Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Fourth Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 15ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΕ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Judah endures under Azariah and Jotham while Israel collapses through coups, violence, and Assyrian pressure.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 4 Kingdoms 15 (= 2 Kings 15) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is built almost entirely from the repeated regnal frame of the Deuteronomistic historian: a synchronistic accession formula (ἐν ἔτει … ἐβασίλευσεν), an evaluative verdict (ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές / τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου), and a closing citation-formula referring the reader to the βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν (the 'book of the words of the days', i.e. the royal annals). Around this frame the LXX narrates the long, leprous reign of Azariah/Uzziah of Judah, whose son Ιωαθαμ governs the palace ἐπὶ τῷ οἴκῳ (v. 5), and the violent collapse of the northern dynasty of Jehu: Ζαχαριας is the fourth-generation son whose six-month reign fulfils the dynastic word spoken πρὸς Ιου (vv. 8–12, υἱοὶ τέταρτοι καθήσονταί σοι); Σελλουμ reigns a single 'month of days' before Μαναημ kills him; Μαναημ rips open the pregnant women (τὰς ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσας ἀνέρρηξεν, v. 16) and buys off Φουλ (Pul/Tiglath-pileser) with a thousand talents, exacting fifty shekels a head from Israel (vv. 19–20). His son Φακεϊας falls to his officer Φακεε (Pekah), in whose days the Assyrian Θαγλαθφελλασαρ takes the northern towns and Galilee and 'all the land of Naphtali' and deports them (ἀπῴκισεν αὐτοὺς εἰς Ἀσσυρίους, v. 29) — the first Assyrian exile — before Ωσηε (Hoshea) conspires and kills Pekah. The chapter closes with the brief, upright reign of Ιωαθαμ of Judah, who builds the upper gate of the LORD's house, and the first ominous note of the Syro-Ephraimite pressure (Ραασσων of Syria and Pekah, v. 37). The proper-name orthography is the transliterated LXX form throughout; note the king's two names, Αζαριας (vv. 1, 6, 7, 8, etc.) and Οζιας (v. 34), reflecting the Hebrew doublet Azariah/Uzziah.

1

ἐν ἔτει εἰκοστῷ καὶ ἑβδόμῳ τῷ Ιεροβοαμ βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ ἐβασίλευσεν Αζαριας υἱὸς Αμεσσιου βασιλέως Ιουδα

In the twenty-seventh year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Azariah son of Amessias king of Judah began to reign.

Synchronistic accession formula (new reign introduced)ἐν ἔτει εἰκοστῷ καὶ ἑβδόμῳ
The chapter opens with the Deuteronomistic historian's standard synchronistic dating: the accession of a Judahite king is fixed by the regnal year of the contemporary northern king (Jeroboam II). The verb-initial ἐβασίλευσεν Αζαριας with its train of appositional titles is the fixed LXX shape of the accession notice; here it inaugurates the long reign of the king known in Judah's records both as Azariah and (v. 34) as Uzziah.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the … year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative of time renders the Hebrew בִּשְׁנַת ('in the year of'); the formula ἐν ἔτει + ordinal opens the synchronistic accession notices that structure the whole chapter (vv. 1, 8, 13, 17, 23, 27, 32).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the dative locates the accession within the reign of the reigning northern king.
εἰκοστῷtwentiethDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceεἰκοστός: 'twentieth'; the ordinal combines with ἑβδόμῳ to render the compound 'twenty-seventh'; ordinals in the LXX accession formulae render Hebrew compound year-numbers.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two ordinals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativeordinal adjective (joined to εἰκοστῷ: 'twenty-seventh')→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; εἰκοστῷ καὶ ἑβδόμῳ = 'twenty-seventh', the synchronistic year of Jeroboam II in which Azariah accedes.
τῷofDativearticle (dative, with Ιεροβοαμ: 'of Jeroboam')→ noun-phrase markingThe dative article τῷ before the indeclinable Ιεροβοαμ marks the genitival/possessive relation of the regnal year to the king ('the twenty-seventh year belonging to Jeroboam').
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamdative (with article τῷ: synchronistic king)→ noun-phrase markingΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם; indeclinable in the LXX; here Jeroboam II of Israel, the reigning northern king who provides the synchronism (not the dynastic founder Jeroboam son of Nabat named in vv. 9, 18, 24, 28).
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; in apposition to Jeroboam, identifying his office.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here the northern kingdom, whose throne is the subject of the violent successions narrated in this chapter.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: 'be/become king, reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the ingressive aorist ἐβασίλευσεν ('came to reign') is the fixed verb of the LXX accession formula and recurs at each new reign in this chapter.
ΑζαριαςAzariahNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant prominenceΑζαριας (gen. Αζαριου): transliteration of Hebrew עֲזַרְיָה ('YHWH has helped'); declined as a first-declension masculine in -ας; the same Judahite king is called Οζιας (Uzziah) at v. 34, reflecting the Hebrew naming doublet.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αζαριας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֵּן; the patronymic 'son of Amessias' is part of the fixed accession formula identifying the new king's father.
Αμεσσιουof AmessiasGenitivegenitive (patronymic: 'son of Amessias')→ relational specificationΑμεσσιας (gen. Αμεσσιου): transliteration of Hebrew אֲמַצְיָהוּ (Amaziah); declinable; Azariah's father, whose reign is narrated in 4 Kingdoms 14.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αμεσσιου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): in apposition to Amessias, identifying him as 'king of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable transliteration of יְהוּדָה; the southern kingdom, to which Azariah, Jotham, and Ahaz belong in this chapter.
2

υἱὸς ἑκκαίδεκα ἐτῶν ἦν ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα καὶ δύο ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ Χαλια ἐξ Ιερουσαλημ

He was sixteen years old when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty-two years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Chalia, from Jerusalem.

Regnal data formula (age, length, mother)υἱὸς ἑκκαίδεκα ἐτῶν
The second element of the accession frame: the king's age at accession ('a son of sixteen years'), the length of his reign, the capital, and the queen-mother's name and origin. The age-idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('a son of N years') is a Hebraism (בֶּן N שָׁנָה); the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν renders the Hebrew temporal infinitive construct בְּמָלְכוֹ.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (age-idiom: 'a son of … years')→ participant prominenceυἱός: in the age-idiom υἱὸς ἑκκαίδεκα ἐτῶν ('a son of sixteen years' = sixteen years old), a calque of Hebrew בֶּן שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה.
ἑκκαίδεκαsixteenindeclinable cardinal (modifying ἐτῶν)→ clausal contributionἑκκαίδεκα: 'sixteen'; indeclinable cardinal numeral; gives Azariah's age at accession.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱός: 'of … years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): genitive of measure within the age-idiom.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula of the age-clause)→ stative imperfect (his age at the time of accession)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; the copula links the age-predicate to the implicit subject (Azariah).
ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + τῷ + infinitive is the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew temporal infinitive construct with בְּ ('when …').
τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive βασιλεύειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reignPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'when he began to reign')→ temporal infinitive (the moment of accession)βασιλεύω (pres. inf.): in the articular-infinitive construction ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('when he reigned/began to reign'), with αὐτόν as accusative subject of the infinitive.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive βασιλεύειν→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): the accusative subject of the articular infinitive, a regular Greek construction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable cardinal (with δύο: 'fifty-two')→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable; combined with δύο to give the reign-length of fifty-two years.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the numerals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal (with πεντήκοντα: 'fifty-two')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; πεντήκοντα καὶ δύο ἔτη = fifty-two years, the longest reign in this chapter.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): accusative of duration, marking the length of the reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (length-of-reign notice)→ constative aorist (the reign viewed as a completed whole)βασιλεύω: here constative, summarising the whole fifty-two-year reign as a single completed span.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in Jerusalem')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: 'in Jerusalem').
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable: 'in Jerusalem')→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable transliteration of יְרוּשָׁלִַם; the Judahite capital and the seat of all the southern reigns in this chapter (contrast Σαμάρεια for the north).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the queen-mother notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of the verbless queen-mother clause→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the verbless clause ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ … ('the name of his mother was …') is a Hebraism (וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ) standard in the regnal formulae.
τῇto theDativearticle (dative of possession with μητρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὶmotherDativedative of possession ('the name belonging to his mother')→ sphere or referenceμήτηρ (dat. μητρί): 'mother'; the queen-mother (gebirah) is regularly named in the Judahite accession formulae.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying μητρί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying μητρί).
ΧαλιαChaliapredicate (indeclinable: the mother's name)→ participant identificationΧαλια: transliteration of Hebrew יְכָלְיָהוּ (Jecoliah); indeclinable here; the queen-mother of Azariah/Uzziah.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (origin: 'from Jerusalem')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ/ἐξ + genitive of origin marks the queen-mother's home city, a regular element of the formula.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemgenitive of origin (indeclinable: 'from Jerusalem')→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of origin (indeclinable: 'from Jerusalem').
3

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν Αμεσσιας ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ

And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, according to all that Amessias his father had done.

Evaluative regnal verdict (positive)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές
The third element of the frame: the theological verdict. For a Judahite king the formula is positive — ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ('did the right in the eyes of the LORD') — measured against his father's conduct. The contrast with the recurring northern verdict τὸ πονηρόν (vv. 9, 18, 24, 28) is the moral architecture of the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluative verdict)→ constative aorist (the reign's conduct summarised)ποιέω: 'do, make'; renders עָשָׂה; in ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές it carries the moral-evaluative sense central to the Deuteronomistic verdict formulae.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivising εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςright / uprightAccusativesubstantivised adjective (direct object: 'the right thing')→ object specificationεὐθύς (neut. εὐθές): 'straight, right, upright'; substantivised τὸ εὐθές renders Hebrew הַיָּשָׁר ('what is right'); the standard LXX term for the positive moral verdict on a king.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (evaluative perspective)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (evaluative perspective).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of place/perspective ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the phrase ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου renders בְּעֵינֵי יהוה ('in the eyes of the LORD'), a Hebraism for the divine evaluative standpoint.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessor of ὀφθαλμοῖς: the LORD's eyes)→ relational specificationκύριος: here the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the evaluative phrase 'in the eyes of the LORD' makes YHWH the measure of the king's conduct.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; introduces the comparative norm — the conduct of the king's father.
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά: 'all things')→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ('according to all that …') is a fixed comparative formula in the regnal verdicts.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (introducing comparative clause)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the relative ὅσα ('whatever, all that') heads the clause specifying the father's deeds as the standard.
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the comparative relative clause→ constative aorist (the father's conduct as a completed whole)ποιέω: the same verb repeated to set the father's deeds as the measure of the son's.
ΑμεσσιαςAmessiasNominativesubject of the relative clause→ participant prominenceΑμεσσιας: Amaziah, Azariah's father (cf. v. 1); here nominative as subject of ἐποίησεν.
theNominativearticle (with appositional πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativenominative in apposition to Αμεσσιας→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; renders אָב; identifies Amessias as Azariah's father and thus the comparative norm.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατήρ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατήρ).
4

πλὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν οὐκ ἐξῆρεν ἔτι ὁ λαὸς ἐθυσίαζεν καὶ ἐθυμίων ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς

Except that he did not remove the high places; the people still kept sacrificing and burning incense on the high places.

Qualification of the verdict (concessive 'except')πλὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν
The standard Judahite qualification: even an upright king is faulted for failing to remove the high places (τὰ ὑψηλά, בָּמוֹת). πλήν ('except, only') introduces the reservation; the imperfects ἐθυσίαζεν and ἐθυμίων depict the people's continued cultic activity as an ongoing background condition the king left untouched.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πλὴνexceptadversative particle (introducing the reservation)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except, only, nevertheless'; renders רַק; the fixed marker of the high-places reservation appended to a positive royal verdict (cf. v. 35).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ὑψηλῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivepartitive/object genitive (with ἐξῆρεν: 'remove the high places')→ relational specificationὑψηλός: 'high'; substantivised τὰ ὑψηλά ('the high places') renders Hebrew הַבָּמוֹת, the local hilltop sanctuaries whose persistence is the standard fault of otherwise-upright Judahite kings.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐξῆρεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (negated: failure to remove the high places)→ constative aorist (negated single act of removal)ἐξαίρω: 'remove, take away'; renders הֵסִיר; οὐκ ἐξῆρεν ('he did not remove') is the fixed predicate of the high-places reservation.
ἔτιstilltemporal adverb ('still, yet')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still, yet'; renders עוֹד; marks the ongoing persistence of the high-place cult despite the king's righteousness.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐθυσίαζεν / ἐθυμίων→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; the populace whose continued worship at the high places the king failed to suppress.
ἐθυσίαζενkept sacrificingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb (durative background)→ customary/durative imperfect (ongoing practice)θυσιάζω: 'sacrifice, offer sacrifice'; renders זָבַח; the imperfect depicts the people's habitual sacrificing as a continuing background condition.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίωνkept burning incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θυμιάωmain verb (durative background, plural with collective λαός)→ customary/durative imperfect (ongoing practice)θυμιάω: 'burn incense, offer incense'; renders קִטֵּר; the plural ἐθυμίων (constructio ad sensum with the collective λαός) continues the durative depiction of high-place worship.
ἐνon / inpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὑψηλοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλοῖςhigh placesDativedative of place (object of ἐν: 'on the high places')→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός (subst. τὰ ὑψηλά): the locale of the people's persistent sacrificing and incense — the hilltop sanctuaries.
5

καὶ ἥψατο κύριος τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἦν λελεπρωμένος ἕως ἡμέρας θανάτου αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν οἴκῳ αφφουσωθ καὶ Ιωαθαμ υἱὸς τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπὶ τῷ οἴκῳ κρίνων τὸν λαὸν τῆς γῆς

And the LORD touched the king, and he was leprous until the day of his death, and he dwelt in a separate house; and Jotham the king's son was over the household, judging the people of the land.

Divine action interrupting the frame (the king's leprosy)καὶ ἥψατο κύριος
A rare intrusion of direct divine action into the regnal frame: κύριος himself strikes the king with leprosy. The perfect periphrastic ἦν λελεπρωμένος ('was in a state of being leprous') stresses the settled, permanent condition; ἕως ἡμέρας θανάτου αὐτοῦ marks its lifelong duration. The disqualified king's seclusion forces the regency: his son Ιωαθαμ governs the palace and 'judges the people of the land' (κρίνων τὸν λαὸν τῆς γῆς).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥψατοtouched / struckAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτομαιmain verb (divine action) + genitive object→ constative aorist (the single decisive divine stroke)ἅπτομαι: 'touch, lay hold of' (takes the genitive); renders נָגַע; here a euphemism for the affliction — the LORD's 'touch' brings the leprosy; cf. the noun cognate νέγα/πληγή of leprosy elsewhere.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἥψατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the direct agent of the king's leprosy, an explicit theological causation embedded in the otherwise formulaic frame.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως, genitive object of ἥψατο)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive object of ἥψατο (the one touched)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): the human king Azariah; ἅπτομαι governs the genitive, so 'the LORD touched the king.'
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic perfect (with λελεπρωμένος)→ participant referenceεἰμί (impf. ἦν): forms the periphrastic perfect ἦν λελεπρωμένος, describing the king's continuing leprous state.
λελεπρωμένοςleprousPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Sg Masc · λεπρόωparticiple of periphrastic perfect (predicate: 'was leprous')→ resultative perfect (a settled, abiding condition)λεπρόω: 'make/become leprous'; the perfect passive participle with ἦν forms a periphrastic perfect ('had become and remained leprous'), stressing the permanence of the affliction that disqualifies the king from cultic and public life.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until, as far as'; marks the temporal limit of the leprous state — the day of the king's death.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive (object of ἕως: 'until the day')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως ἡμέρας θανάτου ('until the day of death') is a Hebraism for lifelong duration.
θανάτουof deathGenitivegenitive (with ἡμέρας: 'day of death')→ relational specificationθάνατος: 'death'; the genitive specifies the day in view; the leprosy persisted to the very end of the king's life.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with θανάτου)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with θανάτου).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενhe dwelt / reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (the king's seclusion)→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: normally 'reign', but here (rendering Hebrew יָשַׁב, 'dwelt', in the parallel) the LXX uses ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν οἴκῳ αφφουσωθ for the king's confinement to a separate house — the diseased king remains titular king while quarantined.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (with αφφουσωθ)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; here the place of the leprous king's seclusion.
αφφουσωθappusoth / separateindeclinable qualifier of οἴκῳ (transliteration)→ clausal contributionαφφουσωθ: a transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית הַחָפְשִׁית ('the house of separation/freedom'), the quarantine-house for the leprous; the LXX left the Hebrew untranslated, treating it as a proper place-designation.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the regency)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙωαθαμJothamsubject of the verbless regency clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαθαμ: indeclinable transliteration of יוֹתָם (Jotham); Azariah's son, who as regent governs the palace and later succeeds (v. 7) and reigns in his own right (vv. 32–38).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαθαμ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς τοῦ βασιλέως ('the king's son'), here the regent acting for his incapacitated father.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of relationship ('son of the king')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): the king Azariah; Jotham is 'the king's son.'
ἐπὶoverpreposition + dative (authority: 'over the household')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'over, in charge of'; ἐπὶ τῷ οἴκῳ ('over the house[hold]') denotes administrative authority over the palace and realm.
τῷtheDativearticle (with οἴκῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseholdDativedative (object of ἐπί: the household Jotham governs)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: here 'house, household, palace administration'; Jotham's sphere of regency over the royal house.
κρίνωνjudgingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · κρίνωcircumstantial/predicate participle (describing Jotham's role)→ durative present participle (ongoing governance)κρίνω: 'judge, govern, rule'; renders שָׁפַט; the participle κρίνων τὸν λαόν ('judging/governing the people') describes Jotham's de facto rule during his father's incapacity, echoing the language of the Judges-era leaders.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with λαόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect object of κρίνων→ object specificationλαός: 'people'; the object of Jotham's governance, qualified as 'the people of the land' (ʿam haʾaretz).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the people of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land, earth'; ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς renders עַם הָאָרֶץ, the free landed population of Judah.
6

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αζαριου καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίου λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα

And the rest of the acts of Azariah, and all that he did, are they not — behold — written in the book of the words of the days for the kings of Judah?

Annal-citation formula (source reference)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων
The fifth element of the frame: the citation-formula referring the reader to the royal annals (βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν, 'the book of the words/affairs of the days'). The construction with οὐκ … ἰδού ('are these things not — look — written?') is a rhetorical question expecting assent. This formula recurs for nearly every king in the chapter (vv. 11, 15, 21, 26, 31, 36).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining, rest'; substantivised τὰ λοιπά ('the rest of the matters'), the fixed opening of the annal-citation formula, rendering Hebrew יֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / wordsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά: 'the rest of the acts')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word, matter, affair, deed'; here in the plural 'acts/affairs' (rendering דִּבְרֵי), the deeds of the king recorded in the annals.
Αζαριουof AzariahGenitivegenitive of possession (whose acts)→ relational specificationΑζαριας (gen. Αζαριου): Azariah/Uzziah; the genitive identifies whose 'rest of the acts' are referenced.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all things')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (nom. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν ('all that he did') extends the citation to the king's whole career.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the relative clause specifies the totality of the king's deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; summarises the king's deeds as the content of the annals.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question expecting 'yes')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: in the rhetorical-question formula οὐκ ἰδοὺ … γεγραμμένα ('are these not, look, written?'), the negative expects an affirmative answer.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle ('behold')→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold, look'; renders הִנֵּה; a presentative interjection adding rhetorical force to the citation-question.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative subject (with γεγραμμένα)→ participant prominenceοὗτος (nom. pl. n. ταῦτα): 'these things', i.e. the rest of Azariah's acts, the subject of the periphrastic 'are written.'
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (recorded and remaining on record)γράφω: 'write'; the perfect passive participle γεγραμμένα (with implied εἰσίν) renders the citation 'are written', i.e. permanently recorded in the royal annals.
ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + genitive (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon, in'; ἐπὶ βιβλίου ('in/upon the book') locates the record in the written annals.
βιβλίουbookGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπί: 'the book')→ relational specificationβιβλίον: 'book, scroll'; βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν renders סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים ('the book of the words/affairs of the days'), the royal chronicle source.
λόγωνof the words / affairsGenitivegenitive (with βιβλίου: 'book of the words')→ relational specificationλόγος: here 'affairs, matters, chronicles'; part of the fixed title of the annals.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'words of the days' = chronicles)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('matters of the days') = annals, chronicles.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν, dative of reference)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('for/of the kings of Judah')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): the dative renders the Hebrew לְמַלְכֵי ('of/belonging to the kings'), specifying the southern royal chronicle.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom whose annals are cited for Judahite kings (contrast Ισραηλ for the north, v. 11).
7

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αζαριας μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωαθαμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Azariah slept with his fathers, and they buried him with his fathers in the city of David; and Jotham his son reigned in his place.

Death, burial, and succession formulaκαὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αζαριας
The closing element of the regnal frame: the death-notice (ἐκοιμήθη … μετὰ τῶν πατέρων, the gentle 'slept with his fathers'), burial in the city of David, and the succession of the heir ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place'). The formula closes the Azariah unit and inaugurates Jotham's eventual reign (vv. 32–38).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-notice)→ constative aorist (the king's death)κοιμάομαι: 'fall asleep, lie down'; renders שָׁכַב; the euphemism ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('slept with his fathers') is the standard peaceful death-notice for a king who dies naturally — contrast the violent ἐθανάτωσεν of the northern usurpers.
ΑζαριαςAzariahNominativesubject of ἐκοιμήθη→ participant prominenceΑζαριας: the dying king Azariah/Uzziah.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; in the death-formula 'slept with his fathers', denoting joining the ancestral dead.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive (object of μετά: 'with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'fathers, ancestors'; the ancestral dead with whom the king is gathered.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανthey buriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice, impersonal plural)→ constative aorist (the burial act)θάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the impersonal third-plural ('they buried him') is a regular way of expressing a passive ('he was buried').
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔθαψαν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἔθαψαν.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive (object of μετά: 'with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: the ancestral tombs in which the king is interred.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of burial).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (with Δαυιδ: 'in the city of David')→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. πόλει): 'city'; ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ ('in the city of David') is the standard burial-place of the Davidic kings, Jerusalem/Zion.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'city of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable transliteration of דָּוִד; 'the city of David' is the royal necropolis, marking the legitimate Davidic line.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: the succession-verb; Jotham accedes in his father's place.
ΙωαθαμJothamsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαθαμ: Jotham, the regent (v. 5) who now succeeds as full king (his reign formally narrated at vv. 32–38).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαθαμ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ('his son'), marking the orderly dynastic succession of Judah.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution: 'in his place')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'instead of, in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') is the fixed succession-phrase, rendering Hebrew תַּחְתָּיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of ἀντί: 'in place of him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of ἀντί: 'in place of him').
8

ἐν ἔτει τριακοστῷ καὶ ὀγδόῳ τῷ Αζαρια βασιλεῖ Ιουδα ἐβασίλευσεν Ζαχαριας υἱὸς Ιεροβοαμ ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ ἑξάμηνον

In the thirty-eighth year of Azariah king of Judah, Zechariah son of Jeroboam began to reign over Israel in Samaria for six months.

Synchronistic accession formula (new northern reign)ἐν ἔτει τριακοστῷ καὶ ὀγδόῳ
The frame now turns north: Zechariah's accession is synchronised to Azariah's thirty-eighth year. The reign-length is given not in years but in the pointed ἑξάμηνον ('six months') — the first of the chapter's strikingly brief, doomed northern reigns. Zechariah is the last of the dynasty of Jehu (cf. v. 12).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; opens the synchronistic accession notice for Zechariah.
τριακοστῷthirtiethDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceτριακοστός: 'thirtieth'; with ὀγδόῳ forms 'thirty-eighth.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining ordinals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀγδόῳeighthDativeordinal adjective (with τριακοστῷ: 'thirty-eighth')→ sphere or referenceὄγδοος: 'eighth'; τριακοστῷ καὶ ὀγδόῳ = the thirty-eighth synchronistic year of Azariah.
τῷofDativearticle (with Αζαρια: possessive of the regnal year)→ noun-phrase markingThe dative article binds the regnal year to Azariah ('the thirty-eighth year of Azariah').
ΑζαριαAzariahDativedative (with article τῷ: synchronistic king)→ noun-phrase markingΑζαριας (dat. Αζαρια): Azariah/Uzziah of Judah, here providing the synchronism for the northern accession.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Αζαρια→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. βασιλεῖ): in apposition, 'king of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; Azariah's kingdom, the southern point of the synchronism.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: the accession-verb, here for the northern king Zechariah.
ΖαχαριαςZechariahNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant prominenceΖαχαριας (gen. Ζαχαριου): transliteration of Hebrew זְכַרְיָה ('YHWH has remembered'); declinable; the last king of Jehu's dynasty (cf. v. 12).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ζαχαριας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jeroboam' (Jeroboam II).
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; here Jeroboam II, Zechariah's father, the last strong king of the Jehu dynasty.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ('reigned over Israel'), the standard phrasing for the northern kings.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative (object of ἐπί: 'over Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom Zechariah briefly rules.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place ('in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): transliteration of שֹׁמְרוֹן; declinable; the capital of the northern kingdom and the seat of all the northern reigns in this chapter.
ἑξάμηνονsix monthsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (reign-length)→ object specificationἑξάμηνος: 'of six months, lasting six months'; the neuter accusative ἑξάμηνον marks the brief duration of Zechariah's reign — the briefest yet, signalling the dynasty's collapse.
9

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου καθὰ ἐποίησαν οἱ πατέρες αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD, as his fathers had done; he did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat, who made Israel to sin.

Evaluative regnal verdict (negative, northern formula)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν
The negative counterpart of the southern verdict (v. 3): for the northern kings the formula is τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου, with the fixed aggravation that the king did not depart from 'the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat who made Israel to sin' — the dynastic original sin (the golden calves) to which every northern king is bound. This refrain recurs verbatim at vv. 18, 24, 28.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluative verdict)→ constative aorist (the reign's conduct summarised)ποιέω: in ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν, the standard negative verdict on a northern king.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivising πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object: 'the evil thing')→ object specificationπονηρός (neut. πονηρόν): 'evil, bad'; substantivised τὸ πονηρόν renders Hebrew הָרַע ('the evil'); the standard term for the negative royal verdict, opposite τὸ εὐθές (v. 3).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (evaluative perspective)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (evaluative perspective).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of perspective ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: in ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου, the divine evaluative standpoint (cf. v. 3).
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessor of ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the measure of the king's evil.
καθὰas / just ascomparative conjunction (introducing comparison)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθά: 'as, just as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; introduces the comparison with the conduct of his fathers (the northern kings).
ἐποίησανthey didAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the fathers' conduct)ποιέω: 'do'; the plural sets the previous northern kings' evil as the comparative standard for Zechariah.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with πατέρες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν→ participant prominenceπατήρ (nom. pl. πατέρες): 'fathers, forefathers'; here the line of northern kings, especially the Jehu dynasty, whose evil Zechariah perpetuates.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρες)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρες).
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἀπέστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (negated: did not turn away)→ constative aorist (negated act of turning away)ἀφίστημι (intr. aor. ἀπέστη): 'depart, withdraw, turn away'; renders סוּר; οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ ἁμαρτιῶν ('he did not turn away from the sins') is the fixed aggravation of the northern verdict.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; marks the sins he failed to abandon.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό: 'from the sins')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία (gen. pl. ἁμαρτιῶν): 'sin'; renders חַטֹּאות; here specifically the cultic 'sins of Jeroboam' (the calf-shrines of Bethel and Dan).
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sins of Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: indeclinable; here Jeroboam I son of Nabat, the founder of the northern cult, distinct from Jeroboam II of v. 8; his name is the byword for Israel's national apostasy.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): patronymic 'son of Nabat', identifying the dynastic founder.
Ναβατof Nabatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: indeclinable transliteration of נְבָט (Nebat), father of Jeroboam I; the patronymic fixes the identification of the original northern apostate.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the fixed clause 'who made Israel to sin.'
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative)→ constative aorist (the foundational act of leading Israel astray)ἐξαμαρτάνω: here causative/transitive 'cause to sin, lead into sin'; renders the Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא ('he made sin'); the fixed indictment ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('who made Israel to sin') brands Jeroboam I as the corrupter of the whole nation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (with article τόν)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here the northern nation led into apostasy by Jeroboam I; the article τόν marks it as the accusative object.
10

καὶ συνεστράφησαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν Σελλουμ υἱὸς Ιαβις καὶ Κεβλααμ καὶ ἐπάταξαν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐθανάτωσαν αὐτόν καὶ Σελλουμ ἐβασίλευσεν ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Shallum son of Jabesh and Keblaam conspired against him, and struck him down, and put him to death; and Shallum reigned in his place.

Coup narrative (conspiracy, assassination, usurpation)καὶ συνεστράφησαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν
The first of the chapter's recurrent coup-sequences, told in a tight chain of aorists: conspire (συνεστράφησαν) — strike (ἐπάταξαν) — kill (ἐθανάτωσαν) — reign in his place (ἐβασίλευσεν ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ). The verb συστρέφομαι ('band together, conspire') and its cognate noun συστροφή/σύστρεμμα recur for each northern coup (vv. 15, 25, 30). Zechariah's murder ends the dynasty of Jehu.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεστράφησανthey conspiredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συστρέφωmain verb (conspiracy)→ constative aorist (the act of banding together)συστρέφω (aor. pass. συνεστράφησαν, 'banded together, conspired'); renders קָשַׁר; the technical verb for forming a conspiracy against a king; cf. the cognate συστροφή (v. 15) and σύστρεμμα (v. 30).
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against him')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (elided ἐπ᾿) + accusative: 'against'; the hostile target of the conspiracy.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative (object of ἐπί: the targeted king Zechariah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative (object of ἐπί: the targeted king Zechariah).
ΣελλουμShallumsubject of συνεστράφησαν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣελλουμ: indeclinable transliteration of שַׁלּוּם (Shallum); the usurper who kills Zechariah and reigns a single month (v. 13).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σελλουμ→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jabesh.'
Ιαβιςof Jabeshgenitive of relationship (indeclinable patronymic)→ participant identificationΙαβις: indeclinable transliteration of יָבֵשׁ (Jabesh); Shallum's father.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining co-conspirators)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΚεβλααμKeblaamcoordinate subject (indeclinable, co-conspirator)→ participant identificationΚεβλααμ: indeclinable; named as a co-conspirator (or, on some readings, 'before the people', reflecting a difficult Hebrew Vorlage קָבָלְעָם); the LXX treats it as a proper name in apposition.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξανthey struckAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πατάσσωmain verb (the assassination blow)→ constative aorist (the decisive strike)πατάσσω: 'strike, smite'; renders נָכָה (Hiphil); the standard verb for the assassinating blow in the coup-sequences (cf. vv. 14, 16, 25, 30).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξαν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπάταξαν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσανthey put to deathAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θανατόωmain verb (completing the killing)→ constative aorist (the act of killing)θανατόω: 'put to death, kill'; renders הֵמִית; the regular complement to ἐπάταξεν in the coup-formula ('struck … and killed'), recurring at vv. 14, 25, 30.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσαν→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐθανάτωσαν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing usurpation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣελλουμShallumsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣελλουμ: the usurper now seizes the throne.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (usurpation/succession)→ ingressive aorist (seized the kingship)βασιλεύω: here of a usurper's accession by violence; ἐβασίλευσεν ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ uses the succession-phrase even for a coup.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided): 'in place of'; the succession-phrase, here marking the violent replacement of the murdered king.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of ἀντί: 'in place of him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of ἀντί: 'in place of him').
11

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ζαχαριου ἰδού ἐστιν γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Zechariah, behold, they are written in the book of the words of the days for the kings of Israel.

Annal-citation formula (northern annals)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων
The citation-formula for a northern king, here in the affirmative form (ἰδού ἐστιν γεγραμμένα, 'behold, they are written') rather than the rhetorical question of v. 6, and referring to the annals of 'the kings of Israel' rather than of Judah.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: substantivised τὰ λοιπά ('the rest of the matters'); the fixed opening of the citation-formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'matter, deed'; the deeds of Zechariah recorded in the annals.
Ζαχαριουof ZechariahGenitivegenitive of possession (whose acts)→ relational specificationΖαχαριας (gen. Ζαχαριου): the murdered northern king whose acts are cited.
ἰδούbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנָּם; here introduces the affirmative citation ('behold, they are written').
ἐστινis / arePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of periphrastic perfect (with γεγραμμένα)→ stative presentεἰμί (ἐστιν): forms the periphrastic 'are written' with γεγραμμένα; the singular verb with the neuter-plural subject is regular Greek (τὰ λοιπά … ἐστιν).
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (recorded and on record)γράφω: the perfect passive participle, 'are (in a state of having been) written', i.e. preserved in the annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'in, upon'; here with βιβλίῳ (dative), a variant of the ἐπὶ βιβλίου (genitive) of v. 6.
βιβλίῳbookDativedative (object of ἐπί: 'in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον (dat. βιβλίῳ): 'book, scroll'; the annal-source of the northern kings.
λόγωνof the wordsGenitivegenitive (with βιβλίῳ: 'book of the words')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'affairs, chronicles'; part of the fixed annal-title.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'words of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = the chronicles/annals.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν, dative of reference)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('of/for the kings of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): the dative renders לְמַלְכֵי; here the annals 'of the kings of Israel', the northern chronicle.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom whose royal annals are here cited (contrast Ιουδα, v. 6).
12

ὁ λόγος κυρίου ὃν ἐλάλησεν πρὸς Ιου λέγων υἱοὶ τέταρτοι καθήσονταί σοι ἐπὶ θρόνου Ισραηλ καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως

This was the word of the LORD which he spoke to Jehu, saying, 'Sons to the fourth generation shall sit for you on the throne of Israel'; and so it came to pass.

Theological comment (prophecy-fulfilment notice)ὁ λόγος κυρίου
A rare narratorial intrusion making explicit the chapter's prophecy-and-fulfilment scheme: Zechariah's fall is the exact discharge of the dynastic promise given to Jehu (4 Kgdms 10:30) that his sons to the fourth generation would sit on Israel's throne. The fronted ὁ λόγος κυρίου ('the word of the LORD [was this]') and the closing καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως ('and so it came to pass') frame the fulfilment with formulaic precision — Zechariah is the fourth-generation descendant, and with him the line ends.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
theNominativearticle (with λόγος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγοςwordNominativesubject (verbless: 'this was the word')→ participant prominenceλόγος: 'word, utterance'; ὁ λόγος κυρίου ('the word of the LORD') is the technical term for a prophetic oracle; here the fronted nominative summarises the preceding events as the fulfilment of that word.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (whose word)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the oracle to Jehu is YHWH's own word, now demonstrably fulfilled.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. ὅν): relative pronoun referring back to ὁ λόγος, 'which (word) he spoke.'
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the past prophetic utterance)λαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the LORD's past oracle to Jehu, now reaching its term.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to'; marks Jehu as the recipient of the oracle.
ΙουJehuaccusative (object of πρός: indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙου: indeclinable transliteration of יֵהוּא (Jehu), founder of the dynasty; the recipient of the four-generations promise at 4 Kgdms 10:30.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple introducing direct speech (Hebraism)→ verbal action or stateλέγω (pres. part. λέγων): 'saying'; the participle λέγων renders the Hebrew לֵאמֹר, the standard quotation-marker introducing the content of the oracle.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of καθήσονται→ participant prominenceυἱός (nom. pl. υἱοί): 'sons, descendants'; the dynastic heirs of Jehu who would occupy the throne.
τέταρτοιof the fourth (generation)Nominativeordinal adjective (modifying υἱοί: 'sons of the fourth degree')→ participant prominenceτέταρτος: 'fourth'; υἱοὶ τέταρτοι ('fourth-generation sons') renders בְּנֵי רְבִעִים, the promise that Jehu's descendants to the fourth generation would reign; Zechariah is precisely that fourth-generation heir (Jehu → Jehoahaz → Joash → Jeroboam II → Zechariah).
καθήσονταίshall sitFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · κάθημαιmain verb of the quoted oracle→ predictive future (the promised dynastic tenure)κάθημαι (fut. καθήσονται): 'sit, be enthroned'; renders יֵשְׁבוּ; 'shall sit on the throne' is idiomatic for holding the kingship; the future of the original oracle is now fulfilled and exhausted.
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage (addressed to Jehu)→ participant reference or interestσύ (dat. σοι): 'for you', i.e. for Jehu's benefit/line — his descendants will reign on his behalf.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position: 'on the throne')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon, on'; with θρόνου marks the position of rule.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπί: 'on the throne')→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; the seat of northern royal power, held by Jehu's line for exactly four generations.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'throne of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern throne, the object of the dynastic promise.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the fulfilment notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (fulfilment notice)→ constative aorist (the realisation of the oracle)γίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'happen, come to pass'; καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως ('and so it came to pass') is the formulaic seal of prophecy-fulfilment, confirming that Zechariah's fall discharged the word to Jehu.
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner (with ἐγένετο: 'so it came to pass')→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus, so'; renders כֵּן; completes the fulfilment-formula, underscoring the exactness of the correspondence between word and event.
13

καὶ Σελλουμ υἱὸς Ιαβις ἐβασίλευσεν καὶ ἐν ἔτει τριακοστῷ καὶ ἐνάτῳ Αζαρια βασιλεῖ Ιουδα ἐβασίλευσεν Σελλουμ μῆνα ἡμερῶν ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ

And Shallum son of Jabesh became king; and in the thirty-ninth year of Azariah king of Judah, Shallum reigned a month of days in Samaria.

Synchronistic accession formula (Shallum's brief reign)καὶ Σελλουμ … ἐβασίλευσεν
Shallum's accession formula, synchronised to Azariah's thirty-ninth year. The reign-length is the chapter's shortest: μῆνα ἡμερῶν ('a month of days', i.e. a single month) — even briefer than Zechariah's six months, intensifying the picture of northern chaos. The repeated ἐβασίλευσεν (first generic 'became king', then in the dated formula) frames the notice.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΣελλουμShallumsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣελλουμ: Shallum, the usurper of v. 10, whose own reign is now formally dated.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Σελλουμ→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Jabesh.'
Ιαβιςof Jabeshgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙαβις: indeclinable; Shallum's father (cf. v. 10).
ἐβασίλευσενbecame kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (generic accession statement)→ ingressive aorist (came to the throne)βασιλεύω: the first, summary statement of Shallum's accession, before the dated formula that follows.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the dated formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; opens the synchronistic dating of Shallum's reign.
τριακοστῷthirtiethDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceτριακοστός: 'thirtieth'; with ἐνάτῳ forms 'thirty-ninth.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining ordinals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνάτῳninthDativeordinal adjective (with τριακοστῷ: 'thirty-ninth')→ sphere or referenceἔνατος: 'ninth'; τριακοστῷ καὶ ἐνάτῳ = the thirty-ninth synchronistic year of Azariah.
Αζαριαof AzariahDativedative (synchronistic king; possessive of the year)→ sphere or referenceΑζαριας (dat. Αζαρια): Azariah/Uzziah of Judah, providing the synchronism (here without the article).
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Αζαρια→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. βασιλεῖ): 'king of Judah', in apposition to Azariah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; Azariah's kingdom.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (length-of-reign notice)→ constative aorist (the brief reign as a whole)βασιλεύω: here summarising Shallum's whole one-month reign.
ΣελλουμShallumsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΣελλουμ: the subject restated in the dated formula.
μῆναa monthAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (reign-length)→ object specificationμήν (acc. μῆνα): 'month'; μῆνα ἡμερῶν ('a month of days') is a Hebraism (יֶרַח יָמִים) for a full single month — the chapter's briefest reign.
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivegenitive (with μῆνα: 'a month of days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; the partitive-descriptive genitive in the Hebraism 'a month of days' (= a whole month).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place ('in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the northern capital, seat of Shallum's one-month reign.
14

καὶ ἀνέβη Μαναημ υἱὸς Γαδδι ἐκ Θαρσιλα καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς Σαμάρειαν καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸν Σελλουμ υἱὸν Ιαβις ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτόν

And Menahem son of Gaddi went up from Tirzah and came to Samaria, and struck down Shallum son of Jabesh in Samaria, and put him to death.

Coup narrative (Menahem overthrows Shallum)καὶ ἀνέβη Μαναημ
A second coup, again in a chain of aorists, but this one prefaced by movement-verbs (ἀνέβη … ἦλθεν, 'went up … came') tracing Menahem's march from Tirzah to Samaria. He kills Shallum after a single month (ἐπάταξεν … ἐθανάτωσεν), seizing the throne; the very next verse gives Shallum's annal-citation, and v. 16 narrates Menahem's brutal mopping-up.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (movement)→ constative aorist (the act of marching up)ἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up, come up'; renders עָלָה; the verb of military advance, here Menahem's move from Tirzah toward the capital.
ΜαναημMenahemsubject of ἀνέβη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαναημ: indeclinable transliteration of מְנַחֵם (Menahem); the usurper who overthrows Shallum and reigns ten years (vv. 17–22).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Μαναημ→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Gaddi.'
Γαδδιof Gaddigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαδδι: indeclinable transliteration of גָּדִי (Gadi); Menahem's father.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (origin of the march)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from, out of'; marks Tirzah as the starting-point of Menahem's advance.
ΘαρσιλαTirzahgenitive of origin (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘαρσιλα: transliteration of Hebrew תִּרְצָה (Tirzah), the old northern capital; treated as an indeclinable place-name; Menahem's power-base.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (movement to the capital)→ constative aorist (arrival)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθεν): 'come, go'; renders בּוֹא; the verb of arrival, completing the march to Samaria.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'into, to'; marks the destination of the march.
ΣαμάρειανSamariaAccusativeaccusative (object of εἰς: 'to Samaria')→ object specificationΣαμάρεια (acc. Σαμάρειαν): the northern capital, Menahem's target.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the assassinating blow)→ constative aorist (the decisive strike)πατάσσω: 'strike, smite'; the assassination-verb (cf. v. 10), here Menahem's killing of Shallum.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Σελλουμ as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣελλουμShallumaccusative object of ἐπάταξεν (with article τόν)→ noun-phrase markingΣελλουμ: the one-month king now struck down; the article τόν marks the indeclinable name as accusative object.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Σελλουμ→ object specificationυἱός (acc. υἱόν): 'son'; patronymic 'son of Jabesh', in apposition to the object.
Ιαβιςof Jabeshgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙαβις: indeclinable; Shallum's father.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place ('in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the capital, scene of the assassination.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενput to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (completing the killing)→ constative aorist (the act of killing)θανατόω: 'put to death'; the regular complement to ἐπάταξεν in the coup-formula.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσεν→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐθανάτωσεν.
15

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Σελλουμ καὶ ἡ συστροφὴ αὐτοῦ ἣν συνεστράφη ἰδού εἰσιν γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Shallum, and the conspiracy that he formed, behold, they are written in the book of the words of the days for the kings of Israel.

Annal-citation formula (with conspiracy-notice)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Σελλουμ
Shallum's citation-formula, expanded by an explicit reference to 'his conspiracy which he conspired' (ἡ συστροφὴ αὐτοῦ ἣν συνεστράφη) — a cognate-figura etymologica (συστροφή / συνεστράφη) recording the very plot by which he had seized the throne (v. 10), now itself entered in the annals.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: substantivised τὰ λοιπά, the fixed opening of the citation-formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'deeds, affairs'; Shallum's acts as recorded in the annals.
Σελλουμof Shallumgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: whose acts)→ participant identificationΣελλουμ: indeclinable; whose acts and conspiracy are cited.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with συστροφή)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συστροφὴconspiracyNominativesubject (coordinate with τὰ λοιπά)→ participant prominenceσυστροφή: 'conspiracy, plot, banding-together'; cognate of συστρέφομαι (v. 10); renders קֶשֶׁר; the plot by which Shallum seized power.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with συστροφή)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with συστροφή).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (cognate accusative with συνεστράφη)→ participant referenceὅς (acc. fem. ἥν): relative pronoun; here a cognate (internal) accusative with συνεστράφη, 'the conspiracy which he conspired.'
συνεστράφηhe conspiredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συστρέφωverb of relative clause (cognate construction)→ constative aorist (the act of conspiring)συστρέφω (aor. pass. συνεστράφη): 'conspire, band together'; the figura etymologica συστροφὴ … συνεστράφη ('the conspiracy he conspired') is a Hebraism rendering the cognate קֶשֶׁר … קָשַׁר.
ἰδούbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the affirmative citation.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula of periphrastic perfect (with γεγραμμένα)→ gnomic presentεἰμί (3 pl. εἰσιν): forms 'they are written' with γεγραμμένα; here the plural verb agrees with the compound subject (acts + conspiracy).
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (recorded and on record)γράφω: the perfect passive participle, 'are written', i.e. preserved in the royal annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the record).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative (object of ἐπί)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book, scroll'; the annal-source.
λόγωνof the wordsGenitivegenitive (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: part of the fixed annal-title.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'words of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = annals.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('of the kings of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl.): 'of/for the kings of Israel', the northern chronicle.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom.
16

τότε ἐπάταξεν Μαναημ τὴν Θερσα καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς ἀπὸ Θερσα ὅτι οὐκ ἤνοιξαν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὴν καὶ τὰς ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσας ἀνέρρηξεν

Then Menahem struck Tiphsah and all who were in it and its territory from Tiphsah, because they did not open to him; and he struck it, and all the women who were with child he ripped open.

Atrocity narrative (Menahem's reprisal against Tiphsah)τότε ἐπάταξεν Μαναημ
τότε ('then') marks Menahem's reprisal against the town that would not open its gates to him. The verse climaxes in the chapter's most shocking image: τὰς ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσας ἀνέρρηξεν ('the pregnant women he ripped open'), a war-atrocity (cf. Amos 1:13; Hos 14:1) that brands the new northern king as savage from the outset. (The Hebrew names Tiphsah; the LXX writes Θερσα, perhaps assimilating to Tirzah.)
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
τότεthentemporal adverb (sequential: 'then')→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then, at that time'; renders אָז; marks the sequel to Menahem's seizure of power — his punitive campaign.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (military assault)→ constative aorist (the attack)πατάσσω: 'strike, smite, attack'; here of a military assault on a town rather than a single assassination.
ΜαναημMenahemsubject of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαναημ: the new northern king, now consolidating power by force.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Θερσα as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΘερσαTiphsah / Tirzahaccusative object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable place; with article τήν)→ noun-phrase markingΘερσα: the LXX form of the town struck by Menahem; the Hebrew reads תִּפְסַח (Tiphsah), but the Greek Θερσα appears to assimilate the name to Tirzah (cf. Θαρσιλα, v. 14); treated as an indeclinable place-name.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object: 'all the things/people in it')→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ('all that was in it') — the town's whole population and contents.
τὰthe thingsAccusativesubstantival article (with ἐν αὐτῇ: 'the things in it')→ noun-phrase markingThe neuter plural article τά substantivises the prepositional phrase: 'the (things/people) in it.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
αὐτῇitDativedative (object of ἐν: 'in it', the town)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. fem. αὐτῇ): refers to the town Θερσα.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὅρια)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριαterritory / bordersAccusativedirect object (extending the assault to the surrounding region)→ object specificationὅριον (pl. ὅρια): 'boundary, territory, region'; renders גְּבוּל; the surrounding district struck along with the town.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὅρια)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen. fem. αὐτῆς): 'its', of the town.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (extent of the territory)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπὸ Θερσα marks the town as the reference-point for the surrounding territory struck.
ΘερσαTiphsahgenitive of origin (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΘερσα: repeated; here as the geographical anchor of the affected territory.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (giving the reason)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; renders כִּי; introduces the reason for the atrocity — the town's refusal to surrender.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἤνοιξαν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤνοιξανthey openedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνοίγωverb of causal clause (negated)→ constative aorist (negated act of surrender)ἀνοίγω (aor. ἤνοιξαν): 'open'; renders פָּתַח; 'they did not open (their gates) to him', i.e. refused to surrender — the provocation for the massacre.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of advantage (the one to whom they refused to open)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat. masc. αὐτῷ): 'to him', Menahem, to whom the town would not open.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενhe struckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (resumptive: the assault carried out)→ constative aorist (the attack executed)πατάσσω: repeated, resuming the main action after the causal clause — he carried out the assault on the town.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (the town)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. fem. αὐτήν): 'it', the town Θερσα.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the atrocity)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςthe (women)Accusativearticle (substantivising the participial phrase: 'the women who…')→ noun-phrase markingThe feminine plural article τάς substantivises the following phrase: 'the women who were pregnant.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiomatic: 'with child')→ spatial or relational framingἐν γαστρὶ ἔχειν ('to have in the womb') is the fixed Greek idiom for being pregnant.
γαστρὶwombDativedative (in the idiom ἐν γαστρί: 'with child')→ sphere or referenceγαστήρ (dat. γαστρί): 'belly, womb'; in the idiom ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχειν, 'to be pregnant.'
ἐχούσαςhaving / who were with childPres Act Part Acc Pl Fem · ἔχωsubstantival participle (object: 'the pregnant women')→ durative present participle (their condition)ἔχω (pres. part. ἐχούσας): 'have'; with ἐν γαστρί, 'the women being pregnant'; the substantival participle is the object of ἀνέρρηξεν.
ἀνέρρηξενhe ripped openAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναρρήγνυμιmain verb (the atrocity)→ constative aorist (the act of ripping open)ἀναρρήγνυμι (aor. ἀνέρρηξεν): 'tear open, rip up'; renders בָּקַע; the gruesome war-atrocity of ripping open pregnant women (cf. 4 Kgdms 8:12; Amos 1:13; Hos 14:1), here branding Menahem's reign with savagery from its very start.
17

ἐν ἔτει τριακοστῷ καὶ ἐνάτῳ Αζαρια βασιλεῖ Ιουδα καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Μαναημ υἱὸς Γαδδι ἐπὶ Ισραηλ δέκα ἔτη ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ

In the thirty-ninth year of Azariah king of Judah, Menahem son of Gaddi began to reign over Israel for ten years in Samaria.

Synchronistic accession formula (Menahem's reign)ἐν ἔτει τριακοστῷ καὶ ἐνάτῳ
Menahem's formal accession formula, synchronised to Azariah's thirty-ninth year (the same year as Shallum's month). Unlike the preceding ephemeral reigns, Menahem holds power δέκα ἔτη ('ten years') — a relative stability bought, as the next verses show, by tribute to Assyria.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; opens Menahem's synchronistic accession notice.
τριακοστῷthirtiethDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceτριακοστός: 'thirtieth'; with ἐνάτῳ = 'thirty-ninth.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining ordinals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνάτῳninthDativeordinal adjective (with τριακοστῷ: 'thirty-ninth')→ sphere or referenceἔνατος: 'ninth'; τριακοστῷ καὶ ἐνάτῳ = the thirty-ninth synchronistic year of Azariah.
Αζαριαof AzariahDativedative (synchronistic king)→ sphere or referenceΑζαριας (dat. Αζαρια): Azariah/Uzziah of Judah, providing the synchronism.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Αζαρια→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. βασιλεῖ): 'king of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; Azariah's kingdom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resumptive καί before the main verb)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here a resumptive conjunction before the main clause, a Hebraizing feature (the apodosis-καί) after the fronted temporal phrase.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: the accession-verb for Menahem's reign.
ΜαναημMenahemsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαναημ: the usurper of v. 14, now formally king.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Μαναημ→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Gaddi.'
Γαδδιof Gaddigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΓαδδι: indeclinable; Menahem's father.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; 'reigned over Israel.'
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative (object of ἐπί)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom Menahem rules.
δέκαtenindeclinable cardinal (with ἔτη: reign-length)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable; δέκα ἔτη ('ten years') marks Menahem's relatively long, tribute-stabilised reign.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (reign-length)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): accusative of duration.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place ('in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the northern capital.
18

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ πασῶν ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD; he did not depart from all the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat, who made Israel to sin.

Evaluative regnal verdict (negative)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν
The fixed northern verdict, here with the intensified πασῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ('all the sins') of Jeroboam son of Nabat; otherwise verbatim the refrain of vv. 9, 24, 28. Even Menahem's decade of rule earns no theological credit — he too is bound to the dynastic sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluative verdict)→ constative aoristποιέω: in ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν, the negative verdict.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivising πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object)→ object specificationπονηρός (neut. πονηρόν): 'evil'; τὸ πονηρόν, the standard negative verdict (cf. v. 9).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (evaluative perspective)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (evaluative perspective).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of perspective ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου, the divine standpoint.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessor of ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the measure of the king's evil.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἀπέστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (negated)→ constative aorist (negated act of turning away)ἀφίστημι (aor. ἀπέστη): 'turn away, depart'; οὐκ ἀπέστη, the fixed aggravation.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἁμαρτιῶν: 'all the sins')→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. pl. fem. πασῶν): 'all'; the intensifier 'all the sins' heightens the indictment in this and v. 28.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the cultic 'sins of Jeroboam.'
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam I son of Nabat, the dynastic apostate.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): patronymic 'son of Nabat.'
Ναβατof Nabatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: indeclinable; Nebat, father of Jeroboam I.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the fixed indictment clause.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative)→ constative aoristἐξαμαρτάνω: causative 'cause to sin'; ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ, the fixed brand on Jeroboam I.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (with article τόν)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the nation led into sin.
19

ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ἀνέβη Φουλ βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ Μαναημ ἔδωκεν τῷ Φουλ χίλια τάλαντα ἀργυρίου εἶναι τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ

In his days Pul king of the Assyrians came up against the land, and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of silver, that his hand might be with him.

Foreign-affairs notice (Assyrian intervention and tribute)ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ
The chapter's first appearance of Assyria: Pul (the throne-name of Tiglath-pileser III) invades, and Menahem buys him off with a thousand talents of silver to secure his backing (εἶναι τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ, 'that his hand might be with him' — i.e. to confirm Menahem's grip on the throne). This is the prelude to the deportations of v. 29 and the long Assyrian shadow over the north.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ('in his days') is a fixed temporal formula situating an event within a king's reign.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἡμέραις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα (dat. pl. ἡμέραις): 'day'; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ = 'in his (Menahem's) days/reign.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἡμέραις)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἡμέραις).
ἀνέβηcame upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (military invasion)→ constative aorist (the invasion)ἀναβαίνω (aor. ἀνέβη): 'go up, advance'; the verb of military invasion, here Pul's campaign against the land.
ΦουλPulsubject of ἀνέβη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦουλ: indeclinable transliteration of פּוּל (Pul), the Babylonian throne-name of Tiglath-pileser III of Assyria, who appears under his Assyrian name (Θαγλαθφελλασαρ) at v. 29.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Φουλ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων ('king of the Assyrians'), the title identifying Pul.
Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive (with βασιλεύς: 'king of the Assyrians')→ relational specificationἈσσύριος (gen. pl. Ἀσσυρίων): 'Assyrian'; the gentilic noun; the LXX regularly speaks of the 'king of the Assyrians' (rendering Hebrew מֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר).
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'against'; the hostile object of the invasion.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative (object of ἐπί: 'against the land')→ object specificationγῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land'; here the land of Israel, the target of Pul's campaign.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing Menahem's response)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΜαναημMenahemsubject of ἔδωκεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαναημ: the northern king, who buys off the invader.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (payment of tribute)→ constative aorist (the act of paying)δίδωμι (aor. ἔδωκεν): 'give'; renders נָתַן; the payment of tribute/bribe to secure Assyrian support.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Φουλ, dative recipient)→ noun-phrase markingThe dative article marks the indeclinable Φουλ as the recipient ('to Pul').
ΦουλPuldative (indirect object: recipient of the silver)→ participant identificationΦουλ: the Assyrian king, recipient of the thousand talents.
χίλιαa thousandAccusativecardinal adjective (modifying τάλαντα)→ object specificationχίλιοι (neut. χίλια): 'a thousand'; the size of the tribute, a staggering sum extracted from the people (v. 20).
τάλανταtalentsAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκεν→ object specificationτάλαντον: 'talent' (a large weight/sum of silver); renders כִּכַּר; a thousand talents is an enormous indemnity.
ἀργυρίουof silverGenitivegenitive of material (with τάλαντα)→ relational specificationἀργύριον: 'silver, money'; renders כֶּסֶף; the metal of the tribute.
εἶναιthat … might bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive of purpose/result ('that his hand might be with him')→ verbal action or stateεἰμί (pres. inf. εἶναι): the infinitive expresses purpose — the tribute is paid 'for his (Pul's) hand to be with him (Menahem)', i.e. to secure Assyrian backing for Menahem's throne.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρα, accusative subject of the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativeaccusative subject of εἶναι ('his hand')→ object specificationχείρ (acc. χεῖρα): 'hand'; here metaphorically 'power, support'; 'that his hand be with him' is a Hebraism for political/military backing (יָד עִם).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with χεῖρα: Pul's hand)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): 'his', of Pul — his power/support.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment/support)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (elided μετ᾿) + genitive: 'with'; in the support-idiom 'that his hand be with him.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of μετά: with Menahem)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): 'him', Menahem, whom Pul's support is to back.
20

καὶ ἐξήνεγκεν Μαναημ τὸ ἀργύριον ἐπὶ τὸν Ισραηλ ἐπὶ πᾶν δυνατὸν ἰσχύι δοῦναι τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν Ἀσσυρίων πεντήκοντα σίκλους τῷ ἀνδρὶ τῷ ἑνί καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων καὶ οὐκ ἔστη ἐκεῖ ἐν τῇ γῇ

And Menahem levied the silver upon Israel, upon every man of substance, to give to the king of the Assyrians fifty shekels of silver for each man; and the king of the Assyrians turned back and did not stay there in the land.

Fiscal consequence (the tribute extracted from the people)καὶ ἐξήνεγκεν Μαναημ
How the thousand talents were raised: Menahem 'brought out' (i.e. exacted) the silver from Israel, levying fifty shekels per head on every man of means (πᾶν δυνατὸν ἰσχύι, 'everyone able in strength'). With the tribute paid, the Assyrian king withdrew (ἀπέστρεψεν … οὐκ ἔστη ἐκεῖ) — the danger bought off for a season, but at the cost of the people's wealth.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήνεγκενlevied / brought outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκφέρωmain verb (exaction of tribute)→ constative aorist (the act of exacting)ἐκφέρω (aor. ἐξήνεγκεν): 'bring out, carry out'; here 'levy, exact', the extraction of the tribute-silver from the populace; renders the Hiphil of יָצָא ('cause to go out').
ΜαναημMenahemsubject of ἐξήνεγκεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαναημ: the king who levies the tribute on his own people.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἀργύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverAccusativedirect object of ἐξήνεγκεν→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver, money'; the tribute-money raised for Assyria.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (imposition: 'levied upon')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; marks the burden imposed on Israel.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative (object of ἐπί: the people taxed; with article τόν)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here the northern populace on whom the levy falls.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (specifying the taxed class)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative (repeated): narrows the levy to a particular class — the wealthy.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeadjective (with δυνατόν: 'every able man')→ object specificationπᾶς (neut. πᾶν): 'every'; πᾶν δυνατὸν ἰσχύι ('everyone strong in might') designates the men of substance liable to the tax.
δυνατὸνable / mightyAccusativesubstantival adjective (the man of substance)→ object specificationδυνατός: 'able, powerful, wealthy'; δυνατὸν ἰσχύι ('mighty in strength') renders גִּבּוֹר הַחַיִל, the wealthy/landed men able to pay; the levy targets those of means.
ἰσχύιin strength / wealthDativedative of respect (with δυνατόν: 'able in strength')→ sphere or referenceἰσχύς (dat. ἰσχύι): 'strength, might, means'; the dative of respect specifies the sphere of ability — military/economic capacity, i.e. the well-to-do.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive of purpose ('to give to the king')→ constative aorist infinitiveδίδωμι (aor. inf. δοῦναι): 'give'; the purpose-infinitive — the levy's aim is to pay the Assyrian king.
τῷto theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ, dative recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative (indirect object of δοῦναι: the recipient)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. βασιλεῖ): the king of the Assyrians, recipient of the tribute.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with Ἀσσυρίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive (with βασιλεῖ: 'king of the Assyrians')→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: 'Assyrian'; 'the king of the Assyrians', i.e. Pul/Tiglath-pileser.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable cardinal (with σίκλους)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable; the per-capita levy of fifty shekels.
σίκλουςshekelsAccusativedirect object of δοῦναι (the amount per man)→ object specificationσίκλος: 'shekel' (a weight/coin of silver); transliterates Hebrew שֶׁקֶל; fifty shekels per head was a heavy individual assessment.
τῷfor theDativearticle (with ἀνδρί, distributive dative)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνδρὶmanDativedistributive dative ('for each man')→ sphere or referenceἀνήρ (dat. ἀνδρί): 'man'; τῷ ἀνδρὶ τῷ ἑνί ('for the one man') is a distributive idiom, 'for each individual man.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἑνί)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑνίone / eachDativenumeral adjective (distributive: 'each one')→ sphere or referenceεἷς (dat. ἑνί): 'one'; in τῷ ἀνδρὶ τῷ ἑνί, 'for each single man', the distributive reckoning of the per-capita tax.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the withdrawal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενturned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (the Assyrian withdrawal)→ constative aorist (the act of withdrawing)ἀποστρέφω (aor. ἀπέστρεψεν, intr. 'turned back, withdrew'); renders שׁוּב; with the tribute paid, the Assyrian king retreats.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἀπέστρεψεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the Assyrian king who withdraws.
Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive (with βασιλεύς: 'king of the Assyrians')→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: 'Assyrian'; the withdrawing king is Pul.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἔστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstayed / stoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (negated: did not remain)→ constative aorist (negated act of staying)ἵστημι (intr. aor. ἔστη): 'stand, stay, remain'; οὐκ ἔστη ἐκεῖ ('he did not stay there'), confirming the withdrawal — the Assyrian did not garrison the land at this stage.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place ('there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders שָׁם; the place from which the Assyrian withdrew — the land of Israel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place ('in the land')→ sphere or referenceγῆ (dat. γῇ): 'land'; the land of Israel, which the Assyrian did not occupy on this occasion.
21

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Μαναημ καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Menahem, and all that he did, are they not — behold — written in the book of the words of the days for the kings of Israel?

Annal-citation formulaκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Μαναημ
Menahem's citation-formula, in the rhetorical-question form (οὐκ … ἰδού), referring to the annals of the kings of Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)→ participant prominenceλοιπός: substantivised τὰ λοιπά, the fixed opening of the citation-formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'deeds, affairs'; Menahem's acts in the annals.
Μαναημof Menahemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: whose acts)→ participant identificationΜαναημ: indeclinable; whose acts are cited.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all things')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (nom. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν, the king's whole career.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'all that'; specifies the totality of his deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: summarises the king's deeds.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question expecting 'yes')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: in the rhetorical-question citation-formula, expecting an affirmative answer.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; reinforces the citation-question.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative subject (with γεγραμμένα)→ participant prominenceοὗτος (nom. pl. n. ταῦτα): 'these things', the rest of Menahem's acts.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (recorded and on record)γράφω: the perfect passive participle (with implied εἰσίν), 'are written' in the annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the record).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative (object of ἐπί)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book, scroll'; the annal-source.
λόγωνof the wordsGenitivegenitive (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: part of the fixed annal-title.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'words of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = annals.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('of the kings of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl.): 'of/for the kings of Israel', the northern chronicle.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom.
22

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Μαναημ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Φακεϊας υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Menahem slept with his fathers, and Pekahiah his son reigned in his place.

Death and succession formulaκαὶ ἐκοιμήθη Μαναημ
Menahem alone among the northern kings of this chapter dies peacefully (ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων) and passes the throne to his own son — the only dynastic succession in the northern sequence here, and it lasts only two years (v. 23) before the next coup.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-notice)→ constative aorist (the king's death)κοιμάομαι (aor. ἐκοιμήθη): 'fall asleep'; the peaceful death-formula 'slept with his fathers', here notably applied to a northern king (Menahem dies in his bed, unlike his predecessors and successors).
ΜαναημMenahemsubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαναημ: the dying king.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; in the death-formula 'with his fathers.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive (object of μετά)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'fathers, ancestors'; the ancestral dead.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: the succession-verb; Pekahiah accedes in his father's place.
ΦακεϊαςPekahiahNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant prominenceΦακεϊας (gen. Φακεϊου): transliteration of Hebrew פְּקַחְיָה (Pekahiah); declinable; Menahem's son, distinguished by spelling from the usurper Φακεε (Pekah) who kills him (v. 25).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Φακεϊας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ('his son'), marking the dynastic succession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided): 'in place of'; the succession-phrase.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of ἀντί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of ἀντί).
23

ἐν ἔτει πεντηκοστῷ τοῦ Αζαριου βασιλέως Ιουδα ἐβασίλευσεν Φακεϊας υἱὸς Μαναημ ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ δύο ἔτη

In the fiftieth year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekahiah son of Menahem began to reign over Israel in Samaria for two years.

Synchronistic accession formula (Pekahiah's reign)ἐν ἔτει πεντηκοστῷ
Pekahiah's accession, synchronised to Azariah's fiftieth year, with a genitival synchronism (τοῦ Αζαριου βασιλέως Ιουδα) rather than the dative of earlier notices. His reign lasts only δύο ἔτη ('two years') before his officer Pekah strikes him down (v. 25).
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; opens Pekahiah's synchronistic accession notice.
πεντηκοστῷfiftiethDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceπεντηκοστός: 'fiftieth'; the synchronistic year of Azariah.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Αζαριου, genitive of the king)→ noun-phrase markingThe genitive article binds the regnal year to Azariah ('the fiftieth year of Azariah'); the genitive synchronism varies the earlier dative form.
Αζαριουof AzariahGenitivegenitive (synchronistic king)→ relational specificationΑζαριας (gen. Αζαριου): Azariah/Uzziah of Judah, the synchronistic reference.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αζαριου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; Azariah's kingdom.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: the accession-verb for Pekahiah.
ΦακεϊαςPekahiahNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant prominenceΦακεϊας: Pekahiah, Menahem's son (cf. v. 22).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Φακεϊας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Menahem.'
Μαναημof Menahemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαναημ: indeclinable; Pekahiah's father.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; 'reigned over Israel.'
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative (object of ἐπί)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place ('in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the northern capital.
δύοtwoindeclinable cardinal (with ἔτη: reign-length)→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; indeclinable; δύο ἔτη ('two years') — Pekahiah's short reign before his assassination.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (reign-length)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): accusative of duration.
24

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD; he did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat, who made Israel to sin.

Evaluative regnal verdict (negative)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν
The fixed northern verdict, verbatim as at v. 9: Pekahiah too is bound to the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluative verdict)→ constative aoristποιέω: in ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν, the negative verdict.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivising πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object)→ object specificationπονηρός (neut. πονηρόν): 'evil'; the standard negative verdict.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (evaluative perspective)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (evaluative perspective).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of perspective ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου, the divine standpoint.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessor of ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the measure of the king's evil.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἀπέστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (negated)→ constative aorist (negated act of turning away)ἀφίστημι (aor. ἀπέστη): 'turn away'; οὐκ ἀπέστη, the fixed aggravation.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the cultic 'sins of Jeroboam.'
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam I son of Nabat, the dynastic apostate.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): patronymic 'son of Nabat.'
Ναβατof Nabatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: indeclinable; Nebat, father of Jeroboam I.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the fixed indictment clause.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative)→ constative aoristἐξαμαρτάνω: causative 'cause to sin'; ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ, the fixed brand on Jeroboam I.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (with article τόν)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the nation led into sin.
25

καὶ συνεστράφη ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν Φακεε υἱὸς Ρομελιου ὁ τριστάτης αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ ἐναντίον οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως μετὰ τοῦ Αργοβ καὶ μετὰ τοῦ Αρια καὶ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες ἀπὸ τῶν τετρακοσίων καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Pekah son of Romelias, his officer, conspired against him and struck him in Samaria before the palace, with Argob and with Aria and with him fifty men of the four hundred; and he put him to death and reigned in his place.

Coup narrative (Pekah overthrows Pekahiah)καὶ συνεστράφη ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν
The chapter's most detailed coup: the conspirator is Pekahiah's own τριστάτης ('third-rank officer, adjutant') Pekah son of Romelias, who strikes within the palace citadel (ἐναντίον οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως) with named confederates (Argob, Aria) and a band of fifty Gileadites 'from the four hundred.' Again the chain conspire–strike–kill–reign-in-his-place; the συστρέφομαι/συστροφή vocabulary continues the chapter's motif of serial usurpation.
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεστράφηconspiredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συστρέφωmain verb (conspiracy)→ constative aorist (the act of conspiring)συστρέφω (aor. pass. συνεστράφη): 'conspire, band together'; renders קָשַׁר; the singular here (one named conspirator) contrasts with the plural of v. 10.
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against him')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (elided ἐπ᾿) + accusative: 'against'; the target of the conspiracy.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative (object of ἐπί: Pekahiah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative (object of ἐπί: Pekahiah).
ΦακεεPekahsubject of συνεστράφη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦακεε: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew פֶּקַח (Pekah); the officer who kills Pekahiah and reigns twenty years (v. 27); distinguished by spelling from Φακεϊας (Pekahiah).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Φακεε→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Romelias.'
Ρομελιουof RomeliasGenitivegenitive of relationship (patronymic)→ relational specificationΡομελιας (gen. Ρομελιου): transliteration of Hebrew רְמַלְיָהוּ (Remaliah); treated as a declinable first-declension noun (here genitive); Pekah's father, named repeatedly (vv. 27, 30, 32, 37).
theNominativearticle (with τριστάτης)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τριστάτηςofficer / adjutantNominativenominative in apposition to Φακεε (his rank)→ participant prominenceτριστάτης: 'third man, high officer, adjutant' (originally the third man in a war-chariot); renders שָׁלִישׁ; a senior royal officer — making Pekah's coup a betrayal from within the king's own staff.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with τριστάτης: 'his officer')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): 'his', i.e. Pekahiah's — Pekah is the king's own adjutant.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the assassinating blow)→ constative aorist (the decisive strike)πατάσσω: 'strike, smite'; the assassination-verb.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπάταξεν.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place ('in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the capital, scene of the assassination.
ἐναντίονbeforepreposition + genitive (location: 'before the palace')→ spatial or relational framingἐναντίον + genitive: 'before, in front of'; renders לִפְנֵי; locates the killing at the palace itself — within the seat of royal power.
οἴκουhouse / palaceGenitivegenitive (object of ἐναντίον: 'before the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house'; here the royal palace; οἶκος τοῦ βασιλέως ('the king's house') is the citadel/keep of the palace complex.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive (with οἴκου: 'the king's house')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): the human king; ὁ οἶκος τοῦ βασιλέως = the royal palace.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: confederates)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; introduces Pekah's named confederates.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Αργοβ)→ noun-phrase markingThe genitive article marks the indeclinable name Αργοβ as object of μετά.
ΑργοβArgobgenitive (object of μετά: confederate; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑργοβ: indeclinable transliteration of אַרְגֹּב (Argob); one of Pekah's confederates (or, on some readings, a place-name).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with Αρια)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑριαAriagenitive (object of μετά: confederate; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑρια: indeclinable transliteration of הָאַרְיֵה (Arieh); a second named confederate of Pekah (or a place-name in some traditions).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά (elided μετ᾿) + genitive: 'with him', introducing the band of fifty men.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of μετά: 'with him')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): 'him', Pekah; the fifty men are 'with him.'
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable cardinal (with ἄνδρες)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable; the size of Pekah's strike-force.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativeappositional nominative (the fifty confederates)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (nom. pl. ἄνδρες): 'men'; the fifty Gileadites who back the coup.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (partitive: 'of the four hundred')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; partitive — the fifty drawn 'from the four hundred' (a body of Gileadite men, per the Hebrew).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with τετρακοσίων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τετρακοσίωνfour hundredGenitivecardinal numeral (partitive genitive: 'of the four hundred')→ relational specificationτετρακόσιοι (gen. τετρακοσίων): 'four hundred'; the larger body (in the Hebrew, men of Gilead) from which the fifty conspirators were drawn.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενput to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (completing the killing)→ constative aorist (the act of killing)θανατόω: 'put to death'; the regular complement to ἐπάταξεν in the coup-formula.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐθανάτωσεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing usurpation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (usurpation)→ ingressive aorist (seized the kingship)βασιλεύω: Pekah seizes the throne; ἐβασίλευσεν ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ, the succession-phrase used for the violent takeover.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided): 'in place of'; the succession-phrase.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of ἀντί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of ἀντί).
26

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Φακεϊου καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν ἰδού εἰσιν γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Pekahiah, and all that he did, behold, they are written in the book of the words of the days for the kings of Israel.

Annal-citation formulaκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Φακεϊου
Pekahiah's citation-formula, in the affirmative form (ἰδού εἰσιν γεγραμμένα), referring to the annals of the kings of Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)→ participant prominenceλοιπός: substantivised τὰ λοιπά, the fixed opening of the citation-formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'deeds, affairs'; Pekahiah's acts in the annals.
Φακεϊουof PekahiahGenitivegenitive of possession (whose acts)→ relational specificationΦακεϊας (gen. Φακεϊου): Pekahiah, son of Menahem (cf. vv. 22–23); the genitive identifies whose acts are cited.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all things')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (nom. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'all that'; the totality of his deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: summarises the king's deeds.
ἰδούbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the affirmative citation.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula of periphrastic perfect (with γεγραμμένα)→ gnomic presentεἰμί (3 pl. εἰσιν): forms 'they are written' with γεγραμμένα.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (recorded and on record)γράφω: the perfect passive participle, 'are written' in the annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the record).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative (object of ἐπί)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book, scroll'; the annal-source.
λόγωνof the wordsGenitivegenitive (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: part of the fixed annal-title.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'words of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = annals.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('of the kings of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl.): 'of/for the kings of Israel', the northern chronicle.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom.
27

ἐν ἔτει πεντηκοστῷ καὶ δευτέρῳ τοῦ Αζαριου βασιλέως Ιουδα ἐβασίλευσεν Φακεε υἱὸς Ρομελιου ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι ἔτη

In the fifty-second year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekah son of Romelias began to reign over Israel in Samaria for twenty years.

Synchronistic accession formula (Pekah's reign)ἐν ἔτει πεντηκοστῷ καὶ δευτέρῳ
Pekah's accession, synchronised to Azariah's fifty-second (and final) year. His reign-length is given as εἴκοσι ἔτη ('twenty years'), the longest northern reign in the chapter — yet it is in his days that the first Assyrian deportation falls (v. 29).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; opens Pekah's synchronistic accession notice.
πεντηκοστῷfiftiethDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceπεντηκοστός: 'fiftieth'; with δευτέρῳ = 'fifty-second.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining ordinals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeordinal adjective (with πεντηκοστῷ: 'fifty-second')→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; πεντηκοστῷ καὶ δευτέρῳ = the fifty-second (final) synchronistic year of Azariah's fifty-two-year reign (cf. v. 2).
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Αζαριου)→ noun-phrase markingThe genitive article binds the year to Azariah.
Αζαριουof AzariahGenitivegenitive (synchronistic king)→ relational specificationΑζαριας (gen. Αζαριου): Azariah/Uzziah of Judah, the synchronistic reference (his fifty-second and last year).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αζαριου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; Azariah's kingdom.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: the accession-verb for Pekah.
ΦακεεPekahsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦακεε: indeclinable; Pekah, the usurper of v. 25, now formally king.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Φακεε→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Romelias.'
Ρομελιουof RomeliasGenitivegenitive of relationship (patronymic)→ relational specificationΡομελιας (gen. Ρομελιου): Remaliah, Pekah's father.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule 'over')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; 'reigned over Israel.'
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative (object of ἐπί)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place ('in Samaria')→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the northern capital.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable cardinal (with ἔτη: reign-length)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable; εἴκοσι ἔτη ('twenty years'), the longest northern reign in this chapter.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (reign-length)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): accusative of duration.
28

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ πασῶν ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD; he did not depart from all the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat, who made Israel to sin.

Evaluative regnal verdict (negative)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν
The fixed northern verdict, verbatim as at v. 18 (with πασῶν): Pekah too is bound to all the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat. The verdict immediately precedes the catastrophe of v. 29 — the theological cause set just before its national effect.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluative verdict)→ constative aoristποιέω: in ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν, the negative verdict.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivising πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object)→ object specificationπονηρός (neut. πονηρόν): 'evil'; the standard negative verdict.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (evaluative perspective)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (evaluative perspective).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of perspective ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου, the divine standpoint.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessor of ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the measure of the king's evil.
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἀπέστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (negated)→ constative aorist (negated act of turning away)ἀφίστημι (aor. ἀπέστη): 'turn away'; οὐκ ἀπέστη, the fixed aggravation.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying ἁμαρτιῶν: 'all the sins')→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. pl. fem. πασῶν): 'all'; the intensifier 'all the sins' (as at v. 18).
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive (object of ἀπό)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the cultic 'sins of Jeroboam.'
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam I son of Nabat, the dynastic apostate.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): patronymic 'son of Nabat.'
Ναβατof Nabatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: indeclinable; Nebat, father of Jeroboam I.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the fixed indictment clause.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative)→ constative aoristἐξαμαρτάνω: causative 'cause to sin'; the fixed brand on Jeroboam I.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐξήμαρτεν (with article τόν)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the nation led into sin.
29

ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Φακεε βασιλέως Ισραηλ ἦλθεν Θαγλαθφελλασαρ βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων καὶ ἔλαβεν τὴν Αιν καὶ τὴν Αβελβαιθαμααχα καὶ τὴν Ιανωχ καὶ τὴν Κενεζ καὶ τὴν Ασωρ καὶ τὴν Γαλααδ καὶ τὴν Γαλιλαίαν πᾶσαν γῆν Νεφθαλι καὶ ἀπῴκισεν αὐτοὺς εἰς Ἀσσυρίους

In the days of Pekah king of Israel, Tiglath-pileser king of the Assyrians came and took Ain and Abel-beth-maacah and Janoah and Kenez and Hazor and Gilead and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali, and he deported them to Assyria.

Catastrophe notice (the first Assyrian deportation)ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Φακεε
The chapter's pivot: Tiglath-pileser (Θαγλαθφελλασαρ, here under his Assyrian name; cf. Φουλ, v. 19) annexes the northern frontier — a list of towns and the regions of Gilead, Galilee, and 'all the land of Naphtali' — and ἀπῴκισεν αὐτοὺς εἰς Ἀσσυρίους ('deported them to Assyria'). This is the first Assyrian exile of Israelites, the historical prelude to the fall of Samaria (chs. 17–18) and the loss of the ten tribes.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις + genitive ('in the days of') situates the event within Pekah's reign.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἡμέραις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα (dat. pl. ἡμέραις): 'day'; 'in the days of Pekah.'
Φακεεof Pekahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'days of Pekah')→ participant identificationΦακεε: indeclinable; Pekah, in whose reign the deportation falls.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Φακεε→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king of Israel.'
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; Pekah's kingdom.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the Assyrian advance)→ constative aorist (the invasion)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθεν): 'come'; the verb of the Assyrian king's arrival/invasion.
ΘαγλαθφελλασαρTiglath-pilesersubject of ἦλθεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΘαγλαθφελλασαρ: indeclinable transliteration of תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר (Tiglath-pileser III); the same monarch called Φουλ at v. 19; the architect of the first Assyrian deportation of Israel.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Θαγλαθφελλασαρ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; βασιλεὺς Ἀσσυρίων, the title of the invader.
Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive (with βασιλεύς: 'king of the Assyrians')→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: 'Assyrian'; the king of Assyria.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (capture of territory)→ constative aorist (the act of seizing)λαμβάνω (aor. ἔλαβεν): 'take, seize, capture'; renders לָקַח; here of the military annexation of the listed towns and regions.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Αιν)→ noun-phrase markingThe feminine accusative articles before each place-name mark the indeclinable toponyms as objects of ἔλαβεν.
ΑινAin / Ijonaccusative object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable place; with article τήν)→ noun-phrase markingΑιν: indeclinable; the LXX form of the northern town (Hebrew עִיּוֹן, Ijon); first in the list of captured frontier towns.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Αβελβαιθαμααχα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑβελβαιθαμααχαAbel-beth-maacahaccusative object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable place)→ participant identificationΑβελβαιθαμααχα: indeclinable transliteration of אָבֵל בֵּית מַעֲכָה (Abel-beth-maacah); a fortified town in the far north of Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιανωχ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙανωχJanoahaccusative object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable place)→ participant identificationΙανωχ: indeclinable transliteration of יָנוֹחַ (Janoah); a northern town in the captured frontier.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Κενεζ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΚενεζKenez / Kedeshaccusative object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable place)→ participant identificationΚενεζ: indeclinable; the LXX form of the northern town (Hebrew קֶדֶשׁ, Kedesh, in Naphtali).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ασωρ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑσωρHazoraccusative object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable place)→ participant identificationΑσωρ: indeclinable transliteration of חָצוֹר (Hazor); the great northern fortress-city, here taken by Assyria.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Γαλααδ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαλααδGileadaccusative object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable region)→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: indeclinable transliteration of גִּלְעָד (Gilead); the Transjordanian region, now annexed along with the western towns.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Γαλιλαίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΓαλιλαίανGalileeAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (declinable region-name)→ object specificationΓαλιλαία (acc. Γαλιλαίαν): transliteration of הַגָּלִיל (Galilee); declined as a first-declension noun; the northern region taken in full ('all the land of Naphtali').
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (with γῆν: 'all the land')→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. fem. πᾶσαν): 'all, whole'; πᾶσαν γῆν Νεφθαλι ('all the land of Naphtali') sums up the annexed northern territory in apposition to Galilee.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the land of Naphtali)→ object specificationγῆ (acc. γῆν): 'land'; γῆ Νεφθαλι, the tribal territory of Naphtali, here equated with the seized Galilee.
Νεφθαλιof Naphtaligenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'land of Naphtali')→ participant identificationΝεφθαλι: indeclinable transliteration of נַפְתָּלִי (Naphtali); the northernmost tribal allotment, the first to be carried into exile.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the deportation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῴκισενdeportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποικίζωmain verb (the deportation)→ constative aorist (the act of exiling)ἀποικίζω (aor. ἀπῴκισεν): 'remove to a colony, deport, carry into exile'; renders the Hiphil of גָּלָה ('carry away captive'); the technical verb of exile — this is the first Assyrian deportation of Israelites, prefiguring the full exile of 4 Kgdms 17.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀπῴκισεν (the inhabitants)→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc. pl. αὐτούς): 'them', the inhabitants of the captured towns and regions, deported en masse.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination of exile)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'to, into'; marks Assyria as the destination of the deportation.
ἈσσυρίουςAssyria / the AssyriansAccusativeaccusative (object of εἰς: 'to the Assyrians/Assyria')→ object specificationἈσσύριος (acc. pl. Ἀσσυρίους): 'Assyrians'; εἰς Ἀσσυρίους ('to the Assyrians') = into Assyrian territory, the land of exile.
30

καὶ συνέστρεψεν σύστρεμμα Ωσηε υἱὸς Ηλα ἐπὶ Φακεε υἱὸν Ρομελιου καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐν ἔτει εἰκοστῷ Ιωαθαμ υἱοῦ Αζαριου

And Hoshea son of Elah formed a conspiracy against Pekah son of Romelias, and struck him and put him to death, and reigned in his place, in the twentieth year of Jotham son of Azariah.

Coup narrative (Hoshea overthrows Pekah)καὶ συνέστρεψεν σύστρεμμα Ωσηε
The chapter's last coup, closing the northern sequence: Hoshea son of Elah 'conspired a conspiracy' (συνέστρεψεν σύστρεμμα — a cognate figura etymologica) against Pekah, struck and killed him, and seized the throne. Hoshea will be the last king of the north (ch. 17). The notice ends with an unusual extra synchronism to Jotham's twentieth year, bridging to the Judahite reign resumed at v. 32.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέστρεψενformed / conspiredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συστρέφωmain verb (conspiracy) + cognate object→ constative aorist (the act of conspiring)συστρέφω (aor. act. συνέστρεψεν): 'gather, form (a conspiracy)'; here transitive with the cognate object σύστρεμμα, a figura etymologica ('conspired a conspiracy') rendering קָשַׁר קֶשֶׁר.
σύστρεμμαconspiracyAccusativecognate accusative (object of συνέστρεψεν)→ object specificationσύστρεμμα: 'band, conspiracy, plot'; the cognate (internal) object of συνέστρεψεν, intensifying the act — Hoshea organised a full conspiracy.
ΩσηεHosheasubject of συνέστρεψεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΩσηε: indeclinable transliteration of הוֹשֵׁעַ (Hoshea); the conspirator who becomes the last king of the northern kingdom (4 Kgdms 17).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ωσηε→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Elah.'
Ηλαof Elahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΗλα: indeclinable transliteration of אֵלָה (Elah); Hoshea's father.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile: 'against Pekah')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'against'; the target of the conspiracy.
ΦακεεPekahaccusative (object of ἐπί: indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦακεε: indeclinable; Pekah, the target of Hoshea's coup.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Φακεε→ object specificationυἱός (acc. υἱόν): patronymic 'son of Romelias', in apposition to the object.
Ρομελιουof RomeliasGenitivegenitive of relationship (patronymic)→ relational specificationΡομελιας (gen. Ρομελιου): Remaliah, Pekah's father.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the assassinating blow)→ constative aorist (the decisive strike)πατάσσω: 'strike, smite'; the assassination-verb.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐπάταξεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενput to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (completing the killing)→ constative aorist (the act of killing)θανατόω: 'put to death'; the regular complement to ἐπάταξεν in the coup-formula.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσεν→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἐθανάτωσεν.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing usurpation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (usurpation)→ ingressive aorist (seized the kingship)βασιλεύω: Hoshea seizes the throne; ἐβασίλευσεν ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ, the succession-phrase for the takeover.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided): 'in place of'; the succession-phrase.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of ἀντί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of ἀντί).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: extra synchronism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν ἔτει + ordinal: here an additional synchronism appended to the coup-notice, dating Hoshea's accession to Jotham's twentieth year.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the synchronistic year of Jotham.
εἰκοστῷtwentiethDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceεἰκοστός: 'twentieth'; the twentieth year of Jotham (a synchronism extending beyond Jotham's own sixteen-year reign of v. 33, counting from his regency/co-regency).
Ιωαθαμof Jothamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: synchronistic king)→ participant identificationΙωαθαμ: indeclinable; Jotham of Judah, here providing the synchronism for Hoshea's accession.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωαθαμ→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): patronymic 'son of Azariah.'
Αζαριουof AzariahGenitivegenitive of relationship (Jotham's father)→ relational specificationΑζαριας (gen. Αζαριου): Azariah/Uzziah, Jotham's father.
31

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Φακεε καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν ἰδού ἐστιν γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Pekah, and all that he did, behold, they are written in the book of the words of the days for the kings of Israel.

Annal-citation formula (last of the northern citations)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Φακεε
Pekah's citation-formula, in the affirmative form, closing the northern thread of the chapter; the next verse returns to Judah and Jotham.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)→ participant prominenceλοιπός: substantivised τὰ λοιπά, the fixed opening of the citation-formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'deeds, affairs'; Pekah's acts in the annals.
Φακεεof Pekahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: whose acts)→ participant identificationΦακεε: indeclinable; whose acts are cited.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all things')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (nom. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'all that'; the totality of his deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: summarises the king's deeds.
ἰδούbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; introduces the affirmative citation.
ἐστινarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of periphrastic perfect (with γεγραμμένα)→ stative presentεἰμί (3 sg. ἐστιν): forms 'are written' with γεγραμμένα; the singular verb with the neuter-plural subject is regular Greek.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (recorded and on record)γράφω: the perfect passive participle, 'are written' in the annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the record).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative (object of ἐπί)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book, scroll'; the annal-source.
λόγωνof the wordsGenitivegenitive (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: part of the fixed annal-title.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'words of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = annals.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('of the kings of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl.): 'of/for the kings of Israel', the northern chronicle.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom — its last citation in this chapter.
32

ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ Φακεε υἱοῦ Ρομελιου βασιλέως Ισραηλ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωαθαμ υἱὸς Αζαριου βασιλέως Ιουδα

In the second year of Pekah son of Romelias king of Israel, Jotham son of Azariah king of Judah began to reign.

Synchronistic accession formula (return to Judah; Jotham's reign)ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ Φακεε
The frame returns south. Jotham's accession is synchronised — for the first time in this chapter — to a northern king (Pekah's second year) rather than the reverse, formally inaugurating the Judahite reign whose regency was noted at v. 5 and succession at v. 7.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; opens Jotham's synchronistic accession notice.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; the synchronistic year of Pekah.
Φακεεof Pekahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: synchronistic king)→ participant identificationΦακεε: indeclinable; Pekah of Israel, here the synchronistic reference for a Judahite accession (the reversal of the chapter's usual direction).
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Φακεε→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. υἱοῦ): patronymic 'son of Romelias.'
Ρομελιουof RomeliasGenitivegenitive of relationship (Pekah's father)→ relational specificationΡομελιας (gen. Ρομελιου): Remaliah, Pekah's father.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Φακεε→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king of Israel', identifying Pekah's office.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; Pekah's kingdom.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: the accession-verb for Jotham's reign.
ΙωαθαμJothamsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαθαμ: indeclinable; Jotham of Judah, son of Azariah/Uzziah (cf. vv. 5, 7).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαθαμ→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic 'son of Azariah.'
Αζαριουof AzariahGenitivegenitive of relationship (Jotham's father)→ relational specificationΑζαριας (gen. Αζαριου): Azariah/Uzziah, Jotham's father.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αζαριου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king of Judah', identifying Azariah's office.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; Azariah's (and Jotham's) kingdom.
33

υἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ἐτῶν ἦν ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Ιερουσα θυγάτηρ Σαδωκ

He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Jerusha, daughter of Zadok.

Regnal data formula (age, length, mother)υἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ἐτῶν
Jotham's regnal data, mirroring the form used for Azariah at v. 2: age at accession (twenty-five), reign-length (sixteen years), capital (Jerusalem), and the queen-mother (Jerusha daughter of Zadok). The same age-idiom (υἱὸς … ἐτῶν) and articular infinitive (ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν) recur.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (age-idiom: 'a son of … years')→ participant prominenceυἱός: in the age-idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('a son of N years' = N years old), a calque of Hebrew בֶּן N שָׁנָה.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable cardinal (with πέντε: 'twenty-five')→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable; with πέντε = twenty-five, Jotham's age at accession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining numerals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέντεfiveindeclinable cardinal (with εἴκοσι: 'twenty-five')→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable; εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε = twenty-five years.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱός: 'of … years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): genitive of measure in the age-idiom.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula of the age-clause)→ stative imperfect (his age at the time of accession)εἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; the copula linking the age-predicate to Jotham.
ἐνwhenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + τῷ + infinitive: the standard rendering of the Hebrew temporal infinitive construct ('when …').
τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive βασιλεύειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reignPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'when he began to reign')→ temporal infinitive (the moment of accession)βασιλεύω (pres. inf.): in ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('when he reigned/began to reign'), with αὐτόν as accusative subject.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive βασιλεύειν→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): the accusative subject of the articular infinitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑκκαίδεκαsixteenindeclinable cardinal (with ἔτη: reign-length)→ clausal contributionἑκκαίδεκα: 'sixteen'; indeclinable; ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτη ('sixteen years'), Jotham's reign-length.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (reign-length)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): accusative of duration.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (length-of-reign notice)→ constative aorist (the reign as a whole)βασιλεύω: summarising Jotham's sixteen-year reign.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable: 'in Jerusalem')→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the Judahite capital.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the queen-mother notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of the verbless queen-mother clause→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ … ('the name of his mother was …'), the queen-mother formula (here with genitive μητρός rather than the dative μητρί of v. 2).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with μητρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of possession ('the name of his mother')→ relational specificationμήτηρ (gen. μητρός): 'mother'; the queen-mother, regularly named in the Judahite formulae.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with μητρός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with μητρός).
ΙερουσαJerushapredicate (indeclinable: the mother's name)→ participant identificationΙερουσα: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁא (Jerusha); indeclinable here; Jotham's mother.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativenominative in apposition to Ιερουσα→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; identifies the queen-mother's lineage — 'daughter of Zadok.'
Σαδωκof Zadokgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'daughter of Zadok')→ participant identificationΣαδωκ: indeclinable transliteration of צָדוֹק (Zadok); Jerusha's father, the queen-mother's lineage.
34

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν Οζιας ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ

And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, according to all that Uzziah his father had done.

Evaluative regnal verdict (positive)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές
Jotham's positive verdict, measured against his father — here named Οζιας (Uzziah), the alternate name of the Αζαριας of vv. 1–7. The doublet (Azariah/Uzziah) within a single chapter reflects the same usage in the Hebrew of Kings and Chronicles.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluative verdict)→ constative aoristποιέω: in ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές, the positive verdict (as for Azariah, v. 3).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivising εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςrightAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object: 'the right thing')→ object specificationεὐθύς (neut. εὐθές): 'right, upright'; τὸ εὐθές renders הַיָּשָׁר, the positive moral verdict.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (evaluative perspective)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (evaluative perspective).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of perspective ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου, the divine standpoint.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessor of ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the measure of the king's conduct.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; introduces the comparative norm — his father's conduct.
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά: 'all things')→ object specificationπᾶς (acc. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα, the comparative formula.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (introducing comparative clause)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'all that'; heads the clause specifying the father's deeds as the standard.
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the comparative relative clause→ constative aorist (the father's conduct)ποιέω: the same verb repeated to set the father's deeds as the measure of the son's.
ΟζιαςUzziahNominativesubject of the relative clause→ participant prominenceΟζιας (gen. Οζιου): transliteration of Hebrew עֻזִּיָּה (Uzziah); declinable; the alternate name of Azariah (vv. 1–7), Jotham's father — the same king under his second name, as in the Hebrew.
theNominativearticle (with appositional πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativenominative in apposition to Οζιας→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; identifies Uzziah as Jotham's father and thus the comparative norm.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατήρ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατήρ).
35

πλὴν τὰ ὑψηλὰ οὐκ ἐξῆρεν ἔτι ὁ λαὸς ἐθυσίαζεν καὶ ἐθυμία ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς αὐτὸς ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν πύλην οἴκου κυρίου τὴν ἐπάνω

Except that he did not remove the high places; the people still kept sacrificing and burning incense on the high places. He built the upper gate of the house of the LORD.

Qualification of the verdict + building noticeπλὴν τὰ ὑψηλά
The high-places reservation as at v. 4, here followed by a positive building-notice: Jotham 'built the upper gate of the house of the LORD' (τὴν πύλην οἴκου κυρίου τὴν ἐπάνω). The emphatic αὐτός ('he himself') highlights this as Jotham's own pious achievement, set against the unreformed high places.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
πλὴνexceptadversative particle (introducing the reservation)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except, only'; renders רַק; the fixed marker of the high-places reservation (cf. v. 4).
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὑψηλά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλὰhigh placesAccusativedirect object of ἐξῆρεν (substantivised: 'the high places')→ object specificationὑψηλός (subst. τὰ ὑψηλά): 'the high places'; renders הַבָּמוֹת; here in the accusative as the object he failed to remove (in v. 4 in the genitive).
οὐκnotnegative particle (negating ἐξῆρεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (negated: failure to remove)→ constative aorist (negated act of removal)ἐξαίρω: 'remove, take away'; οὐκ ἐξῆρεν, the fixed predicate of the high-places reservation.
ἔτιstilltemporal adverb ('still, yet')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still, yet'; marks the persistence of the high-place cult.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐθυσίαζεν / ἐθυμία→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the populace continuing to worship at the high places.
ἐθυσίαζενkept sacrificingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb (durative background)→ customary/durative imperfect (ongoing practice)θυσιάζω: 'sacrifice'; the imperfect depicts the people's habitual sacrificing as a continuing condition (cf. v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίαkept burning incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θυμιάωmain verb (durative background)→ customary/durative imperfect (ongoing practice)θυμιάω: 'burn incense'; here the singular ἐθυμία (agreeing with ὁ λαός) continues the durative depiction (contrast the plural ἐθυμίων at v. 4).
ἐνonpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὑψηλοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλοῖςhigh placesDativedative of place (object of ἐν: 'on the high places')→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός (subst. τὰ ὑψηλά): the hilltop sanctuaries, locale of the people's worship.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic subject (of ᾠκοδόμησεν)→ participant prominenceαὐτός (nom. αὐτός): 'he himself'; the emphatic pronoun foregrounds Jotham's personal building-achievement, distinguishing his own act from the people's unreformed practice.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (building notice)→ constative aorist (the construction)οἰκοδομέω (aor. ᾠκοδόμησεν): 'build, construct'; renders בָּנָה; Jotham's positive achievement — building the upper gate of the temple.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πύλην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληνgateAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationπύλη (acc. πύλην): 'gate'; renders שַׁעַר; the temple gate Jotham built/rebuilt.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πύλην: 'gate of the house')→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): 'house'; ὁ οἶκος κυρίου ('the house of the LORD') = the Jerusalem temple.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (with οἴκου: 'house of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; ὁ οἶκος κυρίου, the temple in Jerusalem.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐπάνω, attributive: 'the upper one')→ noun-phrase markingThe repeated article τήν substantivises the adverb ἐπάνω into an attributive 'the upper (gate).'
ἐπάνωupperadverb used attributively (with article: 'the upper gate')→ clausal contributionἐπάνω: 'above, upper'; an adverb here used attributively (τὴν ἐπάνω, 'the upper one') to render הָעֶלְיוֹן — 'the upper gate' of the temple.
36

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωαθαμ καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα

And the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the words of the days for the kings of Judah?

Annal-citation formula (Judahite annals)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωαθαμ
Jotham's citation-formula, in the rhetorical-question form (here with οὐχί, the emphatic 'not?'), referring to the annals of the kings of Judah.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)→ participant prominenceλοιπός: substantivised τὰ λοιπά, the fixed opening of the citation-formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'deeds, affairs'; Jotham's acts in the annals.
Ιωαθαμof Jothamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: whose acts)→ participant identificationΙωαθαμ: indeclinable; whose acts are cited.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all things')→ participant prominenceπᾶς (nom. pl. n. πάντα): 'all'; πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'all that'; the totality of his deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: summarises the king's deeds.
οὐχὶnot?interrogative negative (rhetorical question expecting 'yes')→ clausal contributionοὐχί: the emphatic form of οὐ; in the rhetorical-question citation-formula ('are these things not written?'), expecting an affirmative answer (variant of the οὐκ ἰδού of vv. 6, 21).
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative subject (with γεγραμμένα)→ participant prominenceοὗτος (nom. pl. n. ταῦτα): 'these things', the rest of Jotham's acts.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Mid/Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (recorded and on record)γράφω: the perfect passive participle (with implied εἰσίν), 'are written' in the annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the record).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative (object of ἐπί)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book, scroll'; the annal-source.
λόγωνof the wordsGenitivegenitive (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: part of the fixed annal-title.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνof the daysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'words of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = annals.
τοῖςfor theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('of the kings of Judah')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl.): 'of/for the kings of Judah', the southern chronicle (cf. v. 6).
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom whose annals are cited for Jotham.
37

ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἤρξατο κύριος ἐξαποστέλλειν ἐν Ιουδα τὸν Ραασσων βασιλέα Συρίας καὶ τὸν Φακεε υἱὸν Ρομελιου

In those days the LORD began to send against Judah Rezin king of Syria and Pekah son of Romelias.

Foreshadowing notice (the coming Syro-Ephraimite pressure)ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις
An ominous foreshadowing of the Syro-Ephraimite crisis (Isa 7; 4 Kgdms 16): YHWH himself 'began to send' against Judah the coalition of Rezin (Ραασσων) of Syria and Pekah of Israel. The verb ἤρξατο … ἐξαποστέλλειν ('began to send') frames this as the opening of a divine judgment-process that will dominate the reign of Jotham's son Ahaz; κύριος is the active subject — the foreign threat is theologically purposed.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ('in those days') is a loose temporal formula situating the event within Jotham's reign.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἡμέραις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα (dat. pl. ἡμέραις): 'day'; 'in those days.'
ἐκείναιςthoseDativedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέραις)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος (dat. pl. fem. ἐκείναις): 'those'; the demonstrative refers to the period of Jotham's reign.
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχομαιmain verb (inceptive, governing the infinitive)→ ingressive aorist (the beginning of a process)ἄρχομαι (aor. ἤρξατο): 'begin'; with the complementary infinitive ἐξαποστέλλειν; renders הֵחֵל; frames the Syro-Ephraimite pressure as the opening of a longer divine judgment-process.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἤρξατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; remarkably, YHWH himself is the subject — the foreign coalition is sent by divine agency, a theological reading of the political crisis.
ἐξαποστέλλεινto sendPres Act Inf · ἐξαποστέλλωcomplementary infinitive (with ἤρξατο)→ verbal action or stateἐξαποστέλλω (pres. inf.): 'send out, send forth'; renders שָׁלַח; the complementary infinitive with ἤρξατο; here of YHWH dispatching the hostile kings against Judah.
ἐνagainst / inpreposition + dative (hostile direction: 'against Judah')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here 'against, into', rendering the Hebrew בְּ in a hostile sense — the kings sent 'against Judah.'
ΙουδαJudahdative (object of ἐν: 'against Judah'; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom, target of the Syro-Ephraimite coalition.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ραασσων as object of the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingThe accusative article marks the indeclinable Ραασσων as object of ἐξαποστέλλειν.
ΡαασσωνRezinaccusative object of ἐξαποστέλλειν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡαασσων: indeclinable transliteration of רְצִין (Rezin); the king of Syria/Aram-Damascus, ally of Pekah in the Syro-Ephraimite war against Judah (cf. 4 Kgdms 16:5; Isa 7:1).
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ραασσων→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; βασιλεὺς Συρίας, identifying Rezin's office.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive (with βασιλέα: 'king of Syria')→ relational specificationΣυρία (gen. Συρίας): 'Syria' (Aram); the LXX rendering of אֲרָם; declined as a first-declension noun; Rezin's kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two kings)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Φακεε as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΦακεεPekahaccusative object of ἐξαποστέλλειν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΦακεε: indeclinable; Pekah of Israel, Rezin's ally in the coalition against Judah.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Φακεε→ object specificationυἱός (acc. υἱόν): patronymic 'son of Romelias.'
Ρομελιουof RomeliasGenitivegenitive of relationship (Pekah's father)→ relational specificationΡομελιας (gen. Ρομελιου): Remaliah, Pekah's father; 'Pekah son of Remaliah' is the form Isaiah repeatedly uses for the northern threat (Isa 7:4–5).
38

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωαθαμ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτάφη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αχαζ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Jotham slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father; and Ahaz his son reigned in his place.

Death, burial, and succession formula (chapter close)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωαθαμ
The chapter closes with Jotham's death, burial in the city of David, and the succession of his son Ahaz — the king under whom the Syro-Ephraimite crisis just foreshadowed (v. 37) will erupt and Judah will turn to Assyria (ch. 16). The peaceful death-formula (ἐκοιμήθη … ἐτάφη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων) befits an upright Judahite king.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-notice)→ constative aorist (the king's death)κοιμάομαι (aor. ἐκοιμήθη): 'fall asleep'; the peaceful death-formula 'slept with his fathers' (cf. vv. 7, 22).
ΙωαθαμJothamsubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαθαμ: the dying Judahite king.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; in the death-formula 'with his fathers.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive (object of μετά)→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'fathers, ancestors'; the ancestral dead.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aorist (the burial)θάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the passive 'was buried' (contrast the impersonal-active ἔθαψαν of v. 7).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive (object of μετά)→ relational specificationπατήρ: the ancestral tombs.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of burial).
πόλειcityDativedative of place (with Δαυιδ: 'in the city of David')→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. πόλει): 'city'; ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ, the royal necropolis of the Davidic line.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'city of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable; 'the city of David' marks the legitimate Davidic burial-place.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father/ancestor')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father, forefather'; here Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ('David his father/ancestor'), stressing Jotham's Davidic descent and legitimacy.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατρός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατρός).
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing succession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession notice)→ ingressive aorist (entered upon the kingship)βασιλεύω: the succession-verb; Ahaz accedes in his father's place — the chapter's final word of dynastic continuity, setting up ch. 16.
ΑχαζAhazsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: indeclinable transliteration of אָחָז (Ahaz); Jotham's son and successor, the Judahite king of the Syro-Ephraimite crisis and the Assyrian alliance (ch. 16).
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αχαζ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ('his son'), the orderly Davidic succession.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided): 'in place of'; the fixed succession-phrase closing the chapter.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of ἀντί: 'in place of him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of ἀντί: 'in place of him').