1
τότε προσκαλεσάμενος Ἕρμωνα τὸν πρὸς τῇ τῶν ἐλεφάντων ἐπιμελείᾳ βαρείᾳ μεμεστωμένος ὀργῇ καὶ χόλῳ κατὰ πᾶν ἀμετάθετος
Then, summoning Hermon, who was over the care of the elephants, filled with heavy anger and utterly unchangeable in wrath and fury,
The king's rage is focused into a concrete command structure. Hermon, the elephant-master, becomes the instrument of the intended massacre.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceτότε: 'then'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
προσκαλεσάμενοςαμπνσμ καλέω + προςVA · αμπνσμ καλέω + προςparticiple or verbal form adding circumstance to the main actionαμπνσμ καλέω + προς: lexical form retained from the morphology; here it supplies the local sense reflected in the gloss.
ἝρμωναHermonN3 ASM · Ἕρμωνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐλεφάντωνelephantsN3 GPM · ἐλέφαςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἐλέφας: elephants; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπιμελείᾳcareN1A DSF · ἐπιμέλειαdative term marking reference, means, location, or indirect objectἐπιμέλεια: 'care'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Ezra restoration narrative.
βαρείᾳproud / heavyA3U DSF · βαρύςcommon noun within the clauseβαρύς: 'proud / heavy'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it appears in the dat case within the clause.
μεμεστωμένοςfilledVM · χμπνσμ μεστόομαιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπνσμ μεστόομαι: filled; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὀργῇwith angerN1 DSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentὀργή: 'anger / wrath'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
χόλῳfuryN2 DSM · χόλοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageχόλος: fury; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πᾶνallA3 ASN · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
ἀμετάθετοςunchangeableA1B ASN · ἀμετάθετοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀμετάθετος: unchangeable; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
2
ἐκέλευσεν ὑπὸ τὴν ἐπερχομένην ἡμέραν δαψιλέσι δράκεσι λιβανωτοῦ καὶ οἴνῳ πλείονι ἀκράτῳ ἅπαντας τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ποτίσαι ὄντας τὸν ἀριθμὸν πεντακοσίους καὶ ἀγριωθέντας τῇ τοῦ πόματος ἀφθόνῳ χορηγίᾳ εἰσαγαγεῖν πρὸς συνάντησιν τοῦ μόρου τῶν Ιουδαίων
he ordered that on the following day all the elephants, five hundred in number, were to be given plentiful handfuls of incense and much unmixed wine to drink, and, once maddened by the abundant supply of drink, be brought in for the destruction of the Jews.
The execution plan depends on engineered animal violence. Court logistics are turned into a mechanism for mass killing.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
ἐκέλευσενorderedVAI AAI3S · κελεύωmain verb taking περικαθῆσθαι as complementary infinitiveκελεύω: to command, order, or direct; often introduces an infinitive describing the ordered action.
ὑπὸas / byP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπό: 'as / by'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐπερχομένηνcoming onV1 · πμπασφ ἔρχομαι + ἐπιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπασφ ἔρχομαι + ἐπι: coming on; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goalἡμέρα: 'day'
δαψιλέσιcopiousA3H DPN · δαψιλήςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageδαψιλής: copious; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δράκεσιhandfulsN3E DPN · δράκοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageδράκος: handfuls; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
λιβανωτοῦlibanotosN2 GSM · λιβανωτόςcommon noun within the clauseλιβανωτός: 'libanotos'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
οἴνῳwineN2 DSM · οἶνοςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependentοἶνος: rendered here as 'wine' in the immediate context of Jerusalem's resettlement, priestly memory, wall-dedication praise, or Nehemiah's reform program.
πλείονιmuchA3C DSM · πολύςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageπολύς: much; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀκράτῳundilutedA1B DSM · ἄκρατοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἄκρατος: undiluted; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἅπανταςallA3 APM · ἅπαςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveἅπας: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐλέφανταςelephantsN3 APM · ἐλέφαςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐλέφας: elephants; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ποτίσαιto give drinkVA AAN · ποτίζωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaποτίζω: to give drink; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὄνταςbeingV9 · παπαπμ εἰμίsubstantival participle describing the occupantsεἰμί: those who were there, the persons present in Joppa.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀριθμὸνnumberN2 ASM · ἀριθμόςcommon noun within the clauseἀριθμός: 'number'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
πεντακοσίουςfive hundredA1A APM · πεντακόσιοιnumeral adjective (modifying σίκλους)πεντακόσιοι: 'five hundred'; the weight of myrrh, the largest single quantity in the recipe, double that of the cinnamon and calamus.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἀγριωθένταςhaving been maddenedVC · αππαπμ ἀγριόωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππαπμ ἀγριόω: having been maddened; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πόματοςdrinkN3M GSN · πόμαgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionπόμα: drink; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀφθόνῳabundantA1B DSF · ἄφθονοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἄφθονος: abundant; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
χορηγίᾳsupplyN1A DSF · χορηγίαdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageχορηγία: supply; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰσαγαγεῖνbring inVB AAN · ἄγω + εἰςverbal infinitive expressing purpose or resultἄγω + εἰς: verbal form rendered 'bring in' in this chapter's local context, carrying the action or process of the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
συνάντησινmeetingN3I ASF · συνάντησιςobject of εἰς in the directional phraseσυνάντησις: 'meeting / encounter,' here an armed meeting.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μόρουdeathN2 GSM · μόροςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionμόρος: death; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJudeansN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration settingJudeans: ethnic designation for the Judeans involved in the return and rebuilding.
3
ὁ μὲν τάδε προστάσσων ἐτρέπετο πρὸς τὴν εὐωχίαν συναγαγὼν τοὺς μάλιστα τῶν φίλων καὶ τῆς στρατιᾶς ἀπεχθῶς ἔχοντας πρὸς τοὺς Ιουδαίους
After giving these orders he turned to his feast, having gathered those of his friends and of the army who were most hostile to the Jews.
The king moves easily from death-orders to banqueting. His companions are selected precisely for their animus toward the Jews.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseμέν: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'on the one hand' here to mark linkage, circumstance, or direction in the narrative.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὅδε: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
προστάσσωνcommandV1 · παπνσμ τάσσω + προςparticiple supporting the clause actionτάσσω + προς: lexical item rendered 'command' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
ἐτρέπετοturnedV1I IMI3S · τρέπωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionτρέπω: turned; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εὐωχίανfeastingN1A ASF · εὐωχίαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseεὐωχία: 'feasting'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
συναγαγὼνagoVB · ααπνσμ ἄγω + συνparticiple elaborating the clause actionἄγω + συν: verbal form rendered 'ago' here, contributing to the chapter's account of temple restoration, prayer, siege, and victory.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μάλισταespeciallyD · μάλισταadverbial modifier of the clauseμάλιστα: especially; connective or modifier contributing to the force of the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
φίλωνfriendA1 GPM · φίλοςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a genitive dependentφίλος: rendered here as 'friend' in the immediate context of Ezra's commission, journey, inventory, prayer, or reform response.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
στρατιᾶςarmyN1A GSF · στρατίαnominal element functioning within the clauseστρατιά: army, host, or military body.
ἀπεχθῶςhostilelyD · ἀπεχθῶςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseἀπεχθῶς: hostilely; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
ἔχονταςἔχονταςV1 · παπαπμ ἔχωparticiple elaborating the clause actionἔχω: verbal form rendered 'ἔχοντας' here, contributing to the chapter's account of temple restoration, prayer, siege, and victory.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙουδαίουςJewN2 APM · Ἰουδαῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἸουδαῖος: transliterated proper name preserved in the Ezra restoration narrative.
4
ὁ δὲ ἐλεφαντάρχης τὸ προσταγὲν ἀραρότως Ἕρμων συνετέλει
And Hermon the elephant-master carried out the command exactly.
The narrator marks the efficiency of the administrative machine. Human obedience sharpens the peril before divine intervention appears.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐλεφαντάρχηςelephant-masterN1M NSM · ἐλεφαντάρχηςsubject or predicate element within the clauseἐλεφαντάρχης: elephant-master; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
προσταγὲνthat which was commandedVD · αππασν τάσσω + προςparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππασν τάσσω + προς: that which was commanded; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀραρότωςexactlyD · ἀραρότωςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseἀραρότως: exactly; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
ἝρμωνHermonN3 NSM · Ἕρμωνsubject or predicate element within the clauseἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
συνετέλειcarried outV2I IAI3S · τελέω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionτελέω + συν: carried out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
5
οἵ τε πρὸς τούτοις λειτουργοὶ κατὰ τὴν ἑσπέραν ἐξιόντες τὰς τῶν ταλαιπωρούντων ἐδέσμευον χεῖρας τήν τε λοιπὴν ἐμηχανῶντο περὶ αὐτοὺς ἀσφάλειαν ἔννυχον δόξαντες ὁμοῦ λήμψεσθαι τὸ φῦλον πέρας τῆς ὀλεθρίας
Moreover the attendants went out at evening and bound the hands of the sufferers, and made the rest of the nighttime arrangements concerning their security, thinking that the nation would at once meet the end of destruction.
Preparations continue at the lower level of the prison staff. The captives are treated as already as good as dead.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
οἵosRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordinationὅς: pronoun or determiner marking reference, identity, relation, or possession within the clause.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable itemTe: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τούτοιςtheseRD DPM · οὗτοςpronounToytois: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
λειτουργοὶleitoyrgoiN2 NPM · λειτουργόςnominal term functioning in a nom relationλειτουργός: a nominal term used here in the chapter's administrative, liturgical, genealogical, or covenantal discourse.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἑσπέρανwestN1A ASF · ἑσπέραhead noun within the clauseἑσπέρα: lexical item rendered 'west' in this chapter's immediate context.
ἐξιόντεςgoing outV7 · παπνπμ ἵημι + ἐκparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνπμ ἵημι + ἐκ: going out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ταλαιπωρούντωνthose suffering miseryV2 · παπγπμ ταλαιπωρέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπγπμ ταλαιπωρέω: those suffering misery; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐδέσμευονwere bindingV1I IAI3P · δεσμεύωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionδεσμεύω: were binding; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaχείρ: 'hands'; in the idiom 'over the charge of' the singers.
τήνtheRA ASF · ὁaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseDefinite article from ὁ, ἡ, τό marking and specifying the following noun or phrase.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable itemTe: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
λοιπὴνrestA1 ASF · λοιπόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or governed complementλοιπός: 'rest'; nominal or descriptive term used here within the census, worship, or rebuilding narrative of 1 Esdras 5.
ἐμηχανῶντοwere contrivingV3I IMI3P · μηχανάομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionμηχανάομαι: were contriving; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
ἀσφάλειανsecurityN1A ASF · ἀσφάλειαobject of πρός expressing purposeἀσφάλεια: 'security' or 'safety,' the practical aim of the fortification.
ἔννυχονnight-longA1B ASF · ἔννυχοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἔννυχος: night-long; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δόξαντεςthinkingVA · ααπνπμ δοκέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνπμ δοκέω: thinking; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁμοῦomouD · ὁμοῦadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseὁμοῦ: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'omou' here to mark linkage, circumstance, or direction in the narrative.
λήμψεσθαιto receiveVF FMN · λαμβάνωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaλαμβάνω: to receive; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
φῦλονraceN2N ASN · φῦλονaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalφῦλον: race; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πέραςcompletionN3T ASN · πέραςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπέρας: lexical item used here in the chapter's post-exilic judicial or assembly setting.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὀλεθρίαςruinN1A GSF · ὀλεθρίαgenitive dependent modifier / possession relationὀλεθρία: 'ruin'; parse N1A GSF · ὀλεθρία. Here the form functions as genitive dependent modifier / possession relation.
6
οἱ δὲ πάσης σκέπης ἔρημοι δοκοῦντες εἶναι τοῖς ἔθνεσιν Ιουδαῖοι διὰ τὴν πάντοθεν περιέχουσαν αὐτοὺς μετὰ δεσμῶν ἀνάγκην
But the Jews, appearing to the nations to be bereft of every protection because necessity with bonds enclosed them on every side,
From the outside the Jews seem abandoned and defenseless. The verse sets up the contrast between visible helplessness and invisible help.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival modifierPases: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
σκέπηςprotectionN1 GSF · σκέπηςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionσκέπης: protection; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔρημοιbereftN2 NPF · ἐρῆμοςsubject or predicate element within the clauseἐρῆμος: bereft; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δοκοῦντεςseem goodV2 · παπνπμ δοκέωmain finite verb of the clauseδοκέω: 'seem good'; parse V2 PAI3S · δοκέω. In this verse the form serves as main finite verb of the clause, with present/imperfective portrayal of the action in progress or as generally valid.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: 'be'
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationἔθνος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ΙουδαῖοιJudeanN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed itemἸουδαῖος: 'Judean'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: 'through / by means of'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πάντοθενon every sideD · πάντοθενadverbial or indeclinable element shaping the clauseπάντοθεν: on every side; indeclinable or adverbial form shaping the clause in context.
περιέχουσανecho + periV1 · παπασφ ἔχω + περιparticiple supporting the clause actionἔχω + περι: lexical item rendered 'echo + peri' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
δεσμῶνbondsN2 GPM · δεσμόςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionδεσμός: bonds; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνάγκηνnecessityN1 ASF · ἀνάγκηaccusative element functioning as object or complementἀνάγκη: lexical item rendered 'necessity' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
7
τὸν παντοκράτορα κύριον καὶ πάσης δυνάμεως δυναστεύοντα ἐλεήμονα θεὸν αὐτῶν καὶ πατέρα δυσκαταπαύστῳ βοῇ πάντες μετὰ δακρύων ἐπεκαλέσαντο δεόμενοι
all together with tears called upon the almighty Lord, the merciful God and their Father, who rules over every power, with unceasing cry,
The imprisoned community answers force with collective invocation. Divine kingship is explicitly opposed to the king's apparent power.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παντοκράτοραAlmightyN3R ASM · παντοκράτωρaccusative element functioning within the clauseπαντοκράτωρ: Almighty; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clauseκύριος: the standard Septuagint rendering of the divine name; here the LORD is the decisive agent behind judgment, appointment, and deliverance.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
πάσηςeveryoneA1S GSF · πᾶςadjectival modifierPases: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
δυνάμεωςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionδύναμις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
δυναστεύονταrulingV1 · παπασμ δυναστεύωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπασμ δυναστεύω: ruling; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐλεήμοναmercifulA3N ASM · ἐλεήμωνaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementἐλεήμων: merciful.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalθεός: 'God'
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
πατέραfatherN3 ASM · πατήρaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπατήρ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
δυσκαταπαύστῳunceasingA1B DSF · δυσκατάπαυστοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageδυσκατάπαυστος: unceasing; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
βοῇcryN1 DSF · βοήdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageβοή: cry; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
δακρύωνtearsN2N GPN · δάκρυgenitive element qualifying another term or expressing relationδάκρυ: tears.
ἐπεκαλέσαντοcalled uponVAI AMI3P · καλέω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the prayerἐπικαλέω: verbal form meaning 'call upon / invoke.'
δεόμενοιbeseechingV2 · πμπνπμ δέομαιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπνπμ δέομαι: beseeching; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
8
τὴν κατ' αὐτῶν μεταστρέψαι βουλὴν ἀνοσίαν καὶ ῥύσασθαι αὐτοὺς μετὰ μεγαλομεροῦς ἐπιφανείας ἐκ τοῦ παρὰ πόδας ἐν ἑτοίμῳ μόρου
asking him to turn back the impious plot against them and to rescue them by majestic manifestation from the death now lying ready at their feet.
Their prayer names both the human scheme and the divine remedy. Deliverance is sought not by stealth but by manifest intervention.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κατ'againstP · κατάpreposition introducing its complement phraseκατά: 'according to'
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
μεταστρέψαιto turn backVA AAN · στρέφω + μεταinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaστρέφω + μετα: to turn back; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
βουλὴνcounselN1 ASF · βουλήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalβουλή: 'counsel'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Ezra restoration narrative.
ἀνοσίανimpiousA1A ASF · ἀνόσιοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀνόσιος: impious; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ῥύσασθαιto rescueVA AMN · ῥύομαιinfinitive expressing the successful resultῥύομαι: 'rescue / deliver'; save from hostile power.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μεγαλομεροῦςmajesticA3H GSF · μεγαλομερήςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionμεγαλομερής: majestic; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπιφανείαςἐπιφανείαN1A GSF · ἐπιφανείαgenitive modifierἐπιφανεία names the referent as 'ἐπιφανεία' here and functions as a genitive modifier.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: 'from'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παρὰfrom/besideP · παράpreposition introducing its complement phraseπαρὰ: preposition introducing its complement phrase; glossed 'from/beside' in this context.
πόδαςheelsN3D APM · πούςobject of κατὰ in idiomatic expressionπούς: foot; in this idiom it conveys close following after someone.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἑτοίμῳreadyA1 DSN · ἕτοιμοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἕτοιμος: ready; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μόρουdeathN2 GSM · μόροςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionμόρος: death; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
9
τούτων μὲν οὖν ἐκτενῶς ἡ λιτανεία ἀνέβαινεν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν
Thus their supplication went up earnestly to heaven.
The narrator briefly gathers the community's cry into a single ascent to heaven, signaling that the prayer has been heard in the divine sphere.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τούτωνtheseRD GPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseμέν: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'on the one hand' here to mark linkage, circumstance, or direction in the narrative.
οὖνthereforeX · οὖνinferential particleοὖν: 'therefore / then'; draws the practical conclusion from the threefold blessing — Balaam is to leave at once.
ἐκτενῶςurgently / ferventlyD · ἐκτενῶςadverb (manner of prayer — intensity)ἐκτενῶς: 'earnestly, fervently, urgently'; from ἐκτείνω ('stretch out') — prayer stretched to its full extent; the adverb appears in Acts 12:5 of the church's urgent prayer for Peter.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λιτανείαsupplicationN1A NSF · λιτανείαsubject or predicate element within the clauseλιτανεία: supplication; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀνέβαινενwas ascendingV1I IAI3S · βαίνω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionβαίνω + ἀνα: was ascending; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
οὐρανόνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative noun naming where Elijah was takenοὐρανός: heaven, sky.
10
ὁ δὲ Ἕρμων τοὺς ἀνηλεεῖς ἐλέφαντας ποτίσας πεπληρωμένους τῆς τοῦ οἴνου πολλῆς χορηγίας καὶ τοῦ λιβάνου μεμεστωμένους ὄρθριος ἐπὶ τὴν αὐλὴν παρῆν περὶ τούτων προσαγγεῖλαι τῷ βασιλεῖ
But Hermon, after making the merciless elephants drink, swollen with abundant wine and filled with incense, came early in the morning to the court to report these matters to the king.
Human preparations reach completion just as the narrative turns toward interruption. Hermon appears ready for the massacre to begin.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἝρμωνHermonN3 NSM · Ἕρμωνsubject or predicate element within the clauseἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀνηλεεῖςmercilessA3H APM · ἀνηλεήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀνηλεής: merciless; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐλέφανταςelephantsN3 APM · ἐλέφαςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐλέφας: elephants; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ποτίσαςhaving made drinkVA · ααπνσμ ποτίζωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ ποτίζω: having made drink; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πεπληρωμένουςfilledVM · χμπαπμ πληρόωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπαπμ πληρόω: filled; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
οἴνουwineN2 GSM · οἶνοςcommon noun within the clauseοἶνος: 'wine'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πολλῆςlargeA1 GSF · πολύςnominal element functioning within the clauseπολύς: much, many, great; adjective of quantity or extent.
χορηγίαςprovisionN1A GSF · χορηγίαgenitive modifier or complementχορηγία: lexical item rendered 'provision' here in the chapter's account of priestly corruption, civic disorder, and royal injustice.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
λιβάνουincenseN2 GSM · λίβανοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionλίβανος: incense; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μεμεστωμένουςfilledVM · χμπαπμ μεστόομαιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπαπμ μεστόομαι: filled; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὄρθριοςearly in the morningA1A NSM · ὄρθριοςsubject or predicate element within the clauseὄρθριος: early in the morning; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αὐλὴνcourtN1 ASF · αὐλήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalαὐλή: "court / courtyard"; the temple court becomes the transfer point for impurity carried out from the house.
παρῆνbe presentV9 IAI3S · εἰμί + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative or commandεἰμί + παρα: 'be present'; verbal form carrying action, process, command, or attendant circumstance in the Ezra restoration narrative.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τούτωνtheseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
προσαγγεῖλαιto reportVA AAN · ἀγγέλλω + προςinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἀγγέλλω + προς: to report; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλεῖkingN3V DSM · βασιλεύςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationβασιλεύς: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
11
τὸ δὲ ἀπ' αἰῶνος χρόνου κτίσμα καλὸν ἐν νυκτὶ καὶ ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιβαλλόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ χαριζομένου πᾶσιν οἷς ἂν αὐτὸς θελήσῃ ὕπνου μέρος ἀπέστειλεν εἰς τὸν βασιλέα
Then the beautiful creation of the eternal God, which casts its influence by night and day, and apportions sleep to all whom he wills, sent a share of sleep upon the king.
The created order itself becomes God's servant. Sleep, a common feature of creation, is presented as a deliberate divine gift and restraint.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀπ'of it / from itP · ἀπόpreposition introducing its complement phraseἀπό: partitive use with the verb 'eat' — 'eat of / from it'
αἰῶνοςage / foreverN3W GSM · αἰώνgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termαἰών: 'age / eternity'
χρόνουa timeN2 GSM · χρόνοςgenitive modifier or complementχρόνος: lexical item rendered 'a time' here in the chapter's account of rededication, warfare, and thanksgiving.
κτίσμαcreationN3M ASN · κτίσμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalκτίσμα: creation; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καλὸνgoodA1 ASN · καλόςpredicate adjective (parallel to πονηρόν)καλός: 'good / fair'; renders טוֹבָה; the good-or-evil merism (a stock OT idiom, cf. Gen 31:24) asserts Balaam's total inability to modify the divine word in any respect.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
νυκτὶnightN3 DSF · νύξdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationνύξ: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἡμέρᾳdayN1A DSF · ἡμέραcommon noun within the clauseἡμέρα: 'day'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐπιβαλλόμενονcasting influenceV1 · πμπασν βάλλω + ἐπιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπασν βάλλω + ἐπι: casting influence; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὑπὸas / byP · ὑπόpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionὑπό: 'as / by'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
χαριζομένουgrantingV1 · πμπγσμ χαρίζομαιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπγσμ χαρίζομαι: granting; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πᾶσινallA3 DPM · πᾶςdat adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
οἷςwho / whichRR DPM · ὅςdat pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὅς: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
ἂνthen / ifX · ἄνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause contentἄν: 'then / if'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
αὐτὸςheRD NSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
θελήσῃmight wishVA AAS3S · θέλωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionθέλω: might wish; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὕπνουof sleepN2 GSM · ὕπνοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionὕπνος: of sleep; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μέροςpartN3E ASN · μέροςaccusative substantive functioning with ἐξετάθημέρος: part or portion; one section of the royal force is singled out for description.
ἀπέστειλενsentVAI AAI3S · στέλλω + ἀποmain verbal form carrying the clause forward→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeἀποστέλλω: 'send'
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
12
καὶ ἡδίστῳ καὶ βαθεῖ κατεσχέθη τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ τοῦ δεσπότου τῆς ἀθέσμου μὲν προθέσεως πολὺ διεσφαλμένος τοῦ δὲ ἀμεταθέτου λογισμοῦ μεγάλως διεψευσμένος
And by the Lord's working he was held fast in most sweet and deep sleep, having been greatly thwarted in his lawless intention and utterly deceived in his inflexible purpose.
The sleep is interpreted as more than fatigue: it is God's active frustration of the king's fixed design.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ἡδίστῳsweetestA1B DSFS · ἡδύςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἡδύς: sweetest; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
βαθεῖdeepA3U DSF · βαθύςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageβαθύς: deep; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατεσχέθηwas seizedVCI API3S · ἔχω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionἔχω + κατα: was seized; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐνεργείᾳworkingN1A DSF · ἐνέργειαdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἐνέργεια: working; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δεσπότουMasterN1M GSM · δεσπότηςgenitive element qualifying another term or governed by a prepositionδεσπότης: Master.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀθέσμουlawlessA1B GSF · ἄθεσμοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἄθεσμος: lawless; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseμέν: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'on the one hand' here to mark linkage, circumstance, or direction in the narrative.
προθέσεωςof presentation / setting-forthN3I GSF · πρόθεσιςcommon noun within the clauseπρόθεσις: 'of presentation / setting-forth'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πολὺmoreA1P ASN · πολύςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπολύς: 'more'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
διεσφαλμένοςthwartedVMI XMPNSM SFA/LLW DIAparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveδιεσφαλμένος: thwarted; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀμεταθέτουunchangeableA1B GSM · ἀμετάθετοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἀμετάθετος: unchangeable; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
λογισμοῦpurposeN2 GSM · λογισμόςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionλογισμός: purpose; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μεγάλωςgreatlyD · μεγάλωςadverbMegalos: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
διεψευσμένοςdisappointedVT · χμπνσμ ψεύδομαι + διαparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπνσμ ψεύδομαι + δια: disappointed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
13
οἵ τε Ιουδαῖοι τὴν προσημανθεῖσαν ὥραν διαφυγόντες τὸν ἅγιον ᾔνουν θεὸν αὐτῶν καὶ πάλιν ἠξίουν τὸν εὐκατάλλακτον δεῖξαι μεγαλοσθενοῦς ἑαυτοῦ χειρὸς κράτος ἔθνεσιν ὑπερηφάνοις
So the Jews, escaping the appointed hour, praised their holy God and again begged the easily reconciled one to show the might of his strong hand to the proud nations.
A first reprieve becomes an occasion for praise and renewed petition. The delay is read as evidence of God's reconciling favor.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
οἵosRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordinationὅς: pronoun or determiner marking reference, identity, relation, or possession within the clause.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable itemTe: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
ΙουδαῖοιJudeanN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed itemἸουδαῖος: 'Judean'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
προσημανθεῖσανappointed beforehandVC · αππασφ σημαίνω + προparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππασφ σημαίνω + προ: appointed beforehand; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὥρανhourN1A ASF · ὥραaccusative element functioning within the clauseὥρα: hour; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
διαφυγόντεςhaving escapedVB · ααπνπμ φεύγω + διαmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνπμ φεύγω + δια: having escaped; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἅγιονholyA1A ASM · ἅγιοςaccusative element functioning as object or complementἅγιος: lexical item rendered 'holy' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
ᾔνουνpraiseV2I IAI3P · αἰνέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ volitive optative (expressing a desired/willed outcome — a blessing wish)αἰνέω: 'praise'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. In this context it advances the prayer, narrative, or royal report.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalθεός: 'God'
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level senseπάλιν: adverbial or negative particle meaning 'again' within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
ἠξίουνconsideredV4I IAI3P · ἀξιόωfinite verbal predicate advancing the narrativeἀξιόω: verbal form rendered 'considered' here, contributing to the chapter's account of temple restoration, prayer, siege, and victory.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εὐκατάλλακτονreadily reconciledA1B ASM · εὐκατάλλακτοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalεὐκατάλλακτος: readily reconciled; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δεῖξαιto showVA AAN · δεικνύωinfinitive parallel to ἀσπάσασθαι, expressing purposeδεικνύω: 'show, display'; they display temple worship rather than military threat.
μεγαλοσθενοῦςmighty-strongA3H GSF · μεγαλοσθενήςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionμεγαλοσθενής: mighty-strong; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownRD GSF · ἑαυτοῦgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἑαυτοῦ: his own; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
χειρὸςhandN3 GSF · χείρcommon noun within the clauseχείρ: 'hand'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
κράτοςpowerN3E ASN · κράτοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementκράτος: power.
ἔθνεσινnationN3E DPN · ἔθνοςdative substantive marking sphere, means, reference, or locationἔθνος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ὑπερηφάνοιςproudA1B DPN · ὑπερήφανοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageὑπερήφανος: proud; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
14
μεσούσης δὲ ἤδη δεκάτης ὥρας σχεδὸν ὁ πρὸς ταῖς κλήσεσιν τεταγμένος ἀθρόους τοὺς κλητοὺς ἰδὼν ἔνυξεν προσελθὼν τὸν βασιλέα
Now when the tenth hour was already nearly half spent, the one assigned to the invitations, seeing the invited guests assembled in crowds, came up and nudged the king.
Courtly routine intrudes on the divine interruption. The delay becomes noticeable through the banquet schedule rather than through concern for the Jews.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
μεσούσηςat midnight (lit. while the night was in the middle)V4 · παπγσφ μεσόωgenitive absolute participle (temporal: 'while midnight was occurring')μεσόω: 'be in the middle / be at mid-point'; the construction μεσούσης τῆς νυκτός ('when the night was at its midpoint') is a rare, precise temporal marker; the precision signals that the plague is not merely nocturnal but specifically at midnight — the depth of darkness before dawn.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clauseἤδη: lexical item rendered 'ede' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
δεκάτηςdekatesA1 GSF · δέκατοςadjectival or numerical term functioning in a gen relationδέκατος: a nominal term used here in the chapter's administrative, liturgical, genealogical, or covenantal discourse.
ὥραςhorasN1A GSF · ὥραnominal term functioning in a gen relationὥρα: a nominal term used here in the chapter's administrative, liturgical, genealogical, or covenantal discourse.
σχεδὸνalmostD · σχεδόνconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseσχεδόν: almost.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ταῖςthe onesRA DPF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κλήσεσινsummonsesN3I DPF · κλῆσιςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageκλῆσις: summonses; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τεταγμένοςappointedVK · χμπνσμ τάσσωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπνσμ τάσσω: appointed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀθρόουςassembled in crowdsA1A APM · ἀθρόοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀθρόος: assembled in crowds; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κλητοὺςinviteesA1 APM · κλητόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalκλητός: invitees; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἰδὼνhaving seenVB · ααπνσμ ὁράωcircumstantial participle preceding Lysias' decisionὁράω: 'see, perceive'; here with the fuller sense of recognizing the situation.
ἔνυξενnudgedVAI AAI3S · νύσσωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionνύσσω: nudged; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
προσελθὼνhaving approachedVB · ααπνσμ ἔρχομαι + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ ἔρχομαι + προς: having approached; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
15
καὶ μόλις διεγείρας ὑπέδειξε τὸν τῆς συμποσίας καιρὸν ἤδη παρατρέχοντα τὸν περὶ τούτων λόγον ποιούμενος
And after scarcely waking him, he pointed out that the time for the banquet was already slipping away, making his report about these matters.
The king is awakened not by conscience but by court protocol. The servant frames the delay as a practical problem.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
μόλιςwith difficultyD · μόλιςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseμόλις: with difficulty; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
διεγείραςstir upVA · ααπνσμ ἐγείρω + διαparticiple supporting the clause actionἐγείρω + δια: lexical item rendered 'stir up' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
ὑπέδειξεinformedVAI AAI3S · δεικνύω + ὑποverbal form carrying the action or command of the clauseὑπέδειξε: lexical item rendered 'informed' in this chapter's immediate context.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συμποσίαςbanquetN1A GSF · συμποσίαgenitive element qualifying a related head termσυμποσία: banquet; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
καιρὸνappointed time / seasonN2 ASM · καιρόςcommon noun within the clauseκαιρός: 'appointed time / season'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clauseἤδη: lexical item rendered 'ede' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
παρατρέχονταslipping awayV1 · παπασμ τρέχω + παραparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπασμ τρέχω + παρα: slipping away; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τούτωνtheseRD GPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
λόγονthing / wordN2 ASM · λόγοςcommon noun within the clauseλόγος: 'word'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ποιούμενοςconstructingV2 · πμπνσμ ποιέωcircumstantial participle parallel to προσάγωνποιέω: make or construct, here of military equipment.
16
ὃν ὁ βασιλεὺς λογισάμενος καὶ τραπεὶς εἰς τὸν πότον ἐκέλευσεν τοὺς παραγεγονότας ἐπὶ τὴν συμποσίαν ἄντικρυς ἀνακλῖναι αὐτοῦ
Considering this and turning to drink, the king ordered those present for the banquet to recline opposite him.
Instead of proceeding to the execution, the king drifts back into feasting. His attention is easily diverted from the murderous decree.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ὃνwhichRR ASM · ὅςpronoun functioning as object or complementὅς: relative pronoun
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
λογισάμενοςconsideringVA · αμπνσμ λογίζομαιmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionαμπνσμ λογίζομαι: considering; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τραπεὶςturnVD · αππνσμ τρέπωparticiple elaborating the clause actionτρέπω: verbal form rendered 'turn' here, contributing to the chapter's account of rivalry, Hellenization, temple plunder, and judicial corruption.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πότονbanquetN2 ASM · πότοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseπότος: banquet; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐκέλευσενorderedVAI AAI3S · κελεύωmain verb taking περικαθῆσθαι as complementary infinitiveκελεύω: to command, order, or direct; often introduces an infinitive describing the ordered action.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παραγεγονόταςthose who had arrivedVX · χαπαπμ γίγνομαι + παραparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχαπαπμ γίγνομαι + παρα: those who had arrived; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συμποσίανbanquetN1A ASF · συμποσίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalσυμποσία: banquet; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἄντικρυςoppositeD · ἄντικρυςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseἄντικρυς: opposite; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
ἀνακλῖναιto reclineVA AAN · κλίνω + ἀναinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaκλίνω + ἀνα: to recline; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
17
οὗ καὶ γενομένου παρῄνει εἰς εὐωχίαν δόντας ἑαυτοὺς τὸ παρὸν τῆς συμποσίας ἐπὶ πολὺ γεραιρομένους εἰς εὐφροσύνην καταθέσθαι μέρος
When this had been done, he urged them to devote themselves to merriment and spend the present part of the banquet, now far advanced, in gladness.
The court doubles down on pleasure. Banquet joy stands in ironic contrast to the suspended death of the captives.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
οὗwho / whichRR GSN · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relationὅς: 'who / which'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Ezra restoration narrative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
γενομένουsince it had happenedVB · αμπγσν γίγνομαιgenitive absolute participleγίγνομαι: happen or come to pass; the phrase treats the dispute itself as a fact now on the table.
παρῄνειbe moved with compassionV2I IAI3S · αἰνέω + παραfinite verb carrying the clause actionπαρακαλέομαι here carries the sense of being appeased or moved in favor of someone.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εὐωχίανfeastingN1A ASF · εὐωχίαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseεὐωχία: 'feasting'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
δόνταςhaving givenVO · ααπαπμ δίδωμιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveααπαπμ δίδωμι: having given; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἑαυτοῦ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παρὸνeimiparaV9 · παπασν εἰμί + παραmain verbal form advancing the clauseεἰμί + παρα: eimipara; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συμποσίαςbanquetN1A GSF · συμποσίαgenitive element qualifying a related head termσυμποσία: banquet; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πολὺmoreA1P ASN · πολύςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπολύς: 'more'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
γεραιρομένουςnow prolongedV1 · πμπαπμ γεραίρωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπαπμ γεραίρω: now prolonged; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εὐφροσύνηνmerrimentN1 ASF · εὐφροσύνηaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseεὐφροσύνη: 'merriment'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
καταθέσθαιto depositVE AMN · τίθημι + καταfinite verbal predicate advancing the narrative+ κατα: verbal form rendered '' here, contributing to the chapter's account of rivalry, Hellenization, temple plunder, and judicial corruption.
μέροςpartN3E ASN · μέροςaccusative substantive functioning with ἐξετάθημέρος: part or portion; one section of the royal force is singled out for description.
18
ἐπὶ πλεῖον δὲ προβαινούσης τῆς ὁμιλίας τὸν Ἕρμωνα προσκαλεσάμενος ὁ βασιλεὺς μετὰ πικρᾶς ἀπειλῆς ἐπυνθάνετο τίνος ἕνεκεν αἰτίας εἰάθησαν οἱ Ιουδαῖοι τὴν περιοῦσαν ἡμέραν περιβεβιωκότες
But as the conversation went on at greater length, the king summoned Hermon and with bitter threat asked for what reason the Jews had been allowed to survive the day that was passing.
The delay is finally noticed as failure. The king's fury returns as soon as the missed execution is remembered.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πλεῖονmoreA3C ASN · πολύςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseπολύς: 'more'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
προβαινούσηςgoV1 · παπγσφ βαίνω + προparticiple elaborating the clause actionβαίνω + προ: verbal form rendered 'go' here, contributing to the chapter's account of rivalry, Hellenization, temple plunder, and judicial corruption.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὁμιλίαςconversationN1A GSF · ὁμιλίαgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionὁμιλία: conversation; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἝρμωναHermonN3 ASM · Ἕρμωνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
προσκαλεσάμενοςαμπνσμ καλέω + προςVA · αμπνσμ καλέω + προςparticiple or verbal form adding circumstance to the main actionαμπνσμ καλέω + προς: lexical form retained from the morphology; here it supplies the local sense reflected in the gloss.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πικρᾶςbitterA1A GSF · πικρόςnominal element functioning within the clauseπικρός: bitter; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀπειλῆςthreatN1 GSF · ἀπειλήgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἀπειλή: threat; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπυνθάνετοhe inquiredV1I IMI3S · πυνθάνομαιfinite verb advancing the clauseπυνθάνομαι: 'he inquired'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal discourse.
τίνοςwhat sort ofRI GSF · τίςinterrogative modifier qualifying θλίψεωςτίς: interrogative pronoun measuring the quality or extent of the distress.
ἕνεκενenekenP · ἕνεκενpreposition introducing its complementA preposition introducing its complement and locating action, relation, source, goal, or standard within the clause.
αἰτίαςchargeN1A GSF · αἰτίαgenitive element qualifying a related head termαἰτία: charge; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰάθησανwere allowedVCI API3P · ἐάωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionἐάω: were allowed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙουδαῖοιJudeanN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed itemἸουδαῖος: 'Judean'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
περιοῦσανremainingV9 · παπασφ εἰμί + περιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπασφ εἰμί + περι: remaining; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goalἡμέρα: 'day'
περιβεβιωκότεςhaving survivedVX · χαπνπμ βιόω + περιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχαπνπμ βιόω + περι: having survived; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
19
τοῦ δὲ ὑποδείξαντος ἔτι νυκτὸς τὸ προσταγὲν ἐπὶ τέλος ἀγειοχέναι καὶ τῶν φίλων αὐτῷ προσμαρτυρησάντων
When he explained that the order had been fully carried out during the night, and his friends also bore witness to it,
Hermon answers by appealing to completed obedience and corroborating witnesses. The failure cannot be blamed on negligence.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὑποδείξαντοςdeiknuo + upoVA · ααπγσμ δεικνύω + ὑποparticiple supporting the clause actionδεικνύω + ὑπο: lexical item rendered 'deiknuo + upo' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clauseἔτι: 'still / yet'
νυκτὸςnightN3 GSF · νύξGenitive object of διά marking durationNoun for night, here marking the full overnight period.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
προσταγὲνthat which was commandedVD · αππασν τάσσω + προςparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππασν τάσσω + προς: that which was commanded; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τέλοςendN3E ASN · τέλοςaccusative complementτέλος: 'end'.
ἀγειοχέναιto have been carried throughVX XAN · ἄγωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionἄγω: to have been carried through; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
φίλωνfriendA1 GPM · φίλοςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a genitive dependentφίλος: rendered here as 'friend' in the immediate context of Ezra's commission, journey, inventory, prayer, or reform response.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
προσμαρτυρησάντωνhaving borne witness withVA · ααπγπμ μαρτυρέω + προςmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπγπμ μαρτυρέω + προς: having borne witness with; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
20
τὴν ὠμότητα χείρονα Φαλάριδος ἐσχηκὼς ἔφη τῷ τῆς σήμερον ὕπνῳ χάριν ἔχειν αὐτούς ἀνυπερθέτως δὲ εἰς τὴν ἐπιτελοῦσαν ἡμέραν κατὰ τὸ ὅμοιον ἑτοίμασον τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ἐπὶ τὸν τῶν ἀθεμίτων Ιουδαίων ἀφανισμόν
the king, possessing a cruelty worse than Phalaris, said that they had the present sleep to thank for it; but without delay, on the coming day, “Prepare the elephants in the same way for the destruction of the lawless Jews.”
The narrator compares the king to a paradigmatic tyrant. Even when he concedes the cause of delay, he responds by renewing the order.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὠμότηταcrueltyN3T ASF · ὠμότηςaccusative element functioning within the clauseὠμότης: cruelty; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
χείροναworseA3N ASF · χείρωνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalχείρων: worse; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ΦαλάριδοςPhalarisN3D GSF · Φάλαριςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionΦάλαρις: Phalaris; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
ἐσχηκὼςhavingVX · χαπνσμ ἔχωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχαπνσμ ἔχω: having; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἔφηdeclareV6I IAI3S · φημίmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionφημί: 'declare'; verbal form carrying argument, decree, or narrative movement within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σήμερονtodayD · σήμερονadverbSemeron: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
ὕπνῳsleepN2 DSM · ὕπνοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageὕπνος: sleep; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
χάρινfavorN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalχάρις: 'favor'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Ezra restoration narrative.
ἔχεινhaveV1 PAN · ἔχωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionἔχω: 'have'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
αὐτούςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
ἀνυπερθέτωςwithout delayD · ἀνυπερθέτωςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseἀνυπερθέτως: without delay; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐπιτελοῦσανapproaching completionV2 · παπασφ τελέω + ἐπιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπασφ τελέω + ἐπι: approaching completion; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἡμέρανdayN1A ASF · ἡμέραaccusative element functioning as object or goalἡμέρα: 'day'
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὅμοιονsame wayA1A ASN · ὅμοιοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalὅμοιος: same way; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἑτοίμασονprepareVA AAD2S · ἑτοιμάζωverbal form carrying the action or command of the clauseἑτοίμασον: lexical item rendered 'prepare' in this chapter's immediate context.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐλέφανταςelephantsN3 APM · ἐλέφαςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐλέφας: elephants; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀθεμίτωνunlawfulA1B GPM · ἀθέμιτοςnominal element functioning within the clauseθέμιτος: ἀθεμίτοις; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ΙουδαίωνJudeansN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration settingJudeans: ethnic designation for the Judeans involved in the return and rebuilding.
ἀφανισμόνἀφανισμόςN2 ASM · ἀφανισμόςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseἀφανισμός: 'ἀφανισμός'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, judicial, or exilic discourse.
21
εἰπόντος δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως ἀσμένως πάντες μετὰ χαρᾶς οἱ παρόντες ὁμοῦ συναινέσαντες εἰς τὸν ἴδιον οἶκον ἕκαστος ἀνέλυσεν
When the king had said this, all those present gladly assented with joy and each went away to his own house.
The court enthusiastically endorses the renewed violence. Collective consent deepens the chapter's portrait of shared complicity.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
εἰπόντοςwhen ... had spokenVBI AAPGSMLE/GWparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveεἰπόντος: when ... had spoken; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
ἀσμένωςgladlyD · ἀσμένωςadverbial modifier of the clauseἀσμένως: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'gladly' here to mark linkage, direction, emphasis, or circumstance.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
χαρᾶςCharasN1A GSF · χαράgenitive dependentCharas: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παρόντεςthose presentV9 · παπνπμ εἰμί + παραparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνπμ εἰμί + παρα: those present; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁμοῦomouD · ὁμοῦadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseὁμοῦ: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'omou' here to mark linkage, circumstance, or direction in the narrative.
συναινέσαντεςhaving agreedVA · ααπνπμ αἰνέω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνπμ αἰνέω + συν: having agreed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἴδιονownA1A ASM · ἴδιοςadjectival modifier of τόπονἴδιος: one's own, private, or belonging particularly to someone.
οἶκονhouseN2 ASM · οἶκοςaccusative element functioning as object or goalοἶκος: 'house'
ἕκαστοςeachA1 NSM · ἕκαστοςnom adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveἕκαστος: lexical item glossed here in its local narrative or cultic sense.
ἀνέλυσενwithdrawVAI AAI3S · λύω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionλύω + ἀνα: 'withdraw'; verbal form carrying argument, decree, or narrative movement within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
22
καὶ οὐχ οὕτως εἰς ὕπνον κατεχρήσαντο τὸν χρόνον τῆς νυκτός ὡς εἰς τὸ παντοίους μηχανᾶσθαι τοῖς ταλαιπώροις δοκοῦσιν ἐμπαιγμούς
And they did not so much spend the night in sleep as in devising every sort of mockery against those whom they thought wretched.
Hostility is not merely official but imaginative. The enemies turn the night into an exercise in anticipatory derision.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
οὐχnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ (οὐχ before rough breathing): 'not'
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: 'thus / so'
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὕπνονὕπνοςN2 ASM · ὕπνοςdirect object / accusative complementὕπνος names the referent as 'ὕπνος' here and functions as a direct object / accusative complement.
κατεχρήσαντοspentVAI AMI3P · χράω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionχράω + κατα: spent; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalχρόνος: 'time'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
νυκτόςby nightN3 GSF · νύξgenitive of timeνύξ in the genitive marks the time of movement and heightens the urgency and stealth of the march.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationὡς: 'like / as'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παντοίουςevery kind ofA1A APM · παντοῖοςaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementπαντοῖος: every kind of.
μηχανᾶσθαιplotV3 PMN · μηχανάομαιinfinitive complement advancing the verbal idea→ infinitival verbal idea dependent on the governing expressionμηχανάομαι: 'plot'; parse V3 PMN · μηχανάομαι. In this verse the form serves as infinitive complement advancing the verbal idea, with infinitival verbal idea dependent on the governing expression.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ταλαιπώροιςwretchedA1B DPM · ταλαίπωροςdative complement or reference termταλαίπωρος: lexical item rendered 'wretched' here in the chapter's account of priestly corruption, civic disorder, and royal injustice.
δοκοῦσινappearingV2 · παπδπμ δοκέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπδπμ δοκέω: appearing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐμπαιγμούςmockeriesN2 APM · ἐμπαιγμόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐμπαιγμός: mockeries; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
23
ἄρτι δὲ ἀλεκτρυὼν ἐκέκραγεν ὄρθριος καὶ τὰ θηρία καθωπλικὼς ὁ Ἕρμων ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ περιστύλῳ διεκίνει
At early dawn, as soon as the rooster had crowed, Hermon armed the beasts and set them in motion in the great colonnade.
The second attempt begins with ritual punctuality. The movement of the elephants makes the threat newly immediate.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἄρτιjust nowD · ἄρτιadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseἄρτι: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'just now' here to mark linkage, circumstance, or direction in the narrative.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλεκτρυὼνroosterN3N NSM · ἀλεκτρυώνsubject or predicate element within the clauseἀλεκτρυών: rooster; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐκέκραγενhad crowedVBI AAI3S · κράζωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionκράζω: had crowed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὄρθριοςearly in the morningA1A NSM · ὄρθριοςsubject or predicate element within the clauseὄρθριος: early in the morning; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θηρίαelephantsN2N APN · θηρίονdirect object referring to the war elephantsθηρίον: beast; in Hellenistic military narrative often a war elephant.
καθωπλικὼςhaving fully equippedD · καθωπλικώςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseκαθωπλικώς: having fully equipped; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἝρμωνHermonN3 NSM · Ἕρμωνsubject or predicate element within the clauseἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μεγάλῳgreatA1 DSN · μέγαςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseμέγας: great or large, stressing the scale of the fortification.
περιστύλῳcolonnadeN2N DSN · περίστυλονdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageπερίστυλον: colonnade; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διεκίνειwas driving alongV2I IAI3S · κινέω + διαmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionκινέω + δια: was driving along; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
24
τὰ δὲ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν πλήθη συνήθροιστο πρὸς τὴν οἰκτροτάτην θεωρίαν προσδοκῶντα τὴν πρωίαν μετὰ σπουδῆς
And the crowds in the city gathered for the most pitiful spectacle, eagerly expecting the morning.
The city becomes an audience. Public expectation turns the planned massacre into a civic spectacle.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πόλινcityN3I ASF · πόλιςhead noun within the clauseπόλις: 'city'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πλήθηmultitudeN3E NPN · πλῆθοςnominative element functioning within the clauseπλῆθος: multitude; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
συνήθροιστοwere gatheringVMI YMI3S · ἀθροίζω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionἀθροίζω + συν: were gathering; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
οἰκτροτάτηνmost pitiableA1A ASFS · οἰκτρόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalοἰκτρός: most pitiable; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
θεωρίανspectacleN1A ASF · θεωρίαaccusative element functioning as object, extent, or complementθεωρία: spectacle.
προσδοκῶνταawaitingV3 · παπνπν δοκάω + προςparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνπν δοκάω + προς: awaiting; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρωίανmorningA1A ASF · πρώιͅοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalπρώιͅος: morning; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
σπουδῆςdiligenceN1 GSF · σπουδήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionσπουδή: 'diligence'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Ezra restoration narrative.
25
οἱ δὲ Ιουδαῖοι κατὰ τὸν ἀμερῆ ψυχουλκούμενοι χρόνον πολύδακρυν ἱκετείαν ἐν μέλεσιν γοεροῖς τείνοντες τὰς χεῖρας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἐδέοντο τοῦ μεγίστου θεοῦ πάλιν αὐτοῖς βοηθῆσαι συντόμως
But the Jews, while their souls were being drawn out by the indivisible passage of time, stretched out their hands to heaven and with tearful supplication in mournful songs begged the greatest God quickly to help them again.
Time itself becomes part of the torment, and the Jews answer with liturgical persistence. Their appeal is both musical and desperate.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ΙουδαῖοιJewsN2N NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςsubject or predicate element within the clauseἸουδαῖος: Jews; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀμερῆindivisibleA3H ASM · ἀμερήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀμερής: indivisible; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ψυχουλκούμενοιbeing drawn out in soulV2 · πμπνπμ ψυχουλκέομαιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπνπμ ψυχουλκέομαι: being drawn out in soul; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalχρόνος: 'time'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
πολύδακρυνtearfulA3U ASM · πολύδακρυςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalπολύδακρυς: tearful; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἱκετείανiketeiaN1A ASF · ἱκετείαobject or complement within the clauseἱκετεία: lexical item rendered 'iketeia' here in the chapter's account of rededication, warfare, and thanksgiving.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μέλεσινlimbN3E DPN · μέλοςdative element functioning within the clauseμέλος: limb; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
γοεροῖςmournfulA1A DPN · γοερόςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageγοερός: mournful; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τείνοντεςbendingV1 · παπνπμ τείνωmain verbal predicate→ verbal action in summary styleτείνω: stretch / bend; with τόξον it marks archery readiness in the battle muster.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
χεῖραςhandsN3 APF · χείρcommon noun or modifier within the list formulaχείρ: 'hands'; in the idiom 'over the charge of' the singers.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
οὐρανὸνheavenN2 ASM · οὐρανόςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementοὐρανός: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ἐδέοντοwere imploringV2I IMI3P · δέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionδέω: were imploring; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μεγίστουgreatA1 GSMS · μέγαςgenitive dependent phrase within the clauseμέγας: lexical item rendered 'great' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςhead noun within the clauseθεός: 'God'; the principal divine title, used in direct speech and theological interpretation.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level senseπάλιν: adverbial or negative particle meaning 'again' within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
βοηθῆσαιto helpVA AAN · βοηθέωinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ aorist aspect: presents the action as a wholeβοηθέω: 'help / come to the aid of'
συντόμωςquicklyD · συντόμωςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseσυντόμως: quickly; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
26
οὔπω δὲ ἡλίου βολαὶ κατεσπείροντο καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως τοὺς φίλους ἐκδεχομένου ὁ Ἕρμων παραστὰς ἐκάλει πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον ὑποδεικνύων τὸ πρόθυμον τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν ἑτοίμῳ κεῖσθαι
The rays of the sun had not yet been spread abroad, and while the king was expecting his friends, Hermon came and called him out, pointing out that the king's eager desire stood ready for execution.
All human arrangements again converge toward slaughter. Hermon presents the moment as perfectly prepared.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
οὔπωnot yetD · οὔπωparticle or discourse marker shaping the flow of the clauseοὔπω: connective, particle, or prepositional form shaping relation, transition, emphasis, or subordination in the sentence.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἡλίουηλιοςN2 GSM · ἥλιοςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionἥλιος: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
βολαὶraysN1 NPF · βολήsubject or predicate element within the clauseβολή: rays; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατεσπείροντοwere spreadingV1I IMI3P · σπείρω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionσπείρω + κατα: were spreading; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
φίλουςfriendsA1 APM · φίλοςdirect object of ἐκάλεσενφίλος: friend or court companion; here the king's trusted associates.
ἐκδεχομένουawaitingV1 · πμπγσμ δέχομαι + ἐκparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπγσμ δέχομαι + ἐκ: awaiting; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἝρμωνHermonN3 NSM · Ἕρμωνsubject or predicate element within the clauseἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
παραστὰςhaving stood byVH · ααπνσμ ἵστημι + παραmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ ἵστημι + παρα: having stood by; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐκάλειwas callingV2I IAI3S · καλέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionκαλέω: was calling; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἔξοδονgoing outN2 ASF · ἔξοδοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementἔξοδος: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
ὑποδεικνύωνpointing outV1 · παπνσμ δεικνύω + ὑποparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνσμ δεικνύω + ὑπο: pointing out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρόθυμονeager desireA1B ASN · πρόθυμοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalπρόθυμος: eager desire; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἑτοίμῳreadyA1 DSN · ἕτοιμοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἕτοιμος: ready; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κεῖσθαιto be lying readyV5 PMN · κεῖμαιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaκεῖμαι: to be lying ready; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
27
τοῦ δὲ ἀποδεξαμένου καὶ καταπλαγέντος ἐπὶ τῇ παρανόμῳ ἐξόδῳ κατὰ πᾶν ἀγνωσίᾳ κεκρατημένος ἐπυνθάνετο τί τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐφ' οὗ τοῦτο αὐτῷ μετὰ σπουδῆς τετέλεσται
But when the king received this and was astonished at the unlawful expedition, being wholly mastered by ignorance, he asked what business it was on whose account this had been carried out with such haste for him.
A second divine disruption appears as royal bewilderment. The king has forgotten his own plan and now questions the whole enterprise.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀποδεξαμένουhaving receivedVA · αμπγσμ δέχομαι + ἀποmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionαμπγσμ δέχομαι + ἀπο: having received; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
καταπλαγέντοςhaving been astonishedVD · αππγσμ πλήσσω + καταparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππγσμ πλήσσω + κατα: having been astonished; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
παρανόμῳlawlessA1B DSF · παράνομοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageπαράνομος: lawless; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐξόδῳgoing out / campaign seasonN2 DSF · ἔξοδοςproper name or indeclinable element within the sequenceExodo: transliterated proper name preserved in the narrative or cultic register of this chapter.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πᾶνallA3 ASN · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
ἀγνωσίᾳignoranceN1A DSF · ἀγνωσίαdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἀγνωσία: ignorance; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κεκρατημένοςmasteredVM · χμπνσμ κρατέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπνσμ κρατέω: mastered; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐπυνθάνετοhe inquiredV1I IMI3S · πυνθάνομαιfinite verb advancing the clauseπυνθάνομαι: 'he inquired'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal discourse.
τίwhat?RI NSN · τίςpronominal element marking reference, possession, interrogation, or subordinationτίς: 'what?'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
τὸtheRA NSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρᾶγμαmatterN3M NSN · πρᾶγμαsecond object/complement with ὀφείλων by senseπρᾶγμα: matter, case, business, obligation.
ἐφ'ephP · ἐπίpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐφ': preposition, here linking its complement phrase to the clause.
οὗwho / whichRR GSN · ὅςclause element functioning according to its local grammatical relationὅς: 'who / which'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Ezra restoration narrative.
τοῦτοthisRD ASN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
σπουδῆςdiligenceN1 GSF · σπουδήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptionσπουδή: 'diligence'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Ezra restoration narrative.
τετέλεσταιhas been doneVM XMI3S · τελέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionτελέω: has been done; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
28
τοῦτο δὲ ἦν ἡ ἐνέργεια τοῦ πάντα δεσποτεύοντος θεοῦ τῶν πρὶν αὐτῷ μεμηχανημένων λήθην κατὰ διάνοιαν ἐντεθεικότος
This was the working of God, the ruler of all, who had cast forgetfulness into his mind concerning the things earlier contrived by him.
The narrator removes any ambiguity: forgetfulness is a divine act, not a natural lapse. Providence disarms tyranny from within the tyrant's own mind.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
τοῦτοthisRD NSN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant already in viewοὗτος: personal, demonstrative, or related pronominal form; here it points to the participant or item already in view.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἦνit wasV9 IAI3S · εἰμίparticiple or verbal form modifying the clauseεἰμί: 'be'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐνέργειαworkingN1A NSF · ἐνέργειαsubject or predicate element within the clauseἐνέργεια: working; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πάνταallA3 APN · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: 'all'
δεσποτεύοντοςrulingV1 · παπγσμ δεσποτεύωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπγσμ δεσποτεύω: ruling; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςhead noun within the clauseθεός: 'God'; the principal divine title, used in direct speech and theological interpretation.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πρὶνbeforeD · πρίνadverbial marker of prior timeπρίν: introduces the action Demetrius hopes to forestall.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
μεμηχανημένωνhaving been contrivedVM · χμπγπν μηχανάομαιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπγπν μηχανάομαι: having been contrived; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
λήθηνforgetfulnessN1 ASF · λήθηaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalλήθη: forgetfulness; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
διάνοιανmindN1A ASF · διάνοιαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδιάνοια: 'mind'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
ἐντεθεικότοςhaving placed inVT · χαπγσμ τίθημι + ἐνparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχαπγσμ τίθημι + ἐν: having placed in; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
29
ὑπεδείκνυεν ὁ Ἕρμων καὶ πάντες οἱ φίλοι τὰ θηρία καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις ἡτοιμάσθαι βασιλεῦ κατὰ τὴν σὴν ἐκτενῆ πρόθεσιν
Hermon and all his friends pointed out that the beasts and the forces were ready, “O king, according to your full purpose.”
The court tries to restore the original plan by reminding the king of his preparations. Their words expose the gap between human intention and divine disruption.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὑπεδείκνυενwas pointing outV5I IAI3S · δεικνύω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionδεικνύω + ὑπο: was pointing out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἝρμωνHermonN3 NSM · Ἕρμωνsubject or predicate element within the clauseἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
πάντεςallA3 NPM · πᾶςadjectival or ordinal modifierπᾶς: 'all'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
φίλοιfriendA1 NPM · φίλοςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a nominative termφίλος: rendered here as 'friend' in the immediate context of Ezra's commission, journey, inventory, prayer, or reform response.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θηρίαelephantsN2N APN · θηρίονdirect object referring to the war elephantsθηρίον: beast; in Hellenistic military narrative often a war elephant.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δυνάμειςforcesN3I APF · δύναμιςdirect object of συνήγαγενδύναμις: military 'force' or troop contingent.
ἡτοιμάσθαιto be preparedVM XMN · ἑτοιμάζωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἑτοιμάζω: to be prepared; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
βασιλεῦkingN3V VSM · βασιλεύςsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to contextβασιλεύς: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σὴνyourA1 ASF · σόςaccusative element functioning within the clauseσός: your; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐκτενῆfullA3H ASF · ἐκτενήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐκτενής: full; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πρόθεσινshowbreadN3I ASF · πρόθεσιςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalπρόθεσις: 'showbread'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Solomonic royal-temple narrative.
30
ὁ δὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς ῥηθεῖσιν πληρωθεὶς βαρεῖ χόλῳ διὰ τὸ περὶ τούτων προνοίᾳ θεοῦ διεσκεδάσθαι πᾶν αὐτοῦ τὸ νόημα ἐνατενίσας μετὰ ἀπειλῆς εἶπεν
But at these words he was filled with fierce fury because, by God's providence regarding these matters, his whole purpose had been scattered, and staring with threat he said,
Providence has not softened the king; it has only frustrated him. His response is to intensify rage when reminded of his thwarted design.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ῥηθεῖσινthings saidVA · αππδπν εἶπονparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππδπν εἶπον: things said; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πληρωθεὶςhaving been filledVC · αππνσμ πληρόωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππνσμ πληρόω: having been filled; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
βαρεῖheavyA3U DSM · βαρύςadjectival or numeral modifier within the phraseβαρύς: 'heavy / weighty'; qualifying the host as formidable in size and force.
χόλῳfuryN2 DSM · χόλοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageχόλος: fury; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: 'through / by means of'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τούτωνtheseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
προνοίᾳprovidenceN1A DSN · πρόνοιαdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageπρόνοια: providence; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
θεοῦGodN2 GSM · θεόςhead noun within the clauseθεός: 'God'; the principal divine title, used in direct speech and theological interpretation.
διεσκεδάσθαιto have been scatteredVT XMN · σκεδάζω + διαinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaσκεδάζω + δια: to have been scattered; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πᾶνallA3 ASN · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
νόημαpurposeN3M ASN · νόημαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalνόημα: purpose; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐνατενίσαςhaving staredVA · ααπνσμ ἀτενίζω + ἐνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ ἀτενίζω + ἐν: having stared; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀπειλῆςthreatN1 GSF · ἀπειλήgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἀπειλή: threat; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the clauseεἶπον: 'say'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
31
ὅσοι γονεῖς παρῆσαν ἢ παίδων γόνοι τήνδε θηρσὶν ἀγρίοις ἐσκεύασα ἂν δαψιλῆ θοῖναν ἀντὶ τῶν ἀνεγκλήτων ἐμοὶ καὶ προγόνοις ἐμοῖς ἀποδεδειγμένων ὁλοσχερῆ βεβαίαν πίστιν ἐξόχως Ιουδαίων
“If any parents were here, or the offspring of children, I would have prepared them as a lavish feast for the wild beasts in place of the Jews, who have shown complete and outstandingly firm loyalty to me and to my ancestors without reproach.”
The king lashes out in hyperbolic tyranny, even threatening Hermon's own kin. At the same time he grudgingly acknowledges the Jews' proven loyalty.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ὅσοιas many asRR NPM · ὅσοςsubject or predicate element within the clauseὅσος: as many as; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
γονεῖςparentN3V NPM · γονεύςnominative element functioning within the clauseγονεύς: parent; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
παρῆσανwere presentV9 IAI3P · εἰμί + παραmain verbal action advancing the narrativeπάρειμι: to be present, have arrived, or stand by.
ἢorC · ἤconnective or subordinator structuring the clauseἤ: 'or'
παίδωνservant / childN3D GPM · παῖςcommon noun within the clauseπαῖς: 'servant / child'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
γόνοιchildrenN2 NPM · γόνοςsubject or predicate element within the clauseγόνος: children; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τήνδεthisRD ASF · ὅδεdemonstrative or pronominal form referring to a local participant or itemὅδε: this; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
θηρσὶνwild beastsN3 DPM · θήρdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageθήρ: wild beasts; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀγρίοιςwildA1A DPM · ἄγριοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἄγριος: wild; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐσκεύασαI would have preparedVAI AAI1S · σκευάζωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionσκευάζω: I would have prepared; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἂνthen / ifX · ἄνsubstantival or adjectival term contributing the clause contentἄν: 'then / if'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
δαψιλῆlavishA3H ASF · δαψιλήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalδαψιλής: lavish; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
θοῖνανfeastN1A ASF · θοῖναaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalθοῖνα: feast; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀντὶinstead ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀντί: function word shaping relation, discourse flow, or clause linkage in context.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀνεγκλήτωνblamelessA1B GPM · ἀνέγκλητοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἀνέγκλητος: blameless; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐμοὶto meRP DS · ἐγώproper name or indeclinable element within the sequenceEmoi: transliterated proper name preserved in the narrative or cultic register of this chapter.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
προγόνοιςforefatherN2 DPM · πρόγονοςdative complement / reference or instrumentπρόγονος: 'forefather'; parse N2 DPM · πρόγονος. Here the form functions as dative complement / reference or instrument.
ἐμοῖςmyA1 DPM · ἐμόςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἐμός: my; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀποδεδειγμένωνhaving shownVK · χμπγπμ δεικνύω + ἀποparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπγπμ δεικνύω + ἀπο: having shown; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὁλοσχερῆcompleteA3H ASF · ὁλοσχερήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalὁλοσχερής: complete; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
βεβαίανbebaiosA1A ASF · βέβαιοςaccusative element functioning within the clauseβέβαιος: bebaios; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
πίστινpledge / faithfulnessN3I ASF · πίστιςdirect object of συντηρῆσαιπίστις: faith, fidelity, or pledged loyalty.
ἐξόχωςeminentlyD · ἐξόχωςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseἐξόχως: eminently; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
ΙουδαίωνJudeansN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration settingJudeans: ethnic designation for the Judeans involved in the return and rebuilding.
32
καίπερ εἰ μὴ διὰ τὴν τῆς συντροφίας στοργὴν καὶ τῆς χρείας τὸ ζῆν ἀντὶ τούτων ἐστερήθης
“Yet were it not for affection arising from our common upbringing and for your usefulness, you would have been deprived of life instead of them.”
Hermon himself is spared only by personal attachment and utility. The king's favor is revealed as arbitrary and unstable.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καίπερalthoughC · καίπερclause connective or particleκαίπερ: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'although' here to mark linkage, direction, emphasis, or circumstance.
εἰifC · εἰcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationεἰ: 'if'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μὴnotD · μήadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceμή: 'not'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: 'through / by means of'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συντροφίαςupbringing togetherN1A GSF · συντροφίαgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionσυντροφία: upbringing together; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
στοργὴνaffectionN1 ASF · στοργήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalστοργή: affection; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
χρείαςpositionN1A GSF · χρείαnominal element functioning within the clauseχρεία: need, business, duty, or charge; here Jonathan’s practical office or role.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ζῆνto liveV3 PAN · ζάωfirst complementary infinitive after ἕτοιμοί εἰσινζάω: live, remain alive.
ἀντὶinstead ofP · ἀντίpreposition governing a following complement phraseἀντί: function word shaping relation, discourse flow, or clause linkage in context.
τούτωνtheseRD GPM · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
ἐστερήθηςyou would have been deprivedVCI API2S · στερέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionστερέω: you would have been deprived; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
33
οὕτως ὁ Ἕρμων ἀπροσδόκητον ἐπικίνδυνον ὑπήνεγκεν ἀπειλὴν καὶ τῇ ὁράσει καὶ τῷ προσώπῳ συνεστάλη
Thus Hermon underwent an unexpected and dangerous threat, and he shrank back in appearance and countenance.
The tyrant's volatility now terrifies his own servant. Fear begins to spread inward through the machinery of persecution.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
οὕτωςsoD · οὕτωςadverbial modifier of the clauseοὕτως: 'thus / so'
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἝρμωνHermonN3 NSM · Ἕρμωνsubject or predicate element within the clauseἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
ἀπροσδόκητονunexpectedA1B ASM · ἀπροσδόκητοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀπροσδόκητος: unexpected; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐπικίνδυνονdangerousA1B ASM · ἐπικίνδυνοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπικίνδυνος: dangerous; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὑπήνεγκενunderwentVAI AAI3S · φέρω + ὑποmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionφέρω + ὑπο: underwent; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπειλὴνthreatN1 ASF · ἀπειλήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀπειλή: threat; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῇtheRA DSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ὁράσειsightN3I DSF · ὅρασιςdative of respect/resultὅρασις: sight or visibility; the monument was made conspicuous to view.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῷofRA DSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
προσώπῳface / presenceN2N DSN · πρόσωπονcommon noun within the clauseπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
συνεστάληshrank backVDI API3S · στέλλω + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionστέλλω + συν: shrank back; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
34
ὁ καθεῖς δὲ τῶν φίλων σκυθρωπῶς ὑπεκρέων τοὺς συνηθροισμένους ἀπέλυσαν ἕκαστον ἐπὶ τὴν ἰδίαν ἀσχολίαν
And each of the king's friends, glowering, quietly dispersed the assembled crowd and dismissed everyone to his own business.
The spectacle collapses for a second time. Court embarrassment replaces public excitement.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
καθεῖςeach oneM NSM · καθεῖςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseκαθεῖς: each one; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
φίλωνfriendA1 GPM · φίλοςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a genitive dependentφίλος: rendered here as 'friend' in the immediate context of Ezra's commission, journey, inventory, prayer, or reform response.
σκυθρωπῶςsullenlyD · σκυθρωπῶςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseσκυθρωπῶς: sullenly; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
ὑπεκρέωνslipping awayV2 · παπνσμ ὑπεκρέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνσμ ὑπεκρέω: slipping away; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συνηθροισμένουςthose gatheredVT · χμπαπμ ἀθροιζω + συνparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπαπμ ἀθροιζω + συν: those gathered; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀπέλυσανsent awayVAI AAI3P · λύω + ἀποfinite verb advancing the action or assertion of the clauseλύω + ἀπο: verbal form carrying the chapter's narrative, judicial, or liturgical action in context.
ἕκαστονeachA1 ASM · ἕκαστοςcommon noun within the clauseἕκαστος: 'each'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἰδίανone's ownA1A ASF · ἴδιοςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseἴδιος: 'one's own'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
ἀσχολίανoccupationN1A ASF · ἀσχολίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀσχολία: occupation; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
35
οἵ τε Ιουδαῖοι τὰ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως ἀκούσαντες τὸν ἐπιφανῆ θεὸν κύριον βασιλέα τῶν βασιλέων ᾔνουν καὶ τῆσδε τῆς βοηθείας αὐτοῦ τετευχότες
And the Jews, hearing what came from the king, praised the manifest God, the Lord and King of kings, since they had obtained this help from him also.
A second deliverance becomes a second act of praise. The title “King of kings” relativizes earthly monarchy under divine rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
οἵosRR NPM · ὅςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordinationὅς: pronoun or determiner marking reference, identity, relation, or possession within the clause.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable itemTe: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
ΙουδαῖοιJudeanN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed itemἸουδαῖος: 'Judean'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
τὰtheRA NPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun phraseὁ: Greek definite article; marks a noun phrase as definite and helps signal case, gender, and number.
παρὰfrom/besideP · παράpreposition introducing its complement phraseπαρὰ: preposition introducing its complement phrase; glossed 'from/beside' in this context.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλέωςkingN3V GSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardVA · ααπνπμ ἀκούωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionααπνπμ ἀκούω: 'having heard'; verbal form carrying action, process, or purpose within the return-and-restoration narrative.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐπιφανῆmanifestA3H APN · ἐπιφανήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπιφανής: manifest; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
θεὸνGodN2 ASM · θεόςaccusative element functioning as object or goalθεός: 'God'
κύριονLORDN2 ASM · κύριοςhead noun within the clauseκύριος: the standard Septuagint rendering of the divine name; here the LORD is the decisive agent behind judgment, appointment, and deliverance.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsN3V GPM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
ᾔνουνpraiseV2I IAI3P · αἰνέωverbal form carrying the clause action, state, or dependent verbal idea→ volitive optative (expressing a desired/willed outcome — a blessing wish)αἰνέω: 'praise'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. In this context it advances the prayer, narrative, or royal report.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῆσδεthisRD GSF · ὅδεgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionὅδε: this; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βοηθείαςhelpN1A GSF · βοήθειαgenitive dependent phrase within the clauseβοήθεια: lexical item rendered 'help' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
τετευχότεςhaving obtainedVX · χαπνπμ τυγχάνωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχαπνπμ τυγχάνω: having obtained; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
36
κατὰ δὲ τοὺς αὐτοὺς νόμους ὁ βασιλεὺς συστησάμενος πᾶν τὸ συμπόσιον εἰς εὐφροσύνην τραπῆναι παρεκάλει
But the king, arranging the whole banquet according to the same pattern, urged that it be turned to merriment.
The pattern repeats: failed execution followed by renewed festivity. The king refuses reflection and returns to pleasure.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
νόμουςlawN2 APM · νόμοςnominal term functioning in a acc relationνόμος: a nominal term used here in the chapter's administrative, liturgical, genealogical, or covenantal discourse.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
συστησάμενοςreorganizingVH · αμπνσμ ἵστημι + συνmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionαμπνσμ ἵστημι + συν: reorganizing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πᾶνallA3 ASN · πᾶςacc adjectival form modifying or specifying a substantiveπᾶς: adjectival form qualifying a substantive or functioning substantivally in context.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συμπόσιονbanquetN2N ASN · συμπόσιονobject of εἰςσυμπόσιον: drinking banquet or feast, the setting of the treacherous attack.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εὐφροσύνηνmerrimentN1 ASF · εὐφροσύνηaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseεὐφροσύνη: 'merriment'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
τραπῆναιtrepoVD APN · τρέπωfinite verb advancing the main action or assertion of the clauseτρέπω: lexical item rendered 'trepo' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
παρεκάλειrequestedV2I IAI3S · καλέω + παραverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clauseκαλέω + παρα: requested.
37
τὸν δὲ Ἕρμωνα προσκαλεσάμενος μετὰ ἀπειλῆς εἶπεν ποσάκις δὲ δεῖ σοι περὶ τούτων αὐτῶν προστάττειν ἀθλιώτατε
Summoning Hermon, however, he said with threat, “How many times must I command you about these same people, most wretched man?”
The king now blames repetition on Hermon rather than on providence. His insult marks the deepening disorder of the court.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἝρμωναHermonN3 ASM · Ἕρμωνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἝρμων: Hermon; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
προσκαλεσάμενοςαμπνσμ καλέω + προςVA · αμπνσμ καλέω + προςparticiple or verbal form adding circumstance to the main actionαμπνσμ καλέω + προς: lexical form retained from the morphology; here it supplies the local sense reflected in the gloss.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀπειλῆςthreatN1 GSF · ἀπειλήgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἀπειλή: threat; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἶπενsaidVBI AAI3S · εἶπονfinite verb advancing the clauseεἶπον: 'say'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ποσάκιςποσακιςD · ποσάκιςadverb or adverbial expression modifying the clause or predicateποσάκις: adverbial form shaping the timing, manner, degree, or discourse force of the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
δεῖit is necessaryV2 PAI3S · δέωmain verbal form advancing command, argument, or narrative actionδέω: 'it is necessary'; verbal form carrying argument, decree, or narrative movement within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
σοιto youRP DS · σύpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewσύ: 'you'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τούτωνtheseRD GPN · οὗτοςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewοὗτος: demonstrative pronoun ('this/these'); used to identify or summarize the persons or items just mentioned.
αὐτῶνhe / him / hisRD GPN · αὐτόςpronominal element marking reference, possession, or subordinationαὐτός: personal pronoun; here referring back to the nearest salient person, object, or possession in the narrative.
προστάττεινto commandV1 PAN · τάσσω + προςinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaτάσσω + προς: to command; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀθλιώτατεmost miserable manA1A VPNS · ἄθλιοςnominal element functioning within the clauseἄθλιος: most miserable man; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
38
τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ἔτι καὶ νῦν καθόπλισον εἰς τὴν αὔριον ἐπὶ τὸν τῶν Ιουδαίων ἀφανισμόν
“Arm the elephants even now for tomorrow against the destruction of the Jews.”
A third death-order is issued. The chapter deliberately emphasizes the repetitive obstinacy of tyrannical violence.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐλέφανταςelephantsN3 APM · ἐλέφαςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐλέφας: elephants; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἔτιstillD · ἔτιadverbial modifier of the clauseἔτι: 'still / yet'
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
νῦνnowD · νῦνparticle or adverb marking discourse flow, emphasis, or time→ discourse pivot to present applicationνῦν: particle or adverb shaping the sentence's discourse force, emphasis, or temporal flow.
καθόπλισονarm fullyVA AAD2S · ὁπλίζω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionὁπλίζω + κατα: arm fully; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αὔριονtomorrowD · αὔριονtemporal adverb marking the swiftness of reversalαὔριον: tomorrow.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJudeansN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration settingJudeans: ethnic designation for the Judeans involved in the return and rebuilding.
ἀφανισμόνἀφανισμόςN2 ASM · ἀφανισμόςnominal element carrying the clause or phraseἀφανισμός: 'ἀφανισμός'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, judicial, or exilic discourse.
39
οἱ δὲ συνανακείμενοι συγγενεῖς τὴν ἀσταθῆ διάνοιαν αὐτοῦ θαυμάζοντες προεφέροντο τάδε
But the kinsmen reclining with him, amazed at his unstable mind, said the following:
For the first time the king's own circle openly questions him. Internal critique begins to surface within the banquet hall.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
συνανακείμενοιreclining togetherV5 · πμπνπμ κεῖμαι + συν + ἀναparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπνπμ κεῖμαι + συν + ἀνα: reclining together; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
συγγενεῖςkinsmenA3H NPM · συγγενήςsubject or predicate element within the clauseσυγγενής: kinsmen; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀσταθῆunstableA3H ASF · ἀσταθήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀσταθής: unstable; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διάνοιανmindN1A ASF · διάνοιαaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδιάνοια: 'mind'; used here in its ordinary sense within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
αὐτοῦhisRD GSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
θαυμάζοντεςmarvelingV1 · παπνπμ θαυμάζωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνπμ θαυμάζω: marveling; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
προεφέροντοwere saying forthV1I IMI3P · φέρω + προmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionφέρω + προ: were saying forth; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τάδεthisRD APN · ὅδεacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseὅδε: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
40
βασιλεῦ μέχρι τίνος ὡς ἀλόγους ἡμᾶς διαπειράζεις προστάσσων ἤδη τρίτον αὐτοὺς ἀφανίσαι καὶ πάλιν ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐκ μεταβολῆς ἀναλύων τὰ σοὶ δεδογμένα
“O king, how long will you test us as if we were irrational, ordering for the third time that they be destroyed, and then again changing your decisions when it comes to action?”
The kinsmen criticize the king not on moral grounds first, but on the grounds of irrational inconsistency and administrative chaos.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
βασιλεῦkingN3V VSM · βασιλεύςsubstantive, modifier, or particle functioning within the clause according to contextβασιλεύς: lexical item used here in its local narrative, judicial, royal, or cultic sense.
μέχριuntilP · μέχριconjunction (with οὗ: temporal 'until')μέχρι: 'until / as far as'; with the relative οὗ ('until the time when'), marks the endpoint of the drying — the completion of the crossing.
τίνοςwhatRI GSN · τίςnom pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseτίς: 'what'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it appears in the gen case within the clause.
ὡςas / likeD · ὡςproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrativeos: transliterated proper name preserved in the Solomonic temple narrative and its surrounding royal memory.
ἀλόγουςirrationalA1B APM · ἄλογοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἄλογος: irrational; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμᾶςusRP AP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as object or complementἐγώ (acc. pl. ἡμᾶς): 'us'
διαπειράζειςdo you keep testingV1 PAI2S · πειράζω + διαmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionπειράζω + δια: do you keep testing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
προστάσσωνcommandV1 · παπνσμ τάσσω + προςparticiple supporting the clause actionτάσσω + προς: lexical item rendered 'command' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clauseἤδη: lexical item rendered 'ede' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
τρίτονa third timeA1 ASM · τρίτοςadjectival or ordinal modifierτρίτος: 'a third time'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
ἀφανίσαιto removeVA AAN · ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀναinfinitive of purpose (the goal of the prayer)ἵζω + ἀπο + ἀνα: verbal form meaning "to remove", carrying action, process, command, or reported speech within the restoration narrative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
πάλινagainD · πάλινadverb or negative particle shaping the clause-level senseπάλιν: adverbial or negative particle meaning 'again' within the wisdom-contest and restoration narrative of 1 Esdras 3-4.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πραγμάτωνaffairsN3M GPN · πρᾶγμαgenitive noun denoting the business placed under Lysias's oversightπρᾶγμα: deed, matter, affair, business.
ἐκfromP · ἐκpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐκ: 'from'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μεταβολῆςchangeN1 GSF · μεταβολήgenitive term marking possession, source, relation, or descriptive qualificationμεταβολή: 'change'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Persian court crisis and deliverance narrative of Esther 3-4.
ἀναλύωνundoingV1 · παπνσμ λύω + ἀναparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνσμ λύω + ἀνα: undoing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
σοὶyourRP DS · σύpronounSoi: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
δεδογμέναdecreed thingsVK · χμπαπν δοκέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπαπν δοκέω: decreed things; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
41
ὧν χάριν ἡ πόλις διὰ τὴν προσδοκίαν ὀχλεῖ καὶ πληθύουσα συστροφαῖς ἤδη καὶ κινδυνεύει πολλάκις διαρπασθῆναι
“For this reason the city is in turmoil because of the expectation, and swelling with gatherings, is already often in danger of being plundered.”
Their argument widens to civic stability. The king's wavering policy now threatens the city itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὧνwhichRR GPM · ὅςrelative pronounOn: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
χάρινfavorN3 ASF · χάριςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalχάρις: 'favor'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Ezra restoration narrative.
ἡthe (one)RA NSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πόλιςcityN3I NSF · πόλιςhead noun within the clauseπόλις: 'city'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: 'through / by means of'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
προσδοκίανprosdokiaN1A ASF · προσδοκίαaccusative element functioning as object or complementπροσδοκία: lexical item rendered 'prosdokia' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
ὀχλεῖis in turmoilV2 PAI3S · ὀχλέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionὀχλέω: is in turmoil; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
πληθύουσαgrowingV1 · παπνσφ πληθύνωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνσφ πληθύνω: growing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
συστροφαῖςwith gatheringsN1 DPF · συστροφήdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageσυστροφή: with gatherings; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clauseἤδη: lexical item rendered 'ede' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
κινδυνεύειis in dangerV1 PAI3S · κινδυνεύωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionκινδυνεύω: is in danger; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
πολλάκιςoftenD · πολλάκιςadverbial particle qualifying the assertionπολλάκις: 'often'; this small connective or particle shapes the clause flow as adverbial particle qualifying the assertion.
διαρπασθῆναιto be plunderedVC APN · ἁρπάζω + διαinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaἁρπάζω + δια: to be plundered; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
42
ὅθεν ὁ κατὰ πάντα Φάλαρις βασιλεὺς ἐμπληθυνθεὶς ἀλογιστίας καὶ τὰς γινομένας πρὸς ἐπισκοπὴν τῶν Ιουδαίων ἐν αὐτῷ μεταβολὰς τῆς ψυχῆς παρ' οὐδὲν ἡγούμενος ἀτελέστατον βεβαίως ὅρκον ὁρισάμενος τούτους μὲν ἀνυπερθέτως πέμψειν εἰς ᾅδην ἐν γόνασιν καὶ ποσὶν θηρίων ᾐκισμένους
Wherefore the king, in every respect another Phalaris, filled with senselessness and counting as nothing the inward changes that had occurred in him with regard to the visitation upon the Jews, swore a most unfulfilled oath that he would send them without delay to Hades, tortured by the knees and feet of beasts.
The narrator again frames the king as a tyrant in the mold of Phalaris. Even repeated divine checks only harden his absurd oath.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
ὅθενthereforeD · ὅθενadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseὅθεν: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'therefore' here to mark linkage, circumstance, or direction in the narrative.
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πάνταallA3 ASM · πᾶςaccusative element functioning as object or goalπᾶς: 'all'
ΦάλαριςPhalarisN NSM · Φάλαριςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseΦάλαρις: Phalaris; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
βασιλεὺςkingN3V NSM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
ἐμπληθυνθεὶςhaving been filledVC · αππνσμ πληθύνω + ἐνparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππνσμ πληθύνω + ἐν: having been filled; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀλογιστίαςwith senselessnessN1A APF · ἀλογιστίαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀλογιστία: with senselessness; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
γινομέναςtaking placeV1 · πμπαπφ γίγνομαιparticiple describing the ongoing occurrence of the profanationsγίγνομαι: to happen, become, or take place; the participle portrays the blasphemies as actively unfolding.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐπισκοπὴνvisitationN1 ASF · ἐπισκοπήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπισκοπή: visitation; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙουδαίωνJudeansN2 GPM · Ἰουδαῖοςproper name anchoring the court, decree, or restoration settingJudeans: ethnic designation for the Judeans involved in the return and rebuilding.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
αὐτῷto him / hisRD DSM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
μεταβολὰςchangesN1 APF · μεταβολήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalμεταβολή: changes; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ψυχῆςlifeN1 GSF · ψυχήobject of περί within the idiom περὶ ψυχῆςψυχή: life, self, or soul; here the stake of sheer survival.
παρ'from/besideP · παράprepositionPar': a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
οὐδὲνnothingA3 ASN · οὐδείςaccusative subject-like object of the impersonal opposition clauseοὐδείς: no one, nothing, not even one; negative indefinite pronoun.
ἡγούμενοςa prince / leaderV2 · πμπνσμ ἡγέομαιparticiple modifying the clause with attendant or descriptive force→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressπμπνσμ ἡγέομαι: 'a prince / leader'
ἀτελέστατονmost unfulfilledA3H ASMS · ἀτελήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἀτελής: most unfulfilled; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
βεβαίωςfirmlyD · βεβαίωςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseβεβαίως: firmly; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
ὅρκονoathN2 ASM · ὅρκοςaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementὅρκος: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
ὁρισάμενοςhaving sworn/definedVA · αμπνσμ ὁρίζωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionαμπνσμ ὁρίζω: having sworn/defined; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τούτουςthisRD APM · οὗτοςacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseοὗτος: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
μὲνon the one handX · μένadverbial or connective modifier within the clauseμέν: connective, particle, preposition, or adverb rendered 'on the one hand' here to mark linkage, circumstance, or direction in the narrative.
ἀνυπερθέτωςwithout delayD · ἀνυπερθέτωςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseἀνυπερθέτως: without delay; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
πέμψεινto sendVF FAN · πέμπωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionπέμπω: to send; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ᾅδηνHadesN1M ASM · ᾅδηςaccusative term functioning as object, goal, or extent within the clauseδης: Hades; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
γόνασινby kneesN3 DSN · γόνυdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageγόνυ: by knees; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ποσὶνfootN3D DPM · πούςdative in idiom of mannerπούς: in the dative plural idiom τοῖς ποσίν, 'on foot', stressing simple transit rather than hostile occupation.
θηρίωνbeastsN2N GPN · θηρίονpartitive genitive with ἓνθηρίον: beast; here the war-elephants considered as terrifying animals in battle.
ᾐκισμένουςhaving been torturedVT · χμπαπμ αἰκίζωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπαπμ αἰκίζω: having been tortured; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
43
ἐπιστρατεύσαντα δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν Ιουδαίαν ἰσόπεδον πυρὶ καὶ δόρατι θήσεσθαι διὰ τάχους καὶ τὸν ἄβατον ἡμῖν αὐτῶν ναὸν πυρὶ πρηνέα ἐν τάχει τῶν συντελούντων ἐκεῖ θυσίας ἔρημον εἰς τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον καταστήσειν
He declared that after campaigning against Judea he would swiftly level it with fire and spear, and would quickly make desolate forever by fire their sanctuary, impassable for us, along with those offering sacrifices there.
The threat expands from diaspora Jews to Judea and the temple itself. Royal violence now imagines total cultic annihilation.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐπιστρατεύσανταhaving campaigned againstVA · ααπασμ στρατεύω + ἐπιmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπασμ στρατεύω + ἐπι: having campaigned against; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙουδαίανJudeaN ASF · Ἰουδαίαadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseἸουδαία: Judea; proper name used here in its literary and historical setting.
ἰσόπεδονlevel with the groundA1B ASF · ἰσόπεδοςaccusative element functioning as object or complementἰσόπεδος: lexical item rendered 'level with the ground' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
πυρὶfireN3 DSN · πῦρcommon noun within the clauseπῦρ: 'fire'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
δόρατιspearN3 DSN · δόρυcommon noun within the clauseδόρυ: 'spear'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
θήσεσθαιto makeVF FMN · τίθημιinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaτίθημι: to make; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
διὰthrough / by means ofP · διάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionδιά: 'through / by means of'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τάχουςspeedN3E GSN · τάχοςgenitive complement in the idiom διὰ τάχουςτάχος: speed; the idiom διὰ τάχους means quickly or with haste.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἄβατονinaccessibleA1B ASM · ἄβατοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἄβατος: inaccessible; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἡμῖνto usRP DP · ἐγώpronoun functioning as dative complementἐγώ (dat. pl. ἡμῖν): 'to us'
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ναὸνtempleN2 ASM · ναόςgenitive dependentναός: 'temple'.
πυρὶfireN3 DSN · πῦρcommon noun within the clauseπῦρ: 'fire'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
πρηνέαlaid lowA3H ASM · πρηνήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalπρηνής: laid low; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐνamongP · ἐνpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐν: 'in'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τάχειquicklyA3U DSM · ταχύςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentτάχος: 'speed'
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συντελούντωνthose performingV2 · παπγπμ τελέω + συνparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπγπμ τελέω + συν: those performing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐκεῖthereD · ἐκεῖadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceἐκεῖ: 'there'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
θυσίαςsacrificesN1A GSF · θυσίαcommon noun within the clauseθυσία: 'sacrifices'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἔρημονερημοςN2 ASF · ἐρῆμοςnominal term functioning as a accusative complementἐρῆμος: rendered here as 'ερημος' in the immediate context of Ezra's commission, journey, inventory, prayer, or reform response.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἅπανταallA3 ASM · ἅπαςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a accusative complementἅπας: rendered here as 'all' in the immediate context of Ezra's commission, journey, inventory, prayer, or reform response.
χρόνονtimeN2 ASM · χρόνοςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalχρόνος: 'time'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
καταστήσεινto makeVF FAN · ἵστημι + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionἵστημι + κατα: to make; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
44
τότε περιχαρεῖς ἀναλύσαντες οἱ φίλοι καὶ συγγενεῖς μετὰ πίστεως διέτασσον τὰς δυνάμεις ἐπὶ τοὺς εὐκαιροτάτους τόπους τῆς πόλεως πρὸς τὴν τήρησιν
Then his friends and kinsmen departed in high delight and confidence, and posted the forces at the city's most suitable places for guard duty.
The king's circle accepts the renewed vow as credible and sets the city under organized military watch.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
τότεthenD · τότεadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceτότε: 'then'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
περιχαρεῖςoverjoyedVD · αππνσμ χαίρω + περιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππνσμ χαίρω + περι: overjoyed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀναλύσαντεςhaving departedVA · ααπνπμ λύω + ἀναmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνπμ λύω + ἀνα: having departed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
φίλοιfriendA1 NPM · φίλοςadjectival or substantival modifier functioning as a nominative termφίλος: rendered here as 'friend' in the immediate context of Ezra's commission, journey, inventory, prayer, or reform response.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
συγγενεῖςkinsmenA3H NPM · συγγενήςsubject or predicate element within the clauseσυγγενής: kinsmen; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πίστεωςconfidenceN3I GSF · πίστιςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionπίστις: confidence; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
διέτασσονwere postingV1I IAI3P · τάσσω + διαmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionτάσσω + δια: were posting; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δυνάμειςforcesN3I APF · δύναμιςdirect object of συνήγαγενδύναμις: military 'force' or troop contingent.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
εὐκαιροτάτουςmost suitableA1B APMS · εὔκαιροςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalεὔκαιρος: most suitable; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τόπουςplaceN2 APM · τόποςaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalτόπος: 'place'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termπόλις: 'city'
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τήρησινguardingN3I ASF · τήρησιςobject of purpose after εἰςτήρησις: 'keeping watch / guard duty'; protective oversight of Judea.
45
ὁ δὲ ἐλεφαντάρχης τὰ θηρία σχεδὸν ὡς εἰπεῖν εἰς κατάστεμα μανιῶδες ἀγειοχὼς εὐωδεστάτοις πόμασιν οἴνου λελιβανωμένου φοβερῶς κεκοσμημένα κατασκευαῖς
And the elephant-master, having brought the beasts almost, so to speak, into a frenzied condition with very fragrant drinks of wine mixed with incense, and having fearfully adorned them with equipment,
The execution apparatus is made theatrical as well as lethal. Intoxication and ornament combine to produce terror.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐλεφαντάρχηςelephant-masterN1M NSM · ἐλεφαντάρχηςsubject or predicate element within the clauseἐλεφαντάρχης: elephant-master; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θηρίαelephantsN2N APN · θηρίονdirect object referring to the war elephantsθηρίον: beast; in Hellenistic military narrative often a war elephant.
σχεδὸνalmostD · σχεδόνconnective, particle, or adverb shaping the clauseσχεδόν: almost.
ὡςlike / asC · ὡςcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationὡς: 'like / as'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
εἰπεῖνsayVBI AAN · λέγωinfinitive complement or purpose form within the clauseλέγω: lexical item rendered 'say' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
κατάστεμαconditionN3M ASN · κατάστεμαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalκατάστεμα: condition; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
μανιῶδεςfrenziedA3H APN · μανιώδηςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalμανιώδης: frenzied; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀγειοχὼςhaving broughtVX · χαπνσμ ἄγωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχαπνσμ ἄγω: having brought; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εὐωδεστάτοιςmost fragrantA3H DPMS · εὐώδηςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageεὐώδης: most fragrant; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πόμασινdrinksN3M DPN · πόμαdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageπόμα: drinks; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
οἴνουwineN2 GSM · οἶνοςcommon noun within the clauseοἶνος: 'wine'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
λελιβανωμένουincense-mixedVM · χμπγσμ λιβανόωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπγσμ λιβανόω: incense-mixed; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
φοβερῶςfearsomelyD · φοβερῶςadverbial, connective, or prepositional element shaping the clauseφοβερῶς: fearsomely; indeclinable, adverbial, or connective form shaping the clause in context.
κεκοσμημέναadornedVM · χμπνπν κοσμέωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπνπν κοσμέω: adorned; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κατασκευαῖςwith trappingsN1 DPF · κατασκευήdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageκατασκευή: with trappings; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
46
περὶ τὴν ἕω τῆς πόλεως ἤδη πλήθεσιν ἀναριθμήτοις κατὰ τοῦ ἱπποδρόμου καταμεμεστωμένης εἰσελθὼν εἰς τὴν αὐλὴν ἐπὶ τὸ προκείμενον ὤτρυνε τὸν βασιλέα
about dawn, when the city was already filled in countless numbers around the hippodrome, entered the court and urged the king on to the business at hand.
The narrative now reaches maximal public tension. Court, city, and hippodrome are all aligned for the anticipated slaughter.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἕωdawnN3 ASF · ἕωςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἕως: dawn; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πόλεωςcityN3I GSF · πόλιςgenitive modifier dependent on a neighboring head termπόλις: 'city'
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clauseἤδη: lexical item rendered 'ede' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
πλήθεσινforcesN3E DPN · πλῆθοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageπλῆθος: forces; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀναριθμήτοιςcountlessA1B DPN · ἀναρίθμητοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἀναρίθμητος: countless; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
κατὰby / according toP · κατάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionκατά: 'according to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοῦtheRA GSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἱπποδρόμουhippodromeN2 GSM · ἱππόδρομοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἱππόδρομος: hippodrome; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καταμεμεστωμένηςhaving been packed fullVM · πππγσφ μεστόω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionπππγσφ μεστόω + κατα: having been packed full; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἰσελθὼνhaving enteredVB · ααπνσμ ἔρχομαι + εἰςverbal element expressing action, process, or state within the clauseααπνσμ ἔρχομαι + εἰς: having entered.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
αὐλὴνcourtN1 ASF · αὐλήaccusative term functioning as object, measure, or goalαὐλή: "court / courtyard"; the temple court becomes the transfer point for impurity carried out from the house.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
προκείμενονbusiness at handV5 · πμπασν κεῖμαι + προparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπασν κεῖμαι + προ: business at hand; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ὤτρυνεwas urging onV1I IAI3S · ὀτρύνωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionὀτρύνω: was urging on; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βασιλέαkingN3V ASM · βασιλεύςhead noun within the clauseβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal title borne by Saul or David in these chapters.
47
ὁ δὲ ὀργῇ βαρείᾳ γεμίσας δυσσεβῆ φρένα παντὶ τῷ βάρει σὺν τοῖς θηρίοις ἐξώρμησε βουλόμενος ἀτρώτῳ καρδίᾳ καὶ κόραις ὀφθαλμῶν θεάσασθαι τὴν ἐπίπονον καὶ ταλαίπωρον τῶν προσεσημαμμένων καταστροφήν
The king, filling his impious mind with heavy wrath, rushed out with all his force together with the beasts, intending with unfeeling heart and with his own eyes to behold the painful and miserable destruction of those marked out.
The king becomes a direct spectator of the violence he has ordered. His desire to see the destruction underscores the sadistic character of the enterprise.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ὁheRA NSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ὀργῇwith angerN1 DSF · ὀργήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentὀργή: 'anger / wrath'
βαρείᾳproud / heavyA3U DSF · βαρύςcommon noun within the clauseβαρύς: 'proud / heavy'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's prayer, narrative, or royal discourse. Here it appears in the dat case within the clause.
γεμίσαςhaving filledVA · ααπνσμ γεμίζωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνσμ γεμίζω: having filled; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
δυσσεβῆimpiousA3H ASF · δυσσεβήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalδυσσεβής: impious; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
φρέναmindN3 ASF · φρήνaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalφρήν: mind; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
παντὶallA3 DSM · πᾶςdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentπᾶς: 'all'
τῷofRA DSM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
βάρειweightA3U DSM · βαρύςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageβαρύς: weight; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
σὺνwithP · σύνpreposition governing a following complement phraseσύν: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
θηρίοιςwild beastN2N DPN · θηρίονdative complement within the clauseθηρίον: lexical item rendered 'wild beast' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
ἐξώρμησεrushed outVAI AAI3S · ὁρμάω + ἐκmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionὁρμάω + ἐκ: rushed out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
βουλόμενοςwantingV1 · πμπνσμ βούλομαιcircumstantial participle explaining Alcimus's motiveβούλομαι: 'wish, intend'; the participle exposes his governing ambition.
ἀτρώτῳunfeelingA1B DSF · ἄτρωτοςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageἄτρωτος: unfeeling; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καρδίᾳheartN1A DSF · καρδίαdative complementKardia: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
κόραιςpupilsN1 DPF · κόρηdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageκόρη: pupils; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesN2 GPM · ὀφθαλμόςgenitive substantive after ἀπόὀφθαλμός: eyes; the literal site of sleeplessness.
θεάσασθαιθεάομαιVA AMN · θεάομαιfinite verb advancing the clauseθεάομαι: 'θεάομαι'; a regular verbal item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal discourse.
τὴνthe oneRA ASF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐπίπονονpainfulA1B ASF · ἐπίπονοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπίπονος: painful; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
ταλαίπωρονwretchedA1B ASF · ταλαίπωροςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalταλαίπωρος: wretched; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
προσεσημαμμένωνof those marked outVMI XPPNSM SHMAI/NW PROSmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionπροσεσημαμμένων: of those marked out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καταστροφήνdestructionN1 ASF · καταστροφήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalκαταστροφή: destruction; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
48
ὡς δὲ τῶν ἐλεφάντων ἐξιόντων περὶ πύλην καὶ τῆς συνεπομένης ἐνόπλου δυνάμεως τῆς τε τοῦ πλήθους πορείας κονιορτὸν ἰδόντες καὶ βαρυηχῆ θόρυβον ἀκούσαντες οἱ Ιουδαῖοι
But when the Jews saw the elephants coming out by the gate, along with the armed force following and the dust raised by the marching crowd, and heard the deep-roaring tumult,
For the Jews the threat is no longer deferred or abstract. Sight and sound combine to signal that death is now at hand.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ὡςas / likeD · ὡςproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrativeos: transliterated proper name preserved in the Solomonic temple narrative and its surrounding royal memory.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἐλεφάντωνelephantsN3 GPM · ἐλέφαςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἐλέφας: elephants; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐξιόντωνcoming outV9 · παπγπμ ἵημι + ἐκparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπγπμ ἵημι + ἐκ: coming out; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
περὶconcerning / aboutP · περίpreposition governing a following complement phraseπερί: preposition introducing its complement and marking relation such as place, direction, source, or reference.
πύληνgateN1 ASF · πύληaccusative substantive functioning as object or complementπύλη: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συνεπομένηςfollowing alongV1 · πμπγσφ ἕπομαι + συνparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπγσφ ἕπομαι + συν: following along; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἐνόπλουarmedA1B GSF · ἔνοπλοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἔνοπλος: armed; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δυνάμεωςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionδύναμις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τεTeX TEproper name or indeclinable itemTe: a transliterated proper name preserved in this roster or narrative context.
τοῦtheRA GSN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
πλήθουςplethosN3E GSN · πλῆθοςnominal term functioning as a genitive dependentπλῆθος: rendered here as 'plethos' in the immediate context of Ezra's commission, journey, inventory, prayer, or reform response.
πορείαςjourneyN1A GSF · πορείαnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseπορείας: lexical item rendered 'journey' in this chapter's immediate context.
κονιορτὸνdust-cloudN2 ASM · κονιορτόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalκονιορτός: dust-cloud; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἰδόντεςseeVB · ααπνπμ ὁράωparticiple modifying the clause and supplying circumstance or descriptionὁράω: see; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
βαρυηχῆdeep-soundingA3H ASM · βαρυηχήςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalβαρυηχής: deep-sounding; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
θόρυβονuproarN2 ASM · θόρυβοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalθόρυβος: uproar; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardVA · ααπνπμ ἀκούωmain verbal form advancing the narrative or descriptionααπνπμ ἀκούω: 'having heard'; verbal form carrying action, process, or purpose within the return-and-restoration narrative.
οἱtheyRA NPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ΙουδαῖοιJudeanN2 NPM · Ἰουδαῖοςnominative term functioning as subject, predicate, or listed itemἸουδαῖος: 'Judean'; used here in its ordinary sense within the 1 Esdras Judah-exile-restoration narrative.
49
ὑστάτην βίου ῥοπὴν αὐτοῖς ἐκείνην δόξαντες εἶναι τὸ τέλος τῆς ἀθλιωτάτης προσδοκίας εἰς οἶκτον καὶ γόους τραπέντες κατεφίλουν ἀλλήλους περιπλεκόμενοι τοῖς συγγενέσιν ἐπὶ τοὺς τραχήλους ἐπιπίπτοντες γονεῖς παισὶν καὶ μητέρες νεάνισιν ἕτεραι δὲ νεογνὰ πρὸς μαστοὺς ἔχουσαι βρέφη τελευταῖον ἕλκοντα γάλα
thinking that this was for them the final turning of life and the end of their most miserable expectation, they turned to pity and wailing, kissing one another and embracing their relatives, falling upon necks, parents upon children and mothers upon young daughters, while others, holding infants at the breast, drew out the last milk for the babies.
The scene lingers over familial farewell. The expected massacre is framed as a final severing of the most basic human bonds.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
ὑστάτηνfinalA1 ASFS · ὕστεροςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalὕστερος: final; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
βίουpropertyN2 GSM · βίοςgenitival dependent marking relation, possession, source, or descriptionβίος: nominal or descriptive term meaning "property" within the return, temple, or imperial-administrative narrative.
ῥοπὴνturnN1 ASF · ῥοπήaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalῥοπή: turn; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτοῖςthemRD DPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
ἐκείνηνthatRD ASF · ἐκεῖνοςmodifier of ἡμέρανἐκεῖνος: points to that specific day of siege and assault.
δόξαντεςthinkingVA · ααπνπμ δοκέωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνπμ δοκέω: thinking; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
εἶναιto beV9 PAN · εἰμίinfinitive complement or purpose expression→ present/imperfective aspect: portrays the action as ongoing or in progressεἰμί: 'be'
τὸtheRA ASN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τέλοςendN3E ASN · τέλοςaccusative complementτέλος: 'end'.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἀθλιωτάτηςmost miserableA1A GSFS · ἄθλιοςgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionἄθλιος: most miserable; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
προσδοκίαςexpectationN1A GSF · προσδοκίαgenitive modifier defining relationship, source, or descriptionπροσδοκία: expectation; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
εἰςfor / untoP · εἰςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionεἰς: 'into / to'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
οἶκτονpityN2 ASM · οἶκτοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalοἶκτος: pity; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
γόουςlamentationsN2 APM · γόοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalγόος: lamentations; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
τραπέντεςhaving turnedVD · αππνπμ τρέπωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveαππνπμ τρέπω: having turned; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
κατεφίλουνwere kissing ferventlyV2I IAI3P · φιλέω + καταmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionφιλέω + κατα: were kissing fervently; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀλλήλουςone anotherRD APM · ἀλλήλωreciprocal object of ἴδωμενἀλλήλων: one another, reciprocal pronoun.
περιπλεκόμενοιembracingV1 · πμπνπμ πλέκω + περιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπμπνπμ πλέκω + περι: embracing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τοῖςthe onesRA DPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
συγγενέσινkinsmenA3H DPM · συγγενήςdative complement with δίδοσθαισυγγενής: 'kinsman, one of the royal kin'; a title of elevated relationship and honor.
ἐπὶagainstP · ἐπίpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionἐπί: 'on / over'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τοὺςthe onesRA APM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τραχήλουςtrachelosN2 APM · τράχηλοςaccusative element functioning as object or extent expressionτράχηλος: "trachelos"; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or royal-administrative discourse.
ἐπιπίπτοντεςfalling uponV1 · παπνπμ πίπτω + ἐπιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνπμ πίπτω + ἐπι: falling upon; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
γονεῖςparentN3V NPM · γονεύςnominative element functioning within the clauseγονεύς: parent; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
παισὶνservantN3D DPM · παῖςdative complement within the clause or phraseπαῖς: 'servant'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Solomonic royal-temple narrative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
μητέρεςmothersN3 NPF · μήτηρsubject or predicate element within the clauseμήτηρ: mothers; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
νεάνισινyoung daughtersN3D DPF · νεᾶνιςdative element marking reference, means, location, or advantageνεᾶνις: young daughters; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἕτεραιothersA1A NPF · ἕτεροςsubject or predicate element within the clauseἕτερος: others; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
νεογνὰnewbornsA1B APN · νεογνόςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalνεογνός: newborns; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
μαστοὺςbreastN2 APM · μαστόςaccusative element functioning as object or complementμαστός: lexical item rendered 'breast' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
ἔχουσαιhavingV1 · παπνπφ ἔχωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνπφ ἔχω: having; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
βρέφηinfantsN3E APN · βρέφοςdirect object of the verb ἐκρέμασανβρέφος: infant or very young child, underscoring the vulnerability of the victims.
τελευταῖονlastA1A ASN · τελευταῖοςaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalτελευταῖος: last; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἕλκονταdrawingV1 · παπαπν ἕλκωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπαπν ἕλκω: drawing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
γάλαmilkN3 ASN · γάλαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalγάλα: milk; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
50
οὐ μὴν δὲ ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν γεγενημένας ἀντιλήμψεις ἐξ οὐρανοῦ συνιδόντες πρηνεῖς ὁμοθυμαδὸν ῥίψαντες ἑαυτοὺς καὶ τὰ νήπια χωρίσαντες τῶν μαστῶν
Yet nevertheless, seeing also the heavenly rescues that had happened before for them, they threw themselves down all together face to the ground and, separating even the infants from their breasts,
Memory of earlier divine help interrupts despair. Their posture of total prostration marks hope that survives at the edge of death.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
οὐnotD · οὐadverbial modifier of the clauseοὐ: 'not'
μὴνmonthX · μήνproper name within the Solomonic royal or temple narrativemen: transliterated proper name preserved in the Solomonic temple narrative and its surrounding royal memory.
δὲbutX · δέcommon noun within the clauseδέ: 'but'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἀλλὰbutC · ἀλλάcoordinating or discourse-linking conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; used here in its ordinary sense within the Solomonic royal-temple narrative.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὰςthe (ones)RA APF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeP · ἔμπροσθενpreposition introducing its complement phraseἔμπροσθεν: 'before / in front of'
αὐτῶνthemRD GPM · αὐτόςpronominal form referring to the participant(s) already in viewαὐτός: personal or intensive pronoun ('he/she/it, his/her/its, same'); here it points back to the participant already in view.
γεγενημέναςhaving happenedVM · χμπαπφ γίγνομαιparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveχμπαπφ γίγνομαι: having happened; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
ἀντιλήμψειςrescuesN3I NPF · ἀντίληψιςsubject or predicate element within the clauseἀντίληψις: rescues; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἐξfromP · ἐκpreposition introducing its complement phraseἐκ (ἐξ): 'from.'
οὐρανοῦheavenN2 GSM · οὐρανόςcommon noun within the clauseοὐρανός: 'heaven'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's narrative, cultic, or administrative discourse.
συνιδόντεςhaving seenVB · ααπνπμ ὁράω + συνcircumstantial participle preceding the main verb→ aorist participle of realized perceptionσυνοράω / σύνοιδον: 'see together, grasp, perceive'; not mere sight but recognition.
πρηνεῖςproneA3H NPF · πρηνήςsubject or predicate element within the clauseπρηνής: prone; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
ὁμοθυμαδὸνwith one accordD · ὁμοθυμαδόνparticle or discourse marker shaping the flow of the clauseὁμοθυμαδόν: connective, particle, or prepositional form shaping relation, transition, emphasis, or subordination in the sentence.
ῥίψαντεςthrowing downVA · ααπνπμ ῥίπτωcircumstantial participle describing the manner of flightῥίπτω: 'throw, cast'; they discard their arms in panic.
ἑαυτοὺςhimself / themselvesRD APM · ἑαυτοῦacc pronominal form referring back or forward within the clauseἑαυτοῦ: pronominal form marking reference, determination, or relation within the clause.
καὶandC · καίcoordinating conjunction linking the sequence→ coordinationκαί: 'and'; the standard coordinating conjunction that links names, clauses, and actions throughout these genealogical and narrative units.
τὰthe / thoseRA APN · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
νήπιαinfantsA1A APN · νήπιοςfronted direct object of ἐνσείσειςνήπιος: 'infant / little child'; renders עוֹלֵל; the third and most brutal escalation, atrocities against children (cf. 4 Kgdms 15:16; Hos 14:1).
χωρίσαντεςhaving separatedVA · ααπνπμ χωρίζωmain verbal form advancing the narrative actionααπνπμ χωρίζω: having separated; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
τῶνthe (who are)RA GPM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
μαστῶνbreastN2 GPM · μαστόςnominal element functioning within the clauseμαστός: breast; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
51
ἀνεβόησαν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ σφόδρα τὸν τῆς ἁπάσης δυνάμεως δυνάστην ἱκετεύοντες οἰκτῖραι μετὰ ἐπιφανείας αὐτοὺς ἤδη πρὸς πύλαις ᾅδου καθεστῶτας
they cried out with exceedingly loud voice, imploring the ruler of all power to show pity and manifestly spare them now that they stood already at the gates of Hades.
The chapter ends at the climax of supplication rather than resolution. The Jews stand, in the narrator's words, at the gates of Hades awaiting divine appearance.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἀνεβόησανanaVAI AAI3P · βοάω + ἀναfinite or verbal form carrying the clause action or dependent verbal senseβοάω + ἀνα: rendered here in its immediate narrative, liturgical, or covenantal setting with an English gloss suited to the verse context.
φωνῇwith a voiceN1 DSF · φωνήdative element functioning as complement, sphere, or instrumentφωνή: 'voice / sound'
μεγάλῃloudA1 DSF · μέγαςdative complement within the clause or phraseμέγας: 'loud'; nominal or descriptive term used here within the census, worship, or rebuilding narrative of 1 Esdras 5.
σφόδραveryD · σφόδραadverbial modifier within the clause→ adverbial nuanceσφόδρα: 'very'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
τὸνtheRA ASM · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
τῆςthatRA GSF · ὁarticle marking the following noun or phraseὁ: the Greek article, marking substantives and signaling their case, number, and gender within the phrase.
ἁπάσηςapasA1S GSF · ἅπαςgenitive element qualifying a related head termἅπας: apas; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
δυνάμεωςforce / powerN3I GSF · δύναμιςgenitive substantive expressing relation, possession, source, or descriptionδύναμις: noun used for the clause's participant, object, place, office, or abstract idea as context requires.
δυνάστηνsovereignN1M ASM · δυνάστηςaccusative element functioning within the clauseδυνάστης: sovereign; nominal lexeme identified by its inflection and local syntactic role.
ἱκετεύοντεςimploringV1 · παπνπμ ἱκετεύωparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveπαπνπμ ἱκετεύω: imploring; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
οἰκτῖραιpityVA AAN · οἰκτείρωinfinitive complement completing the governing verbal ideaοἰκτείρω: pity; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.
μετὰwithP · μετάpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionμετά: 'with / after'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
ἐπιφανείαςmanifestlyN1 APF · ἐπιφάνειαaccusative term functioning as object, extent, or goalἐπιφάνεια: manifestly; lexical item used here according to its inflection and local syntactic role.
αὐτοὺςthemRD APM · αὐτόςpronoun functioning as object or complementαὐτός: 'them'
ἤδηedeD · ἤδηadverb or particle qualifying the clauseἤδη: lexical item rendered 'ede' with its ordinary sense in this chapter's narrative context.
πρὸςtowardP · πρόςpreposition governing the following phrase→ relation marked by the governing prepositionπρός: 'toward / against'; a regular lexical item in this chapter's genealogical, cultic, or martial discourse.
πύλαιςgatesN1 DPF · πύληhead noun within the clauseπύλη: 'gate'; a literal entrance, but also a controlled threshold in civic and temple life.
ᾅδουto HadesN1M GSM · ᾅδηςnominal element functioning within the clause or phraseᾅδου: lexical item rendered 'to Hades' in this chapter's immediate context.
καθεστῶταςstandingVXI XAPAPM I(/STHMI KATAparticiple expressing circumstance or modifying a nearby substantiveκαθεστῶτας: standing; verbal lexeme used here in the form demanded by the clause.