: indeclinable; the God-fearing steward.
ἑκατὸνa hundredindeclinable cardinal numeral (modifying ἄνδρας)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; indeclinable cardinal; the hundred prophets Obadiah preserved foreshadow the surviving remnant of 19:18 / Rom 11:2–4.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; ἑκατὸν ἄνδρας προφήτας — 'a hundred men, prophets.'
προφήταςprophetsAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἄνδρας→ object specificationπροφήτης: in apposition, specifying that the hundred men were prophets of the LORD.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκρυψενhidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρύπτωmain verb (coordinate with ἔλαβεν)→ constative aoristκρύπτω: 'hide / conceal'; Obadiah hid the prophets from Jezebel's purge, risking his own life.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
κατὰbypreposition + accusative (distributive)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: distributive — κατὰ πεντήκοντα, 'by fifties' (fifty in each cave).
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable cardinal numeral→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable cardinal; the hundred prophets were split into two groups of fifty.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
σπηλαίῳa caveDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceσπήλαιον: 'cave / cavern'; the hiding place where the prophets were sheltered.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέτρεφενfedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διατρέφωmain verb (ongoing provision)→ durative imperfect (continuous sustenance)διατρέφω: 'nourish / sustain'; the imperfect denotes ongoing provision throughout the famine — a remarkable feat amid the drought.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ἄρτῳbreadDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceἄρτος: 'bread / food'; the sustenance, scarce during the famine.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδατιwaterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; precious during the drought; cf. the lavish water Elijah later pours over the altar (vv. 33–35).
5

καὶ εἶπεν Αχααβ πρὸς Αβδιου δεῦρο καὶ διέλθωμεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἐπὶ πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων καὶ ἐπὶ χειμάρρους ἐάν πως εὕρωμεν βοτάνην καὶ περιποιησώμεθα ἵππους καὶ ἡμιόνους καὶ οὐκ ἐξολοθρευθήσονται ἀπὸ τῶν κτηνῶν

And Ahab said to Obadiah, 'Come, and let us go through the land to the springs of water and to the wadis; perhaps we may find grass and keep the horses and mules alive, and they will not be destroyed from among the cattle.'

Direct speech: Ahab's desperate plan to save the livestockκαὶ εἶπεν Αχααβ
The severity of the famine drives even the king to scour the land for water. The hortatory subjunctives (διέλθωμεν … περιποιησώμεθα) and the tentative ἐάν πως εὕρωμεν ('if perhaps we may find') convey desperation; the king's concern is for his horses and mules, an ironic measure of how far the drought has reduced the kingdom.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces Ahab's direct speech to his steward.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; king of Israel.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑβδιουObadiahaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: indeclinable; the steward.
δεῦροcomeadverb used as imperative ('come!')→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: 'come here / come now'; an adverb functioning as a hortatory interjection introducing the proposal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέλθωμενlet us go throughAor Act Subj 1 Pl · διέρχομαιhortatory subjunctive→ hortatory aorist subjunctiveδιέρχομαι: 'go through / traverse'; hortatory ('let us pass through the land') — the king proposes to survey the whole country for surviving water.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (extent/goal)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent/goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / country'; the whole territory to be searched.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
πηγὰςspringsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπηγή: 'spring / fountain'; the natural water sources sought in the drought.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑδάτωνwatersGenitivegenitive (with πηγάς: 'springs of water')→ relational specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων — the water-springs sought amid the famine.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
χειμάρρουςwadisAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationχείμαρρος: 'wadi / winter-torrent'; a seasonal stream-bed, dry now in the drought but a likely place to find any remaining grass; cf. the Kishon (v. 40).
ἐάνifconditional particle (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; with πως forms ἐάν πως ('if perhaps / in hopes that'), expressing tentative hope.
πωςperhaps / somehowenclitic particle (with ἐάν)→ discourse linkage or contrastπως: enclitic 'somehow / perhaps'; ἐάν πως marks the uncertainty of the venture.
εὕρωμενwe may findAor Act Subj 1 Pl · εὑρίσκωsubjunctive in conditional clause→ potential aorist subjunctiveεὑρίσκω: 'find'; the goal of the search — any surviving βοτάνη (pasture).
βοτάνηνgrassAccusativedirect object of εὕρωμεν→ object specificationβοτάνη: 'herbage / fodder / grass'; pasture for the animals, scorched away by the drought.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιποιησώμεθαwe may keep aliveAor Mid Subj 1 Pl · περιποιέωsubjunctive (purpose, coordinate with εὕρωμεν)→ verbal action or stateπεριποιέω (mid.): 'preserve / keep alive for oneself'; the king's aim is to spare his horses and mules from death.
ἵππουςhorsesAccusativedirect object of περιποιησώμεθα→ object specificationἵππος: 'horse'; the royal cavalry/chariot animals, a measure of Ahab's military strength now threatened.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμιόνουςmulesAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ἵππους)→ object specificationἡμίονος: 'mule'; the pack-and-riding animals; together with the horses they represent the kingdom's surviving livestock wealth.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξολοθρευθήσονταιthey will be destroyedFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (negated result)→ predictive future (averted destruction)ἐξολεθρεύω: 'utterly destroy / exterminate'; a strong LXX verb (renders כָּרַת / שָׁמַד); here of the animals perishing — the king hopes to avert their total loss.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κτηνῶνcattleGenitivegenitive of separation (with ἀπό)→ relational specificationκτῆνος: 'beast / livestock'; ἀπὸ τῶν κτηνῶν — 'from among the livestock'; the drought threatens the whole animal economy.
6

καὶ ἐμέρισαν ἑαυτοῖς τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ διελθεῖν αὐτήν Αχααβ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ μιᾷ μόνος καὶ Αβδιου ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ ἄλλῃ μόνος

And they divided the way between themselves to traverse it: Ahab went by one road alone, and Obadiah went by another road alone.

Narrative result (the two part to search separately)καὶ ἐμέρισαν
The two split the route to cover more ground, the narrative device that isolates Obadiah so that Elijah may meet him alone (v. 7). The repeated μόνος ('alone') underlines the providential solitude of the encounter.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμέρισανthey dividedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · μερίζωmain verb→ constative aoristμερίζω: 'divide / apportion'; the two officers split the route between them.
ἑαυτοῖςbetween themselvesDativereflexive dative (of advantage)→ sphere or referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; 'for/among themselves' — they apportioned the territory between the two of them.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδὸνwayAccusativedirect object of ἐμέρισαν→ object specificationὁδός: 'way / road / route'; the searching itinerary, divided between them.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive (purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διελθεῖνto traverseAor Act Inf · διέρχομαιarticular infinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateδιέρχομαι: 'go through / traverse'; τοῦ διελθεῖν αὐτήν — purpose: 'in order to pass through it.'
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object of διελθεῖν (refers to ὁδόν)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of διελθεῖν (refers to ὁδόν).
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; king of Israel.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; Ahab takes one road.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (route)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (route).
ὁδῷroadDativedative of route→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'road'; the one route Ahab took.
μιᾷoneDativeattributive numeral (with ὁδῷ)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; ὁδῷ μιᾷ — 'one road.'
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjective (with Ahab)→ participant prominenceμόνος: 'alone'; Ahab went by himself — the first of the verse's two pointed 'alone's.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβδιουObadiahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: indeclinable; the steward.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: Obadiah takes the other road.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (route)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (route).
ὁδῷroadDativedative of route→ sphere or referenceὁδῷ: meaning 'road'; it serves as dative of route.
ἄλλῃanotherDativeattributive adjective (with ὁδῷ)→ sphere or referenceἄλλος: 'other / another'; the second, separate route.
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjective (with Obadiah)→ participant prominenceμόνος: 'alone'; the repeated μόνος isolates Obadiah for the providential meeting with Elijah.
7

καὶ ἦν Αβδιου ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ μόνος καὶ ἦλθεν Ηλιου εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῦ μόνος καὶ Αβδιου ἔσπευσεν καὶ ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν εἰ σὺ εἶ αὐτός κύριέ μου Ηλιου

And Obadiah was on the road alone, and Elijah came to meet him alone; and Obadiah hurried and fell upon his face and said, 'Is it you yourself, my lord Elijah?'

Encounter narrative (Obadiah meets Elijah)καὶ ἦν Αβδιου
The doubled μόνος ('alone … alone') frames the encounter as providential. Obadiah's prostration (ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον) and the deferential κύριέ μου ('my lord') show his reverence for the prophet — here κύριος is a human honorific, not the divine Name.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; sets the scene — Obadiah is on the road by himself.
ΑβδιουObadiahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: indeclinable; the steward.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδῷroadDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'road'; Obadiah's separate route.
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceμόνος: 'alone'; Obadiah is unaccompanied.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; Elijah appears to meet Obadiah.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: meeting)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: meeting).
συνάντησινmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet')→ object specificationσυνάντησις: 'a meeting / encounter'; εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῦ ('to meet him') renders the Hebrew לִקְרַאת.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobjective genitive (with συνάντησιν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as objective genitive (with συνάντησιν).
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjective (with Elijah)→ participant prominenceμόνος: 'alone'; both men are alone — the meeting is unwitnessed and providential.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑβδιουObadiahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable).
ἔσπευσενhurriedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σπεύδωmain verb→ constative aoristσπεύδω: 'hasten / hurry'; Obadiah's eager reaction on recognizing Elijah.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον — prostration in reverence before the prophet.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ — falling on his own face, the posture of homage (cf. v. 39).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Obadiah's astonished question.
εἰis it thatinterrogative particle (direct question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: normally 'if', but here introduces a direct question ('Is it …?'), a Hebraism rendering the interrogative הֲ.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — Obadiah's startled recognition.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; εἰ σὺ εἶ αὐτός — 'is it really you?'
αὐτόςhimself / the very oneNominativeintensive pronoun (predicate)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'the very one / yourself'; emphasizes the surprise of meeting the long-sought prophet (cf. v. 17).
κύριέmy lordVocativevocative of address (human honorific)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): here a human honorific ('my lord / sir'), NOT the divine Name; Obadiah addresses Elijah with deference, as a servant to a superior.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with κύριε)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κύριε).
ΗλιουElijahvocative in apposition (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; named in apposition to κύριέ μου.
8

καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου αὐτῷ ἐγώ πορεύου λέγε τῷ κυρίῳ σου ἰδοὺ Ηλιου

And Elijah said to him, 'It is I. Go, tell your lord, "Here is Elijah."'

Direct speech: Elijah's command to announce his presenceκαὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου
Elijah's terse ἐγώ ('I [am he]') confirms his identity, and the staccato imperatives πορεύου … λέγε send Obadiah to Ahab. τῷ κυρίῳ σου ('your lord') is again human (the king Ahab). The deictic ἰδοὺ Ηλιου ('behold, Elijah') is the message itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's reply.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun; verb 'am' implied)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I (am he)'; the terse confirmation answers Obadiah's εἰ σὺ εἶ αὐτός (v. 7).
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (command)→ durative present imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go'; the present imperative sends Obadiah on his errand.
λέγεtellPres Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (command, asyndetic)→ durative present imperativeλέγω: 'say / tell'; the command to report Elijah's presence to the king.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳlordDativedative indirect object (human honorific)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: here human ('your lord' = the king Ahab), NOT the divine Name; the master whom Obadiah serves.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κυρίῳ)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κυρίῳ).
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the attention-getter introducing the message itself — 'here is Elijah.'
ΗλιουElijahnominative content of the message (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the one-word message Obadiah is to deliver.
9

καὶ εἶπεν Αβδιου τί ἡμάρτηκα ὅτι δίδως τὸν δοῦλόν σου εἰς χεῖρα Αχααβ τοῦ θανατῶσαί με

And Obadiah said, 'What sin have I committed, that you are handing your servant into the hand of Ahab to put me to death?'

Direct speech: Obadiah's fearful protest (begins vv. 9–14)καὶ εἶπεν Αβδιου
Obadiah's protest opens with the indignant question τί ἡμάρτηκα ('what have I done wrong?'). He fears that delivering Elijah's message will cost him his life, since Elijah is liable to vanish (v. 12). The idiom εἰς χεῖρα ('into the hand of') is a Hebraism for handing over to lethal power.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Obadiah's protest.
ΑβδιουObadiahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: indeclinable; the steward.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (cognate accusative)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'what?'; τί ἡμάρτηκα — 'what sin have I committed?', a protest of innocence.
ἡμάρτηκαhave I sinnedPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (rhetorical question)→ perfect (abiding state of guilt questioned)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / do wrong / miss the mark'; the perfect ἡμάρτηκα questions any standing guilt — 'what have I done to deserve this?'
ὅτιthatconjunction (consecutive/causal)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that / because'; introduces the consequence Obadiah dreads.
δίδωςyou are handing overPres Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιverb of subordinate clause→ progressive present (action in train)δίδωμι: 'give / hand over'; δίδως … εἰς χεῖρα — to deliver into someone's power, a Hebraism (נָתַן בְּיַד).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativedirect object of δίδως→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; Obadiah's self-designation in deference to Elijah (cf. v. 12).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (Hebraism: into the hand of)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (Hebraism: into the hand of).
χεῖραhandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; εἰς χεῖρα Αχααβ — 'into Ahab's hand / power', a Hebraism for surrender to lethal authority.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of possession (indeclinable; 'Ahab's hand')→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king whose wrath Obadiah fears.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive (purpose/result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θανατῶσαίto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωarticular infinitive of purpose/result→ verbal action or stateθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; τοῦ θανατῶσαί με expresses the feared outcome — Ahab will execute him.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of θανατῶσαι→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of θανατῶσαι.
10

ζῇ κύριος ὁ θεός σου εἰ ἔστιν ἔθνος ἢ βασιλεία οὗ οὐκ ἀπέσταλκεν ὁ κύριός μου ζητεῖν σε καὶ εἶπον οὐκ ἔστιν καὶ ἐνέπρησεν τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ τὰς χώρας αὐτῆς ὅτι οὐχ εὕρηκέν σε

As the LORD your God lives, there is no nation or kingdom where my lord has not sent to seek you; and they said, 'He is not here,' and he set fire to the kingdom and its regions because he had not found you.

Oath-supported justification of Obadiah's fearζῇ κύριος
Obadiah swears the oath-formula ζῇ κύριος ὁ θεός σου ('as the LORD your God lives') — here κύριος is the divine Name. He explains the intensity of Ahab's hunt: no nation has been left unsearched (the εἰ … functions as an emphatic negative oath: 'there is surely no nation …'). The second κύριος (ὁ κύριός μου, 'my lord') is the human king Ahab.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (oath-formula)→ gnomic present (oath)ζάω: 'live'; ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') renders the Hebrew oath-formula חַי־יהוה, invoking the living God as guarantor of the truth of what follows.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (divine Name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; in the oath ζῇ κύριος ὁ θεός σου it is the living God Obadiah swears by.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativeappositive to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; ὁ θεός σου ('your God') identifies YHWH as Elijah's God specifically — Obadiah, though a God-fearer, defers to Elijah as the prophet.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεός)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεός).
εἰ(surely not)particle in oath (emphatic negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in oath-contexts εἰ ('if') functions as an emphatic negative ('there is surely no …'), a Hebraism rendering אִם in oath-formulae.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb (existential)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be / exist'; with the oath-εἰ — 'there is (not) a nation …'
ἔθνοςnationNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceἔθνος: 'nation / people'; the breadth of Ahab's search — no foreign nation left unprobed.
ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; couples ἔθνος and βασιλεία as the total scope of the hunt.
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject (coordinate with ἔθνος)→ participant prominenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / realm'; with ἔθνος, a merism for 'everywhere.'
οὗwhererelative adverb of place→ participant referenceοὗ: 'where'; relative adverb introducing the clause — 'where my lord has not sent.'
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέσταλκενhas sentPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of relative clause→ perfect (settled, exhaustive search)ἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the perfect stresses the completed, exhaustive nature of Ahab's hunt for Elijah.
theNominativearticle (with κύριος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςlordNominativesubject of ἀπέσταλκεν (human honorific)→ participant prominenceκύριος: here human ('my lord' = the king Ahab), NOT the divine Name; contrast the oath-κύριος earlier in this verse.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with κύριος)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κύριος).
ζητεῖνto seekPres Act Inf · ζητέωinfinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateζητέω: 'seek / search for'; the purpose of Ahab's emissaries — to hunt down Elijah.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ζητεῖν→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ζητεῖν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; the nations' reply when interrogated.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινhe is (here)Pres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb (the reported answer)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: οὐκ ἔστιν — 'he is not (here)', the foreign nations' denial.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνέπρησενhe set fire to / made (them) swearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμπίμπρημιmain verb→ constative aoristἐμπίμπρημι: 'set on fire / burn'; the LXX reads that Ahab 'burned' (i.e. punished) the kingdom and its regions for failing to produce Elijah — a sign of the king's furious obsession.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of ἐνέπρησεν→ object specificationβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the realm punished for harboring or hiding the prophet.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χώραςregionsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with βασιλείαν)→ object specificationχώρα: 'region / country / district'; the territories searched and punished.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the kingdom's regions)→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the kingdom's regions).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason for the punishment.
οὐχnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὕρηκένhe has foundPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of causal clause→ perfect (continuing failure to find)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; the perfect οὐχ εὕρηκεν stresses the abiding frustration — Ahab still has not located Elijah.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of εὕρηκεν→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of εὕρηκεν.
11

καὶ νῦν σὺ λέγεις πορεύου ἀνάγγελλε τῷ κυρίῳ σου ἰδοὺ Ηλιου

And now you say, "Go, announce to your lord, 'Here is Elijah.'"

Obadiah turns to the present demand (cf. v. 14)καὶ νῦν
καὶ νῦν ('and now') pivots from the background (vv. 10) to the immediate predicament: Elijah's command (echoing v. 8) seems to Obadiah a sentence of death. τῷ κυρίῳ σου is again the human king Ahab.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (logical pivot)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν marks the turn from explanation to the present demand.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — the contrast with Obadiah's danger.
λέγειςsayPres Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ progressive presentλέγω: 'say'; introduces Elijah's command as quoted back to him.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative (quoted)→ durative present imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go'; Obadiah quotes Elijah's order back to him.
ἀνάγγελλεannouncePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωimperative (quoted)→ durative present imperativeἀναγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; here in place of λέγε (v. 8) — to bring the king the news.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳlordDativedative indirect object (human honorific)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: here human ('your lord' = Ahab), NOT the divine Name.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the message — 'here is Elijah.'
ΗλιουElijahnominative content of the message (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the message Obadiah dreads to deliver.
12

καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν ἐγὼ ἀπέλθω ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ πνεῦμα κυρίου ἀρεῖ σε εἰς γῆν ἣν οὐκ οἶδα καὶ εἰσελεύσομαι ἀπαγγεῖλαι τῷ Αχααβ καὶ ἀποκτενεῖ με καὶ ὁ δοῦλός σού ἐστιν φοβούμενος τὸν κύριον ἐκ νεότητος αὐτοῦ

And it will be that when I have gone from you, the Spirit of the LORD will carry you off to a land I do not know, and I will go in to report to Ahab, and he will not find you and will kill me — yet your servant has feared the LORD from his youth.

Obadiah's worst-case scenario (the ground of his fear)καὶ ἔσται
Obadiah dreads that πνεῦμα κυρίου ('the Spirit of the LORD') will snatch Elijah away (cf. the later assumption-tradition, 2 Kgs 2:11), leaving him to face Ahab's murderous fury alone. He pleads his lifelong piety: ὁ δοῦλός σου … φοβούμενος τὸν κύριον ἐκ νεότητος, echoing the narrator's characterization in v. 3. Both κύριος references here are divine.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis-anticipating formula)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה, a formula setting up a future contingency.
ἐὰνwhen / ifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if / when'; introduces the feared scenario.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I' — the contrast between Obadiah's going and Elijah's vanishing.
ἀπέλθωhave goneAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιverb of conditional clause→ aorist subjunctive (anticipated completion)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; the moment Obadiah leaves Elijah to fetch Ahab.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive of separation→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of separation.
καὶandapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic, introducing the dreaded consequence.
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubject of ἀρεῖ→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'spirit / wind / breath'; πνεῦμα κυρίου ('the Spirit of the LORD') is the divine power Obadiah fears will transport Elijah (cf. 2 Kgs 2:16; Acts 8:39).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (divine Name)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the Spirit belongs to YHWH — divine, not the human master.
ἀρεῖwill carry offFut Act Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ predictive futureαἴρω: 'lift / take up / carry away'; the Spirit will snatch Elijah to an unknown place — Obadiah's nightmare scenario.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἀρεῖ→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀρεῖ.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
γῆνa landAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; an unknown destination.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of οἶδα)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; introduces the clause describing the land's unknownness.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαverb of relative clause→ perfect with present senseοἶδα: 'know'; the perfect with present meaning — Obadiah will have no idea where Elijah has been taken.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσελεύσομαιI will go inFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; Obadiah will enter Ahab's presence to report.
ἀπαγγεῖλαιto reportAor Act Inf · ἀπαγγέλλωinfinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; the purpose of going in to Ahab.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχααβAhabdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποκτενεῖhe will killFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb→ predictive futureἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; Ahab, finding no Elijah, will execute the messenger — Obadiah's fear (cf. v. 14).
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶyetadversative καί (introducing plea)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here mildly adversative ('and yet'), introducing Obadiah's appeal to his own piety.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject of ἐστιν→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant'; Obadiah's humble self-reference, pleading his record before Elijah.
σούyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσού: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (periphrastic with φοβούμενος)→ stative presentεἰμί: ἐστιν φοβούμενος — periphrastic present, 'is a fearer of the LORD.'
φοβούμενοςfearingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · φοβέομαιparticiple (periphrastic with ἐστιν)→ verbal action or stateφοβέομαι: 'fear / revere'; echoes the narrator's φοβούμενος τὸν κύριον σφόδρα of v. 3 — Obadiah's plea rests on his lifelong reverence.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeaccusative object of φοβούμενος (divine Name)→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the LORD whom Obadiah has reverenced — divine, the object of his fear.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (temporal origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (temporal origin).
νεότητοςyouthGenitivegenitive (with ἐκ: 'from youth')→ relational specificationνεότης: 'youth'; ἐκ νεότητος αὐτοῦ — 'from his youth', stressing the lifelong consistency of Obadiah's piety.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
13

ἦ οὐκ ἀπηγγέλη σοι τῷ κυρίῳ μου οἷα πεποίηκα ἐν τῷ ἀποκτείνειν Ιεζαβελ τοὺς προφήτας κυρίου καὶ ἔκρυψα ἀπὸ τῶν προφητῶν κυρίου ἑκατὸν ἄνδρας ἀνὰ πεντήκοντα ἐν σπηλαίῳ καὶ ἔθρεψα ἐν ἄρτοις καὶ ὕδατι

Has it not been reported to you, my lord, what I did when Jezebel was killing the prophets of the LORD — how I hid a hundred men of the prophets of the LORD, fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water?

Obadiah's appeal to his rescue of the prophets (recalls v. 4)ἦ οὐκ ἀπηγγέλη
Obadiah recounts in the first person the rescue the narrator reported in v. 4, pressing his credentials: surely Elijah knows that he hid and fed a hundred prophets at the risk of his life. The interrogative particle ἦ (with οὐκ) expects an affirmative answer. τῷ κυρίῳ μου ('my lord') addresses Elijah; the three κυρίου referring to the prophets are divine.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
surelyinterrogative particle (expecting 'yes')→ discourse linkage or contrastἦ: interrogative/affirmative particle; ἦ οὐκ … expects the answer 'yes, it has been reported.'
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπηγγέληwas it reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (rhetorical question)→ constative aorist passiveἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; the passive ἀπηγγέλη — 'was it not told to you?'
σοιto youDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
τῷtheDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳlordDativedative in apposition to σοι (human honorific)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: here human ('my lord'), addressing Elijah deferentially; NOT the divine Name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οἷαwhat thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (object of πεποίηκα)→ participant referenceοἷος: 'such as / what kind'; the relative οἷα introduces the content reported — what Obadiah did.
πεποίηκαI have donePerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ perfect (deed with abiding significance)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the perfect stresses the lasting record of Obadiah's deed.
ἐνwhenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: temporal ('when / while').
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποκτείνεινkillingPres Act Inf · ἀποκτείνωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ durative presentἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; ἐν τῷ ἀποκτείνειν Ιεζαβελ — 'while Jezebel was killing', parallel to ἐν τῷ τύπτειν of v. 4.
ΙεζαβελJezebelaccusative subject of infinitive (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: indeclinable; the queen who persecuted the LORD's prophets.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetsAccusativedirect object of ἀποκτείνειν→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the prophets of YHWH whom Jezebel was slaying.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (divine Name)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the prophets belong to YHWH — divine.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκρυψαI hidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · κρύπτωmain verb→ constative aoristκρύπτω: 'hide'; Obadiah recounts in first person what v. 4 told in third — his concealment of the prophets.
ἀπὸof / from amongpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: partitive — 'a hundred men of the prophets.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the body from which the hundred were drawn.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (divine Name)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; divine.
ἑκατὸνa hundredindeclinable cardinal numeral→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; indeclinable; the preserved prophets, foreshadowing the 7,000 remnant of 19:18 / Rom 11:2–4.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of ἔκρυψα→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; the hundred men hidden.
ἀνὰbypreposition + accusative (distributive)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά + acc.: distributive — ἀνὰ πεντήκοντα, 'fifty apiece' (parallel to κατὰ πεντήκοντα in v. 4).
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable cardinal numeral→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable; the prophets in two groups of fifty.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
σπηλαίῳa caveDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceσπήλαιον: 'cave'; the hiding place (cf. v. 4).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθρεψαI fedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · τρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristτρέφω: 'nourish / feed'; corresponds to the narrator's διέτρεφεν of v. 4 — Obadiah sustained the prophets through the famine.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ἄρτοιςbreadDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceἄρτος: 'bread / loaves'; plural here (ἐν ἄρτοις), the food supply.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδατιwaterDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; precious in the drought.
14

καὶ νῦν σὺ λέγεις μοι πορεύου λέγε τῷ κυρίῳ σου ἰδοὺ Ηλιου καὶ ἀποκτενεῖ με

And now you say to me, 'Go, tell your lord, "Here is Elijah"' — and he will kill me!

Obadiah's renewed protest, sharpened with the death-fear (cf. v. 11)καὶ νῦν
Obadiah repeats v. 11's complaint and now states the dreaded outcome baldly: καὶ ἀποκτενεῖ με ('and he will kill me'). The repetition with intensification rounds off his plea. τῷ κυρίῳ σου is the human king.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (logical pivot)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν resumes the immediate demand (cf. v. 11).
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'.
λέγειςsayPres Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ progressive presentλέγω: 'say'; Obadiah quotes Elijah's order back.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative (quoted)→ durative present imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go'; the quoted command.
λέγεtellPres Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωimperative (quoted)→ durative present imperativeλέγω: 'tell'; the quoted command (cf. v. 8).
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳlordDativedative indirect object (human honorific)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: here human ('your lord' = Ahab), NOT the divine Name.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the message.
ΗλιουElijahnominative content of the message (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the message.
καὶandconsecutive conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here consecutive — 'and (as a result) he will kill me.'
ἀποκτενεῖhe will killFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (feared result)→ predictive futureἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; the dreaded consequence stated plainly — Ahab will execute the messenger.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
15

καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου ζῇ κύριος τῶν δυνάμεων ᾧ παρέστην ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ ὅτι σήμερον ὀφθήσομαι αὐτῷ

And Elijah said, 'As the LORD of hosts lives, before whom I stand, today I will show myself to him.'

Elijah's oath that resolves Obadiah's fearκαὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου
Elijah answers with his own oath, ζῇ κύριος τῶν δυνάμεων ('as the LORD of hosts lives'), guaranteeing that he will not vanish but will present himself to Ahab σήμερον ('today'). κύριος τῶν δυνάμεων (κύριος Σαβαωθ) is divine. ᾧ παρέστην ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ ('before whom I stand') is Elijah's signature self-description as the LORD's servant (cf. 17:1).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's reassuring oath.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (oath-formula)→ gnomic present (oath)ζάω: 'live'; ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') renders חַי־יהוה, the oath by the living God (cf. v. 10; 17:1).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (divine Name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; κύριος τῶν δυνάμεων = 'the LORD of hosts' (יהוה צְבָאוֹת), the God of the armies of heaven.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμεωνhosts / powersGenitivegenitive (with κύριος: 'LORD of hosts')→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'power / host / army'; κύριος τῶν δυνάμεων renders יהוה צְבָאוֹת ('the LORD of hosts'), the militant divine title fitting for the coming contest.
before whomDativerelative pronoun (dative, antecedent κύριος)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; ᾧ παρέστην — 'whom I serve / before whom I stand.'
παρέστηνI standAor Act Indic 1 Sg · παρίστημιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (with present force)παρίστημι: 'stand beside / serve in attendance'; 'before whom I stand' is the courtier-servant idiom, Elijah's signature self-designation (cf. 17:1).
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; reinforces the servant-before-master imagery.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (resumptive)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (resumptive).
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing oath content)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here introduces the sworn assertion ('surely today …'), the content guaranteed by the oath.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; Elijah pledges to appear to Ahab this very day, dispelling Obadiah's fear of a vanishing.
ὀφθήσομαιI will show myselfFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (sworn promise)→ predictive futureὁράω (fut. pass.): 'be seen / appear'; ὀφθήσομαι αὐτῷ ('I will appear to him') echoes ὄφθητι / ὀφθῆναι of vv. 1–2 — Elijah will keep the divine commission.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Ahab)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Ahab).
16

καὶ ἐπορεύθη Αβδιου εἰς συναντὴν τῷ Αχααβ καὶ ἀπήγγειλεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐξέδραμεν Αχααβ καὶ ἐπορεύθη εἰς συνάντησιν Ηλιου

And Obadiah went to meet Ahab and told him; and Ahab ran out and went to meet Elijah.

Narrative resolution: the message is delivered and Ahab comesκαὶ ἐπορεύθη Αβδιου
Reassured, Obadiah carries out the errand, and Ahab himself runs out (ἐξέδραμεν) to meet Elijah — eager either for confrontation or for relief from the drought. The two συνάντησις-meetings (Obadiah/Ahab, Ahab/Elijah) chain the scene to the confrontation of v. 17.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; Obadiah's obedient departure to fetch Ahab.
ΑβδιουObadiahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβδιου: indeclinable; the steward.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: meeting)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: meeting).
συναντὴνmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet')→ object specificationσυναντή: 'a meeting / encounter' (variant of συνάντησις); εἰς συναντήν τῷ Αχααβ — 'to meet Ahab.'
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχααβAhabdative (with συναντήν: 'to meet Ahab'; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπήγγειλενtoldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / tell'; Obadiah delivers Elijah's message.
αὐτῷhimDativedative indirect object (Ahab)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Ahab).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέδραμενran outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτρέχωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκτρέχω: 'run out'; Ahab's eager haste to meet the prophet — for confrontation or hope of rain.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; Ahab goes to the encounter.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: meeting)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: meeting).
συνάντησινmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet')→ object specificationσυνάντησις: 'a meeting'; εἰς συνάντησιν Ηλιου — 'to meet Elijah.'
ΗλιουElijahobjective genitive (with συνάντησιν; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet whom Ahab goes to confront.
17

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἶδεν Αχααβ τὸν Ηλιου καὶ εἶπεν Αχααβ πρὸς Ηλιου εἰ σὺ εἶ αὐτὸς ὁ διαστρέφων τὸν Ισραηλ

And it came to pass, when Ahab saw Elijah, that Ahab said to Elijah, 'Is it you, the one who troubles Israel?'

The confrontation: Ahab's accusationκαὶ ἐγένετο ὡς
Ahab opens with the accusation ὁ διαστρέφων τὸν Ισραηλ ('the troubler / perverter of Israel'), blaming Elijah for the drought's calamity. The phrasing εἰ σὺ εἶ αὐτός echoes Obadiah's awed question in v. 7, but now in hostile mouth. Elijah's rejoinder (v. 18) will reverse the charge.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς renders וַיְהִי כְּ — 'and it happened when …'
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'when / as'; introduces the temporal clause.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the moment Ahab catches sight of Elijah.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΗλιουElijahdirect object (indeclinable; marked accusative by article)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet, object of εἶδεν.
καὶandapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic, introducing the main clause.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Ahab's accusation.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΗλιουElijahaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet addressed.
εἰis it thatinterrogative particle (direct question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: introduces a direct question ('Is it …?'), a Hebraism; the same phrasing as Obadiah's awed question (v. 7), now hostile.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; εἰ σὺ εἶ αὐτός — 'is it really you …?'
αὐτὸςthe very oneNominativeintensive pronoun (predicate)→ participant referenceαὐτός: intensive 'the very one'; sharpens the accusation.
theNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαστρέφωνone who troublesPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διαστρέφωsubstantival participle (predicate)→ durative present (characterizing)διαστρέφω: 'pervert / distort / trouble / turn aside'; ὁ διαστρέφων τὸν Ισραηλ ('the troubler of Israel') is Ahab's charge that Elijah, not he, is the cause of the drought-calamity; renders עֹכֵר ('troubler').
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of διαστρέφων (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; here the nation/kingdom Ahab accuses Elijah of disturbing.
18

καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου οὐ διαστρέφω τὸν Ισραηλ ὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἢ σὺ καὶ ὁ οἶκος τοῦ πατρός σου ἐν τῷ καταλιμπάνειν ὑμᾶς τὸν κύριον θεὸν ὑμῶν καὶ ἐπορεύθης ὀπίσω τῶν Βααλιμ

And Elijah said, 'I do not trouble Israel — rather it is you and your father's house, in your forsaking the LORD your God; and you have gone after the Baalim.'

Elijah's rebuttal: reversing the charge of 'troubling Israel'καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου
Elijah throws the accusation back: the true 'trouble' of Israel is the dynastic apostasy of Ahab's house, defined as ἐν τῷ καταλιμπάνειν … τὸν κύριον θεὸν ὑμῶν ('in forsaking the LORD your God') and going ὀπίσω τῶν Βααλιμ ('after the Baalim'). This sets the theological stakes for the contest. τὸν κύριον θεόν is divine; Βααλιμ (plural of Baal) is indeclinable.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's rebuttal.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διαστρέφωI troublePres Act Indic 1 Sg · διαστρέφωmain verb (denial)→ progressive presentδιαστρέφω: 'trouble / pervert'; Elijah denies the charge of v. 17 with the very same verb.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the nation.
ὅτιbutconjunction (here adversative-explanatory)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'but / rather'; with ἀλλ᾿ ἤ reinforces the contrast — 'no, but rather …'
ἀλλ᾿ratherstrong adversative (elided)→ clausal contributionἀλλά: 'but / rather'; ἀλλ᾿ ἤ is an emphatic adversative idiom ('but rather / except') redirecting blame to Ahab.
than / butparticle (with ἀλλά)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: in the idiom ἀλλ᾿ ἤ ('but rather'), reinforcing the contrast.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic, predicate of implied 'it is')→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — Ahab is the real troubler.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοςhouseNominativesubject (coordinate with σύ)→ participant prominenceοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; ὁ οἶκος τοῦ πατρός σου — the house of Omri, Ahab's apostate dynasty.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father'; Omri, founder of the dynasty.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (causal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular infinitive: here causal/temporal — 'in / by your forsaking.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλιμπάνεινforsakingPres Act Inf · καταλιμπάνωarticular infinitive (causal)→ durative presentκαταλιμπάνω (= καταλείπω): 'forsake / abandon'; the root sin — abandoning YHWH — is the true 'trouble' of Israel; renders עָזַב.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive (plural)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. pl.): 'you' (Ahab and his house); the subject of the forsaking.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativedirect object of καταλιμπάνειν (divine Name)→ object specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; τὸν κύριον θεὸν ὑμῶν — the covenant LORD whom Ahab's house has abandoned; divine.
θεὸνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριον→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; θεὸν ὑμῶν ('your God') — the God whom Israel was covenant-bound to serve.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θεόν)→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θεόν).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηςyou have goneAor Pass Indic 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; ἐπορεύθης ὀπίσω ('you went after') is the idiom for apostate following of false gods (הָלַךְ אַחֲרֵי).
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; ὀπίσω τῶν Βααλιμ — the technical idiom for idolatrous allegiance (contrast πορεύεσθε ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ, v. 21, of following YHWH).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλιμBaalimgenitive object of ὀπίσω (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒααλιμ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew בְּעָלִים, the plural of Baal — the multiple Canaanite Baal-deities; the article τῶν supplies the genitive function.
19

καὶ νῦν ἀπόστειλον συνάθροισον πρός με πάντα Ισραηλ εἰς ὄρος τὸ Καρμήλιον καὶ τοὺς προφήτας τῆς αἰσχύνης τετρακοσίους καὶ πεντήκοντα καὶ τοὺς προφήτας τῶν ἀλσῶν τετρακοσίους ἐσθίοντας τράπεζαν Ιεζαβελ

And now send and gather to me all Israel to Mount Carmel, and the four hundred and fifty prophets of the shame, and the four hundred prophets of the groves who eat at Jezebel's table.

Elijah's command: convene the contest at Carmelκαὶ νῦν
Elijah seizes the initiative, commanding Ahab to assemble all Israel and the Baal-prophets on Carmel. The LXX's polemical οἱ προφῆται τῆς αἰσχύνης ('prophets of the shame') for Baal's prophets is a derogatory substitution. The 450 + 400 prophets 'who eat at Jezebel's table' are state-sponsored — the religious establishment Elijah will face alone.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transition to command)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν marks the turn to the directive.
ἀπόστειλονsendAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (command to Ahab)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Elijah commands the king to dispatch summonses throughout Israel.
συνάθροισονgatherAor Act Impv 2 Sg · συναθροίζωmain verb (command, asyndetic)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσυναθροίζω: 'gather together / assemble'; the asyndetic pairing with ἀπόστειλον urgently commands the convening of the nation.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole nation is to be summoned as witness to the contest.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of συνάθροισον (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the assembled people.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; the gathering place.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with Καρμήλιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Καρμήλιονof Carmel / CarmelAccusativeattributive adjective (with ὄρος: 'Mount Carmel')→ object specificationΚαρμήλιος: adjective 'of Carmel'; ὄρος τὸ Καρμήλιον = 'Mount Carmel' (Hebrew הַר הַכַּרְמֶל), the dramatic stage of the contest; declined (acc.), so taken as 'n'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetsAccusativedirect object (coordinate with Ισραηλ)→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; here the prophets of Baal.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰσχύνηςshameGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'prophets of the shame')→ relational specificationαἰσχύνη: 'shame / disgrace'; οἱ προφῆται τῆς αἰσχύνης is a deliberate LXX/biblical dysphemism — 'shame' (בֹּשֶׁת) substituted for 'Baal' (cf. Ishbosheth, Mephibosheth).
τετρακοσίουςfour hundredAccusativeattributive numeral (with προφήτας)→ object specificationτετρακόσιοι: 'four hundred'; declinable cardinal; with πεντήκοντα = 450, the prophets of Baal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable cardinal numeral→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable; τετρακοσίους καὶ πεντήκοντα = 450 prophets of Baal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the second group, prophets of the groves (Asherah).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλσῶνgrovesGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'prophets of the groves')→ relational specificationἄλσος: 'grove / sacred wood'; οἱ προφῆται τῶν ἀλσῶν = the prophets of Asherah (the LXX renders אֲשֵׁרָה by ἄλσος, 'grove').
τετρακοσίουςfour hundredAccusativeattributive numeral (with the second προφήτας)→ object specificationτετρακόσιοι: 'four hundred'; the prophets of the groves.
ἐσθίονταςeatingPres Act Ptc Acc Pl Masc · ἐσθίωattributive participle (modifying προφήτας)→ durative presentἐσθίω: 'eat'; ἐσθίοντας τράπεζαν Ιεζαβελ ('eating at Jezebel's table') marks these prophets as royally maintained — the state-sponsored religious establishment.
τράπεζανtableAccusativeaccusative of place/respect (with ἐσθίοντας)→ object specificationτράπεζα: 'table'; ἐσθίειν τράπεζαν — to be fed at someone's table, i.e. to be in their patronage.
Ιεζαβελof Jezebelgenitive of possession (indeclinable; 'Jezebel's table')→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: indeclinable; the queen who maintains the Baal-and-Asherah prophets at her table.
20

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Αχααβ εἰς πάντα Ισραηλ καὶ ἐπισυνήγαγεν πάντας τοὺς προφήτας εἰς ὄρος τὸ Καρμήλιον

And Ahab sent throughout all Israel and gathered all the prophets to Mount Carmel.

Compliance: Ahab convenes the assemblyκαὶ ἀπέστειλεν Αχααβ
Ahab obeys without recorded protest, sending throughout the kingdom and assembling the prophets on Carmel — the verbs ἀπέστειλεν and ἐπισυνήγαγεν fulfil Elijah's ἀπόστειλον … συνάθροισον (v. 19). The stage for the contest is now set.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Ahab dispatches the summons, fulfilling Elijah's command (v. 19).
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
εἰςthroughoutpreposition + accusative (extent)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'throughout'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent).
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole kingdom summoned.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the nation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπισυνήγαγενgathered togetherAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισυνάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπισυνάγω: 'gather together'; the double-compound intensifies — Ahab assembles all the prophets to one place.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with προφήτας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the full body of Baal's prophets.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetsAccusativedirect object of ἐπισυνήγαγεν→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the Baal- and Asherah-prophets summoned for the contest.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ὄροςmountainAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; the gathering place.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with Καρμήλιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΚαρμήλιονCarmelAccusativeattributive adjective (with ὄρος: 'Mount Carmel')→ object specificationΚαρμήλιος: adjective 'of Carmel'; ὄρος τὸ Καρμήλιον = Mount Carmel, the contest stage; declined, so 'n'.
21

καὶ προσήγαγεν Ηλιου πρὸς πάντας καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς Ηλιου ἕως πότε ὑμεῖς χωλανεῖτε ἐπ᾿ ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς ἰγνύαις εἰ ἔστιν κύριος ὁ θεός πορεύεσθε ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ ὁ Βααλ αὐτός πορεύεσθε ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ λαὸς λόγον

And Elijah drew near to all of them and said to them, 'How long will you go limping on both hams? If the LORD is God, follow him; but if Baal, follow him.' And the people answered him not a word.

Elijah's challenge for decision (the heart of the contest's theology)καὶ προσήγαγεν Ηλιου
The famous challenge ἕως πότε ὑμεῖς χωλανεῖτε ἐπ᾽ ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς ἰγνύαις ('how long will you limp on both hams?') pictures Israel hobbling between two allegiances. The two parallel conditionals (εἰ … κύριος ὁ θεός / εἰ … ὁ Βααλ) with identical apodoses πορεύεσθε ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ demand decisive following. The people's silence (οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη … λόγον) registers their paralysis.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήγαγενdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσάγω: 'bring/draw near, approach'; here intransitive — Elijah approaches the assembled people (cf. v. 30, 36).
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
πάνταςallAccusativesubstantival adjective (accusative object of πρός)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the whole assembled people.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's challenge.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the speaker.
ἕωςuntilpreposition (with πότε: 'how long')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; ἕως πότε — 'how long?', a rebuking interrogative idiom.
πότεwheninterrogative adverb (with ἕως)→ clausal contributionπότε: 'when?'; ἕως πότε = 'how long?' — the indignant challenge to indecision.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: emphatic 'you' — the people directly addressed.
χωλανεῖτεwill you limpFut Act Indic 2 Pl · χωλαίνωmain verb (rhetorical question)→ durative future (ongoing wavering)χωλαίνω: 'be lame / limp / waver'; the vivid image of hobbling on both legs, unable to commit to either God; renders פָּסַח ('limp / hop').
ἐπ᾿onpreposition + dative (elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (elided).
ἀμφοτέραιςbothDativeattributive adjective (with ἰγνύαις)→ sphere or referenceἀμφότεροι: 'both'; the two 'hams' = the two opinions/allegiances between which Israel limps.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰγνύαιςhams / hollows of the kneeDativedative of place (with ἐπί)→ sphere or referenceἰγνύα: 'the hollow of the knee / ham'; the LXX's concrete rendering — to limp 'on both hams' is to stagger between two stances, the image behind 'between two opinions.'
εἰifconditional particle (first protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; introduces the first real condition.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of protasis→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be'; εἰ ἔστιν κύριος ὁ θεός — 'if the LORD is (the) God.'
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἔστιν (divine Name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the divine alternative posed to the people — divine.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; ὁ θεός with the article — 'the (true) God'; the contest will decide who bears this title (cf. v. 39).
πορεύεσθεfollowPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (apodosis imperative)→ durative present imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go'; πορεύεσθε ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ('go after him') is the covenant-loyalty idiom — to follow YHWH wholeheartedly (contrast ὀπίσω τῶν Βααλιμ, v. 18).
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ — 'after him', the allegiance-idiom.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω (the LORD)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω (the LORD).
εἰifconditional particle (second protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; the second, parallel condition.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; sets the second alternative against the first.
theNominativearticle (with Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaalsubject (indeclinable; predicate 'is God' implied)→ participant identificationΒααλ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew בַּעַל ('lord / master'); the Canaanite storm-god, here the false alternative; the article ὁ supplies the nominative function.
αὐτόςhe (is God)Nominativeintensive pronoun (predicate of implied verb)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he (is)'; the elliptical second protasis — 'but if Baal (is God).'
πορεύεσθεfollowPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (apodosis imperative)→ durative present imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go'; the identical apodosis sharpens the either/or demand — there is no third option.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'after'; ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ — 'after him (Baal).'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω (Baal)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω (Baal).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / reply'; the people's silence — οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη … λόγον ('answered not a word') — shows their paralysis between the two allegiances.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἀπεκρίθη→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the assembled nation, struck silent.
λόγονa wordAccusativeaccusative of respect/content ('not a word')→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη … λόγον — 'did not answer a word', the idiom of complete silence.
22

καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου πρὸς τὸν λαόν ἐγὼ ὑπολέλειμμαι προφήτης τοῦ κυρίου μονώτατος καὶ οἱ προφῆται τοῦ Βααλ τετρακόσιοι καὶ πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες καὶ οἱ προφῆται τοῦ ἄλσους τετρακόσιοι

And Elijah said to the people, 'I alone am left a prophet of the LORD, but the prophets of Baal are four hundred and fifty men, and the prophets of the grove four hundred.'

Elijah states the lopsided oddsκαὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου
Elijah dramatizes his isolation: ἐγὼ ὑπολέλειμμαι … μονώτατος ('I am left, the only one'), the superlative heightening the one-against-850 odds. The 'I alone am left' note anticipates Elijah's lament of 19:10, 14, which Paul cites in Rom 11:3 — though there YHWH answers with the 7,000 remnant. τοῦ κυρίου here is divine.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's statement of the odds.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; the assembly addressed.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I' — stressing Elijah's solitary stance.
ὑπολέλειμμαιI am leftPerf Mid/Pass Indic 1 Sg · ὑπολείπωmain verb→ perfect (abiding state of being the survivor)ὑπολείπω (perf. pass.): 'be left over / remain / survive'; ὑπολέλειμμαι — 'I am the one left'; the same verb-idea undergirds Elijah's lament (19:10) cited at Rom 11:3 (κατελείφθην μόνος).
προφήτηςprophetNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition to ἐγώ)→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; Elijah's office, here pointedly singular against the hundreds.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (divine Name)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; Elijah is the LORD's prophet — divine.
μονώτατοςutterly aloneNominativepredicate adjective (superlative)→ participant prominenceμόνος (superl. μονώτατος): 'alone' → 'entirely/only alone'; the rare superlative maximizes the isolation — Elijah stands utterly by himself.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (contrastive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here mildly adversative — 'but (over against me) the prophets of Baal …'
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆταιprophetsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the prophets of Baal, the opposing force.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaalgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; 'of Baal')→ participant identificationΒααλ: indeclinable; the Canaanite god; the article τοῦ supplies the genitive function.
τετρακόσιοιfour hundredNominativepredicate numeral→ participant prominenceτετρακόσιοι: 'four hundred'; declinable cardinal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable cardinal numeral→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable; 450 prophets of Baal.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativeappositive to the numeral→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; '450 men.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆταιprophetsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the second group, prophets of the grove (Asherah).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσουςgroveGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationἄλσος: 'grove'; οἱ προφῆται τοῦ ἄλσους = the prophets of Asherah (rendered 'grove' in the LXX).
τετρακόσιοιfour hundredNominativepredicate numeral→ participant prominenceτετρακόσιοι: 'four hundred'; the prophets of the grove.
23

δότωσαν ἡμῖν δύο βόας καὶ ἐκλεξάσθωσαν ἑαυτοῖς τὸν ἕνα καὶ μελισάτωσαν καὶ ἐπιθέτωσαν ἐπὶ τῶν ξύλων καὶ πῦρ μὴ ἐπιθέτωσαν καὶ ἐγὼ ποιήσω τὸν βοῦν τὸν ἄλλον καὶ πῦρ οὐ μὴ ἐπιθῶ

'Let them give us two bulls, and let them choose for themselves the one, and cut it in pieces and lay it on the wood, but put no fire; and I will prepare the other bull and put no fire.'

The terms of the contest (the test by fire)δότωσαν ἡμῖν
Elijah lays out the rules in a chain of third-person imperatives (δότωσαν … ἐκλεξάσθωσαν … μελισάτωσαν … ἐπιθέτωσαν): two bulls, both prepared without fire, each side calling on its own deity. The repeated πῦρ μὴ ἐπιθέτωσαν / οὐ μὴ ἐπιθῶ ('put no fire') makes the divinely-sent fire the sole criterion.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
δότωσανlet them giveAor Act Impv 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (third-person imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeδίδωμι: 'give'; the contest opens with a request for two bulls.
ἡμῖνusDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestἡμῖν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable in most cases; the two sacrificial bulls.
βόαςbulls / oxenAccusativedirect object of δότωσαν→ object specificationβοῦς: 'ox / bull / head of cattle'; the sacrificial animals for the test.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλεξάσθωσανlet them chooseAor Mid Impv 3 Pl · ἐκλέγωmain verb (third-person imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐκλέγω (mid.): 'choose / pick out for oneself'; Elijah lets the Baal-prophets choose first, eliminating any claim of advantage.
ἑαυτοῖςfor themselvesDativereflexive dative (of advantage)→ sphere or referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'for themselves'; the choice is theirs.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕναoneAccusativesubstantival numeral (direct object)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; τὸν ἕνα — 'the one (bull)' they select.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μελισάτωσανlet them cut in piecesAor Act Impv 3 Pl · μελίζωmain verb (third-person imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeμελίζω: 'dismember / cut into pieces / portion'; the preparation of the sacrificial victim (cf. v. 33).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιθέτωσανlet them lay itAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (third-person imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / lay on'; the pieces to be laid on the wood.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ξύλωνwoodGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationξύλον: 'wood / firewood / log'; the fuel laid ready but unkindled.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθέτωσαν→ object specificationπῦρ: 'fire'; the key word of the contest — the human side must add none, so that the answering fire is unmistakably divine (vv. 24, 38).
μὴnotnegative particle (with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: 'not'; the prohibition — no human fire.
ἐπιθέτωσανlet them putAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (prohibitive imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative (prohibited)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; πῦρ μὴ ἐπιθέτωσαν — 'let them put no fire'; the crucial stipulation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I' — Elijah binds himself to the same terms.
ποιήσωwill prepareFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ predictive future (committal)ποιέω: 'do / make / prepare'; here of preparing the sacrifice (ποιεῖν of cultic preparation, cf. v. 26).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοῦνbullAccusativedirect object of ποιήσω→ object specificationβοῦς: 'ox / bull'; Elijah's victim.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλλονotherAccusativeattributive adjective (with βοῦν)→ object specificationἄλλος: 'other'; τὸν βοῦν τὸν ἄλλον — 'the other bull', the one left for Elijah.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθῶ→ object specificationπῦρ: 'fire'; Elijah too will add none.
οὐnotnegative particle (with μή: emphatic)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnot at allnegative particle (οὐ μή + subjunctive: emphatic denial)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ μή + subjunctive: the strongest Greek negation — 'I will certainly not put fire.'
ἐπιθῶI will putAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (emphatic future denial)→ aorist subjunctive (with οὐ μή)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; οὐ μὴ ἐπιθῶ — emphatic 'I will by no means add fire', matching the prohibition imposed on the Baal-prophets.
24

καὶ βοᾶτε ἐν ὀνόματι θεῶν ὑμῶν καὶ ἐγὼ ἐπικαλέσομαι ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ μου καὶ ἔσται ὁ θεός ὃς ἐὰν ἐπακούσῃ ἐν πυρί οὗτος θεός καὶ ἀπεκρίθησαν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς καὶ εἶπον καλὸν τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐλάλησας

'And you call on the name of your gods, and I will call on the name of the LORD my God; and it shall be that the god who answers by fire, he is God.' And all the people answered and said, 'The word you have spoken is good.'

The decisive criterion and the people's assentκαὶ βοᾶτε
The criterion is stated as a maxim: ὁ θεός ὃς ἐὰν ἐπακούσῃ ἐν πυρί, οὗτος θεός ('the god who answers by fire, he is God'). The contrast θεῶν ὑμῶν (your gods, plural, pagan) versus κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ μου (the LORD my God, divine) frames the test. The people's καλὸν τὸ ῥῆμα ('the word is good') gives their assent and makes them witnesses.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βοᾶτεcall outPres Act Impv 2 Pl · βοάωmain verb (command to Baal-prophets)→ durative present imperativeβοάω: 'cry out / call aloud'; the Baal-prophets are to invoke their gods loudly (cf. v. 26).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (means/instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν ὀνόματι: 'in/on the name of', the idiom for cultic invocation.
ὀνόματιnameDativedative (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: 'name'; ἐν ὀνόματι θεῶν — calling on the deity by name.
θεῶνgodsGenitivegenitive of relationship (pagan deities)→ relational specificationθεός: 'god'; θεῶν ὑμῶν ('your gods', plural) — the false deities of Baal-worship, deliberately contrasted with the singular κύριος ὁ θεός μου.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (contrastive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I' — set over against 'you'.
ἐπικαλέσομαιwill call uponFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐπικαλέωmain verb→ predictive futureἐπικαλέω (mid.): 'call upon / invoke'; Elijah will invoke the name of YHWH (cf. his prayer, vv. 36–37).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ὀνόματιnameDativedative (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: 'name'; ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου — invoking the LORD's name.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (divine Name)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ μου — 'the LORD my God', divine, in pointed contrast to θεῶν ὑμῶν.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitiveappositive to κυρίου→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; τοῦ θεοῦ μου — 'my God', Elijah's confession of exclusive allegiance.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (formula introducing the criterion)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה, introducing the agreed condition.
theNominativearticle (with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςgodNominativesubject (antecedent of ὅς)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'god'; ὁ θεὸς ὃς … — 'the god who (answers)', the contested title.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐπακούσῃ)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; ὃς ἐάν — 'whoever', generalizing.
ἐὰνeverconditional particle (with subjunctive, generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: with the relative ὅς forms 'whoever / the one who.'
ἐπακούσῃanswersAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπακούωverb of relative-conditional clause→ aorist subjunctiveἐπακούω: 'hear / heed / answer'; the divine response — to answer the prayer by sending fire (cf. vv. 37–38).
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
πυρίfireDativedative of means (with ἐπακούσῃ)→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; ἐν πυρί — to answer 'by fire' is the agreed sign of the true God (fulfilled v. 38).
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative subject (resumptive)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one / he'; οὗτος θεός — the verdict-formula, 'this one is God', anticipating the people's cry in v. 39.
θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the title awarded to whichever deity answers by fire.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθησανansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (plural with collective subject)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the people now respond (contrast their silence at v. 21); the plural verb with the collective πᾶς ὁ λαός is a constructio ad sensum.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole people assent.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the assembled nation, now witnesses to the agreed terms.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces the people's assent.
καλὸνgoodNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceκαλός: 'good / fitting'; καλὸν τὸ ῥῆμα — 'the proposal is good', their approval of the terms.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordNominativesubject→ participant prominenceῥῆμα: 'word / matter / proposal'; the plan Elijah has set out.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησας)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; 'which you spoke.'
ἐλάλησαςyou have spokenAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; refers back to Elijah's proposal.
25

καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου τοῖς προφήταις τῆς αἰσχύνης ἐκλέξασθε ἑαυτοῖς τὸν μόσχον τὸν ἕνα καὶ ποιήσατε πρῶτοι ὅτι πολλοὶ ὑμεῖς καὶ ἐπικαλέσασθε ἐν ὀνόματι θεοῦ ὑμῶν καὶ πῦρ μὴ ἐπιθῆτε

And Elijah said to the prophets of the shame, 'Choose for yourselves the one calf and prepare it first, for you are many, and call on the name of your god, but put no fire.'

Elijah gives the Baal-prophets first turnκαὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου
Elijah magnanimously lets the Baal-prophets go first (ποιήσατε πρῶτοι) with the wry concession ὅτι πολλοὶ ὑμεῖς ('because you are many') — heightening the eventual humiliation of the 450. The dysphemism οἱ προφῆται τῆς αἰσχύνης recurs. πῦρ μὴ ἐπιθῆτε restates the no-fire rule (v. 23).
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's instruction to the Baal-prophets.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
τοῖςto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταιςprophetsDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the prophets of Baal.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰσχύνηςshameGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'prophets of the shame')→ relational specificationαἰσχύνη: 'shame'; the dysphemism for Baal (בֹּשֶׁת for בַּעַל); cf. v. 19.
ἐκλέξασθεchooseAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἐκλέγωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐκλέγω (mid.): 'choose for oneself'; the Baal-prophets pick their victim.
ἑαυτοῖςfor yourselvesDativereflexive dative→ sphere or referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'for yourselves.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονcalf / young bullAccusativedirect object of ἐκλέξασθε→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; the sacrificial animal (here interchangeable with βοῦς of v. 23).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἕναoneAccusativeattributive numeral (with μόσχον)→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; τὸν μόσχον τὸν ἕνα — 'the one calf' they select.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποιήσατεprepare itAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeποιέω: 'do / prepare'; of cultic preparation of the sacrifice (cf. v. 23).
πρῶτοιfirstNominativepredicate adjective (adverbial: 'you first')→ participant prominenceπρῶτος: 'first'; Elijah grants the Baal-prophets the first attempt.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; the wry reason — 'for you are many.'
πολλοὶmanyNominativepredicate adjective→ participant prominenceπολύς: 'many'; ὅτι πολλοὶ ὑμεῖς — the ironic concession heightening the coming failure of the 450.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceὑμεῖς: emphatic 'you' — the multitude of Baal's prophets.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπικαλέσασθεcall uponAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἐπικαλέωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπικαλέω (mid.): 'call upon / invoke'; they are to invoke their god by name.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ὀνόματιnameDativedative (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: 'name'; ἐν ὀνόματι θεοῦ ὑμῶν — invocation of the deity.
θεοῦgodGenitivegenitive of relationship (pagan deity)→ relational specificationθεός: 'god'; θεοῦ ὑμῶν — 'your god' (Baal), the false deity.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πῦρfireAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθῆτε→ object specificationπῦρ: 'fire'; restating the no-fire rule (cf. v. 23).
μὴnotnegative particle (with prohibitive subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: 'not'; the prohibition.
ἐπιθῆτεyou putAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιprohibitive subjunctive→ aorist prohibitive subjunctiveἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; πῦρ μὴ ἐπιθῆτε — 'do not put fire', the indispensable condition of the test.
26

καὶ ἔλαβον τὸν μόσχον καὶ ἐποίησαν καὶ ἐπεκαλοῦντο ἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ Βααλ ἐκ πρωίθεν ἕως μεσημβρίας καὶ εἶπον ἐπάκουσον ἡμῶν ὁ Βααλ ἐπάκουσον ἡμῶν καὶ οὐκ ἦν φωνὴ καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἀκρόασις καὶ διέτρεχον ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου οὗ ἐποίησαν

And they took the calf and prepared it, and called on the name of Baal from morning until noon, and said, 'Hear us, O Baal, hear us!' But there was no voice and no answer; and they limped about the altar they had made.

The futile invocation of Baalκαὶ ἔλαβον
The Baal-prophets cry from morning to noon — but οὐκ ἦν φωνὴ καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἀκρόασις ('there was no voice and no answer'), the refrain of Baal's impotence (repeated at v. 29). διέτρεχον ('they limped/ran about') ironically echoes χωλανεῖτε of v. 21 — the prophets of Baal embody the very limping Elijah condemned.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβονthey tookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; the prophets take their chosen calf.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μόσχονcalfAccusativedirect object→ object specificationμόσχος: 'calf / young bull'; their victim.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανprepared itAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / prepare'; cultic preparation of the sacrifice.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκαλοῦντοthey called onImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐπικαλέωmain verb→ durative imperfect (prolonged calling)ἐπικαλέω (mid.): 'call upon'; the imperfect stresses the long, repeated invocation.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
ὀνόματιnameDativedative (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: 'name'; invoking Baal by name.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaalgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒααλ: indeclinable; the god invoked in vain; the article τοῦ supplies the genitive function.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (temporal).
πρωίθενmorningadverb (temporal: 'from early morning')→ clausal contributionπρωίθεν: 'from early morning'; the adverbial form marks the start of the long, fruitless ritual.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal endpoint)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; ἕως μεσημβρίας — 'until noon.'
μεσημβρίαςnoon / middayGenitivegenitive (with ἕως)→ relational specificationμεσημβρία: 'midday / noon'; the long span of fruitless crying (cf. v. 27, 29).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces their cry.
ἐπάκουσονhearAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (invocation imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπακούω: 'hear / heed / answer'; the desperate plea to Baal — answered only by silence.
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of ἐπάκουσον→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπάκουσον.
ONominativearticle used as vocative (with Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: nominative article serving as vocative address ('O Baal'), a Semitism.
ΒααλBaalvocative of address (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒααλ: indeclinable; the god addressed.
ἐπάκουσονhearAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (repeated invocation)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπακούω: the repetition ('hear us … hear us') conveys mounting desperation.
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of ἐπάκουσον→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπάκουσον.
καὶbutadversative καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative — 'but there was no voice.'
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb (existential)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἦν φωνή — 'there was no voice', the refrain of Baal's impotence.
φωνὴvoiceNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceφωνή: 'voice / sound'; no response came from Baal.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb (existential)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἦν ἀκρόασις — 'there was no listening/answer.'
ἀκρόασιςanswer / heedingNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceἀκρόασις: 'a hearing / heeding / attention'; Baal neither speaks nor listens — total non-response.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέτρεχονthey limped aboutImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · διατρέχωmain verb→ durative imperfectδιατρέχω: 'run about / dance limpingly'; the frenzied ritual circling of the altar (renders פָּסַח, 'limp'); ironically echoes χωλανεῖτε (v. 21) — Baal's prophets embody the limping Elijah denounced.
ἐπὶaround / bypreposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'around'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the LXX's standard word for a sacrificial altar; here Baal's altar.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; 'which they had made.'
ἐποίησανthey had madeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; the altar the Baal-prophets had built.
27

καὶ ἐγένετο μεσημβρίᾳ καὶ ἐμυκτήρισεν αὐτοὺς Ηλιου ὁ Θεσβίτης καὶ εἶπεν ἐπικαλεῖσθε ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ὅτι θεός ἐστιν ὅτι ἀδολεσχία αὐτῷ ἐστιν καὶ ἅμα μήποτε χρηματίζει αὐτός ἢ μήποτε καθεύδει αὐτός καὶ ἐξαναστήσεται

And it came to pass at noon that Elijah the Tishbite mocked them and said, 'Call out with a loud voice, for he is a god; for he is meditating, or perhaps he is busy, or perhaps he is asleep — and he will wake up.'

Elijah's biting mockery of Baalκαὶ ἐγένετο μεσημβρίᾳ
At noon Elijah taunts (ἐμυκτήρισεν, 'turned up his nose at / mocked') the prophets with devastating sarcasm: Baal must be ἀδολεσχία ('musing'), or χρηματίζει (busy / 'relieving himself', a euphemism), or on a journey, or asleep and needing to be roused. The mockery exposes the absurdity of a god who must be woken — over against the LORD who never slumbers (cf. Ps 121:4).
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο — 'and it happened at noon.'
μεσημβρίᾳat noonDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceμεσημβρία: 'noon'; the height of the day, when Baal's failure is total.
καὶandapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμυκτήρισενmockedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μυκτηρίζωmain verb→ constative aoristμυκτηρίζω: 'turn up the nose at / mock / sneer'; vivid verb of derision (lit. 'to wrinkle the nose'); Elijah ridicules the impotent ritual.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
theNominativearticle (with Θεσβίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘεσβίτηςTishbiteNominativeappositive to Ηλιου→ participant prominenceΘεσβίτης: 'the Tishbite', Elijah's gentilic from Tishbe in Gilead (cf. 17:1); declinable, so 'n'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the mocking taunt.
ἐπικαλεῖσθεcall outPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἐπικαλέωmain verb (sarcastic command)→ durative present imperativeἐπικαλέω (mid.): 'call upon'; the sarcastic exhortation to shout louder.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
φωνῇvoiceDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceφωνή: 'voice'; ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ — 'with a loud voice.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjective (with φωνῇ)→ sphere or referenceμέγας: 'great / loud'; shout louder — Baal is hard of hearing.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (ironic)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; introduces the mocking 'reasons.'
θεόςa godNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceθεός: 'god'; θεός ἐστιν — 'he is a god (after all)', dripping with irony.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (ironic)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for'; the mock-explanations of Baal's silence.
ἀδολεσχίαmusingNominativesubject (with αὐτῷ ἐστιν: 'he is musing')→ participant prominenceἀδολεσχία: 'idle talk / musing / preoccupation'; ἀδολεσχία αὐτῷ ἐστιν — 'he has a musing/preoccupation', i.e. he is lost in thought.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of possession.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; ἀδολεσχία αὐτῷ ἐστιν — 'he has a preoccupation.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅμαat the same time / perhapsadverb→ clausal contributionἅμα: 'at once / withal'; here loosely 'and also / perhaps', heaping up the mocking possibilities.
μήποτεperhapsparticle (tentative: 'perhaps / lest somehow')→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: 'perhaps / it may be that'; introduces each derisive conjecture.
χρηματίζειhe is busy / relieving himselfPres Act Indic 3 Sg · χρηματίζωverb of tentative clause→ progressive presentχρηματίζω: 'transact business / be occupied'; in this taunting context taken as a euphemism — Baal is 'occupied / relieving himself', a crude jibe at the god's helplessness.
αὐτόςheNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: emphatic 'he himself.'
ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; couples the mock-possibilities.
μήποτεperhapsparticle (tentative)→ discourse linkage or contrastμήποτε: 'perhaps'; the second conjecture.
καθεύδειhe is asleepPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καθεύδωverb of tentative clause→ progressive presentκαθεύδω: 'sleep'; the climactic mockery — a god who must be woken; contrast Ps 121:4, 'he who keeps Israel neither slumbers nor sleeps.'
αὐτόςheNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant prominenceαὐτός: emphatic 'he himself.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαναστήσεταιhe will wake upFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξανίστημιmain verb (mocking conclusion)→ predictive future (ironic)ἐξανίστημι (mid.): 'rise up / wake up'; the sarcastic 'and he will (eventually) rouse himself' caps the ridicule of Baal's impotence.
28

καὶ ἐπεκαλοῦντο ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ καὶ κατετέμνοντο κατὰ τὸν ἐθισμὸν αὐτῶν ἐν μαχαίραις καὶ σειρομάσταις ἕως ἐκχύσεως αἵματος ἐπ᾿ αὐτούς

And they called out with a loud voice and gashed themselves, according to their custom, with swords and lances, until the blood gushed out over them.

The self-mutilation of the Baal-prophetsκαὶ ἐπεκαλοῦντο
Provoked by Elijah's taunt, the prophets escalate to self-laceration (κατετέμνοντο … ἐν μαχαίραις καὶ σειρομάσταις, 'gashing themselves with swords and lances') in their ecstatic Canaanite rite — ἕως ἐκχύσεως αἵματος ('until the gushing of blood'). The frenzied bloodshed underscores the futility: no amount of self-harm can move a non-existent god.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεκαλοῦντοthey called outImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐπικαλέωmain verb→ durative imperfectἐπικαλέω (mid.): 'call upon'; the renewed, louder invocation.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
φωνῇvoiceDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceφωνή: 'voice'; ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ — 'with a loud voice', heeding Elijah's mock-advice (v. 27).
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjective→ sphere or referenceμέγας: 'great / loud'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατετέμνοντοgashed themselvesImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · κατατέμνωmain verb (reflexive middle)→ durative imperfect (sustained self-mutilation)κατατέμνω: 'cut up / gash'; the middle κατετέμνοντο — 'they cut themselves'; the ecstatic Canaanite self-laceration (forbidden to Israel, Lev 19:28; Deut 14:1).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; in keeping with their ritual custom.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐθισμὸνcustomAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἐθισμός: 'custom / habitual practice'; the established Baal-cult rite of self-mutilation.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
μαχαίραιςswords / knivesDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceμάχαιρα: 'sword / knife / dagger'; the cutting instruments of the rite.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σειρομάσταιςlancesDativedative of instrument (coordinate with μαχαίραις)→ sphere or referenceσειρομάστης: 'lance / pike / spear'; the second instrument of self-laceration.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; marks the gruesome extent of the rite.
ἐκχύσεωςgushing / pouring outGenitivegenitive (with ἕως)→ relational specificationἔκχυσις: 'a pouring out / effusion'; ἕως ἐκχύσεως αἵματος — 'until the gushing of blood', the climax of the self-harm.
αἵματοςof bloodGenitivegenitive (with ἐκχύσεως)→ relational specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the blood shed in vain — Baal makes no answer (v. 29).
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided).
αὐτούςthemselvesAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'them(selves)'; the blood gushed out over their own bodies.
29

καὶ ἐπροφήτευον ἕως οὗ παρῆλθεν τὸ δειλινόν καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ὁ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀναβῆναι τὴν θυσίαν καὶ οὐκ ἦν φωνή καὶ ἐλάλησεν Ηλιου ὁ Θεσβίτης πρὸς τοὺς προφήτας τῶν προσοχθισμάτων λέγων μετάστητε ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν καὶ ἐγὼ ποιήσω τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμά μου καὶ μετέστησαν καὶ ἀπῆλθον

And they prophesied until the afternoon had passed, and it came to be about the time of the offering up of the sacrifice — yet there was no voice. And Elijah the Tishbite spoke to the prophets of the abominations, saying, 'Withdraw now, and I will prepare my whole burnt offering.' And they withdrew and went away.

The Baal-prophets' total failure; Elijah takes the stageκαὶ ἐπροφήτευον
Their ecstatic 'prophesying' lasts until the time of the evening offering, but the refrain οὐκ ἦν φωνή ('there was no voice') seals Baal's silence. The polemical οἱ προφῆται τῶν προσοχθισμάτων ('prophets of the abominations') again degrades them. Elijah dismisses them (μετάστητε) and steps forward — the timing at the hour of the תָּמִיד-offering frames his act as the true sacrifice.
Word-by-word analysis· 45 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπροφήτευονthey prophesiedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · προφητεύωmain verb→ durative imperfectπροφητεύω: 'prophesy / rave ecstatically'; here the frenzied ecstatic raving of the Baal-prophets, prolonged in vain.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (with οὗ: temporal)→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως οὗ: 'until the time when'; marks the long, fruitless duration.
οὗwhenrelative adverb (with ἕως)→ participant referenceοὗ: relative; ἕως οὗ — 'until.'
παρῆλθενpassedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristπαρέρχομαι: 'pass by / go past'; the afternoon went by with no answer.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δειλινόνafternoon / eveningNominativesubject of παρῆλθεν→ participant prominenceδειλινός: 'belonging to the afternoon/evening'; τὸ δειλινόν — 'the late afternoon', approaching the hour of the evening sacrifice.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be'; introduces the critical hour.
ὡςaboutcomparative/temporal particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'about / as'; ὡς ὁ καιρός — 'about the time.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρὸςtimeNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceκαιρός: 'appointed time / season'; the set hour of the evening sacrifice (cf. v. 36, 'at the time of the offering').
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with infinitive→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναβῆναιoffering upAor Act Inf · ἀναβαίνωarticular infinitive (epexegetic genitive)→ verbal action or stateἀναβαίνω: 'go up / be offered up'; τοῦ ἀναβῆναι τὴν θυσίαν — 'for the offering to go up', the technical idiom for presenting the sacrifice.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσίανsacrificeAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; the regular evening offering whose hour now arrives.
καὶbutadversative καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: adversative — 'but there was no voice.'
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb (existential)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἦν φωνή — the refrain (cf. v. 26): Baal is utterly silent.
φωνήvoiceNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceφωνή: 'voice'; no response from Baal.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; Elijah now takes charge.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
theNominativearticle (with Θεσβίτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘεσβίτηςTishbiteNominativeappositive to Ηλιου→ participant prominenceΘεσβίτης: 'the Tishbite' (cf. v. 27; 17:1); declinable, so 'n'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the Baal-prophets.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσοχθισμάτωνabominationsGenitivegenitive (descriptive: 'prophets of the abominations')→ relational specificationπροσόχθισμα: 'object of loathing / abomination'; οἱ προφῆται τῶν προσοχθισμάτων — another LXX dysphemism for the idol-prophets (cf. αἰσχύνης, v. 19).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple introducing direct speech→ circumstantial present participle (Hebraistic 'saying')λέγω (ptc.): redundant 'saying', Hebraism for לֵאמֹר.
μετάστητεwithdrawAor Act Impv 2 Pl · μεθίστημιmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeμεθίστημι: 'remove / step aside / withdraw'; Elijah dismisses the failed prophets so the people's attention turns to him.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal: 'from now')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν: 'from now on / at this point.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing νῦν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νῦνnowadverb substantivized (with article)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν — 'from now.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I' — Elijah's turn.
ποιήσωwill prepareFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ predictive futureποιέω: 'do / prepare'; of cultic preparation of his offering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμάwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of ποιήσω→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering / holocaust'; the offering wholly consumed by fire (renders עֹלָה); the climactic word for the sacrifice the LORD's fire will devour (v. 38).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετέστησανthey withdrewAor Act Indic 3 Pl · μεθίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristμεθίστημι: 'step aside / withdraw'; the prophets obey Elijah's μετάστητε.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθονwent awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; they leave the field to Elijah.
30

καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου πρὸς τὸν λαόν προσαγάγετε πρός με καὶ προσήγαγεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς πρὸς αὐτόν

And Elijah said to the people, 'Come near to me.' And all the people came near to him.

Elijah gathers the people as witnessesκαὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου
Elijah summons the people close (προσαγάγετε πρός με) so they will witness every detail of what follows and be left without doubt. The whole people's approach (προσήγαγεν πᾶς ὁ λαός) makes them participants and witnesses of the coming miracle.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's call to the people.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; the assembly.
προσαγάγετεcome nearAor Act Impv 2 Pl · προσάγωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeπροσάγω: 'bring/come near, approach'; Elijah calls the people close as witnesses.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήγαγενcame nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (singular with collective subject)→ constative aoristπροσάγω: 'approach'; the people draw near, as Elijah commanded.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole assembly.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the witnesses now gathered around Elijah.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
31

καὶ ἔλαβεν Ηλιου δώδεκα λίθους κατ᾿ ἀριθμὸν φυλῶν τοῦ Ισραηλ ὡς ἐλάλησεν κύριος πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγων Ισραηλ ἔσται τὸ ὄνομά σου

And Elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of Israel, as the LORD had spoken to him, saying, 'Israel shall be your name.'

The twelve stones: covenantal symbolism of the altarκαὶ ἔλαβεν Ηλιου
Elijah's twelve stones κατ᾽ ἀριθμὸν φυλῶν τοῦ Ισραηλ ('according to the number of the tribes of Israel') reconstitute the unity of the covenant people, even in a divided kingdom. The citation of the Jacob-renaming (Ισραηλ ἔσται τὸ ὄνομά σου, Gen 32:28; 35:10) roots the contest in the covenant identity of the nation. κύριος here is divine.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; Elijah gathers the stones for the altar.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable cardinal numeral→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable; the number of the tribes — Elijah builds for all Israel, not just the northern kingdom.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; the building material of the restored altar.
κατ᾿according topreposition + accusative (norm, elided)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατ᾽ ἀριθμόν — 'by the number of.'
ἀριθμὸνnumberAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἀριθμός: 'number'; the twelve stones match the twelve tribes.
φυλῶνtribesGenitivegenitive (with ἀριθμόν)→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; the twelve tribes of Israel.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable; 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant nation; the article τοῦ supplies the genitive function.
ὡςascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / just as'; introduces the covenant-word grounding the act.
ἐλάλησενhad spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; refers to the divine word naming Jacob 'Israel.'
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν (divine Name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the LORD who renamed Jacob — divine.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Jacob)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him' — Jacob, to whom the LORD gave the name Israel (Gen 32:28; 35:10).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple introducing direct speech→ circumstantial present participle (Hebraistic 'saying')λέγω (ptc.): 'saying', Hebraism for לֵאמֹר.
ΙσραηλIsraelpredicate nominative (indeclinable; the bestowed name)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the new name given to Jacob — 'Israel shall be your name.'
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (within quotation)→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut.): 'shall be'; the naming-formula.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομάnameNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; Ισραηλ ἔσται τὸ ὄνομά σου — the covenant identity of the nation, invoked at the altar.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
32

καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τοὺς λίθους ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου καὶ ἰάσατο τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ κατεσκαμμένον καὶ ἐποίησεν θααλα χωροῦσαν δύο μετρητὰς σπέρματος κυκλόθεν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου

And he built the stones in the name of the LORD and healed the altar that had been torn down, and made a trench holding two measures of seed all around the altar.

The rebuilding of the LORD's altar and the digging of the trenchκαὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν
Elijah builds the altar ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου ('in the name of the LORD') and 'heals' (ἰάσατο) the torn-down altar — a striking medical metaphor for restoring true worship. The trench (θααλα, a transliteration) large enough to hold 'two measures of seed' will be filled with water (vv. 34–35), making the coming fire unmistakably miraculous. κυρίου is divine.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; Elijah constructs the altar from the twelve stones.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; the twelve stones of v. 31.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/authority)→ spatial or relational framingἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου: 'in the name of the LORD', by his authority — the act is a confession of allegiance.
ὀνόματιnameDativedative (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: 'name'; building 'in the name of the LORD.'
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (divine Name)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; divine.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰάσατοhealedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἰάομαι: 'heal / cure / mend'; the medical metaphor 'healed the altar' (for repairing the ruined altar of YHWH) vividly frames the restoration of true worship as a healing of the broken covenant.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ἰάσατο→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the LORD's altar, previously demolished in the apostasy.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατεσκαμμένονtorn downPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Acc Sg Neut · κατασκάπτωattributive participle (modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ perfect (settled state of ruin)κατασκάπτω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'dig down / demolish / raze'; τὸ κατεσκαμμένον — 'the demolished (altar)', a relic of the persecution of YHWH-worship (cf. 19:10).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; Elijah digs the surrounding trench.
θααλαa trenchdirect object of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable loanword)→ clausal contributionθααλα: an indeclinable transliteration (Hebrew תְּעָלָה, 'channel / trench / conduit'); the moat dug around the altar to be filled with water (vv. 34–35, 38).
χωροῦσανholdingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Fem · χωρέωattributive participle (modifying θααλα)→ durative presentχωρέω: 'have room for / hold / contain'; the trench's capacity — 'holding two measures of seed.'
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal numeral→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; the trench's capacity measured in seed.
μετρητὰςmeasuresAccusativeaccusative object of χωροῦσαν→ object specificationμετρητής: 'a measure' (a liquid/dry measure, roughly a bath); 'two measures of seed' indicates the trench's substantial size.
σπέρματοςof seedGenitivegenitive of content (with μετρητάς)→ relational specificationσπέρμα: 'seed'; here a measure of capacity — the area a seed-quantity would sow, indicating the trench's breadth.
κυκλόθενall aroundadverb (with genitive: 'around')→ clausal contributionκυκλόθεν: 'round about / on every side'; the trench encircles the altar.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (with κυκλόθεν)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the trench surrounds it completely.
33

καὶ ἐστοίβασεν τὰς σχίδακας ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ὃ ἐποίησεν καὶ ἐμέλισεν τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ἐπὶ τὰς σχίδακας καὶ ἐστοίβασεν ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον

And he stacked the cut wood on the altar he had made, and cut the whole burnt offering in pieces and laid it on the wood, and stacked it on the altar.

Elijah arranges the wood and the sacrificeκαὶ ἐστοίβασεν
The careful, deliberate preparation (ἐστοίβασεν … ἐμέλισεν … ἐπέθηκεν … ἐστοίβασεν) mirrors the very steps Elijah had assigned to the Baal-prophets (vv. 23, 25), demonstrating that he plays by the same rules — no hidden fire, no trickery.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστοίβασενstackedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · στοιβάζωmain verb→ constative aoristστοιβάζω: 'pile up / arrange in order / stack'; Elijah lays the firewood in order on the altar.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σχίδακαςcut wood / kindlingAccusativedirect object of ἐστοίβασεν→ object specificationσχίδαξ: 'split wood / kindling / faggot'; the cut firewood for the offering (cf. vv. 33, 34, 38).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the rebuilt altar of v. 32.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; 'which he had made.'
ἐποίησενhe had madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; refers to Elijah's rebuilding of the altar.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμέλισενcut in piecesAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μελίζωmain verb→ constative aoristμελίζω: 'dismember / cut into portions'; Elijah prepares his victim exactly as prescribed (cf. v. 23).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of ἐμέλισεν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the sacrificial bull, to be wholly consumed by the divine fire (v. 38).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενlaid itAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; the pieces laid on the wood (cf. v. 23).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σχίδακαςwoodAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationσχίδαξ: 'split wood / kindling'; the wood already stacked.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐστοίβασενstacked itAor Act Indic 3 Sg · στοιβάζωmain verb→ constative aoristστοιβάζω: 'arrange / stack'; the whole offering set in order on the altar.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the offering now fully arranged for the test.
34

καὶ εἶπεν λάβετέ μοι τέσσαρας ὑδρίας ὕδατος καὶ ἐπιχέετε ἐπὶ τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς σχίδακας καὶ ἐποίησαν οὕτως καὶ εἶπεν δευτερώσατε καὶ ἐδευτέρωσαν καὶ εἶπεν τρισσώσατε καὶ ἐτρίσσευσαν

And he said, 'Bring me four water jars of water and pour it on the whole burnt offering and on the wood.' And they did so. And he said, 'Do it a second time'; and they did it a second time. And he said, 'Do it a third time'; and they did it a third time.

The threefold drenching: removing every natural explanationκαὶ εἶπεν
Elijah commands the offering drenched three times (δευτερώσατε … τρισσώσατε, 'do it a second … a third time'), saturating wood, victim, and trench. Performed amid a drought, this lavish use of precious water makes a spontaneous or human-kindled fire physically impossible — the coming flame can only be the LORD's.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's command to drench the offering.
λάβετέbringAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλαμβάνω: 'take / fetch / bring'; Elijah orders water fetched.
μοιmeDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
τέσσαραςfourAccusativeattributive numeral (with ὑδρίας)→ object specificationτέσσαρες: 'four'; declinable cardinal; the number of water jars.
ὑδρίαςwater jarsAccusativedirect object of λάβετε→ object specificationὑδρία: 'water jar / pitcher'; the vessels for drenching the offering.
ὕδατοςof waterGenitivegenitive of content (with ὑδρίας)→ relational specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the water — precious in the drought, yet poured out lavishly.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιχέετεpourPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐπιχέωmain verb (command)→ durative present imperativeἐπιχέω: 'pour upon'; the water is to be poured over offering and wood.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the victim, drenched.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σχίδακαςwoodAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationσχίδαξ: 'kindling'; the wood, soaked through.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησανthey didAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the people obey.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; they did as commanded.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'.
δευτερώσατεdo it a second timeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δευτερόωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeδευτερόω: 'do a second time / repeat'; the second drenching.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδευτέρωσανthey did it againAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δευτερόωmain verb→ constative aoristδευτερόω: 'repeat'; they pour a second time.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'.
τρισσώσατεdo it a third timeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · τρισσόωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeτρισσόω: 'do a third time'; the third and final drenching, completing the saturation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτρίσσευσανthey did it a third timeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · τρισσεύωmain verb→ constative aoristτρισσεύω: 'do a third time'; the threefold drenching now complete — water everywhere.
35

καὶ διεπορεύετο τὸ ὕδωρ κύκλῳ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ τὴν θααλα ἔπλησαν ὕδατος

And the water ran all around the altar, and they filled the trench with water.

Result: the altar surrounded and the trench brimmingκαὶ διεπορεύετο
The water 'ran around' (διεπορεύετο) the altar and brimmed the trench (τὴν θααλα ἔπλησαν ὕδατος). The deluge of water, set up here, becomes the foil for the fire's totality in v. 38 — the LORD's fire will lick up even the water in the trench.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διεπορεύετοranImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαπορεύομαιmain verb→ durative imperfect (flowing motion)διαπορεύομαι: 'go through / pass along'; the imperfect pictures the water flowing all around the altar.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of διεπορεύετο→ participant prominenceὕδωρ: 'water'; the poured water now running around the altar's base.
κύκλῳaroundDativedative adverbial (with genitive: 'around')→ sphere or referenceκύκλος (dat. κύκλῳ): 'in a circle / round about'; the water encircles the altar.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (with κύκλῳ)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; encircled by water.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θααλαtrenchdirect object of ἔπλησαν (indeclinable; marked accusative by article)→ clausal contributionθααλα: indeclinable loanword (Hebrew תְּעָלָה, 'trench'); the moat around the altar, now brimming; the article τήν supplies the accusative function.
ἔπλησανthey filledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίμπλημιmain verb→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: 'fill'; the trench is filled to the brim with water — the climax of the saturation.
ὕδατοςwith waterGenitivegenitive of content (with ἔπλησαν)→ relational specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the genitive of material with πίμπλημι — 'filled with water.'
36

καὶ ἀνεβόησεν Ηλιου εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ εἶπεν κύριε ὁ θεὸς Αβρααμ καὶ Ισαακ καὶ Ισραηλ ἐπάκουσόν μου κύριε ἐπάκουσόν μου σήμερον ἐν πυρί καὶ γνώτωσαν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς οὗτος ὅτι σὺ εἶ κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ κἀγὼ δοῦλός σου καὶ διὰ σὲ πεποίηκα τὰ ἔργα ταῦτα

And Elijah cried out to heaven and said, 'O LORD, the God of Abraham and Isaac and Israel, answer me, O LORD, answer me today by fire, and let all this people know that you are the LORD God of Israel, and I am your servant, and for your sake I have done these works.'

Elijah's prayer (vv. 36–37): the brief, faith-filled petitionκαὶ ἀνεβόησεν Ηλιου
Against the Baal-prophets' daylong frenzy, Elijah's prayer is brief and faith-filled — the very model James invokes (Jas 5:17–18, 'the effective prayer of a righteous man'). He invokes the covenant God of the patriarchs (Αβρααμ, Ισαακ, Ισραηλ), asks for fire (ἐπάκουσόν μου … ἐν πυρί), and frames the whole as evangelistic: γνώτωσαν … ὅτι σὺ εἶ κύριος ὁ θεός. Every κύριος here is the divine Name.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνεβόησενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβοάωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβοάω: 'cry out / call aloud'; Elijah lifts his voice to heaven — a single, confident cry against Baal's daylong clamor.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet at prayer (cf. Jas 5:17).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; the direction of the prayer — and the source of both the coming fire (v. 38) and rain (v. 45).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the prayer.
κύριεO LORDVocativevocative of address (divine Name)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): rendering of יהוה; the prayer's opening address — divine.
theNominativearticle (nominative for vocative, with θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativenominative used as vocative (in apposition to κύριε)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; ὁ θεός (nominative for vocative) — the covenant title 'God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel.'
Αβρααμof Abrahamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אַבְרָהָם; the first patriarch.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Ισαακof Isaacgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יִצְחָק; the second patriarch.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here Jacob/Israel, the third patriarch (the renaming of v. 31), invoked as covenant ancestor.
ἐπάκουσόνanswerAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (petition)→ ingressive aorist imperative (urgent petition)ἐπακούω: 'hear / answer'; the central petition — the very verb of the agreed criterion (v. 24, ὃς ἐὰν ἐπακούσῃ).
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπάκουσον→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπάκουσον.
κύριεO LORDVocativevocative of address (divine Name)→ direct addressκύριος (voc.): rendering of יהוה; the repeated address intensifies the plea — divine.
ἐπάκουσόνanswerAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (repeated petition)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπακούω: the repetition ('answer me … answer me') models the earnest, faith-filled prayer commended in Jas 5:16–18.
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπάκουσον→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπάκουσον.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; the answer must come this very day (cf. v. 15).
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
πυρίfireDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; ἐν πυρί — the requested sign, matching the agreed criterion (v. 24).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώτωσανlet them knowAor Act Impv 3 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb (purpose/jussive)→ ingressive aorist imperative (jussive)γινώσκω: 'know / recognize'; the evangelistic goal of the miracle — that the people may come to know YHWH (the 'recognition formula', cf. Ezek).
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole people as the intended knowers.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of γνώτωσαν (constructio ad sensum, pl. verb)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the assembly to be convinced.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (with λαός)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; 'this people' present at Carmel.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of knowing)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content to be known.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — σὺ εἶ κύριος, 'you are the LORD.'
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; σὺ εἶ κύριος ὁ θεός — the confession the miracle is meant to elicit (cf. v. 39).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativepredicate nominative (divine Name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; divine — the title to be vindicated by the fire.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition to κύριος)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ — 'the LORD, the God of Israel.'
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the covenant nation whose God YHWH is.
κἀγὼand INominativesubject (crasis καί + ἐγώ, emphatic)→ participant prominenceκἀγώ: crasis of καὶ ἐγώ ('and I'); Elijah's self-identification as YHWH's servant.
δοῦλόςservantNominativepredicate nominative (with implied 'am')→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant'; Elijah claims no merit of his own — he acts only as the LORD's instrument.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (cause)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of / for the sake of'; διὰ σέ — Elijah acts at the LORD's command, not on his own initiative.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of διά→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of διά.
πεποίηκαI have donePerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ perfect (completed acts with abiding bearing)ποιέω: 'do / make'; the perfect — Elijah's whole performance at Carmel has been at the LORD's bidding.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of πεποίηκα→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / deed'; τὰ ἔργα ταῦτα — all that Elijah has done at Carmel, done in obedience to YHWH.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective (with ἔργα)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; the deeds just performed.
37

ἐπάκουσόν μου κύριε ἐπάκουσόν μου ἐν πυρί καὶ γνώτω ὁ λαὸς οὗτος ὅτι σὺ εἶ κύριος ὁ θεὸς καὶ σὺ ἔστρεψας τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου ὀπίσω

'Answer me, O LORD, answer me by fire, and let this people know that you are the LORD God, and that you have turned the heart of this people back again.'

The climax of Elijah's prayer: that the people's heart be turned backἐπάκουσόν μου
The prayer's climax is theological and pastoral: σὺ ἔστρεψας τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου ὀπίσω ('you have turned this people's heart back'). The fire is to demonstrate not only that YHWH is God but that the people's repentance is itself his gracious work. All κύριος references are divine.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐπάκουσόνanswerAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (petition)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπακούω: 'hear / answer'; the petition renewed (cf. v. 36).
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπάκουσον→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπάκουσον.
κύριεO LORDVocativevocative of address (divine Name)→ direct addressκύριος (voc.): rendering of יהוה; divine.
ἐπάκουσόνanswerAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (repeated petition)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπακούω: the repeated plea — earnest, faith-filled prayer (cf. Jas 5:16–18).
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ἐπάκουσον→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐπάκουσον.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means).
πυρίfireDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the requested sign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (purpose)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώτωlet knowAor Act Impv 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (jussive)→ ingressive aorist imperative (jussive)γινώσκω: 'know / recognize'; the evangelistic purpose — that the people may know YHWH.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of γνώτω→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the assembly.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative adjective (with λαός)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; 'this people' at Carmel.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of knowing)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; σὺ εἶ κύριος ὁ θεός — the confession sought.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativepredicate nominative (divine Name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; divine.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativepredicate nominative (in apposition)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; κύριος ὁ θεός — 'the LORD (is) God.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — the turning of the heart is God's own work.
ἔστρεψαςhave turnedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · στρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristστρέφω: 'turn / turn back'; σὺ ἔστρεψας τὴν καρδίαν — God himself turns the people's heart back to himself, framing their repentance as divine grace.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίανheartAccusativedirect object of ἔστρεψας→ object specificationκαρδία: 'heart'; the seat of allegiance, turned back from Baal to YHWH.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; the people whose heart God turns.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with λαοῦ)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; 'this people.'
ὀπίσωback againadverb ('back / behind')→ clausal contributionὀπίσω: 'back / behind'; here adverbial — God has turned the heart 'back' to himself (reversing the ὀπίσω τῶν Βααλιμ of v. 18).
38

καὶ ἔπεσεν πῦρ παρὰ κυρίου ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέφαγεν τὸ ὁλοκαύτωμα καὶ τὰς σχίδακας καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ἐν τῇ θααλα καὶ τοὺς λίθους καὶ τὸν χοῦν ἐξέλιξεν τὸ πῦρ

And fire fell from the LORD out of heaven and consumed the whole burnt offering and the wood and the water that was in the trench, and the fire licked up the stones and the dust.

The answer: the fire of the LORD falls and consumes allκαὶ ἔπεσεν πῦρ
The instantaneous answer to Elijah's brief prayer (contrast the Baal-prophets' daylong silence) is πῦρ παρὰ κυρίου ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. The piling-up of consumed objects — offering, wood, water, stones, even the dust (χοῦν) — shows totality: the fire devours not merely the sacrifice but the very altar and the drenching water. The verb ἐξέλιξεν ('licked up') even the water proves the fire is no natural flame. This answered prayer is the very sign James cites (Jas 5:17–18).
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aorist (sudden decisive act)πίπτω: 'fall'; the fire 'fell' from heaven — instantaneous divine response.
πῦρfireNominativesubject of ἔπεσεν→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the answering fire, the agreed sign of the true God (v. 24).
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from (the side of)'; παρὰ κυρίου — the fire comes directly from YHWH.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (divine Name)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the fire's source — divine.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive of source (with ἐκ)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the fire descends from the sky, answering Elijah's cry εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (v. 36).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέφαγενconsumedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατεσθίω: 'devour / consume utterly'; the compound κατα- intensifies — the fire 'eats up' everything.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁλοκαύτωμαwhole burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of κατέφαγεν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωμα: 'whole burnt offering'; the sacrifice, first consumed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σχίδακαςwoodAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationσχίδαξ: 'kindling'; the wood, also consumed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; even the water — proof the fire is supernatural.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῇtheDativearticle (marking dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θααλαtrenchobject of ἐν (indeclinable; marked dative by article)→ clausal contributionθααλα: indeclinable loanword (Hebrew תְּעָלָה, 'trench'); the article τῇ supplies the dative function; the brimming trench (v. 35) is licked dry.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of ἐξέλιξεν→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; the twelve stones of the altar, consumed.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦνdust / soilAccusativedirect object of ἐξέλιξεν→ object specificationχοῦς: 'dust / loose earth'; even the soil is licked up — nothing remains, the ultimate proof of total divine consumption.
ἐξέλιξενlicked upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκλείχωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκλείχω: 'lick out / lap up'; the vivid verb pictures the fire 'licking up' the stones, dust, and water — a flame that behaves like no natural fire.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πῦρfireNominativesubject of ἐξέλιξεν→ participant prominenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the LORD's fire, the agent of total consumption.
39

καὶ ἔπεσεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτῶν καὶ εἶπον ἀληθῶς κύριός ἐστιν ὁ θεός αὐτὸς ὁ θεός

And all the people fell on their faces and said, 'Truly the LORD, he is God; he is God!'

The people's confession: the goal of the contest attainedκαὶ ἔπεσεν
The people fall prostrate (ἔπεσεν … ἐπὶ πρόσωπον) and cry the verdict the contest was designed to elicit: ἀληθῶς κύριός ἐστιν ὁ θεός ('truly the LORD, he is God'), the very name Eliyahu means ('YHWH is my God'). The doubled αὐτὸς ὁ θεός ('he is God') is the climactic confession answering v. 24's criterion (οὗτος θεός).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (singular with collective subject)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; the people prostrate themselves in awe and worship (cf. Obadiah, v. 7).
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole assembly.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; now convinced.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον — the posture of worship and submission.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the confession.
ἀληθῶςtrulyadverb→ clausal contributionἀληθῶς: 'truly / really'; the emphatic affirmation opening the confession.
κύριόςthe LORDNominativesubject (divine Name)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the confessed God — divine; the cry vindicates the very name Eliyahu ('YHWH is my God').
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; κύριός ἐστιν ὁ θεός — 'the LORD is God.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; ὁ θεός with the article — 'the (true) God', the contested title now awarded to YHWH.
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive)→ participant referenceαὐτός: emphatic 'he himself'; αὐτὸς ὁ θεός — 'he is God', the redoubled climactic cry (answering οὗτος θεός, v. 24).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεόςGodNominativepredicate nominative (repeated)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; the doubling drives home the verdict — there is no god but YHWH.
40

καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου πρὸς τὸν λαόν συλλάβετε τοὺς προφήτας τοῦ Βααλ μηθεὶς σωθήτω ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ συνέλαβον αὐτούς καὶ κατάγει αὐτοὺς Ηλιου εἰς τὸν χειμάρρουν Κισων καὶ ἔσφαξεν αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖ

And Elijah said to the people, 'Seize the prophets of Baal; let none of them escape.' And they seized them; and Elijah brought them down to the wadi Kishon and slaughtered them there.

The judgment: the slaughter of the Baal-prophets at Kishonκαὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου
The confession leads to covenantal judgment: the prophets who led Israel into apostasy are seized (μηθεὶς σωθήτω, 'let none escape') and slaughtered (ἔσφαξεν) at the wadi Kishon — the cultic-judicial purging of the land. The historic present κατάγει ('brings down') heightens the vividness of the scene.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's command of judgment.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeopleAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; now Elijah's instruments of judgment.
συλλάβετεseizeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · συλλαμβάνωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσυλλαμβάνω: 'seize / arrest / capture'; the order to apprehend the Baal-prophets.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetsAccusativedirect object of συλλάβετε→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the prophets of Baal, agents of the apostasy.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaalgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒααλ: indeclinable; the defeated god; the article τοῦ supplies the genitive function.
μηθεὶςno oneNominativesubject of σωθήτω→ participant prominenceμηθείς (= μηδείς): 'no one / none'; μηθεὶς σωθήτω — 'let none escape', the totality of the purge.
σωθήτωlet escapeAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb (prohibitive jussive)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσῴζω: 'save / preserve / let escape'; μηθεὶς σωθήτω — none is to be spared.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (partitive).
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as partitive genitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέλαβονthey seizedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συλλαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: 'seize'; the people obey, capturing the prophets.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατάγειbrings downPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατάγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)κατάγω: 'lead/bring down'; the historic present κατάγει vividly portrays Elijah leading the captives down to the wadi for execution.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρουνwadi / torrentAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationχείμαρρος: 'wadi / winter-torrent'; the stream-bed of the Kishon, the site of the slaughter.
ΚισωνKishonaccusative in apposition (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΚισων: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew קִישׁוֹן; the Kishon, the wadi at the foot of Carmel where the Baal-prophets are slain.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσφαξενslaughteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σφάζωmain verb→ constative aoristσφάζω: 'slay / slaughter (as a sacrifice)'; the cultic-judicial term — the prophets are 'slaughtered' like sacrificial victims, the purging of the land's apostasy.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at the Kishon.
41

καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου τῷ Αχααβ ἀνάβηθι καὶ φάγε καὶ πίε ὅτι φωνὴ τῶν ποδῶν τοῦ ὑετοῦ

And Elijah said to Ahab, 'Go up, eat and drink, for there is the sound of the feet of the rain.'

The turn to rain: Elijah announces the coming downpourκαὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου
With the contest won, Elijah turns to the chapter's other frame — the promised rain (v. 1). His vivid φωνὴ τῶν ποδῶν τοῦ ὑετοῦ ('the sound of the feet of the rain') personifies the approaching downpour; the prophet hears by faith what is not yet visible. This is the prayer-answered rain of Jas 5:18 ('he prayed again, and the heaven gave rain').
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's word to Ahab about the rain.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχααβAhabdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
ἀνάβηθιgo upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; Ahab is to ascend (to eat) — the drought's end is at hand.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
φάγεeatAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐσθίω: 'eat'; the famine is about to break — Ahab may eat freely.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πίεdrinkAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πίνωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeπίνω: 'drink'; the celebratory pairing 'eat and drink' signals deliverance.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; the reason — the rain is coming.
φωνὴsoundNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceφωνή: 'sound / voice'; φωνὴ τῶν ποδῶν τοῦ ὑετοῦ — 'the sound of the feet of the rain', the prophet's faith-perception of the coming storm.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποδῶνfeetGenitivegenitive (with φωνή)→ relational specificationπούς: 'foot'; the vivid personification — the rain is heard 'on its feet', approaching.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑετοῦrainGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ποδῶν)→ relational specificationὑετός: 'rain'; the promised rain of v. 1, now imminent — the rain James attributes to Elijah's renewed prayer (Jas 5:18).
42

καὶ ἀνέβη Αχααβ τοῦ φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν καὶ Ηλιου ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὸν Κάρμηλον καὶ ἔκυψεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ ἔθηκεν τὸ πρόσωπον ἑαυτοῦ ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν γονάτων ἑαυτοῦ

And Ahab went up to eat and drink; and Elijah went up to Carmel and bowed down to the ground and put his face between his knees.

Contrast: Ahab feasts while Elijah praysκαὶ ἀνέβη Αχααβ
The two ascents are contrasted: Ahab goes up to eat and drink, while Elijah goes up to pray, bowing to the earth with his face between his knees — a posture of intense, travailing intercession. This is the prayer that, in James' reading, brings the rain (Jas 5:17–18).
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; Ahab obeys, ascending to eat.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive (purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φαγεῖνeatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωarticular infinitive of purpose→ verbal action or stateἐσθίω: 'eat'; τοῦ φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν — purpose: 'to eat and drink.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πιεῖνdrinkAor Act Inf · πίνωinfinitive of purpose (coordinate)→ aorist infinitive (the act of drinking)πίνω: 'drink'; coordinate purpose infinitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (contrastive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here contrastive — Ahab feasts, but Elijah prays.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; Elijah ascends the summit to pray.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Κάρμηλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΚάρμηλονCarmelAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationΚάρμηλος: Mount Carmel; here the proper noun is declined (acc. τὸν Κάρμηλον), so taken as 'n'; the summit from which Elijah prays for rain.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκυψενbowed downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κύπτωmain verb→ constative aoristκύπτω: 'stoop / bend down'; Elijah bows to the earth — the posture of fervent intercession.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: 'ground / earth'; ἔκυψεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν — bowing to the ground in prayer.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενputAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'place / put'; Elijah lowers his head into the posture of travailing prayer.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἔθηκεν τὸ πρόσωπον … ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν γονάτων — 'put his face between his knees', the curled posture of intense petition.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive genitive of possession→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'his own.'
ἀνὰinpreposition (in idiom ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the idiom ἀνὰ μέσον — 'in the midst of / between.'
μέσονmidstAccusativeaccusative (with ἀνά: 'between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle'; ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν γονάτων — 'between the knees.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γονάτωνkneesGenitivegenitive (with ἀνὰ μέσον)→ relational specificationγόνυ: 'knee'; the prophet's face bowed between his knees — utter absorption in prayer.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive genitive of possession→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'his own.'
43

καὶ εἶπεν τῷ παιδαρίῳ αὑτοῦ ἀνάβηθι καὶ ἐπίβλεψον ὁδὸν τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ἐπέβλεψεν τὸ παιδάριον καὶ εἶπεν οὐκ ἔστιν οὐθέν καὶ εἶπεν Ηλιου καὶ σὺ ἐπίστρεψον ἑπτάκι καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ παιδάριον ἑπτάκι

And he said to his servant boy, 'Go up and look toward the sea.' And the boy looked and said, 'There is nothing.' And Elijah said, 'You too, go back seven times.' And the boy went back seven times.

Persevering prayer: the sevenfold lookingκαὶ εἶπεν τῷ παιδαρίῳ
Elijah persists in prayer while sending his servant to watch the sea seven times — a model of importunate, persevering faith. Six times the boy reports οὐκ ἔστιν οὐθέν ('there is nothing'); the sevenfold repetition (ἑπτάκι … ἑπτάκι) underscores that the answer comes only with patient persistence (cf. Jas 5:16–18).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's command to his servant.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδαρίῳservant boyDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceπαιδάριον: 'young servant / lad'; Elijah's attendant, sent to watch the sea.
αὑτοῦhisGenitivereflexive genitive of possession→ relational specificationαὑτοῦ: contracted reflexive (= ἑαυτοῦ), 'his own.'
ἀνάβηθιgo upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the boy is to climb to a vantage point.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπίβλεψονlookAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιβλέπωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπιβλέπω: 'look upon / gaze toward'; the boy is to scan the horizon over the sea.
ὁδὸνtowardAccusativeaccusative of direction (adverbial: 'in the direction of')→ object specificationὁδός: 'way'; ὁδὸν τῆς θαλάσσης — adverbial accusative 'toward the sea / in the direction of the sea.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive (with ὁδόν)→ relational specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; the Mediterranean, source of the rain-clouds, to the west of Carmel.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέβλεψενlookedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβλέπωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιβλέπω: 'look'; the boy obeys and scans the horizon.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονboyNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: 'lad / servant'; Elijah's attendant.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the boy's report.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb (existential)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἔστιν οὐθέν — 'there is nothing', the first six reports.
οὐθένnothingNominativesubject (emphatic double negative)→ participant prominenceοὐθείς (= οὐδείς): 'nothing / no one'; οὐκ ἔστιν οὐθέν — emphatic 'there is nothing at all.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's persistent command.
ΗλιουElijahsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the persevering prophet.
καὶalsoadverbial καί (with σύ)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: adverbial 'also / too' — 'you too, go back.'
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you' — 'you too go back again.'
ἐπίστρεψονgo backAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; the boy is to look again — persistence in expectation.
ἑπτάκιseven timesnumeral adverb→ clausal contributionἑπτάκι(ς): 'seven times'; the sevenfold repetition — the number of completeness, marking persevering prayer.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψενwent backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'return'; the boy goes back to look again.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονboyNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: 'lad'; the obedient servant.
ἑπτάκιseven timesnumeral adverb→ clausal contributionἑπτάκι(ς): 'seven times'; the repetition closes the verse, emphasizing the sevenfold persistence.
44

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἑβδόμῳ καὶ ἰδοὺ νεφέλη μικρὰ ὡς ἴχνος ἀνδρὸς ἀνάγουσα ὕδωρ καὶ εἶπεν ἀνάβηθι καὶ εἰπὸν τῷ Αχααβ ζεῦξον τὸ ἅρμα σου καὶ κατάβηθι μὴ καταλάβῃ σε ὁ ὑετός

And it came to pass at the seventh time that, behold, a little cloud like a man's footprint was bringing up water; and he said, 'Go up and say to Ahab, "Yoke your chariot and go down, lest the rain overtake you."'

The answer: the little cloud and the warning to Ahabκαὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἑβδόμῳ
At the seventh look the answer comes: a tiny cloud ὡς ἴχνος ἀνδρός ('like a man's footprint/hand') rising from the sea, bringing water. Faith reads the whole storm in a small sign. Elijah urgently warns Ahab to harness and descend before the rain — long withheld — bursts in full force (μὴ καταλάβῃ σε ὁ ὑετός).
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο — 'and it happened at the seventh (time).'
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (substantivizing the ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativesubstantival ordinal (dative of time: 'at the seventh (time)')→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; ἐν τῷ ἑβδόμῳ — 'at the seventh (look)', the moment the answer comes.
καὶandapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; dramatizes the sudden appearance of the cloud.
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject→ participant prominenceνεφέλη: 'cloud'; the small herald of the great rain.
μικρὰlittleNominativeattributive adjective (with νεφέλη)→ participant prominenceμικρός: 'small / little'; the tininess of the sign contrasts with the deluge it portends.
ὡςlikecomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'like / as'; introduces the simile.
ἴχνοςfootprint / soleNominativepredicate (with ὡς: comparison)→ participant prominenceἴχνος: 'footprint / track / sole of the foot'; ὡς ἴχνος ἀνδρός — 'like a man's footprint' (the Hebrew has 'like a man's hand'), conveying the cloud's smallness.
ἀνδρὸςof a manGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἴχνος)→ relational specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; the human-scale measure of the little cloud.
ἀνάγουσαbringing upPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ἀνάγωattributive participle (modifying νεφέλη)→ durative presentἀνάγω: 'lead/bring up'; ἀνάγουσα ὕδωρ — 'bringing up water', the cloud drawing moisture from the sea.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of ἀνάγουσα→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; the rain the cloud carries.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elijah's instruction to the boy.
ἀνάβηθιgo upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the servant is sent to bring word to Ahab.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰπὸνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλέγω: 'say / tell'; the message to be carried to the king.
τῷtoDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχααβAhabdative indirect object (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king.
ζεῦξονyoke / harnessAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ζεύγνυμιmain verb (quoted command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeζεύγνυμι: 'yoke / harness'; Ahab is to harness his chariot-team before the storm breaks.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρμαchariotAccusativedirect object of ζεῦξον→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; the royal chariot Ahab must ready for the descent to Jezreel.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατάβηθιgo downAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (quoted command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαταβαίνω: 'go down'; Ahab must descend from Carmel before the rain makes the ground impassable.
μὴlestnegative particle (introducing clause of apprehension)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: 'lest'; introduces the danger to be avoided.
καταλάβῃovertakeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καταλαμβάνωverb of clause of apprehension→ aorist subjunctive (feared outcome)καταλαμβάνω: 'seize / overtake / catch'; μὴ καταλάβῃ σε ὁ ὑετός — 'lest the rain overtake you', the urgency of the coming downpour.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of καταλάβῃ→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of καταλάβῃ.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑετόςrainNominativesubject of καταλάβῃ→ participant prominenceὑετός: 'rain'; the promised rain (v. 1), now imminent and overwhelming.
45

καὶ ἐγένετο ἕως ὧδε καὶ ὧδε καὶ ὁ οὐρανὸς συνεσκότασεν νεφέλαις καὶ πνεύματι καὶ ἐγένετο ὑετὸς μέγας καὶ ἔκλαιεν καὶ ἐπορεύετο Αχααβ εἰς Ιεζραελ

And it came to pass in the meanwhile that the sky grew dark with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain; and there was weeping, and Ahab went to Jezreel.

The downpour: the drought brokenκαὶ ἐγένετο ἕως ὧδε καὶ ὧδε
The drought breaks in full: the heavens blacken with clouds and wind, and ὑετὸς μέγας ('a great rain') falls — the climactic answer to v. 1's promise and to Elijah's prayer (Jas 5:18). The idiom ἕως ὧδε καὶ ὧδε ('meanwhile / in a little while') conveys rapid succession. Ahab rides to Jezreel as the long-withheld rain pours down.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come to pass'; opens the climactic moment.
ἕωςuntilpreposition (in temporal idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: in the idiom ἕως ὧδε καὶ ὧδε — 'in the meanwhile / in a short while', conveying rapid succession.
ὧδεhereadverb (in idiom)→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here'; ἕως ὧδε καὶ ὧδε — 'this way and that / meanwhile', a temporal idiom for the brief interval.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὧδεhereadverb (in idiom)→ clausal contributionὧδε: repeated in the idiom ὧδε καὶ ὧδε — 'meanwhile / before long.'
καὶandapodotic καί→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανὸςsky / heavenNominativesubject of συνεσκότασεν→ participant prominenceοὐρανός: 'sky / heaven'; the heaven that had been shut (17:1) now darkens with rain-clouds — answering 'the heaven gave rain' (Jas 5:18).
συνεσκότασενgrew darkAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συσκοτάζωmain verb→ constative aoristσυσκοτάζω: 'grow dark / be overcast'; the sky blackens with the gathering storm.
νεφέλαιςwith cloudsDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceνεφέλη: 'cloud'; the once-tiny cloud (v. 44) has become a sky full of clouds.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πνεύματιwith windDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceπνεῦμα: 'wind / breath / spirit'; here the storm-wind driving the clouds.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοthere wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be / happen'; ἐγένετο ὑετὸς μέγας — 'there came a great rain.'
ὑετὸςrainNominativesubject of ἐγένετο→ participant prominenceὑετός: 'rain'; the great downpour, fulfilling the promise of v. 1 and the prayer-tradition of Jas 5:17–18.
μέγαςgreatNominativeattributive adjective (with ὑετός)→ participant prominenceμέγας: 'great'; the abundance of the rain after the three-year drought.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκλαιενthere was weepingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κλαίωmain verb→ durative imperfectκλαίω: 'weep'; the LXX's ἔκλαιεν is enigmatic — perhaps depicting the sky 'weeping' (raining) or weeping for joy/relief; the imperfect gives a continuous picture.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύετοwas goingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ durative imperfect (journey in progress)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; the imperfect pictures Ahab making his way to Jezreel in the rain.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king, riding home.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΙεζραελJezreelaccusative of goal (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יִזְרְעֶאל; Jezreel, site of Ahab's second residence, in the valley below Carmel.
46

καὶ χεὶρ κυρίου ἐπὶ τὸν Ηλιου καὶ συνέσφιγξεν τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔτρεχεν ἔμπροσθεν Αχααβ ἕως Ιεζραελ

And the hand of the LORD was on Elijah, and he girded up his loins and ran before Ahab to Jezreel.

Closing: the hand of the LORD empowers Elijah's runκαὶ χεὶρ κυρίου
The chapter closes with χεὶρ κυρίου ἐπὶ τὸν Ηλιου ('the hand of the LORD was on Elijah') — the idiom of prophetic empowerment. Girding his loins, Elijah outruns the king's chariot to Jezreel, a final sign of the LORD's power resting on his prophet. κυρίου is the divine Name.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
χεὶρhandNominativesubject of verbless clause→ participant prominenceχείρ: 'hand'; χεὶρ κυρίου — 'the hand of the LORD', the idiom for prophetic empowerment (cf. 2 Kgs 3:15; Ezek 1:3).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (divine Name)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; divine — the power that comes upon Elijah.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΗλιουElijahaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable; marked by article)→ participant identificationΗλιου: indeclinable; the prophet on whom the LORD's hand rests.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέσφιγξενgirded upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συσφίγγωmain verb→ constative aoristσυσφίγγω: 'bind tightly / gird up'; Elijah tucks up his garment for running — the posture of swift readiness.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφὺνloinsAccusativedirect object of συνέσφιγξεν→ object specificationὀσφῦς: 'loins / waist'; συνέσφιγξεν τὴν ὀσφύν — 'girded up his loins', tucking the robe into the belt for running.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔτρεχενranImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · τρέχωmain verb→ durative imperfect (sustained running)τρέχω: 'run'; the imperfect pictures Elijah running ahead of the chariot — supernaturally enabled by the hand of the LORD.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: 'in front of / before'; Elijah outpaces the king's chariot.
ΑχααβAhabgenitive object of ἔμπροσθεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the king whose chariot Elijah outruns.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (spatial limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / to'; the destination of the run.
ΙεζραελJezreelgenitive of goal (indeclinable place name)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: indeclinable; Jezreel, the journey's end (and the setting of the events of ch. 19, 21).