Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Third Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 21ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ′ ΚΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The Lord gives Ahab victory over Aram, but his mercy to Ben-hadad becomes disobedience and sentence.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 3 Kingdoms (Βασιλειῶν Γ′, the LXX equivalent of 1 Kings) chapter 21 follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. IMPORTANT CHAPTER-NUMBERING NOTE: at this point the LXX and the Masoretic Text diverge in chapter order — the Greek and Hebrew SWAP chapters 20 and 21. Thus LXX 3 Kingdoms 21 corresponds to MT 1 Kings 20 (the Aramean wars), while LXX 3 Kingdoms 20 corresponds to MT 1 Kings 21 (Naboth's vineyard). Readers comparing English versions based on the Hebrew should look to 1 Kings 20 for the content annotated here. The chapter narrates the two campaigns of Ben-Hadad of Syria (ὁ υἱὸς Αδερ) against Ahab: (1) the siege of Samaria, Ben-Hadad's escalating demands for Ahab's silver, gold, wives, and children, Ahab's defiant proverb 'let not the one girding on his armor boast like the one taking it off' (ἱκανούσθω μὴ καυχάσθω ὁ κυρτὸς ὡς ὁ ὀρθός, v. 11), and the rout of the Arameans through the young men of the provincial governors (τὰ παιδάρια τῶν ἀρχόντων τῶν χωρῶν, vv. 13–21); (2) the Aramean theological calculation that the LORD is 'a god of the mountains and not a god of the valleys' (θεὸς ὀρέων … καὶ οὐ θεὸς κοιλάδων, v. 23), the spring campaign at Aphek and the great slaughter of one hundred thousand foot-soldiers (vv. 26–30); and finally Ahab's sparing of Ben-Hadad and the covenant of 'my brother' (ἀδελφός μού ἐστιν, v. 32), which a son of the prophets condemns by the acted parable of the escaped prisoner: 'your life shall be for his life, and your people for his people' (ἔσται ἡ ψυχή σου ἀντὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ, v. 42), because Ahab released a man YHWH had devoted to destruction (ἄνδρα ὀλέθριον). The Greek renders the Aramaic/Hebrew personal name בֶּן־הֲדַד by the calque ὁ υἱὸς Αδερ ('the son of Hader'), treating Αδερ as an indeclinable transliteration; Συρία/Σύρος is the LXX's standard rendering of אֲרָם ('Aram'), and Δαμασκός of דַּמֶּשֶׂק.

1

καὶ συνήθροισεν υἱὸς Αδερ πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνέβη καὶ περιεκάθισεν ἐπὶ Σαμάρειαν καὶ τριάκοντα καὶ δύο βασιλεῖς μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶς ἵππος καὶ ἅρμα καὶ ἀνέβησαν καὶ περιεκάθισαν ἐπὶ Σαμάρειαν καὶ ἐπολέμησαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτήν

And the son of Hader gathered all his force and went up and laid siege against Samaria, and thirty-two kings were with him and every horse and chariot; and they went up and besieged Samaria and made war against it.

New narrative episode (the Aramean siege of Samaria opens)καὶ συνήθροισεν
The chapter opens with the standard Hebraizing καί-parataxis introducing a new military episode. A chain of aorists (συνήθροισεν, ἀνέβη, περιεκάθισεν, ἀνέβησαν, περιεκάθισαν, ἐπολέμησαν) telescopes the mobilization, march, and investment of Samaria. The doubling of the verbs of ascent and siege (singular then plural) reflects the LXX's close mirroring of Hebrew narrative repetition.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήθροισενgathered togetherAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συναθροίζωmain verb (opening the episode)→ constative aorist (completed mobilization)συναθροίζω: 'gather together / assemble'; renders אָסַף / קָבַץ; the compound συν- stresses the massing of the whole Aramean coalition into a single force.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ: 'the son of Hader')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; here part of the calque ὁ υἱὸς Αδερ, the LXX's standard rendering of the dynastic name בֶּן־הֲדַד ('Ben-Hadad') of Syria; the Greek treats the Hebrew patronymic woodenly as 'son of Hader'.
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'son of Hader')→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliteration of Hebrew הֲדַד (Hadad), the Aramean storm-god whose name forms the royal name Ben-Hadad; indeclinable in the LXX, functioning here as a genitive of relationship to υἱός.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δύναμιν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the feminine accusative πᾶσαν agrees with δύναμιν, stressing the totality of the muster.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύναμινforce / armyAccusativedirect object of συνήθροισεν→ object specificationδύναμις: 'power / force / army'; in military contexts the LXX uses δύναμις for חַיִל ('army / host'); here the assembled Aramean army.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δύναμιν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying δύναμιν).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (sequential)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (advance)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up / advance'; renders עָלָה; standard verb for a military advance against a city, here up to the hill-city of Samaria.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεκάθισενlaid siegeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περικαθίζωmain verb (investment of the city)→ constative aoristπερικαθίζω: 'sit around / besiege / blockade'; the compound περι- denotes encircling investment; renders צוּר ('lay siege').
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
ΣαμάρειανSamariaAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (target of siege)→ object specificationΣαμάρεια: the capital of the northern kingdom, founded by Omri (1 Kgs 16:24); declined as a first-declension noun in the LXX (acc. Σαμάρειαν, gen. Σαμαρείας), rendering Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τριάκονταthirtyindeclinable numeral (with δύο: 'thirty-two')→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable cardinal; the coalition of thirty-two vassal kings underlines Ben-Hadad's imperial reach over Aram and its client states.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (with τριάκοντα)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; here invariant; 'thirty-two kings' renders שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁלֹשִׁים מֶלֶךְ.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject (predicated as present 'with him')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the vassal-kings (renders מְלָכִים) are local rulers subject to Ben-Hadad of Damascus.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ἵππος)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'every / all'; the masculine nominative agrees with ἵππος, here a collective for the whole cavalry arm.
ἵπποςhorse / cavalryNominativesubject (collective: the mounted force)→ participant prominenceἵππος: 'horse'; in military idiom the singular collective denotes cavalry as an arm (cf. סוּס used collectively); paired with ἅρμα for the chariot corps.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅρμαchariotNominativesubject (collective: the chariot force)→ participant prominenceἅρμα: 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב; chariotry and cavalry were the elite striking arms of Aramean armies on the open plain.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβησανthey went upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (plural resumption of the advance)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω (3 pl.): the plural resumes the advance now with the whole host as subject, a Hebraizing doublet of the singular ἀνέβη above.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεκάθισανthey besiegedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · περικαθίζωmain verb (plural resumption of the siege)→ constative aoristπερικαθίζω (3 pl.): the plural restatement completes the doublet, depicting the full army settling into the blockade.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
ΣαμάρειανSamariaAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationΣαμάρειαν: meaning 'Samaria'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπολέμησανthey made warAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb (engagement)→ ingressive aorist (began hostilities)πολεμέω: 'wage war / fight against'; renders לָחַם (Niphal); with ἐπί + accusative it means 'make war upon', here against the besieged city.
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
αὐτήνitAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπ᾿ (= Samaria)→ participant referenceαὐτήν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπ᾿ (= Samaria).
2

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς Αχααβ βασιλέα Ισραηλ εἰς τὴν πόλιν

And he sent to Ahab king of Israel, into the city,

Narrative continuation (sequential καί introducing the embassy)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν
A brief transitional clause introducing Ben-Hadad's diplomatic embassy to Ahab; the verb ἀπέστειλεν ('he sent') without an explicit object of message anticipates the messenger-formula τάδε λέγει in v. 3.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of envoys)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch (on a mission)'; renders שָׁלַח; the verb governs an implied object (messengers, named ἄγγελοι in v. 5).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑχααβAhabaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliteration of אַחְאָב (Ahab), son of Omri, king of Israel; indeclinable in the LXX.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αχααβ→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the appositive title fixes Ahab's office; βασιλέα Ισραηλ ('king of Israel') is the recurring designation throughout the chapter.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of יִשְׂרָאֵל; here the northern kingdom of which Ahab is king.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination of the embassy)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; here besieged Samaria, into which the envoys are sent.
3

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν τάδε λέγει υἱὸς Αδερ τὸ ἀργύριόν σου καὶ τὸ χρυσίον σου ἐμόν ἐστιν καὶ αἱ γυναῖκές σου καὶ τὰ τέκνα σου ἐμά ἐστιν

and said to him, 'Thus says the son of Hader: Your silver and your gold are mine, and your wives and your children are mine.'

Direct speech: Ben-Hadad's demand (royal messenger-formula)τάδε λέγει υἱὸς Αδερ
Ben-Hadad's ultimatum is cast in the royal/prophetic messenger-formula τάδε λέγει ('thus says'), normally used for divine or imperial pronouncements; its use here lends the demand the tone of an overlord dictating terms to a vassal. The claim that silver, gold, wives, and children are already 'mine' (ἐμόν … ἐμά) asserts total suzerainty before any battle.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: the aorist εἶπεν introduces the spoken message delivered by the envoy on Ben-Hadad's behalf.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= Ahab)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (= Ahab).
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λέγει: content of the message)→ participant referenceὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: the formula τάδε λέγει renders כֹּה אָמַר, the standard Hebrew messenger-formula; τάδε (acc. pl. n.) points forward to the demand that follows.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula (vivid present)→ vivid present (authoritative pronouncement)λέγω (pres.): the present in the citation-formula presents the overlord's word as currently in force, addressing Ahab as if Ben-Hadad himself were speaking.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject of λέγει (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱός: part of the name ὁ υἱὸς Αδερ (Ben-Hadad); the speaker of the ultimatum.
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun (genitival with υἱός)→ participant identificationΑδερ: see v. 1; indeclinable.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριόνsilverNominativesubject (of the predicate ἐμόν ἐστιν)→ participant prominenceἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; the first item of the tribute-demand.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἀργύριον)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ἀργύριον).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldNominativesubject (coordinate with ἀργύριον)→ participant prominenceχρυσίον: 'gold'; renders זָהָב; with silver forms the standard merism for royal treasure.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐμόνmineNominativepredicate possessive (with ἐστιν: 'is mine')→ participant prominenceἐμός: 'my / mine'; the possessive adjective as predicate asserts Ben-Hadad's ownership of Ahab's treasure.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: copula; the singular agrees with the nearest collective subject (silver-and-gold).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκέςwivesNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman / wife'; renders אִשָּׁה / נָשִׁים; the demand for the king's wives and children is a claim to his dynastic future.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildrenNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceτέκνον: 'child'; renders בָּנִים; with the wives, the totality of Ahab's household claimed as Ben-Hadad's.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐμάmineNominativepredicate possessive (neuter pl.: 'are mine')→ participant prominenceἐμός (n. pl. ἐμά): the neuter plural predicate covers wives and children as a single claimed possession.
ἐστινis / arePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (singular with neuter plural subject)→ stative presentεἰμί: the singular copula with a neuter plural subject (τὰ τέκνα … ἐμά ἐστιν) is regular Greek syntax.
4

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν καθὼς ἐλάλησας κύριε βασιλεῦ σὸς ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐμά

And the king of Israel answered and said, 'As you have spoken, my lord O king, I am yours, and all that is mine.'

Direct speech: Ahab's submissive replyκαὶ ἀπεκρίθη
Ahab's first reply is abject capitulation: addressing his besieger as κύριε βασιλεῦ ('my lord O king' — a vassal's deference, hence human, not divine), he concedes himself and all his possessions. The deference sets up the later escalation, when Ben-Hadad pushes beyond what even this submission grants.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (reply-introduction)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer / reply'; the deponent aorist passive ἀπεκρίθη is the standard LXX form, rendering עָנָה; paired with εἶπεν in the Hebraizing 'answered and said'.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: here Ahab, designated by title as 'the king of Israel'.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing 'answered and said')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
καθὼςas / just ascomparative conjunction (introducing concession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / just as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; 'as you have spoken' frames Ahab's reply as full assent to the demand.
ἐλάλησαςyou have spokenAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λαλέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; the second-person aorist refers back to Ben-Hadad's demand of v. 3.
κύριεmy lordVocativevocative of address (human master)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): HUMAN address here — Ahab calls his overlord-besieger 'my lord', the deferential title of a vassal to a suzerain, NOT the Tetragrammaton; renders אֲדֹנִי.
βασιλεῦO kingVocativevocative of address (in apposition to κύριε)→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc. βασιλεῦ): 'O king'; the paired vocatives κύριε βασιλεῦ heighten Ahab's submission to Ben-Hadad.
σὸςyoursNominativepredicate possessive (with εἰμι: 'I am yours')→ participant prominenceσός: 'your / yours'; the possessive adjective as predicate: Ahab declares himself the property of his overlord.
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun foregrounds Ahab's personal submission — 'I myself am yours'.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present (divine self-attestation)εἰμί: copula linking ἐγώ to the predicate σός.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective (with τὰ ἐμά: 'all that is mine')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (n. pl. πάντα): 'all things'; Ahab concedes the totality of his possessions along with himself.
τὰthe thingsNominativearticle (substantivizing ἐμά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐμάmineNominativesubstantivized possessive ('my things / what is mine')→ participant prominenceἐμός (n. pl. ἐμά): 'my things'; with the article, 'all that is mine' — the surrender of property echoes and concedes Ben-Hadad's claim in v. 3.
5

καὶ ἀνέστρεψαν οἱ ἄγγελοι καὶ εἶπον τάδε λέγει υἱὸς Αδερ ἐγὼ ἀπέσταλκα πρὸς σὲ λέγων τὸ ἀργύριόν σου καὶ τὸ χρυσίον σου καὶ τὰς γυναῖκάς σου καὶ τὰ τέκνα σου δώσεις ἐμοί

And the messengers returned and said, 'Thus says the son of Hader: I have sent to you, saying, Your silver and your gold and your wives and your children you shall give to me.'

Direct speech: Ben-Hadad's renewed and escalated demandκαὶ ἀνέστρεψαν οἱ ἄγγελοι
The messengers (ἄγγελοι) return with a second message. Where v. 3 merely asserted ownership, the perfect ἀπέσταλκα ('I have sent') and the future δώσεις ('you shall give') now convert the claim into an explicit command for handing over the goods, preparing for the still harsher term of v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστρεψανreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναστρέφωmain verb (envoys' return)→ constative aoristἀναστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; the messengers come back a second time with the escalated demand.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄγγελοιmessengersNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἄγγελος: 'messenger / envoy'; renders מַלְאָךְ; here human diplomatic envoys, not angels — the word's basic sense.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: 3 pl. aorist; the envoys deliver Ben-Hadad's words.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (object of λέγει)→ object specificationὅδε: messenger-formula τάδε λέγει, as in v. 3.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ vivid presentλέγω: the present λέγει in the citation-formula gives the divine word present authority — 'the LORD says (now)'.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as subject (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun stresses the overlord's personal authority behind the demand.
ἀπέσταλκαI have sentPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (perfect of standing demand)→ resultative perfect (the demand stands in force)ἀποστέλλω (perf.): the perfect ἀπέσταλκα denotes a message dispatched and still binding — 'my word to you stands'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσὲ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing the content)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (pres. part.): the participle λέγων introduces direct discourse, a Hebraism rendering לֵאמֹר.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριόνsilverAccusativedirect object (of δώσεις)→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; now the object of the imperative-future δώσεις.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκάςwivesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationγυνή: 'wives'.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέκναchildrenAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationτέκνον: 'children'.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
δώσειςyou shall giveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of the demand (imperatival future)→ imperatival future (binding command)δίδωμι: 'give'; the future δώσεις functions as a command (Hebraizing imperatival future), demanding actual surrender, not merely conceding ownership.
ἐμοίto meDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. ἐμοί): the emphatic dative 'to me' fixes Ben-Hadad as the recipient of the surrendered goods.
6

ὅτι ταύτην τὴν ὥραν αὔριον ἀποστελῶ τοὺς παῖδάς μου πρὸς σέ καὶ ἐρευνήσουσιν τὸν οἶκόν σου καὶ τοὺς οἴκους τῶν παίδων σου καὶ ἔσται τὰ ἐπιθυμήματα ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν ἐφ᾿ ἃ ἂν ἐπιβάλωσι τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῶν καὶ λήμψονται

For at this hour tomorrow I will send my servants to you, and they will search your house and the houses of your servants, and it shall be that whatever is desirable to their eyes, on which they lay their hands, they will take.

Causal/explanatory expansion of the demand (the threatened plunder)ὅτι ταύτην τὴν ὥραν αὔριον
ὅτι ('for') introduces the threat that backs the demand: an armed search-party will ransack not only Ahab's palace but his officials' houses and seize whatever they please. The shift from 'give me your goods' to 'my servants will take whatever they want' is the escalation that triggers Ahab's resistance in v. 7.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; renders כִּי; introduces the grounds (a threat of plunder) for the demand of v. 5.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ὥραν, accusative of time)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; 'this hour tomorrow' specifies the deadline of the ultimatum.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὥρανhourAccusativeaccusative of time (extent/point)→ object specificationὥρα: 'hour / time'; the accusative of time fixes the precise moment of the threatened action.
αὔριονtomorrowtemporal adverb→ clausal contributionαὔριον: 'tomorrow'; renders מָחָר; sets a twenty-four-hour deadline.
ἀποστελῶI will sendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (threatened action)→ predictive future (threat)ἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the first-person future announces the dispatch of the plunder-party.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδάςservantsAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπαῖς: 'servant / attendant / officer'; renders עֶבֶד; here Ben-Hadad's officials/soldiers who will conduct the search.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρευνήσουσινthey will searchFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐρευνάωmain verb (threatened ransacking)→ predictive futureἐρευνάω: 'search / investigate / ransack'; renders חָפַשׂ; here a hostile house-to-house search for plunder.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόνhouseAccusativedirect object→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / palace'; here the royal palace of Ahab.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουςhousesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationοἶκος: the extension to the officials' houses widens the plunder beyond the king to his whole court.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παίδωνservantsGenitivegenitive of possession (Ahab's officials)→ relational specificationπαῖς: here Ahab's own servants/officials, whose houses will likewise be searched.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσταιit shall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis-introducing 'and it shall be')→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσται): the Hebraizing καὶ ἔσται renders וְהָיָה, introducing the consequence: whatever they covet, they will seize.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπιθυμήματαdesirable thingsNominativesubject (the coveted objects)→ participant prominenceἐπιθύμημα: 'object of desire / desirable thing'; renders מַחְמַד; 'the desirable things of their eyes' = whatever catches their fancy.
ὀφθαλμῶνof eyesGenitivegenitive (subjective: what their eyes desire)→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the idiom 'desirable things of their eyes' (מַחְמַד עֵינֵיהֶם) denotes whatever they find attractive.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
which thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπιβάλωσι via ἐφ᾿)→ participant referenceὅς (n. pl. ἅ): 'which'; the relative clause 'on which they lay their hands' defines the scope of seizure.
ἂν[ever]modal particle (with subjunctive: generalizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: modal particle making the relative clause indefinite/general ('on whatever they lay their hands').
ἐπιβάλωσιthey lay uponAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐπιβάλλωverb of indefinite relative clause→ verbal action or stateἐπιβάλλω: 'lay upon / put hand to'; the idiom ἐπιβάλλειν τὰς χεῖρας ('lay hands on') denotes seizing/confiscating.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιβάλωσι→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; in the seizing idiom.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λήμψονταιthey will takeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (the act of seizure)→ predictive futureλαμβάνω (fut. mid. λήμψονται): 'take / seize'; the Hellenistic future with intrusive -μ-; the climax of the threat — outright confiscation.
7

καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πάντας τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους καὶ εἶπεν γνῶτε δὴ καὶ ἴδετε ὅτι κακίαν οὗτος ζητεῖ ὅτι ἀπέσταλκεν πρός με περὶ τῶν γυναικῶν μου καὶ περὶ τῶν υἱῶν μου καὶ περὶ τῶν θυγατέρων μου τὸ ἀργύριόν μου καὶ τὸ χρυσίον μου οὐκ ἀπεκώλυσα ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And the king of Israel called all the elders and said, 'Know now and see that this man seeks evil; for he has sent to me about my wives and about my sons and about my daughters; my silver and my gold I did not withhold from him.'

Narrative + direct speech: Ahab convenes the eldersκαὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab turns from private capitulation to public consultation, summoning the elders. His speech contrasts what he had already conceded (silver and gold, freely surrendered) with the new and intolerable demand (wives and children); the imperatives γνῶτε … ἴδετε ('know … see') invite the elders to judge that Ben-Hadad now 'seeks evil' (κακίαν ζητεῖ).
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (convening the council)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call / summon'; renders קָרָא; Ahab convenes the elders as a council of state.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πρεσβυτέρους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the full body of elders is convened.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; renders זָקֵן; the senior representatives of the people who advise the king.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
γνῶτεknowAor Act Impv 2 Pl · γινώσκωimperative (appeal to the elders)→ ingressive aorist imperativeγινώσκω: 'know / recognize'; the aorist imperative summons the elders to grasp the situation.
δὴnow / indeedemphatic particle (with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic particle reinforcing the imperative — 'do now recognize'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἴδετεseeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ὁράωimperative (coordinate with γνῶτε)→ ingressive aorist imperativeὁράω (aor. ἴδετε): 'see / perceive'; the doubled 'know and see' is a Hebraizing appeal to recognize the truth of the situation.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content the elders are to recognize.
κακίανevil / maliceAccusativedirect object of ζητεῖ (fronted for emphasis)→ object specificationκακία: 'evil / malice / harm'; renders רָעָה; fronted before the verb to stress Ben-Hadad's malicious intent.
οὗτοςthis manNominativesubject (demonstrative for Ben-Hadad)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; a dismissive demonstrative for Ben-Hadad.
ζητεῖseeksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωverb of object clause→ progressive present (settled intent)ζητέω: 'seek / aim at'; renders בִּקֵּשׁ; the present depicts Ben-Hadad's ongoing hostile purpose.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (grounds for the charge)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here causal — the evidence that he seeks evil.
ἀπέσταλκενhe has sentPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (perfect of the standing demand)→ resultative perfectἀποστέλλω (perf.): the perfect marks the demand as still in force; the grounds for Ahab's charge.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
περὶabout / concerningpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναικῶνwivesGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationγυνή: 'wives'; the demand for them is the intolerable escalation.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationυἱός: 'sons'; here Ahab's sons, the dynastic line.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'about'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέρωνdaughtersGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; the third member of the household demand, expanding 'children' of v. 3.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριόνsilverAccusativedirect object of ἀπεκώλυσα (fronted)→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; fronted to contrast what Ahab freely gave with what he refuses.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates ἀπεκώλυσα — Ahab did not refuse the treasure.
ἀπεκώλυσαI withheldAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποκωλύωmain verb (Ahab's prior concession)→ constative aoristἀποκωλύω: 'hinder / withhold / refuse'; Ahab notes he had already granted the silver and gold without resistance, sharpening the contrast with the new demand.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided before vowel).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (= Ben-Hadad)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (= Ben-Hadad).
8

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαός μὴ ἀκούσῃς καὶ μὴ θελήσῃς

And the elders and all the people said to him, 'Do not listen, and do not consent.'

Direct speech: the council's counsel of refusalκαὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι
The elders and the whole people answer with a terse double prohibition (μὴ ἀκούσῃς … μὴ θελήσῃς), the prohibitive subjunctive forbidding any compliance. Their unanimity emboldens Ahab's defiant reply in v. 9.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: the Hellenistic aorist εἶπαν (with -αν ending) is regular in the LXX.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (= Ahab)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (= Ahab).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπρεσβύτερος: 'elders'; the council convened in v. 7.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; extends the counsel to the whole people, stressing unanimity.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject (coordinate with πρεσβύτεροι)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the populace of Samaria, joined with the elders in counsel.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: prohibitive negative with the aorist subjunctive.
ἀκούσῃςlistenAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἀκούωprohibitive subjunctive ('do not listen')→ prohibitive aorist subjunctiveἀκούω: 'hear / heed / obey'; with μή + aorist subjunctive, 'do not give heed (to him)'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμὴ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θελήσῃςconsent / be willingAor Act Subj 2 Sg · θέλωprohibitive subjunctive ('do not consent')→ prohibitive aorist subjunctiveθέλω: 'will / wish / consent'; with μή + aorist subjunctive, 'do not be willing (to yield)'.
9

καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς ἀγγέλοις υἱοῦ Αδερ λέγετε τῷ κυρίῳ ὑμῶν πάντα ὅσα ἀπέσταλκας πρὸς τὸν δοῦλόν σου ἐν πρώτοις ποιήσω τὸ δὲ ῥῆμα τοῦτο οὐ δυνήσομαι ποιῆσαι καὶ ἀπῆραν οἱ ἄνδρες καὶ ἐπέστρεψαν αὐτῷ λόγον

And he said to the messengers of the son of Hader, 'Say to your lord: All that you sent to your servant at the first I will do, but this thing I will not be able to do.' And the men departed and brought back word to him.

Direct speech: Ahab's partial defiance to the envoysκαὶ εἶπεν τοῖς ἀγγέλοις
Ahab returns a measured refusal: he will honor the first demand (the treasure) but not 'this thing' (the wives and children). The deferential self-designation 'your servant' (τὸν δοῦλόν σου) toward 'your lord' (τῷ κυρίῳ ὑμῶν, a human overlord) preserves diplomatic form even in refusal. The narrative frame (the men departed and brought back word) closes the embassy.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγγέλοιςmessengersDativedative of indirect object→ sphere or referenceἄγγελος: 'messenger / envoy'; Ben-Hadad's diplomatic envoys.
υἱοῦof sonGenitivegenitive of relationship (with Αδερ)→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): 'the messengers of the son of Hader' — Ben-Hadad's envoys.
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
λέγετεsayPres Act Impv 2 Pl · λέγωimperative (commission to the envoys)→ present imperative (carry this message)λέγω (pres. impv.): Ahab commissions the envoys to relay his answer to their master.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳlordDativedative of indirect object (human master)→ sphere or referenceκύριος: HUMAN reference here — 'your lord', i.e. Ben-Hadad as the envoys' master, NOT the Tetragrammaton; renders אֲדֹנֵיכֶם.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession (the envoys')→ relational specificationὑμῶν: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the envoys').
πάνταallAccusativedirect object of ποιήσω (antecedent of ὅσα)→ object specificationπᾶς (n. pl. πάντα): 'all things'; the totality of the first demand, which Ahab will grant.
ὅσαas many things asAccusativerelative pronoun (object clause)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the relative quantifies what was demanded 'at the first'.
ἀπέσταλκαςyou have sentPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of relative clause→ resultative perfectἀποστέλλω (perf. 2 sg.): 'you have sent (word/demand)'; the standing first demand.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόνservantAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (Ahab's self-designation)→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; Ahab's deferential self-reference as 'your servant', a vassal idiom.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
πρώτοιςthe firstDativesubstantivized ordinal (temporal: 'at the first')→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; ἐν πρώτοις = 'at first / formerly', referring to the original demand of v. 3.
ποιήσωI will doFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (concession)→ predictive future (pledge)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; Ahab pledges to fulfill the first demand.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: adversative — contrasting the refused demand with the granted one.
ῥῆμαthing / wordAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαι (fronted)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / thing / matter'; Hebraism (דָּבָר can mean both 'word' and 'matter'); 'this matter' = the demand for wives and children.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; the unacceptable second demand.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δυνήσομαιI will be ableFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (refusal)→ predictive futureδύναμαι: 'be able'; the polite 'I will not be able' softens an outright refusal.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with δυνήσομαι)→ constative aorist infinitiveποιέω (aor. inf.): completes δυνήσομαι — 'I will not be able to do (this)'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (closing the embassy)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆρανdepartedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαίρωmain verb (envoys' departure)→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: 'depart / set off'; renders נָסַע; the envoys leave with Ahab's answer.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (the envoys)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; here the envoys collectively.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψανbrought backAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (report back)→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return / bring back'; here transitive with λόγον, 'returned word' — reported Ahab's answer to Ben-Hadad.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object (= Ben-Hadad)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (= Ben-Hadad).
λόγονword / answerAccusativedirect object of ἐπέστρεψαν→ object specificationλόγος: 'word / report / answer'; the message they carried back.
10

καὶ ἀνταπέστειλεν πρὸς αὐτὸν υἱὸς Αδερ λέγων τάδε ποιήσαι μοι ὁ θεὸς καὶ τάδε προσθείη εἰ ἐκποιήσει ὁ χοῦς Σαμαρείας ταῖς ἀλώπεξιν παντὶ τῷ λαῷ τοῖς πεζοῖς μου

And the son of Hader sent back to him, saying, 'May God do thus to me, and add thus more, if the dust of Samaria will suffice for the foxes, for all the people, for my foot-soldiers.'

Direct speech: Ben-Hadad's self-imprecation and boastκαὶ ἀνταπέστειλεν πρὸς αὐτὸν
Ben-Hadad answers with a self-curse oath formula (τάδε ποιήσαι μοι ὁ θεός καὶ τάδε προσθείη, 'may God do so to me and more') backing a hyperbolic boast: his army is so vast that Samaria's rubble will not even furnish a handful of dust per soldier. The optatives ποιήσαι and προσθείη render the Hebrew jussive of the oath.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνταπέστειλενsent backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνταποστέλλωmain verb (reply-dispatch)→ constative aoristἀνταποστέλλω: 'send back in reply'; the double compound ἀντ-απο- stresses the answering nature of the message.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= Ahab)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (= Ahab).
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as subject (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (pres. part.): introduces the direct speech, Hebraism for לֵאמֹר.
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative (object of ποιήσαι, oath-formula)→ object specificationὅδε: in the oath-formula τάδε ποιήσαι … καὶ τάδε προσθείη, the demonstratives stand for the unspecified calamities the speaker invokes upon himself.
ποιήσαιmay he doAor Act Opt 3 Sg · ποιέωoptative of wish (self-imprecation)→ optative of wish (oath-curse)ποιέω (aor. opt.): the optative renders the Hebrew jussive in the self-curse oath 'may God do so to me'; cf. the same formula at Ruth 1:17; 1 Kgs 19:2.
μοιto meDativedative of disadvantage (object of the curse)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of disadvantage (object of the curse).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of the oath-verbs→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God / a god'; Ben-Hadad swears by 'God' (or his god) in a stereotyped oath-formula; not the Tetragrammaton but the generic divine guarantor of the curse.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative (object of προσθείη)→ object specificationὅδε: second member of the oath-doublet ('and add thus').
προσθείηmay he addAor Act Opt 3 Sg · προστίθημιoptative of wish (intensifying the curse)→ optative of wishπροστίθημι (aor. opt.): 'add'; the second optative intensifies the self-curse — 'and may he add (still more)'.
εἰifconjunction (oath-condition: emphatic negation)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in the oath, the εἰ-clause is a Hebraizing emphatic negation ('[surely not] if …'), i.e. 'the dust will certainly not suffice'.
ἐκποιήσειwill sufficeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκποιέωverb of the oath-condition→ predictive futureἐκποιέω: 'suffice / be enough'; renders the sense of יִשְׂפֹּק ('be sufficient'); the boast is that Samaria's dust is too little even for a handful per soldier.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦςdustNominativesubject of ἐκποιήσει→ participant prominenceχοῦς: 'dust / heap of earth'; renders עָפָר; the boast that the city's very dust will not yield a handful per man is a hyperbole of overwhelming numbers.
Σαμαρείαςof SamariaGenitivegenitive of source/possession (the dust of Samaria)→ relational specificationΣαμάρεια (gen. Σαμαρείας): declined here; 'the dust of Samaria' = the rubble of the captured city.
ταῖςfor theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλώπεξινfoxesDativedative of advantage (for the foxes / handfuls)→ sphere or referenceἀλώπηξ (dat. pl. ἀλώπεξιν): 'fox'; the LXX renders the Hebrew שְׁעָלִים, which here likely means 'handfuls/hollows of the hand' (a homonym), but the Greek translator took it as 'foxes' — a literalism preserving the consonants; the dative marks the beneficiaries of the apportioned dust.
παντὶfor allDativeattributive adjective (modifying λαῷ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole army.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeople / hostDativedative of advantage (the army)→ sphere or referenceλαός: here in the military sense 'troops / host' (rendering עַם, which can mean 'army').
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεζοῖςfoot-soldiersDativedative of advantage (in apposition: 'my infantry')→ sphere or referenceπεζός: 'foot-soldier / infantryman'; renders רַגְלִי; specifies the host as Ben-Hadad's vast infantry.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
11

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν ἱκανούσθω μὴ καυχάσθω ὁ κυρτὸς ὡς ὁ ὀρθός

And the king of Israel answered and said, 'Let it be enough; let not the crooked one boast like the upright one.'

Direct speech: Ahab's defiant proverbκαὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab answers the boast with a terse proverb. ἱκανούσθω ('let it be enough') curtails the bluster; the maxim 'let not the crooked/hunched one boast like the upright one' (i.e. let not the one buckling on his armor boast as one who has taken it off victorious) warns against boasting before the battle is won — the LXX renders the famous saying with the antithesis κυρτός ('bent/stooping') versus ὀρθός ('upright').
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (reply-introduction)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; deponent aorist passive.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ἱκανούσθωlet it be enoughPres Pass Impv 3 Sg · ἱκανόωimperative (curt dismissal)→ present imperative (let it suffice)ἱκανόω: 'make sufficient / be enough'; the passive imperative 'let it be enough' curtly dismisses Ben-Hadad's boast — 'enough of this'.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: prohibitive negative with the present imperative.
καυχάσθωlet him boastPres Mid Impv 3 Sg · καυχάομαιprohibitive imperative (the proverb)→ present imperative (general maxim)καυχάομαι: 'boast / glory'; the prohibition forms a proverb: do not boast prematurely; the verb later carries great theological weight in the LXX and Paul (e.g. Jer 9:23–24; 1 Cor 1:31).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρτὸςthe crooked / stooping oneNominativesubject of καυχάσθω (substantivized adjective)→ participant prominenceκυρτός: 'bent / hunched / stooping'; substantivized 'the crooked/bent one' — in the proverb, the one stooping to buckle on his armor (entering battle); contrasted with the erect victor. The LXX renders the Hebrew proverb 'let not him who girds on (his armor) boast like him who takes it off'.
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison in the proverb.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀρθόςthe upright oneNominativeobject of comparison (substantivized adjective)→ participant prominenceὀρθός: 'straight / upright / erect'; substantivized 'the upright one' — the one standing erect, i.e. the victor who has stripped off his armor after battle; the antithesis κυρτός/ὀρθός captures the warning against premature triumph.
12

καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον πίνων ἦν αὐτὸς καὶ πάντες οἱ βασιλεῖς μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐν σκηναῖς καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ οἰκοδομήσατε χάρακα καὶ ἔθεντο χάρακα ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν

And it came to pass, when he answered him this word — he was drinking, he and all the kings with him, in tents — that he said to his servants, 'Build a siege-rampart.' And they set a rampart against the city.

Narrative resumption: Ben-Hadad orders the assaultκαὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε
The Hebraizing καὶ ἐγένετο ('and it came to pass') with the ὅτε-clause frames the scene. The periphrastic imperfect πίνων ἦν ('was drinking') sets the carousing of Ben-Hadad and his vassal kings against the order to raise siege-works — a juxtaposition of drunken overconfidence and military aggression that foreshadows his downfall in vv. 16, 20.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal frame-setter)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders וַיְהִי, the standard LXX narrative time-marker.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: 'when'; introduces the temporal clause.
ἀπεκρίθηhe answeredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: here construed with an accusative of content (τὸν λόγον τοῦτον), 'answered this word'.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of indirect object (= Ben-Hadad)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (= Ben-Hadad).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordAccusativeaccusative of content (with ἀπεκρίθη)→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; Ahab's proverb of v. 11.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying λόγον)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'.
πίνωνdrinkingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · πίνωparticiple (periphrastic with ἦν: 'was drinking')→ verbal action or stateπίνω (pres. part.): forms the periphrastic imperfect πίνων ἦν, depicting ongoing carousal; renders שֹׁתֶה הוּא.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic imperfect→ durative imperfect (ongoing action)εἰμί (impf.): with πίνων forms 'was drinking', a continuous-aspect periphrasis.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he himself'; emphatic subject of the drinking.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying βασιλεῖς)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the thirty-two vassal kings.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject (coordinate with αὐτός)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the allied vassal kings carousing with Ben-Hadad.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
σκηναῖςtents / boothsDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceσκηνή: 'tent / booth'; renders סֻכּוֹת; the army's field-shelters where the carousing takes place (cf. Σοκχωθ at v. 16, perhaps a place-name pun).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis of the ἐγένετο frame)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (command)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παισὶνservantsDativedative of indirect object→ sphere or referenceπαῖς: 'servant / soldier'; Ben-Hadad's officers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οἰκοδομήσατεbuildAor Act Impv 2 Pl · οἰκοδομέωimperative (siege-command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeοἰκοδομέω: 'build / construct'; here of raising siege-works against the wall.
χάρακαsiege-rampart / palisadeAccusativedirect object of οἰκοδομήσατε→ object specificationχάραξ: 'palisade / siege-mound / rampart'; renders the siege-work (cf. דָּיֵק); the embankment/stockade thrown up against a besieged city (cf. Luke 19:43).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθεντοthey setAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · τίθημιmain verb (execution of the order)→ constative aoristτίθημι (aor. mid. ἔθεντο): 'set / place'; the troops erect the siege-rampart against the city.
χάρακαrampartAccusativedirect object of ἔθεντο→ object specificationχάραξ: the executed siege-work.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (= Samaria)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; besieged Samaria.
13

καὶ ἰδοὺ προφήτης εἷς προσῆλθεν τῷ βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν τάδε λέγει κύριος εἰ ἑόρακας πάντα τὸν ὄχλον τὸν μέγαν τοῦτον ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ δίδωμι αὐτὸν σήμερον εἰς χεῖρας σάς καὶ γνώσῃ ὅτι ἐγὼ κύριος

And behold, a certain prophet approached the king of Israel and said, 'Thus says the LORD: Have you seen all this great multitude? Behold, I am giving it today into your hands, and you shall know that I am the LORD.'

Direct speech: the prophet's oracle of victoryκαὶ ἰδοὺ προφήτης εἷς
The interjection ἰδού introduces the sudden arrival of an unnamed prophet, the first divine intervention in the chapter. The oracle frames victory with the recognition-formula γνώσῃ ὅτι ἐγὼ κύριος ('you shall know that I am the LORD'), the standard purpose of divine acts in the Deuteronomistic and prophetic traditions — the deliverance aims at knowledge of YHWH, not merely military success.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; marks the dramatic, unexpected entrance of the prophet.
προφήτηςprophetNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; an anonymous prophet, perhaps one of 'the sons of the prophets' (cf. v. 35), bearing YHWH's word to Ahab.
εἷςa certain / oneNominativenumeral used as indefinite article→ noun-phrase markingεἷς: 'one'; here functioning indefinitely ('a certain prophet'), a Hebraizing/Hellenistic use of אֶחָד / εἷς for the indefinite article.
προσῆλθενapproachedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb (approach)→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come to / approach'; with the dative τῷ βασιλεῖ, 'came to the king'.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of approach (object of προσῆλθεν)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: Ahab.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (object of λέγει, messenger-formula)→ object specificationὅδε: τάδε λέγει κύριος, the prophetic messenger-formula כֹּה אָמַר יהוה.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ vivid presentλέγω: the present λέγει in the citation-formula gives the divine word present authority — 'the LORD says (now)'.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: here the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the prophetic word is YHWH's own, in contrast to the human 'lord' of vv. 4, 9.
εἰ[interrogative]interrogative particle (introducing a question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: here introduces a direct question ('have you seen…?'), a Hebraism (הֲ); the rhetorical question draws Ahab's attention to the apparently overwhelming enemy host.
ἑόρακαςhave you seenPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb of the question→ resultative perfect (present awareness of a seen fact)ὁράω (perf. ἑόρακας): 'have you seen / do you see'; the perfect stresses Ahab's present apprehension of the daunting enemy multitude.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄχλον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄχλονmultitude / hostAccusativedirect object of ἑόρακας→ object specificationὄχλος: 'crowd / multitude / host'; renders הָמוֹן; the vast Aramean army.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive position)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέγανgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὄχλον)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great / large'; emphasizing the disproportion the LORD will overturn.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ὄχλον)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; deictic, pointing to the besieging army.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: reintroduces the announcement of imminent divine action.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject (YHWH)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun foregrounds YHWH as the agent of victory.
δίδωμιI am givingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine handing-over)→ futuristic/performative present (certain act)δίδωμι: 'give / hand over'; the idiom 'give into your hands' (renders נָתַן בְּיָד) is the standard formula for granting victory; the present makes the gift immediate and certain.
αὐτὸνit / himAccusativedirect object (= the host)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (= the host).
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb→ clausal contributionσήμερον: 'today'; renders הַיּוֹם; stresses the immediacy of the promised victory.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'into your hands')→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; in the victory-idiom 'give into the hand(s) of'.
σάςyourAccusativepossessive adjective (modifying χεῖρας)→ object specificationσός: 'your'; Ahab's hands as the locus of YHWH-given victory.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώσῃyou shall knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (recognition-formula)→ predictive future (intended result)γινώσκω: 'know / recognize'; the recognition-formula γνώσῃ ὅτι ἐγὼ κύριος ('you shall know that I am the LORD') states the purpose of the deliverance, frequent in Ezekiel and Exodus.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing object clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: introduces the content of the knowledge.
ἐγὼINominativesubject of the verbless clause (predication of identity)→ participant referenceἐγώ: in the self-identification 'I am the LORD' (ἐγὼ κύριος, rendering אֲנִי יהוה).
κύριοςthe LORDNominativepredicate nominative (self-identification)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the self-revelation formula ἐγὼ κύριος seals the oracle.
14

καὶ εἶπεν Αχααβ ἐν τίνι καὶ εἶπεν τάδε λέγει κύριος ἐν τοῖς παιδαρίοις τῶν ἀρχόντων τῶν χωρῶν καὶ εἶπεν Αχααβ τίς συνάψει τὸν πόλεμον καὶ εἶπεν σύ

And Ahab said, 'By whom?' And he said, 'Thus says the LORD: By the young men of the rulers of the provinces.' And Ahab said, 'Who shall join the battle?' And he said, 'You.'

Direct speech: dialogue of question and answerκαὶ εἶπεν Αχααβ ἐν τίνι
A rapid stichomythic exchange of clipped questions and answers (ἐν τίνι; … τίς συνάψει; … σύ) specifies the unlikely instruments of victory: the young men of the provincial governors, with Ahab himself leading. The choice of an apparently negligible force magnifies the divine agency promised in v. 13.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental ('by what means?'), a Hebraizing use of בְּ.
τίνιwhom / whatDativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ἐν)→ participant reference or interestτίς (dat. τίνι): 'who / what'; the clipped question 'by whom/what?' asks for the agent of the promised victory.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the prophet's reply)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (messenger-formula)→ object specificationὅδε: τάδε λέγει κύριος again frames the answer as divine speech.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ vivid presentλέγω: the present λέγει in the citation-formula gives the divine word present authority — 'the LORD says (now)'.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: instrumental, answering ἐν τίνι — 'by the young men…'.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδαρίοιςyoung men / servantsDativedative of instrument (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceπαιδάριον: diminutive of παῖς, 'young man / lad / servant'; renders נַעֲרֵי; here the young retainers/squires of the provincial governors, an elite but small corps.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχόντωνrulers / governorsGenitivegenitive of possession (whose young men)→ relational specificationἄρχων: 'ruler / commander / governor'; renders שָׂרֵי; the provincial officials of Israel.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χωρῶνprovinces / regionsGenitivegenitive (of the provinces)→ relational specificationχώρα: 'region / province / district'; renders מְדִינוֹת; the administrative districts of the kingdom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Ahab's second question)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of συνάψει)→ participant referenceτίς: 'who?'; asks who is to open the engagement.
συνάψειshall join / engageFut Act Indic 3 Sg · συνάπτωverb of the question→ predictive futureσυνάπτω: 'join together / engage'; συνάπτειν πόλεμον / μάχην is the idiom 'to join battle'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμονbattle / warAccusativedirect object of συνάψει→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; here the engagement to be opened.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the prophet's answer)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
σύyouNominativesubject (one-word answer)→ participant referenceσύ: 'you'; the terse answer designates Ahab himself as the one to open the battle.
15

καὶ ἐπεσκέψατο Αχααβ τὰ παιδάρια τῶν ἀρχόντων τῶν χωρῶν καὶ ἐγένοντο διακόσιοι καὶ τριάκοντα καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐπεσκέψατο τὸν λαόν πᾶν υἱὸν δυνάμεως ἑξήκοντα χιλιάδας

And Ahab mustered the young men of the rulers of the provinces, and they were two hundred thirty; and after that he mustered the people, every mighty man, sixty thousand.

Narrative: the muster of Israel's forcesκαὶ ἐπεσκέψατο Αχααβ
Ahab obeys by mustering first the 230 young men and then the full levy of 60,000. The Hebraism 'every son of might' (πᾶν υἱὸν δυνάμεως) for 'every valiant warrior' enumerates the main body. The smallness of the strike-force (230) against the great host underscores that victory will be YHWH's gift, not human strength.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεσκέψατοmustered / numberedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισκέπτομαιmain verb (military census)→ constative aoristἐπισκέπτομαι: 'inspect / muster / number'; renders פָּקַד; the technical verb for a military census/review of troops.
ΑχααβAhabsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as subject (indeclinable proper noun).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριαyoung menAccusativedirect object→ object specificationπαιδάριον: the young retainers of the governors, the elite vanguard.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρχόντωνrulers / governorsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἄρχων: the provincial commanders.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χωρῶνprovincesGenitivegenitive (of the provinces)→ relational specificationχώρα: 'province / district'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένοντοthey wereAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (the count)→ constative aorist (resultant total)γίνομαι: 'become / amount to'; 'they came to (be)' = the count totaled.
διακόσιοιtwo hundredNominativenumeral (predicate of the count)→ participant prominenceδιακόσιοι: 'two hundred'; with τριάκοντα = 232; the small strike-force.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τριάκονταthirtyindeclinable numeral→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; 'two hundred and thirty' young men.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal).
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (temporal: 'afterward')→ object specificationοὗτος: μετὰ ταῦτα, 'after this / afterward'.
ἐπεσκέψατοmusteredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισκέπτομαιmain verb (second muster)→ constative aoristἐπισκέπτομαι: the second census, of the main body.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόνpeople / hostAccusativedirect object→ object specificationλαός: here in the military sense 'the troops / army' (rendering עַם).
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying υἱὸν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'every'; distributive over the warriors.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to λαόν (Hebraism)→ object specificationυἱός: in the idiom 'son of might' (υἱὸς δυνάμεως, rendering בֶּן־חַיִל) = 'valiant man / warrior'; a characteristic LXX calque.
δυνάμεωςof might / strengthGenitivegenitive of quality (in the idiom 'son of might')→ relational specificationδύναμις: 'strength / valor'; the genitive completes the Hebraism 'son of valor' = warrior.
ἑξήκονταsixtyindeclinable numeral (with χιλιάδας)→ measure or countἑξήκοντα: 'sixty'; with χιλιάδας = 60,000.
χιλιάδαςthousandsAccusativeaccusative (the total: 'sixty thousand')→ object specificationχιλιάς: 'thousand'; ἑξήκοντα χιλιάδας = 60,000, the full Israelite levy.
16

καὶ ἐξῆλθεν μεσημβρίας καὶ υἱὸς Αδερ πίνων μεθύων ἐν Σοκχωθ αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς τριάκοντα καὶ δύο βασιλεῖς συμβοηθοὶ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And he went out at midday, while the son of Hader was drinking himself drunk at Sokchoth, he and the kings — thirty-two kings, allies with him.

Narrative: the sortie at noon against a drunken enemyκαὶ ἐξῆλθεν μεσημβρίας
The Israelite sortie at midday (μεσημβρίας) is set against the carousing of Ben-Hadad, intensified from v. 12 by the doubled participles πίνων μεθύων ('drinking, getting drunk'). The place-name Σοκχωθ ('Sokchoth') echoes σκηναῖς ('tents/booths', v. 12), reinforcing the picture of a leader drunk in his booths while battle is joined.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the sortie)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / sally forth'; renders יָצָא; the Israelite sortie from the besieged city.
μεσημβρίαςat middayGenitivegenitive of time (within which)→ relational specificationμεσημβρία: 'midday / noon'; the genitive of time fixes the sortie at the hottest hour, when the enemy is least prepared.
καὶand / whileconjunction (introducing concurrent circumstance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing the concurrent circumstance of Ben-Hadad's carousal.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as subject (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
πίνωνdrinkingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · πίνωcircumstantial participle (concurrent state)→ verbal action or stateπίνω (pres. part.): 'drinking'; the first of the doubled participles depicting the enemy's revelry.
μεθύωνgetting drunkPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · μεθύωcircumstantial participle (intensifying πίνων)→ verbal action or stateμεθύω: 'be/get drunk'; the second participle intensifies the picture — drunk and incapable; renders שִׁכּוֹר / שָׁתָה.
ἐνat / inpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣοκχωθSokchothindeclinable place-name (object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΣοκχωθ: transliteration of סֻכּוֹת (Succoth, 'booths'); indeclinable; here a place-name, but echoing σκηνή ('tent / booth') and suggesting Ben-Hadad drinks 'in the booths' of his camp.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (in apposition to υἱὸς Αδερ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he himself'; emphatic.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject (coordinate with αὐτός)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the vassal kings.
τριάκονταthirtyindeclinable numeral (with δύο)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; 'thirty-two kings' again, recalling v. 1.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativeappositive (restating the count)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the thirty-two allied kings restated.
συμβοηθοὶallies / fellow-helpersNominativeappositive (predicate: 'as allies')→ participant prominenceσυμβοηθός: 'fellow-helper / ally'; the compound συν- + βοηθός marks the vassal kings as military auxiliaries of Ben-Hadad.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
17

καὶ ἐξῆλθον παιδάρια ἀρχόντων τῶν χωρῶν ἐν πρώτοις καὶ ἀποστέλλουσιν καὶ ἀπαγγέλλουσιν τῷ βασιλεῖ Συρίας λέγοντες ἄνδρες ἐξεληλύθασιν ἐκ Σαμαρείας

And the young men of the rulers of the provinces went out first; and they send and report to the king of Syria, saying, 'Men have come out from Samaria.'

Narrative: the vanguard sallies; the Aramean scouts reportκαὶ ἐξῆλθον παιδάρια
The 230 young men lead the sortie 'in front' (ἐν πρώτοις). The shift to historic presents (ἀποστέλλουσιν, ἀπαγγέλλουσιν) vivifies the Aramean scouts' urgent report. The understated message 'men have come out' (ἄνδρες ἐξεληλύθασιν) sets up Ben-Hadad's complacent order in v. 18.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθονwent outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (the vanguard's sortie)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the young men lead the Israelite sortie.
παιδάριαyoung menNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: the elite young retainers of v. 14–15.
ἀρχόντωνof rulersGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἄρχων: the provincial governors.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χωρῶνprovincesGenitivegenitive (of the provinces)→ relational specificationχώρα: 'province'.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative.
πρώτοιςthe front / firstDativesubstantivized ordinal (positional: 'in front')→ sphere or referenceπρῶτος: 'first'; ἐν πρώτοις = 'in the vanguard / at the head', the young men leading the sortie.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποστέλλουσινthey sendPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid narration)ἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the historic present quickens the pace as the scouts dispatch their report.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπαγγέλλουσινthey reportPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἀπαγγέλλω: 'report / announce'; renders נָגַד; the scouts inform Ben-Hadad.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of indirect object→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: Ben-Hadad, here titled 'king of Syria'.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive (king of Syria)→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): declined; the LXX's rendering of אֲרָם (Aram); Ben-Hadad's Aramean kingdom centered on Damascus.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing discourse)→ progressive participleλέγω (pres. part. pl.): introduces the scouts' direct report.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of ἐξεληλύθασιν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'men'; the deliberately vague report — merely 'men' have come out.
ἐξεληλύθασινhave come outPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb of the report→ resultative perfect (a sortie now in progress)ἐξέρχομαι (perf.): 'have come out'; the perfect reports the completed exit as a present fact to be acted on.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΣαμαρείαςSamariaGenitivegenitive of source (out of Samaria)→ relational specificationΣαμάρεια (gen. Σαμαρείας): declined; the besieged city from which the sortie issues.
18

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς εἰ εἰς εἰρήνην οὗτοι ἐκπορεύονται συλλάβετε αὐτοὺς ζῶντας καὶ εἰ εἰς πόλεμον ζῶντας συλλάβετε αὐτούς

And he said to them, 'If these are coming out for peace, seize them alive; and if for war, seize them alive.'

Direct speech: Ben-Hadad's complacent orderκαὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς
Ben-Hadad's order is studiedly contemptuous: whether the Israelites come for peace or for war, his men are simply to take them alive (συλλάβετε … ζῶντας) — he assumes effortless capture. The parallel conditional clauses (εἰ … εἰ …) with the identical command underscore his fatal overconfidence, immediately reversed in v. 20.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object (his soldiers)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'to them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object (his soldiers).
εἰifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; the first protasis.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here 'for / with a view to' (purpose).
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativeaccusative of purpose (object of εἰς)→ object specificationεἰρήνη: 'peace'; renders שָׁלוֹם; the first alternative motive imputed to the sortie.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (the men of the sortie)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'these'; the Israelite sortie-party.
ἐκπορεύονταιare coming outPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπορεύομαιverb of the protasis→ progressive present (action in progress)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'come/go out'; the present depicts the sortie as ongoing.
συλλάβετεseizeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · συλλαμβάνωimperative (the order, apodosis)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσυλλαμβάνω: 'seize / arrest / take captive'; the order to capture rather than kill betrays Ben-Hadad's overconfidence.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ζῶνταςalivePres Act Part Acc Pl Masc · ζάωpredicative participle ('alive')→ verbal action or stateζάω (pres. part.): 'living'; the participle is predicative — 'take them (while) living', i.e. alive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰifconditional conjunction (second protasis)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: the second, parallel protasis.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
πόλεμονwarAccusativeaccusative of purpose (object of εἰς)→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; the second imputed motive.
ζῶνταςalivePres Act Part Acc Pl Masc · ζάωpredicative participle (fronted)→ verbal action or stateζάω (pres. part.): 'alive'; fronted in the second clause for emphasis — capture them alive regardless of intent.
συλλάβετεseizeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · συλλαμβάνωimperative (the order repeated)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσυλλαμβάνω: the identical command, underscoring the assumption of easy capture.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
19

καὶ μὴ ἐξελθάτωσαν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως τὰ παιδάρια ἀρχόντων τῶν χωρῶν καὶ ἡ δύναμις ὀπίσω αὐτῶν

And let not the young men of the rulers of the provinces go out from the city, with the army behind them.

Narrative/textual crux: the sortie of the vanguard and the hostκαὶ μὴ ἐξελθάτωσαν
This verse is textually difficult: the Greek as transmitted reads a third-person prohibitive 'let them not go out' (μὴ ἐξελθάτωσαν), whereas the sense required (and the Hebrew of 1 Kgs 20:19) is that the young men, with the army behind them, did go out from the city. The LXX wording is best taken as a corrupted or compressed rendering; the narrative thrust is that the vanguard sallies forth followed by the main force, leading to the rout of v. 20.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: prohibitive negative with the aorist imperative; the negation here is textually anomalous (see discourse note).
ἐξελθάτωσανlet them go outAor Act Impv 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιthird-person imperative (textual crux)→ prohibitive aorist imperative (anomalous)ἐξέρχομαι (aor. impv. 3 pl.): 'let them go out'; the transmitted negated form conflicts with the narrative sense (the vanguard did go out); likely a corruption of an original affirmative narrative statement.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; Samaria.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριαyoung menNominativesubject of ἐξελθάτωσαν→ participant prominenceπαιδάριον: the vanguard of young men.
ἀρχόντωνof rulersGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἄρχων: the governors.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χωρῶνprovincesGenitivegenitive (of the provinces)→ relational specificationχώρα: 'province'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύναμιςarmy / forceNominativesubject (coordinate: the main body)→ participant prominenceδύναμις: 'army / host'; the main Israelite force following the vanguard.
ὀπίσωbehindimproper preposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; with the genitive αὐτῶν, 'behind them' — the host follows the young men.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ὀπίσω.
20

ἐπάταξεν ἕκαστος τὸν παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐδευτέρωσεν ἕκαστος τὸν παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔφυγεν Συρία καὶ κατεδίωξεν αὐτοὺς Ισραηλ καὶ σῴζεται υἱὸς Αδερ βασιλεὺς Συρίας ἐφ᾿ ἵππου ἱππέως

Each struck down the man beside him, and each struck a second time the man beside him; and Syria fled, and Israel pursued them; and the son of Hader, king of Syria, escaped on a horseman's horse.

Narrative climax: the rout of Syriaἐπάταξεν ἕκαστος
The asyndetic opening (no καί) thrusts the battle forward: the distributive ἕκαστος … ἕκαστος depicts every Israelite felling his opponent, the doubling (ἐπάταξεν … ἐδευτέρωσεν) marking the thoroughness of the slaughter. The collective singular Συρία ('Syria') flees, Israel pursues, and the historic present σῴζεται vividly stages Ben-Hadad's narrow escape — the boasting overlord reduced to flight on a single horse.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (distributive, asyndetic)→ constative aorist (distributive over each man)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders נָכָה; the standard battle-verb; the singular agrees with the distributive ἕκαστος.
ἕκαστοςeachNominativesubject (distributive)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each one'; distributive — every Israelite soldier.
τὸνthe oneAccusativesubstantivized article (object: 'the man beside him')→ noun-phrase markingὁ: the article substantivizes the following phrase, 'the one beside him' = his opposite number.
παρ᾿besidepreposition + genitive (proximity, elided)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: here 'from beside / next to'; ὁ παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ = the man opposing/next to him.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of παρά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of παρά.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδευτέρωσενstruck a second timeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δευτερόωmain verb (repetition of the blow)→ constative aoristδευτερόω: 'do a second time / repeat'; renders שָׁנָה; here 'each struck a second blow', marking the thoroughness of the slaughter.
ἕκαστοςeachNominativesubject (distributive)→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: distributive, repeated.
τὸνthe oneAccusativesubstantivized article (object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρ᾿besidepreposition + genitive (elided)→ spatial or relational framingπαρ᾿: meaning 'beside'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of παρά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of παρά.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (the rout)→ constative/ingressive aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; the collective singular Συρία takes a singular verb.
ΣυρίαSyriaNominativesubject (collective for the Aramean army)→ participant prominenceΣυρία: declined nominative; here the personified/collective nation Aram = the Aramean army.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεδίωξενpursuedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταδιώκωmain verb (the pursuit)→ constative aoristκαταδιώκω: 'pursue hard / chase down'; the compound κατα- intensifies; renders רָדַף.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the fleeing Arameans)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the fleeing Arameans).
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable, collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; collective for the Israelite army.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σῴζεταιescapes / is savedPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)σῴζω (pres. mid.): 'save oneself / escape'; the historic present dramatizes Ben-Hadad's narrow flight; renders מָלַט / נָס.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as subject (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to υἱὸς Αδερ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king of Syria', the title in apposition.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive (king of Syria)→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): declined; Aram.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + genitive (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐφ᾿: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided before vowel).
ἵππουhorseGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (means of escape)→ relational specificationἵππος: 'horse'; Ben-Hadad escapes mounted.
ἱππέωςof a horsemanGenitivegenitive of possession (a cavalryman's horse)→ relational specificationἱππεύς: 'horseman / cavalryman'; 'on a horseman's horse' — he escapes on a cavalry mount, perhaps commandeered, underscoring the ignominy of his flight.
21

καὶ ἐξῆλθεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ ἔλαβεν πάντας τοὺς ἵππους καὶ τὰ ἅρματα καὶ ἐπάταξεν πληγὴν μεγάλην ἐν Συρίᾳ

And the king of Israel went out and took all the horses and the chariots, and struck a great blow against Syria.

Narrative: Ahab consolidates the victoryκαὶ ἐξῆλθεν βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
Ahab exploits the rout, capturing the prized cavalry and chariotry (the very arms Ben-Hadad relied on, v. 1) and inflicting 'a great blow' (πληγὴν μεγάλην) — a cognate construction with ἐπάταξεν underscoring the magnitude of the Aramean defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (sortie to exploit victory)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; Ahab sallies to press the advantage.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Ahab.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (capture of spoil)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / capture'; here seizing the enemy's horses and chariots as spoil.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἵππους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππουςhorsesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἵππος: 'horses'; the captured Aramean cavalry mounts.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; the captured chariotry.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (cognate construction with πληγήν)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; with the cognate object πληγήν ('a blow'), a figura etymologica intensifying the defeat dealt to Syria.
πληγὴνblow / slaughterAccusativecognate accusative (direct object of ἐπάταξεν)→ object specificationπληγή: 'blow / stroke / slaughter'; the cognate accusative ἐπάταξεν πληγήν renders the Hebrew figura etymologica הִכָּה מַכָּה ('struck a striking').
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying πληγήν)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great'; the magnitude of the slaughter.
ἐνagainst / amongpreposition + dative (sphere/locale)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere/locale).
ΣυρίᾳSyriaDativedative (sphere of the blow: 'among/against Syria')→ sphere or referenceΣυρία (dat. Συρίᾳ): declined; the Aramean army/nation against which the blow falls.
22

καὶ προσῆλθεν ὁ προφήτης πρὸς βασιλέα Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπεν κραταιοῦ καὶ γνῶθι καὶ ἰδὲ τί ποιήσεις ὅτι ἐπιστρέφοντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ υἱὸς Αδερ βασιλεὺς Συρίας ἀναβαίνει ἐπὶ σέ

And the prophet approached the king of Israel and said, 'Be strong, and know and see what you will do, for at the turning of the year the son of Hader, king of Syria, will come up against you.'

Direct speech: the prophet's warning of a second campaignκαὶ προσῆλθεν ὁ προφήτης
The prophet returns (note the article ὁ προφήτης, 'the prophet' of v. 13) with a command to vigilance (κραταιοῦ … γνῶθι … ἰδέ) and a prediction: at the turn of the year (the campaigning season) Ben-Hadad will renew the war. The genitive absolute ἐπιστρέφοντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ('as the year turns') sets the temporal frame for vv. 26–30.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσῆλθενapproachedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb (approach)→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'approach'; the prophet comes again to the king.
theNominativearticle (anaphoric: 'the' prophet of v. 13)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the article marks him as the same anonymous prophet of v. 13.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: Ahab.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
κραταιοῦbe strongPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · κραταιόωimperative (exhortation)→ present imperative (sustained resolve)κραταιόω (mid.): 'strengthen oneself / be strong / take courage'; renders חָזַק; an exhortation to resolve in view of the coming attack.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνῶθιknowAor Act Impv 2 Sg · γινώσκωimperative (exhortation)→ ingressive aorist imperativeγινώσκω: 'know / take note'; here 'know (your situation)'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδὲsee / considerAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράωimperative (exhortation)→ ingressive aorist imperativeὁράω (aor. impv. ἰδέ): 'see / consider'; 'consider what you will do' — prepare for the renewed war.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ποιήσεις, indirect question)→ participant referenceτίς (n. τί): 'what'; introduces the indirect deliberative question.
ποιήσειςyou will doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of indirect question→ deliberative futureποιέω: 'do'; 'what you will do / must do' in face of the threat.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (grounds for the warning)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'for / because'; introduces the prediction grounding the exhortation.
ἐπιστρέφοντοςturning / returningPres Act Part Gen Sg Masc · ἐπιστρέφωgenitive absolute (temporal: 'as the year turns')→ verbal action or stateἐπιστρέφω (pres. part., gen. abs.): 'turn / return'; ἐπιστρέφοντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ = 'at the return of the year', i.e. the next spring campaigning season (cf. תְּשׁוּבַת הַשָּׁנָה).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (subject of genitive absolute)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive absolute subject→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; 'the turn of the year' = spring, the season for resuming war.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as subject (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositive to υἱὸς Αδερ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king of Syria'.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive (king of Syria)→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): declined.
ἀναβαίνειcomes upPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb of the prediction (futuristic present)→ futuristic present (certain future event)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / advance'; the present with future force makes the renewed attack certain.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile).
σέyouAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ participant referenceσέ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί.
23

καὶ οἱ παῖδες βασιλέως Συρίας εἶπον θεὸς ὀρέων θεὸς Ισραηλ καὶ οὐ θεὸς κοιλάδων διὰ τοῦτο ἐκραταίωσεν ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς ἐὰν δὲ πολεμήσωμεν αὐτοὺς κατ᾿ εὐθύ εἰ μὴ κραταιώσομεν ὑπὲρ αὐτούς

And the servants of the king of Syria said, 'The God of Israel is a god of mountains and not a god of valleys; therefore he prevailed over us. But if we fight them on level ground, surely we shall prevail over them.'

Direct speech: the Aramean theological misjudgmentκαὶ οἱ παῖδες βασιλέως Συρίας εἶπον
The Aramean counselors explain their defeat by a pagan theology of localized deities: Israel's God is a 'god of the mountains' (θεὸς ὀρέων) whose power does not extend to the plains (κοιλάδες). This becomes the very claim YHWH will refute at Aphek (v. 28). The oath-construction εἰ μὴ … functions as an emphatic affirmation ('surely we shall prevail').
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant / counselor'; Ben-Hadad's court advisers.
βασιλέωςof the kingGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): Ben-Hadad.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive (king of Syria)→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): declined.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'say / speak'; the men of Jabesh collectively appeal to Nahash; the 3rd plural form introduces their offer of vassalage.
θεὸςa godNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'god'; in the pagan calculus, a deity of limited, local jurisdiction — 'a god of the mountains'.
ὀρέωνof mountainsGenitivegenitive of sphere (the god's domain)→ relational specificationὄρος (gen. pl. ὀρέων): 'mountain'; renders הָרִים; the supposed domain of Israel's God, where the first battle was won.
θεὸςthe GodNominativesubject (the God of Israel)→ participant prominenceθεός: here the God of Israel, named in the next phrase; not the Tetragrammaton form but the noun θεός.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival: 'God of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'the God of Israel'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates the second predicate — 'not a god of valleys'.
θεὸςa godNominativepredicate nominative (negated)→ participant prominenceθεός: the denied second domain.
κοιλάδωνof valleysGenitivegenitive of sphere→ relational specificationκοιλάς (gen. pl. κοιλάδων): 'valley / lowland plain'; renders עֲמָקִים; the open plains where the Arameans hope to win with chariotry.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of'; διὰ τοῦτο = 'therefore'.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (object of διά)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; διὰ τοῦτο, 'on this account'.
ἐκραταίωσενhe prevailedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κραταιόωmain verb (the explanation of defeat)→ constative aoristκραταιόω: 'be strong / prevail / overpower'; with ὑπέρ + acc., 'prevailed over us'; the subject is the God of Israel.
ὑπὲρoverpreposition + accusative (superiority)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: 'over / above'; here 'prevail over' (a Hebraism for being stronger than).
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ→ participant referenceἡμᾶς: meaning 'us'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑπέρ.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; introduces the future-more-vivid condition.
δὲbutadversative particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: 'but'; contrasts the mountain defeat with the hoped-for plain victory.
πολεμήσωμενwe fightAor Act Subj 1 Pl · πολεμέωverb of the protasis→ aorist subjunctive (condition)πολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; with κατ᾿ εὐθύ, 'fight on level ground'.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the Israelites)→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the Israelites).
κατ᾿on / according topreposition + accusative (elided)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: in κατ᾿ εὐθύ, 'on level/straight ground' (the open plain).
εὐθύlevel ground / the plainAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of κατά)→ object specificationεὐθύς (n. εὐθύ): 'straight / level'; substantivized, 'the level place / plain', where chariots and cavalry have advantage; renders מִישׁוֹר.
εἰ[surely]particle (in oath-affirmation εἰ μή)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: in the construction εἰ μή functioning as an emphatic affirmative oath ('surely'), a Hebraism.
μὴ[not]particle (with εἰ in oath-affirmation)→ discourse linkage or contrastμή: with εἰ in the oath-formula yields strong affirmation — 'we shall certainly prevail'.
κραταιώσομενwe shall prevailFut Act Indic 1 Pl · κραταιόωmain verb of the apodosis (oath-affirmation)→ predictive future (confident assertion)κραταιόω: 'prevail / be stronger'; the confident future asserts the Arameans' expected superiority on the plain — a claim YHWH will overturn (v. 28).
ὑπὲρoverpreposition + accusative (superiority)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: 'over them'.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑπέρ.
24

καὶ τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο ποίησον ἀπόστησον τοὺς βασιλεῖς ἕκαστον εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτῶν καὶ θοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτῶν σατράπας

And do this thing: remove the kings, each to his place, and set satraps in their stead.

Direct speech: the counselors' military reform proposalκαὶ τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο ποίησον
The advisers propose a structural reform: dismiss the unreliable vassal-kings (whose drunken disarray contributed to the rout, v. 16) and replace them with professional governors/satraps under direct command. The chain of imperatives (ποίησον … ἀπόστησον … θοῦ) lays out a concrete program of reorganization before the second campaign.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαthing / matterAccusativedirect object of ποίησον (fronted)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter / thing'; Hebraism (דָּבָר); 'this thing' = the plan that follows.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'.
ποίησονdoAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωimperative (heading the proposal)→ ingressive aorist imperativeποιέω: 'do / carry out'; introduces the program of reform.
ἀπόστησονremoveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀφίστημιimperative (first measure)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀφίστημι (trans. aor.): 'remove / set aside / dismiss'; here dismiss the vassal-kings from command.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativedirect object of ἀπόστησον→ object specificationβασιλεύς: the thirty-two vassal kings, now judged a liability.
ἕκαστονeachAccusativedistributive apposition ('each one')→ object specificationἕκαστος: 'each'; distributive — each king sent back to his own territory.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationτόπος: 'place'; each king's own home/post.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θοῦset / appointAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · τίθημιimperative (second measure)→ ingressive aorist imperativeτίθημι (aor. mid. impv. θοῦ): 'set / appoint / place'; appoint professional commanders in the kings' place.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτῶν = 'in their stead'.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
σατράπαςsatraps / governorsAccusativedirect object of θοῦ→ object specificationσατράπης: 'satrap / provincial governor'; a Persian loanword used in the LXX for high military/administrative officers; here professional commanders replacing the vassal kings.
25

καὶ ἀλλάξομέν σοι δύναμιν κατὰ τὴν δύναμιν τὴν πεσοῦσαν ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ ἵππον κατὰ τὴν ἵππον καὶ ἅρματα κατὰ τὰ ἅρματα καὶ πολεμήσομεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς κατ᾿ εὐθὺ καὶ κραταιώσομεν ὑπὲρ αὐτούς καὶ ἤκουσεν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτῶν καὶ ἐποίησεν οὕτως

'And we will replace for you an army like the army that fell from you, and horse for horse and chariots for chariots; and we will fight against them on level ground, and we shall prevail over them.' And he listened to their voice and did so.

Direct speech continued + narrative complianceκαὶ ἀλλάξομέν σοι δύναμιν
The counselors complete their plan: replace the lost army arm-for-arm (δύναμιν κατὰ … ἵππον κατὰ … ἅρματα κατὰ …) and renew battle on the plain. The narrative frame closes with Ben-Hadad's compliance (ἤκουσεν … ἐποίησεν οὕτως, 'he heeded their voice and did so'), the standard idiom for adopting counsel.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀλλάξομένwe will replaceFut Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀλλάσσωmain verb (the proposal)→ predictive future (pledge)ἀλλάσσω: 'change / exchange / replace'; the counselors promise to reconstitute the army lost in the first campaign.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'for you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of advantage.
δύναμινarmyAccusativedirect object→ object specificationδύναμις: 'army / force'; the replacement host.
κατὰlike / corresponding topreposition + accusative (correspondence)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / corresponding to'; 'an army matching the one lost'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύναμινarmyAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationδύναμις: the army lost in the first battle.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεσοῦσανthat fellAor Act Part Acc Sg Fem · πίπτωattributive participle (modifying δύναμιν)→ verbal action or stateπίπτω (aor. part.): 'fall'; here 'fall in battle / perish'; the lost army.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (loss from your side)→ relational specificationσοῦ: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό (loss from your side).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵππονhorse / cavalryAccusativedirect object (replacement cavalry)→ object specificationἵππος: collective 'cavalry'; replaced 'horse for horse'.
κατὰfor / corresponding topreposition + accusative (correspondence)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (correspondence).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππονhorseAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἵππος: 'horse for horse'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativedirect object (replacement chariotry)→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariots'.
κατὰforpreposition + accusative (correspondence)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (correspondence).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariots for chariots' — full restoration of the striking arms.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πολεμήσομενwe will fightFut Act Indic 1 Pl · πολεμέωmain verb (the renewed war)→ predictive futureπολεμέω: 'wage war'; the resolve to fight again on chosen ground.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτοὺς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
κατ᾿onpreposition + accusative (elided)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: κατ᾿ εὐθύ, 'on level ground'.
εὐθὺlevel ground / the plainAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of κατά)→ object specificationεὐθύς (n. εὐθύ): 'level place / plain'; the chosen battlefield favoring chariots.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κραταιώσομενwe shall prevailFut Act Indic 1 Pl · κραταιόωmain verb (confident assertion)→ predictive futureκραταιόω: 'prevail / be stronger'; the renewed boast of expected victory.
ὑπὲρoverpreposition + accusative (superiority)→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + acc.: 'over them'.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ→ participant referenceαὐτούς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ὑπέρ.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (compliance)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενhe listenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (Ben-Hadad heeds the counsel)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear / heed'; with the genitive τῆς φωνῆς, the idiom 'listen to the voice of' = obey/adopt counsel (renders שָׁמַע בְּקוֹל).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice'; in the idiom 'heed the voice of'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (execution of the plan)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / act'; he carried out the reform.
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; 'did so' = enacted the counselors' plan.
26

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐπιστρέψαντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἐπεσκέψατο υἱὸς Αδερ τὴν Συρίαν καὶ ἀνέβη εἰς Αφεκα εἰς πόλεμον ἐπὶ Ισραηλ

And it came to pass, when the year had turned, that the son of Hader mustered Syria and went up to Apheka for war against Israel.

Narrative: the second campaign opens at Aphekκαὶ ἐγένετο ἐπιστρέψαντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ
The temporal frame καὶ ἐγένετο with the genitive absolute ἐπιστρέψαντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ('when the year had turned') fulfills the prophet's prediction of v. 22. Ben-Hadad musters Aram and advances to Aphek (Αφεκα) on the plain — exactly the level ground his counselors recommended (vv. 23, 25).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (temporal frame-setter)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο renders וַיְהִי, the LXX narrative time-marker.
ἐπιστρέψαντοςhaving turnedAor Act Part Gen Sg Masc · ἐπιστρέφωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aorist participle (temporal setting)ἐπιστρέφω (aor. part., gen. abs.): 'turn / return'; ἐπιστρέψαντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ = 'when the year had come round', i.e. the next spring (cf. v. 22).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (subject of genitive absolute)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive absolute subject→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; 'the turn of the year' = the campaigning season.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis after ἐγένετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεσκέψατοmusteredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισκέπτομαιmain verb (military census)→ constative aoristἐπισκέπτομαι: 'muster / number'; Ben-Hadad reconstitutes his army.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as subject (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣυρίανSyriaAccusativedirect object (Aram = the army)→ object specificationΣυρία (acc. Συρίαν): declined; here the nation/army of Aram he musters.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (advance)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up / advance'; the march to Aphek.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑφεκαAphekaindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΑφεκα: transliteration of אֲפֵק (Aphek); indeclinable in this form; a town east of the Sea of Galilee commanding the approach to the Aramean heartland, on level terrain.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: here 'for' (purpose) — for war.
πόλεμονwarAccusativeaccusative of purpose→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'against'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile).
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the target of the campaign.
27

καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ἐπεσκέπησαν καὶ παρεγένοντο εἰς ἀπαντὴν αὐτῶν καὶ παρενέβαλεν Ισραηλ ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτῶν ὡσεὶ δύο ποίμνια αἰγῶν καὶ Συρία ἔπλησεν τὴν γῆν

And the sons of Israel were mustered and came to meet them; and Israel encamped opposite them like two little flocks of goats, while Syria filled the land.

Narrative: the disproportion of the armiesκαὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ἐπεσκέπησαν
The vivid simile 'like two little flocks of goats' (ὡσεὶ δύο ποίμνια αἰγῶν) against Syria 'filling the land' (ἔπλησεν τὴν γῆν) dramatizes the overwhelming numerical disparity — precisely the conditions in which YHWH's victory (v. 28) will most clearly display his power, refuting the Aramean theology of the valleys.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject (with Ισραηλ)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'sons'; 'the sons of Israel' = the Israelites/army.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable.
ἐπεσκέπησανwere musteredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐπισκέπτομαιmain verb (Israel's muster)→ constative aorist (passive)ἐπισκέπτομαι (aor. pass.): 'be mustered / numbered'; Israel's troops are reviewed for battle.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεγένοντοcame / arrivedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιmain verb (arrival for battle)→ constative aoristπαραγίνομαι: 'arrive / come to'; the army advances to meet the Arameans.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose/goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/goal).
ἀπαντὴνmeeting / encounterAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet')→ object specificationἀπάντησις/ἀπαντή: 'meeting / encounter'; εἰς ἀπαντήν = 'to meet' (in battle); renders לִקְרַאת.
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobjective genitive (meeting of/with them)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as objective genitive (meeting of/with them).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρενέβαλενencampedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (deployment)→ constative aoristπαρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / draw up in battle array'; renders חָנָה; Israel deploys facing the enemy.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable, collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: collective for the army.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (in idiom ἐξ ἐναντίας)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: in the idiom ἐξ ἐναντίας, 'opposite / facing'.
ἐναντίαςoppositeGenitivesubstantivized adjective (in idiom: 'over against')→ relational specificationἐναντίος (fem. ἐναντία): 'opposite / facing'; ἐξ ἐναντίας = 'over against / facing them'.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive (object of the idiom)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of the idiom).
ὡσεὶlike / ascomparative particle (introducing simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡσεί: 'as if / like'; introduces the simile of the goat-flocks.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifying ποίμνια)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; 'two little flocks'.
ποίμνιαflocksNominativepredicate of comparison (with ὡσεί)→ participant prominenceποίμνιον: diminutive 'little flock'; renders the Hebrew 'two little flocks of goats' (חֲשִׂפֵי עִזִּים), vividly conveying Israel's smallness and vulnerability.
αἰγῶνof goatsGenitivegenitive of content (flocks of goats)→ relational specificationαἴξ (gen. pl. αἰγῶν): 'goat'; the comparison emphasizes the meagerness of Israel's force.
καὶand / whileconjunction (concurrent contrast)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here contrastive — 'whereas Syria…'.
ΣυρίαSyriaNominativesubject (collective for the Aramean host)→ participant prominenceΣυρία: declined nominative; the vast Aramean army.
ἔπλησενfilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίμπλημιmain verb (the enemy's vast extent)→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: 'fill'; 'Syria filled the land' — hyperbole for the immense host covering the plain, sharpening the disproportion.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of ἔπλησεν→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / ground'; the whole countryside covered by the Aramean army.
28

καὶ προσῆλθεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ εἶπεν τῷ βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ τάδε λέγει κύριος ἀνθ᾿ ὧν εἶπεν Συρία θεὸς ὀρέων κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ καὶ οὐ θεὸς κοιλάδων αὐτός καὶ δώσω τὴν δύναμιν τὴν μεγάλην ταύτην εἰς χεῖρα σήν καὶ γνώσῃ ὅτι ἐγὼ κύριος

And the man of God approached and said to the king of Israel, 'Thus says the LORD: Because Syria said, The LORD the God of Israel is a god of mountains and not he a god of valleys, therefore I will give this great army into your hand, and you shall know that I am the LORD.'

Direct speech: the man of God's oracle answering the Aramean boastκαὶ προσῆλθεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ
The 'man of God' (ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ) delivers an oracle directly answering the Aramean claim of v. 23. The ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('because') clause cites their blasphemy verbatim; YHWH's response — handing over the 'great army' precisely on the plain — refutes the localized-deity theology and seals the purpose with the recognition-formula γνώσῃ ὅτι ἐγὼ κύριος.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσῆλθενapproachedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb (approach)→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'approach'; the man of God comes to Ahab.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (in title 'man of God')→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ('the man of God') is the standard designation for a prophet (rendering אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים), here used for the prophet of vv. 13, 22.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationship (man of God)→ relational specificationθεός (gen. θεοῦ): 'God'; in the prophetic title 'man of God'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of indirect object→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: Ahab.
ΙσραηλIsraelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (messenger-formula)→ object specificationὅδε: τάδε λέγει κύριος.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ vivid presentλέγω: the present λέγει in the citation-formula gives the divine word present authority — 'the LORD says (now)'.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
ἀνθ᾿becausepreposition + genitive (causal, in ἀνθ᾿ ὧν, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: in ἀνθ᾿ ὧν, 'because / in return for which', a causal idiom (renders יַעַן אֲשֶׁר).
ὧνwhich thingsGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἀντί)→ relational specificationὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): in the causal idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν, 'because'.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the causal clause→ constative aoristλέγω: cites the Aramean boast of v. 23.
ΣυρίαSyriaNominativesubject (the Arameans, collective)→ participant prominenceΣυρία: declined nominative; here the Arameans as speakers of the blasphemy.
θεὸςa godNominativepredicate nominative (the cited claim)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'god (of mountains)'; the quoted Aramean claim.
ὀρέωνof mountainsGenitivegenitive of sphere→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain'.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (in apposition: 'the LORD the God of Israel')→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the cited boast names YHWH himself as the supposed mountain-god.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativeapposition (the God of Israel)→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ, 'the God of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates 'a god of valleys'.
θεὸςa godNominativepredicate nominative (negated)→ participant prominenceθεός: the denied valley-domain.
κοιλάδωνof valleysGenitivegenitive of sphere→ relational specificationκοιλάς: 'valley / plain'.
αὐτόςheNominativeintensive pronoun (resumptive: 'he')→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'he himself'; resumptive emphasis on YHWH as the (mis)characterized deity.
καὶand / thereforeconjunction (introducing the apodosis/consequence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here consequential — 'and so / therefore'.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine handing-over)→ predictive future (certain divine act)δίδωμι: 'give / hand over'; 'give into your hand' is the victory-idiom (cf. v. 13); YHWH refutes the Arameans precisely on the plain.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δύναμινarmyAccusativedirect object→ object specificationδύναμις: 'army / host'; the Aramean force.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying δύναμιν)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great'; the vast host that 'filled the land' (v. 27).
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying δύναμιν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; deictic to the army present on the plain.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (victory-idiom)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (victory-idiom).
χεῖραhandAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'into your hand')→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the singular 'hand' in the victory-formula.
σήνyourAccusativepossessive adjective (modifying χεῖρα)→ object specificationσός: 'your'; Ahab's hand as locus of YHWH-given victory.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώσῃyou shall knowFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb (recognition-formula)→ predictive future (intended result)γινώσκω: the recognition-formula γνώσῃ ὅτι ἐγὼ κύριος, repeated from v. 13, frames the victory as revelation of YHWH.
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: meaning 'that'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativesubject of verbless clause (self-identification)→ participant referenceἐγώ: in 'I am the LORD'.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativepredicate nominative (self-identification)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the self-revelation formula seals the oracle.
29

καὶ παρεμβάλλουσιν οὗτοι ἀπέναντι τούτων ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ καὶ προσήγαγεν ὁ πόλεμος καὶ ἐπάταξεν Ισραηλ τὴν Συρίαν ἑκατὸν χιλιάδας πεζῶν μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ

And these encamped opposite those for seven days; and it came to pass on the seventh day that the battle was joined, and Israel struck down Syria — a hundred thousand foot-soldiers in one day.

Narrative: the seven-day standoff and the great slaughterκαὶ παρεμβάλλουσιν οὗτοι ἀπέναντι τούτων
A seven-day standoff (the symbolic completeness of seven) precedes the decisive engagement on the seventh day. The historic present παρεμβάλλουσιν vivifies the tense wait. The staggering figure — 100,000 Aramean infantry killed in a single day (μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ) — fulfills the oracle of v. 28 and demonstrates YHWH's power on the very plain the Arameans thought safe.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρεμβάλλουσινthey encampPres Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)παρεμβάλλω: 'encamp / be drawn up'; the historic present heightens the tension of the standoff.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (one army)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'these'; one of the two opposing camps.
ἀπέναντιoppositeimproper preposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: 'opposite / facing'; with the genitive τούτων, 'over against those'.
τούτωνthoseGenitivegenitive object of ἀπέναντι→ relational specificationοὗτος (gen. pl. τούτων): 'those'; the opposing camp.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifying ἡμέρας)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; the symbolic seven-day standoff.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of duration→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; accusative of extent of time, 'for seven days'.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (time-marker)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο, narrative time-marker.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (on which)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the decisive seventh day.
τῇtheDativearticle (attributive with ordinal)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑβδόμῃseventhDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the completion of the seven-day wait, marking the decisive moment.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσήγαγενdrew near / was joinedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (battle joined)→ ingressive aoristπροσάγω: 'bring near / draw near / join (battle)'; here intransitive-like, 'the battle drew on / was engaged'.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεμοςbattleNominativesubject of προσήγαγεν→ participant prominenceπόλεμος: 'battle / war'; the engagement itself as subject.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the slaughter)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite / slay'; Israel inflicts the great slaughter.
ΙσραηλIsraelsubject (indeclinable, collective)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: collective for the army.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣυρίανSyriaAccusativedirect object (the Aramean army)→ object specificationΣυρία (acc. Συρίαν): declined; the Aramean host.
ἑκατὸνa hundredindeclinable numeral (with χιλιάδας)→ measure or countἑκατόν: 'hundred'; ἑκατὸν χιλιάδας = 100,000.
χιλιάδαςthousandsAccusativeaccusative (in apposition: the count slain)→ object specificationχιλιάς: 'thousand'; the casualty figure, 100,000.
πεζῶνof foot-soldiersGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitive→ relational specificationπεζός: 'foot-soldier'; the slain were infantry — the bulk of the host.
μιᾷoneDativeattributive numeral (modifying ἡμέρᾳ)→ measure or countεἷς (fem. dat. μιᾷ): 'one'; 'in one day' underscores the magnitude and suddenness of the slaughter.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (within which)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; the whole slaughter in a single day.
30

καὶ ἔφυγον οἱ κατάλοιποι εἰς Αφεκα εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἔπεσεν τὸ τεῖχος ἐπὶ εἴκοσι καὶ ἑπτὰ χιλιάδας ἀνδρῶν τῶν καταλοίπων καὶ υἱὸς Αδερ ἔφυγεν καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ κοιτῶνος εἰς τὸ ταμίειον

And the survivors fled to Apheka, into the city, and the wall fell upon twenty-seven thousand men of the survivors; and the son of Hader fled and entered into the house of the bedchamber, into the inner room.

Narrative: the collapse of the wall and Ben-Hadad's hidingκαὶ ἔφυγον οἱ κατάλοιποι
The disaster compounds: the survivors who flee into Aphek are crushed when the city wall collapses on 27,000 of them — a further, almost supernatural blow. Ben-Hadad, the boastful overlord of vv. 3–10, is reduced to cowering in the innermost room (τὸ ταμίειον), the lowest point of his humiliation, setting up his servants' plea in vv. 31–32.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγονfledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb (flight of survivors)→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; the routed remnant flees to Aphek.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατάλοιποιsurvivors / the restNominativesubject (substantivized adjective)→ participant prominenceκατάλοιπος: 'remaining / left over'; substantivized 'the survivors', the remnant of the army.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ΑφεκαAphekaindeclinable place-name (object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΑφεκα: indeclinable; the fortified town that becomes a death-trap.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (further specification)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (further specification).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (= Aphek)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; Aphek itself, into which they flee for refuge.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (collapse of the wall)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall / collapse'; the city wall falls on the crowded survivors.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεῖχοςwallNominativesubject of ἔπεσεν→ participant prominenceτεῖχος: 'city wall'; renders חוֹמָה; its collapse multiplies the catastrophe, perhaps by an act of God.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (upon).
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (with ἑπτὰ χιλιάδας)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; with seven thousands = 27,000.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; 'twenty and seven thousand'.
χιλιάδαςthousandsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the number crushed)→ object specificationχιλιάς: 'thousand'; 27,000 crushed by the wall.
ἀνδρῶνof menGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; the slain were soldiers.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καταλοίπωνsurvivors / remainingGenitivegenitive (those who had survived the battle)→ relational specificationκατάλοιπος: 'remaining'; the very survivors of the battle perish at the wall — total ruin.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as subject (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (Ben-Hadad's flight)→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; the king flees the battlefield.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (taking refuge)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter / go in'; he hides in the innermost chamber.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / roomAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / chamber'; 'the house of the bedchamber' = the inner private quarters.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιτῶνοςbedchamberGenitivegenitive of description (the bedchamber)→ relational specificationκοιτών: 'bedchamber / private room'; renders חֶדֶר; the most secluded room, image of the king's abasement.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (further specification)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (further specification).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταμίειονinner room / chamberAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (innermost room)→ object specificationταμιεῖον: 'storeroom / innermost chamber / hidden room'; renders חֶדֶר בְּחֶדֶר ('an inner room within a room'); the deepest hiding-place — Ben-Hadad utterly cornered.
31

καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ οἶδα ὅτι βασιλεῖς Ισραηλ βασιλεῖς ἐλέους εἰσίν ἐπιθώμεθα δὴ σάκκους ἐπὶ τὰς ὀσφύας ἡμῶν καὶ σχοινία ἐπὶ τὰς κεφαλὰς ἡμῶν καὶ ἐξέλθωμεν πρὸς βασιλέα Ισραηλ εἴ πως ζωογονήσει τὰς ψυχὰς ἡμῶν

And he said to his servants, 'I know that the kings of Israel are kings of mercy; let us put sackcloth on our loins and ropes on our heads, and let us go out to the king of Israel; perhaps he will spare our lives.'

Direct speech: Ben-Hadad's plan to seek mercyκαὶ εἶπεν τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ
Ben-Hadad, cornered, gambles on Israelite clemency ('kings of mercy', βασιλεῖς ἐλέους). The penitential garb — sackcloth on the loins and ropes on the head — signals abject surrender. The hortatory subjunctives (ἐπιθώμεθα … ἐξέλθωμεν) and the tentative εἴ πως ('perhaps') convey the desperate hope of saving their lives.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παισὶνservantsDativedative of indirect object→ sphere or referenceπαῖς: 'servant / counselor'; his attendants.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (governing object clause)→ perfect with present sense (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; the perfect-with-present-sense; Ben-Hadad's confident assumption about Israelite kings.
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject of εἰσίν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'kings'; the kings of Israel as a class.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐλέους)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: repeated; 'kings of mercy' — a Hebraizing predication.
ἐλέουςof mercyGenitivegenitive of quality (kings characterized by mercy)→ relational specificationἔλεος: 'mercy / compassion'; renders חֶסֶד; 'kings of mercy' = merciful kings, the quality Ben-Hadad hopes to exploit.
εἰσίνarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: copula.
ἐπιθώμεθαlet us put onAor Mid Subj 1 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιhortatory subjunctive→ hortatory aorist subjunctiveἐπιτίθημι (aor. mid. subj.): 'put on (oneself)'; the middle 'let us put on ourselves' — don sackcloth in supplication.
δὴnow / prayemphatic particle (with hortatory subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic — 'let us indeed / let us then'.
σάκκουςsackclothAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθώμεθα→ object specificationσάκκος: 'sackcloth'; renders שַׂק; coarse garment of mourning and humiliation/supplication.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύαςloinsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationὀσφύς: 'loins / waist'; renders מָתְנַיִם; sackcloth girded on the loins is the standard sign of penitential submission.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
σχοινίαropesAccusativedirect object (implied with ἐπιθώμεθα)→ object specificationσχοινίον: 'rope / cord'; ropes on the head signal total surrender — like prisoners led with halters; renders חֲבָלִים.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὰςheadsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'; ropes on the head = sign of captives pleading for life.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξέλθωμενlet us go outAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιhortatory subjunctive→ hortatory aorist subjunctiveἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; 'let us go out (to surrender) to the king'.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: Ahab.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
εἴif / whetherparticle (with πως: 'if perhaps')→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: with πως, 'if somehow / in the hope that' — tentative.
πωςperhaps / somehowmodal particle (with εἴ)→ discourse linkage or contrastπως: enclitic 'somehow / perhaps'; εἴ πως expresses hesitant hope.
ζωογονήσειhe will spare / keep aliveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ζωογονέωverb of the hope-clause→ predictive future (hoped-for outcome)ζωογονέω: 'preserve alive / spare'; renders חָיָה (Piel); the hope that Ahab will let them live.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχὰςlives / soulsAccusativedirect object of ζωογονήσει→ object specificationψυχή: 'life / soul'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; here 'lives' — 'spare our lives'.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationἡμῶν: meaning 'our'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
32

καὶ περιεζώσαντο σάκκους ἐπὶ τὰς ὀσφύας αὐτῶν καὶ ἔθεσαν σχοινία ἐπὶ τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν καὶ εἶπον τῷ βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ δοῦλός σου υἱὸς Αδερ λέγει ζησάτω δὴ ἡ ψυχή μου καὶ εἶπεν εἰ ἔτι ζῇ ἀδελφός μού ἐστιν

And they girded sackcloth on their loins and put ropes on their heads, and said to the king of Israel, 'Your servant the son of Hader says, Let my life be spared, I pray.' And he said, 'If he still lives, he is my brother.'

Narrative + direct speech: the surrender and Ahab's fateful wordκαὶ περιεζώσαντο σάκκους
The servants enact the plan and present Ben-Hadad's abject plea ('your servant … let my life be spared'). Ahab's astonishing reply — 'he is my brother' (ἀδελφός μού ἐστιν) — abandons the divinely sanctioned ban; calling the defeated enemy 'brother' establishes a relationship of parity and alliance that the prophet will condemn in vv. 42.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιεζώσαντοthey girdedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · περιζώννυμιmain verb (donning sackcloth)→ constative aoristπεριζώννυμι (aor. mid.): 'gird about oneself'; the middle 'they girded themselves with sackcloth'.
σάκκουςsackclothAccusativedirect object→ object specificationσάκκος: 'sackcloth'; the supplicants' garb.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀσφύαςloinsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationὀσφύς: 'loins'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθεσανputAor Act Indic 3 Pl · τίθημιmain verb (placing ropes)→ constative aoristτίθημι (aor. ἔθεσαν): 'put / place'; ropes on the head.
σχοινίαropesAccusativedirect object→ object specificationσχοινίον: 'rope'; sign of surrender.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κεφαλὰςheadsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationκεφαλή: 'head'.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'say / speak'; the men of Jabesh collectively appeal to Nahash; the 3rd plural form introduces their offer of vassalage.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative of indirect object→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: Ahab.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject (Ben-Hadad's self-abasement)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; Ben-Hadad now styles himself Ahab's slave — total reversal from the overlord of vv. 3–10.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to δοῦλός (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as apposition to δοῦλός (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the relayed message→ vivid presentλέγω: the envoys relay Ben-Hadad's plea in his own voice.
ζησάτωlet live / be sparedAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ζάωthird-person imperative (the plea)→ aorist imperative (entreaty)ζάω (aor. impv. 3 sg.): 'let (my life) live'; the entreaty for survival.
δὴI pray / nowentreaty particle (with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: softening particle of entreaty — 'I pray / please'.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήlife / soulNominativesubject of ζησάτω→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'life / soul'; 'let my life live' = spare my life.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Ahab's reply)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
εἰifconditional conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; introduces the condition.
ἔτιstilltemporal adverb→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; 'if he is still alive'.
ζῇhe livesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωverb of the protasis→ progressive presentζάω: 'live / be alive'; the condition — if Ben-Hadad survives.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativepredicate nominative (Ahab's fateful word)→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; Ahab's calling the enemy king 'my brother' establishes a covenant of equality/alliance — the act of clemency the prophet condemns (v. 42); renders אָח.
μούmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμού: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: copula; 'he is my brother'.
33

καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες οἰωνίσαντο καὶ ἔσπευσαν καὶ ἀνέλεξαν τὸν λόγον ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπον ἀδελφός σου υἱὸς Αδερ καὶ εἶπεν εἰσέλθατε καὶ λάβετε αὐτόν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν πρὸς αὐτὸν υἱὸς Αδερ καὶ ἀναβιβάζουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ ἅρμα

And the men took it as an omen and hurried and caught up the word from his mouth, and said, 'Your brother, the son of Hader!' And he said, 'Go in and take him.' And the son of Hader came out to him, and they brought him up to him onto the chariot.

Narrative: the envoys seize on Ahab's word; Ben-Hadad honoredκαὶ οἱ ἄνδρες οἰωνίσαντο
The envoys, alert for any favorable sign, 'divine' it (οἰωνίσαντο) from Ahab's word and quickly echo it back ('your brother, the son of Hader') to fix his commitment. Ahab's order to bring him up onto his royal chariot (the historic present ἀναβιβάζουσιν) is a public act of honor and parity — the culmination of the clemency the prophet will condemn.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject (the envoys)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'men'; Ben-Hadad's servants/envoys.
οἰωνίσαντοtook as an omenAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · οἰωνίζομαιmain verb (reading the favorable sign)→ constative aoristοἰωνίζομαι: 'take as an omen / divine'; the envoys read Ahab's word 'brother' as an auspicious sign and seize on it; the verb evokes augury, fitting for the anxious diplomats.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσπευσανhurriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σπεύδωmain verb (haste)→ constative aoristσπεύδω: 'hasten / hurry'; they act quickly to lock in the favorable word.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέλεξανcaught upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναλέγωmain verb (seizing the word)→ constative aoristἀναλέγω: 'pick up / gather up'; here 'caught up / snatched' Ahab's word from his mouth, fixing his commitment by repeating it.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; Ahab's term 'brother'.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στόματοςmouthGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationστόμα: 'mouth'; renders פֶּה; 'from his mouth' = as soon as Ahab spoke it.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Ahab's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Ahab's).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (their confirming echo)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'say / speak'; the men of Jabesh collectively appeal to Nahash; the 3rd plural form introduces their offer of vassalage.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativepredicate/exclamation (echoing Ahab)→ participant prominenceἀδελφός: 'brother'; they repeat Ahab's word back as a confirmed status — 'your brother, Ben-Hadad'.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as apposition (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Ahab's order)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
εἰσέλθατεgo inAor Act Impv 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιimperative (Ahab's command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeεἰσέρχομαι (aor. impv.): 'go in / bring (him) in'; Ahab orders Ben-Hadad fetched.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
λάβετεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωimperative (Ahab's command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλαμβάνω: 'take / fetch'; 'bring him to me'.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object (= Ben-Hadad)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (= Ben-Hadad).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (Ben-Hadad emerges)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'come out'; Ben-Hadad emerges from hiding to Ahab.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= Ahab)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (= Ahab).
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ)→ participant prominenceυἱὸς: meaning 'son'; it serves as subject (with Αδερ).
ΑδερHaderindeclinable proper noun→ participant identificationΑδερ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀναβιβάζουσινthey bring upPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβιβάζωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)ἀναβιβάζω: 'bring/cause to go up'; the historic present dramatizes the honor — Ben-Hadad mounted onto Ahab's chariot, a public gesture of alliance.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (= Ben-Hadad)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (= Ben-Hadad).
πρὸςto / besidepreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= Ahab)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (= Ahab).
ἐπὶontopreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'onto'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρμαchariotAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; Ahab's royal war-chariot — sharing it signals parity with the vanquished king.
34

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν τὰς πόλεις ἃς ἔλαβεν ὁ πατήρ μου παρὰ τοῦ πατρός σου ἀποδώσω σοι καὶ ἐξόδους θήσεις σαυτῷ ἐν Δαμασκῷ καθὼς ἔθετο ὁ πατήρ μου ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ καὶ ἐγὼ ἐν διαθήκῃ ἐξαποστελῶ σε καὶ διέθετο αὐτῷ διαθήκην καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν αὐτόν

And he said to him, 'The cities that my father took from your father I will restore to you, and you shall establish for yourself trading-quarters in Damascus, as my father did in Samaria; and I will release you under a covenant.' And he made a covenant with him and sent him away.

Direct speech + narrative: the treaty terms and Ahab's covenantκαὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν
The speech blends the two kings' voices: Ben-Hadad offers restitution of cities and trading-rights in Damascus, then the words 'I will release you under a covenant' move to Ahab's voice. The narrative seals it: Ahab 'made a covenant' (διέθετο … διαθήκην) and released the man YHWH had devoted to destruction — the very act the prophet's parable will indict (vv. 39–42).
Word-by-word analysis· 43 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the treaty proposal (Ben-Hadad's voice).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= Ahab)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (= Ahab).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of ἀποδώσω (fronted)→ object specificationπόλις: 'cities'; the towns previously captured by Ben-Hadad's father from Omri.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔλαβεν)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. pl. fem. ἅς): 'which'; relative clause defining the cities.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; the prior conquest by Ben-Hadad's father.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject of ἔλαβεν→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Ben-Hadad's father (Hadadezer/the previous Ben-Hadad).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship (Ben-Hadad's father)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Ben-Hadad's father).
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingπαρὰ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρόςfatherGenitivegenitive object of παρά→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): Ahab's father (Omri), from whom the cities were taken.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship (Ahab's father)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (Ahab's father).
ἀποδώσωI will restoreFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (Ben-Hadad's offer)→ predictive future (pledge)ἀποδίδωμι: 'give back / restore'; Ben-Hadad pledges to return the captured cities.
σοιto youDativedative of indirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative of indirect object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξόδουςtrading-quarters / bazaarsAccusativedirect object of θήσεις→ object specificationἔξοδος: lit. 'going out / outlet'; here rendering the Hebrew חוּצוֹת ('streets / market-quarters'); the right to establish commercial bazaars/quarters in the foreign capital — a trade concession.
θήσειςyou shall establishFut Act Indic 2 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (the concession granted to Ahab)→ predictive future (grant)τίθημι: 'set / establish'; Ahab is granted leave to set up trading-quarters in Damascus.
σαυτῷfor yourselfDativereflexive dative of advantage→ sphere or referenceσεαυτοῦ (dat. σαυτῷ): reflexive 'for yourself'.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΔαμασκῷDamascusDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceΔαμασκός (dat. Δαμασκῷ): declined; renders דַּמֶּשֶׂק; the Aramean capital.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; the comparison to the earlier reciprocal arrangement.
ἔθετοestablishedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristτίθημι (aor. mid.): 'set up (for himself)'; Ben-Hadad's father had set up such quarters in Samaria.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατήρfatherNominativesubject of ἔθετο→ participant prominenceπατήρ: Ben-Hadad's father.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): declined; the Israelite capital where the reciprocal quarters stood.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (shift to Ahab's voice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject (Ahab speaking)→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic; the speech shifts to Ahab — 'and as for me, I will release you'.
ἐνunder / withpreposition + dative (attendant condition)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here 'with / under (a covenant)' — the terms of release.
διαθήκῃcovenantDativedative (condition of release)→ sphere or referenceδιαθήκη: 'covenant / treaty'; renders בְּרִית; the political treaty under which Ahab releases his enemy.
ἐξαποστελῶI will releaseFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (Ahab's pledge)→ predictive future (pledge)ἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / release'; Ahab pledges to let Ben-Hadad go — the act of clemency at issue.
σεyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming narration)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέθετοmadeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διατίθημιmain verb (covenant-making)→ constative aoristδιατίθημι (aor. mid.): 'make (a covenant)'; the idiom διατίθεμαι διαθήκην renders כָּרַת בְּרִית ('cut a covenant').
αὐτῷwith himDativedative (covenant partner)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'with him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative (covenant partner).
διαθήκηνa covenantAccusativecognate direct object of διέθετο→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the cognate object completes the covenant-making idiom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξαπέστειλενsent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (the release)→ constative aoristἐξαποστέλλω: 'send away / release'; Ahab actually lets Ben-Hadad go — completing the offense the prophet condemns.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object (= Ben-Hadad)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (= Ben-Hadad).
35

καὶ ἄνθρωπος εἷς ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν τῶν προφητῶν εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ ἐν λόγῳ κυρίου πάταξον δή με καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος πατάξαι αὐτόν

And a certain man of the sons of the prophets said to his neighbor by the word of the LORD, 'Strike me, I pray.' But the man would not strike him.

New scene: the prophetic sign-act beginsκαὶ ἄνθρωπος εἷς ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν τῶν προφητῶν
A new episode opens the prophetic indictment. A member of 'the sons of the prophets' (a prophetic guild) commands a companion, 'by the word of the LORD' (ἐν λόγῳ κυρίου), to wound him — the first step of an acted parable. The companion's refusal to obey the divine word sets up the lion-judgment of v. 36, illustrating the lethal seriousness of disobeying YHWH's word, the very theme that will condemn Ahab.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; a member of the prophetic guild.
εἷςa certain / oneNominativenumeral as indefinite article→ noun-phrase markingεἷς: 'one / a certain'; indefinite use.
ἐκfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: partitive 'of / from among'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationυἱός: in the idiom 'sons of the prophets' (υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν, rendering בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים) = members of a prophetic guild/community.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivegenitive (of the prophets)→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the prophetic guild.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πλησίονneighborAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (substantivized adverb)→ object specificationπλησίον: 'neighbor / companion'; substantivized adverb; renders רֵעַ; here a fellow member of the guild.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument/authority)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here 'by / in (the authority of)'; ἐν λόγῳ κυρίου = 'by the word of the LORD'.
λόγῳwordDativedative of means/authority→ sphere or referenceλόγος: 'word'; the command is given on divine authority, not personal whim.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (the LORD's word)→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton; 'the word of the LORD' makes the command divinely binding.
πάταξονstrikeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πατάσσωimperative (the prophet's command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeπατάσσω: 'strike / wound'; the prophet asks to be wounded to make himself a disguised, injured figure for the parable.
δήI pray / nowentreaty particle (with imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: 'now / pray'; softening the command.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (adversative sense)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative — 'but'.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates ἠθέλησεν.
ἠθέλησενwas willingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (the refusal)→ constative aoristθέλω: 'be willing / want'; the companion refuses the divinely commanded act — a fatal disobedience.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (the companion)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the disobedient neighbor.
πατάξαιto strikeAor Act Inf · πατάσσωcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησεν)→ telic aorist infinitive (the hoped-for blow)πατάσσω (aor. inf.): completes 'was not willing to strike (him)'.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
36

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν ἀνθ᾿ ὧν οὐκ ἤκουσας τῆς φωνῆς κυρίου ἰδοὺ σὺ ἀποτρέχεις ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ πατάξει σε λέων καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν λέων καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτόν

And he said to him, 'Because you did not listen to the voice of the LORD, behold, as you depart from me a lion will strike you.' And he departed from him, and a lion found him and struck him.

Direct speech + narrative: the judgment on disobedienceκαὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν ἀνθ᾿ ὧν
The prophet pronounces a sentence (ἀνθ᾿ ὧν, 'because') exactly paralleling the verdict he will later deliver on Ahab (ἀνθ᾿ ὧν / διότι, v. 28, 42): disobedience to the voice of the LORD brings death. The lion-judgment (cf. 1 Kgs 13:24) is fulfilled at once (the historic present εὑρίσκει), proving the lethal weight of the divine word and foreshadowing Ahab's doom.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
ἀνθ᾿becausepreposition + genitive (causal, in ἀνθ᾿ ὧν, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: in ἀνθ᾿ ὧν, 'because'; the same causal formula as the verdict on Ahab (v. 42).
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἀντί)→ relational specificationὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): in the causal idiom.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates ἤκουσας.
ἤκουσαςyou listened / obeyedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀκούωverb of the causal clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear / heed / obey'; with the genitive τῆς φωνῆς, 'obey the voice of'; the man's failure to obey.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσας→ relational specificationφωνή: 'voice'; 'the voice of the LORD' = the divine command.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκύριος (gen. κυρίου): the Tetragrammaton.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the sentence of judgment.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you'.
ἀποτρέχειςyou departPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποτρέχωmain verb (temporal-circumstantial: 'as you go')→ futuristic present (the moment of departure)ἀποτρέχω: 'run off / depart'; the present marks the very act of leaving as the occasion of the judgment.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation, elided).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἐμοῦ: meaning 'me'; it serves as genitive object of ἀπό.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατάξειwill strikeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the sentence)→ predictive future (judgment)πατάσσω: 'strike / kill'; the lion as instrument of divine judgment.
σεyouAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceσε: meaning 'you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
λέωνa lionNominativesubject of πατάξει→ participant prominenceλέων: 'lion'; agent of divine judgment (cf. the prophet of 1 Kgs 13:24); renders אֲרִי.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενdepartedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (the man's departure)→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; the man leaves, into the path of judgment.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπ᾿: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (elided).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀπό.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρίσκειfindsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid fulfillment)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; the historic present makes the swift fulfillment vivid — the lion finds him.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
λέωνa lionNominativesubject of εὑρίσκει→ participant prominenceλέων: the lion of judgment.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (fulfillment of the sentence)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / kill'; the judgment fulfilled — the lion kills him.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
37

καὶ εὑρίσκει ἄνθρωπον ἄλλον καὶ εἶπεν πάταξόν με δή καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν ὁ ἄνθρωπος πατάξας καὶ συνέτριψεν

And he finds another man and said, 'Strike me, I pray.' And the man struck him — striking and wounding him.

Narrative: the second man obeys and wounds the prophetκαὶ εὑρίσκει ἄνθρωπον ἄλλον
A second man, in contrast to the first, obeys the prophetic command and wounds him. The pleonastic ἐπάταξεν … πατάξας καὶ συνέτριψεν ('struck him, striking and wounding') emphasizes that the prophet is genuinely injured — necessary for the disguise of v. 38, where he will pose as a wounded soldier before Ahab.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εὑρίσκειfindsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; the prophet finds a second, more compliant man.
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativedirect object→ object specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the second companion.
ἄλλονanotherAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄνθρωπον)→ object specificationἄλλος: 'another'; a different man from the disobedient one of v. 35.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πάταξόνstrikeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πατάσσωimperative (the command repeated)→ ingressive aorist imperativeπατάσσω: 'strike / wound'; the same command as v. 35.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
δήI prayentreaty particle→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: softening particle.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (obedience)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike'; the man obeys, striking the prophet.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: the obedient man.
πατάξαςstrikingAor Act Part Nom Sg Masc · πατάσσωcircumstantial participle (manner, intensifying)→ intensifying participle (Hebraism)πατάσσω (aor. part.): 'having struck'; the participle with the finite verb (a Hebraizing intensification) stresses that the blow truly wounded.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέτριψενwounded / crushedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb (the wounding)→ constative aoristσυντρίβω: 'crush / shatter / wound severely'; the prophet is genuinely injured, completing his disguise as a battle-casualty.
38

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ὁ προφήτης καὶ ἔστη τῷ βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ ἐπὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ καὶ κατεδήσατο τελαμῶνι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ

And the prophet went and stood before the king of Israel on the road, and bound up his eyes with a bandage.

Narrative: the prophet sets his disguiseκαὶ ἐπορεύθη ὁ προφήτης
The prophet completes his disguise, binding his eyes (and thus his face) with a bandage (τελαμῶνι) so Ahab will not recognize him, and takes his station on the king's route. The wounded, bandaged figure poses as a soldier who failed in his duty — the setup for the entrapping parable of vv. 39–40.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (movement)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; deponent aorist passive; the prophet goes to take his position.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτηςprophetNominativesubject→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the wounded son of the prophets, now in disguise.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (took his station)→ constative aorist (intransitive 2nd aorist)ἵστημι (2nd aor. ἔστη): 'stand / take one's stand'; the prophet stations himself in the king's path.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative (before/for the king: awaiting him)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: Ahab; the prophet waits for the king to pass.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὁδοῦroad / wayGenitivegenitive of place (on the road)→ relational specificationὁδός: 'road / way'; the king's route.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατεδήσατοbound upAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · καταδέωmain verb (disguising himself)→ constative aoristκαταδέω (aor. mid.): 'bind down / bandage'; the middle 'bound for himself'; he covers his eyes/face to avoid recognition.
τελαμῶνιwith a bandageDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceτελαμών: 'band / bandage / cloth strip'; the instrument of disguise, covering his face like a war-wound dressing.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object of κατεδήσατο→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; binding the eyes both disguises the face and mimics a battle injury.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
39

καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ὁ βασιλεὺς παρεπορεύετο καὶ οὗτος ἐβόα πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ εἶπεν ὁ δοῦλός σου ἐξῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν στρατιὰν τοῦ πολέμου καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνὴρ εἰσήγαγεν πρός με ἄνδρα καὶ εἶπεν πρός με φύλαξον τοῦτον τὸν ἄνδρα ἐὰν δὲ ἐκπηδῶν ἐκπηδήσῃ καὶ ἔσται ἡ ψυχή σου ἀντὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ἢ τάλαντον ἀργυρίου στήσεις

And it came to pass, as the king was passing by, that he cried out to the king and said, 'Your servant went out into the thick of the battle, and behold, a man turned aside and brought me a captive and said to me, Guard this man; and if by any means he escapes, then your life shall be for his life, or you shall pay a talent of silver.'

Direct speech: the entrapping parableκαὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ὁ βασιλεὺς παρεπορεύετο
The disguised prophet tells a fabricated case to elicit Ahab's own judgment. The key clause — 'your life shall be for his life, or a talent of silver' (ἡ ψυχή σου ἀντὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ) — is the very formula of substitutionary penalty that will be turned against Ahab in v. 42. The cognate construction ἐκπηδῶν ἐκπηδήσῃ ('if he by any means escapes') is a Hebraizing infinitive-absolute calque heightening the condition.
Word-by-word analysis· 55 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (time-marker)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο, narrative time-marker.
ὡςastemporal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / when'; introduces the temporal clause.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of παρεπορεύετο→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Ahab.
παρεπορεύετοwas passing byImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραπορεύομαιverb of temporal clause (durative)→ durative imperfectπαραπορεύομαι: 'pass by / go alongside'; the imperfect sets the ongoing scene of the king's procession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodosis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativesubject (the disguised prophet)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; the bandaged prophet.
ἐβόαcried outImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb (the appeal)→ durative/inceptive imperfectβοάω: 'cry out / call'; the imperfect depicts the repeated/insistent calling to the king.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: Ahab.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject (self-reference)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant'; 'your servant' = the speaker, in deferential address to the king.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (setting the scenario)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the fictitious servant went out to battle.
ἐπὶintopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στρατιὰνarmy / battle-lineAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the thick of battle)→ object specificationστρατιά: 'army / host'; here the battle/front-line — 'into the thick of the fighting'.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολέμουbattleGenitivegenitive of description (the war-host)→ relational specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; 'the army of the battle' = the fighting.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; vivifies the report.
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject of εἰσήγαγεν→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'a man'; an unidentified officer in the tale.
εἰσήγαγενbrought / turned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσάγωmain verb (committing the prisoner)→ constative aoristεἰσάγω: 'bring in / lead to'; the man brought a captive to the servant for safekeeping.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
ἄνδραa man / captiveAccusativedirect object of εἰσήγαγεν→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'a man'; the prisoner entrusted to the servant.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the charge given)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρός: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceμε: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
φύλαξονguardAor Act Impv 2 Sg · φυλάσσωimperative (the entrusted duty)→ ingressive aorist imperativeφυλάσσω: 'guard / keep'; the charge to keep the prisoner under penalty.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ἄνδρα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραmanAccusativedirect object of φύλαξον→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; the prisoner to be guarded.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: 'if'; the penalty-condition.
δὲbut / andtransitional particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: mild transition into the condition.
ἐκπηδῶνescapingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · ἐκπηδάωparticiple in cognate construction (intensifying)→ verbal action or stateἐκπηδάω (pres. part.): 'leap out / escape'; the participle ἐκπηδῶν with the finite ἐκπηδήσῃ is a Hebraism rendering the infinitive absolute (הִמָּלֵט יִמָּלֵט), 'if he by any means escapes'.
ἐκπηδήσῃescapesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐκπηδάωverb of the protasis→ aorist subjunctive (condition)ἐκπηδάω (aor. subj.): 'escape / get away'; the prisoner's possible escape triggers the penalty.
καὶthenconjunction (apodosis-introducing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: Hebraizing apodotic 'then'.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of the apodosis→ predictive future (penalty)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): the penalty clause — 'your life shall be (forfeit)'.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήlifeNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'life'; the guard's life as forfeit.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντὶfor / in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in exchange for'; the life-for-life substitution formula (cf. v. 42).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςlifeGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationψυχή: 'life'; the prisoner's life, for which the guard's answers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the prisoner's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the prisoner's).
ordisjunctive particle (alternative penalty)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; the alternative monetary penalty.
τάλαντονa talentAccusativedirect object of στήσεις→ object specificationτάλαντον: 'talent' (a large weight of silver); the alternative fine; renders כִּכָּר.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver'; 'a talent of silver'.
στήσειςyou shall weigh out / payFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (monetary penalty)→ predictive future (penalty)ἵστημι (fut. στήσεις): here 'weigh out / pay'; the older sense of weighing silver as payment (cf. שָׁקַל); the alternative fine to forfeiting one's life.
40

καὶ ἐγενήθη περιεβλέψατο ὁ δοῦλός σου ὧδε καὶ ὧδε καὶ οὗτος οὐκ ἦν καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ ἰδοὺ καὶ τὰ ἔνεδρα παρ᾿ ἐμοὶ ἐφόνευσας

'And it happened, while your servant looked around here and there, that he was gone.' And the king of Israel said to him, 'Behold, the ambush too is at my side; you have pronounced the killing.'

Direct speech: the conclusion of the parable and Ahab's self-condemning verdictκαὶ ἐγενήθη περιεβλέψατο ὁ δοῦλός σου
The 'servant' confesses negligence — distracted, he let the prisoner vanish (οὗτος οὐκ ἦν, 'he was not there'). Ahab's reply is textually obscure: the transmitted ἰδοὺ καὶ τὰ ἔνεδρα παρ᾿ ἐμοὶ ἐφόνευσας resists smooth construal (literally 'behold, the snares are beside me; you have killed/condemned'); in the parallel Hebrew (1 Kgs 20:40) Ahab declares 'so is your judgment; you yourself have decided it'. The point stands: Ahab pronounces the guilty verdict that, in v. 42, will rebound on himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (within the speech)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηit happenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (time-marker within the tale)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'it came about / happened'; frames the moment of the prisoner's escape.
περιεβλέψατοlooked aroundAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · περιβλέπωmain verb (the distraction)→ constative aoristπεριβλέπω (aor. mid.): 'look around / glance about'; the servant was busy/distracted, looking this way and that.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject (self-reference)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'your servant', the speaker.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ὧδεhereadverb of place→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here'; in the idiom ὧδε καὶ ὧδε, 'here and there / this way and that'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὧδεthereadverb of place→ clausal contributionὧδε: repeated, 'and there'; distraction in every direction.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthis one / heNominativesubject (the prisoner)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one'; the prisoner.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates ἦν.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the prisoner gone)→ durative imperfectεἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'was'; οὐκ ἦν = 'he was not (there)' — the prisoner had vanished.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming narration)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Ahab's verdict)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Ahab.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjection→ clausal contributionἰδού: 'behold'; introduces Ahab's verdict (text obscure here).
καὶalso / tooadverbial conjunction (ascensive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here ascensive 'also / even'.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔνεδραambush / snaresNominativesubject (textually difficult)→ participant prominenceἔνεδρον (pl. ἔνεδρα): 'ambush / lying in wait / snare'; the clause is obscure (see discourse note) — perhaps 'the snare/decision is upon me', the trap Ahab unwittingly springs on himself by his verdict.
παρ᾿beside / withpreposition + dative (proximity, elided)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + dat.: 'beside / with me' — 'in my power / at my side'.
ἐμοὶmeDativedative object of παρά→ participant reference or interestἐμοὶ: meaning 'me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative object of παρά.
ἐφόνευσαςyou have killed / condemnedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · φονεύωmain verb (the self-condemning verdict, text obscure)→ constative aoristφονεύω: 'kill / murder'; here apparently pronouncing the guilt/death-sentence — Ahab's verdict that the negligent guard deserves death, which the prophet will turn back on the king (v. 42); the syntax is corrupted relative to the Hebrew 'you yourself have decided it'.
41

καὶ ἔσπευσεν καὶ ἀφεῖλεν τὸν τελαμῶνα ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπέγνω αὐτὸν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ ὅτι ἐκ τῶν προφητῶν οὗτος

And he hurried and removed the bandage from his eyes, and the king of Israel recognized him, that he was one of the prophets.

Narrative: the unveiling and recognitionκαὶ ἔσπευσεν καὶ ἀφεῖλεν τὸν τελαμῶνα
The dramatic reveal: the prophet whips off the bandage, and Ahab recognizes him (ἐπέγνω) as one of the prophets — too late, for the king has already pronounced his own sentence in the parable. The disguise-and-revelation structure mirrors Nathan's parable to David (2 Sam 12).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσπευσενhurriedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σπεύδωmain verb (haste)→ constative aoristσπεύδω: 'hasten'; the prophet quickly unmasks himself once the verdict is given.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀφεῖλενremovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb (the unveiling)→ constative aoristἀφαιρέω: 'take away / remove'; he strips off the bandage.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τελαμῶναbandageAccusativedirect object→ object specificationτελαμών: 'bandage / band'; the disguise of v. 38, now removed.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesGenitivegenitive of separation→ relational specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; from his eyes/face.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέγνωrecognizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιγινώσκωmain verb (recognition)→ constative aoristἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize / know fully'; the compound ἐπι- stresses recognition; Ahab now sees who confronts him.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (= the prophet)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (= the prophet).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Ahab.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing recognition-content)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content of the recognition.
ἐκof / frompreposition + genitive (partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: partitive 'one of'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivepartitive genitive→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; 'one of the prophets' — a member of the guild.
οὗτοςthis man / heNominativesubject of the verbless clause (predication)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this one (is) of the prophets'; the verbless recognition-clause.
42

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν τάδε λέγει κύριος διότι ἐξήνεγκας σὺ ἄνδρα ὀλέθριον ἐκ χειρός σου καὶ ἔσται ἡ ψυχή σου ἀντὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ λαός σου ἀντὶ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ

And he said to him, 'Thus says the LORD: Because you let go from your hand a man devoted to destruction, therefore your life shall be for his life, and your people for his people.'

Direct speech: the prophetic verdict on Ahabτάδε λέγει κύριος διότι
The climactic oracle. The messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος elevates the indictment to divine pronouncement. Ahab's sin — releasing 'a man devoted to destruction' (ἄνδρα ὀλέθριον, one under the ban/ḥērem) — earns the very penalty he pronounced in the parable: ἡ ψυχή σου ἀντὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ('your life for his life'), now extended to his people. The verdict anticipates Ahab's death (1 Kgs 22) and the disasters on the house of Ahab.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristεἶπεν: verbal form rendered 'said' here; its aspect and clause role are specified by the parse and syntax fields.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= Ahab)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of πρός (= Ahab).
τάδεthusAccusativedemonstrative (messenger-formula)→ object specificationὅδε: τάδε λέγει κύριος, the prophetic messenger-formula elevating the verdict to divine speech.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula→ vivid presentλέγω: the present λέγει in the citation-formula gives the divine word present authority — 'the LORD says (now)'.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the verdict is YHWH's own.
διότιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastδιότι: 'because'; renders יַעַן; states the ground of the sentence.
ἐξήνεγκαςyou let go / sent outAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐκφέρωverb of the causal clause→ constative aoristἐκφέρω: 'carry/bring out / let go forth'; here 'you sent away / released from your hand' — Ahab let the banned man go free.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic 'you (yourself)'; pins the guilt on Ahab personally.
ἄνδραa manAccusativedirect object of ἐξήνεγκας→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; Ben-Hadad, designated under the ban.
ὀλέθριονdevoted to destruction / under the banAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἄνδρα)→ object specificationὀλέθριος: 'destructive / fit for destruction'; here rendering the sense of חֵרֶם — a man YHWH had devoted to destruction (the ban); Ahab's release of him is the capital offense.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
χειρόςhandGenitivegenitive of separation (out of your hand)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; 'from your hand' = from your power/custody.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶtherefore / andconjunction (apodosis-introducing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: Hebraizing apodotic 'therefore'.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (the sentence)→ predictive future (decree)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): the verdict — 'your life shall be (forfeit)'; the same formula the parable used (v. 39).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχήlifeNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceψυχή: 'life'; Ahab's life forfeit for the spared man.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντὶfor / in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in exchange for'; the life-for-life talion.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ψυχῆςlifeGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationψυχή: 'life'; Ben-Hadad's life, for which Ahab now answers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Ben-Hadad's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Ben-Hadad's).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (extending the sentence)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαόςpeopleNominativesubject (extension of the penalty)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the sentence extends to Israel — Ahab's people for the Aramean people he spared.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀντὶfor / in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of'; people-for-people, paralleling life-for-life.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; the Aramean host Ahab failed to destroy.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Ben-Hadad's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Ben-Hadad's).
43

καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ συγκεχυμένος καὶ ἐκλελυμένος καὶ ἔρχεται εἰς Σαμάρειαν

And the king of Israel went away sullen and dispirited, and came to Samaria.

Narrative closure: the king's dejected returnκαὶ ἀπῆλθεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ
The chapter closes with Ahab's mood, not his action: the perfect participles συγκεχυμένος καὶ ἐκλελυμένος ('confounded and unstrung') depict a king inwardly broken by the verdict, returning to Samaria — the very city he had just delivered — under sentence of death. The historic present ἔρχεται leaves the narrative open toward the doom announced in v. 42, fulfilled in 3 Kingdoms 22.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενwent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (departure)→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; Ahab leaves the scene of the verdict.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Ahab.
Ισραηλof Israelindeclinable proper noun (genitival)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as indeclinable proper noun (genitival).
συγκεχυμένοςconfounded / sullenPerf Pass Part Nom Sg Masc · συγχέωpredicative participle (state of the subject)→ resultative perfect (settled state)συγχέω (perf. pass. part.): 'pour together / confound / throw into confusion'; the perfect participle describes Ahab's settled state of inner turmoil — 'confounded / sullen'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκλελυμένοςdispirited / unstrungPerf Pass Part Nom Sg Masc · ἐκλύωpredicative participle (coordinate state)→ resultative perfect (settled state)ἐκλύω (perf. pass. part.): 'loose / unstring / exhaust'; 'unstrung / dispirited / faint'; the pair συγκεχυμένος καὶ ἐκλελυμένος renders the Hebrew סַר וְזָעֵף ('resentful and dejected'), painting the king's broken spirit.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present, closing)→ historic present (vivid closure)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; the closing historic present brings Ahab home to Samaria, the narrative left open toward the coming judgment.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΣαμάρειανSamariaAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationΣαμάρεια (acc. Σαμάρειαν): declined; the capital, delivered at the chapter's start and now the place of the king's dejected return — a ring closing the episode at the city where it began (v. 1).