Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 22ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ ΚΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Micaiah's true word prevails over lying prophecy as Ahab falls at Ramoth-gilead and the book turns toward 4 Kingdoms.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms 22 (= 1 Kings 22) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. This chapter closes the book of 3 Kingdoms and forms the bridge into 4 Kingdoms. The LXX verse-numbering of the chapter differs from the Masoretic/English arrangement at its end: the chapter contains fifty verses numbered 1–46 and then 51–54, with verses 47, 48, 49, and 50 absent from the LXX sequence (the Hebrew material concerning the absence of a king in Edom and the wrecked Tarshish-ships of Jehoshaphat at MT 1 Kgs 22:47–50 is largely compressed or relocated in the Greek tradition). The narrative falls into clear movements: the three years' peace broken when Jehoshaphat of Judah comes down to Ahab of Israel and the two ally to retake Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ (Ramoth-Gilead) from Syria (vv. 1–5); the four hundred court-prophets who unanimously promise victory, against Jehoshaphat's request for a true προφήτης τοῦ κυρίου and the summoning of Μιχαιας son of Ιεμλα (vv. 6–12); Micaiah's first ironic echo of the yes-prophets and then his true oracle of scattered Israel 'as a flock with no shepherd' (vv. 13–18); the great throne-vision — Micaiah sees τὸν κύριον θεὸν Ισραηλ enthroned with πᾶσα ἡ στρατιὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, and the LYING SPIRIT (πνεῦμα ψευδές) volunteering to deceive Ahab's prophets, sent out by divine permission so that the false oracle is itself a deliverance of judgment (vv. 19–23); Zedekiah son of Chanana striking Micaiah, and Micaiah's imprisonment on bread and water of affliction until the king's (never-to-come) safe return (vv. 24–28); the battle, Ahab's disguise (συγκαλύψομαι), the Syrian command to strike only the king of Israel, the random arrow shot εὐστόχως ('with good aim') that strikes Ahab ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ πνεύμονος καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θώρακος (between the lung and the breastplate), and his slow death propped in his chariot until evening (vv. 29–35); the herald's dismissal of the army, Ahab's burial in Samaria, and the washing of the chariot at the pool of Samaria where the dogs (and sows) licked his blood and the harlots bathed, κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ('according to the word of the LORD', vv. 36–38); the regnal closing-formula for Ahab and the accession of Οχοζιας his son (vv. 39–40); and finally the regnal summary of JEHOSHAPHAT of Judah — the good king who walked in all the way of Asa his father, did not remove the high places, made peace with the king of Israel (vv. 41–46), died and was succeeded by Joram (v. 51) — and the accession of Οχοζιας (Ahaziah) son of Ahab over Israel, with the indictment of his Baal-worship that paragons the sins of his father, mother Jezebel, and Jeroboam son of Nabat (vv. 51–54). The recurring messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος (v. 11), the oath-formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives', v. 14), and the fulfilment-formula κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ὃ ἐλάλησεν (v. 38) bind the chapter into a sustained meditation on the true and false prophetic word, vindicated by the death of the king who 'hated' the one prophet who told the truth.

1

καὶ ἐκάθισεν τρία ἔτη καὶ οὐκ ἦν πόλεμος ἀνὰ μέσον Συρίας καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον Ισραηλ

And he remained three years, and there was no war between Syria and Israel.

Narrative setting (peace-interval establishing the chapter)καὶ ἐκάθισεν
The chapter opens with a καί-paratactic narrative summary establishing a three-year lull after the Syrian wars of ch. 20; the verb ἐκάθισεν ('he sat / settled / remained') frames the interval of peace that the coming alliance will break. The 'between … and between' construction (ἀνὰ μέσον … καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον) is a Hebraism for reciprocal relation between two parties.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισενhe remained / satAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (narrative summary of the peace-interval)→ constative aorist (the whole three-year span viewed as one settled state)καθίζω: 'sit / settle / cause to dwell'; here intransitive 'remained / stayed quiet'; renders Hebrew יָשַׁב; the subject is unexpressed and may be read collectively (Israel/Syria) or of the situation; the verb sets the stage of settled peace soon to be broken.
τρίαthreeAccusativeattributive numeral (accusative of extent of time with ἔτη)→ measure or countτρεῖς, τρία: 'three'; the neuter τρία agrees with ἔτη; accusative of extent of time, 'for three years'.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the three-year span echoes the broader chronology of the Syrian conflict (cf. ch. 20).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (epexegetical: explaining the settled state)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἦν)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula / existential verb (negated: 'there was no')→ durative imperfect (continuing state of peace)εἰμί: 'be / exist'; the imperfect ἦν with negation describes the ongoing absence of war throughout the interval.
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἦν (existential: 'no war existed')→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the keyword of the chapter, which moves from its absence (v. 1) to the fatal campaign at Ramoth-Gilead.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (with μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ μέσον: 'in the midst of / between'; the construction ἀνὰ μέσον … καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον is a Hebraism rendering בֵּין … וּבֵין, expressing reciprocal relation between two parties.
μέσονmidstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (idiomatic: 'between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle / midst'; here the substantival neuter in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον.
ΣυρίαςSyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship (first party of the 'between' construction)→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): the LXX rendering of אֲרָם (Aram); the declinable Greek place-name takes the genitive after ἀνὰ μέσον; Syria/Aram is the antagonist of the whole campaign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking the two parties)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (second member of the reciprocal construction)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (second member of the reciprocal construction).
μέσονmidstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (idiomatic: 'between')→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as object of ἀνά (idiomatic: 'between').
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: second party of the 'between' construction)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; here the northern kingdom under Ahab; the second party in the peace-relation with Syria.
2

καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ τρίτῳ καὶ κατέβη Ιωσαφατ βασιλεὺς Ιουδα πρὸς βασιλέα Ισραηλ

And it came to pass in the third year that Jehoshaphat king of Judah came down to the king of Israel.

Temporal-narrative onset (the event that breaks the peace)καὶ ἐγενήθη
The formula καὶ ἐγενήθη ('and it came to pass') renders the Hebrew narrative marker וַיְהִי, introducing a new dated episode; the redundant καί before κατέβη is a Hebraism (the apodosis after the temporal clause is itself joined with 'and'). Jehoshaphat's 'coming down' from the highlands of Judah to Samaria initiates the alliance.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit came to passAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal narrative formula)→ constative aorist (event-onset marker)γίνομαι (aor. pass.): 'become / come to pass'; καὶ ἐγενήθη renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי, marking the transition into a dated episode.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἐνιαυτῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτῷyearDativedative of time (when: 'in the year')→ sphere or referenceἐνιαυτός: 'year / annual cycle'; renders שָׁנָה; synonymous with ἔτος (v. 1) but emphasizing the completed cycle.
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive, with τρίτῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τρίτῳthirdDativeattributive ordinal adjective (modifying ἐνιαυτῷ)→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'; the third year picks up the τρία ἔτη of v. 1 — the peace held for three years and broke in the third.
καὶandapodotic καί (Hebraism: 'and' resuming after the temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodotic καί after a temporal clause is a Hebraism reflecting the waw of the Hebrew apodosis; left untranslated in idiomatic English.
κατέβηcame downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (the event proper)→ constative aorist (single decisive movement)καταβαίνω: 'go/come down'; renders יָרַד; the 'down' is geographically apt — from the Judean hill-country to Samaria — and narratively initiates the fatal alliance.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: indeclinable transliteration of יְהוֹשָׁפָט ('YHWH has judged'); the pious king of Judah whose reign is summarized at vv. 41–46; his alliance with Ahab is the chapter's engine.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the leading title-word of the chapter, applied to Jehoshaphat, Ahab, and the king of Syria.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable transliteration of יְהוּדָה; the southern kingdom; functions as an indeclinable genitive after βασιλεύς.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction toward)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction toward).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (goal of the descent)→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): here Ahab, named only by title until v. 20; the anonymity sustains the focus on the office and its fate.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel').
3

καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πρὸς τοὺς παῖδας αὐτοῦ εἰ οἴδατε ὅτι ἡμῖν Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ καὶ ἡμεῖς σιωπῶμεν λαβεῖν αὐτὴν ἐκ χειρὸς βασιλέως Συρίας

And the king of Israel said to his servants, 'Do you know that Ramoth-Gilead is ours, and we keep silent about taking it out of the hand of the king of Syria?'

Direct speech (Ahab's grievance to his court)καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab opens with the rhetorical εἰ οἴδατε ('do you not know …'), a Hebraizing interrogative that presses his courtiers to acknowledge the injustice of Syrian occupation of a city that is rightfully Israel's. The contrast ἡμῖν … καὶ ἡμεῖς σιωπῶμεν ('it is ours … yet we keep silent') frames his case for war.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introducing formula)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): the standard LXX narrative speech-introduction; recurs constantly through this dialogue-heavy chapter.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with παῖδας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδαςservantsAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (addressees)→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / boy'; renders עֶבֶד; here the royal courtiers and officials of Ahab's household.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰwhether / surelyinterrogative particle (Hebraizing: introduces a rhetorical question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: ordinarily 'if', but here introducing a direct/rhetorical question rendering the Hebrew interrogative הֲ ('do you [not] know …?'); a common LXX calque.
οἴδατεyou knowPf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb of the rhetorical question→ perfect with present force (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present sense); renders יָדַע; Ahab appeals to what his courtiers already recognize as fact.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing the content of οἴδατε)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμῖνours / to usDativedative of possession (predicative: 'is ours')→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (pl. dat. ἡμῖν): the dative of possession ἡμῖν Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ ('Ramoth-Gilead is ours') asserts Israel's rightful claim to the city.
ΡεμμαθRamothsubject of the possession-clause (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμαθ: indeclinable transliteration of רָמֹת (Ramoth); with Γαλααδ forms the place-name Ramoth-Gilead, the disputed Transjordanian fortress-city that is the campaign's objective.
ΓαλααδGileadplace-name in apposition / compound (indeclinable: 'Ramoth-Gilead')→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: indeclinable transliteration of גִּלְעָד (Gilead); the Transjordanian region; Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ = 'Ramoth in Gilead'.
καὶand yetcoordinate conjunction (adversative nuance: 'and yet')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and yet'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἡμεῖςweNominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceἐγώ (pl. nom. ἡμεῖς): the explicit pronoun heightens the reproach — 'and we (of all people) keep silent'.
σιωπῶμενkeep silent / do nothingPres Act Indic 1 Pl · σιωπάωmain verb (Ahab's self-reproach)→ durative present (ongoing inaction)σιωπάω: 'be silent / hold one's peace'; here 'do nothing / stay quiet'; renders חָשָׁה / (here) the sense of inaction; the rhetorical force is to shame the court into action.
λαβεῖνto takeAor Act Inf · λαμβάνωcomplementary/epexegetical infinitive (the action neglected)→ aorist infinitive (the act of seizure as a whole)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; the infinitive specifies what they are failing to do — recapture the city; renders לָקַחַת.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of λαβεῖν (feminine, referring to the city)→ participant referenceαὐτός (fem. acc. αὐτήν): refers to Ρεμμαθ (taken as feminine 'city'); the object of the neglected seizure.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source: 'out of the hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'out of the hand').
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (idiomatic: 'from the hand/power of')→ relational specificationχείρ (gen. χειρός): 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός renders מִיַּד ('from the hand/power of'), a Hebraism for wresting control from an enemy.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of possession (whose hand)→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'of the king'; it serves as genitive of possession (whose hand).
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of Syria')→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): the declinable place-name; the king of Syria (Ben-Hadad) holds Ramoth-Gilead.
4

καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πρὸς Ιωσαφατ ἀναβήσῃ μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν εἰς Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ εἰς πόλεμον καὶ εἶπεν Ιωσαφατ καθὼς ἐγὼ οὕτως καὶ σύ καθὼς ὁ λαός μου ὁ λαός σου καθὼς οἱ ἵπποι μου οἱ ἵπποι σου

And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, 'Will you go up with us to Ramoth-Gilead to war?' And Jehoshaphat said, 'As I am, so are you; as my people, so your people; as my horses, so your horses.'

Direct speech (the proposal and the pledge of solidarity)καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab's question ἀναβήσῃ μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν ('will you go up with us?') receives Jehoshaphat's emphatic threefold pledge built on the comparative καθὼς … οὕτως ('as … so'), an unconditional offer of military and political union — self, people, and cavalry — that seals his disastrous entanglement in Ahab's campaign.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces Ahab's proposal.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphataccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun).
ἀναβήσῃwill you go upFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (deliberative/interrogative future: the proposal)→ interrogative future (invitation framed as prediction)ἀναβαίνω (fut. mid. ἀναβήσῃ): 'go up'; the standard verb for marching up to battle (renders עָלָה); 'going up' to Ramoth-Gilead is the leitmotif verb of the campaign (vv. 4, 6, 12, 15, 20, 29).
μεθ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμεθ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel).
ἡμῶνusGenitivegenitive object of μετά (accompaniment)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (accompaniment).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΡεμμαθRamothaccusative goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative goal (indeclinable place-name).
ΓαλααδGileadplace-name (indeclinable: 'Ramoth-Gilead')→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name (indeclinable: 'Ramoth-Gilead').
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for war')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'for war').
πόλεμονwarAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς)→ object specificationπόλεμος (acc. πόλεμον): εἰς πόλεμον = 'to / for war', the goal of the going-up; echoes πόλεμος of v. 1.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces Jehoshaphat's pledge.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (first member of καθὼς … οὕτως)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; the threefold καθώς … οὕτως construction expresses total identification of the two kingdoms' resources.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (elliptical: 'as I [am]')→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun in the elliptical comparison 'as I, so you'.
οὕτωςsocorrelative adverb (apodosis of the comparison)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; completes the καθώς … οὕτως correlation.
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive: 'so also you')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'also'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σύyouNominativesubject (elliptical: 'so are you')→ participant referenceσύ: the second-person pronoun completing the personal identification.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (second member)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject (elliptical comparison)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; here Jehoshaphat's army equated with Ahab's.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativepredicate (elliptical: 'so your people')→ participant prominenceλαός: meaning 'people'; it serves as predicate (elliptical: 'so your people').
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (third member)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθὼς: meaning 'as'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἵπποι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵπποιhorsesNominativesubject (elliptical comparison)→ participant prominenceἵππος: 'horse'; here the cavalry/chariot-horses; the third element of the total military pledge.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἵπποι)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵπποιhorsesNominativepredicate (elliptical: 'so your horses')→ participant prominenceἵπποι: meaning 'horses'; it serves as predicate (elliptical: 'so your horses').
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
5

καὶ εἶπεν Ιωσαφατ βασιλεὺς Ιουδα πρὸς βασιλέα Ισραηλ ἐπερωτήσατε δὴ σήμερον τὸν κύριον

And Jehoshaphat king of Judah said to the king of Israel, 'Inquire, please, today of the LORD.'

Direct speech (Jehoshaphat's pious condition)καὶ εἶπεν Ιωσαφατ
Having pledged total support, Jehoshaphat now adds the decisive religious qualification: before they march, they must consult YHWH. The aorist imperative ἐπερωτήσατε with the entreating particle δή ('please / pray') marks his characteristic piety and sets up the prophetic contest of vv. 6–28.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces Jehoshaphat's request.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositive to Ιωσαφατ.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
ἐπερωτήσατεinquireAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐπερωτάωmain verb (imperative request)→ ingressive aorist imperative (a decisive act of consultation)ἐπερωτάω: 'ask / inquire of / consult'; the technical term for seeking an oracle (renders דָּרַשׁ / שָׁאַל); the plural imperative includes the whole royal enterprise; oracular consultation is the hinge of the chapter.
δὴplease / nowentreating particle (softening the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic/entreating particle, 'pray / now / please'; renders Hebrew נָא; conveys polite urgency.
σήμερονtodayadverb of time→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; presses for immediate consultation before any march.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of ἐπερωτήσατε (the divine oracle-source)→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here divine — Jehoshaphat wants the true God consulted, not merely the court-prophets; the request exposes the difference between YHWH's word and the prophets' flattery.
6

καὶ συνήθροισεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πάντας τοὺς προφήτας ὡς τετρακοσίους ἄνδρας καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ βασιλεύς εἰ πορευθῶ εἰς Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ εἰς πόλεμον ἢ ἐπίσχω καὶ εἶπαν ἀνάβαινε καὶ διδοὺς δώσει κύριος εἰς χεῖρας τοῦ βασιλέως

And the king of Israel gathered all the prophets, about four hundred men, and the king said to them, 'Shall I go to Ramoth-Gilead to war, or shall I forbear?' And they said, 'Go up, and the LORD will surely give it into the hand of the king.'

Narrative + direct speech (the four hundred prophets' verdict)καὶ συνήθροισεν
Ahab convenes the entire prophetic establishment — some four hundred men — and poses the oracular question 'shall I go up … or shall I forbear?' The unanimous answer ἀνάβαινε with the cognate-figura διδοὺς δώσει ('giving he will give' = 'surely give') mimics genuine prophetic certainty; the Hebraizing intensifier signals their over-confidence and sets up Micaiah's contradiction.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήθροισενgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συναθροίζωmain verb (assembling the prophets)→ constative aorist (single act of convening)συναθροίζω: 'gather together / assemble'; renders קָבַץ / אָסַף; the compound συν- stresses the mass-gathering of the whole prophetic guild.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with προφήτας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality πάντας τοὺς προφήτας underscores that the entire establishment spoke with one voice.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with προφήτας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήταςprophetsAccusativedirect object of συνήθροισεν→ object specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; here the court-prophets of the northern kingdom, contrasted with the single προφήτης τοῦ κυρίου Micaiah (v. 7).
ὡςaboutadverb of approximation (with the numeral)→ clausal contributionὡς: here 'about / approximately' with the number; renders כְּ before a round figure.
τετρακοσίουςfour hundredAccusativenumeral (with ἄνδρας)→ object specificationτετρακόσιοι: 'four hundred'; the round number of the court-prophets, a deliberate foil to the lone true prophet.
ἄνδραςmenAccusativeaccusative in apposition (counting the prophets)→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. pl. ἄνδρας): 'man'; renders אִישׁ; the enumerative 'four hundred men'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object (the prophets addressed)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the prophets addressed).
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject (resumptive)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject (resumptive).
εἰwhether / shallinterrogative particle (introducing the oracular question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: introduces a direct deliberative question, 'shall I …?'; the εἰ … ἤ ('whether … or') frames the binary oracular consultation.
πορευθῶshall I goAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · πορεύομαιdeliberative subjunctive (the oracular question)→ deliberative subjunctive (seeking a verdict)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; the deliberative subjunctive πορευθῶ ('should I go?') is the proper mood for consulting an oracle about an undecided course.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΡεμμαθRamothaccusative goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative goal (indeclinable place-name).
ΓαλααδGileadplace-name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name (indeclinable).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
πόλεμονwarAccusativeaccusative of purpose→ object specificationπόλεμον: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative of purpose.
ordisjunctive conjunction (second alternative of the question)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the disjunction of the oracular consultation.
ἐπίσχωshall I forbearAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἐπέχωdeliberative subjunctive (second alternative)→ deliberative subjunctiveἐπέχω: 'hold back / refrain / forbear'; renders חָדַל; the alternative to going up — to desist from the campaign.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the prophets' answer)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπαν, Hellenistic 3 pl.): introduces the unanimous reply of the four hundred.
ἀνάβαινεgo upPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the prophets' command/encouragement)→ durative present imperative (general exhortation: 'proceed!')ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the prophets' confident command to march; this same word will be ironically repeated by Micaiah at v. 15.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διδοὺςgivingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · δίδωμιadverbial participle (cognate intensifier with δώσει: Hebraism)→ intensifying participle (figura etymologica: 'surely give')δίδωμι (pres. ptc. διδούς): the participle + finite verb διδοὺς δώσει is the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew infinitive absolute נָתֹן יִתֵּן ('he will surely give'), expressing emphatic certainty — the very over-certainty that the narrative will overturn.
δώσειwill giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the promised outcome)→ predictive future (confident promise)δίδωμι (fut. δώσει): 'give'; the finite verb of the cognate construction; the prophets promise YHWH will deliver the city — a true-sounding oracle from false mouths.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of δώσει→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the prophets invoke YHWH's name for their promise — the irony is that YHWH will indeed determine the battle, but to Ahab's death (vv. 19–23).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the hand')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the hand').
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'into the hand/power of')→ object specificationχείρ (acc. pl. χεῖρας): εἰς χεῖρας renders בְּיַד / לְיַד ('into the hand of'), a Hebraism for delivering an enemy into one's power.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of possession (whose hand)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): the king (Ahab) into whose hand the prophets promise victory.
7

καὶ εἶπεν Ιωσαφατ πρὸς βασιλέα Ισραηλ οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε προφήτης τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἐπερωτήσομεν τὸν κύριον δι᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, 'Is there not here a prophet of the LORD, that we may inquire of the LORD through him?'

Direct speech (Jehoshaphat's discernment)καὶ εἶπεν Ιωσαφατ
Unconvinced by the chorus of four hundred, Jehoshaphat asks for a genuine προφήτης τοῦ κυρίου ('prophet of the LORD'). The negated existential οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε is a polite, leading question ('is there not …?') implying that the assembled prophets are not true mouthpieces of YHWH.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
οὐκnotnegation (in a leading question: 'is there not …?')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινis therePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (negated question)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be / exist'; οὐκ ἔστιν … here is a leading interrogative ('is there not …?') expecting a positive answer.
ὧδεhereadverb of place→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here'; renders פֹּה; 'here' = at hand, available for consultation now.
προφήτηςprophetNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the singular here, qualified by τοῦ κυρίου, marks the category of a genuine YHWH-prophet, distinct from the four hundred court-prophets.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with κυρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίουLORDGenitivegenitive of relationship ('prophet of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; προφήτης τοῦ κυρίου is the technical designation of a true prophet who speaks YHWH's word — the very thing the four hundred are not.
καὶthat / andconsecutive conjunction (purpose nuance: 'that we may')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπερωτήσομενwe may inquireFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ἐπερωτάωmain verb (purpose/result: 'so that we may consult')→ volitive future (purpose of finding a true prophet)ἐπερωτάω: 'inquire / consult (an oracle)'; the same verb as Jehoshaphat's request in v. 5; the future expresses purpose after the leading question.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of ἐπερωτήσομεν→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the true God to be consulted through a true prophet.
δι᾿throughpreposition + genitive (agency/instrument, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + genitive: 'through / by means of'; the prophet is the mediating channel of the oracle.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of διά (the prophet as mediator)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of διά (the prophet as mediator).
8

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πρὸς Ιωσαφατ ἔτι ἔστιν ἀνὴρ εἷς τοῦ ἐπερωτῆσαι τὸν κύριον δι᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐγὼ μεμίσηκα αὐτόν ὅτι οὐ λαλεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ καλά ἀλλ᾿ ἢ κακά Μιχαιας υἱὸς Ιεμλα καὶ εἶπεν Ιωσαφατ βασιλεὺς Ιουδα μὴ λεγέτω ὁ βασιλεὺς οὕτως

And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, 'There is yet one man to inquire of the LORD through him, but I hate him, because he does not speak good concerning me, but rather evil — Micaiah son of Imlah.' And Jehoshaphat king of Judah said, 'Let not the king say so.'

Direct speech (Ahab's admission and Jehoshaphat's rebuke)καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab concedes there is one more — ἀνὴρ εἷς — but discloses his hatred (μεμίσηκα, perfect: a settled hostility) because Micaiah prophesies only κακά, never καλά concerning him. The naming of Μιχαιας υἱὸς Ιεμλα is delayed to the clause-end for dramatic weight; Jehoshaphat's gentle reproof μὴ λεγέτω ('let the king not say so') defends the prophet before he even appears.
Word-by-word analysis· 43 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphataccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
ἔτιyet / stilladverb (temporal: 'there is yet')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; 'there is yet one man' — a grudging admission that one more prophet remains.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be / exist'; the existential 'there is yet one man'.
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubject of ἔστιν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אִישׁ; the singular ἀνὴρ εἷς ('one man') sharply contrasts with the τετρακοσίους ἄνδρας of v. 6.
εἷςoneNominativenumeral adjective (with ἀνήρ: 'one man')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; the emphatic 'one man' set against four hundred — the lone true prophet.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (genitive articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπερωτῆσαιto inquireAor Act Inf · ἐπερωτάωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ + inf.)→ aorist infinitive (the act of consultation)ἐπερωτάω: 'inquire / consult'; the articular infinitive τοῦ ἐπερωτῆσαι expresses purpose, 'by whom to consult the LORD'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of ἐπερωτῆσαι→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine object of the consultation.
δι᾿throughpreposition + genitive (agency, elided)→ spatial or relational framingδι᾿: meaning 'through'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (agency, elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of διά (the prophet as mediator)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of διά (the prophet as mediator).
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative nuance: 'but')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceἐγώ: the explicit pronoun emphasizes Ahab's personal animus — 'but I, I hate him'.
μεμίσηκαI hatePf Act Indic 1 Sg · μισέωmain verb (Ahab's settled hostility)→ perfect of settled state (a hatred fixed and ongoing)μισέω: 'hate'; the perfect μεμίσηκα expresses a state of hatred established and persisting — Ahab's enmity toward the truth-teller is fixed; renders שָׂנֵא.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of μεμίσηκα→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of μεμίσηκα.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (giving the reason for the hatred)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the ground of Ahab's hatred.
οὐnotnegation (with λαλεῖ)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (with λαλεῖ).
λαλεῖhe speaksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb of the causal clause→ customary present (habitual prophesying)λαλέω: 'speak'; the customary present describes Micaiah's habitual prophesying of ill toward Ahab.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference: 'concerning me')→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference: 'concerning me').
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. ἐμοῦ): the emphatic personal genitive; the prophecies are pointedly about Ahab himself.
καλάgood thingsAccusativedirect object of λαλεῖ (substantival neuter plural)→ object specificationκαλός (n. pl. καλά): 'good things / favorable words'; renders טוֹב; the favorable oracle Ahab craves but never receives from Micaiah.
ἀλλ᾿butstrong adversative (elided before vowel)→ clausal contributionἀλλά: 'but'; ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ('but rather') is an emphatic exceptive idiom common in the LXX historical books.
ratherparticle (with ἀλλά: 'but rather')→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: in the fixed combination ἀλλ᾿ ἤ = 'but rather / except', a Hebraizing exceptive.
κακάevil thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival neuter plural: 'evil')→ object specificationκακός (n. pl. κακά): 'evil / bad things'; renders רַע; the ominous oracle Micaiah consistently delivers — and which will prove true.
ΜιχαιαςMicaiahsubject in apposition (the named prophet; nominative form, indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΜιχαιας: transliteration of מִיכָיְהוּ ('who is like YHWH?'); Micaiah son of Imlah, the lone true prophet; the name is held to the clause-end for dramatic weight; in inflected forms (acc. Μιχαιαν, voc. Μιχαια) it is declined.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive to Μιχαιας ('son of Imlah')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֶּן; the patronymic identifies the prophet precisely.
ΙεμλαImlahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΙεμλα: indeclinable transliteration of יִמְלָה (Imlah); Micaiah's father; functions as an indeclinable genitive of relationship.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositive to Ιωσαφατ.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
μὴnotnegation (with the prohibitive imperative λεγέτω)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: the negative for non-indicative moods; with the third-person imperative it forms a polite prohibition.
λεγέτωlet him sayPres Act Impv 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (third-person prohibition)→ present imperative of prohibition (gentle reproof: 'let the king not speak so')λέγω (pres. impv. λεγέτω): the third-person imperative with μή expresses Jehoshaphat's respectful rebuke of Ahab's prejudice against the prophet.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of λεγέτω→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject of λεγέτω.
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner (object of the speaking: 'say so')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; refers back to Ahab's disparaging words about Micaiah.
9

καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ εὐνοῦχον ἕνα καὶ εἶπεν τάχος Μιχαιαν υἱὸν Ιεμλα

And the king of Israel called one eunuch and said, 'Quickly, Micaiah son of Imlah!'

Narrative + command (the summoning of Micaiah)καὶ ἐκάλεσεν
Ahab dispatches a single court-official with the clipped order τάχος ('quickly!'), an adverbial accusative used as an urgent imperative; the prophet's name and patronymic stand as the elliptical object ('[bring] Micaiah son of Imlah').
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (summoning the official)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; renders קָרָא; the king summons a messenger to fetch the prophet.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
εὐνοῦχονeunuchAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationεὐνοῦχος: 'eunuch / court-official / chamberlain'; renders סָרִיס; the king's personal attendant, dispatched as messenger; the same figure called ὁ ἄγγελος ('the messenger') at v. 13.
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral adjective (with εὐνοῦχον)→ measure or countεἷς (acc. ἕνα): 'one'; a single official is sent — the dispatch is swift and individual.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τάχοςquicklyAccusativeadverbial accusative (urgent command: 'quickly!')→ object specificationτάχος: 'speed / swiftness'; the accusative τάχος functions adverbially as an urgent imperative, 'quickly! / at once!'; conveys the king's impatience.
ΜιχαιανMicaiahAccusativeaccusative object (elliptical: '[bring] Micaiah')→ object specificationΜιχαιας (acc. Μιχαιαν): the declined accusative of the prophet's name; the object of the implied 'bring/summon'; the inflected form is treated as a declinable Greek name.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeappositive to Μιχαιαν ('son of Imlah')→ object specificationυἱός (acc. υἱόν): 'son'; the patronymic in apposition to the accusative name.
ΙεμλαImlahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΙεμλα: indeclinable transliteration of יִמְלָה; Micaiah's father.
10

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ Ιωσαφατ βασιλεὺς Ιουδα ἐκάθηντο ἀνὴρ ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ ἔνοπλοι ἐν ταῖς πύλαις Σαμαρείας καὶ πάντες οἱ προφῆται ἐπροφήτευον ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν

And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah were sitting, each man upon his throne, in arms, at the gates of Samaria; and all the prophets were prophesying before them.

Scene-setting (the royal tribunal at the city gate)καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
A tableau frames the prophetic contest: the two kings enthroned in their armor (ἔνοπλοι) at the gate of Samaria — the seat of public judgment — with the four hundred prophets in ecstatic performance before them. The distributive ἀνὴρ ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ ('each man on his own throne') is a Hebraism (אִישׁ עַל־כִּסְאוֹ); the imperfects ἐκάθηντο / ἐπροφήτευον paint the ongoing spectacle.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (first of two)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject (first of two).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two kings)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (second of two; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (second of two; indeclinable).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositive to Ιωσαφατ.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
ἐκάθηντοwere sittingImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · κάθημαιmain verb (the enthroned posture)→ descriptive imperfect (the ongoing scene)κάθημαι: 'sit / be seated'; the imperfect ἐκάθηντο depicts the two kings enthroned in state; renders יָשַׁב.
ἀνὴρeach manNominativedistributive subject (Hebraism: 'each man on his throne')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: here distributive 'each one', rendering the Hebrew אִישׁ in the idiom אִישׁ עַל־כִּסְאוֹ ('each on his throne'); the singular ἀνήρ distributes over the two kings.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position: 'upon the throne')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position: 'upon the throne').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; the earthly thrones of the two kings here anticipate the heavenly θρόνος of v. 19, where the LORD sits enthroned over the host of heaven.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (distributive: 'his own throne')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (distributive: 'his own throne').
ἔνοπλοιin arms / armedNominativepredicate adjective (describing the kings: 'in full armor')→ participant prominenceἔνοπλος: 'armed / in arms / in full armor'; the kings are robed for war even as they consult the oracle — the martial readiness frames the doomed campaign.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with πύλαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύλαιςgatesDativedative of place (where they sat)→ sphere or referenceπύλη: 'gate'; renders שַׁעַר; the city gate was the seat of public judgment and assembly — the appropriate venue for the royal oracle-consultation.
Σαμαρείαςof SamariaGenitivegenitive of relationship ('gates of Samaria')→ relational specificationΣαμάρεια (gen. Σαμαρείας): the capital of the northern kingdom; the declinable place-name here in the genitive; Samaria recurs at vv. 37–38 as the place of Ahab's burial and the washing of his bloodied chariot.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the prophets' scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (with προφῆται)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the four hundred prophets prophesying in unison.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with προφῆται)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆταιprophetsNominativesubject of ἐπροφήτευον→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the court-prophets in collective ecstatic performance.
ἐπροφήτευονwere prophesyingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · προφητεύωmain verb (the prophets' ongoing activity)→ descriptive imperfect (continuous ecstatic prophesying)προφητεύω: 'prophesy'; renders נִבָּא; the imperfect depicts the sustained prophetic performance before the kings.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the prophets perform 'before' the enthroned kings.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (the two kings)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (the two kings).
11

καὶ ἐποίησεν ἑαυτῷ Σεδεκιας υἱὸς Χανανα κέρατα σιδηρᾶ καὶ εἶπεν τάδε λέγει κύριος ἐν τούτοις κερατιεῖς τὴν Συρίαν ἕως συντελεσθῇ

And Zedekiah son of Chanana made for himself iron horns and said, 'Thus says the LORD: With these you shall gore Syria until it is finished off.'

Direct speech with prophetic sign-act (Zedekiah's iron horns)καὶ ἐποίησεν ἑαυτῷ
Zedekiah son of Chanana enacts a prophetic sign-act — iron horns — and clothes his promise in the authoritative messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος ('thus says the LORD'), the very form of a true oracle, here put to the service of a false one. The verb κερατιεῖς ('you will gore') exploits the horn-imagery; the audacity of borrowing YHWH's name (κύριος) is the dramatic counterpoint to the throne-vision that follows.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the sign-act)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / do'; renders עָשָׂה; here the fashioning of the symbolic horns.
ἑαυτῷfor himselfDativedative reflexive (advantage: 'for himself')→ sphere or referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; the dative of advantage marks Zedekiah's personal staging of the sign.
ΣεδεκιαςZedekiahsubject (nominative form; indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΣεδεκιας: transliteration of צִדְקִיָּהוּ ('YHWH is righteousness'); the chief of the court-prophets; in the genitive form Σεδεκιου (v. 24) it is declined.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive to Σεδεκιας ('son of Chanana')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic identifier.
ΧαναναChananagenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΧανανα: indeclinable transliteration of כְּנַעֲנָה (Chenaanah); Zedekiah's father.
κέραταhornsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationκέρας (pl. κέρατα): 'horn'; renders קֶרֶן; horns are a stock OT symbol of power and victory (cf. Deut 33:17); the iron horns dramatize an irresistible goring of Syria.
σιδηρᾶironAccusativeattributive adjective (material: 'iron')→ object specificationσιδηροῦς: 'made of iron'; renders בַּרְזֶל; the iron material connotes unbreakable, crushing strength.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λέγει: content of the oracle)→ participant referenceὅδε (n. pl. τάδε): the formula τάδε λέγει κύριος renders כֹּה אָמַר יהוה, the standard prophetic messenger-formula — here usurped for a false oracle.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula (historic/gnomic present)→ present of authoritative citation (the divine word presented as now-spoken)λέγω (pres. λέγει): the citation-present of the messenger-formula; the same form Micaiah's true word will implicitly contest.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of λέγει (the invoked divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; Zedekiah claims to speak YHWH's word — the divine name is invoked, though the oracle is false; the irony is that the LORD has indeed spoken, but evil against Ahab (v. 23).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental: 'with these')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'with these').
τούτοιςtheseDativedemonstrative (instrumental dative: 'with these horns')→ sphere or referenceοὗτος (dat. pl. τούτοις): refers to the iron horns; the instrument of the symbolic goring.
κερατιεῖςyou shall goreFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κερατίζωmain verb (the promised conquest)→ predictive future (confident promise of victory)κερατίζω: 'gore / push with the horns'; a verb formed from κέρας; renders נָגַח; the horn-imagery is sustained — Ahab will 'gore' Syria as a bull gores.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Συρίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣυρίανSyriaAccusativedirect object of κερατιεῖς→ object specificationΣυρία (acc. Συρίαν): the declinable place-name; Aram, the enemy to be 'gored' — but in fact the place of Ahab's death.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (with the subjunctive: 'until')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως: 'until'; introduces the terminus of the promised conquest.
συντελεσθῇit is finished offAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · συντελέωverb of the temporal clause (ἕως + subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (future contingency: 'until it is destroyed')συντελέω: 'complete / finish / make an end of'; the passive here = 'be consumed / destroyed'; renders כָּלָה; promises the total annihilation of Syria — a victory that never comes.
12

καὶ πάντες οἱ προφῆται ἐπροφήτευον οὕτως λέγοντες ἀνάβαινε εἰς Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ καὶ εὐοδώσει καὶ δώσει κύριος εἰς χεῖράς σου καὶ τὸν βασιλέα Συρίας

And all the prophets were prophesying so, saying, 'Go up to Ramoth-Gilead, and you shall prosper, and the LORD will give into your hand also the king of Syria.'

Choral confirmation (the prophets echo Zedekiah)καὶ πάντες οἱ προφῆται
The whole prophetic body endorses Zedekiah's sign with the same command ἀνάβαινε ('go up') and the promise of prosperity (εὐοδώσει) — adding that YHWH will hand over even the king of Syria himself. The escalation (καὶ τὸν βασιλέα Συρίας, 'even the king of Syria') maximizes the false oracle's confidence just before Micaiah arrives.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (with προφῆται)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the unanimous endorsement of Zedekiah's oracle.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with προφῆται)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆταιprophetsNominativesubject of ἐπροφήτευον→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the four hundred again, in chorus.
ἐπροφήτευονwere prophesyingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · προφητεύωmain verb (continued prophetic activity)→ descriptive imperfectπροφητεύω: 'prophesy'; the imperfect resumes the sustained choral prophesying of v. 10.
οὕτωςso / likewiseadverb of manner (echoing Zedekiah)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; they prophesy 'in the same vein' as Zedekiah.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speaking (introducing the quotation)→ circumstantial participle (manner of the prophesying)λέγω (pres. ptc. λέγοντες): the redundant participle-of-saying introducing direct speech, a Hebraism rendering לֵאמֹר.
ἀνάβαινεgo upPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the prophets' command)→ present imperative (exhortation to march)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the recurring campaign-imperative; the same word Micaiah will throw back ironically at v. 15.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΡεμμαθRamothaccusative goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative goal (indeclinable place-name).
ΓαλααδGileadplace-name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐοδώσειyou shall prosperFut Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐοδόωmain verb (the promised success)→ predictive future (promise of prosperity)εὐοδόω: 'prosper / have a good way / succeed'; renders צָלַח / הִצְלִיחַ; impersonal or with the venture as subject — 'it will go well'; the keyword of the false oracle's optimism.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειwill giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the promised delivery of the enemy)→ predictive futureδίδωμι (fut. δώσει): 'give'; echoes the διδοὺς δώσει of v. 6; the prophets again promise YHWH will hand over the enemy.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of δώσει→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; once more YHWH's name is invoked for the false promise.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the hand')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the hand').
χεῖράςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'into your hand')→ object specificationχείρ (acc. pl. χεῖράς): εἰς χεῖράς σου = 'into your hand', the Hebraism for delivering an enemy into one's power.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (whose hand)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (whose hand).
καὶalso / evenadverbial (ascensive: 'even the king of Syria')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here ascensive 'even / also', heightening the promise — not just the city but the enemy king himself.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativesecond direct object of δώσει (delayed: 'even the king')→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): the king of Syria, here promised as the climactic prize of the victory.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of Syria')→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): the declinable place-name in the genitive of relationship.
13

καὶ ὁ ἄγγελος ὁ πορευθεὶς καλέσαι τὸν Μιχαιαν ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ λέγων ἰδοὺ δὴ λαλοῦσιν πάντες οἱ προφῆται ἐν στόματι ἑνὶ καλὰ περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως γίνου δὴ καὶ σὺ εἰς λόγους σου κατὰ τοὺς λόγους ἑνὸς τούτων καὶ λάλησον καλά

And the messenger who went to call Micaiah spoke to him, saying, 'Behold now, all the prophets speak good with one mouth concerning the king; let your words be, please, like the words of one of these, and speak good.'

Direct speech (the messenger's coaching of Micaiah)καὶ ὁ ἄγγελος ὁ πορευθεὶς
The messenger urges conformity: all prophesy ἐν στόματι ἑνί ('with one mouth') favorably, so Micaiah should align his word with theirs. The idiom γίνου … εἰς λόγους σου ('let your words become') and the comparative κατὰ τοὺς λόγους ἑνὸς τούτων press him toward the safe consensus — setting up his oath of independence in v. 14.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with ἄγγελος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄγγελοςmessengerNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἄγγελος: 'messenger / envoy'; renders מַלְאָךְ; here the human court-messenger (the εὐνοῦχος of v. 9), not a heavenly being.
theNominativearticle (attributive, with the participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορευθεὶςwho wentAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πορεύομαιattributive participle (modifying ἄγγελος)→ antecedent aorist participle (the going preceded the speaking)πορεύομαι (aor. ptc. πορευθείς): 'go / proceed'; the articular participle 'the one who went' describes the messenger's errand to fetch the prophet.
καλέσαιto callAor Act Inf · καλέωinfinitive of purpose (the errand)→ aorist infinitive (the act of summoning)καλέω: 'call / summon'; the infinitive of purpose, 'to call Micaiah'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Μιχαιαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜιχαιανMicaiahAccusativedirect object of καλέσαι→ object specificationΜιχαιας (acc. Μιχαιαν): the declined accusative; the object of the summoning.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the messenger's speech)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; the main verb of the messenger's address.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Micaiah)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Micaiah).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speaking (introducing quotation)→ circumstantial participle (Hebraism: 'saying')λέγω (pres. ptc. λέγων): the redundant participle-of-saying rendering לֵאמֹר.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (attention-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; draws Micaiah's attention to the prophetic consensus.
δὴnow / prayentreating particle (urgency)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic/entreating particle; with ἰδού it heightens the appeal.
λαλοῦσινspeakPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λαλέωmain verb of the quotation (the prophets' unanimity)→ customary present (their habitual unified message)λαλέω: 'speak'; describes the unified favorable prophesying of the four hundred.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (with προφῆται)→ participant prominenceπάντες: meaning 'all'; it serves as attributive adjective (with προφῆται).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with προφῆται)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆταιprophetsNominativesubject of λαλοῦσιν→ participant prominenceπροφῆται: meaning 'prophets'; it serves as subject of λαλοῦσιν.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrumental/manner: 'with one mouth')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental/manner: 'with one mouth').
στόματιmouthDativedative of manner (with ἑνί: 'with one mouth')→ sphere or referenceστόμα: 'mouth'; renders פֶּה; ἐν στόματι ἑνί ('with one mouth') is a Hebraism for unanimous speech (פֶּה אֶחָד).
ἑνὶoneDativenumeral adjective (with στόματι)→ sphere or referenceεἷς (dat. ἑνί): 'one'; the 'one mouth' of unanimous prophetic consent.
καλὰgood thingsAccusativedirect object of λαλοῦσιν (substantival neuter plural)→ object specificationκαλός (n. pl. καλά): 'good / favorable things'; the content of the consensus-oracle.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of περί (concerning the king)→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'king'; it serves as genitive object of περί (concerning the king).
γίνουbe / becomePres Mid Impv 2 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (the messenger's exhortation)→ present imperative (ongoing alignment urged)γίνομαι (pres. impv. γίνου): 'become / be'; γίνου … εἰς λόγους σου is a Hebraizing idiom, 'let your word become' = 'speak in such a way that'.
δὴpleaseentreating particle (softening the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: 'pray / please'; reinforces the entreaty.
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive: 'you too')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'also'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic 'you too' — Micaiah is pressed to join the chorus.
εἰςin / aspreposition + accusative (idiomatic with γίνου: 'in respect of your words')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiomatic with γίνου: 'in respect of your words').
λόγουςwordsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (the manner of speaking)→ object specificationλόγος (acc. pl. λόγους): 'word / saying'; γίνου εἰς λόγους σου = 'be (such) in your words'.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard of comparison)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / like'; sets the prophets' words as the standard Micaiah should match.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with λόγους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the standard)→ object specificationλόγους: meaning 'words'; it serves as accusative object of κατά (the standard).
ἑνὸςof oneGenitivepartitive genitive (with τούτων: 'one of these')→ relational specificationεἷς (gen. ἑνός): 'one'; 'the words of one of these (prophets)' — Micaiah should simply echo any of them.
τούτωνof theseGenitivepartitive genitive (the prophetic body)→ relational specificationοὗτος (gen. pl. τούτων): 'these'; the assembled prophets.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάλησονspeakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the final exhortation)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive: 'speak good!')λαλέω (aor. impv. λάλησον): 'speak'; the climactic command — 'speak favorably' — that Micaiah will refuse to obey except as he hears it from the LORD.
καλάgood thingsAccusativedirect object of λάλησον→ object specificationκαλός (n. pl. καλά): 'good / favorable things'; the favorable oracle the king wants — which Micaiah will mockingly give before telling the truth.
14

καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας ζῇ κύριος ὅτι ἃ ἂν εἴπῃ κύριος πρός με ταῦτα λαλήσω

And Micaiah said, 'As the LORD lives, whatever the LORD says to me, that I will speak.'

Direct speech (the prophet's oath of fidelity)καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας
Micaiah answers the coaching with the solemn oath-formula ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives'), pledging to speak only what YHWH says. The relative ἃ ἂν εἴπῃ ('whatever he may say') with the resumptive ταῦτα is emphatic: his message is wholly determined by the divine word, not by political safety.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΜιχαιαςMicaiahsubject (nominative form; indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΜιχαιας: the prophet now appears as speaker; the nominative form treated as indeclinable.
ζῇlivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb of the oath-formula ('as the LORD lives')→ gnomic/affirmatory present (oath-formula)ζάω: 'live'; ζῇ κύριος ('as the LORD lives') renders the Hebrew oath-formula חַי־יְהוָה, the strongest assertion of truthfulness — the prophet stakes his word on the living God.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ζῇ (the divine guarantor of the oath)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the living LORD by whom Micaiah swears — pointedly the same name the false prophets invoked.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing the content of the oath)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: introduces the substance of the sworn declaration.
whatever thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (object of εἴπῃ; antecedent resumed by ταῦτα)→ participant referenceὅς (n. pl. ἅ): the relative 'whatever things'; with ἄν + subjunctive it is generalizing.
ἂνevermodal particle (with the subjunctive: generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle generalizing the relative clause, 'whatever he may say'.
εἴπῃmay sayAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the relative clause (generalizing subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (indefinite future condition)λέγω (aor. subj. εἴπῃ): 'say'; in the generalizing relative clause, 'whatever the LORD may say'.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἴπῃ→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the LORD whose word alone Micaiah will relay.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the prophet as recipient)→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the prophet as recipient).
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeresumptive demonstrative (object of λαλήσω)→ object specificationοὗτος (n. pl. ταῦτα): the demonstrative resuming the relative ἅ — 'these (very) things I will speak'.
λαλήσωI will speakFut Act Indic 1 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the prophet's resolve)→ predictive/volitive future (firm commitment)λαλέω (fut. λαλήσω): 'speak'; Micaiah's pledge to relay exactly the divine word, contrasting with the messenger's 'speak good' (v. 13).
15

καὶ ἦλθεν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεύς Μιχαια εἰ ἀναβῶ εἰς Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ εἰς πόλεμον ἢ ἐπίσχω καὶ εἶπεν ἀνάβαινε καὶ εὐοδώσει καὶ δώσει κύριος εἰς χεῖρα τοῦ βασιλέως

And he came to the king, and the king said to him, 'Micaiah, shall I go up to Ramoth-Gilead to war, or shall I forbear?' And he said, 'Go up, and you shall prosper, and the LORD will give it into the hand of the king.'

Direct speech (Micaiah's ironic first answer)καὶ ἦλθεν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα
Micaiah's first reply word-for-word echoes the four hundred (ἀνάβαινε καὶ εὐοδώσει … δώσει κύριος) — but with patent irony, mimicking the flattering oracle so transparently that the king himself senses the mockery (v. 16). The vocative Μιχαια addresses him directly; the oracular question repeats Ahab's exact words from v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the prophet's arrival)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθεν): 'come / go'; Micaiah arrives before the king.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as accusative object of πρός.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Micaiah)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Micaiah).
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ΜιχαιαMicaiahVocativevocative (direct address)→ direct addressΜιχαιας (voc. Μιχαια): the declined vocative; the king addresses the prophet by name.
εἰwhether / shallinterrogative particle (the oracular question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: introduces the deliberative question, 'shall I …?'; the εἰ … ἤ frames the binary consultation, repeating v. 6 verbatim.
ἀναβῶshall I go upAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἀναβαίνωdeliberative subjunctive (the oracular question)→ deliberative subjunctiveἀναβαίνω (aor. subj. ἀναβῶ): 'go up'; the deliberative subjunctive for the consultation, 'should I go up?'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΡεμμαθRamothaccusative goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative goal (indeclinable place-name).
ΓαλααδGileadplace-name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name (indeclinable).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
πόλεμονwarAccusativeaccusative of purpose→ object specificationπόλεμον: meaning 'war'; it serves as accusative of purpose.
ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the second alternative of the consultation.
ἐπίσχωshall I forbearAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἐπέχωdeliberative subjunctive (second alternative)→ deliberative subjunctiveἐπέχω: 'hold back / forbear'; the alternative of desisting, as in v. 6.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Micaiah's ironic reply)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἀνάβαινεgo upPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (Micaiah's ironic echo of the prophets)→ present imperative (mocking imitation of the false oracle)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; Micaiah verbatim echoes the prophets' ἀνάβαινε (vv. 6, 12), but ironically — the very repetition exposes the flattery.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὐοδώσειyou shall prosperFut Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐοδόωmain verb (ironic promise)→ predictive future (mockingly echoing v. 12)εὐοδόω: 'prosper / succeed'; the ironic echo of v. 12's promise of prosperity.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δώσειwill giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (ironic promise of delivery)→ predictive future (ironic)δίδωμι (fut. δώσει): 'give'; the ironic echo of the prophets' promise that YHWH will hand over the enemy.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of δώσει→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; Micaiah ironically invokes the same name the false prophets used.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the hand')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (idiomatic: 'into the hand').
χεῖραhandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'into the hand of')→ object specificationχείρ (acc. χεῖρα): the singular here; εἰς χεῖρα τοῦ βασιλέως = 'into the hand of the king', the Hebraism for delivering an enemy into one's power.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of possession (whose hand)→ relational specificationβασιλέως: meaning 'of the king'; it serves as genitive of possession (whose hand).
16

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεύς ποσάκις ἐγὼ ὁρκίζω σε ὅπως λαλήσῃς πρός με ἀλήθειαν ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου

And the king said to him, 'How many times must I adjure you to speak to me the truth in the name of the LORD?'

Direct speech (the king's adjuration for truth)καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεύς
Sensing the irony, Ahab abandons the play and adjures Micaiah under oath (ὁρκίζω) to speak ἀλήθειαν ('truth') ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου ('in the name of the LORD'). The exasperated ποσάκις ('how many times!') reveals that this confrontation is habitual — and ironically forces from Micaiah the very oracle Ahab dreads.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Micaiah)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Micaiah).
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ποσάκιςhow many timesinterrogative adverb (exasperated rhetorical question)→ clausal contributionποσάκις: 'how many times / how often'; the exasperated interrogative betrays the long-standing antagonism between king and prophet.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceἐγώ: the explicit pronoun underscores the king's personal frustration.
ὁρκίζωI adjurePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁρκίζωmain verb (placing under oath)→ performative present (the act of adjuring as it is spoken)ὁρκίζω: 'put under oath / adjure / charge solemnly'; renders הִשְׁבִּיעַ; the king binds the prophet by oath to truthfulness — ironically compelling the unwelcome word.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ὁρκίζω→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ὁρκίζω.
ὅπωςthatconjunction (purpose/content of the adjuration)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅπως: 'that / in order that'; introduces the content of the oath-charge with the subjunctive.
λαλήσῃςyou may speakAor Act Subj 2 Sg · λαλέωverb of the ὅπως-clause (purpose/content)→ aorist subjunctive (the demanded act of truthful speech)λαλέω (aor. subj. λαλήσῃς): 'speak'; the object of the adjuration — that Micaiah speak truth.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
ἀλήθειανtruthAccusativedirect object of λαλήσῃς→ object specificationἀλήθεια: 'truth'; renders אֱמֶת; the very thing the king demands and yet hates to hear — the crux of the chapter's true/false-prophecy theme.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/authority: 'in the name')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere/authority: 'in the name').
ὀνόματιnameDativedative of sphere (with ἐν: 'in the name of')→ sphere or referenceὄνομα: 'name'; ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου ('in the name of the LORD') renders בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה, the mark of authentic prophetic speech.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession ('the name of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine name in which true prophecy must be spoken.
17

καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας οὐχ οὕτως ἑώρακα πάντα τὸν Ισραηλ διεσπαρμένον ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ὡς ποίμνιον ᾧ οὐκ ἔστιν ποιμήν καὶ εἶπεν κύριος οὐ κύριος τούτοις ἀναστρεφέτω ἕκαστος εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἐν εἰρήνῃ

And Micaiah said, 'Not so. I have seen all Israel scattered on the mountains like a flock that has no shepherd. And the LORD said, "These have no master; let each return to his house in peace."'

Direct speech (Micaiah's true oracle of the scattered flock)καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας
Dropping the irony with οὐχ οὕτως ('not so'), Micaiah delivers his true vision: Israel scattered shepherdless on the mountains — an image of a leaderless, defeated army, implying the death of the king-shepherd. The divine word οὐ κύριος τούτοις ('these have no master/lord') and ἀναστρεφέτω ἕκαστος … ἐν εἰρήνῃ ('let each return home in peace') pronounces the army's dispersal.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΜιχαιαςMicaiahsubject (nominative form; indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΜιχαιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (nominative form; indeclinable here).
οὐχnotnegation (with οὕτως: 'not so')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: the negative before a rough breathing; οὐχ οὕτως ('not so / it is not thus') abruptly retracts the ironic answer of v. 15.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (negated)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; here negated to signal the turn to the true oracle.
ἑώρακαI have seenPf Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the prophetic vision)→ perfect of vivid result (the vision stands before the prophet's eyes)ὁράω (pf. ἑώρακα): 'see'; the perfect conveys an abiding vision — Micaiah still 'sees' the scattered flock; renders רָאָה; the verb of prophetic sight introduces the vision-report.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with Ισραηλ)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all Israel' = the whole army/people, here pictured in total dispersal.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἑώρακα (indeclinable, here with the article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable name; here the people/army seen scattered; the article τὸν marks it as the object.
διεσπαρμένονscatteredPf Pass Ptc Acc Sg Masc · διασπείρωpredicative participle (object-complement: 'Israel scattered')→ perfect participle of resultant state (scattered and remaining so)διασπείρω (pf. pass. ptc. διεσπαρμένον): 'scatter / disperse'; renders נָפַץ / פּוּץ; the perfect participle pictures Israel in a settled state of dispersion — the leaderless rout of a defeated army.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὄρεσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρεσινmountainsDativedative of place (where the flock is scattered)→ sphere or referenceὄρος (dat. pl. ὄρεσιν): 'mountain'; renders הָר; the mountains are where a shepherdless flock strays and is lost.
ὡςlikecomparative particle (introducing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the flock-simile.
ποίμνιονflockNominativepredicate of the simile ('like a flock')→ participant prominenceποίμνιον: 'flock'; renders צֹאן; the leaderless-flock image is a standard OT figure for a people without a king (cf. Num 27:17; Ezek 34); here it portends Ahab's death.
which / to whichDativerelative pronoun (dative of possession: 'that has no shepherd')→ participant reference or interestὅς (dat. ᾧ): the relative in a dative-of-possession construction, 'to which there is no shepherd' = 'that has no shepherd'.
οὐκnot / nonegation (with ἔστιν)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (negated: 'there is no')→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be / exist'; the existential negation 'has no shepherd'.
ποιμήνshepherdNominativesubject of ἔστιν (existential)→ participant prominenceποιμήν: 'shepherd'; renders רֹעֶה; the missing shepherd is the slain king — the image quietly announces Ahab's coming death.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the divine word)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the LORD's speech within the vision)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces the divine utterance heard in the vision.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν (the divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; here genuinely divine — the LORD speaks the verdict over the leaderless people.
οὐno / notnegation (predicating absence of a master)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'no'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (predicating absence of a master).
κύριοςmaster / lordNominativepredicate nominative (elliptical: 'these have no master')→ participant prominenceκύριος: here in its ordinary sense 'master / lord', not the divine name; οὐ κύριος τούτοις = 'these have no master/lord' — the people are leaderless because their king will fall; the wordplay sets the human κύριος (the king) against the divine κύριος who has just spoken.
τούτοιςto theseDativedative of possession (with the elided 'is': 'to these [there is no master]')→ sphere or referenceοὗτος (dat. pl. τούτοις): 'these'; the scattered people who now lack a lord/king.
ἀναστρεφέτωlet him returnPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀναστρέφωmain verb (the divine command of dispersal)→ present imperative (third-person command: 'let each return')ἀναστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; the command to disband the army, each going home — the standard formula after a defeat or a leaderless rout (cf. v. 36).
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativedistributive subject of ἀναστρεφέτω→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; the distributive subject — each soldier to his own house.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with οἶκον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative goal (with εἰς: 'to his house')→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / home'; renders בַּיִת; each is to return home, the army disbanded.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (distributive: 'his own house')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (distributive: 'his own house').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner: 'in peace')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: 'in peace').
εἰρήνῃpeaceDativedative of manner (with ἐν: 'in peace')→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη: 'peace'; renders שָׁלוֹם; ironic here — the people return 'in peace' precisely because their king does not (cf. the same word at vv. 27–28).
18

καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πρὸς Ιωσαφατ βασιλέα Ιουδα οὐκ εἶπα πρὸς σέ οὐ προφητεύει οὗτός μοι καλά διότι ἀλλ᾿ ἢ κακά

And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat king of Judah, 'Did I not say to you, He does not prophesy good concerning me, but rather evil?'

Direct speech (Ahab's vindicated complaint)καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab turns to Jehoshaphat with an 'I told you so' (οὐκ εἶπα … 'did I not say?'), repeating verbatim his earlier grievance from v. 8 (οὐ προφητεύει … καλά … ἀλλ᾿ ἢ κακά). The repetition confirms his fixed refusal to heed the true word even when he hears it.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphataccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositive to Ιωσαφατ.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
οὐκnotnegation (in a leading question: 'did I not …?')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
εἶπαdid I sayAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (rhetorical question: 'did I not say?')→ constative aorist (recalling his earlier statement)λέγω (aor. εἶπα, Hellenistic 1 sg.): 'say'; οὐκ εἶπα ('did I not say?') points back to v. 8 — Ahab claims vindication.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Jehoshaphat)→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (Jehoshaphat).
οὐnotnegation (with προφητεύει)→ participant referenceοὐ: meaning 'not'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as negation (with προφητεύει).
προφητεύειhe prophesiesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · προφητεύωmain verb of the quoted complaint→ customary present (habitual prophesying of ill)προφητεύω: 'prophesy'; the customary present, 'he never prophesies good concerning me'.
οὗτόςthis oneNominativesubject of προφητεύει (demonstrative: 'this fellow')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; the slightly contemptuous demonstrative for Micaiah.
μοιto me / concerning meDativedative of reference/disadvantage→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): the dative of reference, 'concerning/for me'.
καλάgood thingsAccusativedirect object of προφητεύει (substantival neuter plural)→ object specificationκαλός (n. pl. καλά): 'good / favorable things'; the favorable oracle Ahab never gets from Micaiah.
διότιbecause / indeedparticle (here emphatic/explanatory within the complaint)→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: ordinarily 'because / for'; here functioning loosely as an explanatory connector reinforcing the contrast 'but rather evil'.
ἀλλ᾿butstrong adversative (elided)→ clausal contributionἀλλά: 'but'; ἀλλ᾿ ἤ = 'but rather / except', the exceptive idiom (as in v. 8).
ratherparticle (with ἀλλά: 'but rather')→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: in ἀλλ᾿ ἤ, 'but rather'.
κακάevil thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival: 'evil')→ object specificationκακός (n. pl. κακά): 'evil / bad things'; the ominous oracle — now confirmed before Jehoshaphat.
19

καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας οὐχ οὕτως οὐκ ἐγώ ἄκουε ῥῆμα κυρίου οὐχ οὕτως εἶδον τὸν κύριον θεὸν Ισραηλ καθήμενον ἐπὶ θρόνου αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶσα ἡ στρατιὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἱστήκει περὶ αὐτὸν ἐκ δεξιῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξ εὐωνύμων αὐτοῦ

And Micaiah said, 'Not so, not I. Hear the word of the LORD! Not so: I saw the LORD, the God of Israel, sitting upon his throne, and all the host of heaven standing about him, on his right and on his left.'

Direct speech (the throne-vision unveiled)καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας
Micaiah escalates from oracle to apocalypse: the summons ἄκουε ῥῆμα κυρίου ('hear the word of the LORD') introduces the heavenly-council vision. He saw τὸν κύριον θεὸν Ισραηλ enthroned with πᾶσα ἡ στρατιὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('all the host of heaven') arrayed on his right and left — the divine court that decrees Ahab's fate. The pluperfect εἱστήκει ('was standing') frames the standing attendants around the throne.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΜιχαιαςMicaiahsubject (nominative form; indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΜιχαιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (nominative form; indeclinable here).
οὐχnotnegation (with οὕτως: 'not so')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: the negative before rough breathing; οὐχ οὕτως again rejects the false oracle and introduces the vision.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (negated)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: meaning 'so'; it shapes time, manner, location, or discourse flow in the clause.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἐγώ: emphatic disclaimer)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: 'not'; οὐκ ἐγώ ('not I') disclaims any part in the false consensus — 'it is not I [who say that]'.
ἐγώINominativeemphatic pronoun (elliptical disclaimer)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I'; Micaiah sets himself apart from the four hundred.
ἄκουεhearPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (the prophetic call to attention)→ present imperative (sustained attention: 'keep listening')ἀκούω: 'hear / listen'; ἄκουε ῥῆμα κυρίου ('hear the word of the LORD') is the classic prophetic summons (cf. Amos 7:16; Isa 1:10), introducing the authentic divine word.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativedirect object of ἄκουε→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / utterance / thing spoken'; renders דָּבָר; the true 'word of the LORD' over against the prophets' fabrications.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source ('word of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine source of the authentic word.
οὐχnotnegation (resumptive 'not so' before the vision)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐχ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (negated, resumptive)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; the repeated οὐχ οὕτως drives home the rejection of the false oracle just before the vision-report.
εἶδονI sawAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the vision-report)→ constative aorist (the visionary seeing)ὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see'; the aorist of the prophetic vision, 'I saw'; renders רָאָה; introduces the heavenly-council scene.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of εἶδον→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the LORD himself enthroned — the climactic divine vision of the chapter.
θεὸνGodAccusativeappositive to κύριον ('the LORD, the God of Israel')→ object specificationθεός (acc. θεόν): 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the LORD identified as Israel's covenant God, the rightful sovereign over against the apostate king.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Israel').
καθήμενονsittingPres Mid Ptc Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιpredicative participle (object-complement: 'the LORD … sitting')→ present participle of ongoing state (enthroned)κάθημαι (pres. ptc. καθήμενον): 'sit / be enthroned'; renders יֹשֵׁב; the LORD is seen seated in royal majesty — the true throne behind the kings' earthly thrones of v. 10.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (the heavenly throne)→ relational specificationθρόνος (gen. θρόνου): 'throne'; the divine throne; the deliberate echo of the kings' θρόνος (v. 10) contrasts earthly and heavenly sovereignty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's throne)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the LORD's throne).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the heavenly host)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective (with στρατιά)→ participant prominenceπᾶς (fem. πᾶσα): 'all / whole'; the entire heavenly host attends the throne.
theNominativearticle (with στρατιά)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατιὰhost / armyNominativesubject of εἱστήκει→ participant prominenceστρατιά: 'host / army'; ἡ στρατιὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('the host of heaven') renders צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם; here the heavenly council of attendant spirits/beings around the throne (not the astral bodies of idolatry), the divine assembly from which the lying spirit will be commissioned.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οὐρανοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive of relationship ('host of heaven')→ relational specificationοὐρανός (gen. οὐρανοῦ): 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; the heavenly realm of the divine court.
εἱστήκειwas standingPlupf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the host's attendant posture)→ pluperfect with imperfect force (the host stood in attendance)ἵστημι (plupf. εἱστήκει): the pluperfect of ἵστημι functions as an imperfect, 'was standing'; the host stands as courtiers/servants about the enthroned LORD — the standing posture of attendance before a king.
περὶaroundpreposition + accusative (position: 'around him')→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'around'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position: 'around him').
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of περί (the LORD)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of περί (the LORD).
ἐκon / frompreposition + genitive (position: 'on his right')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position: 'on his right').
δεξιῶνrightGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (idiomatic: 'on the right')→ relational specificationδεξιός (gen. pl. δεξιῶν): 'right (hand/side)'; ἐκ δεξιῶν = 'on the right', the position of honor among the standing host.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξon / frompreposition + genitive (position: 'on his left', before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position: 'on his left', before vowel).
εὐωνύμωνleftGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (idiomatic: 'on the left')→ relational specificationεὐώνυμος (gen. pl. εὐωνύμων): lit. 'of good name', a euphemism for 'left'; ἐξ εὐωνύμων = 'on the left'; the host flanks the throne on both sides.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
20

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος τίς ἀπατήσει τὸν Αχααβ βασιλέα Ισραηλ καὶ ἀναβήσεται καὶ πεσεῖται ἐν Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ καὶ εἶπεν οὗτος οὕτως καὶ οὗτος οὕτως

And the LORD said, 'Who will deceive Ahab king of Israel, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth-Gilead?' And one said this way, and another that way.

Direct speech (the LORD's question to the council)καὶ εἶπεν κύριος
Within the vision the LORD poses the deliberative question to the assembled host: τίς ἀπατήσει τὸν Αχααβ ('who will deceive Ahab?') — the divine decree of judgment now seeks its instrument. The result-clause ἀναβήσεται καὶ πεσεῖται ('go up and fall') names the intended end. The varied responses (οὗτος οὕτως καὶ οὗτος οὕτως, 'one this way, another that') depict the council's deliberation; here Αχααβ is first named explicitly.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the LORD's speech)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν (the enthroned LORD)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the LORD presiding over the heavenly council, initiating the decree against Ahab.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of ἀπατήσει)→ participant referenceτίς: 'who?'; the deliberative question to the council, seeking a volunteer instrument of deception.
ἀπατήσειwill deceiveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπατάωmain verb of the question→ predictive/deliberative future ('who is to deceive?')ἀπατάω: 'deceive / beguile'; renders פָּתָה; the verb of the lying-spirit episode (recurs vv. 21–22); the LORD himself frames the deception as the means of judicial blinding.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Αχααβ, marking it as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑχααβAhabdirect object of ἀπατήσει (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable transliteration of אַחְאָב (Ahab); the king of Israel, here first named explicitly in the chapter — the object of the divine deception-decree; the article τόν marks the accusative.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeappositive to Αχααβ→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositive to Αχααβ.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶthat / andconsecutive conjunction (result/purpose: 'that he may')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβήσεταιhe may go upFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (intended result of the deception)→ future of intended resultἀναβαίνω (fut. mid. ἀναβήσεται): 'go up'; the deception's purpose — that Ahab will march up to the campaign and so to his death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεσεῖταιfallFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (the fatal outcome)→ predictive future (the decreed death)πίπτω (fut. mid. πεσεῖται): 'fall'; renders נָפַל; here 'fall (in battle) / die' — the explicit goal of the deception-decree.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΡεμμαθRamothplace-name (indeclinable, locative)→ participant identificationΡεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name (indeclinable, locative).
ΓαλααδGileadplace-name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the council's responses)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (distributive: the council members' replies)→ constative aorist (the deliberation)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): here used distributively with the οὗτος … οὗτος construction, depicting various members of the council speaking.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativesubject (distributive: 'one [said]')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; in the οὗτος … καὶ οὗτος pattern = 'one … and another', depicting the differing counsel of the host.
οὕτωςthis wayadverb of manner (the content of one reply)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in this manner'; 'one [counseled] this way'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςanotherNominativesubject (distributive: 'and another [said]')→ participant referenceοὗτος: the second member of the distributive pair, 'and another'.
οὕτωςthat wayadverb of manner (the content of the other reply)→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / in that manner'; 'and another that way' — the varied counsel before the spirit steps forward.
21

καὶ ἐξῆλθεν πνεῦμα καὶ ἔστη ἐνώπιον κυρίου καὶ εἶπεν ἐγὼ ἀπατήσω αὐτόν καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν κύριος ἐν τίνι

And a spirit came forth and stood before the LORD and said, 'I will deceive him.' And the LORD said to him, 'By what means?'

Narrative + dialogue (the spirit volunteers)καὶ ἐξῆλθεν πνεῦμα
A spirit (πνεῦμα, anarthrous) steps forth from the host, takes the courtier's stance ἐνώπιον κυρίου ('before the LORD'), and volunteers with the emphatic ἐγὼ ἀπατήσω αὐτόν ('I will deceive him'). The LORD's terse ἐν τίνι; ('by what?') invites the method — the deception proceeds wholly within and by divine permission.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενcame forthAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the spirit steps forward)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι (aor. ἐξῆλθεν): 'come/go out'; the spirit emerges from the ranks of the host to volunteer before the throne.
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθεν (anarthrous: 'a spirit')→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'spirit / wind / breath'; renders רוּחַ; here a member of the heavenly host who becomes the agent of deception; the anarthrous form ('a spirit') leaves its precise identity open — it acts only by divine commission (v. 22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the spirit takes its stance)→ ingressive aorist (took up a standing position)ἵστημι (aor. ἔστη): 'stand'; the spirit takes the standing posture of a courtier presenting himself for service before the king.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי; the courtier's position before the enthroned LORD.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the LORD before whom the spirit presents itself.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the spirit's offer)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (the volunteer)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic 'I' — the spirit's self-offer, 'I myself will deceive him'.
ἀπατήσωI will deceiveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀπατάωmain verb (the spirit's pledge)→ volitive future (offer/promise)ἀπατάω: 'deceive / beguile'; the spirit takes up the LORD's own word from v. 20, volunteering for the task.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀπατήσω (Ahab)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀπατήσω (Ahab).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the LORD's reply)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the spirit)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (the spirit).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the LORD questions the volunteer about its method.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental: 'by what means')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental: 'by what means').
τίνιwhatDativeinterrogative pronoun (instrumental dative: 'by what means?')→ participant reference or interestτίς (dat. τίνι): 'what?'; ἐν τίνι; = 'by what means / how?'; the LORD invites the spirit to disclose its method.
22

καὶ εἶπεν ἐξελεύσομαι καὶ ἔσομαι πνεῦμα ψευδὲς ἐν στόματι πάντων τῶν προφητῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν ἀπατήσεις καί γε δυνήσει ἔξελθε καὶ ποίησον οὕτως

And it said, 'I will go forth and become a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets.' And he said, 'You will deceive him, and you will indeed prevail; go forth and do so.'

Dialogue (the method disclosed and authorized)καὶ εἶπεν ἐξελεύσομαι
The spirit discloses its method: it will become πνεῦμα ψευδές ('a lying spirit') ἐν στόματι πάντων τῶν προφητῶν αὐτοῦ ('in the mouth of all his prophets'). The LORD authorizes it — ἀπατήσεις καί γε δυνήσει ('you will deceive and indeed prevail') and the double command ἔξελθε καὶ ποίησον οὕτως ('go and do so'). This is the theological crux: the false prophecy of the four hundred is itself the divinely permitted instrument of Ahab's judgment.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the spirit's reply)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἐξελεύσομαιI will go forthFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the spirit's plan)→ predictive/volitive futureἐξέρχομαι (fut. mid. ἐξελεύσομαι): 'go out / go forth'; the spirit announces its commissioned departure to enact the deception; picked up by the imperative ἔξελθε at the verse-end.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσομαιI will becomeFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predicate: 'I will be/become a lying spirit')→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσομαι): 'be / become'; the spirit will 'be' (= become) the lying influence in the prophets' speech.
πνεῦμαspiritNominativepredicate nominative (with ἔσομαι)→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; the predicate noun — the spirit will become a 'lying spirit' operating in prophetic speech.
ψευδὲςlying / falseNominativeattributive adjective (with πνεῦμα: 'a lying spirit')→ participant prominenceψευδής: 'false / lying'; πνεῦμα ψευδές ('a lying spirit') renders רוּחַ שֶׁקֶר; the explicit naming of the deceptive agency — false prophecy as a permitted instrument of judgment (cf. 2 Thess 2:11).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: 'in the mouth')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'in the mouth').
στόματιmouthDativedative of place (where the spirit operates)→ sphere or referenceστόμα: 'mouth'; renders פֶּה; the spirit works in the prophets' mouths — i.e., the very speech of the four hundred is the lying spirit at work.
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (with προφητῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. pl. πάντων): 'all'; the deception encompasses the entire prophetic body.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with προφητῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivegenitive of possession (whose mouth)→ relational specificationπροφήτης (gen. pl. προφητῶν): 'prophet'; the four hundred court-prophets, in whose mouths the lying spirit speaks.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Ahab's prophets)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Ahab's prophets).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the LORD's authorization)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἀπατήσειςyou will deceiveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀπατάωmain verb (the LORD's confirmation)→ predictive future (assured success)ἀπατάω (fut. ἀπατήσεις): 'deceive'; the LORD confirms the spirit will indeed succeed in deceiving Ahab — the deception is divinely ratified.
καίandcoordinate conjunction (with γε: 'and indeed')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedemphatic particle (intensifying: 'indeed / even')→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: emphatic enclitic particle; καί γε ('and indeed / yea') intensifies the assurance of success; renders the Hebrew גַּם.
δυνήσειyou will prevailFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (assured capability)→ predictive future (guaranteed success)δύναμαι (fut. δυνήσει): 'be able / prevail'; renders יָכֹל; the LORD guarantees the spirit will succeed in its task — the deception cannot fail because it is decreed.
ἔξελθεgo forthAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the divine commission)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive command: 'go!')ἐξέρχομαι (aor. impv. ἔξελθε): 'go out / go forth'; the LORD's commanding dispatch of the spirit — the deception is formally authorized.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ποίησονdoAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the divine command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive: 'do so!')ποιέω (aor. impv. ποίησον): 'do / act'; ποίησον οὕτως ('do so') seals the commission; the same imperative the LORD speaks at other commissionings (cf. Exod 7:6).
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (object of ποίησον: 'do so')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; refers to the spirit's proposed method, now authorized.
23

καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ ἔδωκεν κύριος πνεῦμα ψευδὲς ἐν στόματι πάντων τῶν προφητῶν σου τούτων καὶ κύριος ἐλάλησεν ἐπὶ σὲ κακά

And now, behold, the LORD has put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these your prophets, and the LORD has spoken evil against you.

Application (Micaiah's conclusion to Ahab)καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ
Micaiah turns from vision to application with καὶ νῦν ἰδού ('and now behold'): the LORD has himself put the lying spirit in the prophets' mouths and has decreed evil (ἐλάλησεν ἐπὶ σὲ κακά) against Ahab. The point is devastating — the very favorable oracle the king prefers is the proof of his doom; κύριος is named twice, framing the whole as divine action.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (transition to application)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν marks the move from the vision-report to its present application to Ahab.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (attention-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; spotlights the conclusion.
ἔδωκενhas put / givenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (the LORD's decisive act)→ constative aorist (the accomplished decree)δίδωμι (aor. ἔδωκεν): 'give / put / place'; here 'has put' the lying spirit in their mouths; the same verb the false prophets used of YHWH 'giving' victory (vv. 6, 12) — but the LORD has 'given' deception instead.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἔδωκεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; YHWH is the explicit subject — the deception is his sovereign act of judgment.
πνεῦμαspiritAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; the lying spirit, now identified as a divine gift of judgment.
ψευδὲςlying / falseAccusativeattributive adjective (with πνεῦμα)→ object specificationψευδής: 'false / lying'; πνεῦμα ψευδές again — the same phrase as v. 22, now declared accomplished.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: 'in the mouth')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'in the mouth').
στόματιmouthDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceστόμα: 'mouth'; the prophets' mouths as the locus of the lying spirit's operation.
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective (with προφητῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. pl. πάντων): 'all'; the whole prophetic body.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with προφητῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivegenitive of possession (whose mouth)→ relational specificationπροφήτης (gen. pl. προφητῶν): 'prophet'; the four hundred, now exposed as instruments of the lying spirit.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (the king's prophets)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your'; pointedly 'your prophets' — they belong to Ahab, not to the LORD.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative (with προφητῶν: 'these your prophets')→ relational specificationοὗτος (gen. pl. τούτων): 'these'; the very prophets present and prophesying.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the second naming frames the verse — the LORD both put the spirit and spoke the doom.
ἐλάλησενhas spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (the divine decree of evil)→ constative aorist (the settled decree)λαλέω (aor. ἐλάλησεν): 'speak'; the LORD 'has spoken evil against' Ahab — the decree of judgment is fixed; the same verb returns in the fulfilment-formula at v. 38.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against you')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here hostile 'against'; the divine word is set against Ahab.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (Ahab)→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί (Ahab).
κακάevilAccusativedirect object of ἐλάλησεν (substantival neuter plural)→ object specificationκακός (n. pl. κακά): 'evil / disaster'; the very κακά Ahab complained Micaiah always prophesied (vv. 8, 18) — now revealed as the LORD's own decree.
24

καὶ προσῆλθεν Σεδεκιου υἱὸς Χανανα καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸν Μιχαιαν ἐπὶ τὴν σιαγόνα καὶ εἶπεν ποῖον πνεῦμα κυρίου τὸ λαλῆσαν ἐν σοί

And Zedekiah son of Chanana came near and struck Micaiah on the jaw and said, 'What sort of Spirit of the LORD is this that has spoken in you?'

Narrative + direct speech (Zedekiah's assault)καὶ προσῆλθεν Σεδεκιου
The head false-prophet retaliates physically — ἐπάταξεν … ἐπὶ τὴν σιαγόνα ('struck on the jaw') — and mockingly demands ποῖον πνεῦμα κυρίου ('what kind of Spirit of the LORD?') passed from him to speak in Micaiah. The irony is sharp: Zedekiah unwittingly invokes the very πνεῦμα-language of the vision he cannot perceive.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσῆλθενcame nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb (Zedekiah approaches)→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι (aor. προσῆλθεν): 'come/draw near / approach'; Zedekiah advances to strike the prophet.
ΣεδεκιουZedekiahGenitivesubject (declined genitive-form name functioning as nominative subject in the Greek text)→ relational specificationΣεδεκιας (here the form Σεδεκιου): the chief court-prophet of v. 11; in the Rahlfs text the inflected form Σεδεκιου is used; treated as a declined Greek name.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive ('son of Chanana')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic identifying Zedekiah, as in v. 11.
ΧαναναChananagenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΧανανα: indeclinable transliteration of כְּנַעֲנָה; Zedekiah's father.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the blow)→ constative aorist (single act of violence)πατάσσω (aor. ἐπάταξεν): 'strike / smite'; renders נָכָה; the same verb used of the fatal striking of Ahab at v. 34 — an ironic foreshadowing in the blow Zedekiah deals the true prophet.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Μιχαιαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜιχαιανMicaiahAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationΜιχαιας (acc. Μιχαιαν): the declined accusative; the prophet struck on the jaw.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place of the blow)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (place of the blow).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σιαγόνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σιαγόναjaw / cheekAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (where struck)→ object specificationσιαγών: 'jaw / cheek'; renders לְחִי; striking the cheek is a gesture of contempt and insult (cf. Lam 3:30; Mic 5:1).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ποῖονwhat sort ofNominativeinterrogative adjective (with πνεῦμα)→ participant prominenceποῖος: 'of what kind / which?'; the contemptuous question 'what sort of spirit?' — Zedekiah scorns the claim that the LORD's Spirit spoke through Micaiah rather than himself.
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubject of the verbless question→ participant prominenceπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here 'the Spirit of the LORD' as the supposed source of prophecy; Zedekiah's taunt ironically uses the same word that the vision applied to the lying spirit.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source ('Spirit of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; πνεῦμα κυρίου = 'the Spirit of the LORD', the claimed channel of true prophecy.
τὸthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαλῆσανthat has spokenAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Neut · λαλέωarticular participle (attributive: 'the [spirit] that spoke')→ antecedent aorist participle (the speaking that just occurred)λαλέω (aor. ptc. λαλῆσαν): 'speak'; the neuter participle agrees with πνεῦμα — 'the spirit that has spoken in you'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: 'in you')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'in you').
σοίyouDativedative object of ἐν (the prophet as locus of the speaking)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοί): 'you'; 'in you' — Zedekiah disputes that the LORD's Spirit spoke through Micaiah.
25

καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας ἰδοὺ σὺ ὄψῃ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ὅταν εἰσέλθῃς ταμίειον τοῦ ταμιείου τοῦ κρυβῆναι

And Micaiah said, 'Behold, you yourself shall see on that day, when you go into an inner chamber of a chamber to hide.'

Direct speech (Micaiah's counter-prophecy to Zedekiah)καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας
Micaiah answers the blow with a prophecy of Zedekiah's own coming terror: σὺ ὄψῃ ('you yourself will see') ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ('on that day') when he flees ταμίειον τοῦ ταμιείου ('an innermost chamber') to hide. The vindication of the true word will come in Zedekiah's panicked concealment.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΜιχαιαςMicaiahsubject (nominative form; indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΜιχαιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (nominative form; indeclinable here).
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; introduces the counter-prophecy.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic 'you yourself' — Zedekiah's own future is the proof.
ὄψῃyou shall seeFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the predicted recognition)→ predictive futureὁράω (fut. mid. ὄψῃ): 'see'; 'you will see (it proved)' — Zedekiah will witness the truth of Micaiah's word in his own flight.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; 'that day' = the day of defeat when the lie is exposed.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative (with ἡμέρᾳ: 'that day')→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the deictic 'that day' of reckoning.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅταν: 'when(ever)'; takes the subjunctive εἰσέλθῃς; locates the day at Zedekiah's flight.
εἰσέλθῃςyou go inAor Act Subj 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of the temporal clause (ὅταν + subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (future contingency)εἰσέρχομαι (aor. subj. εἰσέλθῃς): 'go in / enter'; Zedekiah's future flight into hiding, a picture of his exposure and shame.
ταμίειονchamberAccusativeaccusative goal (place entered)→ object specificationταμιεῖον: 'inner room / storeroom / private chamber'; renders חֶדֶר; the place of secret retreat.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ταμιείου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταμιείουchamberGenitivegenitive (superlative-by-repetition: 'a chamber of a chamber' = innermost room)→ relational specificationταμιεῖον (gen. ταμιείου): the repetition ταμίειον τοῦ ταμιείου is a Hebraism (חֶדֶר בְּחֶדֶר) for the innermost, most hidden room — utter concealment in panic.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (genitive articular infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρυβῆναιto hideAor Pass Inf · κρύπτωarticular infinitive of purpose (τοῦ + inf.: 'in order to hide')→ aorist infinitive (the act of concealment)κρύπτω (aor. pass. inf. κρυβῆναι): 'hide / conceal'; renders חָבָא / סָתַר; the purpose of the flight — to hide in terror, the visible refutation of the false prophet.
26

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ λάβετε τὸν Μιχαιαν καὶ ἀποστρέψατε αὐτὸν πρὸς Εμηρ τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῷ Ιωας υἱῷ τοῦ βασιλέως

And the king of Israel said, 'Take Micaiah and turn him back to Emer the ruler of the city and to Joash the king's son,'

Direct speech (Ahab's order to imprison Micaiah)καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab, unwilling to heed the word, orders Micaiah arrested and handed over to two officials — Emer the city-governor (ὁ ἄρχων τῆς πόλεως) and Joash the king's son. The plural imperatives λάβετε … ἀποστρέψατε command the guards to remove the troublesome prophet.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
λάβετεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (command to the guards)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive command: 'seize')λαμβάνω (aor. impv. λάβετε): 'take / seize'; the king orders the arrest of the prophet.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Μιχαιαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜιχαιανMicaiahAccusativedirect object of λάβετε→ object specificationΜιχαιας (acc. Μιχαιαν): the declined accusative; the prophet to be seized.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστρέψατεturn back / sendAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (command to hand over)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀποστρέφω (aor. impv. ἀποστρέψατε): 'turn back / send back / return'; here 'hand him over / remand him' to the officials for custody.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀποστρέψατε (Micaiah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἀποστρέψατε (Micaiah).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction: to whose custody)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: to whose custody).
ΕμηρEmeraccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕμηρ: indeclinable transliteration of אָמוֹן (Amon in MT 1 Kgs 22:26); the governor of the city, into whose custody Micaiah is delivered.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄρχοντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχονταrulerAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Εμηρ→ object specificationἄρχων: 'ruler / governor / official'; renders שַׂר; Emer's office as governor of Samaria.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with πόλεως)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of relationship ('ruler of the city')→ relational specificationπόλις (gen. πόλεως): 'city'; renders עִיר; the city is Samaria, the capital.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second custodian)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ιωας, dative of the second custodian)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωαςJoashdative indirect object (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωας: indeclinable transliteration of יוֹאָשׁ (Joash); 'the king's son', the second custodian; the article τῷ marks the dative.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Ιωας ('the king's son')→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. υἱῷ): 'son'; identifies Joash as a royal prince.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the king's son')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; Joash is the king's son.
27

εἰπὸν θέσθαι τοῦτον ἐν φυλακῇ καὶ ἐσθίειν αὐτὸν ἄρτον θλίψεως καὶ ὕδωρ θλίψεως ἕως τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι με ἐν εἰρήνῃ

and say, 'Put this man in prison, and let him eat bread of affliction and water of affliction, until I return in peace.'

Direct speech (the king's prison-order continued)εἰπὸν θέσθαι
The order continues with the imperative εἰπόν ('say [to them]') governing the prison-instructions: Micaiah is to be confined and fed ἄρτον θλίψεως καὶ ὕδωρ θλίψεως ('bread and water of affliction') — minimal prison rations — until the king's confident return ἐν εἰρήνῃ ('in peace'). The very condition Ahab sets ('until I return in peace') becomes the test Micaiah seizes in v. 28.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
εἰπὸνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (command to deliver the order)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν, Hellenistic form): 'say / tell'; the king instructs the messenger/officials what to command regarding the prisoner.
θέσθαιto putAor Mid Inf · τίθημιinfinitive (content of the command: 'to place')→ aorist infinitive (the act of imprisoning)τίθημι (aor. mid. inf. θέσθαι): 'put / place / set'; θέσθαι ἐν φυλακῇ = 'put in prison'; the infinitive conveys the command's substance.
τοῦτονthis manAccusativeaccusative subject of θέσθαι (Micaiah)→ participant referenceοὗτος (acc. τοῦτον): 'this one / this man'; the dismissive demonstrative for the imprisoned prophet.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
φυλακῇprisonDativedative of place (where confined)→ sphere or referenceφυλακή: 'prison / guard / custody'; renders בֵּית הַכֶּלֶא; the place of the prophet's confinement.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσθίεινto eatPres Act Inf · ἐσθίωinfinitive (content of command: the prison diet)→ durative present infinitive (ongoing meager rations)ἐσθίω (pres. inf. ἐσθίειν): 'eat'; the present infinitive marks the continuous subsistence on prison fare.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of ἐσθίειν (Micaiah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of ἐσθίειν (Micaiah).
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of ἐσθίειν→ object specificationἄρτος: 'bread / loaf'; renders לֶחֶם; ἄρτον θλίψεως ('bread of affliction') is a Hebrew genitive of quality (לֶחֶם לַחַץ) — the scant fare of a prisoner.
θλίψεωςof afflictionGenitivegenitive of quality (with ἄρτον: 'bread of affliction')→ relational specificationθλῖψις (gen. θλίψεως): 'affliction / oppression / distress'; renders לַחַץ / צָרָה; the genitive of quality denotes meager, hardship rations.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativesecond direct object of ἐσθίειν (zeugma: 'eat … and [drink] water')→ object specificationὕδωρ: 'water'; renders מַיִם; ὕδωρ θλίψεως ('water of affliction') parallels the bread — the standard prison ration of bread and water.
θλίψεωςof afflictionGenitivegenitive of quality (with ὕδωρ)→ relational specificationθλῖψις (gen. θλίψεως): the repeated genitive of quality intensifies the hardship of the prophet's confinement.
ἕωςuntilpreposition (with the articular infinitive: 'until')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; with the articular infinitive ἕως τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι = 'until I return'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with the infinitive ἐπιστρέψαι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιστρέψαιto returnAor Act Inf · ἐπιστρέφωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'until [my] returning')→ aorist infinitive (the act of return)ἐπιστρέφω (aor. inf. ἐπιστρέψαι): 'turn back / return'; the king's confident assumption of a safe homecoming — the very assumption Micaiah's word will overturn.
μεme / IAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive ('that I return')→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): the accusative subject of the articular infinitive — 'until I return'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner: 'in peace')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: 'in peace').
εἰρήνῃpeaceDativedative of manner (with ἐν: 'in peace')→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη: 'peace / safety'; renders שָׁלוֹם; Ahab's presumed safe return 'in peace' — the condition that Micaiah turns into the test of true prophecy (v. 28).
28

καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας ἐὰν ἐπιστρέφων ἐπιστρέψῃς ἐν εἰρήνῃ οὐκ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐν ἐμοί

And Micaiah said, 'If you indeed return in peace, the LORD has not spoken in me.'

Direct speech (the prophet's verifiable test)καὶ εἶπεν Μιχαιας
Micaiah stakes everything on a falsifiable condition: ἐὰν ἐπιστρέφων ἐπιστρέψῃς ἐν εἰρήνῃ ('if you indeed return in peace') — using the Hebraizing cognate intensifier — then οὐκ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐν ἐμοί ('the LORD has not spoken in me'). The prophet's authority is now publicly tied to the outcome of the battle.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΜιχαιαςMicaiahsubject (nominative form; indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΜιχαιας: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (nominative form; indeclinable here).
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (protasis with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the conditional test, with the subjunctive ἐπιστρέψῃς.
ἐπιστρέφωνreturningPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιστρέφωadverbial participle (cognate intensifier: Hebraism)→ intensifying participle (figura etymologica: 'surely return')ἐπιστρέφω (pres. ptc. ἐπιστρέφων): the participle + finite verb ἐπιστρέφων ἐπιστρέψῃς renders the Hebrew infinitive absolute שׁוֹב תָּשׁוּב ('if you do indeed return'), expressing the emphatic certainty of the hypothetical — the same construction as διδοὺς δώσει (v. 6).
ἐπιστρέψῃςyou returnAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωverb of the protasis (ἐάν + subjunctive)→ aorist subjunctive (conditional)ἐπιστρέφω (aor. subj. ἐπιστρέψῃς): 'return'; the finite verb of the cognate construction; the condition whose falsification will vindicate the prophet.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner: 'in peace')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner: 'in peace').
εἰρήνῃpeaceDativedative of manner (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceεἰρήνη: 'peace / safety'; renders שָׁלוֹם; Micaiah takes up the king's own word from v. 27 and turns it into the prophetic test.
οὐκnotnegation (apodosis: 'the LORD has not spoken')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐλάλησενhas spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb of the apodosis→ constative aorist (the staked claim)λαλέω (aor. ἐλάλησεν): 'speak'; the apodosis stakes Micaiah's prophetic legitimacy on the outcome — if Ahab returns safely, then YHWH never spoke through him.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine guarantor of Micaiah's word; cf. the same phrase ('the LORD has spoken') reversed at v. 23 ('the LORD has spoken evil against you').
ἐνin / throughpreposition + dative (instrument/agency: 'in/through me')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here 'in / through me' = by my mouth; the same idiom Zedekiah used contemptuously at v. 24 (ἐν σοί).
ἐμοίmeDativedative object of ἐν (the prophet as channel)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): 'me'; Micaiah as the channel of the divine word — his legitimacy bound to the battle's outcome.
29

καὶ ἀνέβη βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ Ιωσαφατ βασιλεὺς Ιουδα μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ εἰς Ρεμμαθ Γαλααδ

And the king of Israel went up, and Jehoshaphat king of Judah with him, to Ramoth-Gilead.

Narrative transition (the march to battle)καὶ ἀνέβη βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Despite the warning, the kings 'go up' (ἀνέβη) — the campaign-verb of the whole chapter now in fatal motion. Jehoshaphat's accompaniment μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('with him') fulfills his pledge of v. 4 and seals his exposure in the battle.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (the march to war)→ constative aorist (the decisive going-up)ἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up'; the campaign-verb (vv. 4, 6, 12, 15, 20) now realized — the kings march to Ramoth-Gilead and to Ahab's death.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (first of two)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject (first of two).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two kings)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (second of two; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (second of two; indeclinable).
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositive to Ιωσαφατ.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά (accompaniment: with Ahab)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά (accompaniment: with Ahab).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΡεμμαθRamothaccusative goal (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμαθ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative goal (indeclinable place-name).
ΓαλααδGileadplace-name (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as place-name (indeclinable).
30

καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πρὸς Ιωσαφατ βασιλέα Ιουδα συγκαλύψομαι καὶ εἰσελεύσομαι εἰς τὸν πόλεμον καὶ σὺ ἔνδυσαι τὸν ἱματισμόν μου καὶ συνεκαλύψατο ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον

And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat king of Judah, 'I will disguise myself and enter the battle, but you put on my robe.' And the king of Israel disguised himself and entered the battle.

Direct speech + narrative (Ahab's disguise stratagem)καὶ εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab attempts to evade the decree by stratagem: συγκαλύψομαι ('I will disguise myself') while making Jehoshaphat wear the royal robes — a cynical ploy that exposes his ally to danger. The narrative immediately reports its execution (συνεκαλύψατο … εἰσῆλθεν), underscoring the futility of human evasion against the divine word.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphataccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (indeclinable).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositive to Ιωσαφατ.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
συγκαλύψομαιI will disguise myselfFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · συγκαλύπτωmain verb (Ahab's plan)→ predictive/volitive future (the intended disguise)συγκαλύπτω (fut. mid. συγκαλύψομαι): 'cover up / disguise oneself'; renders הִתְחַפֵּשׂ; the middle voice is reflexive ('disguise myself'); Ahab's attempt to escape the targeted death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσελεύσομαιI will enterFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Ahab's plan continued)→ predictive/volitive futureεἰσέρχομαι (fut. mid. εἰσελεύσομαι): 'go in / enter'; Ahab will enter the fray incognito.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεμον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμονbattleAccusativeaccusative goal (with εἰς)→ object specificationπόλεμος (acc. πόλεμον): 'war / battle'; here the engagement itself, which Ahab enters disguised.
καὶbutcoordinate conjunction (adversative nuance: 'but you')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (contrast with Ahab)→ participant referenceσύ: the emphatic 'you' — Jehoshaphat is to be conspicuous in the royal robes while Ahab hides.
ἔνδυσαιput onAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἐνδύωmain verb (command to Jehoshaphat)→ ingressive aorist imperative (decisive: 'don the robe!')ἐνδύω (aor. mid. impv. ἔνδυσαι): 'put on / clothe oneself'; the middle imperative 'clothe yourself'; Ahab cynically exposes his ally by dressing him as the king.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱματισμόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱματισμόνrobe / garmentsAccusativedirect object of ἔνδυσαι→ object specificationἱματισμός: 'clothing / apparel / robe'; renders בֶּגֶד; the royal robes that mark out the king as the enemy's target.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (Ahab's robe)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Ahab's robe).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (reporting the execution)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεκαλύψατοdisguised himselfAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · συγκαλύπτωmain verb (Ahab carries out the plan)→ constative aorist (the accomplished disguise)συγκαλύπτω (aor. mid. συνεκαλύψατο): 'disguise oneself'; the narrative reports the plan executed — yet the disguise will not save him from the 'random' arrow (v. 34).
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of συνεκαλύψατο→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject of συνεκαλύψατο.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (Ahab enters the battle)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι (aor. εἰσῆλθεν): 'go in / enter'; the disguised king goes into battle — the stage set for the fatal arrow.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεμον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμονbattleAccusativeaccusative goal (with εἰς)→ object specificationπόλεμος (acc. πόλεμον): 'battle'; the engagement Ahab enters in disguise.
31

καὶ βασιλεὺς Συρίας ἐνετείλατο τοῖς ἄρχουσι τῶν ἁρμάτων αὐτοῦ τριάκοντα καὶ δυσὶν λέγων μὴ πολεμεῖτε μικρὸν καὶ μέγαν ἀλλ᾿ ἢ τὸν βασιλέα Ισραηλ μονώτατον

And the king of Syria commanded the commanders of his chariots, thirty-two of them, saying, 'Do not fight small or great, but only the king of Israel alone.'

Narrative + direct speech (the Syrian target-order)καὶ βασιλεὺς Συρίας ἐνετείλατο
The narrative cuts to the Syrian side: the king of Syria orders his thirty-two chariot-commanders to attack none but the king of Israel — μὴ πολεμεῖτε μικρὸν καὶ μέγαν ('do not fight small or great') ἀλλ᾿ ἢ τὸν βασιλέα Ισραηλ μονώτατον ('but only the king of Israel alone'). The superlative μονώτατον ('utterly alone') sharpens the target — and ironically the disguised Ahab will be hit by chance.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship ('king of Syria')→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): the declinable place-name; the king of Syria (Ben-Hadad), Ahab's enemy.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (the Syrian order)→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι (aor. mid. ἐνετείλατο): 'command / charge / give orders'; renders צִוָּה; the king's directive to his chariot-officers.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἄρχουσι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχουσιcommandersDativedative indirect object (those commanded)→ sphere or referenceἄρχων (dat. pl. ἄρχουσι): 'ruler / commander / officer'; renders שַׂר; the chariot-captains of the Syrian army.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἁρμάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('commanders of the chariots')→ relational specificationἅρμα (gen. pl. ἁρμάτων): 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב; the chariotry, the elite striking force; the same word for Ahab's own chariot in vv. 35, 38.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the Syrian king's chariots)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the Syrian king's chariots).
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (indeclinable, enumerating the commanders)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable cardinal; with δυσίν = 'thirty-two' chariot-commanders.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in the compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυσὶνtwoDativenumeral (dative, agreeing with ἄρχουσι: 'thirty-two')→ sphere or referenceδύο (dat. δυσίν): 'two'; the dative δυσίν agrees with the chariot-commanders — thirty-two officers in all.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speaking (introducing the order)→ circumstantial participle (Hebraism: 'saying')λέγω (pres. ptc. λέγων): the redundant participle-of-saying rendering לֵאמֹר.
μὴnotnegation (with the imperative πολεμεῖτε)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμή: the negative for the imperative; forms the prohibition.
πολεμεῖτεfightPres Act Impv 2 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb (the prohibition)→ present imperative of prohibition (general policy: 'do not engage')πολεμέω: 'make war / fight'; renders נִלְחַם; the present imperative with μή commands a general policy of not engaging others — focus all force on the king.
μικρὸνsmallAccusativedirect object of πολεμεῖτε (merism: 'small or great')→ object specificationμικρός: 'small / little / of low rank'; μικρὸν καὶ μέγαν is a merism for 'anyone whatever / high or low'.
καὶand / orcoordinate conjunction (in the merism)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μέγανgreatAccusativedirect object of πολεμεῖτε (merism)→ object specificationμέγας (acc. μέγαν): 'great / of high rank'; completes the merism 'small or great' = no one but the king.
ἀλλ᾿butstrong adversative (elided)→ clausal contributionἀλλά: 'but'; ἀλλ᾿ ἤ = 'but only / except', the exceptive idiom.
onlyparticle (with ἀλλά: 'but only')→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: in ἀλλ᾿ ἤ, 'but only / except'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object (the sole target)→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): the king of Israel, the single designated target of the Syrian assault.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
μονώτατονalone / onlyAccusativepredicate adjective (superlative: 'him utterly alone')→ object specificationμόνος (superl. μονώτατος): 'alone / sole'; the superlative μονώτατον ('him and him only / utterly alone') intensifies the single-target order — sharpening the irony that a chance arrow, not the focused assault, will fell the disguised king.
32

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἶδον οἱ ἄρχοντες τῶν ἁρμάτων τὸν Ιωσαφατ βασιλέα Ιουδα καὶ αὐτοὶ εἶπον φαίνεται βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ οὗτος καὶ ἐκύκλωσαν αὐτὸν πολεμῆσαι καὶ ἀνέκραξεν Ιωσαφατ

And it came to pass, when the commanders of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat king of Judah, that they themselves said, 'This appears to be the king of Israel'; and they surrounded him to fight him, and Jehoshaphat cried out.

Narrative (the mistaken-identity assault on Jehoshaphat)καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἶδον
The disguise nearly costs Jehoshaphat his life: seeing the robed king of Judah, the Syrian captains assume φαίνεται βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ οὗτος ('this must be the king of Israel') and encircle him. His cry (ἀνέκραξεν) — an alarm that reveals his identity — saves him (v. 33). The καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς formula frames the temporal sequence.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal narrative formula)→ constative aorist (event-onset marker)γίνομαι (aor. mid. ἐγένετο): 'become / come to pass'; καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς renders the Hebrew וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר, framing a temporal sequence.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction ('when')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here temporal 'when / as'; introduces the time-clause.
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωverb of the temporal clause→ constative aoristὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see'; the captains catch sight of the robed Jehoshaphat.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄρχοντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςcommandersNominativesubject of εἶδον→ participant prominenceἄρχων (nom. pl. ἄρχοντες): 'commander / officer'; the Syrian chariot-captains of v. 31.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἁρμάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('commanders of the chariots')→ relational specificationἅρμα (gen. pl. ἁρμάτων): 'chariot'; the chariotry.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιωσαφατ)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatdirect object of εἶδον (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as direct object of εἶδον (indeclinable, with article).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ→ object specificationβασιλέα: meaning 'king'; it serves as appositive to Ιωσαφατ.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶthat / andapodotic καί (Hebraism, resuming after the temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodotic καί after the ὡς-clause, a Hebraism left untranslated in idiomatic English.
αὐτοὶthey themselvesNominativeintensive pronoun (subject of εἶπον)→ participant referenceαὐτός (nom. pl. αὐτοί): the intensive 'they themselves'; emphasizes the captains' own (mistaken) conclusion.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the captains' mistaken identification)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'say'; the captains' verdict on the robed figure.
φαίνεταιappearsPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · φαίνωmain verb of the quotation ('he appears to be')→ present of perception (immediate inference)φαίνω (pres. mid. φαίνεται): 'appear / seem'; 'this one appears to be the king of Israel' — the mistaken inference from the royal robes.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativepredicate nominative (with φαίνεται)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as predicate nominative (with φαίνεται).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative subject ('this [man]')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; the robed figure mistaken for Ahab.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκύκλωσανthey surroundedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κυκλόωmain verb (the encirclement)→ constative aoristκυκλόω (aor. ἐκύκλωσαν): 'encircle / surround'; renders סָבַב; the captains close in on the supposed king of Israel.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐκύκλωσαν (Jehoshaphat)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐκύκλωσαν (Jehoshaphat).
πολεμῆσαιto fightAor Act Inf · πολεμέωinfinitive of purpose (why they surrounded him)→ aorist infinitive (the intended attack)πολεμέω (aor. inf. πολεμῆσαι): 'fight / make war'; the purpose of the encirclement — to kill the king they think they have found.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέκραξενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνακράζωmain verb (Jehoshaphat's alarm)→ ingressive aorist (sudden cry)ἀνακράζω (aor. ἀνέκραξεν): 'cry out / shout aloud'; renders זָעַק; Jehoshaphat's cry of alarm reveals he is not Ahab, sparing his life (cf. v. 33).
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject of ἀνέκραξεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject of ἀνέκραξεν (indeclinable).
33

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἶδον οἱ ἄρχοντες τῶν ἁρμάτων ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ οὗτος καὶ ἀπέστρεψαν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And it came to pass, when the commanders of the chariots saw that this was not the king of Israel, that they turned back from him.

Narrative (the captains break off from Jehoshaphat)καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς εἶδον
Realizing their error — οὐκ ἔστιν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ οὗτος ('this is not the king of Israel') — the Syrian captains break off the pursuit (ἀπέστρεψαν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ). The misdirection clears the way for the chance arrow that will find the real, disguised king.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal narrative formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. mid. ἐγένετο): καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς, the temporal narrative formula (וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר).
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: temporal 'when / as'.
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωverb of the temporal clause→ constative aoristὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see / perceive'; the captains realize their mistake.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with ἄρχοντες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχοντεςcommandersNominativesubject of εἶδον→ participant prominenceἄρχων (nom. pl. ἄρχοντες): the Syrian chariot-captains.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἁρμάτων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationἅρμα (gen. pl. ἁρμάτων): 'chariot'.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of εἶδον)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces what the captains perceived.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἔστιν)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (negated: 'is not')→ stative present (within the perceived realization)εἰμί: 'be'; 'this is not the king of Israel' — the captains' corrected perception.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativepredicate nominative→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as predicate nominative.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative subject ('this man')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; Jehoshaphat, now recognized as not Ahab.
καὶthat / andapodotic καί (Hebraism, resuming after the temporal clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψανthey turned backAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (the captains break off)→ constative aoristἀποστρέφω (aor. ἀπέστρεψαν): 'turn back / turn away'; the captains abandon the pursuit of Jehoshaphat.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Jehoshaphat)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (Jehoshaphat).
34

καὶ ἐνέτεινεν εἷς τὸ τόξον εὐστόχως καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸν βασιλέα Ισραηλ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ πνεύμονος καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θώρακος καὶ εἶπεν τῷ ἡνιόχῳ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστρεψον τὰς χεῖράς σου καὶ ἐξάγαγέ με ἐκ τοῦ πολέμου ὅτι τέτρωμαι

And a certain man drew the bow with good aim and struck the king of Israel between the lung and between the breastplate, and he said to his charioteer, 'Turn your hands and lead me out of the battle, for I am wounded.'

Narrative climax (the random arrow finds Ahab)καὶ ἐνέτεινεν εἷς
The decree converges on its instrument: an anonymous archer (εἷς, 'a certain one') draws the bow εὐστόχως ('with good aim' — yet, in context, by 'chance') and the arrow finds Ahab in the one unguarded gap, ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ πνεύμονος καὶ … τοῦ θώρακος ('between the lung and the breastplate'). The disguise fails; mortally wounded (τέτρωμαι, perfect), the king begs to be carried from the field.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνέτεινενdrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐντείνωmain verb (drawing the bow)→ constative aoristἐντείνω (aor. ἐνέτεινεν): 'stretch / draw (a bow)'; renders מָשַׁךְ (בַּקֶּשֶׁת); the archer draws his bow.
εἷςa certain oneNominativesubject (indefinite: 'a certain man')→ measure or countεἷς: 'one'; here indefinite, 'a certain man', the anonymous archer — the very anonymity underscores that this is the working-out of the divine decree, not a marksman's plan; the Hebrew adds לְתֻמּוֹ ('in his innocence / at random').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with τόξον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόξονbowAccusativedirect object of ἐνέτεινεν→ object specificationτόξον: 'bow'; renders קֶשֶׁת; the weapon that delivers the decreed wound.
εὐστόχωςwith good aimadverb of manner (modifying the shot)→ clausal contributionεὐστόχως: 'with good aim / accurately / luckily'; the LXX rendering of the difficult Hebrew לְתֻמּוֹ ('in his simplicity / at random'); the Greek stresses the precision of the hit — providentially exact, finding the one gap in the armor.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the fatal blow)→ constative aorist (the decisive hit)πατάσσω (aor. ἐπάταξεν): 'strike / smite'; renders נָכָה; the same verb of Zedekiah's blow to Micaiah (v. 24) — now the king himself is struck, fulfilling the word.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): the king of Israel (Ahab), struck despite his disguise.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (with μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ μέσον: 'between / in the midst of'; the construction ἀνὰ μέσον … καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον locates the wound precisely 'between the lung and the breastplate'.
μέσονmidstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (idiomatic: 'between')→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle / midst'; the substantival neuter in the fixed phrase.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πνεύμονος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πνεύμονοςlungGenitivegenitive object of ἀνὰ μέσον→ relational specificationπνεύμων (gen. πνεύμονος): 'lung'; the LXX rendering identifies the vital organ struck; the arrow finds the lethal spot in the gap of the armor.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second member of the 'between' construction)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνὰbetweenpreposition (second member of the construction)→ spatial or relational framingἀνὰ: meaning 'between'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition (second member of the construction).
μέσονmidstAccusativeobject of ἀνά (idiomatic: 'between')→ object specificationμέσον: meaning 'midst'; it serves as object of ἀνά (idiomatic: 'between').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θώρακος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θώρακοςbreastplateGenitivegenitive object of ἀνὰ μέσον→ relational specificationθώραξ (gen. θώρακος): 'breastplate / cuirass / chest-armor'; renders שִׁרְיָן; the arrow lodges in the seam where the armor joins — the only vulnerable point, found 'by chance' yet by decree.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Ahab's order to his driver)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τῷto theDativearticle (with ἡνιόχῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡνιόχῳcharioteerDativedative indirect object (the driver addressed)→ sphere or referenceἡνίοχος: 'charioteer / driver'; lit. 'rein-holder'; the king's chariot-driver, ordered to withdraw him from the fray.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπίστρεψονturnAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (the king's command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπιστρέφω (aor. impv. ἐπίστρεψον): 'turn / turn around'; ἐπίστρεψον τὰς χεῖράς σου = 'turn your hands' (i.e., wheel the chariot around); the wounded king orders a retreat from the line.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖράς)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπίστρεψον (the driver's hands on the reins)→ object specificationχείρ (acc. pl. χεῖράς): 'hand'; 'turn your hands' = wheel the chariot by the reins; an idiom for changing the chariot's course.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξάγαγέlead outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξάγωmain verb (the king's command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐξάγω (aor. impv. ἐξάγαγε): 'lead/bring out'; renders הוֹצֵא; the king orders his removal from the battle.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἐξάγαγε→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐξάγαγε.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πολέμου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολέμουbattleGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source: 'out of the battle')→ relational specificationπόλεμος (gen. πολέμου): 'battle'; the fray from which the wounded king seeks removal.
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (the reason for the order)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; gives the reason — the king is wounded.
τέτρωμαιI am woundedPf Pass Indic 1 Sg · τιτρώσκωmain verb of the causal clause (the king's condition)→ perfect of resultant state (wounded and remaining so)τιτρώσκω (pf. pass. τέτρωμαι): 'wound / injure'; the perfect expresses the abiding state — 'I have been (and am) wounded'; the mortal hit that will drain his life by evening (v. 35).
35

καὶ ἐτροπώθη ὁ πόλεμος ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἦν ἑστηκὼς ἐπὶ τοῦ ἅρματος ἐξ ἐναντίας Συρίας ἀπὸ πρωὶ ἕως ἑσπέρας καὶ ἀπέχυννε τὸ αἷμα ἐκ τῆς πληγῆς εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ ἅρματος καὶ ἀπέθανεν ἑσπέρας καὶ ἐξεπορεύετο τὸ αἷμα τῆς τροπῆς ἕως τοῦ κόλπου τοῦ ἅρματος

And the battle turned in that day, and the king was standing upon his chariot opposite Syria from morning until evening, and the blood ran out from the wound into the hollow of the chariot, and he died at evening, and the blood of the wound flowed out into the hollow of the chariot.

Narrative (the king's slow death in the chariot)καὶ ἐτροπώθη ὁ πόλεμος
The battle 'turns' (ἐτροπώθη) and the wounded king, propped upright in his chariot (ἑστηκὼς) facing Syria all day, bleeds steadily into the chariot's hollow (κόλπος) from morning until evening, when he dies. The repeated αἷμα ('blood') and κόλπος τοῦ ἅρματος prepare the gruesome fulfilment-scene at the pool of Samaria (v. 38).
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτροπώθηturned / was routedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · τροπόωmain verb (the battle's turn)→ constative aorist (the decisive turn of the fight)τροπόω (aor. pass. ἐτροπώθη): 'turn / put to flight / rout'; the passive here = 'the battle turned / went hard'; cognate with τροπή ('rout', later in the verse).
theNominativearticle (with πόλεμος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμοςbattleNominativesubject of ἐτροπώθη→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; the engagement that turns fatal for Ahab.
ἐνin / onpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; 'that day' = the day of the fatal battle, picking up v. 25.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative (with ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the deictic 'that day'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (of the periphrastic ἦν ἑστηκώς)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the king (Ahab), wounded but held upright in his chariot.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary verb (periphrastic with ἑστηκώς)→ durative imperfect (the prolonged standing)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): the imperfect of εἰμί forming the periphrastic ἦν ἑστηκώς, 'was standing', emphasizing the long, agonized duration.
ἑστηκὼςstandingPf Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἵστημιperfect participle (periphrastic with ἦν: 'was standing')→ perfect participle of state (propped upright)ἵστημι (pf. ptc. ἑστηκώς): 'stand'; the perfect participle of state — the dying king is held standing in his chariot through the whole day's fighting, hiding his wound from his army.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἅρματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματοςchariotGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationἅρμα (gen. ἅρματος): 'chariot'; the king's war-chariot, which becomes the vessel of his lifeblood and is washed at Samaria (v. 38).
ἐξopposite / over againstpreposition + genitive (with ἐναντίας: 'over against', before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ ἐναντίας: 'opposite / over against / facing'; renders נֹכַח / מִנֶּגֶד; the king faces the Syrian line.
ἐναντίαςoppositeGenitivesubstantival genitive (in the phrase ἐξ ἐναντίας: 'facing')→ relational specificationἐναντίος (fem. gen. ἐναντίας): 'opposite / facing'; the substantival phrase ἐξ ἐναντίας = 'over against'.
ΣυρίαςSyriaGenitivegenitive (object of the compound preposition: 'facing Syria')→ spatial or relational framingΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): the declinable place-name; the Syrian army the king faces.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal start-point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (temporal start-point).
πρωὶmorningadverb / indeclinable noun (temporal: 'from morning')→ clausal contributionπρωΐ: 'early / morning'; renders בֹּקֶר; the start-point of the day-long agony.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal end-point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until'; marks the temporal terminus.
ἑσπέραςeveningGenitivegenitive of time (with ἕως: 'until evening')→ relational specificationἑσπέρα (gen. ἑσπέρας): 'evening'; renders עֶרֶב; the day-long span 'from morning until evening' frames the king's slow death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέχυννεwas pouring outImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποχύννωmain verb (the steady bleeding)→ durative imperfect (continuous flow)ἀποχύννω/ἀποχέω (impf. ἀπέχυννε): 'pour out / shed'; the imperfect depicts the continuous draining of blood from the wound through the day.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodNominativesubject of ἀπέχυννε→ participant prominenceαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; the blood whose shedding fulfils the LORD's word (v. 38; cf. 1 Kgs 21:19).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'from the wound')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'from the wound').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with πληγῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πληγῆςwoundGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source of the blood)→ relational specificationπληγή (gen. πληγῆς): 'blow / wound / stroke'; renders מַכָּה; the arrow-wound from which the king's blood drains.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κόλπον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόλπονhollow / bottomAccusativeaccusative goal (where the blood pools)→ object specificationκόλπος: 'bosom / fold / hollow'; here the floor/well of the chariot where the blood collects; the κόλπος τοῦ ἅρματος recurs to emphasize the pooling of the king's blood.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἅρματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματοςchariotGenitivegenitive of relationship ('hollow of the chariot')→ relational specificationἅρμα (gen. ἅρματος): 'chariot'; the blood-filled chariot, soon washed at the Samaria pool.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (the king's death)→ constative aorist (the moment of death)ἀποθνῄσκω (aor. ἀπέθανεν): 'die'; renders מוּת; the death of Ahab at evening, fulfilling Micaiah's word and the throne-vision decree.
ἑσπέραςat eveningGenitivegenitive of time (when: 'at evening')→ relational specificationἑσπέρα (gen. ἑσπέρας): 'evening'; the genitive of time, 'at evening' — the close of the day-long dying.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξεπορεύετοwas flowing outImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπορεύομαιmain verb (the continued outflow of blood)→ durative imperfect (continuous flow)ἐκπορεύομαι (impf. ἐξεπορεύετο): 'go out / flow out'; the imperfect of the blood's continued draining into the chariot — even in death the blood pools, setting up v. 38.
τὸtheNominativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodNominativesubject of ἐξεπορεύετο→ participant prominenceαἷμα: 'blood'; the king's blood, which will be licked by the dogs at the pool of Samaria.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with τροπῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τροπῆςwound / routGenitivegenitive of relationship ('blood of the wound/rout')→ relational specificationτροπή (gen. τροπῆς): 'turning / rout / wound'; cognate with ἐτροπώθη; here the blood 'of the wound' (or 'of the rout') flowing from the stricken king.
ἕωςinto / untopreposition + genitive (extent: 'as far as the hollow')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: here spatial 'as far as / unto'; the blood reaches the hollow of the chariot.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with κόλπου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κόλπουhollowGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (extent)→ relational specificationκόλπος (gen. κόλπου): 'hollow / well (of the chariot)'; the blood reaches/fills the chariot's hollow.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἅρματος)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματοςchariotGenitivegenitive of relationship ('hollow of the chariot')→ relational specificationἅρμα (gen. ἅρματος): 'chariot'; the repetition κόλπος τοῦ ἅρματος frames the gory image driving toward the fulfilment at v. 38.
36

καὶ ἔστη ὁ στρατοκῆρυξ δύνοντος τοῦ ἡλίου λέγων ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν καὶ εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γῆν

And the herald of the army stood at the setting of the sun, saying, 'Let each go to his own city and to his own land.'

Narrative (the army disbanded at sunset)καὶ ἔστη ὁ στρατοκῆρυξ
At sunset the army-herald (στρατοκῆρυξ) proclaims the disbanding — ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν ('each to his own city') — the very dispersal Micaiah foresaw in v. 17 (ἀναστρεφέτω ἕκαστος εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ). The shepherdless flock returns home, the king dead.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (the herald takes his stand)→ ingressive aorist (took up his position to proclaim)ἵστημι (aor. ἔστη): 'stand / take a stand'; the herald stands forth to make the proclamation.
theNominativearticle (with στρατοκῆρυξ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατοκῆρυξarmy-heraldNominativesubject of ἔστη→ participant prominenceστρατοκῆρυξ: 'army-herald / camp-crier'; a compound (στρατός + κῆρυξ); the official who proclaims orders through the ranks — here the order to disband.
δύνοντοςsettingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · δύνωgenitive absolute (temporal: 'as the sun was setting')→ present participle (contemporaneous time)δύνω (pres. ptc. δύνοντος): 'set / sink (of the sun)'; the genitive absolute δύνοντος τοῦ ἡλίου = 'at sunset'; marks the timing of the dismissal at the close of the fatal day.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἡλίου, in the genitive absolute)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡλίουsunGenitivesubject of the genitive absolute→ relational specificationἥλιος (gen. ἡλίου): 'sun'; renders שֶׁמֶשׁ; the sunset that coincides with the king's death (cf. ἑσπέρας, v. 35).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speaking (introducing the proclamation)→ circumstantial participle (Hebraism: 'saying')λέγω (pres. ptc. λέγων): the redundant participle-of-saying introducing the herald's cry.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativedistributive subject (elliptical: 'let each [go]')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; the distributive subject of the disbanding command; echoes ἕκαστος in Micaiah's vision (v. 17).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πόλιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive (with πόλιν)→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'his own'; each man to his own city.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative goal (with εἰς)→ object specificationπόλις (acc. πόλιν): 'city'; renders עִיר; the soldiers disperse to their home cities.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive (with γῆν)→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'his own'; each to his own land.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative goal (with εἰς)→ object specificationγῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land / country'; renders אֶרֶץ; the soldiers return to their homelands — the army dissolved.
37

ὅτι τέθνηκεν ὁ βασιλεύς καὶ ἦλθον εἰς Σαμάρειαν καὶ ἔθαψαν τὸν βασιλέα ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ

for the king was dead. And they came to Samaria and buried the king in Samaria.

Narrative (the cause of dispersal; the burial)ὅτι τέθνηκεν ὁ βασιλεύς
The causal ὅτι ('because') explains the disbanding — the king is dead (τέθνηκεν, perfect of settled state). The army returns to Samaria and buries Ahab there; the repeated Σαμάρειαν / Σαμαρείᾳ anchors the burial in the capital, the same city where the chariot will be washed.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (explaining the dismissal)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; gives the reason for disbanding the army — the king's death.
τέθνηκενis deadPf Act Indic 3 Sg · θνῄσκωmain verb of the causal clause→ perfect of settled state (the king is [now] dead)θνῄσκω (pf. τέθνηκεν): 'be dead / have died'; the perfect denotes the abiding fact — the king lies dead; the cause of the army's dissolution.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of τέθνηκεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the king (Ahab), now dead.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the army's return)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθον): 'come / go'; the army returns to the capital.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΣαμάρειανSamariaAccusativeaccusative goal (with εἰς)→ object specificationΣαμάρεια (acc. Σαμάρειαν): the declinable place-name; the capital, to which the body is brought for burial.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανthey buriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (the burial)→ constative aoristθάπτω (aor. ἔθαψαν): 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the burial of Ahab in his capital.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of ἔθαψαν→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): the dead king, buried in Samaria.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (where buried)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): the declinable place-name; the place of burial — the same city where the bloodied chariot is washed (v. 38).
38

καὶ ἀπένιψαν τὸ ἅρμα ἐπὶ τὴν κρήνην Σαμαρείας καὶ ἐξέλειξαν αἱ ὕες καὶ οἱ κύνες τὸ αἷμα καὶ αἱ πόρναι ἐλούσαντο ἐν τῷ αἵματι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ὃ ἐλάλησεν

And they washed the chariot at the fountain of Samaria, and the swine and the dogs licked up the blood, and the harlots bathed in the blood, according to the word of the LORD that he had spoken.

Narrative (the fulfilment at the pool of Samaria)καὶ ἀπένιψαν τὸ ἅρμα
The climactic fulfilment: the blood-soaked chariot is washed at the fountain of Samaria, where dogs (and swine) lick the king's blood and harlots bathe in it — κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ὃ ἐλάλησεν ('according to the word of the LORD that he had spoken', cf. 1 Kgs 21:19). The fulfilment-formula seals the chapter's vindication of the true prophetic word against Ahab.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπένιψανthey washedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπονίπτωmain verb (washing the chariot)→ constative aoristἀπονίπτω (aor. ἀπένιψαν): 'wash off / cleanse'; renders שָׁטַף / רָחַץ; they rinse the blood-filled chariot at the public water-source.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἅρμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρμαchariotAccusativedirect object of ἀπένιψαν→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; the blood-filled war-chariot of vv. 35, now washed clean — the focal object of the fulfilment.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (location: 'at the fountain')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location: 'at the fountain').
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κρήνην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κρήνηνfountain / poolAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the washing-place)→ object specificationκρήνη: 'spring / fountain / pool'; renders בְּרֵכָה ('pool'); the public water-source of Samaria where the chariot is rinsed.
Σαμαρείαςof SamariaGenitivegenitive of relationship ('fountain of Samaria')→ relational specificationΣαμάρεια (gen. Σαμαρείας): the declinable place-name; the pool of Samaria, the scene of fulfilment.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέλειξανlicked upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκλείχωmain verb (the animals lick the blood)→ constative aoristἐκλείχω (aor. ἐξέλειξαν): 'lick up / lick clean'; renders לָקַק; the dogs (and swine) lick the king's blood — the precise fulfilment of 1 Kgs 21:19.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with ὕες)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕεςswine / sowsNominativesubject of ἐξέλειξαν (first of two)→ participant prominenceὗς (nom. pl. ὕες): 'swine / sow / pig'; the LXX adds the swine (an unclean animal) alongside the dogs, heightening the defilement and degradation of the king's death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with κύνες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύνεςdogsNominativesubject of ἐξέλειξαν (second of two)→ participant prominenceκύων (nom. pl. κύνες): 'dog'; renders כֶּלֶב; the dogs that lick Ahab's blood, fulfilling Elijah's word (1 Kgs 21:19) — scavengers signaling an accursed death.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐξέλειξαν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the king's blood, licked by the scavengers — the visible fulfilment of the divine word.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with πόρναι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόρναιharlotsNominativesubject of ἐλούσαντο→ participant prominenceπόρνη (nom. pl. πόρναι): 'harlot / prostitute'; renders זֹנוֹת; the harlots bathing in the blood-mingled water compound the degradation of the king's end.
ἐλούσαντοbathedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · λούωmain verb (the harlots bathe)→ constative aoristλούω (aor. mid. ἐλούσαντο): 'wash / bathe (oneself)'; the middle 'bathed themselves'; the harlots wash in the bloodied pool — a detail of utter ignominy.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location: 'in the blood')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location: 'in the blood').
τῷtheDativearticle (with αἵματι)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἵματιbloodDativedative of place (where they bathed)→ sphere or referenceαἷμα (dat. αἵματι): 'blood'; the blood-mingled water of the pool, in which the harlots bathe.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard: 'according to the word')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; introduces the fulfilment-formula.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (the fulfilled word)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / utterance'; renders דָּבָר; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ('according to the word of the LORD') is the fulfilment-formula — the divine word against Ahab (cf. 1 Kgs 21:19) now accomplished; cf. the same ῥῆμα κυρίου Micaiah proclaimed (v. 19).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source ('word of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine word that determined Ahab's end is here vindicated.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν; antecedent ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceὅς (n. acc. ὅ): the relative 'which', referring to the word the LORD spoke.
ἐλάλησενhe had spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of the relative clause (the prior divine speech)→ constative aorist (the previously spoken word)λαλέω (aor. ἐλάλησεν): 'speak'; the LORD's earlier word (through Elijah, 1 Kgs 21:19; and Micaiah, v. 23) — now fulfilled to the letter; the same verb closes the prophetic frame of the chapter.
39

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αχααβ καὶ πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν καὶ οἶκον ἐλεφάντινον ὃν ᾠκοδόμησεν καὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις ἃς ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γέγραπται ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Ahab, and all that he did, and the ivory house that he built, and all the cities that he made — behold, are not these written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal-summary formula (Ahab's chronicle-notice)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αχααβ
The standard Deuteronomistic chronicle-formula closes Ahab's reign: 'the rest of the acts of Ahab … are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?' His ivory house (οἶκον ἐλεφάντινον) and cities are singled out. The οὐκ … ἰδού frames the rhetorical 'are they not?' reference to the royal annals.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the summary-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubject (substantival: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός (n. pl. λοιπά): 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ('the rest of the acts/words') is the fixed opening of the regnal chronicle-formula (יֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / wordsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος (gen. pl. λόγων): 'word / matter / act'; in the chronicle-formula λόγοι = 'acts / deeds / affairs' (rendering דְּבָרִים).
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'acts of Ahab')→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable name; whose reign the formula closes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all [the things]')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (n. pl. πάντα): 'all (things)'; the sum of Ahab's deeds.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (n. pl. ἅ): 'which (things)'; the relative referring to Ahab's deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (summarizing his reign's deeds)ποιέω (aor. ἐποίησεν): 'do / make'; the sum of Ahab's accomplishments.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἶκονhouseAccusativeaccusative (further object summarized in the formula)→ object specificationοἶκος (acc. οἶκον): 'house'; renders בַּיִת; Ahab's famed building project.
ἐλεφάντινονivoryAccusativeattributive adjective (with οἶκον: 'ivory house')→ object specificationἐλεφάντινος: 'of ivory / ivory-adorned'; the οἶκος ἐλεφάντινος ('ivory house') of Ahab (cf. Amos 3:15; 6:4) — a byword for luxury and the wealth of his reign.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. ὅν): 'which'; refers to the ivory house.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω (aor. ᾠκοδόμησεν): 'build'; renders בָּנָה; Ahab's construction of the ivory house.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with πόλεις)→ object specificationπᾶς (fem. acc. pl. πάσας): 'all'; the totality of Ahab's cities.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativeaccusative (further object summarized)→ object specificationπόλις (acc. pl. πόλεις): 'city'; the cities Ahab fortified or built.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (fem. acc. pl. ἅς): 'which'; refers to the cities.
ἐποίησενhe madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω (aor. ἐποίησεν): 'make / build'; Ahab's city-building.
οὐκnotnegation (in the rhetorical 'are they not …?')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: 'not'; the negation forming the rhetorical question of the chronicle-formula, 'are these not written …?'
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (with the rhetorical question)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה / הֲלֹא; here part of the formulaic reference to the royal annals.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject of γέγραπται (the summarized deeds)→ participant prominenceοὗτος (n. pl. ταῦτα): 'these things'; the catalogue of Ahab's deeds, said to be recorded in the annals.
γέγραπταιare writtenPf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (the chronicle-reference)→ perfect of standing record (written and on record)γράφω (pf. pass. γέγραπται): 'write'; the perfect γέγραπται ('stands written') is the regnal-formula's appeal to the official annals; renders the Hebrew הֲלֹא־הֵם כְּתוּבִים.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative of place (where recorded)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; renders סֵפֶר; the official annals of the kingdom.
λόγωνof the acts / chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content ('book of the acts/chronicles')→ relational specificationλόγος (gen. pl. λόγων): 'word / act'; βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'the book of the chronicles' (סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים), the royal annals.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive ('acts of the days' = chronicles/annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('acts of the days') = 'chronicles / annals' (דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('chronicles of the kings')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. pl. βασιλέων): 'king'; the annals 'of the kings of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable name; the northern kingdom whose royal annals are referenced.
40

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αχααβ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Οχοζιας υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Ahab slept with his fathers, and Ochozias his son reigned in his place.

Regnal-death + succession formula (Ahab)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αχααβ
The death-and-succession formula: Ahab 'slept with his fathers' (ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ — the euphemism for a king's death) and Ochozias (Ahaziah) his son succeeded him (ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ). This same Ochozias is reintroduced at vv. 52–54 to open the next reign.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb (death-formula)→ constative aorist (euphemism for death)κοιμάω (aor. pass. ἐκοιμήθη): 'sleep / fall asleep'; ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ('slept with his fathers') is the standard regnal death-euphemism (שָׁכַב עִם־אֲבֹתָיו).
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable name; the dead king.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father'; renders אָבוֹת; 'his fathers' = his royal ancestors; the death-formula's burial euphemism.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession-formula)→ ingressive aorist (began to reign / succeeded)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'be king / reign'; ingressive — 'became king / succeeded to the throne'; the standard accession-formula.
ΟχοζιαςOchozias / Ahaziahsubject (nominative form; indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΟχοζιας: transliteration of אֲחַזְיָהוּ (Ahaziah, 'YHWH has grasped'); Ahab's son and successor over Israel; reintroduced at vv. 52–54; the nominative form treated as indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive to Οχοζιας ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Ochozias as Ahab's heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Ahab's son)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Ahab's son).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + genitive: 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') is the standard succession-formula (תַּחְתָּיו).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (the predecessor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί (the predecessor).
41

καὶ Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ιουδα ἔτει τετάρτῳ τῷ Αχααβ βασιλέως Ισραηλ ἐβασίλευσεν

And Jehoshaphat son of Asa began to reign over Judah; in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel he began to reign.

Regnal-accession formula (Jehoshaphat of Judah)καὶ Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα
The narrative now turns to Judah with the synchronistic accession-formula: Jehoshaphat son of Asa became king over Judah in Ahab's fourth year. The repeated ἐβασίλευσεν (framing the verse) is characteristic of the regnal notices; the synchronism dates the southern reign by the northern king.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the regnal notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: indeclinable name; now the focus shifts to his Judahite reign.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive to Ιωσαφατ ('son of Asa')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic.
Ασαof Asagenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable transliteration of אָסָא (Asa); Jehoshaphat's father, the reforming king of Judah (1 Kgs 15).
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession-formula)→ ingressive aorist (began to reign)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign / become king'; ingressive 'began to reign'; the accession-notice for Judah.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'over'; ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ιουδα = 'reigned over Judah'.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive object of ἐπί (indeclinable: 'over Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable name; the southern kingdom Jehoshaphat rules.
ἔτειin the yearDativedative of time (the synchronistic date)→ sphere or referenceἔτος (dat. ἔτει): 'year'; the dative of time gives the synchronistic accession-date.
τετάρτῳfourthDativeattributive ordinal (with ἔτει: 'in the fourth year')→ sphere or referenceτέταρτος: 'fourth'; the fourth regnal year of Ahab, the synchronism for Jehoshaphat's accession.
τῷofDativearticle (with Αχααβ, marking the genitival relation)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αχααβof Ahabpossessive (indeclinable: 'the fourth year of Ahab')→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable name; the synchronism dates the year to Ahab's reign.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition ('Ahab king of Israel')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): the title of Ahab in the synchronism.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel').
ἐβασίλευσενhe began to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (resumptive: framing the accession-notice)→ ingressive aorist (began to reign)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign'; the resumptive repetition of the accession-verb frames the synchronistic notice — a feature of the LXX regnal style.
42

Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε ἐτῶν ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ Αζουβα θυγάτηρ Σελεϊ

Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Azuba daughter of Selei.

Regnal-data formula (age, length, mother)Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε ἐτῶν
The regnal-data formula supplies the king's accession-age (thirty-five), reign-length (twenty-five years in Jerusalem), and queen-mother (Azuba daughter of Selei). The idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('son of [so many] years' = 'aged') is a Hebraism (בֶּן … שָׁנָה), and the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('when he became king') is the standard accession-marker.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: indeclinable name; subject of the regnal-data notice.
υἱὸςson / agedNominativepredicate (Hebraism: 'a son of [so many] years' = aged)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; in the idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('son of [thirty-five] years') it renders the Hebrew בֶּן … שָׁנָה = 'aged [thirty-five]'.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (indeclinable, with the age-idiom)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable; with πέντε = thirty-five.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in the compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέντεfivenumeral (indeclinable: 'thirty-five')→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable; thirty-five years at accession.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with the age-idiom: 'of years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): 'year'; the genitive in the age-idiom 'a son of thirty-five years'.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: the temporal idiom 'when / while', rendering the Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct.
τῷtheDativearticle (with the infinitive βασιλεύειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reign / becoming kingPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he became king')→ present infinitive (the act of accession)βασιλεύω (pres. inf. βασιλεύειν): 'reign'; ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν = 'when he began to reign', the standard accession-marker.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. αὐτόν): the accusative subject of the infinitive — 'when he reigned'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (indeclinable, with ἔτη)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable; with πέντε = twenty-five regnal years.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (in the compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέντεfivenumeral (indeclinable: 'twenty-five')→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; twenty-five years of reign.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (length of reign)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): 'year'; the accusative of extent — 'twenty-five years' of reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (length-of-reign notice)→ constative aorist (the whole reign viewed as one span)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign'; the constative aorist sums the twenty-five-year reign.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable: 'in Jerusalem')→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable transliteration of יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; the Judahite capital, seat of Jehoshaphat's reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (queen-mother notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (verbless clause: 'the name [was]')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the queen-mother notice, ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ = 'his mother's name [was]'.
τῇof theDativearticle (with μητρί, dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὶmotherDativedative of possession ('his mother's name')→ sphere or referenceμήτηρ (dat. μητρί): 'mother'; renders אֵם; the queen-mother, regularly noted in the Judahite regnal formulae.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΑζουβαAzubapredicate (indeclinable: the mother's name)→ participant identificationΑζουβα: indeclinable transliteration of עֲזוּבָה (Azubah); Jehoshaphat's mother.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativeappositive to Αζουβα ('daughter of Selei')→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; identifies Azuba's lineage.
Σελεϊof Seleigenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'daughter of Selei')→ participant identificationΣελεϊ: indeclinable transliteration of שִׁלְחִי (Shilhi); Azuba's father.
43

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν πάσῃ ὁδῷ Ασα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου

And he walked in all the way of Asa his father; he did not turn aside from it, to do what is right in the eyes of the LORD.

Theological evaluation (Jehoshaphat's righteousness)καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν πάσῃ ὁδῷ Ασα
The Deuteronomistic verdict on Jehoshaphat: he 'walked in all the way of Asa his father' and did not turn aside (οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν), doing τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ('what is right in the eyes of the LORD') — the standard formula of approval, marking him among Judah's good kings, in pointed contrast to Ahab.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (the evaluative 'walked')→ constative aorist (the moral course of his reign)πορεύομαι (aor. ἐπορεύθη): 'go / walk'; renders הָלַךְ; 'walk in the way of' is the Deuteronomistic idiom for moral/religious conduct.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in the way')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'in the way').
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (with ὁδῷ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς (fem. dat. πάσῃ): 'all / whole'; 'in all the way of Asa' — total adherence to his father's righteous course.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of sphere (the way walked)→ sphere or referenceὁδός (dat. ὁδῷ): 'way / road / manner of life'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; the 'way' of Asa = his godly conduct.
Ασαof Asagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'way of Asa')→ participant identificationΑσα: indeclinable name; Jehoshaphat's father, the model of his good reign.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ασα ('his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; Asa identified as Jehoshaphat's father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἐξέκλινεν)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξέκλινενhe turned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκλίνωmain verb (negated: 'did not deviate')→ constative aorist (no deviation throughout)ἐκκλίνω (aor. ἐξέκλινεν): 'turn aside / deviate'; renders סוּר; 'he did not turn aside from it' marks his consistent fidelity to the godly path.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, elided).
αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the way, feminine)→ relational specificationαὐτός (fem. gen. αὐτῆς): 'it'; refers to ὁδῷ ('the way') — he did not deviate from the godly course.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (genitive articular infinitive of purpose/result)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive (epexegetical: 'in doing what is right')→ aorist infinitive (the conduct itself)ποιέω (aor. inf. ποιῆσαι): 'do / make'; τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ εὐθές = 'to do what is right', the content of his fidelity.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizing εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςright / uprightAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαι (substantival: 'what is right')→ object specificationεὐθύς (n. εὐθές): 'straight / right / upright'; τὸ εὐθές renders הַיָּשָׁר ('what is right'); 'to do what is right in the eyes of the LORD' is the formula of royal approval.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in the eyes')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'in the eyes').
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of sphere (with ἐν: 'in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός (dat. pl. ὀφθαλμοῖς): 'eye'; ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ('in the eyes of the LORD') renders בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה, the standard evaluative idiom.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession ('the eyes of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine standard by which Jehoshaphat is approved.
44

πλὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν οὐκ ἐξῆρεν ἔτι ὁ λαὸς ἐθυσίαζεν καὶ ἐθυμίων ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς

Only the high places he did not remove; the people still sacrificed and burned incense on the high places.

Qualification (the standard 'high places' caveat)πλὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν
The standard qualifying caveat (πλήν, 'only / however') attached to the good Judahite kings: the high places (τὰ ὑψηλά) were not removed, and the people continued to sacrifice and burn incense there. The note tempers the approval of v. 43 — Jehoshaphat was good, but cultic centralization remained incomplete.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πλὴνonly / howeveradversative particle (introducing the qualification)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / only / nevertheless'; the standard qualifier introducing the 'high places' caveat in the regnal formulae of the good kings.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ὑψηλῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivegenitive object of ἐξῆρεν (partitive/object: 'the high places')→ relational specificationὑψηλός (n. pl. ὑψηλά): 'high'; substantival τὰ ὑψηλά = 'the high places' (בָּמוֹת), the local hilltop shrines whose persistence is the recurring qualification on the good kings.
οὐκnotnegation (with ἐξῆρεν)→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἐξῆρενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (negated: 'did not remove')→ constative aoristἐξαίρω (aor. ἐξῆρεν): 'take away / remove'; renders סוּר (Hiphil); the failure to remove the high places is the standard limit on the reform of Judah's good kings.
ἔτιstilladverb (temporal: 'still / yet')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; the people 'still' continued the high-place worship.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐθυσίαζεν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the people of Judah, who persisted in high-place worship.
ἐθυσίαζενsacrificedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb (the people's continuing practice)→ customary imperfect (ongoing practice)θυσιάζω (impf. ἐθυσίαζεν): 'sacrifice / offer'; renders זָבַח; the imperfect marks the continuing high-place sacrifices.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίωνburned incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θυμιάωmain verb (the people's continuing practice)→ customary imperfect (ongoing practice)θυμιάω (impf. ἐθυμίων): 'burn incense / make a smoke-offering'; renders קָטַר (Piel); the plural picks up the collective λαός; the continuing incense-offering at the high places.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὑψηλοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλοῖςhigh placesDativedative of place (where they worshiped)→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός (n. dat. pl. ὑψηλοῖς): 'high'; substantival 'on the high places' (בָּמוֹת) — the local shrines that survived Jehoshaphat's reign.
45

καὶ εἰρήνευσεν Ιωσαφατ μετὰ βασιλέως Ισραηλ

And Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel.

Summary note (Jehoshaphat's peace with Israel)καὶ εἰρήνευσεν Ιωσαφατ
A terse note records the détente that framed the whole chapter — Jehoshaphat εἰρήνευσεν ('made peace') with the king of Israel, the alliance that drew him into the Ramoth-Gilead campaign. The verb (cognate with εἰρήνη) closes the political relationship that opened the narrative.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰρήνευσενmade peaceAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰρηνεύωmain verb (the peace-relationship)→ constative/ingressive aorist (established peace)εἰρηνεύω (aor. εἰρήνευσεν): 'be at peace / make peace'; cognate with εἰρήνη; renders שָׁלַם / the peace-relation; the alliance with Israel that underlay the joint campaign.
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): the king of Israel (Ahab), with whom Jehoshaphat allied.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
46

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωσαφατ καὶ αἱ δυναστεῖαι αὐτοῦ ὅσα ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ιουδα

And the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, and his mighty deeds, all that he did — behold, are not these written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?

Regnal-summary formula (Jehoshaphat's chronicle-notice)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωσαφατ
The chronicle-formula closes Jehoshaphat's reign as it did Ahab's (v. 39): 'the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat and his mighty deeds … are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?' The term δυναστεῖαι ('mighty deeds / powerful acts') highlights his strength; the formula points to the southern royal annals.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the summary-formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubject (substantival: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός (n. pl. λοιπά): 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων, the chronicle-formula's opening, as in v. 39.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος (gen. pl. λόγων): 'word / act / deed'; in the chronicle-formula = 'acts / affairs'.
Ιωσαφατof Jehoshaphatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'acts of Jehoshaphat')→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: indeclinable name; whose reign the formula closes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with δυναστεῖαι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστεῖαιmighty deedsNominativesubject (further item of the summary)→ participant prominenceδυναστεία (nom. pl. δυναστεῖαι): 'power / might / mighty deed'; renders גְּבוּרָה; Jehoshaphat's exploits of power (military and otherwise) — a positive note on a strong reign.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν: 'as many things as')→ participant referenceὅσος (n. pl. ὅσα): 'as much/many as / all that'; the relative summarizing all his deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (summary of his reign)ποιέω (aor. ἐποίησεν): 'do / make'; the sum of Jehoshaphat's accomplishments.
οὐκnotnegation (in the rhetorical 'are they not …?')→ clausal qualification or emphasisοὐκ: 'not'; forms the rhetorical question of the chronicle-formula.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (with the rhetorical question)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; part of the formulaic reference to the annals (cf. v. 39).
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (with the participial predicate γεγραμμένα)→ participant prominenceοὗτος (n. pl. ταῦτα): 'these things'; the catalogue of Jehoshaphat's deeds.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPf Pass Ptc Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic/predicative: 'are written')→ perfect participle of standing record (on record)γράφω (pf. pass. ptc. γεγραμμένα): 'write'; the perfect participle (with implied 'are') = 'stand written'; the chronicle-formula's appeal to the official annals (cf. γέγραπται, v. 39).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative of place (where recorded)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the official annals.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content ('book of the chronicles')→ relational specificationλόγος (gen. pl. λόγων): βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'the book of the chronicles' (סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive ('acts of the days' = chronicles)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'chronicles / annals'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('chronicles of the kings')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. pl. βασιλέων): 'king'; the annals 'of the kings of Judah'.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable name; the southern kingdom whose royal annals are referenced — distinct from the annals of Israel (v. 39).
51

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωσαφατ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτάφη παρὰ τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωραμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father, and Joram his son reigned in his place.

Regnal-death + burial + succession formula (Jehoshaphat)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωσαφατ
The death-burial-succession formula closes Jehoshaphat's reign (note: the LXX numbering jumps here from v. 46 to v. 51 — verses 47–50 are absent from the sequence). He sleeps with his fathers, is buried in the city of David, and Joram his son succeeds. The burial 'in the city of David' marks him as a legitimate Davidic king of Judah.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb (death-formula)→ constative aorist (euphemism for death)κοιμάω (aor. pass. ἐκοιμήθη): 'sleep'; ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ('slept with his fathers'), the regnal death-euphemism (cf. Ahab, v. 40).
ΙωσαφατJehoshaphatsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: indeclinable name; the king of Judah, here dying.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father'; 'his fathers' = his royal ancestors.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (burial-note)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (the burial)→ constative aoristθάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'bury'; the burial-note of the regnal formula; Jehoshaphat is laid with his ancestors.
παρὰwith / besidepreposition + dative (location: 'beside / with')→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dative: 'beside / with'; παρὰ τοῖς πατράσιν = 'with his fathers', in the ancestral tomb.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativedative object of παρά (where buried)→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father'; buried 'with his fathers' in the Davidic tombs.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (where buried)→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. πόλει): 'city'; ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ = 'in the city of David' (Jerusalem), the royal Davidic burial-place.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'city of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable transliteration of דָּוִד; 'the city of David' = the royal quarter of Jerusalem; the burial there confirms Jehoshaphat's Davidic legitimacy.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfather / forefatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father/forefather')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father / ancestor'; David is named as Jehoshaphat's 'father' = royal forefather of the Davidic line.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession-formula)→ ingressive aorist (succeeded to the throne)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign / become king'; ingressive — Joram succeeds Jehoshaphat.
ΙωραμJoram / Jehoramsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: indeclinable transliteration of יְהוֹרָם (Jehoram); Jehoshaphat's son and successor over Judah.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive to Ιωραμ ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Joram as Jehoshaphat's heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί + genitive: 'in place of'; the succession-formula ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ (תַּחְתָּיו).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (the predecessor)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί (the predecessor).
52

καὶ Οχοζιας υἱὸς Αχααβ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ ἐν ἔτει ἑπτακαιδεκάτῳ Ιωσαφατ βασιλεῖ Ιουδα καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ισραηλ ἔτη δύο

And Ochozias son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in Samaria, in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two years.

Regnal-accession formula (Ahaziah of Israel)καὶ Οχοζιας υἱὸς Αχααβ
The book turns to introduce the next northern reign — the synchronistic accession-formula for Ochozias (Ahaziah) son of Ahab: he became king over Israel in Samaria in Jehoshaphat's seventeenth year and reigned two years. This accession opens the material that runs into 4 Kingdoms, where his story continues.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the regnal notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΟχοζιαςOchozias / Ahaziahsubject (nominative form; indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΟχοζιας: transliteration of אֲחַזְיָהוּ (Ahaziah); Ahab's son, king of Israel; first named at v. 40, now the subject of his own accession-notice; the nominative form treated as indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativeappositive to Οχοζιας ('son of Ahab')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic linking him to the apostate dynasty.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable name; Ochozias' father, whose sins he will repeat (v. 53).
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession-formula)→ ingressive aorist (began to reign)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign / become king'; ingressive — Ochozias' accession over Israel.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'over'; ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ = 'reigned over Israel'.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive object of ἐπί (indeclinable: 'over Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable name; the northern kingdom Ochozias rules.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (the capital)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): the declinable place-name; the northern capital, seat of Ochozias' reign.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: the synchronism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: the synchronism).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (the synchronistic accession-date)→ sphere or referenceἔτος (dat. ἔτει): 'year'; the dative of time for the synchronism.
ἑπτακαιδεκάτῳseventeenthDativeattributive ordinal (with ἔτει: 'in the seventeenth year')→ sphere or referenceἑπτακαιδέκατος: 'seventeenth'; the seventeenth regnal year of Jehoshaphat, the synchronism dating Ochozias' accession.
Ιωσαφατof Jehoshaphatpossessive (indeclinable: 'of Jehoshaphat')→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: indeclinable name; the synchronism dates the year to Jehoshaphat's reign.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition ('Jehoshaphat king of Judah')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. βασιλεῖ): the title of Jehoshaphat in the synchronism.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Judah').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (length-of-reign notice)→ constative aorist (the whole reign as one span)βασιλεύω (aor. ἐβασίλευσεν): 'reign'; the constative aorist sums the brief two-year reign.
ἐνover / inpreposition + dative (place of rule)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of rule).
ΙσραηλIsraeldative of place (indeclinable: 'in/over Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable name; the kingdom over which he reigned two years.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (length of reign)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): 'year'; the accusative of extent — 'two years'.
δύοtwonumeral (indeclinable, with ἔτη)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; here indeclinable; the brief two-year reign of Ochozias.
53

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον κυρίου καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ Αχααβ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν ὁδῷ Ιεζαβελ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις οἴκου Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

And he did what was evil before the LORD, and walked in the way of Ahab his father and in the way of Jezebel his mother, and in the sins of the house of Jeroboam son of Nabat, who made Israel to sin.

Theological condemnation (Ahaziah's evil)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν
The Deuteronomistic verdict of condemnation: Ochozias 'did what was evil before the LORD' (ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον κυρίου) — walking in the threefold path of apostasy: his father Ahab, his mother Jezebel, and the archetypal sin of Jeroboam son of Nabat, 'who made Israel to sin' (the recurring formula for the foundational northern apostasy).
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (the evaluative 'did evil')→ constative aorist (the moral verdict on his reign)ποιέω (aor. ἐποίησεν): 'do / make'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν ('did evil') is the standard formula of condemnation.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν (substantival: 'what is evil')→ object specificationπονηρός (n. πονηρόν): 'evil / wicked'; τὸ πονηρόν renders הָרַע ('the evil'); the formulaic verdict on a bad king, the antithesis of τὸ εὐθές (v. 43).
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (evaluative perspective)→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism rendering בְּעֵינֵי / לִפְנֵי; the evil is 'before the LORD' = in his judgment.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐναντίον→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the divine standard by which the king is condemned.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (the evaluative 'walked')→ constative aoristπορεύομαι (aor. ἐπορεύθη): 'walk'; 'walk in the way of' is the moral-conduct idiom (cf. v. 43, of Jehoshaphat) — here turned to condemnation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
ὁδῷwayDativedative of sphere (the way walked)→ sphere or referenceὁδός (dat. ὁδῷ): 'way'; the apostate 'way' of Ahab.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'way of Ahab')→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable name; the father whose evil way the son follows.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αχααβ→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; Ahab as the son's father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
ὁδῷwayDativedative of sphere→ sphere or referenceὁδός (dat. ὁδῷ): 'way'; the second apostate path — that of Jezebel.
Ιεζαβελof Jezebelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'way of Jezebel')→ participant identificationΙεζαβελ: indeclinable transliteration of אִיזֶבֶל (Jezebel); the Baal-worshiping queen-mother, archetype of idolatry (cf. 1 Kgs 16:31; 18–21).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with μητρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεζαβελ→ relational specificationμήτηρ (gen. μητρός): 'mother'; Jezebel as the king's mother — his idolatry has maternal as well as paternal roots.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative of sphere (the sins walked in)→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία (dat. pl. ἁμαρτίαις): 'sin'; renders חַטֹּאות; the 'sins of the house of Jeroboam' — the foundational cultic apostasy of the north (the golden calves, 1 Kgs 12).
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of relationship ('sins of the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house / dynasty'; the 'house of Jeroboam' = the dynasty whose calf-worship defined northern apostasy.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'house of Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable transliteration of יָרָבְעָם (Jeroboam); the first king of the divided north, paradigm of the sin that 'made Israel to sin'.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ ('son of Nabat')→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Nabat', the fixed epithet of Jeroboam.
Ναβατof Nabatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: indeclinable transliteration of נְבָט (Nebat); Jeroboam's father, in the recurring formula 'Jeroboam son of Nabat'.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν, referring to Jeroboam)→ participant referenceὅς (nom. ὅς): the relative 'who', referring to Jeroboam.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of the relative clause (causative)→ constative aorist (the foundational act of leading Israel astray)ἐξαμαρτάνω (aor. ἐξήμαρτεν): 'cause to sin / lead into sin'; here causative — 'who made Israel to sin'; renders הֶחֱטִיא; the standard formula for Jeroboam's foundational apostasy (cf. 1 Kgs 14:16; 15:30).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking it as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable name; the people whom Jeroboam led into the calf-worship; the article τόν marks the accusative object.
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καὶ ἐδούλευσεν τοῖς Βααλιμ καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτοῖς καὶ παρώργισεν τὸν κύριον θεὸν Ισραηλ κατὰ πάντα τὰ γενόμενα ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ

And he served the Baalim and worshiped them, and provoked the LORD, the God of Israel, according to all that had been done before him.

Theological condemnation (Baal-worship) — the book's closing indictmentκαὶ ἐδούλευσεν τοῖς Βααλιμ
The book of 3 Kingdoms closes on the indictment of Ochozias' Baal-worship: he served the Baalim (ἐδούλευσεν τοῖς Βααλιμ) and worshiped them (προσεκύνησεν), provoking the LORD God of Israel just 'as all that had been done before him' (i.e., by Ahab's house). The chapter — and the book — ends with apostasy unresolved, the divine anger provoked, carrying the reader directly into 4 Kingdoms, where Ahaziah's reign and judgment unfold.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδούλευσενservedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb (cultic servitude to Baal)→ constative aorist (the apostate cult of his reign)δουλεύω (aor. ἐδούλευσεν): 'serve / be enslaved to'; renders עָבַד; the cultic service of the Baalim — the climactic charge of idolatry.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with Βααλιμ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλιμBaalimdative object of ἐδούλευσεν (indeclinable plural)→ participant identificationΒααλιμ: indeclinable transliteration of בְּעָלִים (Baalim), the plural of בַּעַל; the Canaanite Baal-deities; the article τοῖς marks the dative; the worship Jezebel imported and Ochozias continued.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενworshipedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (the act of worship)→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω (aor. προσεκύνησεν): 'bow down / worship / do obeisance'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; the bowing-worship of the Baalim, the act of idolatrous allegiance.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν (the Baalim)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. pl. αὐτοῖς): 'them'; the Baal-deities worshiped.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρώργισενprovokedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παροργίζωmain verb (provoking divine anger)→ constative aorist (the offense against YHWH)παροργίζω (aor. παρώργισεν): 'provoke to anger / exasperate'; renders הִכְעִיס; the standard term for provoking YHWH by idolatry — the book's closing charge against the house of Ahab.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονLORDAccusativedirect object of παρώργισεν→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): rendering of the Tetragrammaton; the LORD provoked by Ochozias' idolatry — the covenant God against whom the apostasy is committed.
θεὸνGodAccusativeappositive to κύριον ('the LORD, the God of Israel')→ object specificationθεός (acc. θεόν): 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; 'the LORD, the God of Israel' — the same title from Micaiah's throne-vision (v. 19), framing the book's prophetic and theological close.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable name; the covenant people whose God is provoked — the book ends with Israel's God dishonored by Israel's king.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard: 'according to')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; the comparison to prior precedent.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with τὰ γενόμενα)→ object specificationπᾶς (n. pl. πάντα): 'all'; the totality of the prior apostate deeds he imitates.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantizing the participle γενόμενα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενόμεναthat had been doneAor Mid Ptc Acc Pl Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival participle (object of κατά: 'all that had been done')→ antecedent aorist participle (prior deeds)γίνομαι (aor. mid. ptc. γενόμενα): 'become / happen / be done'; τὰ γενόμενα ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ = 'the things done before him' — the apostate precedents of Ahab's house that Ochozias reproduces.
ἔμπροσθενbeforepreposition + genitive (temporal: 'before him')→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: 'before / in front of'; here temporal 'before him' = in the time/example preceding him (his father's and predecessors' apostasy).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἔμπροσθεν (Ochozias)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. αὐτοῦ): 'him'; the closing word of 3 Kingdoms — the new king merely continues the evil 'before him', the book ending in unrelieved apostasy that opens directly into 4 Kingdoms.