Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Fourth Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 13ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ′ ΙΓ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Israel suffers under Aram, Elisha dies, and his final sign limits Joash's victories even beyond the grave.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 4 Kingdoms 13 (= 2 Kings 13) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter belongs to the so-called kaige section of the Books of Kingdoms, marked by a deliberately Hebraizing translation technique: relentless καί-parataxis, the wooden rendering καθὼς ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτης for כִּתְמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם ('as yesterday and the day before', v. 5), and the calque ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ('from his face', v. 23). Structurally the chapter interleaves the standard Deuteronomistic regnal frames for two kings of Israel — Jehoahaz (Ιωαχας, vv. 1–9) and his son Jehoash/Joash (Ιωας, vv. 10–13) — with the death-narrative of the prophet Elisha (Ελισαιε, vv. 14–21) and a closing covenant-theological reflection (vv. 22–25). The regnal formulae are formulaic: ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ('he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD') and the dynastic-sin refrain ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ … ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('the sins of Jeroboam … who made Israel to sin'). Theologically the chapter is dominated by the verbs of oppression and relief: Hazael's ἐξέθλιψεν / ἔθλιψεν against Israel is answered by the LORD's gift of a σωτηρία ('deliverance', v. 5) and by his covenant-grounded ἠλέησεν … οἰκτίρησεν … ἐπέβλεψεν (v. 23), motivated διὰ τὴν διαθήκην αὐτοῦ τὴν μετὰ Αβρααμ καὶ Ισαακ καὶ Ιακωβ. The Elisha pericope is the dramatic heart: the dying prophet stages a prophetic sign-act with τόξον and βέλη ('bow and arrows'), the arrow shot eastward is named βέλος σωτηρίας τῷ κυρίῳ ('an arrow of the LORD's deliverance', v. 17), and Joash's striking of the ground only τρὶς ('thrice', v. 18) provokes the man of God's grief and limits the victories over Aram to three (v. 19). The chapter ends with the celebrated wonder of the corpse revived on touching Elisha's bones (τῶν ὀστέων Ελισαιε, v. 21) — a posthumous miracle unique in the Hebrew canon — and with Joash's threefold recovery (τρὶς … καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν τὰς πόλεις) of the cities Hazael's house had taken.

1

ἐν ἔτει εἰκοστῷ καὶ τρίτῳ ἔτει τῷ Ιωας υἱῷ Οχοζιου βασιλεῖ Ιουδα ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωαχας υἱὸς Ιου ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ ἑπτακαίδεκα ἔτη

In the twenty-third year of Joash son of Ahaziah, king of Judah, Jehoahaz son of Jehu began to reign over Israel in Samaria for seventeen years.

New regnal frame (synchronistic accession formula)ἐν ἔτει εἰκοστῷ καὶ τρίτῳ
The chapter opens with the standard Deuteronomistic synchronism, dating the accession of a king of Israel to the regnal year of the contemporary king of Judah. The formula ἐν ἔτει … ἐβασίλευσεν … ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ … ἔτη is fixed throughout Kingdoms; the bare numeral ἑπτακαίδεκα ἔτη closes the frame with the reign-length.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (locative-temporal)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the dative ἐν ἔτει opens the synchronistic regnal formula dating one king's accession to another's reign.
εἰκοστῷtwentiethDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceεἰκοστός: 'twentieth'; ordinal numeral; with τρίτῳ forms the compound 'twenty-third', rendering the Hebrew composite numeral.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining ordinals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίτῳthirdDativeordinal adjective (with εἰκοστῷ: 'twenty-third')→ sphere or referenceτρίτος: 'third'; the pairing εἰκοστῷ καὶ τρίτῳ renders the Hebrew 'twenty and three' coordinate construction woodenly.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (resumptive repetition of ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: the noun is repeated after the numeral ('in the twenty-third year, in the year'), a Hebraizing redundancy reflecting בִּשְׁנַת … שָׁנָה.
τῷofDativearticle (with indeclinable Ιωας: marks the syntactic case)→ noun-phrase markingThe dative article τῷ carries the case-marking for the indeclinable name Ιωας that follows.
ΙωαςJoashindeclinable proper noun (king of Judah; case borne by article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΙωας: transliteration of Hebrew יוֹאָשׁ; here Joash king of Judah (not the Israelite Joash of vv. 10ff., a deliberate near-homonym); indeclinable in the LXX, its case signalled only by the article.
υἱῷsonDativedative in apposition to Ιωας→ sphere or referenceυἱός: 'son'; renders בֶּן; the patronymic apposition identifies Joash of Judah as son of Ahaziah.
Οχοζιουof AhaziahGenitivegenitive of relationship (patronymic)→ relational specificationΟχοζιας (gen. Οχοζιου): Hebrew אֲחַזְיָהוּ; declined as a first-declension masculine in the LXX; the genitive marks the father of Joash of Judah.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Ιωας (royal title)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; the title fixes Joash within the Judahite line for the synchronism.
Ιουδαof Judahindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship: 'king of Judah')→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of יְהוּדָה; indeclinable in the LXX; here the southern kingdom whose king dates the synchronism.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (ingressive accession formula)→ ingressive aorist (entry into kingship)βασιλεύω: 'be king / begin to reign'; renders מָלַךְ; the ingressive aorist marks the accession of Jehoahaz, the verb of the standard Deuteronomistic regnal frame.
ΙωαχαςJehoahazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: Hebrew יְהוֹאָחָז; indeclinable in the LXX; the new king of Israel, son of Jehu, whose reign the chapter now narrates.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωαχας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic apposition identifying Jehoahaz as son of Jehu.
Ιουof Jehuindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship)→ participant identificationΙου: Hebrew יֵהוּא; indeclinable in the LXX; Jehu, founder of the dynasty (4 Kgdms 9–10), is the father of Jehoahaz.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (locative: royal capital)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן; declined as a first-declension feminine; the capital of the northern kingdom and standard locus of the Israelite regnal frame.
ἑπτακαίδεκαseventeenindeclinable cardinal numeral (modifying ἔτη)→ clausal contributionἑπτακαίδεκα: 'seventeen'; indeclinable cardinal; gives the reign-length of Jehoahaz.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('for seventeen years')→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): the accusative of temporal extent closes the regnal frame with the duration of the reign.
2

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου καὶ ἐπορεύθη ὀπίσω ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD, and walked after the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin; he did not turn away from them.

Theological evaluation (Deuteronomistic verdict on the reign)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν
The fixed evaluative formula ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου renders עָשָׂה הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יהוה and condemns Jehoahaz by the standard northern-kingdom measure. The dynastic-sin refrain ἁμαρτιῶν Ιεροβοαμ … ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ties him to the founding apostasy of the calf-cult; the closing οὐκ ἀπέστη marks unbroken continuity in that sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluative formula)→ constative aorist (summary verdict on the reign)ποιέω: 'do / make'; renders עָשָׂה; the aorist heads the fixed Deuteronomistic verdict ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν applied to nearly every northern king.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the evil thing')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; the neuter τὸ πονηρόν renders הָרַע ('the evil'); the standard object of the regnal-verdict formula throughout Kingdoms.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiomatic: 'in the eyes of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiomatic: 'in the eyes of').
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative object of ἐν (evaluative idiom)→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός (pl. ὀφθαλμοῖς): 'eye'; the idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου renders בְּעֵינֵי יהוה ('in the eyes of the LORD'), expressing divine evaluation.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationκύριος: standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD is the measure against whom Jehoahaz's conduct is judged evil.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (idiom of moral conduct)→ constative aorist (habitual conduct summarized)πορεύομαι: 'go / walk'; renders הָלַךְ; the idiom 'walk after (ὀπίσω) the sins of' is a Hebraism for adopting a pattern of conduct; the aorist-passive form is the LXX's deponent aorist.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (direction of allegiance)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; with genitive renders אַחֲרֵי; 'to walk after' denotes following in allegiance, here the apostate path of Jeroboam.
ἁμαρτιῶνthe sinsGenitivegenitive object of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationἁμαρτία (pl. ἁμαρτιῶν): 'sin'; renders חַטֹּאות; specifically the cultic apostasy (the golden calves of Bethel and Dan) that defines the northern dynasty's guilt.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Hebrew יָרָבְעָם; indeclinable in the LXX; Jeroboam I son of Nebat, archetype of northern apostasy; the refrain recurs at vv. 6, 11.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ relational specificationυἱός: patronymic apposition identifying Jeroboam as son of Nebat.
Ναβατof Nebatindeclinable proper noun (genitive of relationship)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: Hebrew נְבָט; indeclinable in the LXX; the father of Jeroboam I, named in the fixed apostasy-refrain.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun introducing the descriptive clause that defines Jeroboam's signature offense.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative)→ constative aorist (causative: led Israel into sin)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin / lead astray'; renders the Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא; the causative force ('made Israel to sin') is the fixed indictment of Jeroboam throughout Kingdoms.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking accusative object)→ noun-phrase markingThe accusative article supplies case-marking for the indeclinable Ισραηλ as direct object of ἐξήμαρτεν.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable; case borne by article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; here the northern kingdom led into sin by Jeroboam.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀπέστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation; renders לֹא.
ἀπέστηhe turned awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (negated: continuity in sin)→ constative aorist (asyndetic, summarizing persistence)ἀφίστημι: 'depart / stand off / turn away'; renders סוּר; the asyndetic οὐκ ἀπέστη ('he did not turn away') stresses unbroken adherence to Jeroboam's sins; the construction recurs at v. 11.
ἀπ᾿frompreposition + genitive (elided before vowel; separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό (elided ἀπ᾿): 'from'; marks the sins from which Jehoahaz did not separate himself.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (= the sins)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive plural refers back to ἁμαρτιῶν ('the sins'), from which he did not depart.
3

καὶ ὠργίσθη θυμῷ κύριος ἐν τῷ Ισραηλ καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοὺς ἐν χειρὶ Αζαηλ βασιλέως Συρίας καὶ ἐν χειρὶ υἱοῦ Αδερ υἱοῦ Αζαηλ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας

And the LORD was angered with wrath against Israel, and gave them into the hand of Hazael king of Aram, and into the hand of Ben-Hadad son of Hazael, all the days.

Divine response (judgment: deliverance into enemy hands)καὶ ὠργίσθη θυμῷ κύριος
The cognate construction ὠργίσθη θυμῷ ('was angered with wrath') renders the Hebrew emphatic idiom וַיִּחַר אַף and intensifies the divine reaction. The judgment-formula ἔδωκεν … ἐν χειρὶ ('gave into the hand of') is the standard LXX rendering of נָתַן בְּיַד, the recurring instrument of covenant chastisement in Kingdoms and Judges.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὠργίσθηwas angeredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀργίζωmain verb (divine wrath)→ ingressive aorist (kindling of anger)ὀργίζω (aor. pass. ὠργίσθη): 'be angry / become enraged'; renders חָרָה; with the cognate dative θυμῷ it intensifies the divine wrath ('was angered with anger').
θυμῷwith wrathDativecognate/instrumental dative (intensifying ὠργίσθη)→ sphere or referenceθυμός: 'wrath / hot anger'; the dative θυμῷ renders the Hebrew אַף of the idiom וַיִּחַר אַף, a Semitic intensification of the verb of anger.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant LORD whose wrath against his own people is the engine of the chastisement-and-deliverance cycle.
ἐνagainstpreposition + dative (object of anger; Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative here renders בְּ after a verb of anger ('was angry against/with Israel'), a Hebraizing construction.
τῷDativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking dative)→ noun-phrase markingThe dative article supplies case-marking for the indeclinable Ισραηλ.
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐν (indeclinable; case borne by article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, object of the LORD's anger.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (judgment formula)→ constative aorist (handing over to oppression)δίδωμι: 'give'; the construction ἔδωκεν … ἐν χειρί renders נָתַן בְּיַד ('gave into the hand of'), the standard idiom of divine handing-over to an enemy.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (= the Israelites)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative plural referring to Israel collectively as the people handed over.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (idiom: 'into the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'into the hand of').
χειρὶhandDativedative object of ἐν (idiom of power/control)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν χειρί renders בְּיַד, an idiom for being delivered into another's power or dominion.
Αζαηλof Hazaelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'hand of Hazael')→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: Hebrew חֲזָאֵל; indeclinable in the LXX; the Aramean king of Damascus, Israel's chief oppressor in this period (cf. 4 Kgdms 8:7–15).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αζαηλ→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the title in apposition identifies Hazael as king of Aram.
Συρίαςof AramGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλέως)→ relational specificationΣυρία: the LXX's standard rendering of אֲרָם (Aram/Syria); declined as a first-declension feminine; the Aramean kingdom centered on Damascus.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (parallel: 'into the hand of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (parallel: 'into the hand of').
χειρὶhandDativedative object of ἐν (parallel oppressor)→ sphere or referenceχείρ: repeated in the parallel clause naming Hazael's son and successor as a second oppressing power.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship (part of the name 'Ben-Hadad')→ relational specificationυἱός: here υἱοῦ Αδερ ('son of Hadad') = Ben-Hadad, the dynastic name of the Aramean kings; the LXX renders בֶּן־הֲדַד analytically as 'son of Hadad'.
ΑδερHadadindeclinable proper noun (genitive: 'son of Hadad')→ participant identificationΑδερ: the LXX form of הֲדַד (Hadad), the Aramean storm-god whose name forms the royal name Ben-Hadad; indeclinable.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship (further patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱός: a second patronymic, identifying Ben-Hadad as son of Hazael.
Αζαηλof Hazaelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: repeated to fix Ben-Hadad (III) as the son and successor of Hazael.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας; accusative of extent)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days') renders כָּל־הַיָּמִים, an idiom of continuous duration.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('all the days')→ object specificationἡμέρα (pl. ἡμέρας): 'day'; the accusative of temporal extent marks the unrelenting duration of the oppression under the two Aramean kings.
4

καὶ ἐδεήθη Ιωαχας τοῦ προσώπου κυρίου καὶ ἐπήκουσεν αὐτοῦ κύριος ὅτι εἶδεν τὴν θλῖψιν Ισραηλ ὅτι ἔθλιψεν αὐτοὺς βασιλεὺς Συρίας

And Jehoahaz entreated the face of the LORD, and the LORD listened to him, because he saw the affliction of Israel, for the king of Aram afflicted them.

Turning point (royal entreaty answered by divine compassion)καὶ ἐδεήθη Ιωαχας
The narrative pivots from judgment to relief: the idiom ἐδεήθη τοῦ προσώπου κυρίου ('entreated the face of the LORD') renders חִלָּה אֶת־פְּנֵי יהוה, a calque of the Hebrew 'softening the face'. The double ὅτι-clauses give the divine motive (the LORD saw the θλῖψιν) and its cause (the king of Aram afflicted Israel), pairing the cognate noun θλῖψιν with the verb ἔθλιψεν.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδεήθηentreatedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δέομαιmain verb (royal supplication)→ constative aorist (act of entreaty)δέομαι: 'beg / entreat / pray'; renders חִלָּה ('soften, entreat') here; the genitive object τοῦ προσώπου reflects the Hebrew construction 'entreat the face of'.
ΙωαχαςJehoahazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: the oppressed king of Israel, here turning in supplication to the LORD.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with προσώπου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of ἐδεήθη (Hebraism: 'entreat the face')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἐδεήθη τοῦ προσώπου κυρίου calques חִלָּה אֶת־פְּנֵי יהוה, the idiom for seeking divine favor.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with προσώπου)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the LORD whose 'face' Jehoahaz entreats.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπήκουσενlistenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπακούωmain verb (divine response)→ constative aorist (favorable hearing)ἐπακούω: 'hear / heed / answer'; renders שָׁמַע; the compound ἐπ- connotes attentive, favorable hearing; takes the genitive αὐτοῦ as object.
αὐτοῦto himGenitivegenitive object of ἐπήκουσεν (person heard)→ relational specificationαὐτός: genitive of the person heard, standard with verbs of hearing.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐπήκουσεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the LORD who answers the king's entreaty.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (introducing divine motive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / that'; renders כִּי; introduces the reason the LORD heard — he saw Israel's affliction.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of causal clause (divine perception)→ constative aorist (perception motivating mercy)ὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see / perceive'; renders רָאָה; the LORD's seeing of affliction echoes the Exodus pattern (Exod 3:7), grounding deliverance in divine compassion.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θλῖψιν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θλῖψινafflictionAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationθλῖψις: 'affliction / oppression / distress'; renders לַחַץ; cognate with ἔθλιψεν in the next clause, knitting the divine seeing to the human suffering.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'affliction of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom whose oppression the LORD beholds.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (epexegetic: cause of the affliction)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: a second causal clause, specifying the agent of the affliction (the king of Aram).
ἔθλιψενafflictedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θλίβωverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the oppressing act)θλίβω: 'press / oppress / afflict'; cognate with θλῖψιν above; renders the verb of Aramean oppression, naming the king of Aram as its agent.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔθλιψεν (= Israel)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative plural, the afflicted Israelites.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἔθλιψεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the Aramean monarch (Hazael) as the human agent of Israel's distress.
Συρίαςof AramGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλεύς)→ relational specificationΣυρία: Aram/Syria; the genitive identifies the oppressing king's kingdom.
5

καὶ ἔδωκεν κύριος σωτηρίαν τῷ Ισραηλ καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὑποκάτωθεν χειρὸς Συρίας καὶ ἐκάθισαν οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ἐν τοῖς σκηνώμασιν αὐτῶν καθὼς ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτης

And the LORD gave deliverance to Israel, and they came out from under the hand of Aram, and the sons of Israel dwelt in their tents as yesterday and the day before.

Resolution (granting of deliverance answering the entreaty)καὶ ἔδωκεν κύριος σωτηρίαν
The same verb ἔδωκεν that handed Israel over (v. 3) now grants σωτηρία ('deliverance'), framing the chastisement-relief cycle with one lexeme. The release ἐξῆλθεν ὑποκάτωθεν χειρός ('came out from under the hand') reverses the ἐν χειρί of v. 3, and the wooden καθὼς ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτης ('as yesterday and the day before') renders the Hebrew idiom כִּתְמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם for restored normalcy.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (gift of deliverance)→ constative aorist (decisive act of rescue)δίδωμι: the same verb as v. 3 (handing over) now reversed to grant deliverance; the lexical echo binds judgment and mercy.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the LORD who both chastises and rescues.
σωτηρίανdeliveranceAccusativedirect object→ object specificationσωτηρία: 'salvation / deliverance / rescue'; renders תְּשׁוּעָה / מוֹשִׁיעַ; here concrete military relief from Aramean domination, not personal/eschatological salvation.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking dative)→ noun-phrase markingThe dative article marks Ισραηλ as the indirect object/recipient of the deliverance.
ΙσραηλIsraelindirect object (indeclinable; case borne by article τῷ)→ noun-phrase markingΙσραηλ: the recipient of the LORD's deliverance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (release from domination)→ constative aorist (escape from bondage)ἐξέρχομαι: 'go out / come out'; the singular verb with a collective sense ('Israel came out'); ἐξῆλθεν ὑποκάτωθεν χειρός reverses the ἔδωκεν … ἐν χειρί of v. 3.
ὑποκάτωθενfrom underimproper preposition + genitive (separation from beneath)→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτωθεν: 'from underneath'; with genitive renders מִתַּחַת יַד ('from under the hand'), emphasizing release from subjugation.
χειρὸςthe handGenitivegenitive object of ὑποκάτωθεν (idiom of dominion)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; the 'hand of Aram' is the power from beneath which Israel escapes, reversing v. 3.
Συρίαςof AramGenitivegenitive of relationship (with χειρός)→ relational specificationΣυρία: Aram/Syria; the dominating power now escaped.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκάθισανdweltAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καθίζωmain verb (restored settled life)→ constative aorist (resumption of secure dwelling)καθίζω: 'sit / settle / dwell'; renders יָשַׁב; here 'dwelt in their tents' signifies the restored security of normal domestic life after oppression.
οἱtheNominativearticle (with υἱοί)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐκάθισαν→ participant prominenceυἱός (pl. υἱοί): 'sons'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ('the sons/children of Israel'), the people as a collective.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the eponymous patriarch standing for the nation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with σκηνώμασιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνώμασινtentsDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceσκήνωμα (pl. σκηνώμασιν): 'tent / dwelling'; renders אֹהֶל; 'dwelt in their tents' is an idiom for living securely at home, here connoting peaceful resettlement.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with σκηνώμασιν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive, 'their (own) tents'.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; renders כְּ in the idiom 'as formerly'.
ἐχθὲςyesterdayadverb of time (part of idiom 'as before')→ clausal contributionἐχθές: 'yesterday'; in the fixed pair καθὼς ἐχθὲς καὶ τρίτης it renders תְּמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם ('yesterday and the third day'), an idiom for 'as in former times'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within the temporal idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίτηςthe day beforeGenitivegenitive of time (substantivized: 'of the third day before')→ relational specificationτρίτος: 'third'; the genitive τρίτης (sc. ἡμέρας, 'the day before yesterday') woodenly renders שִׁלְשֹׁם; the whole phrase means 'as in days past', i.e. life returned to normal.
6

πλὴν οὐκ ἀπέστησαν ἀπὸ ἁμαρτιῶν οἴκου Ιεροβοαμ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ἐν αὐταῖς ἐπορεύθησαν καί γε τὸ ἄλσος ἐστάθη ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ

Nevertheless they did not turn away from the sins of the house of Jeroboam, who made Israel to sin; they walked in them, and the sacred grove also remained standing in Samaria.

Adversative qualification (deliverance did not produce repentance)πλὴν οὐκ ἀπέστησαν
The adversative πλήν ('nevertheless') qualifies the relief of v. 5: rescue brought no repentance. The verse reprises the apostasy-refrain of v. 2 (ἁμαρτιῶν … ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ) and adds the intensifying καί γε ('and indeed') with the notice that the Asherah-pole (τὸ ἄλσος) still stood in Samaria — concrete evidence of persistent cultic syncretism.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
πλὴνneverthelessadversative particle (clause-initial)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / nevertheless / only'; renders רַק; marks a strong contrast: despite deliverance, no reform followed.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀπέστησαν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation.
ἀπέστησανthey turned awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίστημιmain verb (negated: persistence in sin)→ constative aorist (continued non-repentance)ἀφίστημι: 'depart / turn away'; renders סוּר; the plural echoes the singular οὐκ ἀπέστη of v. 2, now applied to the people as a whole.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
ἁμαρτιῶνthe sinsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the dynastic sins from which the people refused to turn.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἁμαρτιῶν)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / household / dynasty'; renders בֵּית; 'the house of Jeroboam' denotes the dynastic legacy of apostasy.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam I, founder of the northern cult.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun reintroducing the fixed apostasy-clause.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative)→ constative aorist (causative)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin'; renders the Hiphil הֶחֱטִיא; the standard indictment of Jeroboam (cf. v. 2).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingAccusative article marking the case of indeclinable Ισραηλ.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable; case borne by article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the nation led into sin.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of conduct).
αὐταῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (= the sins)→ sphere or referenceαὐτός: the feminine dative plural refers to ἁμαρτιῶν ('the sins'); 'in them they walked'.
ἐπορεύθησανthey walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb (conduct in sin)→ constative aorist (habitual conduct summarized)πορεύομαι: 'walk / conduct oneself'; ἐν αὐταῖς ἐπορεύθησαν ('they walked in them') reprises the conduct-idiom of v. 2 for the whole people.
καίandconjunction (with γε: emphatic 'and indeed')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here paired with γε to form the emphatic particle 'and indeed / moreover'.
γεindeedemphatic particle (with preceding καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: an emphasizing enclitic; καί γε woodenly renders the Hebrew וְגַם ('and also/indeed'), a hallmark of the kaige translation style (whence its name).
τὸtheNominativearticle (with ἄλσος)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσοςsacred groveNominativesubject of ἐστάθη→ participant prominenceἄλσος: 'grove / sacred grove'; the LXX's rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה (Asherah-pole/cult object); its continued presence in Samaria signals unremedied syncretistic worship.
ἐστάθηremained standingAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (continued existence of the cult object)→ constative aorist (persisting state)ἵστημι (aor. pass. ἐστάθη): 'stand / be set up'; the passive 'remained standing / was left standing' notes that the Asherah was not removed even after deliverance.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the capital, where the offending cult object still stood.
7

ὅτι οὐχ ὑπελείφθη τῷ Ιωαχας λαὸς ἀλλ᾿ ἢ πεντήκοντα ἱππεῖς καὶ δέκα ἅρματα καὶ δέκα χιλιάδες πεζῶν ὅτι ἀπώλεσεν αὐτοὺς βασιλεὺς Συρίας καὶ ἔθεντο αὐτοὺς ὡς χοῦν εἰς καταπάτησιν

For there was left to Jehoahaz no army except fifty horsemen and ten chariots and ten thousand foot-soldiers, because the king of Aram destroyed them and made them like dust for trampling.

Causal/explanatory flashback (the severity of the oppression)ὅτι οὐχ ὑπελείφθη
A retrospective ὅτι-clause measures the depth of Aramean devastation: only a token force survived (fifty horse, ten chariots, ten thousand foot). The simile ὡς χοῦν εἰς καταπάτησιν ('like dust for trampling') renders the Hebrew image of soldiers ground to threshing-dust (כֶּעָפָר לָדֻשׁ), conveying total military humiliation.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
ὅτιforcausal conjunction (explanatory flashback)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the explanation of how reduced Israel was.
οὐχnotnegative particle (with ὑπελείφθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (form οὐχ before rough breathing): objective negation.
ὑπελείφθηwas leftAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὑπολείπωmain verb (impersonal/passive: 'there was left')→ constative aorist (resultant remnant)ὑπολείπω (aor. pass. ὑπελείφθη): 'leave behind / leave remaining'; the passive 'was left' with λαός as grammatical subject describes the meager remnant of Jehoahaz's forces.
τῷtoDativearticle (with Ιωαχας, marking dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingDative article marking indeclinable Ιωαχας as the dative of possession ('to/for Jehoahaz').
ΙωαχαςJehoahazdative of possession (indeclinable; case borne by article)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: the king to whom only a remnant army remained.
λαὸςarmyNominativesubject of ὑπελείφθη→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; here in the military sense 'fighting force / army' (rendering עַם as troops), as the following enumeration of cavalry, chariots, and infantry shows.
ἀλλ᾿butadversative conjunction (with ἤ: 'except')→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά (elided ἀλλ᾿): 'but'; the combination ἀλλ᾿ ἤ functions as 'except / other than', a Hebraizing rendering of כִּי אִם.
thanparticle (with ἀλλά: 'except')→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'than / or'; in the fixed phrase ἀλλ᾿ ἤ it marks the exception following a negative.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable cardinal numeral (with ἱππεῖς)→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable cardinal; the meager surviving cavalry.
ἱππεῖςhorsemenAccusativeaccusative (in apposition to the exception; cavalry)→ object specificationἱππεύς (pl. ἱππεῖς): 'horseman / cavalryman'; renders פָּרָשׁ; fifty is a strikingly small cavalry force, underscoring the devastation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέκαtenindeclinable cardinal numeral (with ἅρματα)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; indeclinable cardinal.
ἅρματαchariotsAccusativeaccusative (the surviving chariotry)→ object specificationἅρμα (pl. ἅρματα): 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב; only ten chariots remained, a fraction of a normal force.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δέκαtenindeclinable cardinal numeral (with χιλιάδες)→ measure or countδέκα: 'ten'; with χιλιάδες forms 'ten thousand'.
χιλιάδεςthousandsNominativenominative (counting infantry: 'ten thousand')→ participant prominenceχιλιάς (pl. χιλιάδες): 'thousand / unit of a thousand'; renders אֶלֶף; δέκα χιλιάδες = 'ten thousand', the surviving foot-soldiers.
πεζῶνof foot-soldiersGenitivepartitive genitive (with χιλιάδες)→ relational specificationπεζός (gen. pl. πεζῶν): 'foot-soldier / infantryman'; renders רַגְלִי; the partitive genitive specifies that the ten thousand are infantry.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (cause of the reduction)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the cause of the army's near-annihilation.
ἀπώλεσενdestroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιverb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the destroying act)ἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy / ruin / lose'; renders אִבֵּד; the Aramean king's destruction of Israel's forces explains the remnant.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀπώλεσεν (Israel's troops)→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative plural, the destroyed army.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἀπώλεσεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: the king of Aram (Hazael), agent of the destruction.
Συρίαςof AramGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλεύς)→ relational specificationΣυρία: Aram/Syria.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθεντοmadeAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · τίθημιmain verb (rendering into a humiliated state)→ constative aorist (reduction to dust)τίθημι (aor. mid. ἔθεντο): 'put / make / reduce'; the middle 'they made/set them' (the Arameans) renders שׂוּם; the plural subject is the Aramean forces.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔθεντο→ participant referenceαὐτός: the Israelites reduced to dust.
ὡςlikecomparative particle (introducing simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'as / like'; introduces the simile of dust trampled underfoot.
χοῦνdustAccusativeaccusative of the simile (predicate object)→ object specificationχοῦς (acc. χοῦν): 'dust / loose earth'; renders עָפָר; the image of being made 'like dust for trampling' conveys utter military humiliation (cf. Isa 41:2).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose/result).
καταπάτησινtramplingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose: 'for trampling')→ object specificationκαταπάτησις: 'trampling / treading down'; εἰς καταπάτησιν ('for trampling underfoot') completes the simile of dust crushed under feet — total subjugation.
8

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωαχας καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν καὶ αἱ δυναστεῖαι αὐτοῦ οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Jehoahaz, and all that he did, and his mighty deeds—are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal closing formula (source-citation)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων
The standard Deuteronomistic source-citation closes the reign: τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ('the rest of the acts/words') and αἱ δυναστεῖαι ('the mighty deeds') are referred to the βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('book of the words of the days', i.e. the royal chronicles). The rhetorical οὐχί ('are these not …?') is the fixed interrogative of the formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the closing formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπά ('the rest') renders יֶתֶר; the fixed opening of the regnal-closing source-formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivepartitive/objective genitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος (pl. λόγων): 'word / matter / act'; renders דָּבָר; here 'acts / affairs' (the deeds of the reign), as in the chronicle-title below.
Ιωαχαςof Jehoahazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: the king whose reign is now summarized.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'all things')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / everything'; πάντα ὅσα ('all that') is a fixed component of the closing formula.
ὅσαthatNominativerelative pronoun (correlative: 'as many things as')→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the correlative ὅσα ('whatever') sums up the totality of the king's deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (summarizing the reign's deeds)ποιέω: 'do / make'; 'all that he did', the comprehensive reference to the reign's activity.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with δυναστεῖαι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστεῖαιmighty deedsNominativesubject (coordinate with λοιπά, πάντα)→ participant prominenceδυναστεία (pl. δυναστεῖαι): 'might / power / mighty deed'; renders גְּבוּרָה; the king's military exploits, a standard item of the chronicle-citation.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with δυναστεῖαι)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
οὐχὶnotinterrogative negative (expecting affirmative answer)→ clausal contributionοὐχί: emphatic form of οὐ; introduces the rhetorical question 'are these not written …?' expecting 'yes', renders הֲלֹא.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of γεγραμμένα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; resumes the preceding list (acts, deeds, exploits) as the subject of the citation-question.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect: 'are written')→ resultative perfect (standing record)γράφω (perf. pass. part. γεγραμμένα): 'write'; the perfect participle (with implied εἰσίν) is periphrastic 'are (they not) written', stressing the abiding documentary record in the royal annals.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (locative: 'in/on the book')→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'on / in'; with βιβλίῳ ('in/on the book'), rendering עַל־סֵפֶר.
βιβλίῳthe bookDativedative object of ἐπί (locative)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll / document'; renders סֵפֶר; the βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν is the royal annals (lit. 'book of the words of the days').
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive (title: 'words/acts of the days')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / record'; in the title βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('book of the matters of the days') the genitive renders דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, i.e. 'chronicles'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'the chronicles' (lit. 'the words of the days'), the Hebrew דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of possession/reference ('of the kings of Israel')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): 'king'; the dative renders the Hebrew construct 'chronicles of the kings of Israel' (לְמַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל).
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'kings of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom whose royal annals are cited.
9

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωαχας μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωας υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Jehoahaz slept with his fathers, and they buried him with his fathers in Samaria, and Joash his son reigned in his place.

Death-and-succession formula (closing the reign)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωαχας
The triple death-burial-succession formula closes the reign of Jehoahaz: the euphemism ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('slept with his fathers') renders שָׁכַב עִם־אֲבֹתָיו; ἔθαψαν αὐτόν ('they buried him') and ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('reigned in his place') complete the standard Deuteronomistic transition.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-euphemism)→ constative aorist (death)κοιμάομαι: 'fall asleep / die'; the euphemism ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων renders שָׁכַב עִם־אֲבֹתָיו ('lay down with his fathers'), the standard idiom for a king's peaceful death.
ΙωαχαςJehoahazsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: the deceased king of Israel.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; in the death-idiom 'with his fathers'.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father / ancestor'; 'his fathers' are his royal forebears, with whom he is joined in death and burial.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανthey buriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (burial; indefinite plural subject)→ constative aorist (act of burial)θάπτω: 'bury'; the indefinite plural 'they buried' (renders the Hebrew impersonal) reports interment in the royal city.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔθαψαν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the buried king.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά (burial with ancestors)→ relational specificationπατήρ: the ancestral kings, in whose tomb he is laid.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the capital and royal burial-place of the northern dynasty.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession formula)→ ingressive aorist (accession of successor)βασιλεύω: 'reign'; the ingressive aorist marks the succession of Joash, completing the death-and-succession formula.
ΙωαςJoashsubject (indeclinable proper noun; king of Israel)→ participant identificationΙωας: here Joash (Jehoash) of Israel, son and successor of Jehoahaz, whose own reign is framed in vv. 10–13.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic apposition, 'his son'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive ('his son').
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution; elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'instead of / in place of'; the succession-idiom ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') renders תַּחְתָּיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτός: the predecessor whom the new king replaces.
10

ἐν ἔτει τριακοστῷ καὶ ἑβδόμῳ ἔτει τῷ Ιωας βασιλεῖ Ιουδα ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωας υἱὸς Ιωαχας ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτη

In the thirty-seventh year of Joash king of Judah, Joash son of Jehoahaz began to reign over Israel in Samaria for sixteen years.

New regnal frame (synchronistic accession of Joash of Israel)ἐν ἔτει τριακοστῷ καὶ ἑβδόμῳ
The synchronistic accession-formula opens the second reign of the chapter, that of Joash (Jehoash) of Israel, dated to year 37 of Joash of Judah. The near-homonymy of the two kings (both Ιωας) is striking; the patronymic υἱὸς Ιωαχας and the phrase ἐπὶ Ισραηλ distinguish the northern king.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; opens the synchronistic regnal frame.
τριακοστῷthirtiethDativeordinal adjective (with ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceτριακοστός: 'thirtieth'; with ἑβδόμῳ forms 'thirty-seventh'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining ordinals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἑβδόμῳseventhDativeordinal adjective (with τριακοστῷ: 'thirty-seventh')→ sphere or referenceἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the pairing renders the Hebrew composite numeral 'thirty and seven'.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (resumptive)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: resumptive repetition after the numeral, a Hebraizing redundancy.
τῷofDativearticle (with Ιωας, marking case)→ noun-phrase markingDative article supplying case for indeclinable Ιωας.
ΙωαςJoashindeclinable proper noun (Joash of Judah; case borne by article)→ participant identificationΙωας: here Joash king of Judah, providing the synchronistic date (distinct from the Israelite Joash who is the subject of the verse).
βασιλεῖkingDativedative in apposition to Ιωας→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; identifies this Joash as the king of Judah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom for the synchronism.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession formula)→ ingressive aorist (accession)βασιλεύω: 'begin to reign'; the accession of Joash of Israel.
ΙωαςJoashsubject (indeclinable proper noun; king of Israel)→ participant identificationΙωας: Joash (Jehoash) of Israel, son of Jehoahaz, the new northern king.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic apposition distinguishing the Israelite Joash by his father Jehoahaz.
Ιωαχαςof Jehoahazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: the father of the new king, distinguishing this Joash from his Judahite namesake.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'over'; ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ('reigned over Israel'), renders מָלַךְ עַל.
ΙσραηλIsraelobject of ἐπί (indeclinable: realm ruled)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom over which Joash reigns.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (capital)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the northern capital, seat of Joash's reign.
ἑκκαίδεκαsixteenindeclinable cardinal numeral (with ἔτη)→ clausal contributionἑκκαίδεκα: 'sixteen'; indeclinable cardinal; the reign-length of Joash of Israel.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): the accusative of duration closing the regnal frame.
11

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου οὐκ ἀπέστη ἀπὸ πάσης ἁμαρτίας Ιεροβοαμ υἱοῦ Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ἐν αὐταῖς ἐπορεύθη

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD; he did not turn away from all the sin of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin; he walked in them.

Theological evaluation (Deuteronomistic verdict on Joash)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν
Joash receives the same fixed verdict as his father (cf. v. 2): the evil-formula, the negated ἀπέστη, and the Jeroboam apostasy-refrain. The shift to the singular πάσης ἁμαρτίας ('all the sin') and the closing ἐν αὐταῖς ἐπορεύθη (singular verb) lightly vary the formula while keeping its substance.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluative formula)→ constative aorist (summary verdict)ποιέω: the fixed verdict-verb; 'he did the evil thing', applied now to Joash of Israel.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object)→ object specificationπονηρός: τὸ πονηρόν ('the evil'), the standard object of the regnal verdict, rendering הָרַע.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (evaluative idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (evaluative idiom).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative object of ἐν→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ('in the eyes of the LORD'), the standard divine-evaluation idiom.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton, measure of the verdict.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀπέστη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation.
ἀπέστηhe turned awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (negated: persistence in sin)→ constative aorist (continuity in apostasy)ἀφίστημι: 'turn away / depart'; the asyndetic οὐκ ἀπέστη repeats the indictment of Jehoahaz (v. 2) for his son.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
πάσηςallGenitiveattributive adjective (with ἁμαρτίας)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; πάσης ἁμαρτίας ('all the sin') intensifies the comprehensiveness of the persisting apostasy.
ἁμαρτίαςsinGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; here singular collective, the whole sin-pattern of Jeroboam from which Joash did not depart.
Ιεροβοαμof Jeroboamgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam I, archetype of northern apostasy.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ relational specificationυἱός: patronymic apposition ('son of Nebat').
Ναβατof Nebatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: the father of Jeroboam I in the fixed refrain.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun reintroducing the apostasy-clause.
ἐξήμαρτενmade to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative)→ constative aorist (causative)ἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin'; the fixed Hiphil rendering, indicting Jeroboam.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingAccusative article for indeclinable Ισραηλ.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable; case borne by article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the nation led astray.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of conduct).
αὐταῖςthemDativedative object of ἐν (= the sins)→ sphere or referenceαὐτός: feminine dative plural referring to the sins; 'in them he walked'.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (conduct in sin)→ constative aorist (habitual conduct)πορεύομαι: 'walk / conduct oneself'; ἐν αὐταῖς ἐπορεύθη ('in them he walked') closes the verdict, paralleling v. 6's plural.
12

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωας καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν καὶ αἱ δυναστεῖαι αὐτοῦ ἃς ἐποίησεν μετὰ Αμεσσιου βασιλέως Ιουδα οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ισραηλ

And the rest of the acts of Joash, and all that he did, and his mighty deeds which he performed against Amaziah king of Judah—are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

Regnal closing formula (source-citation, with relative expansion)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων
The closing source-formula for Joash mirrors that of Jehoahaz (v. 8) but adds a relative clause specifying his δυναστεῖαι ('mighty deeds') μετὰ Αμεσσιου ('with/against Amaziah of Judah'), pointing forward to the war narrated at 4 Kgdms 14:8–14.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (opening the closing formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: τὰ λοιπά ('the rest'), the fixed opening of the regnal-closing formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνactsGenitivegenitive (with λοιπά)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'acts / affairs'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ('the rest of the acts').
Ιωαςof Joashgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωας: Joash of Israel, whose reign is summarized.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'all things')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: πάντα ὅσα ('all that'), the fixed totalizing component.
ὅσαthatNominativerelative pronoun (correlative)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as'; sums up the totality of the king's deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'all that he did'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
αἱtheNominativearticle (with δυναστεῖαι)→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυναστεῖαιmighty deedsNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceδυναστεία: 'might / mighty deed'; here especially Joash's military exploits, expanded by the following relative clause.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν; antecedent δυναστεῖαι)→ participant referenceὅς: feminine accusative plural relative pronoun introducing the clause specifying the deeds against Amaziah.
ἐποίησενhe performedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the military exploits)ποιέω: here 'performed / carried out' (the mighty deeds), specifically the war with Judah.
μετὰagainstpreposition + genitive (hostile association: 'with/against')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: normally 'with', but here in a hostile-engagement sense 'against' (cf. the war of 4 Kgdms 14), rendering the Hebrew construction.
ΑμεσσιουAmaziahGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationΑμεσσιας (gen. Αμεσσιου): Hebrew אֲמַצְיָהוּ; declined as a first-declension masculine in the LXX; Amaziah king of Judah, Joash's adversary (4 Kgdms 14:8–14).
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive in apposition to Αμεσσιου→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; identifies Amaziah as king of Judah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom, Amaziah's realm.
οὐχὶnotinterrogative negative (expecting affirmative)→ clausal contributionοὐχί: 'are these not …?'; the rhetorical citation-question, rendering הֲלֹא.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of γεγραμμένα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: resumes the listed deeds as the subject of the citation-question.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Part Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect)→ resultative perfect (standing record)γράφω: 'are (they not) written'; the periphrastic perfect of the documentary-record formula.
ἐπὶinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dative: 'on / in' (the book).
βιβλίῳthe bookDativedative object of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the royal annals.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive (title)→ relational specificationλόγος: in the title 'book of the matters of the days', rendering דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (with λόγων: 'of the days' = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'the words of the days' = the chronicles.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of possession/reference→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'chronicles of the kings of Israel', rendering the Hebrew construct.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom whose annals are cited.
13

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωας μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ Ιεροβοαμ ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ μετὰ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ

And Joash slept with his fathers, and Jeroboam sat upon his throne in Samaria among the sons of Israel.

Death-and-succession formula (placed in advance of the Elisha narrative)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωας
The death-notice of Joash is reported here, before the Elisha pericope (vv. 14ff.) that chronologically precedes his death — a common Deuteronomistic anticipatory placement. Succession passes to Jeroboam (II); the verb ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου ('sat on his throne') replaces the usual ἐβασίλευσεν, and μετὰ τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ ('among the sons of Israel') is a distinctive expansion.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-euphemism)→ constative aorist (death)κοιμάομαι: 'fall asleep / die'; the death-euphemism 'slept with his fathers', as at v. 9.
ΙωαςJoashsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωας: Joash of Israel, whose death is anticipated here.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with', in the death-idiom.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'fathers / ancestors'; the royal forebears.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of ἐκάθισεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: here Jeroboam II, son of Joash, who succeeds to the throne (his reign is narrated at 4 Kgdms 14:23–29); not to be confused with Jeroboam I of the apostasy-refrain.
ἐκάθισενsatAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb (accession by enthronement)→ ingressive aorist (took the throne)καθίζω: 'sit / take one's seat'; ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου ('sat on his throne') is a variant succession-idiom for accession, rendering יָשַׁב עַל־כִּסֵּא.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'upon' (the throne).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with θρόνου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θρόνουthroneGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί (seat of royal power)→ relational specificationθρόνος: 'throne'; renders כִּסֵּא; the royal seat upon which Jeroboam II succeeds his father.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Joash's throne)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to Joash, the predecessor whose throne is taken.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΣαμαρείᾳSamariaDativedative of place (capital)→ sphere or referenceΣαμάρεια: the northern capital, seat of the throne.
μετὰamongpreposition + genitive (association: 'among')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: here 'among / together with', situating the new reign within the people of Israel.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with υἱῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'sons'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ, the people of the northern kingdom.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'sons of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the eponymous patriarch standing for the nation.
14

καὶ Ελισαιε ἠρρώστησεν τὴν ἀρρωστίαν αὐτοῦ δι᾿ ἣν ἀπέθανεν καὶ κατέβη πρὸς αὐτὸν Ιωας βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ ἔκλαυσεν ἐπὶ προσώπου αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν πάτερ πάτερ ἅρμα Ισραηλ καὶ ἱππεὺς αὐτοῦ

Now Elisha fell ill with the illness of which he was to die; and Joash king of Israel came down to him and wept over his face and said, 'My father, my father, the chariot of Israel and its horseman!'

New narrative scene (the dying Elisha and the king's lament)καὶ Ελισαιε ἠρρώστησεν
A fresh narrative unit opens the Elisha death-pericope. The cognate construction ἠρρώστησεν τὴν ἀρρωστίαν ('fell ill with the illness') intensifies the gravity of the disease. Joash's lament πάτερ πάτερ ἅρμα Ισραηλ καὶ ἱππεὺς αὐτοῦ ('my father, my father, the chariot of Israel and its horseman') verbatim echoes Elisha's own cry over the departing Elijah (4 Kgdms 2:12), an intentional literary inclusio framing Elisha's ministry.
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (scene-opening)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: the LXX form of Hebrew אֱלִישָׁע (Elisha), the prophet successor of Elijah; indeclinable; the central figure of vv. 14–21.
ἠρρώστησενfell illAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρρωστέωmain verb (cognate construction)→ ingressive aorist (onset of fatal illness)ἀρρωστέω: 'be sick / fall ill'; with the cognate accusative τὴν ἀρρωστίαν it renders the Hebrew construction חָלָה אֶת־חָלְיוֹ, intensifying the seriousness of the illness.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἀρρωστίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρρωστίανillnessAccusativecognate accusative (with ἠρρώστησεν)→ object specificationἀρρωστία: 'sickness / illness'; the cognate accusative (figura etymologica) renders the Hebrew infinitive-absolute-like emphasis, stressing the fatal nature of the disease.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with ἀρρωστίαν)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his illness', the specific sickness that would prove fatal.
δι᾿of whichpreposition + accusative (cause; elided before relative)→ spatial or relational framingδιά (elided δι᾿) + accusative: 'because of / by reason of'; with the relative ἥν, 'on account of which (illness) he died'.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of διά; antecedent ἀρρωστίαν)→ participant referenceὅς: feminine accusative singular relative pronoun referring to the illness; δι᾿ ἥν = 'because of which'.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of relative clause (proleptic notice of death)→ constative aorist (the fatal outcome, anticipated)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; renders מוּת; the relative clause flags in advance that this illness is terminal (fulfilled at v. 20).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέβηcame downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (royal visitation)→ constative aorist (the king's descent to the prophet)καταβαίνω: 'go/come down'; renders יָרַד; the king's descent to the bedside of the dying prophet signals deference to Elisha's authority.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'to / toward'.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (= Elisha)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the dying prophet, to whom the king comes.
ΙωαςJoashsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωας: Joash king of Israel, who visits the dying Elisha.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωας→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: royal title identifying Joash as king of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the realm Joash rules.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκλαυσενweptAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλαίωmain verb (royal mourning)→ ingressive aorist (burst into weeping)κλαίω: 'weep / cry'; renders בָּכָה; the king's tears over the prophet express both personal grief and recognition of Elisha's value to the nation.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (location of weeping)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + genitive: 'over / upon'; 'wept over his face', i.e. bending over the prophet.
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive object of ἐπί→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἔκλαυσεν ἐπὶ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ('wept over his face') is a vivid Hebraism for bending in grief over the dying man.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Elisha's face)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the prophet's face.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single speech-act)λέγω (aor. εἶπεν): introduces the king's lament.
πάτερfatherVocativevocative (address to the prophet)→ direct addressπατήρ (voc. πάτερ): 'father'; the doubled vocative πάτερ πάτερ is an intense cry of grief; 'my father' was Elisha's own address to Elijah (2:12), used here of Elisha himself.
πάτερfatherVocativevocative (emphatic repetition)→ direct addressπατήρ: the repetition intensifies the lament; the king mourns Elisha as a national 'father'.
ἅρμαchariotVocativevocative/exclamatory (metaphor for the prophet)→ direct addressἅρμα: 'chariot'; ἅρμα Ισραηλ καὶ ἱππεὺς αὐτοῦ ('chariot of Israel and its horseman') hails Elisha as Israel's true military strength — his prophetic power outweighs armies; the cry repeats 2:12 verbatim.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'chariot of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the nation whose true defense the prophet embodies.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἱππεὺςhorsemanNominativeexclamatory nominative (parallel to ἅρμα)→ participant prominenceἱππεύς: 'horseman / cavalry'; paired with ἅρμα as the second metaphor for Elisha's protective might; the nominative stands in apposition to the exclamatory address.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (Israel's horseman)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to Israel; 'its horseman', completing the metaphor of national defense.
15

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Ελισαιε λαβὲ τόξον καὶ βέλη καὶ ἔλαβεν πρὸς αὐτὸν τόξον καὶ βέλη

And Elisha said to him, 'Take a bow and arrows.' And he took to himself a bow and arrows.

Command and compliance (opening the prophetic sign-act)καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Ελισαιε
The dying prophet initiates a symbolic sign-act. The aorist imperative λαβέ ('take') and the matching ἔλαβεν ('he took') form the command-compliance pattern typical of prophetic sign-narratives; the τόξον and βέλη ('bow and arrows') become the instruments of an enacted oracle of victory over Aram.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elisha's command to the king.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (= the king)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of the addressee, Joash.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: the dying prophet, who directs the sign-act.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (prophetic command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (a single decisive act)λαμβάνω (aor. impv. λαβέ): 'take / grasp'; the command initiates the symbolic act; the aorist imperative frames it as a single decisive deed.
τόξονbowAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationτόξον: 'bow'; renders קֶשֶׁת; the bow is the central prop of the sign-act, symbolizing Israel's military deliverance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βέληarrowsAccusativedirect object of λαβέ (coordinate with τόξον)→ object specificationβέλος (pl. βέλη): 'arrow / dart / missile'; renders חֵץ; the arrows, with the bow, are the instruments of the enacted oracle.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενhe tookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (compliance with the command)→ constative aorist (act of obedience)λαμβάνω: 'take'; the king's compliance, matching the imperative λαβέ; the command-fulfillment echo is a stylistic mark of prophetic sign-narratives.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (reflexive direction: 'to himself')→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: here reflexive, 'to/toward himself', i.e. the king took them up to himself.
αὐτὸνhimselfAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (reflexive: the king)→ participant referenceαὐτός: reflexive reference to the king who takes up the weapons.
τόξονbowAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationτόξον: the bow taken in compliance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βέληarrowsAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν (coordinate with τόξον)→ object specificationβέλος (pl. βέλη): the arrows taken up alongside the bow.
16

καὶ εἶπεν τῷ βασιλεῖ ἐπιβίβασον τὴν χεῖρά σου ἐπὶ τὸ τόξον καὶ ἐπεβίβασεν Ιωας τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ τόξον καὶ ἐπέθηκεν Ελισαιε τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὰς χεῖρας τοῦ βασιλέως

And he said to the king, 'Set your hand upon the bow.' And Joash set his hand upon the bow, and Elisha laid his hands upon the king's hands.

Command, compliance, and prophetic gesture (the laying-on of hands)καὶ εἶπεν τῷ βασιλεῖ
The sign-act continues with another command-compliance pair (ἐπιβίβασον / ἐπεβίβασεν, 'set/he set'). Elisha's laying his hands upon the king's hands (ἐπέθηκεν … τὰς χεῖρας ἐπὶ τὰς χεῖρας) is a gesture of prophetic empowerment, transmitting the divine efficacy of the coming victory to the royal hands that will wield it.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elisha's next command.
τῷto theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative indirect object (the addressee)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the dative addressee of the command, Joash.
ἐπιβίβασονsetAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιβιβάζωmain verb (prophetic command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπιβιβάζω: 'place upon / set on'; the causative compound directs the king to lay his hand on the bow; the aorist imperative marks a single decisive act.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖράhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπιβίβασον→ object specificationχείρ: 'hand'; renders יָד; the royal hand to be placed on the bow, soon to be empowered by the prophet's touch.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (with χεῖρα)→ relational specificationσύ (gen. σου): 'your', the king's own hand.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon / onto'.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with τόξον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόξονbowAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationτόξον: the bow on which the king sets his hand.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεβίβασενsetAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβιβάζωmain verb (compliance)→ constative aorist (obedient act)ἐπιβιβάζω: the king's compliance, matching the imperative ἐπιβίβασον.
ΙωαςJoashsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωας: the king performing the sign-act.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐπεβίβασεν→ object specificationχείρ: the king's hand, now placed on the bow.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτός: the king's own hand.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with τόξον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόξονbowAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationτόξον: the bow.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέθηκενlaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (prophetic gesture of empowerment)→ constative aorist (act of laying on)ἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon / lay on'; the laying-on of the prophet's hands upon the king's hands transmits divine efficacy to the sign-act, a gesture of empowerment/blessing.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: the prophet, whose hands convey the divine power.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπέθηκεν→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): the prophet's hands laid on the king's.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Elisha's hands)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the prophet's own hands.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with χεῖρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): the king's hands, on which the prophet lays his own.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with βασιλέως)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possession (the king's hands)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the genitive marks whose hands receive the prophet's touch.
17

καὶ εἶπεν ἄνοιξον τὴν θυρίδα κατ᾿ ἀνατολάς καὶ ἤνοιξεν καὶ εἶπεν Ελισαιε τόξευσον καὶ ἐτόξευσεν καὶ εἶπεν βέλος σωτηρίας τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ βέλος σωτηρίας ἐν Συρίᾳ καὶ πατάξεις τὴν Συρίαν ἐν Αφεκ ἕως συντελείας

And he said, 'Open the window toward the east.' And he opened it. And Elisha said, 'Shoot.' And he shot. And he said, 'An arrow of the LORD's deliverance, and an arrow of deliverance against Aram; and you shall strike Aram in Aphek until they are finished.'

Climax of the sign-act (the arrow oracle of deliverance)καὶ εἶπεν ἄνοιξον
The sign-act reaches its oracular climax: the eastward window (κατ᾿ ἀνατολάς, toward the Transjordanian battlefield) is opened and the arrow shot, then interpreted as βέλος σωτηρίας τῷ κυρίῳ ('an arrow of the LORD's deliverance'). The future πατάξεις ('you shall strike') promises decisive victory over Aram at Aphek ἕως συντελείας ('until utter destruction').
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elisha's next command (subject implied from context).
ἄνοιξονopenAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀνοίγω (aor. impv. ἄνοιξον): 'open'; the command to open the eastward window orients the sign-act toward the Aramean battlefield in the Transjordan.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with θυρίδα)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυρίδαwindowAccusativedirect object of ἄνοιξον→ object specificationθυρίς: 'window / opening'; renders חַלּוֹן; the window opened eastward toward the lands across the Jordan where the battles with Aram would occur.
κατ᾿towardpreposition + accusative (direction; elided)→ spatial or relational framingκατά (elided κατ᾿) + accusative: 'toward / in the direction of'; κατ᾿ ἀνατολάς = 'eastward'.
ἀνατολάςeastAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (direction)→ object specificationἀνατολή (pl. ἀνατολάς): 'rising / east'; κατ᾿ ἀνατολάς ('toward the east') renders קֵדְמָה; the eastward orientation points to Gilead and the Transjordan, the contested frontier with Aram.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤνοιξενhe openedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb (compliance)→ constative aorist (obedient act)ἀνοίγω: the king's compliance, matching the imperative ἄνοιξον.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the next command, with Elisha named as subject.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: the prophet directing the shooting.
τόξευσονshootAor Act Impv 2 Sg · τοξεύωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeτοξεύω: 'shoot (with a bow)'; the command to loose the arrow is the decisive moment of the enacted oracle.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτόξευσενhe shotAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τοξεύωmain verb (compliance)→ constative aorist (obedient act)τοξεύω: the king's compliance, matching the imperative τόξευσον.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction of the oracle)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the prophet's interpretive oracle of the shot arrow.
βέλοςarrowNominativenominative (exclamatory predicate: 'an arrow of …')→ participant prominenceβέλος: 'arrow'; βέλος σωτηρίας ('arrow of deliverance') interprets the shot as a divine pledge of military rescue.
σωτηρίαςof deliveranceGenitivegenitive of quality (with βέλος)→ relational specificationσωτηρία: 'deliverance / victory'; the genitive of quality names the arrow as the embodiment of the LORD's saving act against Aram.
τῷof theDativearticle (with κυρίῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of possession/source ('the LORD's deliverance')→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the dative τῷ κυρίῳ marks the deliverance as belonging to / wrought by the LORD ('an arrow of the LORD's deliverance').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βέλοςarrowNominativenominative (exclamatory, repeated)→ participant prominenceβέλος: the repetition emphasizes the arrow's oracular significance, now directed 'against Aram'.
σωτηρίαςof deliveranceGenitivegenitive of quality (with βέλος)→ relational specificationσωτηρία: 'deliverance'; repeated in parallel, defining the arrow's target as Aram.
ἐνagainstpreposition + dative (Hebraizing: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here 'against / in (the case of)', a Hebraizing rendering of בְּ in a hostile sense ('deliverance against Aram').
ΣυρίᾳAramDativedative object of ἐν (the enemy against whom deliverance comes)→ sphere or referenceΣυρία: Aram/Syria; the foe against whom the LORD's deliverance is enacted.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πατάξειςyou shall strikeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (oracular promise)→ predictive future (assured victory)πατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat'; renders נָכָה; the future addressed to the king promises a decisive military blow against Aram.
τὴνAccusativearticle (with Συρίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣυρίανAramAccusativedirect object of πατάξεις→ object specificationΣυρία (acc. Συρίαν): Aram; the object of the promised defeat.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative: place of battle)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative: place of battle).
ΑφεκAphekobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΑφεκ: Hebrew אֲפֵק (Aphek), a town east of the Sea of Galilee, traditional battlefield with Aram (cf. 3 Kgdms 20:26–30); indeclinable.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (terminus: 'until completion')→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'until / as far as'; ἕως συντελείας ('until completion/annihilation') marks the totality of the promised victory.
συντελείαςcompletionGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationσυντέλεια: 'completion / consummation / annihilation'; renders כָּלָה; ἕως συντελείας here means 'to the point of utter destruction', the total defeat the king fails to secure (vv. 18–19).
18

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Ελισαιε λαβὲ τόξα καὶ ἔλαβεν καὶ εἶπεν τῷ βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ πάταξον εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐπάταξεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τρὶς καὶ ἔστη

And Elisha said to him, 'Take the arrows.' And he took them. And he said to the king of Israel, 'Strike upon the ground.' And the king struck three times and stopped.

Second sign-act (the striking of the arrows on the ground)καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Ελισαιε
A second enacted sign tests the king's faith: commanded to strike the ground with the arrows, Joash strikes only τρὶς ('three times') and stops (ἔστη). The half-hearted response — three blows rather than persistent striking — becomes the measure of his limited victory, drawing the prophet's grief in v. 19.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the prophet's command.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (= the king)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative of the addressee.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: the prophet directing the second sign.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλαμβάνω (aor. impv. λαβέ): 'take'; the command to take up the arrows for the striking-sign.
τόξαarrowsAccusativedirect object of λαβέ→ object specificationτόξον (pl. τόξα): properly 'bows', but here used for the arrows/missiles to be struck on the ground (the LXX uses τόξα loosely for the projectiles); cf. the βέλη of v. 15.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενhe tookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (compliance)→ constative aorist (obedient act)λαμβάνω: the king's compliance, matching λαβέ.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the next command to the king.
τῷto theDativearticle (with βασιλεῖ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖkingDativedative indirect object→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the addressee, here titled 'king of Israel'.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'king of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the realm Joash rules.
πάταξονstrikeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeπατάσσω: 'strike / smite'; the command to strike the ground with the arrows is the symbolic act whose repetition would determine the extent of victory.
εἰςuponpreposition + accusative (direction of the blow)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + accusative: 'into / upon'; 'strike upon the ground'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with γῆν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνgroundAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationγῆ: 'earth / ground'; renders אֶרֶץ; the ground struck symbolizes the territory/enemy to be subdued.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (compliance, but partial)→ constative aorist (the limited act)πατάσσω: the king's compliance, but only three times — the inadequacy of the response is the crux of the episode.
theNominativearticle (with βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject of ἐπάταξεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Joash, whose limited striking determines the outcome.
τρὶςthree timesnumeral adverb (frequency of the blows)→ clausal contributionτρίς: 'three times / thrice'; indeclinable adverbial numeral; the king's three blows (rather than five or six) limit the victory to three defeats of Aram (cf. vv. 19, 25).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoppedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (cessation of the act)→ ingressive aorist (came to a stop)ἵστημι (aor. ἔστη): 'stand / stop / cease'; here intransitive 'he stopped / stood still', ceasing to strike after only three blows — the fateful premature halt.
19

καὶ ἐλυπήθη ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ εἶπεν εἰ ἐπάταξας πεντάκις ἢ ἑξάκις τότε ἂν ἐπάταξας τὴν Συρίαν ἕως συντελείας καὶ νῦν τρὶς πατάξεις τὴν Συρίαν

And the man of God was grieved over him and said, 'If you had struck five or six times, then you would have struck Aram until utter destruction; but now you shall strike Aram only three times.'

Prophetic rebuke (the consequence of the limited striking)καὶ ἐλυπήθη … ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ
The prophet — now titled ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ('the man of God') — grieves and pronounces the consequence: a contrary-to-fact condition (εἰ ἐπάταξας … τότε ἂν ἐπάταξας) shows that five or six blows would have meant total annihilation of Aram, but the king's three blows limit him to three victories. The oracle is fulfilled at v. 25.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλυπήθηwas grievedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · λυπέωmain verb (prophet's emotion)→ ingressive aorist (grew grieved/angry)λυπέω (aor. pass. ἐλυπήθη): 'grieve / distress'; the passive 'was grieved/vexed' renders the Hebrew קָצַף ('was angry'); the prophet's grief mixes sorrow and indignation at the king's want of zeal.
ἐπ᾿overpreposition + dative (cause/object of grief; elided)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί (elided ἐπ᾿) + dative: 'over / on account of'; the cause of the prophet's grief — the king's failure.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐπί (= the king)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the king, over whom the prophet grieves.
theNominativearticle (with ἄνθρωπος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of ἐλυπήθη (title 'man of God')→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ('the man of God') is the standard prophetic title (rendering אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים), here designating Elisha and underscoring the divine authority of his pronouncement.
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with θεοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationship (with ἄνθρωπος: 'man of God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; renders אֱלֹהִים; the title ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ marks Elisha as the authorized prophetic spokesman of God.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the prophet's rebuke-oracle.
εἰifconditional conjunction (protasis of contrary-to-fact condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if'; with the aorist indicative ἐπάταξας and apodotic ἄν it forms a contrary-to-fact (unreal past) condition: 'if you had struck … you would have struck'.
ἐπάταξαςyou had struckAor Act Indic 2 Sg · πατάσσωverb of protasis (unreal condition)→ aorist indicative in unreal protasis (counterfactual past)πατάσσω: 'strike'; the aorist in the protasis of a contrary-to-fact condition states the unrealized possibility of more vigorous striking.
πεντάκιςfive timesnumeral adverb (frequency)→ clausal contributionπεντάκις: 'five times'; indeclinable adverbial numeral; the greater number that would have meant fuller victory.
ordisjunctive conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'or'; joining the alternative 'six times'.
ἑξάκιςsix timesnumeral adverb (frequency)→ clausal contributionἑξάκις: 'six times'; indeclinable adverbial numeral; with πεντάκις expresses the abundant striking that would have annihilated Aram.
τότεthentemporal adverb (introducing apodosis)→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then'; marks the apodosis of the unreal condition.
ἂνwouldmodal particle (apodotic ἄν of unreal condition)→ discourse linkage or contrastἄν: the modal particle marking the apodosis of the contrary-to-fact condition ('then you would have …').
ἐπάταξαςyou would have struckAor Act Indic 2 Sg · πατάσσωverb of apodosis (unreal condition)→ aorist indicative + ἄν (counterfactual result)πατάσσω: in the apodosis with ἄν it states the unrealized result — total defeat of Aram that the king forfeited.
τὴνAccusativearticle (with Συρίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣυρίανAramAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξας→ object specificationΣυρία (acc. Συρίαν): Aram; the enemy that would have been wholly destroyed.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (terminus)→ spatial or relational framingἕως + genitive: 'until / as far as'; ἕως συντελείας = 'to the point of annihilation' (cf. v. 17).
συντελείαςcompletionGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationσυντέλεια: 'completion / annihilation'; the total destruction of Aram that fuller striking would have secured.
καὶbutadversative conjunction (mild contrast with the counterfactual)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here mildly adversative, 'but / and yet', contrasting the lost possibility with the diminished reality.
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (the actual situation)→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now / as it is'; introduces the actual, reduced outcome in contrast to the counterfactual.
τρὶςthree timesnumeral adverb (frequency: the limited victory)→ clausal contributionτρίς: 'three times'; corresponding to the three blows of v. 18, the limit now imposed on the victory over Aram (fulfilled v. 25).
πατάξειςyou shall strikeFut Act Indic 2 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (predictive oracle of the limited victory)→ predictive future (the curtailed outcome)πατάσσω: 'strike / defeat'; the future declares the actual, limited victory — Aram will be struck only three times.
τὴνAccusativearticle (with Συρίαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣυρίανAramAccusativedirect object of πατάξεις→ object specificationΣυρία (acc. Συρίαν): Aram; the enemy now to be defeated only three times.
20

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Ελισαιε καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτόν καὶ μονόζωνοι Μωαβ ἦλθον ἐν τῇ γῇ ἐλθόντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ

And Elisha died, and they buried him. And bands of raiders of Moab came into the land at the coming of the year.

Death of the prophet and new scenic setting (Moabite raids)καὶ ἀπέθανεν Ελισαιε
The prophet's death (ἀπέθανεν) fulfills the anticipation of v. 14, and his burial sets the stage for the posthumous miracle. The notice of Moabite raiding-bands (μονόζωνοι Μωαβ) arriving ἐλθόντος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ('at the turn of the year', a genitive absolute) provides the narrative occasion for v. 21.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death of the prophet)→ constative aorist (the prophet's death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; fulfills the proleptic notice of v. 14 (δι᾿ ἣν ἀπέθανεν); Elisha's death, after which the great wonder still occurs.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: the prophet, now deceased.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανthey buriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (burial; indefinite plural subject)→ constative aorist (act of burial)θάπτω: 'bury'; the indefinite plural 'they buried him'; the burial-tomb becomes the site of the resurrection-wonder of v. 21.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔθαψαν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the buried prophet.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μονόζωνοιraiding bandsNominativesubject of ἦλθον→ participant prominenceμονόζωνος: lit. 'single-girded one'; the LXX term for light-armed raiders / marauding bands (rendering גְּדוּד); used substantively for Moabite raiding parties.
Μωαβof Moabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'bands of Moab')→ participant identificationΜωαβ: Hebrew מוֹאָב (Moab), the Transjordanian nation east of the Dead Sea; indeclinable; here the source of the raiding-bands.
ἦλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (the incursion)→ constative aorist (the raid's arrival)ἔρχομαι (aor. ἦλθον): 'come / go'; the arrival of the Moabite raiders into Israelite territory.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (locative, with verb of motion: Hebraizing)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here with a verb of motion ('came into the land'), a Hebraizing use rendering בְּ.
τῇtheDativearticle (with γῇ)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῇlandDativedative of place (the territory raided)→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land / earth'; renders אֶרֶץ; the land of Israel invaded by the Moabite bands.
ἐλθόντοςhaving comeAor Act Part Gen Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιgenitive absolute participle (temporal: 'at the coming of the year')→ aorist participle (temporal antecedent in genitive absolute)ἔρχομαι (aor. part. ἐλθόντος): the participle with τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ forms a genitive absolute 'when the year had come' = 'at the turn of the year', renders the Hebrew בֹּא הַשָּׁנָה, denoting the season of campaigning.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with ἐνιαυτοῦ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνιαυτοῦyearGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with ἐλθόντος)→ relational specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year / yearly cycle'; the genitive-absolute subject; 'at the coming of the year' marks the springtime, the customary season for raids and warfare.
21

καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτῶν θαπτόντων τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ ἰδοὺ εἶδον τὸν μονόζωνον καὶ ἔρριψαν τὸν ἄνδρα ἐν τῷ τάφῳ Ελισαιε καὶ ἐπορεύθη καὶ ἥψατο τῶν ὀστέων Ελισαιε καὶ ἔζησεν καὶ ἀνέστη ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ

And it happened, as they were burying a man, that behold, they saw the raiding band; and they threw the man into Elisha's tomb, and he went down and touched the bones of Elisha, and he came to life and stood upon his feet.

The posthumous miracle (revival on touching Elisha's bones)καὶ ἐγένετο
The narrative-marker καὶ ἐγένετο ('and it came to pass', rendering וַיְהִי) with a genitive-absolute (αὐτῶν θαπτόντων) and the attention-particle ἰδού ('behold') frames the climactic wonder. The dead man, thrown into Elisha's tomb in haste, revives on contact with the prophet's bones (ἥψατο τῶν ὀστέων) — the only posthumous resurrection-miracle in the Hebrew canon, sealing Elisha's prophetic potency beyond death.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative-temporal marker)→ constative aorist (scene-setting 'and it came to pass')γίνομαι (aor. ἐγένετο): 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew narrative formula וַיְהִי, introducing a temporal circumstance followed by the main event.
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive absolute subject (with θαπτόντων)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the genitive-absolute subject ('while they were burying'), referring to a burial party.
θαπτόντωνburyingPres Act Part Gen Pl Masc · θάπτωgenitive absolute participle (temporal: 'as they were burying')→ present participle (contemporaneous action in genitive absolute)θάπτω (pres. part. θαπτόντων): the present participle in genitive absolute denotes the ongoing burial during which the raiders appear.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄνδρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραmanAccusativedirect object of θαπτόντων→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. ἄνδρα): 'man'; renders אִישׁ; the corpse being buried, soon to be revived.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (apodotic καί after ἐγένετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here the apodotic καί following καὶ ἐγένετο, a Hebraism (וַיְהִי … וְ) linking the temporal clause to the main event.
ἰδοὺbeholdattention-particle (presentative)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative particle dramatizing the sudden appearance of the raiders.
εἶδονthey sawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (perception triggering the haste)→ constative aorist (the sighting)ὁράω (aor. εἶδον): 'see'; the burial party catches sight of the raiding band, prompting their hurried action.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with μονόζωνον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μονόζωνονraiding bandAccusativedirect object of εἶδον→ object specificationμονόζωνος: 'raider / marauding band'; the singular here is collective (the raiding party of v. 20).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρριψανthey threwAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ῥίπτωmain verb (hasty disposal of the corpse)→ constative aorist (the throwing)ῥίπτω: 'throw / cast / fling'; renders שָׁלַךְ; in their haste to flee the raiders, the burial party flings the corpse into the nearest tomb — Elisha's.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with ἄνδρα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδραmanAccusativedirect object of ἔρριψαν→ object specificationἀνήρ (acc. ἄνδρα): the corpse cast into the tomb.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (locative, with verb of motion: Hebraizing)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here 'into' with a verb of throwing, a Hebraizing locative.
τῷtheDativearticle (with τάφῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφῳtombDativedative of place (the prophet's tomb)→ sphere or referenceτάφος: 'tomb / grave'; renders קֶבֶר; Elisha's burial-place, the locus of the wonder.
Ελισαιεof Elishagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Elisha's tomb')→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: the prophet, whose tomb receives the corpse.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe wentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (the corpse's descent into the tomb)→ constative aorist (movement into the tomb)πορεύομαι: 'go / proceed'; here of the cast body coming/going down into the tomb (or the action of depositing it), leading to contact with the bones.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἥψατοtouchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτομαιmain verb (the decisive contact)→ constative aorist (the moment of touching)ἅπτομαι: 'touch / take hold of'; the middle takes the genitive object; the corpse's touching of the prophet's bones is the cause of the revival.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ὀστέων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστέωνbonesGenitivegenitive object of ἥψατο→ relational specificationὀστέον (gen. pl. ὀστέων): 'bone'; renders עֶצֶם; Elisha's bones, whose residual divine power raises the dead man — a unique posthumous miracle.
Ελισαιεof Elishagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'Elisha's bones')→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: the prophet, whose bones effect the wonder.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔζησενcame to lifeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (the revival)→ ingressive aorist (came to life)ζάω (aor. ἔζησεν): 'live / come to life'; renders חָיָה; the ingressive aorist marks the dead man's revival upon contact with the bones.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηstood upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (rising of the revived man)→ ingressive aorist (rose to his feet)ἀνίστημι (aor. ἀνέστη): 'rise / stand up'; renders קוּם; the revived man rises and stands, the visible proof of the resurrection-wonder.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: 'upon'; 'stood on his feet'.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with πόδας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδαςfeetAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπούς (acc. pl. πόδας): 'foot'; renders רֶגֶל; 'stood on his feet', the idiom for full bodily restoration to life.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πόδας)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the revived man's own feet.
22

καὶ Αζαηλ ἐξέθλιψεν τὸν Ισραηλ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας Ιωαχας

And Hazael oppressed Israel all the days of Jehoahaz.

Summary flashback (resumption of the Aramean oppression theme)καὶ Αζαηλ ἐξέθλιψεν
After the Elisha pericope, the narrative resumes the oppression-theme of vv. 3–7 with a summarizing notice: Hazael oppressed (ἐξέθλιψεν, an intensive compound) Israel throughout the reign of Jehoahaz. This sets up the contrast with the LORD's covenant-mercy in v. 23.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resumptive)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΑζαηλHazaelsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: the Aramean king of Damascus, Israel's chief oppressor (cf. v. 3).
ἐξέθλιψενoppressedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκθλίβωmain verb (the oppression)→ constative aorist (the sustained oppression)ἐκθλίβω: 'press hard / oppress severely'; the intensive compound (ἐκ-) of θλίβω (cf. v. 4) underscores the severity of Hazael's domination of Israel.
τὸνAccusativearticle (with Ισραηλ, marking accusative)→ noun-phrase markingAccusative article for indeclinable Ισραηλ as direct object.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξέθλιψεν (indeclinable; case borne by article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the oppressed northern kingdom.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (with ἡμέρας; accusative of extent)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days'), the duration-idiom (cf. v. 3).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα (pl. ἡμέρας): 'day'; the accusative of duration measuring the oppression by the length of Jehoahaz's reign.
Ιωαχαςof Jehoahazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'days of Jehoahaz')→ participant identificationΙωαχας: the king during whose reign Hazael's oppression fell, framing the oppression-period.
23

καὶ ἠλέησεν κύριος αὐτοὺς καὶ οἰκτίρησεν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐπέβλεψεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς διὰ τὴν διαθήκην αὐτοῦ τὴν μετὰ Αβρααμ καὶ Ισαακ καὶ Ιακωβ καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν κύριος διαφθεῖραι αὐτοὺς καὶ οὐκ ἀπέρριψεν αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ

And the LORD had mercy on them and pitied them and regarded them, because of his covenant with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob; and the LORD did not will to destroy them, nor did he cast them away from his presence.

Theological climax (covenant-grounded mercy against the oppression)καὶ ἠλέησεν κύριος αὐτοὺς
Against Hazael's oppression (v. 22) stands the LORD's threefold compassion: ἠλέησεν … οἰκτίρησεν … ἐπέβλεψεν ('had mercy … pitied … regarded'). The ground is explicitly covenantal — διὰ τὴν διαθήκην αὐτοῦ τὴν μετὰ Αβρααμ καὶ Ισαακ καὶ Ιακωβ ('because of his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob') — and the double negation (οὐκ ἠθέλησεν διαφθεῖραι … οὐκ ἀπέρριψεν) affirms the LORD's refusal to annul his people, sealed by the calque ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ('from his face').
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (contrastive turn)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠλέησενhad mercy onAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐλεέωmain verb (first of three compassion-verbs)→ constative aorist (act of mercy)ἐλεέω: 'have mercy / show compassion'; renders חָנַן; the first member of the threefold compassion-formula expressing the LORD's covenant-grounded clemency toward Israel.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the covenant LORD whose mercy answers Israel's affliction.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἠλέησεν (= Israel)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the Israelites, objects of the LORD's mercy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰκτίρησενpitiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκτίρωmain verb (second compassion-verb)→ constative aorist (act of pity)οἰκτίρω: 'pity / have compassion'; renders רִחַם; the second member of the compassion-triad, paired with ἐλεέω as in the Exodus mercy-formula (Exod 33:19).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of οἰκτίρησεν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the Israelites pitied.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέβλεψενregardedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβλέπωmain verb (third compassion-verb)→ constative aorist (act of favorable regard)ἐπιβλέπω: 'look upon / regard'; renders פָּנָה; with πρός, 'turned his attention toward them'; the third member of the compassion-triad, denoting gracious divine notice.
πρὸςtowardpreposition + accusative (object of regard)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: 'toward'; the direction of the LORD's gracious regard.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceαὐτός: the Israelites regarded.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause/ground)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + accusative: 'because of / on account of'; introduces the covenantal ground of the LORD's mercy.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with διαθήκην)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηνcovenantAccusativeaccusative object of διά (the ground of mercy)→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; the patriarchal covenant is the explicit theological basis for the LORD's refusal to destroy Israel (cf. Gen 17; Exod 32:13).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with διαθήκην)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the LORD's own covenant.
τὴνthe oneAccusativearticle (attributive, with μετὰ Αβρααμ phrase)→ noun-phrase markingThe repeated article τήν substantivizes the following prepositional phrase: 'the (covenant) which is with Abraham …'.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (covenant-partners)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + genitive: 'with'; identifies the patriarchal partners of the covenant.
ΑβρααμAbrahamgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑβρααμ: Hebrew אַבְרָהָם; indeclinable in the LXX; the first patriarch, recipient of the foundational covenant (Gen 15; 17).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙσαακIsaacgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσαακ: Hebrew יִצְחָק; indeclinable in the LXX; the second patriarch, heir of the covenant.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙακωβJacobgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙακωβ: Hebrew יַעֲקֹב; indeclinable in the LXX; the third patriarch, eponymous ancestor of Israel; the triad Abraham-Isaac-Jacob invokes the full patriarchal covenant.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἠθέλησεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation.
ἠθέλησενwilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (negated divine volition)→ constative aorist (settled refusal)θέλω (aor. ἠθέλησεν): 'will / wish'; renders אָבָה; οὐκ ἠθέλησεν διαφθεῖραι ('did not will to destroy') affirms the LORD's deliberate refusal to annihilate his covenant people.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject (repeated for emphasis)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; repeated to underscore that the sparing of Israel is the LORD's own settled will.
διαφθεῖραιto destroyAor Act Inf · διαφθείρωcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησεν)→ aorist infinitive (the rejected action)διαφθείρω: 'destroy utterly / corrupt'; renders שָׁחַת; the complementary infinitive names the destruction the LORD refuses to enact upon Israel.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of διαφθεῖραι→ participant referenceαὐτός: the Israelites, whom the LORD will not destroy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἀπέρριψεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: objective negation, in parallel with the preceding οὐκ ἠθέλησεν.
ἀπέρριψενcast awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπορρίπτωmain verb (negated: non-rejection)→ constative aorist (the rejection withheld)ἀπορρίπτω: 'cast away / reject / throw off'; renders הִשְׁלִיךְ; οὐκ ἀπέρριψεν … ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ('did not cast them from his presence') affirms continued covenant relationship — Israel is not yet rejected (contrast the eventual exile, 4 Kgdms 17:20).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀπέρριψεν→ participant referenceαὐτός: the Israelites, not cast off.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; in the calque 'from his face/presence'.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with προσώπου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσώπουpresenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (idiom: 'from his presence')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ woodenly calques מֵעַל פָּנָיו ('from his face'), an idiom for being expelled from the covenant relationship.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's presence)→ relational specificationαὐτός: the LORD, from whose presence Israel is not cast.
24

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αζαηλ βασιλεὺς Συρίας καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν υἱὸς Αδερ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Hazael king of Aram died, and Ben-Hadad his son reigned in his place.

Death-and-succession of the foreign king (transition to Joash's recoveries)καὶ ἀπέθανεν Αζαηλ
The death of the oppressor Hazael and the succession of his son Ben-Hadad (υἱὸς Αδερ, 'son of Hadad') mark the political opening that Joash exploits in v. 25. The succession-formula ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('reigned in his place') mirrors the Israelite formula of v. 9.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (death of the oppressor)→ constative aorist (Hazael's death)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the death of Hazael removes the chief oppressor and opens the way for Israel's recovery.
ΑζαηλHazaelsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: the deceased Aramean king of Damascus.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Αζαηλ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; identifies Hazael as king of Aram.
Συρίαςof AramGenitivegenitive of relationship (with βασιλεύς)→ relational specificationΣυρία: Aram/Syria, Hazael's realm.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession formula)→ ingressive aorist (accession of successor)βασιλεύω: 'reign'; the ingressive aorist marks the accession of Ben-Hadad to the Aramean throne.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (part of name 'Ben-Hadad')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς Αδερ ('son of Hadad') = Ben-Hadad, the dynastic royal name; the LXX renders בֶּן־הֲדַד analytically.
ΑδερHadadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Hadad')→ participant identificationΑδερ: the LXX form of הֲדַד (Hadad); the name forms the royal title Ben-Hadad (III), Hazael's son and successor.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition (further specifying: 'his son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: a second 'son', clarifying that this Ben-Hadad is the son of Hazael — 'Ben-Hadad his son reigned'.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Hazael's son)→ relational specificationαὐτός: refers to Hazael, whose son succeeds him.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution; elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'in place of'; the succession-idiom ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place'), rendering תַּחְתָּיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτός: Hazael, the predecessor replaced.
25

καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν Ιωας υἱὸς Ιωαχας καὶ ἔλαβεν τὰς πόλεις ἐκ χειρὸς υἱοῦ Αδερ υἱοῦ Αζαηλ ἃς ἔλαβεν ἐκ χειρὸς Ιωαχας τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ τρὶς ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν Ιωας καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν τὰς πόλεις Ισραηλ

And Joash son of Jehoahaz turned back and took the cities from the hand of Ben-Hadad son of Hazael, which he had taken from the hand of Jehoahaz his father in war; three times Joash struck him and recovered the cities of Israel.

Fulfillment of the oracle (Joash's threefold recovery of the cities)καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν Ιωας
The chapter closes with the fulfillment of Elisha's word (vv. 17–19): Joash recovers the cities Ben-Hadad's house had seized from Jehoahaz, striking him exactly τρὶς ('three times') — precisely the number of blows in the sign-act. The verb ἐπέστρεψεν frames the verse (turning back / restoring), and the repetition of τρὶς ἐπάταξεν seals the prophecy's literal accomplishment.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψενturned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (renewed action / recovery)→ ingressive aorist (turned back to recover)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; here 'turned back (to action)' or 'again', initiating the recovery of the lost cities; the same verb closes the verse in the transitive sense 'restored'.
ΙωαςJoashsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωας: Joash of Israel, who fulfills Elisha's oracle by recovering the cities.
υἱὸςsonNominativenominative in apposition to Ιωας→ participant prominenceυἱός: patronymic apposition, 'son of Jehoahaz'.
Ιωαχαςof Jehoahazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: Joash's father, from whom the cities had been seized.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (recovery of the cities)→ constative aorist (the recapture)λαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; here 'took back / recaptured' the cities from the Aramean king.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationπόλις (pl. πόλεις): 'city'; renders עִיר; the towns lost to Aram under Jehoahaz, now recovered.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source; idiom 'from the hand')→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'out of / from'; ἐκ χειρός ('from the hand of') is the idiom of wresting from another's power.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (idiom of power)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός renders מִיַּד ('from the hand/power of'), the reversal of the ἐν χειρί handing-over of v. 3.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship (part of name 'Ben-Hadad')→ relational specificationυἱός: υἱοῦ Αδερ ('son of Hadad') = Ben-Hadad, the Aramean king from whom the cities are recovered.
ΑδερHadadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'son of Hadad')→ participant identificationΑδερ: Hadad; the name forming Ben-Hadad, Hazael's successor.
υἱοῦsonGenitivegenitive of relationship (further patronymic)→ relational specificationυἱός: a second patronymic, 'son of Hazael', fixing Ben-Hadad's lineage.
Αζαηλof Hazaelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: Hazael, the father of this Ben-Hadad.
ἃςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔλαβεν; antecedent πόλεις)→ participant referenceὅς: feminine accusative plural relative pronoun introducing the clause on how the cities had earlier been lost.
ἔλαβενhe had takenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of relative clause (the earlier seizure)→ constative aorist (prior pluperfect sense: 'had taken')λαμβάνω: 'take / seize'; here of the earlier Aramean capture of the cities from Jehoahaz; the aorist functions as an English pluperfect ('had taken').
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ + genitive: 'from'; in the idiom 'from the hand of'.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; ἐκ χειρός Ιωαχας, the power of Jehoahaz from whom Aram had seized the cities.
Ιωαχαςof Jehoahazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: Joash's father, the earlier victim of the Aramean seizure.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with πατρὸς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιωαχας→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; identifies Jehoahaz as Joash's father, sharpening the recovery as the redress of his father's losses.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (with πατρός)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his father', i.e. Joash's.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (circumstance: 'in war')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: 'in / by'; ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ ('in the war') marks the circumstance of the earlier seizure.
τῷtheDativearticle (with πολέμῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολέμῳwarDativedative of circumstance (with ἐν)→ sphere or referenceπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; renders מִלְחָמָה; the warfare in which the cities had been lost.
τρὶςthree timesnumeral adverb (frequency: fulfillment of the oracle)→ clausal contributionτρίς: 'three times'; the precise fulfillment of Elisha's word (vv. 18–19) — Joash defeats Ben-Hadad exactly three times, matching his three blows on the ground.
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (the threefold defeat)→ constative aorist (the three victories)πατάσσω: 'strike / defeat'; the same verb of the sign-act (vv. 17–19), now realized as Joash's three actual victories over Aram.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (= Ben-Hadad)→ participant referenceαὐτός: Ben-Hadad, the Aramean king defeated three times.
ΙωαςJoashsubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙωας: the victorious king of Israel.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψενrecoveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (transitive: restored the cities)→ constative aorist (the restoration)ἐπιστρέφω: here transitive 'turned back / restored / recovered'; the verb that opened the verse now closes it, framing Joash's action as a full restoration of the cities of Israel.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with πόλεις)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειςcitiesAccusativedirect object of ἐπέστρεψεν→ object specificationπόλις (pl. πόλεις): the recovered towns, restored to Israelite control.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'cities of Israel')→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom to which the cities are restored, closing the chapter on a note of partial, oracle-bounded victory.