4 Kingdoms 16 — Greek, Translation, Interlinear & Discourse

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

ἐν ἔτει ἑπτακαιδεκάτῳ Φακεε υἱοῦ Ρομελιου ἐβασίλευσεν Αχαζ υἱὸς Ιωαθαμ βασιλέως Ιουδα

In the seventeenth year of Pekah son of Remaliah, Ahaz son of Jotham king of Judah began to reign.

Synchronistic regnal-accession formula (new reign opened)ἐν ἔτει ἑπτακαιδεκάτῳ

The chapter opens with the Deuteronomistic synchronism dating Ahaz's accession to a regnal year of the northern king (Pekah of Israel), the standard framing device of 3–4 Kingdoms; the genitive chain Φακεε υἱοῦ Ρομελιου fixes the northern counterpart against whom Judah's chronology is plotted.

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words

ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative of time: 'in (the year)'; the synchronistic dating formula ἐν ἔτει + ordinal + regnal name is the recurring chronological scaffold of 3–4 Kingdoms.

ἔτειyearDativedative of time (point of time)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the dative locates the accession within the reign of the synchronized northern king.

ἑπτακαιδεκάτῳseventeenthDativeordinal adjective (agreeing with ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceἑπτακαιδέκατος: 'seventeenth'; the compound ordinal (ἑπτά + καί + δέκατος) renders the Hebrew 'in the seventeenth year'; agrees with ἔτει in dative.

ΦακεεPekahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun: the year belongs to his reign)→ participant identificationΦακεε: transliteration of Hebrew פֶּקַח (Pekah), king of Israel; indeclinable in the LXX; here functioning as a genitive of the synchronizing reign.

υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Φακεε (patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic chain υἱοῦ Ρομελιου ('son of Remaliah') identifies Pekah, distinguishing him from other bearers of the name.

Ρομελιουof RemaliahGenitivegenitive (father's name, dependent on υἱοῦ)→ relational specificationΡομελιας: transliteration of Hebrew רְמַלְיָהוּ (Remaliah); here declined as a first-declension genitive (Ρομελιου), the father of Pekah.

ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession statement)→ ingressive aorist (entry into the kingship)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign / become king'; renders מָלַךְ; the aorist here is ingressive ('became king / began to reign'), the standard accession verb of the regnal formulae.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: transliteration of Hebrew אָחָז (Ahaz), king of Judah; indeclinable in the LXX; the protagonist of the chapter.

υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αχαζ (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱὸς Ιωαθαμ situates Ahaz in the Davidic dynastic succession of Judah.

ΙωαθαμJothamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: father of Ahaz)→ participant identificationΙωαθαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹתָם (Jotham), Ahaz's father and predecessor on Judah's throne; indeclinable in the LXX.

βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition (to Ιωαθαμ or to Αχαζ: 'king of Judah')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the title 'king of Judah' attaches to the Davidic line, here in apposition within the patronymic formula.

Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: the kingdom over which he rules)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה (Judah); indeclinable in the LXX; designates the southern kingdom of the Davidic dynasty.

υἱὸς εἴκοσι ἐτῶν ἦν Αχαζ ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου θεοῦ αὐτοῦ πιστῶς ὡς Δαυιδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ

Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and he did not do what was right in the eyes of the LORD his God faithfully, as David his father had.

Regnal-summary formula (age, length, evaluation)υἱὸς εἴκοσι ἐτῶν

The threefold regnal summary — accession age, length of reign, and theological evaluation — is the Deuteronomistic template; the negated verdict οὐκ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς, contrasted with the Davidic standard (ὡς Δαυιδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ), marks Ahaz as a failed Davidide and sets up the apostasy catalogue of vv. 3–4.

Word-by-word analysis· 31 words

υἱὸςson / a manNominativepredicate nominative (idiom: 'son of twenty years' = twenty years old)→ participant prominenceυἱός: in the idiom υἱὸς εἴκοσι ἐτῶν ('a son of twenty years') the noun renders the Hebrew בֶּן with a number to express age; a Hebraism for 'twenty years old'.

εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable cardinal numeral (modifying ἐτῶν)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; an indeclinable cardinal; specifies Ahaz's age at accession.

ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with the age idiom)→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; genitive plural in the age-idiom 'son of twenty years'.

ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopular verb (linking Αχαζ to the age-predicate)→ stative imperfect (state at the time of accession)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be / exist'; the imperfect supplies the durative background state ('was twenty years old') for the accession.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; indeclinable subject of the regnal summary.

ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: a temporal construction ('when / while'), the LXX's standard rendering of Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct.

τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive βασιλεύειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεύεινto become kingPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he became king')→ ingressive present infinitive (at his accession)βασιλεύω: here the articular infinitive in the temporal idiom ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν, 'when he began to reign'.

αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative subject of the infinitive in the ἐν τῷ + inf. construction, referring to Ahaz.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἑκκαίδεκαsixteenindeclinable cardinal numeral (modifying ἔτη)→ clausal contributionἑκκαίδεκα: 'sixteen' (ἕξ + καί + δέκα); indeclinable; gives the length of Ahaz's reign.

ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of duration, 'sixteen years' the length of the reign.

ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (length-of-reign statement)→ constative aorist (the reign viewed as a whole)βασιλεύω: here constative ('reigned'), summing up the whole sixteen-year reign in Jerusalem.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable: locus of the reign)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלִַם; indeclinable in the LXX; the Davidic capital and seat of Ahaz's reign.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the evaluation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐποίησεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the negative; the negated verdict οὐκ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές is the Deuteronomistic condemnation formula for an apostate king.

ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (theological evaluation)→ constative aorist (summary verdict on the reign)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the evaluative formula (οὐκ) ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου measures each king against covenant fidelity.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εὐθὲςright thingAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object of ἐποίησεν)→ object specificationεὐθύς: 'straight / upright / right'; the neuter substantive τὸ εὐθές renders הַיָּשָׁר ('what is right'); the standard object of the regnal evaluation formula.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of judgment)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of judgment).

ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of sphere (idiom: 'in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου renders בְּעֵינֵי יהוה ('in the eyes of the LORD'), a Hebraism for divine evaluation.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessor of the evaluating 'eyes')→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD is the standard against whom the king is measured.

θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD his God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the appositional κυρίου θεοῦ αὐτοῦ underscores the covenant bond Ahaz violates.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θεοῦ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the possessive marks YHWH as Ahaz's own covenant God, sharpening the indictment.

πιστῶςfaithfullyadverb of manner (qualifying ἐποίησεν, under the negation)→ clausal contributionπιστῶς: 'faithfully / reliably'; the adverb (rendering a sense of steadfast covenant loyalty) is governed by the negation — Ahaz did not act faithfully as David did.

ὡςascomparative particle (introducing the Davidic standard)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the comparison with David, the paradigm of the faithful Davidic king in the regnal evaluations.

ΔαυιδDavidsubject of implied verb (comparative clause: indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable in the LXX; the dynastic ancestor and ideal standard of covenant fidelity.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with πατήρ in apposition to Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πατὴρfatherNominativenominative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; 'David his father' is dynastic, naming David as ancestral founder rather than literal father, the standard idiom in the Judahite regnal formulae.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying πατήρ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; refers to Ahaz, identifying David as his dynastic father.

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ βασιλέως Ισραηλ καί γε τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ διῆγεν ἐν πυρὶ κατὰ τὰ βδελύγματα τῶν ἐθνῶν ὧν ἐξῆρεν κύριος ἀπὸ προσώπου τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ

And he walked in the way of Jeroboam son of Nebat king of Israel, and indeed he made his son pass through the fire, according to the abominations of the nations which the LORD had removed from before the sons of Israel.

Apostasy catalogue: northern paradigm and child-sacrificeκαὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ

The verdict of v. 2 is now specified: Ahaz walks ἐν ὁδῷ Ιεροβοαμ, assimilating a Davidic king to the archetypal northern apostate, and the intensifying καί γε ('and indeed / moreover') introduces the climactic horror — passing his son through the fire — assimilated explicitly to τὰ βδελύγματα τῶν ἐθνῶν that justified the Canaanite dispossession.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (metaphor of conduct)→ constative aorist (the course of his reign)πορεύομαι: 'go / walk / proceed'; renders הָלַךְ; the idiom 'walk in the way of (a king)' is the Deuteronomistic metaphor for adopting another's pattern of (apostate) conduct; the deponent aorist passive ἐπορεύθη is standard.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/sphere of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner/sphere of conduct).

ὁδῷwayDativedative (with ἐπορεύθη: 'walked in the way')→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / manner of life'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; 'the way of Jeroboam' is the paradigmatic path of northern apostasy.

ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: whose 'way' Ahaz follows)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם (Jeroboam I son of Nebat); indeclinable in the LXX; the founder of the northern cult and the archetype of idolatrous kingship.

υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ (patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱοῦ Ναβατ is the fixed epithet of Jeroboam I throughout Kingdoms.

ΝαβατNebatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: father of Jeroboam)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliteration of Hebrew נְבָט (Nebat), father of Jeroboam I; indeclinable in the LXX.

βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition (to Ιεροβοαμ: 'king of Israel')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here qualifying Jeroboam as 'king of Israel', anchoring the northern reference.

Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: the northern kingdom)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the northern kingdom, the realm of Jeroboam's apostate cult.

καίandintensifying conjunction (with γε: 'and indeed / moreover')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here part of the emphatic combination καί γε ('and indeed / even / moreover'), introducing the climactic act.

γεindeedemphatic particle (intensifying καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: enclitic emphatic particle; καί γε renders the Hebrew וְגַם ('and even / moreover'), heightening the climactic horror of the child-offering.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with υἱόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect object of διῆγεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ is the object of the child-sacrifice idiom, the most heinous of the imported abominations (cf. Lev 18:21; Deut 18:10).

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱόν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; refers to Ahaz, whose own son is the victim.

διῆγενhe made pass throughImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διάγωmain verb (child-sacrifice idiom)→ iterative/conative imperfect (the cultic act of passing-through)διάγω: 'lead / carry through'; renders הֶעֱבִיר ('cause to pass over/through'); the idiom διῆγεν ἐν πυρί ('made him pass through the fire') denotes the Molech-type child-offering condemned in the Torah; the imperfect marks the cultic act.

ἐνin / throughpreposition + dative (instrument/medium: 'through the fire')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument/medium: 'through the fire').

πυρὶfireDativedative of medium (with διῆγεν: 'through the fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; renders אֵשׁ; ἐν πυρί ('through the fire') is the technical phrase for the abominable child-offering.

κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / in accordance with'; introduces the pagan model (τὰ βδελύγματα) that Ahaz imitates.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with βδελύγματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βδελύγματαabominationsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (norm of imitation)→ object specificationβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders תּוֹעֵבָה; the standard LXX term for idolatrous cultic practices; here the practices of the dispossessed Canaanite nations.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἐθνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐθνῶνnationsGenitivegenitive of source/possession (whose abominations)→ relational specificationἔθνος: 'nation / Gentile people'; renders גּוֹי; here the Canaanite nations whose abominations occasioned their expulsion — the very practices Ahaz now adopts.

ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐξῆρεν, genitive by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; here genitive plural (attracted to the case of its antecedent ἐθνῶν), object of ἐξῆρεν — 'the nations which the LORD removed'.

ἐξῆρενremovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωverb of relative clause (the dispossession)→ constative aorist (the past conquest/dispossession)ἐξαίρω: 'remove / take away / destroy'; renders הוֹרִישׁ / הִשְׁמִיד; here of YHWH's dispossession of the Canaanite nations before Israel — the theological warrant against the abominations Ahaz revives.

κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐξῆρεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD who dispossessed the nations is the agent whose covenant Ahaz now betrays.

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/removal)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ προσώπου: 'from before / from the presence of'; a Hebraism rendering מִפְּנֵי, idiomatic for dispossession.

προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (idiom: 'from before')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in ἀπὸ προσώπου renders Hebrew פָּנִים in the idiom 'from before', here of removal/expulsion.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relationship (with Ισραηλ: 'sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; the phrase οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant people for whom the land was cleared.

Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: the covenant people)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here in the phrase 'sons of Israel', the covenant nation in whose favor the Canaanites were dispossessed.

καὶ ἐθυσίαζεν καὶ ἐθυμία ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν βουνῶν καὶ ὑποκάτω παντὸς ξύλου ἀλσώδους

And he was sacrificing and burning incense at the high places and on the hills and under every leafy tree.

Apostasy catalogue (continued): illegitimate worship sitesκαὶ ἐθυσίαζεν καὶ ἐθυμία

The catalogue closes with the stock triad of illicit cult-sites — high places, hills, and under every leafy tree — the standard Deuteronomistic shorthand for unauthorized worship; the two iterative imperfects (ἐθυσίαζεν, ἐθυμία) present Ahaz's apostate cult as a habitual practice of his reign, completing the indictment before the war narrative begins.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐθυσίαζενhe was sacrificingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb (habitual cultic action)→ iterative imperfect (customary apostate sacrifice)θυσιάζω: 'sacrifice / offer sacrifice'; renders זָבַח; the imperfect marks repeated, habitual offering at the illegitimate sites — a characteristic failing of the kings who 'did not remove the high places'.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐθυμίαhe was burning incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θυμιάωmain verb (habitual cultic action, paired with ἐθυσίαζεν)→ iterative imperfect (customary incense-offering)θυμιάω: 'burn incense / make a smoke-offering'; renders קִטֵּר; the pairing 'sacrifice and burn incense' is a fixed idiom for the full apparatus of illegitimate worship.

ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (place: the cult-sites)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: the cult-sites).

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὑψηλοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὑψηλοῖςhigh placesDativesubstantivized adjective (dative of place: 'the high places')→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; the substantive τὰ ὑψηλά renders בָּמוֹת ('high places'), the unauthorized open-air shrines that recur as the chief failing of even otherwise good Judahite kings.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place: 'on the hills')→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (place: 'on the hills').

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with βουνῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βουνῶνhillsGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (place)→ relational specificationβουνός: 'hill / mound'; renders גְּבָעָה; 'on the hills' is part of the stock triad of illicit worship-sites (cf. Deut 12:2; Hos 4:13).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ὑποκάτωunderimproper preposition + genitive (place: 'under')→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: 'underneath / below'; an improper preposition governing the genitive; here 'under every leafy tree', completing the triad of cult-sites.

παντὸςeveryGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ξύλου)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; the universalizing παντός underscores the pervasiveness of the illicit tree-shrines.

ξύλουtreeGenitivegenitive object of ὑποκάτω→ relational specificationξύλον: 'wood / tree'; renders עֵץ; ὑποκάτω παντὸς ξύλου ἀλσώδους ('under every leafy tree') is the fixed Deuteronomistic phrase for arboreal pagan worship-sites.

ἀλσώδουςleafy / shadyGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ξύλου)→ relational specificationἀλσώδης: 'leafy / shady / grove-like' (from ἄλσος, 'grove'); renders רַעֲנָן ('luxuriant / green'); the 'leafy tree' evokes the shaded groves associated with fertility-cult worship.

τότε ἀνέβη Ραασσων βασιλεὺς Συρίας καὶ Φακεε υἱὸς Ρομελιου βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ εἰς Ιερουσαλημ εἰς πόλεμον καὶ ἐπολιόρκουν ἐπὶ Αχαζ καὶ οὐκ ἐδύναντο πολεμεῖν

Then Rezin king of Aram and Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel went up to Jerusalem for war, and they besieged Ahaz, but they were not able to fight against him.

Narrative shift: the Syro-Ephraimite siege of Jerusalemτότε ἀνέβη

τότε ('then') marks the pivot from the apostasy catalogue to the political crisis; the dual subject — Rezin of Aram and Pekah of Israel — forms the anti-Judah coalition of the Syro-Ephraimite war (cf. Isa 7), and the concessive close (οὐκ ἐδύναντο πολεμεῖν, 'they could not fight') signals the siege's failure, motivating Ahaz's appeal to Assyria in vv. 7–8.

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

τότεthentemporal adverb (narrative pivot)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; marks the transition from the regnal/apostasy summary to the war narrative.

ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (military advance; sg. with compound subject)→ constative aorist (the campaign as a single event)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend / march up'; renders עָלָה; the standard verb for a military campaign 'going up' against a city; the singular verb precedes the compound subject (Hebraizing concord).

ΡαασσωνRezinsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαασσων: transliteration of Hebrew רְצִין (Rezin), the last king of Aram-Damascus; indeclinable in the LXX; the chief antagonist of the Syro-Ephraimite coalition.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ραασσων→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title 'king of Aram/Syria' identifies Rezin's realm.

Συρίαςof Aram / SyriaGenitivegenitive of relationship (the kingdom of Rezin)→ relational specificationΣυρία: the LXX rendering of אֲרָם (Aram); declined as a first-declension noun (gen. Συρίας); the Aramean kingdom centered on Damascus.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second king)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΦακεεPekahsubject (second member of compound subject; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦακεε: see v. 1; here the northern ally of Rezin in the coalition against Judah.

υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Φακεε (patronymic)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic υἱὸς Ρομελιου identifies Pekah.

Ρομελιουof RemaliahGenitivegenitive (father's name, dependent on υἱός)→ relational specificationΡομελιας: see v. 1; the genitive Ρομελιου names Pekah's father.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Φακεε→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title 'king of Israel' identifies Pekah's realm.

Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: the northern kingdom)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here the northern kingdom of Pekah, ally of Aram against Judah.

εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).

ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative of direction (indeclinable: the target city)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the Davidic capital, the objective of the coalition's campaign.

εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'for war')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: here expressing purpose, 'for war'.

πόλεμονwarAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς)→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; εἰς πόλεμον ('for war / to make war') states the hostile intent of the advance.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπολιόρκουνthey were besiegingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πολιορκέωmain verb (the siege; pl. with compound subject)→ durative imperfect (the ongoing blockade)πολιορκέω: 'besiege / blockade a city'; the imperfect depicts the protracted siege of Jerusalem by the coalition forces.

ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against Ahaz')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here in a hostile sense, 'against'; the siege targets Ahaz personally as the besieged king.

ΑχαζAhazobject of ἐπί (indeclinable: the besieged king)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the object of the siege.

καὶbutconjunction (adversative-consequential here)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative in force ('but'), introducing the failure of the siege.

οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐδύναντο)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: the negative; the failure οὐκ ἐδύναντο πολεμεῖν explains why the coalition's effort was abortive.

ἐδύναντοthey were ableImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (modal: ability, governing infinitive)→ durative imperfect (sustained inability)δύναμαι: 'be able / can'; the imperfect (with the negation) marks the coalition's sustained inability to take the city; governs the complementary infinitive πολεμεῖν.

πολεμεῖνto fight / overcome itPres Act Inf · πολεμέωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐδύναντο)→ verbal action or stateπολεμέω: 'wage war / fight / prevail in battle'; renders נִלְחַם; here the infinitive complements ἐδύναντο, 'they were not able to fight (i.e., to subdue Jerusalem)'.

ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ἐπέστρεψεν Ραασσων βασιλεὺς Συρίας τὴν Αιλαθ τῇ Συρίᾳ καὶ ἐξέβαλεν τοὺς Ιουδαίους ἐξ Αιλαθ καὶ Ιδουμαῖοι ἦλθον εἰς Αιλαθ καὶ κατῴκησαν ἐκεῖ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης

At that time Rezin king of Aram recovered Ailath for Aram and drove the Judeans out of Ailath; and Edomites came to Ailath and settled there to this day.

Concurrent military result: the loss of Ailathἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ

The temporal frame ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time') marks a concurrent territorial loss accompanying the siege: Rezin recovers the southern Red-Sea port of Ailath; the etiological coda ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day') betrays the narrator's later vantage and the permanence of the loss to the Edomites.

Word-by-word analysis· 30 words

ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative of time: 'at (that time)'; the phrase ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ frames a concurrent event.

τῷtheDativearticle (with καιρῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καιρῷtimeDativedative of time (point of time)→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / season / appointed moment'; renders עֵת; here in the temporal formula 'at that time'.

ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective (modifying καιρῷ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the distal demonstrative pointing back to the time of the siege.

ἐπέστρεψενrecovered / restoredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (territorial recovery)→ constative aorist (single decisive recovery)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / restore / bring back'; here transitive, 'recovered/restored (Ailath) to Aram', i.e., wrested the port back to Aramean control; renders הֵשִׁיב.

ΡαασσωνRezinsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΡαασσων: see v. 5; the Aramean king who recovers Ailath.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ραασσων→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'king of Aram'.

Συρίαςof AramGenitivegenitive of relationship (Rezin's kingdom)→ relational specificationΣυρία: see v. 5; the Aramean realm.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the place-name Αιλαθ, marking its case)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΑιλαθAilathdirect object of ἐπέστρεψεν (indeclinable place-name, marked accusative by τήν)→ participant identificationΑιλαθ: transliteration of Hebrew אֵילַת (Elath/Eloth), the Red-Sea port near the Gulf of Aqaba; indeclinable, its case shown by the article τήν.

τῇforDativearticle (with Συρίᾳ, dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΣυρίᾳAram / SyriaDativedative of advantage (recovered 'for Aram')→ sphere or referenceΣυρία: here dative of advantage, 'for/to Aram' — the beneficiary of the recovery of the port.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐξέβαλενdrove outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκβάλλωmain verb (expulsion)→ constative aorist (the expulsion)ἐκβάλλω: 'throw out / drive out / expel'; renders גֵּרֵשׁ / נִשֵּׁל; here of the expulsion of the Judean population from the recovered port.

τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with Ιουδαίους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΙουδαίουςJudeansAccusativedirect object of ἐξέβαλεν (gentilic substantive)→ object specificationΙουδαῖος: 'Judean / Jew'; gentilic adjective used substantively; renders יְהוּדִי; here the Judahites garrisoning/inhabiting Ailath who are expelled.

ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ before vowel): 'out of / from'; marks the place of expulsion.

ΑιλαθAilathgenitive object of ἐξ (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑιλαθ: see above; the port from which the Judeans are driven.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ΙδουμαῖοιEdomitesNominativesubject of ἦλθον (gentilic substantive)→ participant prominenceΙδουμαῖος: 'Edomite / Idumean'; gentilic substantive rendering אֲדֹמִי; the textual variant Aram/Edom reflects the graphic similarity of Hebrew אֲרָם/אֱדוֹם; here Edomites resettle the port.

ἦλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (resettlement movement)→ constative aorist (the influx)ἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; here of the Edomites' arrival to occupy the vacated port.

εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).

ΑιλαθAilathaccusative of direction (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑιλαθ: see above; the destination of the Edomite resettlement.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

κατῴκησανsettledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατοικέωmain verb (settlement)→ constative aorist (permanent settlement)κατοικέω: 'dwell / settle / inhabit'; renders יָשַׁב; the aorist with the 'to this day' coda marks the settlement as permanent.

ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (locating the settlement)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; locates the Edomite settlement in Ailath.

ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; in ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day') it is the standard etiological formula marking a lasting state from the narrator's vantage.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (temporal terminus)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; in the formula ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης it marks the narrator's present as the terminus of the enduring situation.

ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the proximal demonstrative in the etiological formula 'to this day'.

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Αχαζ ἀγγέλους πρὸς Θαγλαθφελλασαρ βασιλέα Ἀσσυρίων λέγων δοῦλός σου καὶ υἱός σου ἐγώ ἀνάβηθι καὶ σῶσόν με ἐκ χειρὸς βασιλέως Συρίας καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς βασιλέως Ισραηλ τῶν ἐπανισταμένων ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ

And Ahaz sent messengers to Tiglath-Pileser king of the Assyrians, saying, 'I am your servant and your son; come up and save me from the hand of the king of Aram and from the hand of the king of Israel, who are rising up against me.'

Ahaz's appeal to Assyria (vassal embassy and plea)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Αχαζ

The crisis prompts the fateful embassy to Assyria; the self-abasing vassal confession δοῦλός σου καὶ υἱός σου ἐγώ ('I am your servant and your son') makes Ahaz a political and theological client of Tiglath-Pileser rather than of YHWH (contrast Isaiah's counsel of faith, Isa 7), and the imperatives ἀνάβηθι … σῶσόν transfer to the Assyrian the deliverance language properly owed to God.

Word-by-word analysis· 32 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of embassy)→ constative aorist (the sending of the embassy)ἀποστέλλω: 'send / send off (with a commission)'; renders שָׁלַח; the verb of official dispatch, here of the diplomatic embassy to Assyria.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the sender of the embassy.

ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationἄγγελος: 'messenger / envoy' (here human, not angelic); renders מַלְאָךְ; the diplomatic envoys carrying Ahaz's plea.

πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction/recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to / toward'; marks the recipient of the embassy.

ΘαγλαθφελλασαρTiglath-Pileserobject of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΘαγλαθφελλασαρ: transliteration of Hebrew תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר (Tiglath-Pileser III), king of Assyria; indeclinable in the LXX; the imperial overlord whose aid Ahaz seeks.

βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Θαγλαθφελλασαρ→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title 'king of the Assyrians' in apposition to Tiglath-Pileser.

Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive of relationship (gentilic: the people he rules)→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: 'Assyrian'; gentilic substantive rendering אַשּׁוּר; βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων ('king of the Assyrians') is the standard LXX title for the Assyrian monarch.

λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the participle λέγων is the LXX's standard speech-introducing device (rendering לֵאמֹר), introducing the verbatim content of the message.

δοῦλόςservantNominativepredicate nominative (with implied 'I am')→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders עֶבֶד; the vassal self-designation δοῦλός σου ('your servant') is the formal language of submission to a suzerain.

σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δοῦλος)→ relational specificationσύ: 'you'; the genitive σου marks Ahaz as Tiglath-Pileser's own servant.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

υἱόςsonNominativepredicate nominative (with implied 'I am')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; in suzerain-vassal treaty language 'son' designates the subordinate party; here Ahaz's abasement intensifies (servant and son), surrendering Judah's covenant sonship to YHWH for political clientship.

σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱός)→ relational specificationσύ: 'you'; the genitive completes the vassal-son formula.

ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic personal pronoun, supplying the copular 'am')→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I'; the pronoun fronts/closes the verbless confession 'your servant and your son [am] I', heightening the self-subordination.

ἀνάβηθιcome upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (imperative plea)→ aorist imperative (urgent request for action)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / march up'; the aorist imperative ἀνάβηθι summons the Assyrian to a military campaign of relief — the same verb used of the coalition's advance in v. 5, now turned against them.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining imperatives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

σῶσόνsaveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · σῴζωmain verb (imperative plea)→ aorist imperative (urgent appeal for deliverance)σῴζω: 'save / deliver / rescue'; renders הוֹשִׁיעַ; the imperative σῶσόν με directs to Assyria the deliverance-language ordinarily addressed to YHWH — the theological irony of Ahaz's faithlessness.

μεmeAccusativedirect object of σῶσον→ participant referenceἐγώ: 'me'; the enclitic accusative object of the plea for rescue.

ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation/deliverance)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; in ἐκ χειρός ('from the hand of') it renders the Hebrew מִיַּד, the idiom for deliverance from an enemy's power.

χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (idiom: 'from the hand/power of')→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός is a Hebraism (מִיַּד) for 'from the power/grip of', the standard deliverance idiom.

βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (whose hand: 'the king of Aram')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Rezin, 'the king of Aram', the first enemy named.

Συρίαςof AramGenitivegenitive of relationship (the kingdom)→ relational specificationΣυρία: see v. 5; Rezin's Aramean kingdom.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two foes)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation/deliverance, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: the repeated ἐκ χειρός parallels the two enemy kings, emphasizing the double threat.

χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (idiom, repeated)→ relational specificationχείρ: see above; the second 'hand' of the deliverance idiom.

βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (whose hand: 'the king of Israel')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Pekah, 'the king of Israel', the second enemy.

Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: the northern kingdom)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; Pekah's northern kingdom.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with the participle ἐπανισταμένων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἐπανισταμένωνwho are rising upPres Mid Ptcp Gen Pl Masc · ἐπανίσταμαιattributive participle (describing the two kings)→ durative present participle (ongoing hostility)ἐπανίσταμαι: 'rise up against / attack'; the articular participle τῶν ἐπανισταμένων ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ ('who are rising up against me') characterizes the two enemy kings as aggressors; the genitive plural is loosely construed with the preceding kings.

ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here hostile, 'against'; ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ completes the participial phrase.

ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of ἐπί (emphatic accusative)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic accusative ἐμέ; Ahaz casts himself as the personal target of the coalition's aggression.

καὶ ἔλαβεν Αχαζ τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ τὸ χρυσίον τὸ εὑρεθὲν ἐν θησαυροῖς οἴκου κυρίου καὶ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἀπέστειλεν τῷ βασιλεῖ δῶρα

And Ahaz took the silver and the gold that was found in the treasuries of the house of the LORD and of the house of the king, and he sent them to the king as a gift.

The temple tribute: payment for Assyrian aidκαὶ ἔλαβεν Αχαζ

Ahaz funds his appeal by plundering both the temple treasury (οἴκου κυρίου) and the royal treasury (οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως); the term δῶρα ('gift / present') euphemizes the tribute that purchases Assyrian intervention, foreshadowing the temple's later subordination 'because of the king of Assyria' (v. 18).

Word-by-word analysis· 23 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (seizure of treasury wealth)→ constative aorist (the act of taking)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; renders לָקַח; here of Ahaz's appropriation of the temple and palace bullion for tribute.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the agent of the temple plunder.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἀργύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀργύριονsilverAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; the silver-and-gold pairing denotes the precious-metal reserves of the temple and palace.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with χρυσίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χρυσίονgoldAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (coordinate with ἀργύριον)→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold'; renders זָהָב; the second component of the bullion taken as tribute.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with the participle εὑρεθέν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εὑρεθὲνthat was foundAor Pass Ptcp Acc Sg Neut · εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying silver/gold: 'that was found')→ constative aorist participle (the treasure as located)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; the passive participle τὸ εὑρεθέν ('that which was found') qualifies the silver and gold as the whole available reserve in the treasuries.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).

θησαυροῖςtreasuriesDativedative of place (where the wealth was stored)→ sphere or referenceθησαυρός: 'treasury / storehouse / treasure'; renders אוֹצָר / אוֹצְרוֹת; the temple and palace strongrooms holding the precious-metal reserves.

οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of possession (whose treasuries: 'of the house of the LORD')→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; οἶκος κυρίου ('house of the LORD') is the standard LXX designation of the Jerusalem temple.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (whose house: the LORD's)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the temple is YHWH's house, making Ahaz's plundering of it a sacrilege.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of possession (coordinate: 'of the house of the king')→ relational specificationοἶκος: here οἶκος τοῦ βασιλέως ('house of the king') is the royal palace and its treasury, the second source of the tribute.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (whose house: the king's)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Ahaz himself, whose palace treasury is also tapped.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of tribute)→ constative aorist (the sending)ἀποστέλλω: 'send'; here of the dispatch of the tribute to the Assyrian king, parallel to the embassy of v. 7.

τῷtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεῖkingDativedative of recipient (to the Assyrian king)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dative recipient is Tiglath-Pileser, to whom the tribute is sent.

δῶραa gift / presentsAccusativeaccusative in apposition / object (the tribute sent)→ object specificationδῶρον: 'gift / present / tribute'; renders שֹׁחַד / מִנְחָה; the plural δῶρα euphemistically designates the tribute-payment that secures Assyrian intervention — politically a bribe, theologically a betrayal of trust in YHWH.

καὶ ἤκουσεν αὐτοῦ βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων καὶ ἀνέβη βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων εἰς Δαμασκὸν καὶ συνέλαβεν αὐτὴν καὶ ἀπῴκισεν αὐτὴν καὶ τὸν Ραασσων ἐθανάτωσεν

And the king of the Assyrians listened to him, and the king of the Assyrians went up to Damascus and captured it and deported it, and he put Rezin to death.

Assyrian response: the fall of Damascus and death of Rezinκαὶ ἤκουσεν αὐτοῦ

The Assyrian king's compliance (ἤκουσεν αὐτοῦ, 'listened to him') triggers a swift chain of conquest verbs — captured, deported, killed — that dismantles the Aramean threat; the deportation (ἀπῴκισεν) and execution of Rezin fulfill Ahaz's plea of v. 7 but bind Judah ever more tightly to Assyrian overlordship.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἤκουσενlistened / heededAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (favorable response)→ constative aorist (the act of heeding)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen / heed'; renders שָׁמַע; with the genitive object αὐτοῦ it means 'listened to / granted the request of' — the Assyrian accedes to Ahaz's plea.

αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσεν (the person heeded)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; the genitive complement of ἀκούω ('listened to him'), i.e., to Ahaz.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἤκουσεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the Assyrian monarch (Tiglath-Pileser) is the subject.

Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive of relationship (gentilic title)→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: see v. 7; βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων is the fixed Assyrian royal title.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (military campaign)→ constative aorist (the campaign)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / march up'; the campaign verb, here fulfilling the ἀνάβηθι of Ahaz's plea (v. 7).

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἀνέβη (resumptive repetition)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the Assyrian king, restated as subject of the campaign — a Hebraizing resumptive repetition.

Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive of relationship (gentilic title, repeated)→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: the repeated title; the doubling 'king of the Assyrians … king of the Assyrians' is characteristic Hebraizing redundancy.

εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).

ΔαμασκὸνDamascusAccusativeaccusative of direction (the target city)→ object specificationΔαμασκός: 'Damascus' (Hebrew דַּמֶּשֶׂק), the Aramean capital; declined as a second-declension noun (acc. Δαμασκόν); the objective of the Assyrian campaign.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

συνέλαβενcapturedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συλλαμβάνωmain verb (capture of the city)→ constative aorist (the capture)συλλαμβάνω: 'seize / capture / take'; renders תָּפַשׂ / לָכַד; here of the military capture of Damascus.

αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of συνέλαβεν (referring to Δαμασκόν, fem.)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it / her'; the feminine pronoun refers to Damascus (feminine), the captured city.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπῴκισενdeportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποικίζωmain verb (deportation of the population)→ constative aorist (the deportation)ἀποικίζω: 'remove / send into exile / deport / resettle'; renders הִגְלָה; the standard Assyrian policy of population deportation, here applied to Damascus.

αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἀπῴκισεν (the city/its people)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it / her'; refers to Damascus (by metonymy its inhabitants) carried off into exile.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the proper noun Ραασσων, marking its case)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΡαασσωνRezindirect object of ἐθανάτωσεν (indeclinable, marked accusative by τόν)→ participant identificationΡαασσων: see v. 5; the Aramean king, here the object of execution; his case is shown by the article τόν.

ἐθανάτωσενput to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (execution of Rezin)→ constative aorist (the execution)θανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; the climactic verb closes the Aramean threat with Rezin's execution, completing the deliverance Ahaz had requested.

καὶ ἐπορεύθη βασιλεὺς Αχαζ εἰς ἀπαντὴν τῷ Θαγλαθφελλασαρ βασιλεῖ Ἀσσυρίων εἰς Δαμασκόν καὶ εἶδεν τὸ θυσιαστήριον ἐν Δαμασκῷ καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Αχαζ πρὸς Ουριαν τὸν ἱερέα τὸ ὁμοίωμα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ τὸν ῥυθμὸν αὐτοῦ εἰς πᾶσαν ποίησιν αὐτοῦ

And King Ahaz went to Damascus to meet Tiglath-Pileser king of the Assyrians, and he saw the altar that was in Damascus; and King Ahaz sent to Uriah the priest the likeness of the altar and its design, for its whole construction.

Narrative shift: the Damascus altar and its replication orderedκαὶ ἐπορεύθη βασιλεὺς Αχαζ

The central panel of the chapter opens: Ahaz's homage-visit to his overlord at Damascus becomes the occasion for cultic innovation; seeing a foreign altar, he dispatches its ὁμοίωμα ('likeness') and ῥυθμός ('design/proportion') to Uriah the priest — the king, not the priest, initiates and specifies the new temple altar, inverting proper cultic authority.

Word-by-word analysis· 39 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (journey to Damascus)→ constative aorist (the journey)πορεύομαι: 'go / travel'; the deponent aorist passive ἐπορεύθη of Ahaz's journey to render homage to his Assyrian suzerain.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Αχαζ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title 'King Ahaz' (βασιλεὺς Αχαζ) recurs as a fixed designation through the central panel.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the traveler to Damascus.

εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς ἀπαντήν: 'to meet / to a meeting with', a Hebraism (לִקְרַאת) for going to encounter someone.

ἀπαντὴνa meetingAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς: 'to meet')→ object specificationἀπάντησις / ἀπαντή: 'meeting / encounter'; in the idiom εἰς ἀπαντήν ('to meet') it renders לִקְרַאת, the standard Hebraism for going out to meet a person.

τῷtheDativearticle (with the dative of the one met)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΘαγλαθφελλασαρTiglath-Pileserdative of the person met (indeclinable, marked dative by τῷ)→ participant identificationΘαγλαθφελλασαρ: see v. 7; the Assyrian overlord whom Ahaz goes to meet; case shown by the article τῷ.

βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Θαγλαθφελλασαρ→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; in apposition, 'king of the Assyrians'.

Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive of relationship (gentilic title)→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: see v. 7; the royal title.

εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).

ΔαμασκόνDamascusAccusativeaccusative of direction (destination)→ object specificationΔαμασκός: see v. 9; the place of the meeting, now under Assyrian control.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (perception that prompts the innovation)→ constative aorist (the act of seeing)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / behold'; renders רָאָה; Ahaz's seeing of the foreign altar is the catalyst for the cultic innovation that follows.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar' (lit. 'place of sacrifice'); renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the foreign altar at Damascus that Ahaz will have copied for the Jerusalem temple.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).

ΔαμασκῷDamascusDativedative of place (where the altar stood)→ sphere or referenceΔαμασκός: see v. 9; here dative of place, locating the altar Ahaz saw.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of the altar pattern)→ constative aorist (the sending)ἀποστέλλω: 'send'; here of sending the altar's design to the priest in Jerusalem ahead of the king's return.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (resumptive: 'King Ahaz')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the resumptive subject ὁ βασιλεὺς Αχαζ emphasizes the king's personal initiative in the cultic change.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable, in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the initiator of the altar project.

πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to'; marks the recipient of the dispatched design.

ΟυριανUriahAccusativeobject of πρός (recipient of the design)→ object specificationΟυριας: transliteration of Hebrew אוּרִיָּה (Uriah), the priest; declined as a first-declension masculine (acc. Ουριαν); the compliant priest who executes the king's cultic order.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἱερέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱερέαpriestAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ουριαν→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; Uriah's priestly office makes his compliance with the king's altar-order all the more significant a cultic capitulation.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὁμοίωμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁμοίωμαlikeness / patternAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν (what was sent)→ object specificationὁμοίωμα: 'likeness / copy / model / pattern'; renders דְּמוּת / תַּבְנִית; the scale-model or drawing of the Damascus altar sent to the priest as a template.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose likeness)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: see above; the foreign altar of which the ὁμοίωμα is a copy.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ῥυθμόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ῥυθμὸνdesign / proportionAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ὁμοίωμα: 'its design')→ object specificationῥυθμός: 'measured form / proportion / design / structure'; here the detailed specifications/proportions of the altar accompanying the model, ensuring an exact replica.

αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's design)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; refers to the altar, whose proportions are specified.

εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: here expressing purpose, 'for (its whole construction)'.

πᾶσανwhole / everyAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ποίησιν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; here 'for its whole/entire construction', stressing complete fidelity to the model.

ποίησινconstruction / workmanshipAccusativeaccusative of purpose (with εἰς)→ object specificationποίησις: 'making / construction / workmanship'; here the fabrication of the new altar according to the sent pattern and design.

αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's construction)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its'; refers again to the altar to be built.

καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν Ουριας ὁ ἱερεὺς τὸ θυσιαστήριον κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Αχαζ ἐκ Δαμασκοῦ

And Uriah the priest built the altar according to all that King Ahaz had sent from Damascus.

Priestly compliance: the altar built to specificationκαὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν Ουριας

Uriah's obedience is reported with the compliance-formula κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('according to all that'), underscoring exact conformity to the king's instructions; the priest executes the project before Ahaz's return (the new altar is ready when the king arrives in v. 12), signaling the subordination of the priesthood to royal cultic will.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (construction of the altar)→ constative aorist (the building completed)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / construct'; renders בָּנָה; here of Uriah's construction of the replica altar according to the sent design.

ΟυριαςUriahNominativesubject of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ participant prominenceΟυριας: see v. 10; here nominative subject, the priest who builds the altar.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Ουριας→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the priestly title again marks the gravity of his compliance.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the new altar built to the Damascus pattern.

κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; introduces the compliance-formula κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('according to all that').

πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά: 'all things')→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / everything'; in κατὰ πάντα ὅσα the totalizing 'all that' stresses complete conformity to the royal directive.

ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (introducing the content of the instructions)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; the correlative relative completing the compliance-formula, 'all that (the king) sent'.

ἀπέστειλενhad sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of relative clause (the instructions sent)→ constative aorist (the prior dispatch)ἀποστέλλω: 'send'; here of the instructions/design Ahaz had dispatched from Damascus (v. 10).

ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἀπέστειλεν (in apposition to Αχαζ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; 'King Ahaz' as the source of the design.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable, in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the sender of the instructions.

ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from'; marks Damascus as the place from which Ahaz sent the design.

ΔαμασκοῦDamascusGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationΔαμασκός: see v. 9; here genitive of source, 'from Damascus', where Ahaz still was.

καὶ εἶδεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ ἀνέβη ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ

And the king saw the altar, and he went up upon it.

Royal inspection and ascent of the new altarκαὶ εἶδεν ὁ βασιλεὺς

On his return the king inspects the finished altar and himself 'goes up' upon it (ἀνέβη ἐπ᾿ αὐτό); the king's personal officiating at the altar — a priestly act — continues the theme of royal usurpation of cultic prerogative and prepares for the personal offerings he makes in v. 13.

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (inspection)→ constative aorist (the act of seeing)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / behold'; here Ahaz inspects the completed altar on his return — an echo of his seeing the original in Damascus (v. 10).

ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of εἶδεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Ahaz, who inspects and then officiates at the altar.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the newly built altar inspected by the king.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (ascent to officiate)→ constative aorist (the ascent)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; here of Ahaz ascending the altar's ramp/steps to officiate — a king performing a priestly act.

ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (direction onto, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon / onto'; ἐπ᾿ αὐτό marks the altar as the place ascended.

αὐτὸitAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the altar)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the neuter refers to τὸ θυσιαστήριον, the altar Ahaz ascends.

καὶ ἐθυμίασεν τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν θυσίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν σπονδὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ προσέχεεν τὸ αἷμα τῶν εἰρηνικῶν τῶν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον

And he offered up in smoke his whole-burnt offering and his grain offering and his libation, and he poured out the blood of his peace-offerings upon the altar.

The king's inaugural offerings on the new altarκαὶ ἐθυμίασεν

Ahaz inaugurates the new altar with a full sacrificial sequence — whole-burnt offering, grain offering, libation, and the blood of peace-offerings — each marked 'his' (αὐτοῦ), stressing the king's personal officiation; the cluster of cultic technical terms (ὁλοκαύτωσις, θυσία, σπονδή, εἰρηνικά) shows the Greek translator deploying the standard Levitical sacrificial vocabulary.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐθυμίασενoffered up in smokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θυμιάωmain verb (offering by burning)→ constative aorist (the inaugural offering)θυμιάω: 'burn (as incense/smoke) / offer up in smoke'; renders הִקְטִיר; here extended to the burning of the whole-burnt and grain offerings on the new altar.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁλοκαύτωσινwhole-burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of ἐθυμίασεν→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: 'whole-burnt offering / holocaust'; renders עֹלָה; the offering wholly consumed by fire, the chief regular sacrifice.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὁλοκαύτωσιν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the possessive marks the king's personal offering.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object (coordinate with ὁλοκαύτωσιν)→ object specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / offering'; here specifically the cereal/grain offering (rendering מִנְחָה), paired with the burnt offering in the regular cult.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θυσίαν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the king's grain offering.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σπονδήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σπονδὴνlibation / drink offeringAccusativedirect object (coordinate with the others)→ object specificationσπονδή: 'drink offering / libation'; renders נֶסֶךְ; the wine poured out accompanying the burnt and grain offerings.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying σπονδήν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the king's libation.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

προσέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσχέωmain verb (blood manipulation)→ constative aorist (the pouring)προσχέω: 'pour upon / dash against'; renders זָרַק; the technical verb for the blood-rite of dashing the sacrificial blood against the altar.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with αἷμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of προσέχεεν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; renders דָּם; the sacrificial blood applied to the altar, the central element of the peace-offering rite.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with εἰρηνικῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εἰρηνικῶνpeace-offeringsGenitivegenitive of source (whose blood: the peace-offerings')→ relational specificationεἰρηνικός: 'pertaining to peace'; the substantive τὰ εἰρηνικά renders שְׁלָמִים ('peace/fellowship offerings'), the shared sacrifices whose blood is dashed on the altar.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with αὐτοῦ, resumptive: 'those of his')→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (in the articular phrase τῶν αὐτοῦ: 'his own')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; the articular τῶν αὐτοῦ ('those that are his') reinforces that these are the king's own peace-offerings.

ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction onto)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; marks the altar as the surface on which the blood is dashed.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the new altar)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the new Damascus-pattern altar receives the king's blood-offerings.

καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χαλκοῦν τὸ ἀπέναντι κυρίου καὶ προσήγαγεν ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ οἴκου κυρίου ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ οἴκου κυρίου καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὸ ἐπὶ μηρὸν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου κατὰ βορρᾶν

And as for the bronze altar that was before the LORD, he brought it forward from the front of the house of the LORD, from between the altar and the house of the LORD, and he placed it on the flank of the altar, toward the north.

Displacement of the legitimate bronze altarκαὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χαλκοῦν

The fronted, casus-pendens phrase τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χαλκοῦν ('the bronze altar') topicalizes the legitimate Solomonic altar that stood ἀπέναντι κυρίου ('before the LORD'); Ahaz removes it from its central place between altar and temple to the subordinate northern flank, demoting the divinely sanctioned altar in favor of his pagan-modeled one.

Word-by-word analysis· 38 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον, fronted as topic)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativefronted object (casus pendens, resumed by αὐτό; object of προσήγαγεν)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; here the original bronze altar, fronted as the topic of the displacement and resumed by αὐτό later in the verse.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with χαλκοῦν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χαλκοῦνbronzeAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ object specificationχαλκοῦς: 'made of bronze/copper'; renders נְחֹשֶׁת; identifies the Solomonic bronze altar, the legitimate altar now being displaced.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with the adverbial phrase ἀπέναντι κυρίου, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀπέναντιbefore / oppositeimproper preposition + genitive (attributive: 'that was before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἀπέναντι: 'opposite / before / in front of'; an improper preposition with the genitive; the articular phrase τὸ ἀπέναντι κυρίου ('the one before the LORD') marks the bronze altar's place of honor before YHWH.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἀπέναντι→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the altar 'before the LORD' stood in YHWH's presence, sharpening the offense of its demotion.

καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming after the fronted topic)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

προσήγαγενbrought forwardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσάγωmain verb (relocation of the altar)→ constative aorist (the relocation)προσάγω: 'bring near / bring forward / move'; here of moving the bronze altar away from its central position; the verb governs the fronted altar resumed by αὐτό.

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the front')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ προσώπου: 'from before / from the front of'; a Hebraism (מִפְּנֵי / מֵאֵת פְּנֵי) for removal from a position.

προσώπουface / frontGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (idiom: 'from the front of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / front'; in ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ οἴκου ('from the front of the house') it locates the original position the altar is moved from.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of relationship (the temple's front)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, before whose front (façade) the bronze altar had stood.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (whose house)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; οἶκος κυρίου, the temple.

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation, with the articular ἀνὰ μέσον)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνὰ μέσον: 'from the space between'; the articular substantivization of the prepositional phrase ἀνὰ μέσον.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing ἀνὰ μέσον)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀνὰinpreposition (in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον: 'between')→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: in the fixed locution ἀνὰ μέσον ('in the midst of / between') it renders Hebrew בֵּין, marking position between two points.

μέσονmidst / betweenAccusativeaccusative (in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον)→ object specificationμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ('between the [new] altar...') marks the space the bronze altar is removed from.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive (one pole of the 'between': the new altar)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; here the new altar, one boundary of the space between which the bronze altar had stood.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the second 'between' phrase)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνὰ μέσον: the repeated phrase marks the second pole of the position.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing ἀνὰ μέσον, repeated)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἀνὰinpreposition (in the fixed phrase ἀνὰ μέσον, repeated)→ spatial or relational framingἀνά: see above; the repeated ἀνὰ μέσον marks the second boundary.

μέσονmidst / betweenAccusativeaccusative (in the fixed phrase, repeated)→ object specificationμέσος: see above; 'between... and the house of the LORD'.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (the other pole of the 'between': the temple)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, the other boundary; the bronze altar had stood between the new altar and the temple façade.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (whose house)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; οἶκος κυρίου, the temple.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔδωκενplaced / setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (placement of the displaced altar)→ constative aorist (the placement)δίδωμι: 'give / put / place'; renders נָתַן, which in the locative sense means 'set/place'; here of setting the bronze altar in its new, subordinate position.

αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (resuming the fronted θυσιαστήριον)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; the neuter pronoun resumes the fronted bronze altar (casus pendens) as object of the placement.

ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position: 'on the flank')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'on / at'; marks the new, lateral position of the bronze altar.

μηρὸνflank / sideAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the lateral position)→ object specificationμηρός: lit. 'thigh', here metaphorically 'flank / side'; renders יֶרֶךְ ('side/flank'); the bronze altar is shunted to the side of the new altar.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θυσιαστηρίου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose flank: the new altar's)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; here the new altar, on whose side the bronze altar is now positioned.

κατὰtowardpreposition + accusative (direction: 'toward the north')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: here directional, 'toward / on the side of'; κατὰ βορρᾶν, 'toward the north'.

βορρᾶνnorthAccusativeaccusative of direction (with κατά)→ object specificationβορρᾶς: 'north / north wind'; renders צָפוֹן; specifies the northern side as the bronze altar's demoted location.

καὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεὺς Αχαζ τῷ Ουρια τῷ ἱερεῖ λέγων ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ μέγα πρόσφερε τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν τὴν πρωινὴν καὶ τὴν θυσίαν τὴν ἑσπερινὴν καὶ τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ τὴν θυσίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν ὁλοκαύτωσιν παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ τὴν θυσίαν αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν σπονδὴν αὐτῶν καὶ πᾶν αἷμα ὁλοκαυτώσεως καὶ πᾶν αἷμα θυσίας ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸ προσχεεῖς καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χαλκοῦν ἔσται μοι εἰς τὸ πρωί

And King Ahaz commanded Uriah the priest, saying, 'On the great altar offer the morning whole-burnt offering and the evening grain offering, and the king's whole-burnt offering and his grain offering, and the whole-burnt offering of all the people and their grain offering and their libation; and all the blood of the whole-burnt offering and all the blood of sacrifice you shall pour upon it; but the bronze altar shall be mine for the inquiry.'

Royal cultic decree: the new altar made the official altarκαὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεὺς Αχαζ

The longest verse of the chapter is the king's standing decree to Uriah: the new 'great altar' (τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ μέγα) is to receive every category of public sacrifice — morning and evening, royal and popular, with all the blood-rites — while the legitimate bronze altar is reserved for the king's private 'inquiry' (εἰς τὸ πρωί / 'for me to inquire'). The decree institutionalizes the cultic reordering, completing the usurpation begun in v. 10.

Word-by-word analysis· 69 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (royal command)→ constative aorist (the issuing of the decree)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge / give orders'; renders צִוָּה; the verb of authoritative royal instruction, here establishing the new cultic order.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Αχαζ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; King Ahaz, who issues the cultic decree.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable, in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the commanding king.

τῷtheDativearticle (with Ουρια, marking dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ΟυριαUriahDativedative of indirect object (the one commanded)→ sphere or referenceΟυριας: see v. 10; here dative (Ουρια) as the recipient of the king's command.

τῷtheDativearticle (with ἱερεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱερεῖpriestDativedative in apposition to Ουρια→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; Uriah's office, again stressed as he receives the cultic decree.

λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the speech-introducing participle λέγων (rendering לֵאמֹר) introduces the verbatim royal decree.

ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (fronted: 'on the great altar')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'on / upon'; the fronted prepositional phrase emphasizes the new altar as the locus of all offerings.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the locus of offerings)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the new altar, here titled 'the great altar'.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μέγα, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μέγαgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great / large'; τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ μέγα ('the great altar') is the new altar's official designation — its very title displaces the bronze altar's primacy.

πρόσφερεofferPres Act Impv 2 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb of the decree (imperative)→ durative present imperative (standing/habitual command)προσφέρω: 'bring / offer / present (a sacrifice)'; renders הִקְרִיב; the present imperative gives a standing order for the regular offerings on the new altar.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁλοκαύτωσινwhole-burnt offeringAccusativedirect object of πρόσφερε→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: 'whole-burnt offering'; see v. 13; here the morning burnt offering of the regular daily cult.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πρωινήν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρωινὴνmorningAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ὁλοκαύτωσιν)→ object specificationπρωινός: 'of the morning / early'; renders בֹּקֶר; specifies the morning burnt offering (the תָּמִיד of dawn).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationθυσία: see v. 13; here the evening grain offering of the daily cult.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἑσπερινήν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἑσπερινὴνeveningAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσίαν)→ object specificationἑσπερινός: 'of the evening'; renders עֶרֶב; specifies the evening offering, completing the morning–evening daily pair (תָּמִיד).

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁλοκαύτωσινwhole-burnt offeringAccusativedirect object (coordinate: the king's burnt offering)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: here the king's personal burnt offering, distinguished from the daily and popular ones.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (whose burnt offering)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; Ahaz himself, whose royal offering is also to be made on the new altar.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object (coordinate: the king's grain offering)→ object specificationθυσία: 'grain offering'; the king's accompanying cereal offering.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θυσίαν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; refers to the king.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ὁλοκαύτωσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὁλοκαύτωσινwhole-burnt offeringAccusativedirect object (coordinate: the people's burnt offering)→ object specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: here the burnt offering of the whole people, the third category alongside daily and royal.

παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying λαοῦ)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ ('of all the people') universalizes the popular offering.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with λαοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession (whose burnt offering)→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the whole congregation of Judah, whose offerings are now centralized on the new altar.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυσίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσίανgrain offeringAccusativedirect object (coordinate: the people's grain offering)→ object specificationθυσία: 'grain offering'; the people's accompanying cereal offering.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying θυσίαν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; refers to the people.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with σπονδήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

σπονδὴνlibationAccusativedirect object (coordinate: the people's libation)→ object specificationσπονδή: 'libation / drink offering'; the people's accompanying wine offering.

αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying σπονδήν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their'; refers to the people.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the blood-rite clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πᾶνallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying αἷμα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶν αἷμα ('all the blood') extends the blood-rite to every offering.

αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of προσχεεῖς→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the sacrificial blood of the burnt offering to be dashed on the altar.

ὁλοκαυτώσεωςof whole-burnt offeringGenitivegenitive of source (whose blood)→ relational specificationὁλοκαύτωσις: 'whole-burnt offering'; here the genitive source of the blood, 'the blood of the burnt offering'.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

πᾶνallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying αἷμα, repeated)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the repeated πᾶν αἷμα stresses the totality of the blood-rite.

αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of προσχεεῖς (coordinate)→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; the blood of the (slain) sacrifice, paired with that of the burnt offering.

θυσίαςof sacrificeGenitivegenitive of source (whose blood)→ relational specificationθυσία: 'sacrifice / slain offering'; here the genitive source of the second 'all the blood'.

ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (direction onto, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; ἐπ᾿ αὐτό marks the new altar as the surface for the blood-rite.

αὐτὸitAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the new altar)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it'; refers to the great new altar.

προσχεεῖςyou shall pourFut Act Indic 2 Sg · προσχέωmain verb (future with imperatival force)→ imperatival future (binding command)προσχέω: 'pour upon / dash against'; see v. 13; the future προσχεεῖς has imperatival force ('you shall pour'), binding Uriah to perform all blood-rites on the new altar.

καὶbutconjunction (adversative-contrastive here)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative ('but'), introducing the contrasting fate of the bronze altar.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with θυσιαστήριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θυσιαστήριονaltarNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; here the displaced bronze altar, the subject of the reservation clause.

τὸtheNominativearticle (with χαλκοῦν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χαλκοῦνbronzeNominativeattributive adjective (modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ participant prominenceχαλκοῦς: 'bronze'; see v. 14; identifies the displaced Solomonic altar.

ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copular, reservation clause)→ predictive future (the altar's reserved future use)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the copula of the reservation: the bronze altar 'shall be mine for the inquiry'.

μοιfor meDativedative of possession/advantage (the king reserves it)→ participant reference or interestἐγώ: 'for me'; the dative of possession marks the king's private reservation of the bronze altar.

εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: here of purpose, 'for (the inquiring)'.

τὸtheAccusativearticle (with πρωί, substantivizing it)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πρωίinquiry / morningAccusativesubstantivized adverb (object of εἰς: 'for the inquiring')→ object specificationπρωί: lit. 'early / morning'; the substantivized τὸ πρωί likely renders Hebrew לְבַקֵּר ('to inquire / seek an oracle'), the translator reading בקר as 'inquire' rather than 'morning'; thus the bronze altar is reserved for the king's private divinatory 'inquiry' — a notable interpretive crux of the Greek.

καὶ ἐποίησεν Ουριας ὁ ἱερεὺς κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεὺς Αχαζ

And Uriah the priest did according to all that King Ahaz had commanded him.

Priestly execution of the decree (compliance-formula)καὶ ἐποίησεν Ουριας

The compliance-formula κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐνετείλατο ('according to all that he commanded'), echoing v. 11, closes the central panel: the priest fully implements the king's cultic reordering, sealing the priesthood's subordination to royal innovation.

Word-by-word analysis· 13 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (execution of the command)→ constative aorist (the compliant action)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; here of Uriah's full execution of the royal decree.

ΟυριαςUriahNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν→ participant prominenceΟυριας: see v. 10; the compliant priest.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with ἱερεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἱερεὺςpriestNominativenominative in apposition to Ουριας→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the title again underscores the priestly compliance.

κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; the compliance-formula κατὰ πάντα ὅσα.

πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totalizing 'all that' stresses complete compliance.

ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (introducing the command's content)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; the correlative relative completing the compliance-formula.

ἐνετείλατοhad commandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (the prior command)→ constative aorist (the prior decree)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; see v. 15; here of the king's decree that Uriah now carries out.

αὐτῷhimDativedative of indirect object (the one commanded)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: 'him'; refers to Uriah, the recipient of the command.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο (in apposition to Αχαζ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; King Ahaz, the source of the command.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable, in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the commanding king.

καὶ συνέκοψεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Αχαζ τὰ συγκλείσματα τῶν μεχωνωθ καὶ μετῆρεν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν τὸν λουτῆρα καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν καθεῖλεν ἀπὸ τῶν βοῶν τῶν χαλκῶν τῶν ὑποκάτω αὐτῆς καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὴν ἐπὶ βάσιν λιθίνην

And King Ahaz cut off the panels of the stands and removed the laver from them, and he took down the Sea from the bronze oxen that were beneath it and set it on a stone base.

Despoiling of the temple furnishingsκαὶ συνέκοψεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Αχαζ

The final panel opens with Ahaz's dismantling of the temple's bronze furnishings — the decorated panels of the wheeled stands, the laver, and the great bronze Sea taken down from its twelve oxen onto a mere stone base; the destruction of these Solomonic masterpieces, motivated (v. 18) 'because of the king of Assyria', signals the cultic and political impoverishment that vassalage brings.

Word-by-word analysis· 33 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

συνέκοψενcut off / broke upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συγκόπτωmain verb (dismantling of furnishings)→ constative aorist (the act of cutting)συγκόπτω: 'cut up / break in pieces / hack off'; here of Ahaz's stripping/cutting of the decorative bronze panels from the temple stands.

ὁtheNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (in apposition to Αχαζ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; King Ahaz, agent of the temple despoiling.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable, in apposition to ὁ βασιλεύς)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the despoiler of the temple furnishings.

τὰtheAccusativearticle (with συγκλείσματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

συγκλείσματαpanels / bordersAccusativedirect object of συνέκοψεν→ object specificationσύγκλεισμα: 'enclosed/inset panel / border-frame'; renders מִסְגְּרוֹת ('panels/frames'), the decorated bronze plating set into the frames of the wheeled stands (cf. 1 Kgs 7:28–29).

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with μεχωνωθ)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

μεχωνωθstands / basesgenitive of relationship (indeclinable transliteration: whose panels)→ clausal contributionμεχωνωθ: an untranslated transliteration of Hebrew מְכֹנוֹת ('stands / bases'), the ten wheeled bronze laver-stands of Solomon's temple (1 Kgs 7:27–37); the translator's reticent transliteration of the technical cultic term marks it as indeclinable (case shown by τῶν).

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

μετῆρενremovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταίρωmain verb (removal of the laver)→ constative aorist (the removal)μεταίρω: 'remove / take away / shift'; here of lifting the laver off its dismantled stands.

ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; marks the stands as the place from which the laver is removed.

αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the stands)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'them'; refers to the μεχωνωθ (stands) from which the laver is taken.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λουτῆρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λουτῆραlaver / basinAccusativedirect object of μετῆρεν→ object specificationλουτήρ: 'laver / washing-basin'; renders כִּיּוֹר; the bronze basin mounted on the wheeled stands for cultic washing.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θάλασσαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θάλασσανSeaAccusativedirect object of καθεῖλεν→ object specificationθάλασσα: 'sea'; here the 'bronze Sea' (יָם, the great laver of 1 Kgs 7:23–26), the huge basin resting on twelve bronze oxen — a centerpiece of Solomon's temple.

καθεῖλενtook downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαιρέωmain verb (taking down the Sea)→ constative aorist (the act of lowering)καθαιρέω: 'take down / pull down / remove'; here of lowering the bronze Sea from its supporting oxen.

ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; marks the oxen as the support removed from under the Sea.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with βοῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βοῶνoxenGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the supporting oxen)→ relational specificationβοῦς: 'ox / bull'; renders בָּקָר; the twelve bronze oxen on which the Sea had rested (1 Kgs 7:25).

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with χαλκῶν, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

χαλκῶνbronzeGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying βοῶν)→ relational specificationχαλκοῦς: 'bronze'; identifies the oxen as the bronze ones of Solomon's Sea.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with the adverbial ὑποκάτω, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ὑποκάτωunderneathimproper preposition + genitive (attributive: 'that were beneath it')→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτω: 'underneath / below'; here in the articular phrase τῶν ὑποκάτω αὐτῆς ('those beneath it'), describing the oxen as supports under the Sea.

αὐτῆςitGenitivegenitive object of ὑποκάτω (the Sea, fem.)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'it / her'; refers to the θάλασσα (Sea, feminine), beneath which the oxen stood.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἔδωκενset / placedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (placement of the Sea)→ constative aorist (the placement)δίδωμι: 'put / place'; see v. 14; here of setting the Sea on a humble stone base in place of its bronze oxen.

αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν (the Sea)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'it / her'; refers to the bronze Sea now placed on stone.

ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'on / upon'; marks the new stone base as the Sea's support.

βάσινbase / pedestalAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the new support)→ object specificationβάσις: 'base / pedestal / foot'; the plain support that replaces the artful bronze oxen — a marked aesthetic and cultic downgrade.

λιθίνηνof stoneAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βάσιν)→ object specificationλίθινος: 'made of stone'; renders אֶבֶן; the stone base contrasts pointedly with the bronze oxen, emphasizing the impoverishment of the temple's appointments.

καὶ τὸν θεμέλιον τῆς καθέδρας ᾠκοδόμησεν ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου καὶ τὴν εἴσοδον τοῦ βασιλέως τὴν ἔξω ἐπέστρεψεν ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου ἀπὸ προσώπου βασιλέως Ἀσσυρίων

And he altered the foundation of the seat that had been built in the house of the LORD, and the king's outer entrance he turned into the house of the LORD, because of the king of the Assyrians.

Further structural alterations, motivated by Assyrian overlordshipκαὶ τὸν θεμέλιον τῆς καθέδρας

Ahaz alters two further temple structures — the foundation of the (royal Sabbath) seat and the king's outer entryway — and the verse closes with the chapter's interpretive key: ἀπὸ προσώπου βασιλέως Ἀσσυρίων ('because of / out of deference to the king of Assyria'), exposing the entire program of cultic alteration as an act of submission to the imperial overlord rather than of piety.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with θεμέλιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

θεμέλιονfoundationAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationθεμέλιος: 'foundation / base'; here the substructure of the 'seat' (canopy/dais) that Ahaz reworks; renders מוּסַךְ / a structural term of uncertain Hebrew reference.

τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with καθέδρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

καθέδραςseatGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose foundation)→ relational specificationκαθέδρα: 'seat / chair / sitting-place'; likely the covered royal seat/dais in the temple (the 'covered way for the Sabbath' of the Hebrew, מוּסַךְ הַשַּׁבָּת); its foundation is reworked.

ᾠκοδόμησενbuilt / alteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (structural alteration)→ constative aorist (the reconstruction)οἰκοδομέω: 'build / construct'; here of rebuilding/altering the foundation of the seat — part of the structural reorientation of the temple precinct.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).

οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (where the seat was)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, location of the seat's foundation.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (whose house)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; οἶκος κυρίου, the temple.

καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with εἴσοδον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

εἴσοδονentranceAccusativedirect object of ἐπέστρεψεν→ object specificationεἴσοδος: 'entrance / way in'; renders מָבוֹא; the king's private entryway to the temple, here reoriented.

τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλέωςking'sGenitivegenitive of possession (whose entrance)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the royal entryway to the temple precinct.

τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἔξω, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἔξωouteradverb used attributively (τὴν ἔξω: 'the outer one')→ clausal contributionἔξω: 'outside / outer'; the articular τὴν ἔξω ('the outer') specifies the external/outer royal entrance that is reoriented.

ἐπέστρεψενturned / redirectedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (reorientation of the entrance)→ constative aorist (the redirection)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn back / redirect'; here of reorienting the king's outer entrance into the temple, a structural change made under Assyrian pressure.

ἐνin / intopreposition + dative (place: 'in the house')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: 'in the house').

οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (the temple)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, into which the entrance is reoriented.

κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (whose house)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; οἶκος κυρίου, the temple.

ἀπὸbecause of / frompreposition + genitive (cause: 'because of')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ προσώπου: 'from before / because of'; the Hebraism מִפְּנֵי here has causal force ('because of / out of deference to'), the interpretive key to the whole chapter's alterations.

προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (idiom: 'because of')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; in ἀπὸ προσώπου βασιλέως Ἀσσυρίων it expresses cause/deference — the alterations are made 'on account of' the Assyrian king.

βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship (the Assyrian king)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the Assyrian overlord, in deference to whom the temple is reordered.

Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive of relationship (gentilic title)→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: see v. 7; βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων, the imperial suzerain whose dominance reshapes Judah's temple.

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αχαζ ὅσα ἐποίησεν οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα

And the rest of the acts of Ahaz, all that he did — are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?

Regnal-source citation formulaκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αχαζ

The Deuteronomistic source-citation formula — τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ('the rest of the acts/words') referred to the 'book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah' — closes the reign; the rhetorical οὐχὶ … γεγραμμένα ('are they not written?') is the stock formula presupposing the reader's access to the royal annals.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; the substantive τὰ λοιπά ('the rest') opens the standard source-citation formula, rendering יֶתֶר ('remainder').

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

λόγωνacts / wordsGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'of the acts')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / account / deed'; here λόγοι renders דְּבָרִים in the sense of 'acts / affairs / history' — 'the rest of the acts of Ahaz'.

Αχαζof Ahazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: whose acts)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; whose remaining deeds are referred to the chronicle.

ὅσαwhatever / all thatNominativerelative pronoun (epexegetical: 'all that he did')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; the relative ὅσα ἐποίησεν ('all that he did') amplifies τὰ λοιπά.

ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the king's deeds)→ constative aorist (the deeds as a whole)ποιέω: 'do / make'; here summarizing all of Ahaz's remaining deeds.

οὐχὶnotinterrogative negative (expecting 'yes' answer)→ clausal contributionοὐχί: emphatic form of οὐ; introduces the rhetorical question 'are they not written?', which presupposes an affirmative answer — the stock annalistic citation.

ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of the implied 'are')→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; ταῦτα resumes τὰ λοιπά as the subject of the citation question.

γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with implied εἰσίν: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (standing recorded)γράφω (perf. pass. ptcp.): 'write'; the perfect γεγραμμένα ('having been written / standing recorded') marks the enduring documentation in the royal annals; renders the Niphal participle כְּתוּבִים.

ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + dative (place: 'in the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'on / in'; locates the record on/in the scroll of the chronicles.

βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (the document)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; the official annalistic record, βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('book of the words/affairs of the days').

λόγωνwords / affairsGenitivegenitive (defining the book's content)→ relational specificationλόγος: here in the title-phrase λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('words/affairs of the days' = chronicles/annals), rendering דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (in the title: 'of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('affairs of the days') is the LXX title for the royal annals/chronicles.

τοῖςtheDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative (of reference/possession: 'for/of the kings')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dative τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα ('belonging to / concerning the kings of Judah') specifies the annals as the Judahite royal chronicle.

Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: the southern kingdom)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the kings of Judah, whose chronicle records Ahaz's deeds.

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αχαζ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Εζεκιας υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Ahaz slept with his fathers and was buried in the city of David, and Hezekiah his son reigned in his place.

Death-and-succession formula (regnal closure)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αχαζ

The chapter ends with the threefold death-burial-succession formula: Ahaz 'slept with his fathers' (the standard euphemism for a natural royal death), was buried in the city of David, and was succeeded by his son Hezekiah — whose accession sets up the great reforming reign that reverses Ahaz's apostasy in the following chapters.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death euphemism)→ constative aorist (the king's death)κοιμάομαι: 'sleep / fall asleep'; the euphemism ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('slept with his fathers') renders שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו, the standard formula for a king's natural death and burial in the ancestral tomb.

ΑχαζAhazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: see v. 1; the deceased king.

μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; in the death-formula 'with his fathers', i.e., joining his ancestors in death/burial.

τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.

πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά (the ancestors)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; οἱ πατέρες ('the fathers') are the royal Davidic ancestors with whom the king is gathered in death.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; refers to Ahaz, joined to his own ancestors.

καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial)→ constative aorist (the burial)θάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the burial 'in the city of David' confirms Ahaz's interment in the royal Davidic necropolis.

ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).

πόλειcityDativedative of place (place of burial)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; πόλις Δαυιδ ('the city of David') is the oldest part of Jerusalem (Zion), the royal burial place of the Davidic kings.

Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: David's city)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; in the place-name 'city of David', the royal quarter and dynastic burial site.

καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.

ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession statement)→ ingressive aorist (accession of the successor)βασιλεύω: 'reign / become king'; the ingressive aorist of Hezekiah's accession, completing the succession formula.

ΕζεκιαςHezekiahNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant prominenceΕζεκιας: transliteration of Hebrew חִזְקִיָּהוּ (Hezekiah); declined as a first-declension masculine (nom. Εζεκιας); Ahaz's son and successor, the great reforming Davidic king.

υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Εζεκιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; identifies Hezekiah as Ahaz's son and dynastic heir.

αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his'; refers to Ahaz, Hezekiah's father.

ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; renders תַּחַת; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') is the standard succession idiom.

αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί (the one succeeded)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him'; refers to Ahaz, whom Hezekiah succeeds on the throne.

The Fourth Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 16ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙϚ′

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Translation & textual notes