Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Fourth Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 14ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΔ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Amaziah's pride brings Judah low, while Jeroboam II restores Israel's borders despite continuing evil.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 4 Kingdoms 14 (= 2 Kings 14) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter belongs to the kaige recension of the Books of Kingdoms and exhibits its characteristic literalism: heavy καί-parataxis, transliterated proper names left indeclinable (Ισραηλ, Ιουδα, Ιωας, Ιεροβοαμ, Εδωμ, Βαιθσαμυς), and calque renderings of Hebrew idiom (ὀφθῶμεν προσώποις 'let us look one another in the face', v. 8; ἐπῆρέν σε ἡ καρδία σου 'your heart has lifted you up', v. 10). The chapter narrates the reign of AMAZIAH (Αμεσσιας) of Judah: his accession (vv. 1–4), his execution of his father Joash's assassins while sparing their sons in explicit obedience to the Torah (vv. 5–6, citing the law of Deut 24:16), his slaughter of ten thousand Edomites in the Valley of Salt and capture of Petra/the Rock (v. 7). Emboldened, Amaziah challenges JEHOASH (Ιωας) of Israel to battle (v. 8); Jehoash replies with the fable of the thistle (ακαν) of Lebanon that presumed to demand a marriage-alliance with the cedar (κέδρος) and was trampled by a wild beast (vv. 9–10). Amaziah will not listen; Judah is routed at Beth-shemesh, Jerusalem's wall is breached for four hundred cubits, and the temple and palace treasuries are plundered and carried to Samaria (vv. 11–14). After regnal-summary and death notices for both kings (vv. 15–22), the chapter closes with the long, prosperous reign of JEROBOAM II of Israel, who — though he did evil — restored Israel's border from Lebo-hamath to the Sea of the Arabah, exactly as the LORD had spoken through his servant JONAH (Ιωνα) son of Amittai the prophet from Gath-hepher (vv. 23–29). The Jonah citation (v. 25) is the sole narrative anchor in the Former Prophets for the prophet of the book of Jonah.

1

ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ιωας υἱῷ Ιωαχας βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αμεσσιας υἱὸς Ιωας βασιλεὺς Ιουδα

In the second year of Joash son of Joachaz king of Israel, Amessias son of Joash king of Judah also became king.

Synchronistic accession formula (Israel-Judah cross-dating)ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ
The chapter opens with the characteristic Deuteronomistic synchronism that dates the accession of a Judahite king by the regnal year of his Israelite contemporary (and vice versa). The καί before ἐβασίλευσεν is the apodotic καί common in the kaige sections, picking up the temporal ἐν ἔτει clause; it is not strictly conjunctive but resumptive of the dating-frame.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year').
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (locative-temporal with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders Hebrew שָׁנָה; ἐν ἔτει + ordinal is the fixed LXX formula for the synchronistic dating of reigns in Kingdoms/Chronicles.
δευτέρῳsecondDativeattributive ordinal adjective (agreeing with ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceδεύτερος: 'second'; the ordinal dates Amaziah's accession to the second regnal year of Jehoash of Israel.
τῷofDativearticle (in apposition with ἔτει, attaching the synchronized name)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωαςJoashgenitival apposition ('the [year] of Joash'; indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωας: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָשׁ (Jehoash/Joash); here Jehoash son of Jehoahaz, king of ISRAEL, by whose regnal year Amaziah's accession is dated; indeclinable throughout the chapter, so the article τῷ alone signals its syntactic role.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Ιωας ('son of Joachaz')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic apposition identifies which Joash is meant — the son of Jehoahaz of Israel, distinguishing him from Amaziah's father Joash of Judah named later in the same verse.
ΙωαχαςJoachazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Joachaz')→ participant identificationΙωαχας: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹאָחָז (Jehoahaz), Jehu's grandson, father of Jehoash of Israel; indeclinable.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Ιωας ('king of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the title fixes the synchronism to the northern kingdom.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; here the northern kingdom; indeclinable throughout.
καὶapodotic καί (resuming the temporal frame; not strictly conjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the apodotic καί characteristic of the kaige recension, marking the main clause after the fronted ἐν ἔτει dating-clause; best left untranslated or rendered 'then'.
ἐβασίλευσενbecame king / reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (ingressive: accession to the throne)→ ingressive aorist (entry into kingship)βασιλεύω: 'be king / become king / reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the aorist here is ingressive, marking the inception of Amaziah's reign rather than its whole duration.
ΑμεσσιαςAmessias / AmaziahNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant prominenceΑμεσσιας: transliteration of Hebrew אֲמַצְיָהוּ (Amaziah); unlike most names in this chapter it is declined as a first-declension masculine (nom. -ας, acc. -αν, gen. -ου), hence kind 'n' with case; the protagonist of the chapter, king of Judah.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αμεσσιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: the patronymic apposition; Amaziah is son of Joash of JUDAH (the murdered king of ch. 12), not the Israelite Joash of the synchronism.
ΙωαςJoashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Joash')→ participant identificationΙωας: here the Judahite Joash (יוֹאָשׁ), Amaziah's father, assassinated by his servants (2 Kgs 12:20–21); the same indeclinable form names two different kings in this one verse, distinguished only by the appended kingdom-titles.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Αμεσσιας ('king of Judah')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the title that fixes Amaziah to the southern kingdom of Judah.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה; the southern kingdom; the genitival form Ιουδα is indeclinable (contrast the declined nominative Ιουδας 'Judah/the army of Judah' at v. 12).
2

υἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ἐτῶν ἦν ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ εἴκοσι καὶ ἐννέα ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Ιωαδιν ἐξ Ιερουσαλημ

He was a son of twenty-five years when he became king, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother was Joadin, from Jerusalem.

Regnal-data formula (accession age, length of reign, queen mother)υἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ἐτῶν ἦν
The stereotyped Judahite regnal notice: the idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('a son of N years') calques the Hebrew בֶּן … שָׁנָה for stating age. The articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('when he became king') is the standard LXX rendering of the Hebrew temporal בְּמָלְכוֹ. The queen-mother notice closes the formula, as regularly for Judah.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (idiom: 'a son of N years' = N years old)→ participant prominenceυἱός: in the idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν the word renders Hebrew בֶּן in the age-formula בֶּן … שָׁנָה ('a son of … years' = '… years old'); a Hebraism for stating a person's age.
εἴκοσιtwentycardinal numeral (indeclinable, modifying ἐτῶν)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; with πέντε gives Amaziah's accession age of twenty-five.
καὶandcoordinating numerals ('twenty and five')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέντεfivecardinal numeral (indeclinable)→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable cardinal; εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε = twenty-five years of age.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱός: 'a son of … years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): the partitive/measuring genitive completing the age-idiom.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (stating age at accession)→ stative imperfect (a condition obtaining at the point of accession)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦν states the king's age as a circumstance accompanying his accession.
ἐνwhen / inpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: with the articular infinitive (ἐν τῷ + inf.) forms a temporal clause 'when/while', rendering the Hebrew infinitival בְּ + suffix.
τῷtheDativearticle governing the infinitive βασιλεύειν→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto become kingPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'when he became king')→ ingressive (the moment of accession)βασιλεύω: the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('in his becoming king') is the LXX's regular calque of Hebrew בְּמָלְכוֹ; the accusative subject αὐτόν is the standard construction.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative-subject of the infinitive βασιλεύειν, naming Amaziah as the one becoming king.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἴκοσιtwentycardinal numeral (with ἐννέα: length of reign)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; with ἐννέα gives the twenty-nine-year reign.
καὶandcoordinating numerals ('twenty and nine')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐννέαninecardinal numeral (indeclinable)→ measure or countἐννέα: 'nine'; εἴκοσι καὶ ἐννέα = a twenty-nine-year reign.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): accusative of temporal extent — twenty-nine years' duration of Amaziah's reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (constative: the whole reign)→ constative aorist (summing up the entire reign)βασιλεύω: here constative, summarizing the full span of the reign (contrast the ingressive use in v. 1).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in Jerusalem')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: 'in Jerusalem').
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable; object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלִַם; indeclinable in this recension; the Davidic capital and seat of Amaziah's reign.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing queen-mother notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of a verbless clause ('the name … [was] Joadin')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the nominal clause ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Ιωαδιν ('the name of his mother [was] Joadin') is the fixed queen-mother formula of the Judahite regnal notices.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with μητρός)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of relationship ('of his mother')→ relational specificationμήτηρ: 'mother'; the queen mother (גְּבִירָה) is regularly named in the accession notices of Judah's kings.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying μητρός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying μητρός).
ΙωαδινJoadinpredicate of the verbless clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαδιν: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹעַדָּן (Jehoaddin/Jehoaddan), Amaziah's mother; indeclinable.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (origin: 'from Jerusalem')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ (ἐξ before vowel): 'from / out of'; marks the queen mother's place of origin.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemgenitive of origin (indeclinable; object of ἐξ)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the queen mother is a native of the capital itself.
3

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου πλὴν οὐχ ὡς Δαυιδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν Ιωας ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ ἐποίησεν

And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, only not like David his father; according to all that Joash his father did, he did.

Deuteronomistic evaluation formula (qualified approval)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθὲς
The regnal-evaluation formula τὸ εὐθὲς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ('the right in the eyes of the LORD') with the qualifying πλὴν οὐχ ὡς Δαυιδ marks Amaziah as a partially-approved king: right, but not with the wholehearted devotion of David. The clause comparing him to his father Joash is a fronted κατὰ πάντα … ἐποίησεν construction resumed by the verb ἐποίησεν.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluation formula)→ constative aorist (summary judgment on the reign)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; in the evaluation formula ἐποίησεν τὸ εὐθές renders עָשָׂה הַיָּשָׁר ('did the right').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing εὐθές)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐθὲςright / uprightAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the right thing')→ object specificationεὐθής: 'straight / upright / right'; τὸ εὐθές renders Hebrew הַיָּשָׁר ('that which is straight/right'); the standard object of the positive evaluation formula in Kingdoms.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (Hebraism: 'in the eyes of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (Hebraism: 'in the eyes of').
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative object of ἐν (Hebraism: 'in the eyes of the LORD')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου calques Hebrew בְּעֵינֵי יהוה ('in the eyes/sight of the LORD'), the evaluative standard by which kings are judged.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationκύριος: here rendering the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD is the judge whose 'eyes' set the standard for the evaluation of every reign.
πλὴνonly / exceptadversative/restrictive particle (qualifying the approval)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / only / nevertheless'; renders רַק; introduces the qualification that limits the praise — Amaziah did right, but not unreservedly.
οὐχnotnegative particle (with ὡς Δαυιδ)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐχ before rough breathing): negates the comparison — 'not like David'.
ὡςlike / ascomparative particle ('like David')→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; renders כְּ; the comparison to David is the implicit gold standard of Judahite kingship.
ΔαυιδDavidobject of comparison (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; indeclinable; here 'father' = ancestor/forefather, since David is the dynastic founder, not Amaziah's literal father.
theNominativearticle (with πατήρ, in apposition to Δαυιδ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativenominative in apposition to Δαυιδ ('his father/ancestor')→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; here in the dynastic sense 'forefather' — David is reckoned as 'father' of every Judahite king through the covenant of 2 Sam 7.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πατήρ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (with πατήρ).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard of comparison)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to / corresponding to'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα = 'according to all that …', a Hebraizing comparative frame.
πάνταall thingsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (antecedent of ὅσα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν Ιωας frames Amaziah's conduct as conforming to his father Joash's record.
ὅσαas much as / whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν, resuming πάντα)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the correlative relative regularly pairs with πάντα to render Hebrew כֹּל אֲשֶׁר ('all that').
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause (Joash as subject)→ constative aoristποιέω: here with Joash of Judah as subject — Amaziah replicates his father's pattern of conduct.
ΙωαςJoashsubject of the relative clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωας: Amaziah's father, Joash of Judah; the comparison is double-edged — like the imperfectly-faithful Joash, not like David.
theNominativearticle (with πατήρ, in apposition to Ιωας)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωας ('his father')→ participant prominenceπατήρ: here the literal father — Joash of Judah, Amaziah's actual father (contrast the dynastic 'father' David above).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πατήρ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (with πατήρ).
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb resuming the κατὰ πάντα clause (Hebraic resumptive)→ constative aoristποιέω: the resumptive final ἐποίησεν ('… he did') closes the comparative frame κατὰ πάντα ὅσα … ἐποίησεν — a Hebraism in which the verb is repeated after the fronted object-clause.
4

πλὴν τὰ ὑψηλὰ οὐκ ἐξῆρεν ἔτι ὁ λαὸς ἐθυσίαζεν καὶ ἐθυμίων ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς

Only the high places he did not remove; the people were still sacrificing and burning incense on the high places.

Standard qualifying notice on the unremoved high placesπλὴν τὰ ὑψηλὰ οὐκ ἐξῆρεν
The recurring Deuteronomistic refrain for the 'good but not perfect' Judahite kings: the high places (τὰ ὑψηλά = הַבָּמוֹת) were not removed. The fronted object τὰ ὑψηλά and the second πλήν reinforce the qualification begun in v. 3. The two imperfects ἐθυσίαζεν / ἐθυμίων depict the people's continuing illegitimate cult.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
πλὴνonlyrestrictive particle (introducing the qualification)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'only / except'; renders רַק; repeats the qualifying particle of v. 3 to introduce the specific deficiency — the unremoved high places.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ὑψηλά, fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλὰhigh placesAccusativesubstantivized adjective (fronted direct object of ἐξῆρεν)→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; τὰ ὑψηλά ('the high [places]') renders Hebrew הַבָּמוֹת, the local cult-shrines whose persistence is the standard blemish on otherwise-approved Judahite kings.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐξῆρεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆρενhe removedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (negated: failure to remove)→ constative aorist (a non-action over the whole reign)ἐξαίρω: 'remove / take away / abolish'; renders הֵסִיר; the failure to 'remove the high places' is the recurring deficiency-formula of the Judahite reigns (cf. 4 Kgdms 12:3; 15:4).
ἔτιstilltemporal adverb ('the people still …')→ clausal contributionἔτι: 'still / yet'; renders עוֹד; marks the continuing, uninterrupted cult at the high places.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐθυσίαζεν and ἐθυμίων→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; renders הָעָם; the people of Judah, whose continuing worship at the high places the king failed to stop.
ἐθυσίαζενwere sacrificingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb (customary imperfect)→ customary/iterative imperfect (ongoing illicit sacrifice)θυσιάζω: 'offer sacrifice'; renders זָבַח; the imperfect depicts the habitual, ongoing sacrificing of the people at the unsanctioned shrines.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίωνwere burning incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θυμιάωmain verb (customary imperfect, with λαός as collective subject)→ customary/iterative imperfect (ongoing incense-offering)θυμιάω: 'burn incense / offer incense'; renders קִטֵּר; the plural verb construes the collective λαός as a plurality; pairs with ἐθυσίαζεν to describe the full sacrificial cult at the high places.
ἐνon / atpreposition + dative (place: 'at the high places')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: 'at the high places').
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ὑψηλοῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλοῖςhigh placesDativesubstantivized adjective (object of ἐν: location of the cult)→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός: the dative ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς ('on the high places') locates the people's continuing sacrifice and incense; the noun frames the verse as an inclusio with the fronted τὰ ὑψηλά.
5

καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε κατίσχυσεν ἡ βασιλεία ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπάταξεν τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ τοὺς πατάξαντας τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ

And it happened, when the kingdom was strong in his hand, that he struck down his servants who had struck down his father.

Narrative onset of the assassins' execution (temporal frame)καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε
The formula καὶ ἐγένετο ('and it came to pass') renders Hebrew וַיְהִי and introduces a new narrative episode; the ὅτε-clause supplies the precondition — Amaziah waits until his grip on the throne is secure before avenging his father Joash, who had been assassinated by his own servants (4 Kgdms 12:21).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (with ἐγένετο: episode-opening formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal episode-opening formula)→ constative aorist (narrative onset)γίνομαι: 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי, marking the start of a discrete episode.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction (introducing the precondition clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτε: 'when'; introduces the temporal clause stating when the action occurred — once the kingdom was secure.
κατίσχυσενgrew strongAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατισχύωverb of the temporal clause (subject ἡ βασιλεία)→ ingressive aorist (the kingdom came to be firm)κατισχύω: 'prevail / grow strong / be established'; renders חָזַק; the compound κατα- intensifies — the kingship became firmly consolidated in Amaziah's hand.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλείαkingdom / kingshipNominativesubject of κατίσχυσεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom / royal rule'; renders מַמְלָכָה; here the royal authority itself, which had to be secured before Amaziah could safely move against the conspirators.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (Hebraism: 'in his hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (Hebraism: 'in his hand').
χειρὶhandDativedative object of ἐν (idiom of control: 'in his hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ calques Hebrew בְּיָדוֹ ('in his hand'), an idiom for power and control — the kingdom was firmly in his grasp.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with χειρί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with χειρί).
καὶapodotic καί (introducing the main clause after καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodotic καί completing the καὶ ἐγένετο … ὅτε … καί construction, characteristic of the kaige translation technique.
ἐπάταξενhe struck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (execution of the conspirators)→ constative aorist (the act of execution)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders הִכָּה; the verb dominates this chapter (vv. 5, 7, 10), here of the judicial execution of the assassins.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with δούλους)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δούλουςservantsAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; renders עֶבֶד; here the royal officials/courtiers who had assassinated Joash (4 Kgdms 12:21).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with δούλους)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with δούλους).
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (with the attributive participle πατάξαντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατάξανταςwho had struck downAor Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · πατάσσωattributive participle (modifying δούλους: 'the ones who killed')→ antecedent aorist (action prior to the main verb)πατάσσω (aor. ptc.): the articular participle τοὺς πατάξαντας identifies the servants precisely as the assassins of Joash; the same root as the main verb ἐπάταξεν creates a talionic echo — the strikers are struck.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect object of the participle πατάξαντας→ object specificationπατήρ: 'father'; here Joash of Judah, Amaziah's murdered father, whose death the execution avenges.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πατέρα)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (with πατέρα).
6

καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν παταξάντων οὐκ ἐθανάτωσεν καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν βιβλίῳ νόμων Μωυσῆ ὡς ἐνετείλατο κύριος λέγων οὐκ ἀποθανοῦνται πατέρες ὑπὲρ υἱῶν καὶ υἱοὶ οὐκ ἀποθανοῦνται ὑπὲρ πατέρων ὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ἕκαστος ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις αὐτοῦ ἀποθανεῖται

But the sons of those who had struck him down he did not put to death, as it is written in the book of the laws of Moses, as the LORD commanded, saying, 'Fathers shall not die for sons, and sons shall not die for fathers, but rather each shall die for his own sins.'

Torah-grounded restraint (citation of Deut 24:16)καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς … οὐκ ἐθανάτωσεν
The fronted object τοὺς υἱούς contrasts sharply with the executed δούλους of v. 5: Amaziah punishes the guilty but spares their children, citing Torah. The καθὼς γέγραπται … ὡς ἐνετείλατο κύριος formula introduces a near-verbatim quotation of Deut 24:16 (LXX), making this one of the rare Former-Prophets passages that explicitly grounds a royal act in a written Mosaic statute.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (mild contrast with v. 5)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱούς, fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativefronted direct object of ἐθανάτωσεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the sons of the assassins, deliberately spared in contrast to ancient Near Eastern dynastic vengeance, in obedience to the cited Torah principle.
τῶνof the (ones)Genitivearticle (with the substantival participle παταξάντων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παταξάντωνwho had struck downAor Act Ptc Gen Masc Pl · πατάσσωsubstantival participle (genitive: 'of those who killed')→ antecedent aoristπατάσσω (aor. ptc.): the substantival τῶν παταξάντων ('of the strikers') refers back to the executed assassins; their sons share the deed's stigma but not its penalty.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐθανάτωσεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενhe put to deathAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb (negated: the restraint)→ constative aorist (a deliberate non-action)θανατόω: 'put to death'; renders הֵמִית; the negated verb marks Amaziah's principled restraint — the children of the guilty are not executed.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (introducing the citation formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; renders כַּאֲשֶׁר; introduces the appeal to written Scripture.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωverb of the citation formula (standing authority of Scripture)→ resultative perfect (written and remaining in force)γράφω (perf. pass.): 'it stands written'; renders כָּתוּב; the perfect γέγραπται denotes Scripture's abiding authority — the very citation-formula later ubiquitous in the NT (cf. Matt 4:4).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location of the written law)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the written law).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative object of ἐν ('in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; renders סֵפֶר; ἐν βιβλίῳ νόμων Μωυσῆ = 'in the book of the law(s) of Moses', i.e., the Pentateuch/Deuteronomy as written authority.
νόμωνof lawsGenitivegenitive (content of the book: 'of laws')→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; the plural νόμων ('of laws') renders Hebrew תּוֹרַת ('the law of'); the genitive specifies the Mosaic legal corpus.
Μωυσῆof MosesGenitivegenitive of relationship (author of the laws)→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς (gen. Μωυσῆ): transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a noun in the LXX (gen. Μωυσῆ), hence kind 'n' with case; the law-book is attributed to Moses.
ὡςascomparative conjunction (second citation marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as'; reinforces καθώς, attributing the written statute directly to the LORD's command.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of the comparative clause (κύριος as subject)→ constative aorist (the original act of commanding)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / enjoin'; renders צִוָּה; the law of Deut 24:16 is here framed as a direct divine command, not merely a Mosaic ordinance.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD is the ultimate author of the law that governs Amaziah's restraint.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct citation)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω (pres. ptc.): 'saying'; the participle λέγων calques Hebrew לֵאמֹר, the standard quotation-marker introducing the verbatim words of the law.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀποθανοῦνται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθανοῦνταιshall dieFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of the cited law (prohibitive future)→ legislative future (gnomic legal prescription)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders יוּמְתוּ; the negated future functions as a legal prohibition — fathers are not to be executed for the crimes of their sons.
πατέρεςfathersNominativesubject of the first ἀποθανοῦνται→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; the principle of individual culpability — no vicarious capital punishment between generations.
ὑπὲρfor / on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (substitutionary: 'in place of')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + gen.: 'for / on behalf of / in place of'; here renders the Hebrew עַל / בְּ in the sense 'for the guilt of', i.e., vicariously.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of ὑπέρ ('for sons')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; fathers shall not bear the death-penalty for their sons' offenses.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second half of the parallel)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of the second ἀποθανοῦνται→ participant prominenceυἱός: the chiastic counterpart — nor shall sons die for their fathers' guilt.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with the second ἀποθανοῦνται)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀποθανοῦνταιshall dieFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of the cited law (second prohibitive future)→ legislative futureἀποθνῄσκω: the parallel prohibition completes the principle of non-transferable capital guilt across generations.
ὑπὲρforpreposition + genitive (substitutionary)→ spatial or relational framingὑπὲρ: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (substitutionary).
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of ὑπέρ ('for fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: sons shall not be executed for their fathers' crimes — precisely the case at issue, since Amaziah spares the assassins' sons.
ὅτιbut / forconjunction (with following ἀλλ᾿ ἤ: strong adversative 'but rather')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / that'; here combined with ἀλλ᾿ ἤ in the Hebraizing construction ὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ('but rather'), rendering כִּי אִם ('but, except').
ἀλλ᾿butstrong adversative (with ἤ)→ clausal contributionἀλλά: 'but'; ἀλλ᾿ ἤ together = 'but only / except / but rather', a fixed LXX rendering of כִּי אִם.
ratherparticle (with ἀλλά: 'but rather')→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: in the compound ἀλλ᾿ ἤ it strengthens the exception — 'but only'.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject of ἀποθανεῖται (distributive: 'each')→ participant prominenceἕκαστος: 'each / every one'; renders אִישׁ ('a man / each'); asserts the principle of strictly individual culpability — the theological core of Deut 24:16 and Ezek 18.
ἐνfor / inpreposition + dative (causal/basis: 'for his own sins')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here in the sense 'on account of / for', rendering the Hebrew בְּ of cause — death incurred on the basis of one's own sin.
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαιςsinsDativedative object of ἐν (basis of the death-penalty)→ sphere or referenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חֵטְא; each person dies only for his own sins — the principle of personal moral responsibility that grounds Amaziah's act.
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἁμαρτίαις)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his own'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ἁμαρτίαις).
ἀποθανεῖταιshall dieFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb of the positive principle (singular: 'each shall die')→ legislative future (gnomic legal prescription)ἀποθνῄσκω: the singular ἀποθανεῖται with ἕκαστος states the positive corollary — one dies for one's own guilt alone; this verse is a verbatim citation of Deut 24:16 LXX.
7

αὐτὸς ἐπάταξεν τὸν Εδωμ ἐν Γαιμελε δέκα χιλιάδας καὶ συνέλαβε τὴν πέτραν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῆς Καθοηλ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης

He struck down Edom in Gaimele — ten thousand — and seized the Rock in the war and called its name Kathoel, to this day.

Campaign-summary notice (the Edomite victory)αὐτὸς ἐπάταξεν τὸν Εδωμ
The emphatic αὐτός ('he himself') fronts Amaziah as the agent of a decisive military victory over Edom in the Valley of Salt. The etiological clause ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα … ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('called its name … to this day') is a standard naming-formula; this success is the proximate cause of Amaziah's overconfident challenge to Israel in v. 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic subject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive nominative 'he himself' foregrounds Amaziah's personal agency in the Edom campaign, setting up the pride that follows.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (military defeat of Edom)→ constative aorist (the victory as a whole)πατάσσω: 'strike / defeat in battle'; renders הִכָּה; here of a decisive military slaughter rather than a single blow.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Εδωμ, marking it as object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕδωμEdomdirect object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable; article supplies case)→ noun-phrase markingΕδωμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֱדוֹם; the nation south-east of Judah; indeclinable, with the article τόν marking the accusative.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (place of battle)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of battle).
ΓαιμελεGaimeledative of place (indeclinable place-name; object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΓαιμελε: a transliterated place-name corresponding to Hebrew גֵּיא-מֶלַח, the 'Valley of Salt' (גֵּיא 'valley' + מֶלַח 'salt'); the LXX has treated the whole phrase as a single indeclinable toponym; the traditional site of Judahite-Edomite battles south of the Dead Sea.
δέκαtencardinal numeral (with χιλιάδας: 'ten thousand')→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable cardinal; with χιλιάδας gives the slain count of ten thousand Edomites.
χιλιάδαςthousandsAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the number slain: 'ten thousand')→ object specificationχιλιάς: 'a thousand'; δέκα χιλιάδας = ten thousand; the accusative quantifies the slain in apposition to τὸν Εδωμ.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέλαβεcaptured / seizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συλλαμβάνωmain verb (capture of the city)→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: 'seize / take / capture'; renders תָּפַשׂ; here the military seizure of the stronghold 'the Rock' (Sela/Petra).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with πέτραν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πέτρανthe Rock / PetraAccusativedirect object of συνέλαβε→ object specificationπέτρα: 'rock / crag'; here a place-name rendering Hebrew הַסֶּלַע (Sela), the Edomite rock-fortress later known as Petra; the LXX translates rather than transliterates the toponym.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (circumstance: 'in the war')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (circumstance: 'in the war').
τῷtheDativearticle (with πολέμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολέμῳwar / battleDativedative object of ἐν (circumstantial: 'in the battle')→ sphere or referenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; locates the seizure of the Rock within the same Edomite campaign.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (naming-formula)→ constative aorist (the act of renaming)καλέω: 'call / name'; renders קָרָא; ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα ('he called the name') is the standard etiological naming-formula.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐκάλεσεν→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the object of the naming-formula — the conquered Rock receives a new name commemorating its capture.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (feminine, agreeing with πέτραν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the feminine αὐτῆς refers to ἡ πέτρα ('the Rock').
ΚαθοηλKathoelpredicate accusative (the new name; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΚαθοηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יָקְתְאֵל (Joktheel), the new name Amaziah gave to the captured Edomite stronghold; indeclinable.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal extent: 'to this day')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day') is the fixed etiological tag asserting the name's persistence at the time of writing.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('to the day')→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; renders יוֹם; in the etiological formula τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης = 'this present day'.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective (with ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; ταύτης points to the writer's own day, vouching for the durability of the renaming.
8

τότε ἀπέστειλεν Αμεσσιας ἀγγέλους πρὸς Ιωας υἱὸν Ιωαχας υἱοῦ Ιου βασιλέως Ισραηλ λέγων δεῦρο ὀφθῶμεν προσώποις

Then Amessias sent messengers to Joash son of Joachaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel, saying, 'Come, let us look one another in the face.'

Provocation: Amaziah's challenge to Jehoash (episode pivot)τότε ἀπέστειλεν Αμεσσιας ἀγγέλους
τότε ('then') links the challenge directly to the Edom victory: emboldened, Amaziah provokes Israel. The idiom δεῦρο ὀφθῶμεν προσώποις ('come, let us be seen face to face') calques Hebrew נִתְרָאֶה פָנִים ('let us look one another in the face'), a euphemistic challenge to pitched battle. The three-generation genealogy (Joash–Jehoahaz–Jehu) underscores the legitimacy and military pedigree of the Israelite dynasty Amaziah dares to confront.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
τότεthentemporal adverb (sequencing the challenge after the victory)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; renders אָז; links Amaziah's provocation causally to his Edomite triumph.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (dispatch of envoys)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; here of sending diplomatic messengers bearing the challenge.
ΑμεσσιαςAmessias / AmaziahNominativesubject of ἀπέστειλεν→ participant prominenceΑμεσσιας: Amaziah of Judah, the aggressor in the diplomatic provocation.
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλεν→ object specificationἄγγελος: 'messenger / envoy'; renders מַלְאָךְ; here human diplomatic envoys, not angelic beings.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient of the embassy)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + acc.: 'to / toward'; marks the addressee of the embassy.
ΙωαςJoashobject of πρός (indeclinable; recipient)→ participant identificationΙωας: Jehoash of Israel, the addressee of Amaziah's challenge; indeclinable.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωας ('son of Joachaz')→ object specificationυἱός: the patronymic apposition begins the three-generation genealogy of the Israelite king.
ΙωαχαςJoachazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Joachaz')→ participant identificationΙωαχας: Jehoahaz, Jehoash's father; indeclinable.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωαχας ('son of Jehu')→ relational specificationυἱός: extends the genealogy a third generation to the dynastic founder Jehu.
ΙουJehugenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Jehu')→ participant identificationΙου: transliteration of Hebrew יֵהוּא (Jehu), founder of the dynasty (4 Kgdms 9–10); indeclinable; the pedigree stresses the military house Amaziah recklessly challenges.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωας ('king of Israel')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: the royal title fixing Jehoash to the northern throne.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom; indeclinable.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the message)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω (pres. ptc.): the quotation-marker λέγων calques Hebrew לֵאמֹר, introducing the verbatim challenge; agrees with Αμεσσιας (constructio ad sensum, since the messengers speak on his behalf).
δεῦροcome!adverb/interjection used as imperative ('come!')→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: 'come here! / come now!'; an adverb functioning as a hortatory summons, rendering Hebrew לְכָה ('come!'); opens the challenge to combat.
ὀφθῶμενlet us look one another in the faceAor Pass Subj 1 Pl · ὁράωhortatory subjunctive (the challenge proper)→ hortatory aorist subjunctive (proposal of mutual confrontation)ὁράω (aor. pass. subj.): 'be seen / appear'; the reciprocal ὀφθῶμεν προσώποις ('let us be seen to one another face to face') calques Hebrew נִתְרָאֶה פָנִים, a euphemistic but unmistakable challenge to pitched battle.
προσώποιςface to faceDativedative of manner/respect (Hebraism: 'in [our] faces')→ sphere or referenceπρόσωπον: 'face'; the dative προσώποις ('with faces' = 'face to face') renders the Hebrew accusative פָנִים in the idiom for a personal military reckoning between the two kings.
9

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Ιωας βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ πρὸς Αμεσσιαν βασιλέα Ιουδα λέγων ὁ ακαν ὁ ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς τὴν κέδρον τὴν ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ λέγων δὸς τὴν θυγατέρα σου τῷ υἱῷ μου εἰς γυναῖκα καὶ διῆλθον τὰ θηρία τοῦ ἀγροῦ τὰ ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ καὶ συνεπάτησαν τὸν ακανα

And Joash king of Israel sent to Amessias king of Judah, saying, 'The thistle that was in Lebanon sent to the cedar that was in Lebanon, saying, Give your daughter to my son for a wife; but the wild beasts of the field that were in Lebanon passed by and trampled down the thistle.'

Reply by parable: the fable of the thistle and the cedarκαὶ ἀπέστειλεν Ιωας … λέγων
Jehoash answers the challenge not with acceptance but with a derisive fable (מָשָׁל), one of the few extended animal/plant fables in the OT (cf. Judg 9:8–15, Jotham's fable). The lowly ακαν ('thistle') presuming to demand a marriage-alliance with the towering κέδρος ('cedar') is a transparent allegory: Amaziah (the thistle) overreaches against Israel (the cedar), and is crushed underfoot by a passing wild beast — Israel's superior power.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (Jehoash's reply-embassy)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the verbal echo of v. 8 — challenge met by counter-embassy.
ΙωαςJoashsubject of ἀπέστειλεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωας: Jehoash of Israel, now the speaker of the fable.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωας ('king of Israel')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: title fixing the speaker to the northern throne.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient).
ΑμεσσιανAmessias / AmaziahAccusativeobject of πρός (recipient of the reply)→ object specificationΑμεσσιας (acc. Αμεσσιαν): Amaziah of Judah; the declined accusative form, hence kind 'n' with case.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αμεσσιαν ('king of Judah')→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): the title fixing Amaziah to Judah.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom; indeclinable.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the fable)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω (pres. ptc.): quotation-marker introducing Jehoash's fable.
theNominativearticle (with ακαν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ακανthistle / thornbushNominativesubject of ἀπέστειλεν (within the fable)→ participant prominenceακαν: transliteration of Hebrew הַחוֹחַ ('the thornbush / thistle'); declined in this verse (nom. ακαν, acc. ακανα), hence kind 'n'; the lowly plant is the fable's image of the overreaching Amaziah.
the (one)Nominativearticle (attributive, with the prepositional phrase ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place, in attributive position)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place, in attributive position).
τῷtheDativearticle (with Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνῳLebanonDativedative object of ἐν (place: 'in Lebanon')→ sphere or referenceΛίβανος (dat. Λιβάνῳ): the mountain range famed for its cedars; declined as a noun, hence kind 'n'; the fable's setting — a place where cedars, not thistles, belong.
ἀπέστειλενsent (word)Aor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of the fable (the thistle's presumptuous embassy)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: within the fable the thistle 'sends' to the cedar — mimicking the royal embassies of vv. 8–9 and sharpening the satire on Amaziah's diplomacy.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient: the cedar)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient: the cedar).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with κέδρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κέδρονcedarAccusativeobject of πρός (the cedar, addressee in the fable)→ object specificationκέδρος (acc. κέδρον): 'cedar'; renders Hebrew הָאֶרֶז; the towering cedar of Lebanon, image of the mighty Israelite kingdom whose 'daughter' the thistle presumptuously demands.
τὴνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive, with ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place, attributive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place, attributive).
τῷtheDativearticle (with Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνῳLebanonDativedative object of ἐν (place: 'in Lebanon')→ sphere or referenceΛίβανος: the repeated locative emphasizes that both plants share the same domain — yet are utterly unequal in stature.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the thistle's demand)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω (pres. ptc.): introduces the embedded quotation within the fable — the thistle's marriage-demand.
δὸςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιimperative (the thistle's demand)→ aorist imperative (peremptory request)δίδωμι (aor. impv. δός): 'give'; the curt imperative captures the thistle's audacity — a demand for a marriage-alliance far above its station.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυγατέρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativedirect object of δός→ object specificationθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; renders בַּת; the requested marriage-alliance signals the thistle's claim to equal rank with the cedar — the nub of the satire.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with θυγατέρα)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your'; addressed to the cedar.
τῷtheDativearticle (with υἱῷ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῷsonDativedative of (intended) recipient ('to my son')→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; the thistle seeks the cedar's daughter as wife for its own son — a presumptuous bid for dynastic union between unequals.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱῷ)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): 'my'; the thistle's possessive claim.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (predicative: 'as a wife')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: with the accusative in a predicative sense ('for/as'), rendering the Hebrew לְ of purpose/result — 'to be a wife'.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς: 'as a wife')→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; εἰς γυναῖκα ('for a wife') is the standard LXX idiom for marriage, calquing לְאִשָּׁה.
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (adversative turn in the fable)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here marking the ironic reversal — the thistle's pretension is abruptly cut short.
διῆλθονpassed byAor Act Indic 3 Pl · διέρχομαιmain verb of the fable's climax (the beasts pass through)→ constative aoristδιέρχομαι: 'pass through / go about'; renders עָבַר; the wild beasts merely 'pass by' — the thistle is crushed casually, incidentally, underscoring its insignificance.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with θηρία)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θηρίαwild beastsNominativesubject of διῆλθον and συνεπάτησαν→ participant prominenceθηρίον: 'wild animal / beast'; renders חַיַּת ('beast of'); the wild beasts of the field embody Israel's overwhelming, careless power that tramples the upstart thistle.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἀγροῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive of relationship ('beasts of the field')→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / open country'; θηρία τοῦ ἀγροῦ renders חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה ('beasts of the field'), the standard biblical phrase for wild animals.
τὰthe (ones)Nominativearticle (attributive, with ἐν τῷ Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place, attributive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place, attributive).
τῷtheDativearticle (with Λιβάνῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΛιβάνῳLebanonDativedative object of ἐν (place: 'in Lebanon')→ sphere or referenceΛίβανος: the third occurrence of 'in Lebanon' in the verse, binding the whole fable to a single setting and intensifying the satirical rhythm.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεπάτησανtrampled downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συμπατέωmain verb (the fable's punchline)→ constative aorist (decisive crushing)συμπατέω: 'trample down / tread underfoot'; the compound συν- intensifies; the thistle is crushed flat — the warning to Amaziah that his pretension will be his ruin.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ακανα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ακαναthistleAccusativedirect object of συνεπάτησαν→ object specificationακαν (acc. ακανα): the declined accusative of the thornbush; the fable ends where Amaziah's pride will end — crushed underfoot.
10

τύπτων ἐπάταξας τὴν Ιδουμαίαν καὶ ἐπῆρέν σε ἡ καρδία σου ἐνδοξάσθητι καθήμενος ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ σου καὶ ἵνα τί ἐρίζεις ἐν κακίᾳ σου καὶ πεσῇ σὺ καὶ Ιουδας μετὰ σοῦ

Striking, you have struck Edom, and your heart has lifted you up. Be honored, staying at home; why do you contend with calamity, so that you fall — you and Judah with you?

Application of the fable: warning against prideτύπτων ἐπάταξας
Jehoash now drops the allegory and applies it directly. The cognate construction τύπτων ἐπάταξας ('striking you have struck') is a Hebraism rendering the infinitive absolute הַכֵּה הִכִּיתָ ('you have indeed defeated'). The idiom ἐπῆρέν σε ἡ καρδία σου ('your heart has lifted you up') diagnoses Amaziah's hubris; the counsel ἐνδοξάσθητι καθήμενος ('be honored, staying home') urges him to rest content with his Edom glory rather than court disaster.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
τύπτωνstrikingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · τύπτωcognate participle (Hebraism: intensifying ἐπάταξας)→ intensive (rendering the Hebrew infinitive absolute)τύπτω: 'strike / beat'; the participle τύπτων with the finite ἐπάταξας ('striking you struck') calques the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute הַכֵּה הִכִּיתָ — 'you have indeed/thoroughly defeated.'
ἐπάταξαςyou have struckAor Act Indic 2 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (concessive acknowledgment of the Edom victory)→ constative aorist (a completed achievement)πατάσσω: 'strike / defeat'; Jehoash concedes Amaziah's real victory over Edom (v. 7) precisely in order to expose the overconfidence it bred.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιδουμαίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙδουμαίανIdumea / EdomAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξας→ object specificationΙδουμαία (acc. Ιδουμαίαν): the Greek territorial name for Edom; declined as a noun, hence kind 'n'; refers back to the victory of v. 7.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπῆρένhas lifted upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπαίρωmain verb (idiom of pride: 'your heart has lifted you up')→ constative aorist (the rise of pride)ἐπαίρω: 'lift up / raise'; in ἐπῆρέν σε ἡ καρδία σου ('your heart has lifted you up') the verb renders the Hebrew idiom נְשָׂאֲךָ לִבְּךָ for arrogant self-exaltation — the diagnosis of Amaziah's fatal hubris.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἐπῆρεν→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σε): the object of the heart's exalting — Amaziah, puffed up by victory.
theNominativearticle (with καρδία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καρδίαheartNominativesubject of ἐπῆρεν→ participant prominenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב; in Hebrew anthropology the seat of will and disposition — here the source of Amaziah's self-destructive pride.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with καρδία)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with καρδία).
ἐνδοξάσθητιbe honored / glory in itAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · ἐνδοξάζομαιimperative (ironic counsel: 'enjoy your honor')→ aorist imperative (concessive/ironic advice)ἐνδοξάζομαι: 'be glorified / be held in honor'; the ironic imperative urges Amaziah to be satisfied with the glory already won and stay home rather than risk it all.
καθήμενοςstaying / sittingPres Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · κάθημαιcircumstantial participle (manner: 'while remaining at home')→ verbal action or stateκάθημαι: 'sit / stay / remain'; the participle καθήμενος ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ σου ('remaining in your house') counsels Amaziah to keep to his own realm and not provoke war.
ἐνin / atpreposition + dative (place: 'at home')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: 'at home').
τῷtheDativearticle (with οἴκῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative object of ἐν (place: 'in your house')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house / household / realm'; renders בַּיִת; here 'stay at home' = remain within your own kingdom rather than invade Israel.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with οἴκῳ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the rhetorical question)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἵναwhyinterrogative particle (with τί: 'for what reason?')→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: in the fixed interrogative ἵνα τί ('for what purpose? / why?'), rendering Hebrew לָמָּה.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with ἵνα: 'why')→ participant referenceτίς: the interrogative; ἵνα τί = 'why, to what end?'.
ἐρίζειςdo you contend / stir up strifePres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐρίζωmain verb of the rhetorical question→ progressive present (ongoing provocation)ἐρίζω: 'quarrel / contend / pick a fight'; the rhetorical question rebukes Amaziah for deliberately provoking a ruinous conflict.
ἐνto / withpreposition + dative (sphere/result: 'unto calamity')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here with a nuance of attendant circumstance or result — contending 'to your own hurt'.
κακίᾳcalamity / harmDativedative object of ἐν (the calamity courted)→ sphere or referenceκακία: 'evil / misfortune / calamity'; renders רָעָה ('disaster'); the strife will recoil as Amaziah's own ruin.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with κακίᾳ)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with κακίᾳ).
καὶso thatconsecutive conjunction (καί + future: result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here introducing a consequence ('and so / so that'), a Hebraizing use of καί + future for a result clause.
πεσῇyou will fallFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (predicted consequence: military downfall)→ predictive future (the warned-of disaster)πίπτω: 'fall / fall in battle / be defeated'; renders נָפַל; the future warns that Amaziah's pride will lead to his fall — fulfilled in vv. 11–14.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic, restating the verb's subject)→ participant referenceσύ: emphatic nominative — 'you yourself' will fall, together with the nation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙουδαςJudahNominativesubject (coordinate with σύ: 'Judah with you')→ participant prominenceΙουδας: here the declined nominative (Ιουδας, contrast indeclinable Ιουδα), denoting the kingdom/people of Judah as a corporate entity that will share Amaziah's defeat; declined, hence kind 'n'.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment: 'with you')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / together with'; the kingdom falls along with its overreaching king.
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σοῦ): the king with whose fate the people are bound up.
11

καὶ οὐκ ἤκουσεν Αμεσσιας καὶ ἀνέβη ὁ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ ὤφθησαν προσώποις αὐτὸς καὶ Αμεσσιας βασιλεὺς Ιουδα ἐν Βαιθσαμυς τῇ τοῦ Ιουδα

But Amessias did not listen; and the king of Israel went up, and they looked one another in the face — he and Amessias king of Judah — at Beth-shemesh which belongs to Judah.

Refusal and onset of battle (turning point)καὶ οὐκ ἤκουσεν Αμεσσιας
Amaziah's refusal to heed (οὐκ ἤκουσεν) triggers the fulfillment of the fable's warning. The reciprocal ὤφθησαν προσώποις ('they faced one another') deliberately picks up Amaziah's own challenge-words from v. 8 (ὀφθῶμεν προσώποις) — the king gets exactly the confrontation he demanded. The battle-site Beth-shemesh 'of Judah' marks the invasion as reaching into Judahite territory.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶbutnarrative conjunction (adversative)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'but'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἤκουσεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤκουσενlistened / heededAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (negated: refusal to heed)→ constative aorist (the decisive refusal)ἀκούω: 'hear / listen / heed'; renders שָׁמַע; οὐκ ἤκουσεν ('did not listen') marks the obstinacy that seals Amaziah's doom — exactly as the fable warned.
ΑμεσσιαςAmessias / AmaziahNominativesubject of ἤκουσεν→ participant prominenceΑμεσσιας: Amaziah refuses Jehoash's prudent counsel.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (military advance)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up / march up'; renders עָלָה; the standard verb for a military campaign — Jehoash advances against Judah.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἀνέβη ('the king of Israel')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: here Jehoash of Israel, the advancing king.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὤφθησανthey looked one another in the faceAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (reciprocal: the two kings meet in battle)→ constative aorist (the joining of battle)ὁράω (aor. pass.): the reciprocal ὤφθησαν προσώποις ('they faced one another') answers Amaziah's challenge of v. 8 verbatim — he gets the face-to-face reckoning he sought, now as a battlefield disaster.
προσώποιςface to faceDativedative of manner (Hebraism: 'in [their] faces')→ sphere or referenceπρόσωπον: 'face'; the same idiom as v. 8, now describing the actual confrontation in battle.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject in apposition (resuming the plural verb: 'he [Jehoash]')→ participant prominenceαὐτός: 'he himself' — Jehoash, the first of the two named combatants.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining the two subjects)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑμεσσιαςAmessias / AmaziahNominativesubject in apposition (the second combatant)→ participant prominenceΑμεσσιας: Amaziah, the second of the two kings who 'face one another' in battle.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Αμεσσιας ('king of Judah')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: title fixing Amaziah to Judah.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom; indeclinable.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place of battle)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of battle).
ΒαιθσαμυςBeth-shemeshdative of place (indeclinable toponym; object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΒαιθσαμυς: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ ('house of the sun'), a town on the Judah-Philistia border; indeclinable; the site of Judah's rout.
τῇwhich (belongs)Dativearticle (substantival, with the genitive τοῦ Ιουδα: 'the [one] of Judah')→ noun-phrase markingἡ: the article τῇ τοῦ Ιουδα ('the [Beth-shemesh] of Judah') specifies which Beth-shemesh and stresses that the battle reached into Judahite territory.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with the indeclinable Ιουδα)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of possession (indeclinable: 'belonging to Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: marks the town as Judahite — the invasion has penetrated Amaziah's own kingdom.
12

καὶ ἔπταισεν Ιουδας ἀπὸ προσώπου Ισραηλ καὶ ἔφυγεν ἀνὴρ εἰς τὸ σκήνωμα αὐτοῦ

And Judah was defeated before Israel, and each man fled to his tent.

Outcome: the rout of Judahκαὶ ἔπταισεν Ιουδας
The terse result-clause records Judah's defeat. ἀπὸ προσώπου Ισραηλ ('from before Israel') calques the Hebrew מִפְּנֵי for routed flight. The distributive ἔφυγεν ἀνὴρ εἰς τὸ σκήνωμα αὐτοῦ ('each man fled to his tent') is the stock formula for the total collapse and dispersal of an army (cf. 2 Sam 18:17; 19:9).
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπταισενwas defeated / was routedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πταίωmain verb (Judah's defeat)→ constative aorist (the decisive defeat)πταίω: 'stumble / be defeated / be struck down'; renders נִגַּף; the verb for a military rout — Judah is broken before Israel.
ΙουδαςJudahNominativesubject of ἔπταισεν (the army/people of Judah)→ participant prominenceΙουδας: the declined nominative denoting Judah as a corporate fighting force; declined, hence kind 'n'.
ἀπὸbefore / frompreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'from before')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: in ἀπὸ προσώπου ('from before / from the face of') calques Hebrew מִפְּנֵי, the idiom for fleeing in defeat before an enemy.
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (Hebraism: 'before Israel')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἀπὸ προσώπου Ισραηλ = 'from before Israel', i.e., routed by Israel's onslaught.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the victorious northern army.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (distributive: 'each man fled')→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; renders נָס; with the distributive singular ἀνήρ describes the scattering of the whole Judahite host.
ἀνὴρeach manNominativesubject (distributive: 'every man')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; here distributive ('each man'), rendering Hebrew אִישׁ in the rout-formula — the army dissolves into individual fugitives.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination of flight)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination of flight).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σκήνωμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκήνωμαtent / homeAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationσκήνωμα: 'tent / dwelling'; renders אֹהֶל; the idiom 'each to his tent' is the stock biblical formula for the disbanding of a defeated or dismissed army (cf. 2 Sam 20:1).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with σκήνωμα)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with σκήνωμα).
13

καὶ τὸν Αμεσσιαν υἱὸν Ιωας υἱοῦ Οχοζιου βασιλέα Ιουδα συνέλαβεν Ιωας υἱὸς Ιωαχας βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ ἐν Βαιθσαμυς καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ καὶ καθεῖλεν ἐν τῷ τείχει Ιερουσαλημ ἐν τῇ πύλῃ Εφραιμ ἕως πύλης τῆς γωνίας τετρακοσίους πήχεις

And Amessias son of Joash, son of Ochozias, king of Judah, Joash son of Joachaz king of Israel captured at Beth-shemesh; and he came to Jerusalem and broke down part of the wall of Jerusalem, from the Gate of Ephraim as far as the Corner Gate, four hundred cubits.

Capture of Amaziah and breaching of Jerusalemκαὶ τὸν Αμεσσιαν … συνέλαβεν Ιωας
The fronted accusative τὸν Αμεσσιαν, with full genealogy, foregrounds the captured king before the captor's name (Ιωας) appears. The victorious Jehoash then marches on Jerusalem itself and demolishes a four-hundred-cubit stretch of its wall between two named gates — a calculated humiliation that strips the capital of its defenses.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Αμεσσιαν, fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμεσσιανAmessias / AmaziahAccusativefronted direct object of συνέλαβεν→ object specificationΑμεσσιας (acc. Αμεσσιαν): Amaziah, the captured king of Judah; fronted for emphasis ahead of the captor.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αμεσσιαν ('son of Joash')→ object specificationυἱός: opens the Judahite king's genealogy.
ΙωαςJoashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Joash')→ participant identificationΙωας: Joash of Judah, Amaziah's father.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωας ('son of Ochozias')→ relational specificationυἱός: extends the Davidic genealogy a generation further.
ΟχοζιουOchozias / AhaziahGenitivegenitive of relationship ('son of Ochozias')→ relational specificationΟχοζιας (gen. Οχοζιου): transliteration of Hebrew אֲחַזְיָהוּ (Ahaziah) of Judah; declined as a first-declension masculine, hence kind 'n' with case; Amaziah's grandfather.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Αμεσσιαν ('king of Judah')→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): title fixing Amaziah to Judah.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom.
συνέλαβενcapturedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συλλαμβάνωmain verb (capture of Amaziah)→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: 'seize / take captive'; the same verb used of Amaziah's capture of the Rock (v. 7) now turns against him — the captor is captured.
ΙωαςJoashsubject of συνέλαβεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωας: Jehoash of Israel, the victor.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωας ('son of Joachaz')→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic of the Israelite king.
ΙωαχαςJoachazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: Jehoahaz, father of Jehoash of Israel.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωας ('king of Israel')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: title fixing the captor to the northern throne.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (place of capture)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of capture).
ΒαιθσαμυςBeth-shemeshdative of place (indeclinable; object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΒαιθσαμυς: the battle-site where Amaziah is taken (see v. 11).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (Jehoash advances on the capital)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; renders בּוֹא; Jehoash presses his victory all the way to Jerusalem.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative of destination (indeclinable; object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the Judahite capital, now at Jehoash's mercy.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθεῖλενtore down / demolishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαιρέωmain verb (demolition of the wall)→ constative aoristκαθαιρέω: 'take down / demolish / destroy'; renders פָּרַץ ('break through'); the breaching of Jerusalem's wall is the climactic humiliation of Amaziah's overreach.
ἐνin / ofpreposition + dative (the object/locus of demolition: a Hebraizing partitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here ἐν τῷ τείχει ('in/of the wall') marks the locus and partial extent of the demolition — a stretch of the wall, not its entirety.
τῷtheDativearticle (with τείχει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τείχειwallDativedative object of ἐν (the wall demolished)→ sphere or referenceτεῖχος: 'city wall / rampart'; renders חוֹמָה; the wall of Jerusalem, the city's chief defense, partly torn down.
Ιερουσαλημof Jerusalemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'wall of Jerusalem')→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: specifies whose wall — the capital's own defenses are breached.
ἐνat / frompreposition + dative (starting point of the breach)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (starting point of the breach).
τῇtheDativearticle (with πύλῃ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύλῃgateDativedative object of ἐν (one terminus of the breach)→ sphere or referenceπύλη: 'gate'; renders שַׁעַר; the breach runs from one named gate to another, defining its extent along the wall.
Εφραιμof Ephraimgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Gate of Ephraim')→ participant identificationΕφραιμ: transliteration of Hebrew אֶפְרַיִם; the 'Gate of Ephraim' on Jerusalem's north wall, facing the territory of Ephraim/Israel; indeclinable.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent: 'up to the Corner Gate')→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'up to / as far as'; marks the far terminus of the demolished stretch.
πύληςgateGenitivegenitive object of ἕως (the other terminus)→ relational specificationπύλη (gen. πύλης): the second gate marking the breach's end.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γωνίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γωνίαςcornerGenitivegenitive of relationship ('Gate of the Corner')→ relational specificationγωνία: 'corner / angle'; renders פִּנָּה; the 'Corner Gate' (πύλη τῆς γωνίας) at the northwest angle of the wall — the breach spans the whole northern defense.
τετρακοσίουςfour hundredAccusativecardinal numeral (with πήχεις: extent of the breach)→ object specificationτετρακόσιοι: 'four hundred'; quantifies the length of wall demolished.
πήχειςcubitsAccusativeaccusative of extent of measure ('four hundred cubits')→ object specificationπῆχυς: 'cubit' (forearm-length, ~0.45 m); renders אַמָּה; four hundred cubits (~180 m) of wall torn down — a massive, deliberate dismantling of Jerusalem's defenses.
14

καὶ ἔλαβεν τὸ χρυσίον καὶ τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη τὰ εὑρεθέντα ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου καὶ ἐν θησαυροῖς οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν συμμίξεων καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν εἰς Σαμάρειαν

And he took the gold and the silver and all the vessels that were found in the house of the LORD and in the treasuries of the king's house, and the sons of those given as hostages, and he returned to Samaria.

Plunder of temple and palace; return to Samariaκαὶ ἔλαβεν τὸ χρυσίον
The plunder-list follows the breaching of the wall: temple treasury, palace treasury, and human hostages all carried off to Samaria. The phrase τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν συμμίξεων ('the sons of the surety/hostages') is obscure but most plausibly denotes hostages taken as pledges. The episode reverses Amaziah's earlier triumph: instead of carrying off spoil from Edom, his own capital is despoiled.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (seizure of plunder)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; renders לָקַח; here of carrying off temple and palace treasure as plunder.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with χρυσίον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χρυσίονgoldAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationχρυσίον: 'gold (esp. wrought/coined)'; renders זָהָב; the first item of plunder.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ἀργύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀργύριονsilverAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (coordinate with χρυσίον)→ object specificationἀργύριον: 'silver / money'; renders כֶּסֶף; the gold-and-silver pairing is the standard merism for treasury wealth.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (with σκεύη)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; emphasizes the totality of the temple vessels carried off.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with σκεύη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvesselsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement'; renders כֵּלִים; the sacred temple vessels, plundered as spoils of war.
τὰthe (ones)Accusativearticle (with the participle εὑρεθέντα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθένταthat were foundAor Pass Ptc Acc Neut Pl · εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying σκεύη)→ verbal action or stateεὑρίσκω (aor. pass. ptc.): 'be found'; τὰ εὑρεθέντα ('that were found') describes the vessels available in the treasuries — whatever was on hand was taken.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
οἴκῳhouseDativedative object of ἐν ('in the house of the LORD')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; οἶκος κυρίου ('house of the LORD') is the standard designation of the Jerusalem temple.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (with οἴκῳ: 'house of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the temple is the LORD's house, now plundered — a sign of divine judgment on Amaziah's pride.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
θησαυροῖςtreasuriesDativedative object of ἐν ('in the treasuries')→ sphere or referenceθησαυρός: 'treasury / storehouse'; renders אוֹצָר; the palace's strongrooms, the second source of plunder.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of relationship (with θησαυροῖς)→ relational specificationοἶκος (gen. οἴκου): here the royal palace ('house of the king').
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession ('the king's house')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): the king of Judah, whose palace treasury is looted.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (the human plunder: hostages)→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; here the captives/hostages carried off — a third category of plunder alongside gold and vessels.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with συμμίξεων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συμμίξεωνhostages / pledgesGenitivegenitive of relationship (defining the υἱούς)→ relational specificationσύμμιξις: 'mingling / association / surety'; the phrase υἱοὺς τῶν συμμίξεων is obscure, rendering Hebrew בְּנֵי הַתַּעֲרֻבוֹת ('sons of the pledges/hostages'); most plausibly denotes hostages taken as guarantees of Judah's submission.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (Jehoash's withdrawal)→ constative aoristἀποστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; here intransitive — Jehoash returns to his capital laden with plunder.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΣαμάρειανSamariaAccusativeaccusative of destination (object of εἰς)→ object specificationΣαμάρεια (acc. Σαμάρειαν): transliteration of Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן; the capital of the northern kingdom; declined as a noun, hence kind 'n'.
15

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωας ὅσα ἐποίησεν ἐν δυναστείᾳ αὐτοῦ ἃ ἐπολέμησεν μετὰ Αμεσσιου βασιλέως Ιουδα οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Joash, all that he did in his might, how he warred with Amessias king of Judah — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal-closing source-citation formula (for Jehoash of Israel)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωας
The stereotyped Deuteronomistic citation-formula closing a reign: 'the rest of the acts … are they not written in the book of the chronicles?' Here it closes the record of Jehoash of Israel, with specific mention of his war against Amaziah. The rhetorical οὐχί ('are they not …?') expects an affirmative answer, referring readers to the (lost) royal annals.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remainderNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ('the rest of the acts/words') is the fixed opening of the regnal-closing source-formula, rendering וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / words / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / deed'; renders דָּבָר; in the formula λόγοι = 'acts / deeds / affairs' (the events of the reign), not merely spoken words.
Ιωαςof Joashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Joash')→ participant identificationΙωας: Jehoash of Israel, whose reign the formula closes.
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / all that'; ὅσα ἐποίησεν renders כָּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; sums up the deeds of the reign referred to the annals.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in his might')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere: 'in his might').
δυναστείᾳmight / powerDativedative object of ἐν (sphere of his deeds)→ sphere or referenceδυναστεία: 'might / power / mighty deeds'; renders גְּבוּרָה; refers to Jehoash's military prowess, exemplified by the war just narrated.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυναστείᾳ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with δυναστείᾳ).
how / which thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (object/cognate with ἐπολέμησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative ἅ here introduces the specific deed of warring against Amaziah — 'the things [in which] he fought'.
ἐπολέμησενhe warred / foughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωverb of the relative clause (specifying the war with Judah)→ constative aoristπολεμέω: 'make war / fight'; renders נִלְחַם; singles out the campaign against Amaziah just recounted as the signal event of the reign.
μετὰwith / againstpreposition + genitive (opponent: 'against Amaziah')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; here in the hostile sense 'against', rendering the Hebrew עִם of conflict — 'fought with/against Amaziah'.
ΑμεσσιουAmessias / AmaziahGenitivegenitive object of μετά (the opponent)→ relational specificationΑμεσσιας (gen. Αμεσσιου): Amaziah of Judah, Jehoash's defeated rival; the declined genitive, hence kind 'n'.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αμεσσιου ('king of Judah')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: title fixing Amaziah to Judah.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom.
οὐχὶare not …?interrogative negative (expecting 'yes')→ clausal contributionοὐχί: emphatic 'not'; introduces the rhetorical question of the citation-formula, expecting the answer 'yes, they are written.'
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (resuming τὰ λοιπά: 'these [acts]')→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'these'; refers back to the 'rest of the acts' as the subject of the citation.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptc Nom Neut Pl · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with implied εἰσίν: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (recorded and on record)γράφω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'having been written / on record'; with implied 'are' forms the perfect periphrasis of the source-citation — the deeds stand recorded in the royal annals.
ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'on / in'; ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ ('in the book') locates the record, rendering עַל סֵפֶר.
βιβλίῳbookDativedative object of ἐπί ('in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the royal annal-source repeatedly cited in Kings.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: in λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('words/acts of the days') = 'chronicles / annals', the calque of דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים (the title later Englished as 'Chronicles').
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'acts of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'the chronicle of the days', the official court record.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν; dative of reference)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference/possession ('belonging to the kings')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): the dative 'for/of the kings of Israel' renders the Hebrew לְמַלְכֵי — the annals pertaining to the northern monarchs.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, whose royal annals are cited.
16

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωας μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ μετὰ τῶν βασιλέων Ισραηλ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιεροβοαμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Joash slept with his fathers and was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel, and Jeroboam his son became king in his place.

Death-and-succession formula (for Jehoash of Israel)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωας
The stock death-burial-succession formula: 'slept with his fathers … was buried … and X reigned in his place.' The euphemism ἐκοιμήθη ('fell asleep') for natural death (contrast Amaziah's violent end, v. 19) and the burial 'with the kings of Israel' mark a dynastically secure, peaceful close to Jehoash's reign; his son Jeroboam (II) succeeds — the king whose long reign fills vv. 23–29.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / diedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-formula euphemism)→ constative aoristκοιμάομαι: 'lie down / fall asleep'; ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('slept with his fathers') is the standard euphemism for a king's peaceful, natural death, rendering שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו.
ΙωαςJoashsubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωας: Jehoash of Israel, whose death is now recorded.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, in the death-idiom)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; in the burial-idiom 'with his fathers'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / ancestor'; the dynastic forebears with whom the king is gathered in death.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aoristθάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'be buried'; renders נִקְבַּר; the honorable burial in the royal necropolis confirms a secure, legitimate reign.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of burial).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): the northern capital and royal burial-place; declined, hence kind 'n'.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with βασιλέων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with the kings of Israel')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. pl. βασιλέων): the northern monarchs in whose company Jehoash is buried — a mark of dynastic legitimacy.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (succession-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενbecame kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession notice)→ ingressive aorist (accession of the successor)βασιλεύω: here ingressive — Jeroboam II accedes to the throne in his father's place.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם; here Jeroboam II son of Jehoash, the long-reigning king of vv. 23–29; indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ ('his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: identifies Jeroboam as Jehoash's son and dynastic heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (with υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution: 'in his place')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') is the fixed succession-formula, rendering תַּחְתָּיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί ('in place of him')→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί ('in place of him').
17

καὶ ἔζησεν Αμεσσιας υἱὸς Ιωας βασιλεὺς Ιουδα μετὰ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν Ιωας υἱὸν Ιωαχας βασιλέα Ισραηλ πεντεκαίδεκα ἔτη

And Amessias son of Joash king of Judah lived fifteen years after the death of Joash son of Joachaz king of Israel.

Synchronistic survival notice (Amaziah outlives Jehoash)καὶ ἔζησεν Αμεσσιας
A cross-reign synchronism noting that the defeated Amaziah outlived his conqueror by fifteen years. The articular infinitive μετὰ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν ('after the dying of …') is the standard LXX temporal construction with accusative subject. The notice prepares for Amaziah's own death-account in vv. 19–20.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενlivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (survival notice)→ constative aorist (duration of survival)ζάω: 'live / be alive'; renders חָיָה; here 'continued to live' for fifteen years past his rival's death.
ΑμεσσιαςAmessias / AmaziahNominativesubject of ἔζησεν→ participant prominenceΑμεσσιας: Amaziah of Judah, who survives Jehoash.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αμεσσιας ('son of Joash')→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic of Amaziah.
ΙωαςJoashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Joash')→ participant identificationΙωας: Joash of Judah, Amaziah's father.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Αμεσσιας ('king of Judah')→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: title fixing Amaziah to Judah.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom.
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal: 'after the dying')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; with the articular infinitive forms the temporal clause μετὰ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν ('after the death of').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (governing the infinitive ἀποθανεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀποθανεῖνto die / deathAor Act Inf · ἀποθνῄσκωarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'after Joash died')→ constative (the event of dying)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the articular infinitive μετὰ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν Ιωας … ('after the dying of Joash …') with accusative subject is the LXX's standard temporal construction.
ΙωαςJoashsubject of the infinitive (indeclinable; here in accusative-subject role)→ participant identificationΙωας: Jehoash of Israel, whose death is the temporal reference-point; though indeclinable, it functions as the accusative subject of ἀποθανεῖν.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωας ('son of Joachaz')→ object specificationυἱός: patronymic of Jehoash of Israel; the accusative marks it as agreeing with the infinitive's subject.
ΙωαχαςJoachazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: Jehoahaz, father of Jehoash of Israel.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Ιωας ('king of Israel')→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): title fixing Jehoash to the northern throne; accusative agreeing with the infinitive's subject.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom.
πεντεκαίδεκαfifteencardinal numeral (indeclinable, with ἔτη)→ clausal contributionπεντεκαίδεκα: 'fifteen'; the years Amaziah outlived Jehoash.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of survival)→ object specificationἔτος (acc. pl. ἔτη): accusative of temporal extent — fifteen years.
18

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αμεσσιου καὶ πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα

And the rest of the acts of Amessias, and all that he did — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?

Regnal-closing source-citation formula (for Amaziah of Judah)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αμεσσιου
The parallel citation-formula now closing Amaziah's reign, referring readers to the chronicles of the kings of Judah (contrast v. 15, Israel). Its placement before the death-account (vv. 19–20) rather than after is slightly irregular, reflecting the conspiracy's disruption of the normal regnal pattern.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'rest / remainder'; the fixed opening of the citation-formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'deed / matter'; here the events of Amaziah's reign.
Αμεσσιουof Amessias / AmaziahGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose acts)→ relational specificationΑμεσσιας (gen. Αμεσσιου): Amaziah of Judah, whose reign the formula closes; declined, hence kind 'n'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταall thingsNominativesubstantival adjective (antecedent of ἅ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πάντα ἃ ἐποίησεν = 'all that he did', summing up the reign's deeds.
that / whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative ἅ resumes πάντα — 'all the things which he did.'
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the deeds referred to the annals.
οὐχὶare not …?interrogative negative (expecting 'yes')→ clausal contributionοὐχί: introduces the rhetorical citation-question expecting affirmation.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (resuming τὰ λοιπά)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'these'; the subject of the source-citation.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptc Nom Neut Pl · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with implied εἰσίν)→ resultative perfect (on record)γράφω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'on record'; the deeds stand written in the Judahite royal annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'in/on (the book)'.
βιβλίῳbookDativedative object of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the royal annal-source.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'chronicles / annals' (דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'acts of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the court chronicle of the days.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν; dative of reference)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('belonging to the kings')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): 'for the kings of Judah', the annals of the southern monarchs.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom, whose royal annals are here cited (contrast Israel in v. 15).
19

καὶ συνεστράφησαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν σύστρεμμα ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἔφυγεν εἰς Λαχις καὶ ἀπέστειλαν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ εἰς Λαχις καὶ ἐθανάτωσαν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ

And they formed a conspiracy against him in Jerusalem, and he fled to Lachish; and they sent after him to Lachish and put him to death there.

Conspiracy and assassination of Amaziahκαὶ συνεστράφησαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν σύστρεμμα
Amaziah dies as his father Joash did — by conspiracy (cf. v. 5). The cognate construction συνεστράφησαν … σύστρεμμα ('they conspired a conspiracy') is a Hebraism (קָשַׁר … קֶשֶׁר) intensifying the plot. His flight to Lachish fails; the conspirators pursue and kill him there, ending his reign violently rather than peacefully — a dark contrast to Jehoash's tranquil death (v. 16).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεστράφησανthey conspired / banded togetherAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συστρέφωmain verb (formation of the conspiracy)→ constative aoristσυστρέφω: 'gather / band together / conspire'; with the cognate σύστρεμμα renders Hebrew קָשַׁר … קֶשֶׁר ('they conspired a conspiracy'), the stock idiom for a regicidal plot.
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction: 'against him')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here in the hostile sense 'against', rendering עַל.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπ᾿ (the target of the plot)→ participant referenceαὐτός: Amaziah, the conspiracy's target.
σύστρεμμαa conspiracyAccusativecognate accusative (with συνεστράφησαν: Hebraism)→ object specificationσύστρεμμα: 'conspiracy / band / plot'; the cognate accusative intensifies the verb, rendering the Hebrew קֶשֶׁר ('conspiracy').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in Jerusalem')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: 'in Jerusalem').
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable; object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the capital, where the plot against Amaziah is hatched.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενhe fledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb (Amaziah's flight)→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; Amaziah flees the conspiracy to the fortified Judahite city of Lachish — in vain.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination of flight)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination of flight).
ΛαχιςLachishaccusative of destination (indeclinable; object of εἰς)→ participant identificationΛαχις: transliteration of Hebrew לָכִישׁ (Lachish), a major fortified city in the Judahite Shephelah; indeclinable; the place of Amaziah's refuge and death.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλανthey sentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (the pursuit)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the conspirators dispatch assassins after the fleeing king.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition/adverb + genitive (pursuit: 'after him')→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ('after him') marks the pursuit, rendering אַחֲרָיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationαὐτός: the pursued king.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination of the pursuit)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination of the pursuit).
ΛαχιςLachishaccusative of destination (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΛαχις: the pursuers follow Amaziah to his refuge.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσανthey put to deathAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θανατόωmain verb (the assassination)→ constative aoristθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; the same verb Amaziah refused to apply to the assassins' sons (v. 6) now names his own death — a grim narrative irony.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσαν→ participant referenceαὐτός: Amaziah, the assassinated king.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place ('there', i.e., at Lachish)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; renders שָׁם; locates the murder at Lachish, far from the capital.
20

καὶ ἦραν αὐτὸν ἐφ᾿ ἵππων καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν Ιερουσαλημ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ

And they carried him up on horses, and he was buried in Jerusalem with his fathers in the city of David.

Burial of Amaziah in the city of Davidκαὶ ἦραν αὐτὸν ἐφ᾿ ἵππων
Despite his violent death, Amaziah receives an honorable royal burial: his body is borne back on horses and interred with his ancestors in the city of David, the Davidic royal necropolis. This restores a measure of dynastic dignity and prepares for the orderly succession of his son Azariah in v. 21.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦρανthey carried / liftedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb (transport of the body)→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'lift / carry / take up'; renders נָשָׂא; here of bearing the king's corpse back to Jerusalem for burial.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἦραν (the body)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the dead Amaziah.
ἐφ᾿onpreposition + genitive (means/place: 'on horses')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + gen.: 'upon'; ἐφ᾿ ἵππων ('on horses') describes the conveyance of the royal corpse.
ἵππωνhorsesGenitivegenitive object of ἐφ᾿ (means of conveyance)→ relational specificationἵππος: 'horse'; renders סוּס; the body is borne back, perhaps by horse-drawn chariot, for honorable burial.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aoristθάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'be buried'; despite the violent death, an honorable royal interment follows.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of burial).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable; object of ἐν)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: the Davidic capital, where Amaziah is interred.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, burial-idiom)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the burial-idiom 'with his fathers'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'ancestor'; the Davidic forebears with whom he is buried.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in the city of David')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: 'in the city of David').
πόλειcityDativedative of place (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; πόλις Δαυιδ ('city of David') = the original Jebusite stronghold/Davidic quarter of Jerusalem, the royal burial-ground.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'city of David')→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: the dynastic founder; the 'city of David' marks the burial as fully legitimate Davidic-royal interment.
21

καὶ ἔλαβεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς Ιουδα τὸν Αζαριαν καὶ αὐτὸς υἱὸς ἑκκαίδεκα ἐτῶν καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν αὐτὸν ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Αμεσσιου

And all the people of Judah took Azarias, and he was a son of sixteen years, and they made him king in place of his father Amessias.

Popular accession of Azariah (succession after the regicide)καὶ ἔλαβεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς Ιουδα τὸν Αζαριαν
After the assassination, the people of Judah (πᾶς ὁ λαός) themselves take the initiative to install the sixteen-year-old Azariah (Uzziah), guaranteeing the Davidic succession against the conspiracy. The age-idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν recurs from v. 2, and the succession-formula ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρός closes the unit.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (the people's action; singular with collective λαός)→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; here the people 'take' Azariah to enthrone him — a popular act securing the dynasty after the regicide.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (with λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πᾶς ὁ λαός ('all the people') stresses the unanimous popular will behind the accession.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἔλαβεν and ἐβασίλευσαν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; renders עַם; 'the people of the land' who act to preserve the Davidic line.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'people of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Αζαριαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑζαριανAzarias / AzariahAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationΑζαριας (acc. Αζαριαν): transliteration of Hebrew עֲזַרְיָה (Azariah, also called Uzziah/עֻזִּיָּהוּ); declined as a first-declension masculine, hence kind 'n' with case; Amaziah's son and successor.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing parenthetical age-notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject of a verbless clause (age-notice: 'he [was] …')→ participant prominenceαὐτός: 'he'; subject of the parenthetical age-statement.
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (age-idiom: 'a son of N years')→ participant prominenceυἱός: in the age-idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('a son of … years' = '… years old'), as in v. 2.
ἑκκαίδεκαsixteencardinal numeral (indeclinable, with ἐτῶν)→ clausal contributionἑκκαίδεκα: 'sixteen'; Azariah's accession age.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱός: 'of … years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): the measuring genitive of the age-idiom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming after the parenthesis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσανthey made kingAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βασιλεύωmain verb (causative: 'they enthroned him')→ ingressive/causative aorist (the people install him)βασιλεύω: normally 'be king', but here transitively/causatively with αὐτόν ('they made him king'), rendering the Hebrew Hiphil הִמְלִיכוּ — the people enthrone Azariah.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of the causative ἐβασίλευσαν→ participant referenceαὐτός: Azariah, made king by popular act.
ἀντὶin place ofpreposition + genitive (succession: 'in place of his father')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of'; the succession-formula ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρός ('in place of his father').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί ('in place of the father')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): Amaziah, the assassinated father whom Azariah succeeds.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πατρός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (with πατρός).
ΑμεσσιουAmessias / AmaziahGenitivegenitive in apposition to πατρός (naming the father)→ relational specificationΑμεσσιας (gen. Αμεσσιου): the dead king named in apposition; declined, hence kind 'n'.
22

αὐτὸς ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν Αιλωθ καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν αὐτὴν τῷ Ιουδα μετὰ τὸ κοιμηθῆναι τὸν βασιλέα μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ

He rebuilt Aelath and restored it to Judah, after the king slept with his fathers.

Azariah's first achievement (anticipatory notice)αὐτὸς ᾠκοδόμησεν τὴν Αιλωθ
An anticipatory notice of Azariah's reign inserted before the formal regnal account (which resumes at ch. 15): the emphatic αὐτός credits him with rebuilding the southern port of Aelath (Elath/Ezion-geber) and restoring it to Judah. The articular infinitive μετὰ τὸ κοιμηθῆναι ('after the king slept with his fathers') anchors the act after Amaziah's death.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic subject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive 'he himself' credits Azariah personally with the rebuilding of Aelath.
ᾠκοδόμησενrebuilt / builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (construction/restoration of the city)→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build / rebuild / fortify'; renders בָּנָה; here of refortifying the port-city, an achievement of Azariah's prosperous reign.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Αιλωθ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑιλωθAelath / Elathdirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν (indeclinable; article supplies case)→ noun-phrase markingΑιλωθ: transliteration of Hebrew אֵילַת (Elath/Eloth), the Red Sea port near Ezion-geber on the Gulf of Aqaba; indeclinable, with τήν marking the accusative.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψενrestored / returnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (restoration of the city to Judah)→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / restore'; renders הֵשִׁיב; here transitive — Azariah brings the port back under Judahite control.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object of ἐπέστρεψεν (feminine, = Αιλωθ)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the feminine αὐτήν refers to the city Aelath.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ιουδα; dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαJudahdative of advantage (indeclinable: 'to/for Judah'; article supplies case)→ noun-phrase markingΙουδα: the southern kingdom, to which the port is restored; indeclinable, with τῷ marking the dative.
μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal: 'after the king slept')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; with the articular infinitive forms the temporal clause μετὰ τὸ κοιμηθῆναι ('after the falling-asleep of').
τὸtheAccusativearticle (governing the infinitive κοιμηθῆναι)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κοιμηθῆναιto sleep / dieAor Pass Inf · κοιμάομαιarticular infinitive (temporal clause: 'after the king died')→ constative (the event of death)κοιμάομαι: 'fall asleep / die'; the articular infinitive μετὰ τὸ κοιμηθῆναι τὸν βασιλέα ('after the king slept with his fathers') is the LXX temporal construction with accusative subject; the death-euphemism recurs from v. 16.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα, accusative subject of the infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive κοιμηθῆναι→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): here Amaziah, whose death is the temporal reference-point for Azariah's rebuilding of Aelath.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, burial-idiom)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; in the death-idiom 'with his fathers'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: the dynastic forebears, in the standard death-euphemism.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
23

ἐν ἔτει πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ τοῦ Αμεσσιου υἱοῦ Ιωας βασιλέως Ιουδα ἐβασίλευσεν Ιεροβοαμ υἱὸς Ιωας ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ τεσσαράκοντα καὶ ἓν ἔτος

In the fifteenth year of Amessias son of Joash king of Judah, Jeroboam son of Joash became king over Israel in Samaria, forty-one years.

Synchronistic accession formula (for Jeroboam II of Israel)ἐν ἔτει πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ
The synchronistic accession formula introducing Jeroboam II, dated to Amaziah's fifteenth year (cf. the fifteen-year survival of v. 17). The notice of a forty-one-year reign signals the longest and most prosperous reign of the northern kingdom — the historical high-water mark of Israel's territorial expansion.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal: 'in the year').
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the synchronistic dating-formula, as in v. 1.
πεντεκαιδεκάτῳfifteenthDativeattributive ordinal adjective (with ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceπεντεκαιδέκατος: 'fifteenth'; dates Jeroboam's accession to the fifteenth regnal year of Amaziah.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Αμεσσιου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
Αμεσσιουof Amessias / AmaziahGenitivegenitive of time-reference (whose regnal year)→ relational specificationΑμεσσιας (gen. Αμεσσιου): Amaziah of Judah, by whose reign the synchronism is dated; declined, hence kind 'n'.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αμεσσιου ('son of Joash')→ relational specificationυἱός: patronymic of Amaziah.
ΙωαςJoashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωας: Joash of Judah, Amaziah's father.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αμεσσιου ('king of Judah')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): title fixing Amaziah to Judah.
ΙουδαJudahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom.
ἐβασίλευσενbecame kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession)→ ingressive aorist (entry into kingship)βασιλεύω: here ingressive — Jeroboam II accedes to the throne of Israel.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam II son of Jehoash, the long-reigning king of Israel; indeclinable.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ ('son of Joash')→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic of Jeroboam II — son of Jehoash of Israel.
ΙωαςJoashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωας: Jehoash of Israel, Jeroboam's father (cf. v. 16).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule: 'over Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ('reigned over Israel'), rendering מָלַךְ עַל.
ΙσραηλIsraelaccusative object of ἐπί (the realm; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, Jeroboam's realm.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place: 'in Samaria')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place: 'in Samaria').
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (object of ἐν)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια (dat. Σαμαρείᾳ): the northern capital, Jeroboam's seat; declined, hence kind 'n'.
τεσσαράκονταfortycardinal numeral (with ἓν: 'forty-one')→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; with ἕν gives the forty-one-year reign — the longest in the northern kingdom.
καὶandcoordinating numerals ('forty and one')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἓνoneAccusativecardinal numeral (with ἔτος)→ measure or countεἷς, μία, ἕν: 'one'; the neuter ἕν agrees with ἔτος; τεσσαράκοντα καὶ ἕν = forty-one.
ἔτοςyearAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος: 'year'; the singular with the compound numeral expresses the reign's full duration of forty-one years.
24

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ πασῶν ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ

And he did what was evil before the LORD; he did not depart from all the sins of Jeroboam son of Nabat, who made Israel to sin.

Deuteronomistic evaluation formula (negative, for Jeroboam II)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου
The standard negative evaluation of every northern king: 'he did evil … did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat.' The reference to the dynastic founder Jeroboam I, 'who made Israel to sin' (the calf-cult of 3 Kgdms 12), is the recurring theological indictment of the whole northern monarchy. Notably, the LORD's salvation in vv. 25–27 comes despite, not because of, the king's wickedness.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluation formula)→ constative aorist (summary judgment)ποιέω: 'do'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν ('did the evil') is the standard negative evaluation, rendering עָשָׂה הָרַע.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the evil thing')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; τὸ πονηρόν renders הָרַע ('that which is evil'), the object of the negative evaluation formula.
ἐνώπιονbefore / in the sight ofpreposition + genitive (Hebraism: 'before the LORD')→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; renders בְּעֵינֵי / לִפְנֵי; the LORD is the standard of evaluation.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the divine judge before whom Jeroboam's conduct is evil.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀπέστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστηdepartedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (negated: did not turn from sin)→ constative aoristἀφίστημι: 'stand away / depart / turn from'; renders סָר; οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπό ('did not depart from') is the fixed phrase for persistence in the calf-cult of Jeroboam I.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: 'from the sins')→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation: 'from the sins').
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (with ἁμαρτιῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς (gen. fem. pl. πασῶν): 'all'; emphasizes the totality of the inherited apostasy from which Jeroboam did not turn.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the sins not abandoned)→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטֹּאות; the calf-cult and illicit worship instituted by Jeroboam I.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sins of Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: here Jeroboam I son of Nebat, the dynastic founder of the calf-cult — not Jeroboam II the subject of the verse; indeclinable.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ ('son of Nabat')→ relational specificationυἱός: the patronymic that distinguishes Jeroboam I ('son of Nebat') from Jeroboam II.
ΝαβατNabat / Nebatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Nebat')→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliteration of Hebrew נְבָט (Nebat), father of Jeroboam I; the phrase 'Jeroboam son of Nebat' is the fixed epithet of the archetypal apostate king; indeclinable.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative referring to Jeroboam I, introducing the formulaic charge.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of the relative clause (causative: 'caused to sin')→ constative aorist (causative)ἐξαμαρτάνω: here causative 'cause to sin / lead into sin', rendering the Hebrew Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא; ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('who made Israel to sin') is the stock indictment of Jeroboam I throughout Kings.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Ισραηλ, marking it object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable; article supplies case)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, led into the calf-cult by Jeroboam I; the article τόν marks the accusative.
25

αὐτὸς ἀπέστησεν τὸ ὅριον Ισραηλ ἀπὸ εἰσόδου Αιμαθ ἕως τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς Αραβα κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου θεοῦ Ισραηλ ὃ ἐλάλησεν ἐν χειρὶ δούλου αὐτοῦ Ιωνα υἱοῦ Αμαθι τοῦ προφήτου τοῦ ἐκ Γεθχοβερ

He restored the border of Israel from the entrance of Hamath as far as the Sea of the Arabah, according to the word of the LORD God of Israel, which he spoke by the hand of his servant Jonah son of Amittai the prophet, who was from Gath-hepher.

Territorial restoration fulfilling Jonah's prophecyαὐτὸς ἀπέστησεν τὸ ὅριον Ισραηλ
The theological centerpiece of Jeroboam's reign: the emphatic αὐτός credits him with restoring Israel's borders to their fullest Davidic-Solomonic extent (from Lebo-hamath in the far north to the Sea of the Arabah/Dead Sea), explicitly in fulfillment of a prophetic word delivered through JONAH son of Amittai — the only narrative reference in the Former Prophets to the prophet of the book of Jonah. κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου frames the political triumph as divine word fulfilled, and ἐν χειρὶ δούλου ('by the hand of his servant') is the standard idiom for prophetic mediation.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic subject (intensive pronoun)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive 'he himself' foregrounds Jeroboam as the agent of the territorial restoration — striking, given the negative evaluation of v. 24.
ἀπέστησενrestored / re-establishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημι / ἵστημιmain verb (restoration of the border)→ constative aoristἀφίστημι (here in the sense 'set up again / restore'): renders Hebrew הֵשִׁיב ('bring back / restore'); the LXX uses the verb of re-establishing Israel's territorial boundary to its ideal extent.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὅριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὅριονborder / boundaryAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστησεν→ object specificationὅριον: 'boundary / territory'; renders גְּבוּל; the restored frontier of the northern kingdom, marking its greatest territorial extent.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'border of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, whose border is restored.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point of the extent)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἀπό … ἕως marks the full north-to-south span of the restored territory.
εἰσόδουentranceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό ('from the entrance of Hamath')→ relational specificationεἴσοδος: 'entrance / approach'; εἴσοδος Αιμαθ renders Hebrew לְבוֹא חֲמָת ('Lebo-hamath / the entrance to Hamath'), the traditional ideal northern boundary of Israel (cf. Num 13:21; Josh 13:5).
ΑιμαθHamathgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'entrance of Hamath')→ participant identificationΑιμαθ: transliteration of Hebrew חֲמָת (Hamath), the Syrian city marking Israel's ideal northern limit; indeclinable.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (end point of the extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / up to'; marks the southern terminus of the restored border.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with θαλάσσης)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('to the sea')→ relational specificationθάλασσα (gen. θαλάσσης): 'sea'; ἡ θάλασσα τῆς Αραβα ('the Sea of the Arabah') renders יָם הָעֲרָבָה — the Dead Sea, the southern boundary.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with the indeclinable Αραβα)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑραβαArabahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Sea of the Arabah')→ participant identificationΑραβα: transliteration of Hebrew עֲרָבָה (Arabah), the great rift-valley depression; 'the Sea of the Arabah' = the Dead Sea; indeclinable, with the article τῆς.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (conformity: 'according to the word')→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου frames the restoration as fulfillment of the divine word.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ῥῆμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeobject of κατά (the prophetic word fulfilled)→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / saying / utterance'; renders דָּבָר; the prophetic oracle whose fulfillment the territorial restoration represents.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source (with ῥῆμα: 'word of the LORD')→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD is the source of the prophetic word fulfilled through Jeroboam.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive in apposition to κυρίου ('the LORD God of Israel')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; κύριος θεὸς Ισραηλ ('the LORD God of Israel') is the full covenant-title, stressing that the deliverance flows from Israel's own covenant God.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'God of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the covenant people whose God speaks and acts.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν; antecedent ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceὅς: the relative ὅ refers to τὸ ῥῆμα — 'the word which he spoke.'
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of the relative clause (the LORD as speaker)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the LORD spoke the word of restoration through his prophet Jonah.
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument/agency: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: in ἐν χειρὶ ('by the hand of') calques Hebrew בְּיַד, the standard idiom for prophetic mediation of the divine word.
χειρὶhandDativedative object of ἐν (instrument: 'by the hand of his servant')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρὶ δούλου ('by the hand of his servant') is the fixed idiom for a prophet as the LORD's mouthpiece.
δούλουservantGenitivegenitive of relationship (with χειρί: 'hand of his servant')→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; renders עֶבֶד; 'his servant' is the standard honorific for a prophet (cf. 'my servants the prophets', 4 Kgdms 17:23).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with δούλου)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with δούλου).
ΙωναJonahGenitivegenitive in apposition to δούλου (naming the prophet)→ relational specificationΙωνας (gen. Ιωνα): transliteration of Hebrew יוֹנָה (Jonah); declined as a first-declension masculine (gen. Ιωνα), hence kind 'n' with case; this is the sole narrative anchor in the Former Prophets for the prophet of the book of Jonah.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωνα ('son of Amittai')→ relational specificationυἱός: patronymic of Jonah; the identical phrase 'Jonah son of Amittai' opens the book of Jonah (Jonah 1:1).
ΑμαθιAmittaigenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Amittai')→ participant identificationΑμαθι: transliteration of Hebrew אֲמִתַּי (Amittai), Jonah's father; indeclinable.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with προφήτου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτουprophetGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωνα ('the prophet')→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; identifies Jonah's office as the authorized spokesman of the LORD's word.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantival, with ἐκ Γεθχοβερ: 'the one from Gath-hepher')→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (origin: 'from Gath-hepher')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'from / out of'; marks Jonah's home town.
ΓεθχοβερGath-hephergenitive of origin (indeclinable; object of ἐκ)→ participant identificationΓεθχοβερ: transliteration of Hebrew גַּת הַחֵפֶר (Gath-hepher), a town in Zebulun (Josh 19:13), Jonah's birthplace; indeclinable; locates the prophet in the northern kingdom, fittingly bearing a word of restoration for Israel.
26

ὅτι εἶδεν κύριος τὴν ταπείνωσιν Ισραηλ πικρὰν σφόδρα καὶ ὀλιγοστοὺς συνεχομένους καὶ ἐσπανισμένους καὶ ἐγκαταλελειμμένους καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ βοηθῶν τῷ Ισραηλ

For the LORD saw the affliction of Israel, very bitter, and them hemmed in, few, and brought low, and forsaken, and there was no one helping Israel.

Theological motive: the LORD's compassion on afflicted Israelὅτι εἶδεν κύριος τὴν ταπείνωσιν Ισραηλ
The causal ὅτι ('for / because') grounds the restoration of v. 25 not in Jeroboam's merit but in the LORD's compassionate sight of Israel's bitter, helpless affliction. The piled-up participles (συνεχομένους, ἐσπανισμένους, ἐγκαταλελειμμένους) intensify the picture of utter helplessness — echoing the Exodus motif of YHWH 'seeing' the affliction of his people (Exod 3:7). The clause οὐκ ἦν ὁ βοηθῶν ('there was no helper') makes divine intervention the only possible rescue.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὅτιfor / becausecausal conjunction (grounding the restoration)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; renders כִּי; introduces the theological motive — the restoration of v. 25 springs from the LORD's compassion, not the king's worth.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (the LORD's compassionate seeing)→ constative aoristὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see'; renders רָאָה; 'the LORD saw the affliction' deliberately echoes the Exodus deliverance-motif (Exod 3:7, εἶδον τὴν κάκωσιν), framing this rescue as a new act of covenant compassion.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of εἶδεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the compassionate divine seer whose mercy motivates the deliverance.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ταπείνωσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ταπείνωσινaffliction / humiliationAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationταπείνωσις: 'humiliation / affliction / low estate'; renders עֳנִי; the bitter degradation of Israel that moved the LORD to act.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'affliction of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the suffering northern kingdom.
πικρὰνbitterAccusativeattributive/predicative adjective (with ταπείνωσιν)→ object specificationπικρός: 'bitter'; renders מַר / מֹרֶה; intensifies the affliction — it was 'very bitter.'
σφόδραvery / exceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying πικράν)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; marks the affliction as extreme.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the participial chain)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀλιγοστοὺςfew / very small in numberAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of εἶδεν: 'few ones')→ object specificationὀλιγοστός: 'very few / least'; renders אֶפֶס ('none / brought to nothing'); depicts Israel reduced to a remnant.
συνεχομένουςhemmed in / hard-pressedPres Mid/Pass Ptc Acc Masc Pl · συνέχωparticiple (describing the afflicted people)→ progressive (an ongoing condition of distress)συνέχω: 'hold together / press hard / constrain'; the passive participle pictures Israel 'hemmed in / hard-pressed' by enemies, with no room to escape.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐσπανισμένουςbrought low / made scarcePerf Mid/Pass Ptc Acc Masc Pl · σπανίζωparticiple (perfect: settled condition of depletion)→ resultative perfect (a state of having been reduced)σπανίζω: 'be scarce / be in want / be diminished'; the perfect participle ('having been brought to scarcity') stresses the settled, depleted condition of the people.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκαταλελειμμένουςforsaken / abandonedPerf Mid/Pass Ptc Acc Masc Pl · ἐγκαταλείπωparticiple (perfect: climactic state of abandonment)→ resultative perfect (a settled state of having been abandoned)ἐγκαταλείπω: 'leave behind / forsake / abandon'; the climactic third perfect participle ('having been utterly forsaken') completes the threefold picture of helplessness — no one to help.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἦν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (existential: 'there was no …')→ stative imperfect (an enduring lack)εἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἦν ὁ βοηθῶν ('there was no one helping') is the existential negation rendering אֵין עֹזֵר — Israel's plight is humanly hopeless.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantivizing the participle βοηθῶν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βοηθῶνhelping / a helperPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · βοηθέωsubstantival participle (subject of ἦν: 'a helper')→ verbal action or stateβοηθέω: 'help / come to the aid of'; the substantival ὁ βοηθῶν ('the one helping / a helper') renders עֹזֵר; its absence makes the LORD himself the sole possible deliverer.
τῷforDativearticle (with Ισραηλ; dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldative of advantage (indeclinable: 'for Israel'; article supplies case)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: the people for whom no human helper could be found — hence the LORD's own intervention.
27

καὶ οὐκ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐξαλεῖψαι τὸ σπέρμα Ισραηλ ὑποκάτωθεν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἔσωσεν αὐτοὺς διὰ χειρὸς Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ιωας

And the LORD had not said that he would blot out the seed of Israel from under heaven, and he saved them by the hand of Jeroboam son of Joash.

Divine resolve not to destroy; salvation through Jeroboamκαὶ οὐκ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐξαλεῖψαι
The verse completes the theological explanation: the LORD had not decreed to erase Israel's name 'from under heaven,' so he saved them — by the unlikely instrument of the wicked king Jeroboam. The phrase ἐξαλεῖψαι … ὑποκάτωθεν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('blot out from under heaven') is the language of total national annihilation (cf. Deut 9:14; 29:20), here explicitly withheld. διὰ χειρός ('by the hand of') again names the human agent of divine action.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐλάλησεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενhad said / spokenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (negated: the LORD had not decreed destruction)→ constative aorist (a decree not made)λαλέω: 'speak / declare'; here 'the LORD had not spoken/decreed' — the negated divine word of annihilation, the counterpart to the positive word of restoration in v. 25.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the sovereign who alone could decree — or withhold — Israel's destruction.
ἐξαλεῖψαιto blot outAor Act Inf · ἐξαλείφωcomplementary infinitive (the content of the unspoken decree)→ aorist infinitive (decisive, complete annihilation as the denied purpose)ἐξαλείφω: 'wipe out / blot out / erase'; renders מָחָה; the infinitive expresses the destruction the LORD had not decreed — language of total national obliteration (cf. Deut 9:14).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with σπέρμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σπέρμαseed / offspringAccusativedirect object of ἐξαλεῖψαι→ object specificationσπέρμα: 'seed / posterity'; renders זֶרַע; 'the seed of Israel' = the people/lineage as a whole, whose name the LORD chose not to erase.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'seed of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, spared from total annihilation.
ὑποκάτωθενfrom underpreposition/adverb + genitive ('from under heaven')→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτωθεν: 'from beneath / from under'; ὑποκάτωθεν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('from under heaven') renders מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמָיִם, the idiom for utter, traceless extinction.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with οὐρανοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive object of ὑποκάτωθεν→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; 'from under heaven' marks the totality of the annihilation the LORD declined to bring about.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσωσενhe savedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb (the act of deliverance)→ constative aoristσῴζω: 'save / deliver / rescue'; renders הוֹשִׁיעַ / יָשַׁע; the LORD himself is the savior, working through the human agent Jeroboam.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔσωσεν (the people of Israel)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the people of Israel, the objects of divine deliverance.
διὰby / throughpreposition + genitive (agency: 'by the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingδιά + gen.: 'through / by means of'; διὰ χειρός ('by the hand of') marks Jeroboam as the human instrument of divine salvation, paralleling ἐν χειρί of v. 25.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of διά (instrument)→ relational specificationχείρ (gen. χειρός): 'hand'; the idiom of agency — God saves 'by the hand of' the king.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'hand of Jeroboam')→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam II, the wicked king through whom the LORD nonetheless wrought deliverance — a striking case of divine grace using an unworthy instrument.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ ('son of Joash')→ relational specificationυἱός: patronymic distinguishing Jeroboam II from Jeroboam I (son of Nebat, v. 24).
ΙωαςJoashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωας: Jehoash of Israel, Jeroboam II's father.
28

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιεροβοαμ καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν καὶ αἱ δυναστεῖαι αὐτοῦ ὅσα ἐπολέμησεν καὶ ὅσα ἐπέστρεψεν τὴν Δαμασκὸν καὶ τὴν Αιμαθ τῷ Ιουδα ἐν Ισραηλ οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, and all that he did, and his mighty deeds, how he warred, and how he restored Damascus and Hamath to Judah in Israel — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal-closing source-citation formula (for Jeroboam II)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιεροβοαμ
The citation-formula closing Jeroboam's long reign, expanded to highlight his military might (δυναστεῖαι) and especially his recovery of Damascus and Hamath — the high-water mark of Israelite power. The somewhat obscure τῷ Ιουδα ἐν Ισραηλ ('to Judah in Israel') reflects the kaige translator's literalism over a difficult Hebrew Vorlage. As in vv. 15 and 18, the rhetorical οὐχί refers readers to the royal annals.
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject)→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'rest / remainder'; the fixed opening of the regnal source-citation formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / mattersGenitivepartitive genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'deed / matter'; the events of Jeroboam's reign.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam II, whose reign the formula closes.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταall thingsNominativesubstantival adjective (antecedent of ὅσα)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν = 'all that he did'.
ὅσαthat / as much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; resumes πάντα.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the deeds referred to the annals.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with δυναστεῖαι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστεῖαιmighty deedsNominativesubject (coordinate with τὰ λοιπά: 'his mighty deeds')→ participant prominenceδυναστεία: 'might / mighty deed'; renders גְּבוּרָה; the plural highlights Jeroboam's many military achievements.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυναστεῖαι)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with δυναστεῖαι).
ὅσαhow / whichAccusativerelative pronoun (with ἐπολέμησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: introduces the specific deeds of warfare.
ἐπολέμησενhe warredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωverb of the relative clause (his campaigns)→ constative aoristπολεμέω: 'make war'; sums up Jeroboam's military campaigns.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὅσαhowAccusativerelative pronoun (with ἐπέστρεψεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: introduces his restoration of the northern cities.
ἐπέστρεψενhe restored / brought backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωverb of the relative clause (recovery of territory)→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'restore / bring back'; renders הֵשִׁיב; Jeroboam recovers the great northern cities of Damascus and Hamath for Israel — his crowning achievement.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Δαμασκόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΔαμασκὸνDamascusAccusativedirect object of ἐπέστρεψεν→ object specificationΔαμασκός (acc. Δαμασκόν): transliteration of Hebrew דַּמֶּשֶׂק; the Aramean capital; declined as a feminine noun, hence kind 'n'; its recovery marks the apex of Israelite power.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the indeclinable Αιμαθ)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑιμαθHamathdirect object of ἐπέστρεψεν (indeclinable; article supplies case)→ noun-phrase markingΑιμαθ: Hamath (cf. v. 25); the northern Syrian city likewise recovered by Jeroboam; indeclinable, with τήν marking the accusative.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ιουδα; dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαJudahdative of advantage (indeclinable: 'to Judah'; article supplies case)→ noun-phrase markingΙουδα: the obscure phrase τῷ Ιουδα ἐν Ισραηλ ('to Judah in Israel') reflects the kaige translator's wooden rendering of a difficult Hebrew Vorlage (likely 'which had belonged to Judah, for Israel'); indeclinable.
ἐνin / forpreposition + dative (sphere: 'in/for Israel')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: here in the phrase ἐν Ισραηλ ('in Israel'), part of the awkward literal rendering of the underlying Hebrew.
ΙσραηλIsraeldative object of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom for whose benefit the cities were recovered.
οὐχὶare not …?interrogative negative (expecting 'yes')→ clausal contributionοὐχί: introduces the rhetorical citation-question expecting affirmation.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (resuming τὰ λοιπά)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'these'; the subject of the source-citation.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptc Nom Neut Pl · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with implied εἰσίν)→ resultative perfect (on record)γράφω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'on record'; the deeds stand written in the royal annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'in/on (the book)'.
βιβλίῳbookDativedative object of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the royal annal-source.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive of content (with βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'chronicles / annals'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'acts of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the court chronicle of the days.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν; dative of reference)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference ('belonging to the kings')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): 'for the kings of Israel', the annals of the northern monarchs.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, whose royal annals are cited.
29

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιεροβοαμ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ μετὰ βασιλέων Ισραηλ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αζαριας υἱὸς Αμεσσιου ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ

And Jeroboam slept with his fathers, with the kings of Israel, and Azarias son of Amessias became king in place of his father.

Death-and-succession formula (closing the chapter)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιεροβοαμ
The chapter ends with the standard death-burial-succession formula for Jeroboam II — a peaceful death 'with his fathers / with the kings of Israel.' The closing succession-clause is slightly anomalous: it names Azariah son of Amaziah (the Judahite king of v. 21) rather than Jeroboam's own son Zechariah, reflecting the interweaving of the two royal chronologies; the verse thus knots the Judah and Israel threads together as the narrative pivots toward ch. 15.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / diedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-formula euphemism)→ constative aoristκοιμάομαι: 'fall asleep / die'; ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων is the standard euphemism for a king's peaceful death (cf. v. 16).
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of ἐκοιμήθη (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam II of Israel, whose long reign now closes peacefully.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, death-idiom)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; the burial-idiom 'with his fathers'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ: the dynastic forebears with whom the king is gathered in death.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with πατέρων).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, appositional to the first μετά)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: the second 'with' specifies the company — 'with the kings of Israel', i.e., in the royal necropolis at Samaria.
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with the kings of Israel')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. pl. βασιλέων): the northern monarchs among whom Jeroboam is buried — a mark of dynastic legitimacy and a peaceful reign's secure close.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (succession-clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενbecame kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession notice)→ ingressive aorist (accession of the successor)βασιλεύω: here ingressive — the accession of the successor in the closing succession-formula.
ΑζαριαςAzarias / AzariahNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant prominenceΑζαριας: Azariah (Uzziah) of Judah, son of Amaziah (cf. v. 21); declined as a first-declension masculine, hence kind 'n'; the closing clause names the Judahite successor — interweaving the Judah-Israel chronology rather than naming Jeroboam's own heir Zechariah.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Αζαριας ('son of Amessias')→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic identifying Azariah as Amaziah's son and Davidic heir.
Αμεσσιουof Amessias / AmaziahGenitivegenitive of relationship (with υἱός: 'son of Amaziah')→ relational specificationΑμεσσιας (gen. Αμεσσιου): Amaziah of Judah, Azariah's father; declined, hence kind 'n' with case.
ἀντὶin place ofpreposition + genitive (succession: 'in place of his father')→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; the fixed succession-formula ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρός, rendering תַּחְתָּיו.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί ('in place of the father')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): Amaziah, whom Azariah succeeds — closing the chapter on the Davidic line of Judah.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (with πατρός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship (with πατρός).