Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Fourth Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 21ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ′ ΚΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Manasseh fills Judah with apostasy and bloodshed, and Amon briefly continues the same evil.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 4 Kingdoms 21 (= 2 Kings 21 MT) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter narrates the reign of Manasseh of Judah, the archetypal apostate king, and that of his son Amon. The regnal-formula opening (v. 1) gives his age, length of reign, and mother (Οψιβα = Hephzibah). Manasseh reverses the reforms of his father Hezekiah: he rebuilds the high places (τὰ ὑψηλά), raises an altar τῇ Βααλ, makes sacred groves/poles (ἄλση, the LXX rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה), worships and serves πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ('all the host of heaven', vv. 3, 5), builds pagan altars even ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου and in its two courts, passes his sons through fire (διῆγεν … ἐν πυρί, v. 6), practises ὠμένος-divination (ἐκληδονίζετο, οἰωνίζετο) and necromancy (θελητὴν καὶ γνώστας, 'a medium and soothsayers'), and sets the carved image of the grove (τὸ γλυπτὸν τοῦ ἄλσους) in the very house where YHWH had set his name (v. 7). The narrator's theological summary (vv. 8–9) recalls the conditional land-promise and Manasseh's leading of Judah astray ὑπὲρ τὰ ἔθνη ('beyond the nations'). A prophetic doom-oracle follows (vv. 10–15): YHWH, speaking ἐν χειρὶ δούλων αὐτοῦ τῶν προφητῶν, announces an evil so great that ἀμφότερα τὰ ὦτα ('both ears') of every hearer will ring; he will stretch over Jerusalem the measuring-line of Samaria and the plummet of the house of Ahab, and wipe Jerusalem clean ὡς ἀπαλείφεται ὁ ἀλάβαστρος — 'as an alabaster dish is wiped and turned upside down.' The verdict adds Manasseh's shedding of innocent blood (αἷμα ἀθῷον … στόμα εἰς στόμα, v. 16). The regnal-closing notices (vv. 17–18) record his death, burial in the garden of Uzza, and the accession of Amon. Amon's brief reign (vv. 19–26) replicates his father's idolatry (vv. 20–22), ends in a palace conspiracy (συνεστράφησαν οἱ παῖδες, v. 23), and is avenged by 'the people of the land' (ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς), who execute the conspirators and enthrone Josiah (v. 24, 26).

1

υἱὸς δώδεκα ἐτῶν Μανασσης ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα καὶ πέντε ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ Οψιβα

Manasseh was a son of twelve years when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty-five years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Hepzibah.

Regnal accession-formula (chapter opening)υἱὸς δώδεκα ἐτῶν
The chapter opens with the stereotyped Deuteronomistic regnal formula: age at accession (υἱὸς … ἐτῶν, a calque of Hebrew בֶּן … שָׁנָה), length of reign, capital, and mother's name. Manasseh's age (twelve) makes him the youngest accession yet recorded, and his fifty-five years the longest reign of any Judahite king — a grim irony given his depravity.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (age-idiom: 'a son of … years')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the construction υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('a son of N years') is a Hebraism rendering בֶּן … שָׁנָה, the standard idiom for stating a person's age at a turning point; it opens nearly every regnal formula in Kings.
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable numeral (modifying ἐτῶν)→ clausal contributionδώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable cardinal; here it gives Manasseh's age at accession — the youngest of all the Judahite kings in the regnal notices.
ἐτῶνof yearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱός: 'a son of … years')→ relational specificationἔτος: 'year'; genitive plural in the age-idiom; renders שָׁנָה in the formula 'a son of twelve years.'
ΜανασσηςManassehNominativesubject (apposition to the age-idiom)→ participant prominenceΜανασσης: transliteration of Hebrew מְנַשֶּׁה; declined in the LXX as a first-declension masculine (gen. Μανασση, v. 17); the longest-reigning and most apostate king of Judah, whose sin the Deuteronomist treats as the decisive cause of the Babylonian exile (cf. 24:3).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: the temporal articular-infinitive construction, a Hebraism rendering בְּ + infinitive construct ('when / while'); standard in the LXX regnal formulae.
τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive βασιλεύειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reign / reigningPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he began to reign')→ ingressive present infinitive (the onset of the reign)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν renders the Hebrew temporal infinitive בְּמָלְכוֹ ('when he became king'); the accusative αὐτόν is the infinitive's subject.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative subject of βασιλεύειν in the articular-infinitive construction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πεντήκονταfiftyindeclinable numeral (with πέντε: 'fifty-five')→ measure or countπεντήκοντα: 'fifty'; indeclinable cardinal; combined with πέντε to give the fifty-five-year reign — the longest in Judah's history.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πέντεfiveindeclinable numeral (with πεντήκοντα)→ measure or countπέντε: 'five'; indeclinable cardinal; πεντήκοντα καὶ πέντε = 'fifty-five.'
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; accusative of duration with ἐβασίλευσεν, stating the length of the reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (summary statement of the reign)→ constative aorist (the reign viewed as a whole)βασιλεύω: 'reign'; the constative aorist summarises the entire fifty-five-year reign as a single completed span.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם; the capital and cultic centre, here the seat of Manasseh's apostasy and the focus of the coming doom-oracle (vv. 12–13).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of verbless clause ('the name … was …')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the verbless naming-formula καὶ ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ ('and the name of his mother was …') is standard in the regnal notices, recording the queen-mother (gebirah).
τῇtheDativearticle (with μητρί, dative of possession)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὶmotherDativedative of possession ('the name belonging to his mother')→ sphere or referenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; the dative of possession in the naming-formula identifies the queen-mother, a figure of political importance in Judah.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying μητρί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying μητρί).
ΟψιβαHepzibahpredicate of the naming-formula (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΟψιβα: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew חֶפְצִי־בָהּ (Hephzibah, 'my delight is in her'); the queen-mother's name; cf. the symbolic reuse of the name at Isa 62:4.
2

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου κατὰ τὰ βδελύγματα τῶν ἐθνῶν ὧν ἐξῆρεν κύριος ἀπὸ προσώπου τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD, according to the abominations of the nations whom the LORD had driven out from before the sons of Israel.

Evaluative formula (the Deuteronomistic verdict on the reign)καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν
The verdict-formula ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ('he did the evil in the eyes of the LORD') is the standard Deuteronomistic evaluation; it is intensified here by the comparison κατὰ τὰ βδελύγματα τῶν ἐθνῶν — Manasseh sinks to the level of the very Canaanite nations YHWH had dispossessed, reversing the conquest in reverse.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (verdict-formula)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν renders the formulaic עָשָׂה הָרַע, the Deuteronomistic verdict on a king's reign; the substantivized τὸ πονηρόν makes 'the evil' a defined moral category.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; the neuter substantive τὸ πονηρόν ('the evil thing') renders הָרַע; the recurring phrase τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου is the leitmotif of the chapter (vv. 2, 6, 9, 15, 16, 20).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of evaluation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of evaluation).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of sphere ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου renders בְּעֵינֵי יהוה ('in the eyes of the LORD'), expressing divine evaluation; what counts as 'evil' is defined by YHWH's perspective, not human opinion.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (possessor of the evaluating eyes)→ relational specificationκύριος: the LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; here in the evaluative idiom marking the divine standard of judgment.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm / standard of comparison)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to / after the manner of'; here it measures Manasseh's evil against the pagan abominations as its model.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βδελύγματαabominationsAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (standard of comparison)→ object specificationβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders תּוֹעֵבָה; the LXX's standard term for idolatrous and cultically defiling practices; the plural sums up the Canaanite religious system that Manasseh now reinstates.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitivegenitive of source/possession (the nations' abominations)→ relational specificationἔθνος: 'nation / gentile people'; renders גּוֹי; here the dispossessed Canaanite peoples whose abominations had justified their expulsion — abominations Manasseh now adopts.
ὧνwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐξῆρεν, attracted to genitive)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive ὧν (object of ἐξῆρεν) shows case-attraction to its antecedent τῶν ἐθνῶν, a common LXX construction.
ἐξῆρενremoved / drove outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωverb of relative clause (the prior conquest)→ constative aorist (the completed dispossession)ἐξαίρω: 'remove / take away / destroy'; renders הוֹרִישׁ / הִשְׁמִיד; recalls YHWH's dispossession of the Canaanites at the conquest — the very judgment Manasseh's idolatry now invites upon Judah.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐξῆρεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the same LORD who dispossessed the nations now stands ready to dispossess his own people for the same sins.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (idiomatic: 'from before')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the idiom ἀπὸ προσώπου renders מִפְּנֵי ('from before / from the presence of'), a Hebraism for displacement before an advancing party.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός (pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; the phrase υἱῶν Ισραηλ ('sons of Israel') renders בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation of the covenant people.
ΙσραηλIsraelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; here in the phrase 'the sons of Israel,' the people before whom the Canaanites were dispossessed.
3

καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν τὰ ὑψηλά ἃ κατέσπασεν Εζεκιας ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνέστησεν θυσιαστήριον τῇ Βααλ καὶ ἐποίησεν ἄλση καθὼς ἐποίησεν Αχααβ βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ καὶ προσεκύνησεν πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἐδούλευσεν αὐτοῖς

And he turned back and rebuilt the high places which Hezekiah his father had pulled down, and he raised up an altar to Baal and made sacred groves, as Ahab king of Israel had done, and he worshipped all the host of heaven and served them.

Specification: the catalogue of Manasseh's cultic sins beginsκαὶ ἐπέστρεψεν καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν
ἐπέστρεψεν ('he turned back') is programmatic: Manasseh reverses Hezekiah's reform (cf. 18:4). The chain of καί-coordinated aorists (rebuilt, raised, made, worshipped, served) catalogues the systematic re-paganisation of Judah, explicitly likened to the apostasy of Ahab of the northern kingdom — the worst of the northern kings.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψενhe turned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (here adverbial: 'again')→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; here used quasi-auxiliary ('he again built'), a Hebraism in which שׁוּב + verb expresses repetition; theologically loaded — Manasseh 'turns back' to the very abominations Hezekiah had abolished.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (with ἐπέστρεψεν: 'rebuilt')→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; renders בָּנָה; with the preceding ἐπέστρεψεν it means 'he rebuilt'; the object is the high places torn down by Hezekiah.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλάhigh placesAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the high places')→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high / lofty'; the neuter plural τὰ ὑψηλά is the LXX's standard rendering of בָּמוֹת ('high places'), the local cult-shrines whose abolition was the touchstone of cultic reform.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of κατέσπασεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἃ agreeing with τὰ ὑψηλά, object of the relative clause's verb κατέσπασεν.
κατέσπασενhad pulled downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατασπάωverb of relative clause (Hezekiah's prior reform)→ constative aorist (the completed demolition)κατασπάω: 'pull down / drag down / demolish'; the compound κατα- ('down') intensifies; renders נָתַץ; describes Hezekiah's tearing-down of the high places (18:4), now undone by his son.
ΕζεκιαςHezekiahNominativesubject of κατέσπασεν→ participant prominenceΕζεκιας: transliteration of Hebrew חִזְקִיָּהוּ; declined as a first-declension masculine; the reforming father whose work Manasseh reverses, set in pointed contrast as ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ.
theNominativearticle (with appositional πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativeapposition to Εζεκιας→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; the appositional ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ heightens the contrast between the pious father and the apostate son.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστησενhe raised upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (erecting the Baal-altar)→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'raise up / set up / erect'; renders הֵקִים; here the transitive aorist 'set up (an altar)'; the same verb that elsewhere raises prophets and kings is here perverted to erect a pagan altar.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ἀνέστησεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar (of sacrifice)'; the LXX's distinctive coinage (from θυσιάζω) reserved chiefly for legitimate or, as here ironically, named-deity altars, rendering מִזְבֵּחַ; an altar for Baal stands as the antithesis of the temple altar.
τῇtoDativearticle (dative of advantage, with Βααλ)→ noun-phrase markingἡ Βααλ: the feminine article τῇ before the indeclinable Βααλ reflects the LXX's frequent feminine construal of Baal (perhaps via αἰσχύνη, 'shame,' or as a buffer-vocalisation); it marks the altar as dedicated 'to Baal.'
ΒααλBaaldative of advantage (indeclinable divine name)→ participant identificationΒααλ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew בַּעַל ('lord / master'), the Canaanite storm-deity; the LXX often attaches the feminine article (τῇ Βααλ), construing the name as feminine — the cult Ahab had imported and Manasseh now revives in Judah.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (making the sacred poles)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; here the fabrication of cult objects (ἄλση), echoing the Ahab-parallel that follows.
ἄλσηsacred groves / polesAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationἄλσος (pl. ἄλση): 'grove / sacred grove'; the LXX's standard rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה (the wooden cult-symbol of the goddess Asherah); rendered 'grove' because the symbol was a stylised tree or wooden pole.
καθὼςas / just ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; introduces the damning comparison with Ahab, the paradigmatic apostate of the northern kingdom.
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: in the comparative clause, summarising Ahab's idolatry as the model for Manasseh's; cf. 3 Kgdms 16:31–33.
ΑχααβAhabsubject of the comparative clause (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אַחְאָב; the worst king of the northern kingdom, husband of Jezebel and patron of the Baal cult; the comparison brands Manasseh a southern Ahab.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeapposition to Αχααβ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; appositional title identifying Ahab as king of (northern) Israel — pointedly, a Judahite king is now imitating a northern apostate.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: here denoting the northern kingdom over which Ahab reigned.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενhe worshippedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (act of astral worship)→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: 'bow down / do obeisance / worship'; renders הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה; here directed to 'all the host of heaven' (astral cult), a capital violation of Deut 4:19; 17:3.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying δυνάμει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; intensifies the scope — not one star but the entire celestial array becomes the object of worship.
τῇtheDativearticle (with δυνάμει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμειhostDativedative object of προσκυνέω ('worshipped the host')→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'power / host / army'; the phrase πᾶσα ἡ δύναμις τοῦ οὐρανοῦ renders כָּל־צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם ('all the host of heaven') — the sun, moon, and stars worshipped as deities, the astral cult of Assyrian-period Judah.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive (the realm of the host: 'of heaven')→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; the 'host of heaven' is the visible celestial array, here illegitimately divinised.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐδούλευσενhe servedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb (cultic service of the astral host)→ constative aoristδουλεύω: 'serve / be enslaved to'; renders עָבַד; the pairing προσεκύνησεν … ἐδούλευσεν ('worshipped … served') is a fixed idolatry-formula (cf. Deut 4:19); the verb of slavery underscores Manasseh's spiritual bondage to the very things he reveres.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐδούλευσεν→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the dative plural refers to the host of heaven as the objects of his cultic service.
4

καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου ὡς εἶπεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ θήσω τὸ ὄνομά μου

And he built an altar in the house of the LORD, of which the LORD had said, 'In Jerusalem I will put my name.'

Escalation: the desecration reaches the temple itselfκαὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον
The catalogue of sins escalates: pagan altars are now built ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου, the one place YHWH chose for his name. The citation ὡς εἶπεν … θήσω τὸ ὄνομά μου recalls the divine election of Jerusalem (cf. 3 Kgdms 8:29; 9:3), sharpening the outrage — the name-bearing sanctuary is defiled by foreign altars.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (building altars in the temple)→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the same verb as v. 3, now with the temple itself as the site — the desecration penetrates the sanctuary.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; a pagan altar built within YHWH's own house — the climactic profanation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place ('in the house of the LORD')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; ὁ οἶκος κυρίου ('the house of the LORD') is the LXX's standard designation of the Jerusalem temple (rendering בֵּית יהוה); the locus of the most egregious desecration.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's house)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the temple belongs to YHWH, which makes the building of a pagan altar there a direct affront.
ὡςof which / asrelative/comparative particle (introducing the divine citation)→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: here functioning to introduce the relative reference to the house 'concerning which' the LORD had spoken; loosely renders אֲשֶׁר.
εἶπενhad saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the citation-clause (prior divine word)→ constative aorist (the past election of the temple)λέγω: 'say'; introduces the divine election-formula recalling YHWH's choice of Jerusalem for his name (cf. 3 Kgdms 8:29; 11:36).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the chosen city where YHWH set his name, now defiled — the contrast intensifies the indictment.
θήσωI will putFut Act Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb of the quoted divine speech→ predictive/declarative future (the election-promise)τίθημι: 'put / place / set'; the formula θήσω τὸ ὄνομά μου ('I will set my name') renders אָשִׂים אֶת־שְׁמִי, the Deuteronomic name-theology of the chosen sanctuary (Deut 12:5, 11).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομάnameAccusativedirect object of θήσω→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; the divine 'name' (שֵׁם) localised in the temple expresses YHWH's covenantal presence; defiling that place is an assault on the name itself.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὄνομα)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ὄνομα).
5

καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐν ταῖς δυσὶν αὐλαῖς οἴκου κυρίου

And he built an altar to all the host of heaven in the two courts of the house of the LORD.

Specification: altars for the astral host within the temple precinctsκαὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν θυσιαστήριον
The desecration is itemised further: altars to the host of heaven now stand ἐν ταῖς δυσὶν αὐλαῖς οἴκου κυρίου, in both courts of the temple. The phrase πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ resumes v. 3, binding the astral cult to the temple complex itself.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ᾠκοδόμησενhe builtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (building astral altars in the courts)→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the third occurrence of the building-verb in vv. 3–5, hammering the relentless construction of illegitimate altars.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; here dedicated to the astral host within the temple courts.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying δυνάμει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; resumes the totalising phrase of v. 3 — the whole celestial host.
τῇtheDativearticle (with δυνάμει)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμειhostDativedative of advantage ('an altar to the host')→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'host / army'; πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ = 'to all the host of heaven'; the dative marks the deities for whom the altar is built.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive (the realm of the host)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the host of heaven again, now enshrined in the temple courts.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ταῖςtheDativearticle (with αὐλαῖς)→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶνtwoDativenumeral (modifying αὐλαῖς)→ sphere or referenceδύο (dat. δυσίν): 'two'; the dative plural form; 'the two courts' are the inner and outer courts of the temple complex — both defiled.
αὐλαῖςcourtsDativedative of place ('in the two courts')→ sphere or referenceαὐλή: 'court / courtyard'; renders חָצֵר; the temple's two courts, the sacred precincts where the altars now stand.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of possession (the courts of the house)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, whose courts are profaned.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's house)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; 'the house of the LORD,' whose very courts now host astral altars.
6

καὶ διῆγεν τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐν πυρὶ καὶ ἐκληδονίζετο καὶ οἰωνίζετο καὶ ἐποίησεν θελητὴν καὶ γνώστας ἐπλήθυνεν τοῦ ποιεῖν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου παροργίσαι αὐτόν

And he passed his sons through fire, and he practised soothsaying and augury, and he made a medium and diviners; he multiplied doing what was evil in the eyes of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.

Climax of the sin-catalogue: child-sacrifice, divination, necromancyκαὶ διῆγεν τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐν πυρί
The catalogue reaches its darkest point: child-sacrifice (διῆγεν … ἐν πυρί), the whole repertoire of forbidden divination (ἐκληδονίζετο, οἰωνίζετο, θελητὴν καὶ γνώστας), and the summarising ἐπλήθυνεν τοῦ ποιεῖν τὸ πονηρόν. The closing infinitive παροργίσαι αὐτόν ('to provoke him') names the theological result: deliberate provocation of YHWH.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διῆγενhe passed / led throughImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διάγωmain verb (child-sacrifice idiom)→ iterative/customary imperfect (a repeated practice)διάγω: 'lead through / pass through'; διῆγεν … ἐν πυρί renders הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ ('made pass through the fire'), the standard idiom for child-sacrifice to Molech (cf. Lev 18:21; Deut 18:10); the imperfect implies repeated practice.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with υἱούς)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect object of διῆγεν→ object specificationυἱός (pl. υἱούς): 'son'; the LXX plural ('his sons') intensifies the horror beyond the Hebrew singular בְּנוֹ ('his son') of the MT — Manasseh sacrifices his own children.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνin / throughpreposition + dative (instrument/medium)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument/medium).
πυρὶfireDativedative of means/medium ('through fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the fire of the Molech-cult; ἐν πυρί completes the child-sacrifice idiom.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκληδονίζετοhe practised soothsayingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κληδονίζομαιmain verb (forbidden divination)→ iterative/customary imperfectκληδονίζομαι: 'practise divination by omens / read omens'; from κληδών ('omen, ominous utterance'); renders עוֹנֵן; one of the proscribed mantic arts of Deut 18:10–11; the middle voice marks self-interested practice.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἰωνίζετοhe practised auguryImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · οἰωνίζομαιmain verb (forbidden divination)→ iterative/customary imperfectοἰωνίζομαι: 'take omens (esp. from the flight of birds) / practise augury'; from οἰωνός ('bird of omen'); renders נִחֵשׁ; paired with κληδονίζομαι to encompass the divinatory arts forbidden in Israel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe made / appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (instituting necromancers)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make / appoint / institute'; here 'instituted / set up' a medium and diviners, i.e. established necromantic offices in Judah.
θελητὴνa mediumAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationθελητής: 'one who consults (the dead) / medium'; a rare term (cf. אוֹב, 'necromancer / ghost-medium'); part of the necromantic apparatus condemned by the Law (Lev 19:31; 20:6).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γνώσταςdiviners / wizardsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν (coordinate with θελητήν)→ object specificationγνώστης: 'knower / soothsayer / wizard'; renders יִדְּעֹנִי ('familiar spirit / wizard'); the θελητὴν καὶ γνώστας pair ('medium and wizards') matches the Hebrew אוֹב וְיִדְּעֹנִים, the necromantic duo proscribed in the Law.
ἐπλήθυνενhe multipliedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πληθύνωmain verb (summary intensifier: 'he did much evil')→ constative aoristπληθύνω: 'multiply / increase'; renders הִרְבָּה; ἐπλήθυνεν τοῦ ποιεῖν is a Hebraism (verb + infinitive) meaning 'he did much / abundantly'; here it sums up the abundance of evil.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with epexegetic infinitive ποιεῖν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωepexegetic articular infinitive (with ἐπλήθυνεν: 'multiplied doing')→ present infinitive (ongoing practice)ποιέω: 'do'; the articular infinitive τοῦ ποιεῖν renders the Hebrew infinitive construct לַעֲשׂוֹת, completing the 'multiplied to do evil' idiom.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of ποιεῖν)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; the recurring τὸ πονηρόν, here as the object of the multiplied doing.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of evaluation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of evaluation).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of sphere ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the evaluative idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου, recurring leitmotif of the verdict.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (the LORD's evaluating eyes)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the divine standard against which Manasseh's acts are weighed.
παροργίσαιto provoke to angerAor Act Inf · παροργίζωinfinitive of result/purpose ('so as to provoke him')→ aorist infinitive (the result and intent of the evil)παροργίζω: 'provoke to anger / enrage'; renders הִכְעִיס; the infinitive παροργίσαι αὐτόν names the theological upshot: Manasseh's evil deliberately provokes YHWH's wrath — a recurring Deuteronomistic motif (cf. Deut 4:25; 3 Kgdms 14:9).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of παροργίσαι (the LORD)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the accusative object refers to YHWH — the one provoked to anger.
7

καὶ ἔθηκεν τὸ γλυπτὸν τοῦ ἄλσους ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ ᾧ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Δαυιδ καὶ πρὸς Σαλωμων τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ καὶ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ᾗ ἐξελεξάμην ἐκ πασῶν φυλῶν Ισραηλ καὶ θήσω τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐκεῖ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα

And he set the carved image of the grove in the house, of which the LORD had said to David and to Solomon his son, 'In this house and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, I will put my name forever.'

Supreme outrage: the carved Asherah set in the temple of the nameκαὶ ἔθηκεν τὸ γλυπτὸν τοῦ ἄλσους
The single worst act: Manasseh sets the carved Asherah-image (τὸ γλυπτὸν τοῦ ἄλσους) inside the very house elected for YHWH's eternal name. The long divine-election citation (David, Solomon, 'chosen out of all the tribes,' θήσω τὸ ὄνομά μου … εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα) maximises the contrast between the perpetual sanctity of the place and its idolatrous defilement.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενhe set / placedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (placing the idol in the temple)→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'put / place / set'; the same verb used for YHWH's setting of his name (θήσω, v. 4, and below) — a bitter irony: Manasseh 'sets' an idol where YHWH 'sets' his name.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with γλυπτόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γλυπτὸνcarved imageAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκεν→ object specificationγλυπτός: 'carved / graven (image)'; the neuter substantive τὸ γλυπτόν renders פֶּסֶל ('graven image'); 'the carved image of the grove' is the Asherah-idol — a direct violation of the second commandment installed in the sanctuary.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with ἄλσους)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσουςof the groveGenitivegenitive of relationship (the image belonging to the Asherah)→ relational specificationἄλσος: 'grove'; the LXX rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה; τὸ γλυπτὸν τοῦ ἄλσους = 'the carved image of the Asherah,' the cult-statue of the goddess.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
τῷtheDativearticle (with οἴκῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place ('in the house')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, where the idol is set — the antithesis of the name-bearing sanctuary described in the citation.
of whichDativerelative pronoun (referring to the house; dative governed by the citation)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾧ refers to the temple, 'concerning which' the LORD spoke to David and Solomon.
εἶπενhad saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the citation-clause (prior divine word)→ constative aorist (the past election-word)λέγω: 'say'; introduces the election-promise to David and Solomon (cf. 3 Kgdms 9:3), recalling the perpetual choice of the temple now defiled.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of εἶπεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the speaker of the election-promise.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient of speech).
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד; recipient of the dynastic and temple promises; his name anchors the legitimacy of the sanctuary Manasseh defiles.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (recipient of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (recipient of speech).
ΣαλωμωνSolomonaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable here)→ participant identificationΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה; here undeclined as object of πρός; the temple-builder, to whom YHWH confirmed the election of the house (3 Kgdms 9:3).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with appositional υἱόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeapposition to Σαλωμων→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ identifies Solomon as David's son and dynastic heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (David's son)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (David's son).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place, within the citation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place, within the citation).
τῷtheDativearticle (with οἴκῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place ('in this house')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; the temple as the chosen dwelling for the name, demonstratively specified by τούτῳ.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative pronoun (modifying οἴκῳ)→ participant reference or interestοὗτος: 'this'; the deictic 'this house' points to the temple itself as the elected site.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the chosen city, paired with 'this house' as the locus of the name.
whichDativerelative pronoun (referring to Jerusalem, object of ἐξελεξάμην)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾗ (by attraction) refers to Jerusalem as the object of the divine choosing.
ἐξελεξάμηνI have chosenAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of the citation's relative clause (divine election)→ constative aorist (the act of election)ἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / select'; renders בָּחַר; the election-verb of Deuteronomic name-theology; YHWH's choice of Jerusalem 'out of all the tribes' grounds the city's sanctity.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source of selection)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source of selection).
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying φυλῶν)→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'out of all the tribes' stresses Jerusalem's unique, exclusive election.
φυλῶνtribesGenitivegenitive of source/partitive ('out of all the tribes')→ relational specificationφυλή: 'tribe'; renders שֵׁבֶט; the twelve tribes of Israel, from which Jerusalem alone was chosen as the name's dwelling.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'the tribes of Israel,' the covenant people from whose territory Jerusalem was elected.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
θήσωI will putFut Act Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιmain verb of the quoted divine promise→ declarative future (the perpetual name-promise)τίθημι: 'put / set'; the name-placement formula θήσω τὸ ὄνομά μου, here extended εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ('forever') — the perpetuity of the promise sharpens the scandal of the idol set in the same place.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὄνομα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομάnameAccusativedirect object of θήσω→ object specificationὄνομα: 'name'; YHWH's name set in the temple forever — the very sanctity Manasseh profanes with the carved Asherah.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὄνομα)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ὄνομα).
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive: 'there')→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; resumptive adverb pointing back to 'this house and Jerusalem'; a Hebraism (שָׁם) reinforcing the locative reference.
εἰςfor / untopreposition + accusative (extent of time)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent of time).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with αἰῶνα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αἰῶναage / foreverAccusativeaccusative in temporal idiom ('forever')→ object specificationαἰών: 'age / eternity'; the idiom εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα renders לְעוֹלָם ('forever'); the perpetuity of the name-promise is set against the temporary but grievous defilement by the idol.
8

καὶ οὐ προσθήσω τοῦ σαλεῦσαι τὸν πόδα Ισραηλ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἧς ἔδωκα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν οἵτινες φυλάξουσιν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετειλάμην κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ἐντολήν ἣν ἐνετείλατο αὐτοῖς ὁ δοῦλός μου Μωυσῆς

'And I will not again move the foot of Israel from the land which I gave to their fathers — provided they keep all that I commanded, according to all the commandment that my servant Moses commanded them.'

Continuation of the divine citation: the conditional land-promiseκαὶ οὐ προσθήσω τοῦ σαλεῦσαι
The election-citation continues with the conditional security of the land: YHWH will not 'move the foot of Israel' from the land — but the promise is conditioned on obedience (οἵτινες φυλάξουσιν … κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ἐντολήν). The Mosaic condition is what Manasseh and Judah violate, voiding the promise and triggering the doom of vv. 12–15.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the citation)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐnotnegative particle (with προσθήσω)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: 'not'; negates the future verb — the promise of non-removal, here in its conditional form.
προσθήσωI will again / I will addFut Act Indic 1 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (auxiliary idiom: 'I will not again')→ predictive future (the conditional promise)προστίθημι: 'add / do again'; the construction οὐ προσθήσω + infinitive is a Hebraism (לֹא אוֹסִיף + inf.) meaning 'I will not again / no longer'; 'I will not again move Israel's foot from the land.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive σαλεῦσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σαλεῦσαιto move / shakeAor Act Inf · σαλεύωcomplementary articular infinitive (with προσθήσω)→ aorist infinitiveσαλεύω: 'shake / move / dislodge'; renders הֵנִיד; 'to move the foot of Israel from the land' is an idiom for displacement/exile; the conditional non-fulfilment is the very judgment now impending.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with πόδα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόδαfootAccusativedirect object of σαλεῦσαι→ object specificationπούς: 'foot'; 'the foot of Israel' is a synecdoche for the people's settled possession of the land; to 'move the foot' is to uproot them from it.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'the foot of Israel,' the covenant people whose land-tenure is here promised conditionally.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό (the promised land)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; the promised land given to the fathers, from which Israel will not be removed — if they obey.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἔδωκα, attracted to genitive)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; genitive ἧς by attraction to τῆς γῆς, object of ἔδωκα.
ἔδωκαI gaveAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιverb of relative clause (the land-gift to the fathers)→ constative aorist (the patriarchal grant)δίδωμι: 'give'; renders נָתַן; the land as YHWH's covenantal gift to the patriarchs — the ground of Israel's tenure and the stake in the conditional promise.
τοῖςto theDativearticle (with πατράσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατράσινfathersDativeindirect object of ἔδωκα ('to their fathers')→ sphere or referenceπατήρ (dat. pl. πατράσιν): 'father / ancestor'; the patriarchs to whom the land was promised and given.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατράσιν)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατράσιν).
οἵτινεςwho / provided theyNominativerelative pronoun (introducing the conditional clause)→ participant referenceὅστις: indefinite relative pronoun; here introducing the condition ('if/provided that they keep') — the obedience-stipulation on which the land-promise hangs.
φυλάξουσινthey will keepFut Act Indic 3 Pl · φυλάσσωverb of the conditional relative clause→ predictive future (the condition of obedience)φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep / observe'; renders שָׁמַר; 'keep all that I commanded' is the covenant-obedience condition; its violation by Manasseh's generation is the hinge of the judgment.
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object of φυλάξουσιν→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the commanded — nothing may be neglected.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐνετειλάμην)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much/many as / whatever'; the relative quantifier embracing all the divine commands.
ἐνετειλάμηνI commandedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (divine commanding)→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; renders צִוָּה; the divine commandment mediated through Moses, the standard of the obedience-condition.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (norm/standard)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + accusative: 'according to'; measures the required obedience against the whole Mosaic commandment.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἐντολήν)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; 'all the commandment' — the entire Mosaic law as the measure of fidelity.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with ἐντολήν)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολήνcommandmentAccusativeaccusative object of κατά (standard of obedience)→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה / תּוֹרָה; the Mosaic law as the comprehensive norm; the singular 'commandment' here functions collectively for the whole Torah.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐνετείλατο)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; accusative ἣν agreeing with ἐντολήν, object of the relative clause's verb.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιverb of relative clause (Moses' mediation of the command)→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command'; here with Moses as the human agent who delivered the divine commandment to Israel.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object of ἐνετείλατο→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: dative plural — the people to whom Moses delivered the commandment.
theNominativearticle (with δοῦλος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατο (in apposition with Μωυσῆς)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; ὁ δοῦλός μου ('my servant') is the honorific title of Moses (rendering עַבְדִּי), marking him as YHWH's authorised mediator of the law.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δοῦλος)→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying δοῦλος).
ΜωυσῆςMosesNominativesubject in apposition to ὁ δοῦλός μου→ participant prominenceΜωυσῆς: transliteration of Hebrew מֹשֶׁה; declined as a noun in Rahlfs' LXX; named here as 'my servant,' the lawgiver whose commandment Judah has abandoned.
9

καὶ οὐκ ἤκουσαν καὶ ἐπλάνησεν αὐτοὺς Μανασσης τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ὑπὲρ τὰ ἔθνη ἃ ἠφάνισεν κύριος ἐκ προσώπου υἱῶν Ισραηλ

But they did not listen; and Manasseh led them astray to do what was evil in the eyes of the LORD, beyond the nations which the LORD destroyed from before the sons of Israel.

Indictment of the people: led astray beyond the nationsκαὶ οὐκ ἤκουσαν
The narrator turns from the king to the people: they 'did not listen' to the law, and Manasseh actively 'led them astray' (ἐπλάνησεν). The comparison ὑπὲρ τὰ ἔθνη ('beyond the nations') is the crushing verdict — Judah now out-sins the Canaanites whom YHWH had destroyed, inverting the conquest entirely.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶand / butnarrative conjunction (adversative force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἤκουσαν)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): 'not'; negates the people's hearing — the failure to obey the law's condition of v. 8.
ἤκουσανthey listenedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (the people's disobedience)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear / listen / obey'; renders שָׁמַע, which (like the Greek) carries the sense 'obey'; οὐκ ἤκουσαν = 'they did not obey,' directly violating the φυλάξουσιν condition of v. 8.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπλάνησενled astrayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πλανάωmain verb (Manasseh's seduction of the people)→ constative aoristπλανάω: 'lead astray / deceive / cause to wander'; renders הִתְעָה / הִדִּיחַ; Manasseh is the active agent of the nation's apostasy — he does not merely sin himself but seduces Judah into sin.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐπλάνησεν (the people)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the people of Judah, the object of Manasseh's seduction.
ΜανασσηςManassehNominativesubject of ἐπλάνησεν→ participant prominenceΜανασσης: the king as the deliberate corrupter of his people, the cause of their downfall.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive ποιῆσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive of result/purpose ('so as to do evil')→ aorist infinitiveποιέω: 'do'; the articular infinitive τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ πονηρόν names the end to which Manasseh led the people — the doing of evil.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of ποιῆσαι)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; the recurring τὸ πονηρόν, leitmotif of the chapter's verdict.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of evaluation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of evaluation).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of sphere ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the evaluative idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (the LORD's evaluating eyes)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the divine standard of the verdict.
ὑπὲρbeyond / more thanpreposition + accusative (comparison: 'beyond')→ spatial or relational framingὑπέρ + accusative: 'beyond / more than / exceeding'; here comparative — Judah's evil surpasses that of the dispossessed nations; the crushing climax of the indictment.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with ἔθνη)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔθνηnationsAccusativeaccusative object of ὑπέρ (standard of comparison)→ object specificationἔθνος: 'nation'; the Canaanite peoples whose wickedness merited destruction; Judah's surpassing of them is the ultimate condemnation.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἠφάνισεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; neuter plural ἃ agreeing with τὰ ἔθνη, object of the relative clause.
ἠφάνισενdestroyed / wiped outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφανίζωverb of relative clause (the destruction of the nations)→ constative aorist (the completed destruction)ἀφανίζω: 'cause to vanish / destroy / blot out'; renders הִשְׁמִיד / הוֹרִישׁ; the same fate (annihilation before Israel) now looms over Judah for exceeding the nations' guilt.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἠφάνισεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the agent of the conquest-destruction, now poised to act against his own people.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
προσώπουface / presenceGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ (idiomatic: 'from before')→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; the idiom ἐκ προσώπου ('from before') renders מִפְּנֵי, as in v. 2.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relationship ('sons of Israel')→ relational specificationυἱός (pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; υἱῶν Ισραηλ ('sons of Israel'), the people before whom the nations were destroyed.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; here in the phrase 'the sons of Israel.'
10

καὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐν χειρὶ δούλων αὐτοῦ τῶν προφητῶν λέγων

And the LORD spoke by the hand of his servants the prophets, saying:

Speech-introduction: the prophetic doom-oracle beginsκαὶ ἐλάλησεν κύριος
The narrative pivots from indictment to oracle. The formula ἐλάλησεν κύριος ἐν χειρὶ δούλων αὐτοῦ τῶν προφητῶν ('the LORD spoke by the hand of his servants the prophets') introduces the divine sentence; the participle λέγων is the standard Hebraism (לֵאמֹר) opening direct speech.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; introduces the prophetic doom-oracle; YHWH speaks mediately, 'by the hand of' his prophets.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the divine speaker whose word the prophets convey.
ἐνby / throughpreposition + dative (instrument/agency)→ spatial or relational framingἐν χειρί: the idiom ἐν χειρί ('by the hand of') renders בְּיַד, a Hebraism marking the prophets as YHWH's instruments of speech.
χειρὶhandDativedative of means (instrumental idiom: 'by the hand of')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; in the idiom ἐν χειρί it denotes mediated agency — the prophets as the channel of the divine word.
δούλωνservantsGenitivegenitive (the agents: 'his servants')→ relational specificationδοῦλος: 'servant / slave'; the prophets as 'his servants' (rendering עֲבָדָיו), a standard designation of the prophetic office (cf. 2 Kgdms 17:13; Amos 3:7).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying δούλων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying δούλων).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with appositional προφητῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivegenitive in apposition to δούλων→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא; the appositional 'his servants the prophets' identifies the channel of the doom-oracle as the prophetic line.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech-introduction (Hebraism)→ present participle (introducing direct discourse)λέγω (ptcp. λέγων): 'saying'; the redundant participle λέγων renders לֵאמֹר, the standard Hebraism marking the transition to direct speech.
11

ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ὅσα ἐποίησεν Μανασσης ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιουδα τὰ βδελύγματα ταῦτα τὰ πονηρὰ ἀπὸ πάντων ὧν ἐποίησεν ὁ Αμορραῖος ὁ ἔμπροσθεν καὶ ἐξήμαρτεν καί γε Ιουδα ἐν τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν

Because Manasseh the king of Judah has done these wicked abominations, beyond all that the Amorite who was before him did, and he has made Judah also to sin with their idols —

Causal ground of the oracle: the indictment ('because …')ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ὅσα ἐποίησεν Μανασσης
The oracle opens with the causal-ground formula ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('because / in return for which'), recapitulating the charges: Manasseh's abominations exceed even the Amorite's, and he has 'made Judah also to sin' (ἐξήμαρτεν … Ιουδα) with idols. The clause is the protasis of the sentence whose apodosis follows in v. 12 (οὐχ οὕτως … ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ φέρω κακά).
Word-by-word analysis· 30 words
ἀνθ᾿because of / in return forpreposition + genitive (causal idiom, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀνθ᾿ before rough breathing): 'instead of / in return for'; the idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('because / in return for the fact that') renders יַעַן אֲשֶׁר, the causal-ground formula introducing the reason for judgment.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (in the causal idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive plural ὧν governed by ἀντί in the causal formula.
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun (internal object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / all that'; the quantifying relative summing up Manasseh's deeds.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of the causal clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; recalls the deeds catalogued in vv. 3–7 as the ground of the doom.
ΜανασσηςManassehNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν→ participant prominenceΜανασσης: named with his royal title as the chief culprit whose sin grounds the judgment.
theNominativearticle (with appositional βασιλεύς)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeapposition to Μανασσης→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιουδα ('the king of Judah') gives Manasseh's official title — his royal responsibility aggravates the guilt.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה; the southern kingdom over which Manasseh reigned.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with βδελύγματα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βδελύγματαabominationsAccusativeappositional object (summing up the deeds)→ object specificationβδέλυγμα: 'abomination'; recapitulates the idolatrous acts of vv. 3–7 as 'these wicked abominations' — the same term used for the nations' sins in v. 2.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (modifying βδελύγματα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; the deictic points back to the catalogue of sins just narrated.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with πονηρά, attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὰwickedAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying βδελύγματα: 'these wicked abominations')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; the attributive τὰ πονηρά intensifies the abominations — they are not merely cultic errors but morally wicked acts.
ἀπὸbeyond / abovepreposition + genitive (comparison: 'more than')→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: here in a comparative sense ('beyond / more than'), a Hebraism (מִן of comparison) — Manasseh's abominations surpass all the Amorite's.
πάντωνallGenitivesubstantival adjective (object of ἀπό: 'all that')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'beyond all that the Amorite did' — the comparison sets Manasseh above even the paradigmatic pagan.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν, attracted to genitive)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; genitive ὧν by attraction to πάντων.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (the Amorite's deeds)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the deeds of the pre-Israelite Amorites, the benchmark of paganism Manasseh has now exceeded.
theNominativearticle (with Αμορραῖος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΑμορραῖοςAmoriteNominativesubject of the relative clause (the Amorite, collective)→ participant prominenceΑμορραῖος: 'Amorite'; gentilic adjective used substantively (rendering הָאֱמֹרִי); the collective singular 'the Amorite' represents the pre-conquest Canaanite peoples whose wickedness was proverbial (cf. Gen 15:16).
theNominativearticle (substantivizing the adverb ἔμπροσθεν)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔμπροσθενbefore / formeradverb substantivized by ὁ ('the one before')→ clausal contributionἔμπροσθεν: 'before / in front / formerly'; here as a substantivized adverb (ὁ ἔμπροσθεν, 'the one who was before'), designating the Amorite as the prior inhabitant whom Manasseh now out-sins.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήμαρτενhe caused to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωmain verb (causative: 'made Judah sin')→ constative aoristἐξαμαρτάνω: 'sin / lead into sin'; here causative/transitive ('cause to sin'), rendering הֶחֱטִיא; the verb regularly stigmatises kings who lead their people into idolatry (the recurring charge against Jeroboam); Manasseh now bears it for Judah.
καίalso / indeedadverbial particle (with γε: emphatic 'also even')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adverbial ('also / even'), forming with γε the emphatic καί γε ('and indeed / also even'), rendering וְגַם.
γεindeedemphatic enclitic particle (with καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: emphatic enclitic; καί γε (= Hebrew וְגַם) intensifies: 'and Judah too / even Judah' he led into sin.
ΙουδαJudahobject of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; here the object of the causative verb — the whole kingdom led into sin by its king.
ἐνwith / bypreposition + dative (instrument/means)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument/means).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with εἰδώλοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰδώλοιςidolsDativedative of means ('with their idols')→ sphere or referenceεἴδωλον: 'idol / image'; renders גִּלּוּלִים / אֱלִילִים; the LXX's standard pejorative for false gods; the idols are the instrument by which Manasseh corrupted Judah.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying εἰδώλοις)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'their' — the idols belonging to Manasseh and the people he seduced.
12

οὐχ οὕτως τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ φέρω κακὰ ἐπὶ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἐπὶ Ιουδα ὥστε παντὸς ἀκούοντος ἠχήσει ἀμφότερα τὰ ὦτα αὐτοῦ

— it is not so. Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel: Behold, I am bringing evils upon Jerusalem and upon Judah, so that of everyone who hears, both his ears will ring.

Apodosis of the oracle: the announcement of disasterτάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ
The messenger-formula τάδε λέγει κύριος introduces the sentence proper. ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ φέρω κακά ('behold, I am bringing evils') is the announcement of judgment; the result-clause ὥστε … ἠχήσει ἀμφότερα τὰ ὦτα ('so that both ears will ring') is a vivid idiom of stunned horror (cf. 1 Kgdms 3:11; Jer 19:3).
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
οὐχnotnegative particle (with οὕτως)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐχ before rough breathing): 'not'; οὐχ οὕτως ('not so') is a difficult phrase, perhaps closing the indictment or marking the turn to the verdict; some take it as rejecting any excuse — 'it shall not be so / it cannot stand.'
οὕτωςso / thusadverb of manner→ adverbial qualificationοὕτως: 'thus / so'; with οὐχ it forms 'not so'; the phrase pivots from the catalogue of sin to the divine sentence.
τάδεthus / these thingsAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (object of λέγει: content of the oracle)→ participant referenceὅδε: 'this / these'; τάδε λέγει κύριος renders כֹּה אָמַר יהוה, the prophetic messenger-formula; τάδε (acc. pl. n.) anticipates the oracle that follows.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of messenger-formula (vivid present)→ present of the prophetic-citation formula (ongoing divine authority)λέγω: 'say'; the present λέγει in the messenger-formula presents the divine word as currently authoritative — 'thus says the LORD.'
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject of λέγει (divine speaker)→ participant prominenceκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the speaker of the doom-oracle, here titled 'the God of Israel.'
theNominativearticle (with appositional θεός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεὸςGodNominativeapposition to κύριος→ participant prominenceθεός: 'God'; ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ ('the God of Israel') stresses the covenant relationship — it is Israel's own God who now brings disaster on his people.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'the God of Israel,' the covenant title that makes the coming judgment a covenantal act.
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look'; renders הִנֵּה; the attention-marker introducing the imminent announcement; with ἐγώ + present participle/verb it signals an action about to begin.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun (YHWH as agent)→ participant referenceἐγώ: the emphatic pronoun stresses YHWH's personal agency — he himself brings the disaster, not merely permits it.
φέρωI am bringingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · φέρωmain verb (futuristic present: imminent judgment)→ futuristic present (the disaster as already underway)φέρω: 'bring / bear'; with ἰδοὺ ἐγώ it renders the Hebrew הִנְנִי מֵבִיא ('behold, I am bringing'); the present tense conveys the imminence and certainty of the threatened evils.
κακὰevils / disastersAccusativedirect object of φέρω→ object specificationκακός (n. pl. κακά): 'evil / harm / disaster'; here the disasters YHWH brings as judgment (רָעָה), the divine counterpart to the moral 'evil' (πονηρόν) Manasseh did.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (hostile direction).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the chosen city, now the target of the disaster — the same place YHWH had chosen for his name (v. 7).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (parallel target)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (parallel target).
ΙουδαJudahaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the kingdom that shares Jerusalem's doom; city and nation are jointly condemned.
ὥστεso thatresult conjunction (introducing consecutive clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastὥστε: 'so that / with the result that'; introduces the consecutive clause describing the universal shock the disaster will produce.
παντὸςof everyoneGenitivegenitive (with ἀκούοντος: 'of everyone who hears')→ relational specificationπᾶς: 'every / all'; the genitive παντὸς ἀκούοντος ('of everyone who hears') — the report of the disaster will stun all who hear it.
ἀκούοντοςwho hearsPres Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival participle (genitive with παντός)→ present participle (the act of hearing the report)ἀκούω (ptcp.): 'hear'; the substantival participle 'everyone hearing' — anyone who hears the news of Jerusalem's fall will be stunned.
ἠχήσειwill ring / resoundFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἠχέωmain verb of the result clause→ predictive future (the effect of the news)ἠχέω: 'sound / ring / resound'; renders צָלַל; the idiom 'both ears will ring/tingle' (cf. 1 Kgdms 3:11; Jer 19:3) expresses overwhelming, paralysing dread at appalling news.
ἀμφότεραbothNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ὦτα)→ participant prominenceἀμφότεροι: 'both'; ἀμφότερα τὰ ὦτα ('both ears') intensifies the idiom — total, dual-eared ringing, an image of complete sensory shock.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with ὦτα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὦταearsNominativesubject of ἠχήσει (neuter plural with singular verb)→ participant prominenceοὖς (pl. ὦτα): 'ear'; the neuter-plural subject takes the singular verb ἠχήσει (standard Greek concord); 'both ears will ring' — the somatic sign of horror.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ὦτα)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' — referring back to παντὸς ἀκούοντος, every individual hearer.
13

καὶ ἐκτενῶ ἐπὶ Ιερουσαλημ τὸ μέτρον Σαμαρείας καὶ τὸ στάθμιον οἴκου Αχααβ καὶ ἀπαλείψω τὴν Ιερουσαλημ καθὼς ἀπαλείφεται ὁ ἀλάβαστρος ἀπαλειφόμενος καὶ καταστρέφεται ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ

And I will stretch over Jerusalem the measuring-line of Samaria and the plummet of the house of Ahab, and I will wipe Jerusalem as the alabaster dish is wiped, wiped clean and turned upside down.

Oracle of judgment: the measuring-line and the wiping of the dishκαὶ ἐκτενῶ ἐπὶ Ιερουσαλημ
Two architectural images of judgment: YHWH stretches over Jerusalem 'the measuring-line of Samaria and the plummet of Ahab's house' — instruments used for demolition rather than construction; both invoke the already-fallen north as Jerusalem's fate. The second image — wiping Jerusalem as one wipes an alabaster dish and turns it over — depicts total erasure and reversal.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing the oracle)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκτενῶI will stretch outFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb (extending the measuring-line)→ predictive future (the act of judgment)ἐκτείνω: 'stretch out / extend'; renders נָטָה; 'stretch the measuring-line over' is an idiom of judgment — the line and plummet, normally builders' tools, are here applied to mark out destruction (cf. Isa 34:11; Amos 7:7–8).
ἐπὶover / uponpreposition + accusative (direction of judgment)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of judgment).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemaccusative object of ἐπί (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the city over which the measuring-line of doom is stretched.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with μέτρον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μέτρονmeasure / measuring-lineAccusativedirect object of ἐκτενῶ→ object specificationμέτρον: 'measure / measuring-line'; renders קָו ('line'); the surveyor's line, here the 'line of Samaria' — the same measure of judgment that fell on the northern capital is now applied to Jerusalem.
Σαμαρείαςof SamariaGenitivegenitive of definition (the measuring-line that destroyed Samaria)→ relational specificationΣαμάρεια: 'Samaria'; declined as a first-declension noun; the capital of the northern kingdom, destroyed by Assyria (ch. 17); 'the line of Samaria' threatens Jerusalem with the north's fate.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with στάθμιον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στάθμιονplummet / weightAccusativedirect object of ἐκτενῶ (parallel to μέτρον)→ object specificationστάθμιον: 'weight / plummet / plumb-line'; renders מִשְׁקֹלֶת ('plummet'); the plumb-line of the 'house of Ahab,' the dynasty annihilated by Jehu (4 Kgdms 9–10); both instruments measure Jerusalem for the same demolition.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of definition (the plummet of Ahab's house)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; here 'the house of Ahab,' the royal line exterminated for its idolatry — its 'plummet' now measures Jerusalem.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable; the doomed northern dynasty whose fate Jerusalem will share, fitting since Manasseh imitated Ahab (v. 3).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπαλείψωI will wipe outFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀπαλείφωmain verb (the wiping of Jerusalem)→ predictive future (total erasure)ἀπαλείφω: 'wipe off / wipe out / obliterate'; renders מָחָה; the dish-wiping image (vivid and domestic) depicts Jerusalem scoured clean of inhabitants and turned over — total erasure, the leitword repeated three times in this verse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιερουσαλημ, here treated as declinable feminine)→ noun-phrase markingἡ Ιερουσαλημ: the feminine article τήν marks Jerusalem (otherwise indeclinable) as feminine and as the direct object of ἀπαλείψω.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdirect object of ἀπαλείψω (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the object of the wiping — the city to be erased like a cleaned dish.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction (introducing the simile)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; introduces the domestic simile of the wiped dish, concretising the abstract 'wipe out.'
ἀπαλείφεταιis wipedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαλείφωverb of the comparative clause (the dish being wiped)→ gnomic/customary present (how one wipes a dish)ἀπαλείφω (pass.): the gnomic present describes the ordinary act of wiping a dish clean — the homely image makes Jerusalem's obliteration vivid and inevitable.
theNominativearticle (with ἀλάβαστρος)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀλάβαστροςalabaster dish / flaskNominativesubject of ἀπαλείφεται→ participant prominenceἀλάβαστρος: 'alabaster vessel / dish / flask'; the LXX renders the Hebrew צַלַּחַת ('dish') with this term for a smooth stone vessel; the image is of a bowl wiped clean and inverted — nothing left, and what remains is overturned.
ἀπαλειφόμενοςbeing wipedPres Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀπαλείφωparticiple (attendant circumstance, modifying ἀλάβαστρος)→ present participle (the ongoing act of wiping)ἀπαλείφω (ptcp.): the participle reinforces the wiping image — the dish 'being wiped clean'; the threefold repetition of the root (ἀπαλείψω / ἀπαλείφεται / ἀπαλειφόμενος) hammers the totality of the erasure.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καταστρέφεταιis turned overPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταστρέφωverb of the comparative clause (the dish overturned)→ gnomic/customary presentκαταστρέφω: 'turn upside down / overturn'; renders הָפַךְ; after being wiped, the dish is turned face-down — an image of complete reversal and abandonment; the same verb describes the overthrow of Sodom (Gen 19:25).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (position after overturning)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position after overturning).
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί ('upon its face')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / surface'; 'turned over upon its face' = laid face-down; completes the image of total emptying and inversion.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the dish's face)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'its' — the dish's own face, turned downward.
14

καὶ ἀπώσομαι τὸ ὑπόλειμμα τῆς κληρονομίας μου καὶ παραδώσω αὐτοὺς εἰς χεῖρας ἐχθρῶν αὐτῶν καὶ ἔσονται εἰς διαρπαγὴν καὶ εἰς προνομὴν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐχθροῖς αὐτῶν

And I will cast off the remnant of my inheritance, and I will deliver them into the hands of their enemies, and they will become a plunder and a spoil to all their enemies.

Oracle of judgment: abandonment of the remnant to plunderκαὶ ἀπώσομαι τὸ ὑπόλειμμα
The judgment moves from the city to the people: YHWH will 'cast off the remnant of my inheritance' and hand them over to their enemies as plunder and spoil. The covenantal terms (κληρονομία, 'inheritance') heighten the pathos — YHWH abandons his own possession; the doublet διαρπαγὴν … προνομήν ('plunder … spoil') stresses utter helplessness before enemies.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώσομαιI will cast offFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀπωθέωmain verb (rejection of the remnant)→ predictive future (the act of abandonment)ἀπωθέω (mid. ἀπώσομαι): 'push away / reject / cast off'; renders נָטַשׁ / מָאַס; the middle 'I will thrust from myself' expresses YHWH's deliberate rejection of his own people — the covenantal abandonment that makes the disaster theological, not merely military.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὑπόλειμμα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπόλειμμαremnantAccusativedirect object of ἀπώσομαι→ object specificationὑπόλειμμα: 'remnant / remainder'; renders שְׁאֵרִית; the 'remnant of my inheritance' is what survives of the covenant people — even this surviving portion is now cast off, an especially severe sentence.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with κληρονομίας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κληρονομίαςinheritanceGenitivegenitive of relationship (the remnant of the inheritance)→ relational specificationκληρονομία: 'inheritance / heritage'; renders נַחֲלָה; Israel as YHWH's 'inheritance' (cf. Deut 32:9) is a tender covenantal term — its abandonment underscores the gravity of the rupture.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying κληρονομίας)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): 'my'; YHWH's possessive — the abandoned remnant is his own inheritance, making the rejection self-wounding.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παραδώσωI will deliver / hand overFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (delivering them to enemies)→ predictive futureπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over / deliver up'; renders נָתַן בְּיַד; the surrender of the people 'into the hands of their enemies' is the standard formula of military defeat as divine judgment.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of παραδώσω (the people)→ participant referenceαὐτός: the people, handed over to their foes.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction: 'into the hands')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction: 'into the hands').
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiom: 'into the hands of')→ object specificationχείρ (pl. χεῖρας): 'hand'; 'into the hands of their enemies' (בְּיַד אֹיְבֵיהֶם) is the idiom for falling under hostile power.
ἐχθρῶνenemiesGenitivegenitive of possession (the enemies' hands)→ relational specificationἐχθρός: 'enemy / hostile'; renders אֹיֵב; the foreign foes into whose power Judah is delivered.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἐχθρῶν)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ἐχθρῶν).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔσονταιthey will becomeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (predicate: 'they will be for plunder')→ predictive futureεἰμί (fut. ἔσονται): 'be / become'; with εἰς + accusative it forms the Hebraism הָיָה לְ ('become / serve as'); 'they will become a plunder and a spoil.'
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (predicate idiom: 'become as')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: in the ἔσονται εἰς idiom, 'become / serve as' — a Hebraism for predication.
διαρπαγὴνplunderAccusativeaccusative in predicate idiom ('become a plunder')→ object specificationδιαρπαγή: 'plundering / pillage / spoil'; renders בַּז / מְשִׁסָּה; the people themselves become the object of pillage — total dispossession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςfor / aspreposition + accusative (predicate idiom, parallel)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'for'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (predicate idiom, parallel).
προνομὴνspoil / preyAccusativeaccusative in predicate idiom (parallel to διαρπαγήν)→ object specificationπρονομή: 'foraging / plunder / spoil'; renders מְשִׁסָּה / בַּז; the doublet διαρπαγὴν … προνομήν ('plunder … spoil') is an emphatic pairing stressing the completeness of the despoiling.
πᾶσινto allDativeattributive adjective (modifying ἐχθροῖς)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'to all their enemies' — no foe is excluded from the spoil; the helplessness is universal.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἐχθροῖς)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐχθροῖςenemiesDativedative of advantage ('a spoil for their enemies')→ sphere or referenceἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the dative of advantage — the enemies for whose benefit Judah becomes plunder.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἐχθροῖς)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ἐχθροῖς).
15

ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ὅσα ἐποίησαν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς μου καὶ ἦσαν παροργίζοντές με ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἐξήγαγον τοὺς πατέρας αὐτῶν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης

because they have done what is evil in my eyes and have been provoking me to anger from the day I brought their fathers out of Egypt, even to this day.

Renewed causal ground: the long history of provocationἀνθ᾿ ὧν ὅσα ἐποίησαν
A second ἀνθ᾿ ὧν clause widens the indictment from Manasseh to the whole people across the whole history: they have done evil and 'been provoking me' (periphrastic ἦσαν παροργίζοντες) continuously ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας … ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('from the day of the Exodus to this day'). The judgment is thus the culmination of a centuries-long pattern, not a sudden reaction.
Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
ἀνθ᾿because ofpreposition + genitive (causal idiom, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀνθ᾿): in the causal idiom ἀνθ᾿ ὧν ('because'); resumes the ground-of-judgment formula of v. 11, now broadened to the whole nation's history.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (in the causal idiom)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun in the causal formula ἀνθ᾿ ὧν.
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / all that'; quantifying the people's accumulated evil.
ἐποίησανthey didAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb of the causal clause (the people, plural)→ constative aorist (the whole history of sin)ποιέω: 'do'; the plural ἐποίησαν shifts from Manasseh (sg.) to the whole people — the indictment is now national and historical.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of ἐποίησαν)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; the leitmotif τὸ πονηρόν, here the cumulative evil of the nation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of evaluation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of evaluation).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of sphere ('in my eyes')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the evaluative idiom, here in the first person (ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς μου) as YHWH himself speaks the verdict.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession (the LORD's own eyes)→ relational specificationἐγώ (gen. μου): 'my'; the divine first person — the standard of evaluation is YHWH's own sight.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic imperfect (with παροργίζοντες)→ imperfect (durative background)εἰμί (impf. ἦσαν): 'be'; the auxiliary of the periphrastic construction ἦσαν παροργίζοντες ('they were provoking'), expressing continuous, habitual action over centuries.
παροργίζοντέςprovoking to angerPres Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · παροργίζωparticiple of periphrastic imperfect (with ἦσαν)→ present participle (ongoing provocation)παροργίζω (ptcp.): 'provoke to anger'; the periphrastic ἦσαν παροργίζοντες stresses the unrelenting, continuous nature of the provocation (cf. παροργίσαι, v. 6) — a habitual pattern, not isolated lapses.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of παροργίζοντες (the LORD)→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): 'me'; YHWH as the one provoked — the divine first person makes the indictment personal.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal starting-point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; with ἕως it frames the whole temporal span — from the Exodus to the present — of the people's provocation.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (the starting-day)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; 'from the day' marks the Exodus as the historical origin of the relationship now soured by chronic provocation.
ἧςon whichGenitiverelative pronoun (temporal, with ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; genitive ἧς (by attraction) refers to the day of the Exodus-deliverance.
ἐξήγαγονI brought outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξάγωverb of relative clause (the Exodus)→ constative aorist (the deliverance from Egypt)ἐξάγω: 'lead out / bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the Exodus-formula ('I brought their fathers out of Egypt') recalls the foundational act of grace against which the people's ingratitude is measured.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with πατέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέραςfathersAccusativedirect object of ἐξήγαγον→ object specificationπατήρ (pl. πατέρας): 'father / ancestor'; the Exodus generation, the 'fathers' delivered from Egypt; their descendants have provoked YHWH ever since.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατέρας)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατέρας).
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (source: 'out of Egypt')→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source: 'out of Egypt').
ΑἰγύπτουEgyptGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (source of the Exodus)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): 'Egypt'; declined; the land of bondage from which YHWH delivered the fathers — the benchmark of grace betrayed.
καὶand / evencoordinate conjunction (linking to ἕως)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal end-point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / as far as'; with the preceding ἀπό it closes the temporal merism — the provocation spans the entire history 'to this very day.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (with ἡμέρας)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (the end-point day)→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; 'this day' is the present moment of the oracle — the provocation continues unbroken to the time of speaking.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative pronoun (modifying ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day') is a standard historiographical formula marking continuity into the narrator's present.
16

καί γε αἷμα ἀθῷον ἐξέχεεν Μανασσης πολὺ σφόδρα ἕως οὗ ἔπλησεν τὴν Ιερουσαλημ στόμα εἰς στόμα πλὴν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτοῦ ὧν ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ιουδαν τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου

Moreover Manasseh shed very much innocent blood, until he filled Jerusalem from mouth to mouth, besides his sins by which he made Judah to sin, in doing what was evil in the eyes of the LORD.

Additional charge: the shedding of innocent bloodκαί γε αἷμα ἀθῷον ἐξέχεεν Μανασσης
Beyond idolatry, the narrator adds a final, distinct charge: Manasseh shed 'innocent blood' in vast quantity, filling Jerusalem στόμα εἰς στόμα ('from mouth to mouth' = end to end). This bloodguilt (cf. 24:4) is treated as an additional crime (πλήν, 'besides') compounding the idolatry by which he made Judah sin.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καίand / moreoverconjunction (with γε: emphatic 'moreover')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adverbial with γε, forming καί γε ('moreover / and indeed', rendering וְגַם), introducing the additional charge of bloodshed.
γεindeedemphatic enclitic particle (with καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: emphatic enclitic; καί γε intensifies the new accusation — 'and what is more, he shed innocent blood.'
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐξέχεεν→ object specificationαἷμα: 'blood'; 'innocent blood' (αἷμα ἀθῷον, דָּם נָקִי) denotes judicial murder and the shedding of the blood of the righteous — a crime that pollutes the land (Num 35:33).
ἀθῷονinnocentAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying αἷμα)→ object specificationἀθῷος: 'innocent / unpunished / guiltless'; renders נָקִי; 'innocent blood' is blood shed without just cause — the most defiling of crimes, distinct from cultic sin.
ἐξέχεενshed / poured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb (the act of bloodshed)→ constative aoristἐκχέω: 'pour out / shed'; renders שָׁפַךְ; 'shed blood' (ἐκχέω αἷμα) is the standard idiom for murder; the compound ἐκ- stresses the outpouring — bloodshed on a massive scale.
ΜανασσηςManassehNominativesubject of ἐξέχεεν→ participant prominenceΜανασσης: the king as a shedder of innocent blood — a charge that, per 24:3–4, the LORD 'would not pardon.'
πολὺmuchAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying αἷμα)→ object specificationπολύς: 'much / great'; quantifies the bloodshed — 'much blood,' intensified by σφόδρα.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degree (intensifying πολύ)→ clausal contributionσφόδρα: 'very / exceedingly'; renders מְאֹד; πολὺ σφόδρα ('very much') marks the bloodshed as extreme in scale.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (with οὗ: 'until')→ discourse linkage or contrastἕως οὗ: the compound conjunction 'until' (lit. 'until which [time]'), introducing the extent of the bloodshed.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (in the temporal idiom ἕως οὗ)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; the genitive οὗ in the fixed temporal idiom ἕως οὗ ('until').
ἔπλησενhe filledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίμπλημι / πληρόωverb of the temporal clause (filling the city with blood)→ constative aoristπίμπλημι (aor. ἔπλησεν): 'fill'; renders מִלֵּא; 'he filled Jerusalem with blood from mouth to mouth' — a hyperbolic image of the city saturated with the innocent's blood.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιερουσαλημ, declinable feminine)→ noun-phrase markingἡ Ιερουσαλημ: the feminine article marks Jerusalem as the direct object of ἔπλησεν.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdirect object of ἔπλησεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the city filled with innocent blood — the very place of YHWH's name now drenched in bloodguilt.
στόμαmouthAccusativeaccusative in the idiom στόμα εἰς στόμα ('from end to end')→ object specificationστόμα: 'mouth / edge'; the idiom στόμα εἰς στόμα ('mouth to mouth') means 'from one end to the other' — Jerusalem brim-full of blood, completely saturated (rendering פֶּה לָפֶה).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (in the idiom 'mouth to mouth')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (in the idiom 'mouth to mouth').
στόμαmouthAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (completing the idiom)→ object specificationστόμα: the second member of the idiom στόμα εἰς στόμα ('from edge to edge') — total filling of the city.
πλὴνbesides / apart frompreposition + genitive (exception/addition)→ spatial or relational framingπλήν: 'besides / except / apart from'; here additive — the bloodshed is reckoned 'besides' (in addition to) the idolatrous sins already charged; bloodguilt and idolatry together complete the indictment.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with ἁμαρτιῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτιῶνsinsGenitivegenitive object of πλήν ('besides his sins')→ relational specificationἁμαρτία: 'sin'; renders חַטָּאת; the idolatrous sins of vv. 3–7, here distinguished from (and compounded by) the bloodguilt.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἁμαρτιῶν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ἁμαρτιῶν).
ὧνby whichGenitiverelative pronoun (with ἐξήμαρτεν, attracted to genitive)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; genitive ὧν by attraction to ἁμαρτιῶν, referring to the sins by which he led Judah astray.
ἐξήμαρτενhe made to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative: 'made Judah sin')→ constative aoristἐξαμαρτάνω: 'cause to sin'; the causative use (as in v. 11), here with Judah as object — Manasseh's sins are also the means of the nation's corruption.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιουδαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudahAccusativedirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (here declined)→ object specificationΙουδας (acc. Ιουδαν): here, exceptionally, the name is declined (with the article τὸν Ιουδαν), construed as a first-declension masculine; the kingdom personified as the object Manasseh 'made to sin.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with articular infinitive ποιῆσαι)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωarticular infinitive of result/purpose ('so as to do evil')→ aorist infinitiveποιέω: 'do'; the articular infinitive τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ πονηρόν names the end of Manasseh's seduction of Judah — the doing of evil in YHWH's eyes.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (object of ποιῆσαι)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; the recurring τὸ πονηρόν, closing the indictment-section with the chapter's leitmotif.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of evaluation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of evaluation).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of sphere ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the evaluative idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου, closing the long verdict on Manasseh.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (the LORD's evaluating eyes)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the divine standard by which Manasseh's reign is finally condemned.
17

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Μανασση καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν καὶ ἡ ἁμαρτία αὐτοῦ ἣν ἥμαρτεν οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα

And the rest of the acts of Manasseh, and all that he did, and his sin which he sinned — are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?

Regnal-closing formula: source-citationκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Μανασση
The standard Deuteronomistic regnal-closing notice: 'the rest of the acts … are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?' The rhetorical οὐχί ('are they not?') points to the royal annals as the source; uniquely, Manasseh's 'sin' (ἡ ἁμαρτία αὐτοῦ) is explicitly itemised within the formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remaining thingsNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων ('the rest of the acts/words') is the fixed opening of the regnal-closing formula (rendering יֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / words / mattersGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'the rest of the acts')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / deed'; in the formula τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων it renders דִּבְרֵי ('the acts/affairs of'), denoting the recorded deeds of the reign.
Μανασσηof ManassehGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying λόγων)→ relational specificationΜανασσης (gen. Μανασση): the king's name declined in the genitive; 'the acts of Manasseh,' the subject of the source-citation.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject: 'all that')→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all that he did,' summing up the totality of the reign's deeds.
ὅσαwhateverNominativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; the relative quantifier 'all that he did.'
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the standard verb in the regnal formula summing up the king's deeds.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle (with ἁμαρτία)→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁμαρτίαsinNominativesubject (coordinate: 'and his sin')→ participant prominenceἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the explicit mention of 'his sin' within the regnal formula is distinctive — Manasseh's sin is so defining that it is named alongside his deeds as part of the record.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying ἁμαρτία)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying ἁμαρτία).
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (cognate accusative with ἥμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὅς: relative pronoun; the accusative ἣν is a cognate accusative ('the sin which he sinned'), a Hebraism intensifying the act.
ἥμαρτενhe sinnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (cognate construction)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin / miss the mark'; the cognate ἡ ἁμαρτία … ἣν ἥμαρτεν ('the sin which he sinned') is a Hebraism (figura etymologica) underlining the gravity of Manasseh's defining transgression.
οὐχὶare not?interrogative negative particle (expecting 'yes')→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐχί: emphatic 'not?'; introduces the rhetorical question of the regnal formula ('are these not written …?'), which expects an affirmative answer and points to the annals as source.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of the verbless question)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; 'these things' = the deeds and sin just enumerated, the subject of the citation-question.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with implied εἰσιν: 'are written')→ perfect participle (standing recorded state)γράφω (pf. ptcp.): 'write'; the perfect γεγραμμένα ('having been written / standing written') denotes the abiding documentary record; the citation-formula refers the reader to the royal annals.
ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the record).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative of place ('in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('in the book of the chronicles') renders עַל־סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, the royal annals repeatedly cited in Kings.
λόγωνof the chronicles / actsGenitivegenitive (defining the book: 'of the acts of the days')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / record'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('the matters of the days' = annals/chronicles) renders דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים — the source from which the Hebrew title 'Chronicles' derives.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (defining λόγων: 'the acts of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; 'the words of the days' = the annals/chronicles, the official royal record.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of relationship/possession ('the chronicles belonging to the kings')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): 'king'; the dative (for the expected genitive) marks the annals 'of/for the kings of Judah' — a Hebraizing construction.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; 'the kings of Judah,' the southern dynasty whose chronicle is cited.
18

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Μανασσης μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτάφη ἐν τῷ κήπῳ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ ἐν κήπῳ Οζα καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αμων υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Manasseh slept with his fathers and was buried in the garden of his house, in the garden of Uzza, and Amon his son reigned in his place.

Regnal-closing formula: death, burial, and successionκαὶ ἐκοιμήθη Μανασσης
The death-and-succession notice: Manasseh 'slept with his fathers' (ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων), the euphemism for a natural royal death, was buried in 'the garden of Uzza' (not the royal tombs — a possible note of disfavour), and Amon succeeded him. The succession-formula ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('reigned in his place') is standard.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηslept / diedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάομαιmain verb (death-euphemism)→ constative aoristκοιμάομαι: 'sleep / fall asleep / die'; ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('slept with his fathers') renders שָׁכַב עִם־אֲבֹתָיו, the standard euphemism for a king's (usually peaceful) death and burial in the ancestral tomb.
ΜανασσηςManassehNominativesubject of ἐκοιμήθη→ participant prominenceΜανασσης: the king, here passing from the scene after the longest reign in Judah's history.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά ('with his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father / ancestor'; 'with his fathers' = joining the ancestral dead, the death-euphemism's idiom.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατέρων).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηhe was buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aoristθάπτω (aor. pass. ἐτάφη): 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the burial-place — the garden of his house, not the royal sepulchres — may subtly mark the Deuteronomist's disapproval.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of burial).
τῷtheDativearticle (with κήπῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κήπῳgardenDativedative of place ('in the garden')→ sphere or referenceκῆπος: 'garden'; renders גַּן; the burial in 'the garden of his house' rather than the City of David's royal tombs is notable — possibly a sign of diminished honour.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (with οἴκου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive of possession (the garden of his house)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; here the royal palace/residence whose garden becomes the burial site.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἴκου)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying οἴκου).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place, in apposition)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place, in apposition).
κήπῳgardenDativedative of place (appositional: 'in the garden of Uzza')→ sphere or referenceκῆπος: 'garden'; the appositional 'garden of Uzza' specifies the burial-plot by name.
Οζαof Uzzagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΟζα: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew עֻזָּא (Uzza); the otherwise-unknown garden where both Manasseh and Amon (v. 26) are buried.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (succession-notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession-formula)→ ingressive aorist (accession to the throne)βασιλεύω: 'reign / become king'; here ingressive ('became king'); ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('reigned in his place') is the standard succession-formula (וַיִּמְלֹךְ … תַּחְתָּיו).
ΑμωνAmonsubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμων: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew אָמוֹן; Manasseh's son and successor, whose brief and evil reign follows (vv. 19–26).
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Αμων→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ('his son') identifies Amon as Manasseh's heir in the succession-formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') renders תַּחְתָּיו, the standard succession-idiom.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί ('in his place')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him' — Manasseh, in whose place Amon now reigns.
19

υἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἐτῶν Αμων ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ δύο ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ Μεσολλαμ θυγάτηρ Αρους ἐξ Ιετεβα

Amon was a son of twenty-two years when he began to reign, and he reigned two years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Meshullemeth, daughter of Haruz, from Jotbah.

Regnal accession-formula for Amonυἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἐτῶν Αμων
The accession-formula for Amon parallels that of Manasseh (v. 1): age (twenty-two), length of reign (two years — strikingly brief, foreshadowing his violent end), capital, and mother's name and lineage (Meshullemeth daughter of Haruz, from Jotbah).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (age-idiom: 'a son of … years')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the age-idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν opens Amon's regnal formula as it did Manasseh's.
εἴκοσιtwentyindeclinable numeral (with δύο: 'twenty-two')→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; with δύο gives Amon's age at accession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking compound numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwonumeral (with εἴκοσι: 'twenty-two')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; εἴκοσι καὶ δύο = 'twenty-two,' Amon's age at accession.
ἐτῶνof yearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱός: 'a son of … years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): 'year'; the age-idiom's genitive of measure.
ΑμωνAmonsubject (apposition to the age-idiom; indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμων: indeclinable; the king whose brief reign is now narrated.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: the temporal articular-infinitive Hebraism ('when he began to reign').
τῷtheDativearticle (with articular infinitive βασιλεύειν)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reign / reigningPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he began to reign')→ ingressive present infinitiveβασιλεύω: 'reign'; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('when he became king'), as in v. 1.
αὐτὸνhe / himAccusativeaccusative subject of the articular infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός: accusative subject of βασιλεύειν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwonumeral (modifying ἔτη: 'two years')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the strikingly short reign of two years — a hint of its violent termination.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (duration of reign)→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; accusative of duration with ἐβασίλευσεν.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (summary of the reign)→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign'; the constative aorist summarising Amon's brief two-year reign.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable; the royal capital of Amon's reign.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of verbless clause ('the name … was …')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the naming-formula for the queen-mother, as in v. 1.
τῇtheDativearticle (with μητρί)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὶmotherDativedative of possession ('the name belonging to his mother')→ sphere or referenceμήτηρ: 'mother'; the queen-mother, named with her patronym and town.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying μητρί)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying μητρί).
ΜεσολλαμMeshullemethpredicate of the naming-formula (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΜεσολλαμ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew מְשֻׁלֶּמֶת (Meshullemeth); Amon's mother, the queen-mother of his reign.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativeapposition to Μεσολλαμ ('daughter of Haruz')→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the patronymic formula 'daughter of Haruz' identifies the queen-mother's lineage.
Αρουςof Haruzgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑρους: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew חָרוּץ (Haruz); the queen-mother's father.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
ΙετεβαJotbahgenitive object of ἐξ (place of origin; indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙετεβα: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יָטְבָה (Jotbah); the home town of the queen-mother's family.
20

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου καθὼς ἐποίησεν Μανασσης ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD, as Manasseh his father had done.

Evaluative formula: Amon repeats his father's evilκαὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν
The verdict-formula is applied to Amon, with the comparison καθὼς ἐποίησεν Μανασσης ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ ('as Manasseh his father had done') — Amon simply replicates his father's apostasy, with no reform and no innovation in evil.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (verdict-formula)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν, the same Deuteronomistic verdict applied to Manasseh (v. 2), now to Amon.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; the recurring τὸ πονηρόν, marking Amon's reign as a continuation of his father's wickedness.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of evaluation)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (sphere of evaluation).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative of sphere ('in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the evaluative idiom ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (the LORD's evaluating eyes)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; the divine standard of the verdict.
καθὼςas / just ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; introduces the comparison with Manasseh — Amon's evil is derivative, a copy of his father's.
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; in the comparative clause, recalling Manasseh's deeds as the pattern Amon follows.
ΜανασσηςManassehNominativesubject of the comparative clause→ participant prominenceΜανασσης: the father whose apostasy Amon imitates without deviation.
theNominativearticle (with appositional πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativeapposition to Μανασσης→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ identifies Manasseh as Amon's father and the model of his evil.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατήρ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατήρ).
21

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν πάσῃ ὁδῷ ᾗ ἐπορεύθη ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐλάτρευσεν τοῖς εἰδώλοις οἷς ἐλάτρευσεν ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτοῖς

And he walked in all the way in which his father had walked, and served the idols which his father had served, and worshipped them.

Specification: Amon walks in his father's idolatrous wayκαὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν πάσῃ ὁδῷ
The verdict is itemised through the 'walking-in-the-way' idiom (ἐπορεύθη ἐν … ὁδῷ): Amon follows his father's path exactly, serving the same idols and worshipping them. The double relative (ᾗ … οἷς) tightly binds Amon's conduct to Manasseh's as its model, and the idolatry-pair ἐλάτρευσεν … προσεκύνησεν echoes the worship-formula of v. 3.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (the 'walking-in-the-way' idiom)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / walk / journey'; renders הָלַךְ; 'to walk in the way of' someone is the standard idiom for following their conduct/policy; Amon walks in Manasseh's idolatrous path.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (the way walked in)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (the way walked in).
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjective (modifying ὁδῷ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; 'all the way' stresses that Amon deviated in nothing from his father's course.
ὁδῷwayDativedative of place/manner (the way walked in)→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / path'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; metaphorically the moral/religious course of a life; 'the way' Amon walked is his father's idolatry.
in whichDativerelative pronoun (dative, with ἐπορεύθη)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative ᾗ ('in which') refers to the way, attracted to the case of its antecedent ὁδῷ.
ἐπορεύθηhad walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιverb of relative clause (the father's prior walking)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'walk'; in the relative clause, recalling Manasseh's path as the one Amon now treads.
theNominativearticle (with πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativesubject of the relative clause→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Manasseh, whose 'way' Amon follows.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατήρ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατήρ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλάτρευσενhe servedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λατρεύωmain verb (cultic service of idols)→ constative aoristλατρεύω: 'serve / render cultic service'; renders עָבַד; λατρεύω is the verb of religious worship/service par excellence; here perverted toward idols, a grave covenant violation (cf. Deut 6:13).
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with εἰδώλοις)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰδώλοιςidolsDativedative object of ἐλάτρευσεν ('served the idols')→ sphere or referenceεἴδωλον: 'idol'; the false gods Manasseh introduced (v. 11), now served by Amon.
οἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (dative, with ἐλάτρευσεν)→ participant reference or interestὅς: relative pronoun; the dative οἷς ('which') refers to the idols, attracted to the case of εἰδώλοις.
ἐλάτρευσενhad servedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λατρεύωverb of relative clause (the father's prior service)→ constative aoristλατρεύω: 'serve'; in the relative clause, the idols Manasseh had served, the precedent for Amon.
theNominativearticle (with πατήρ)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατὴρfatherNominativesubject of the relative clause→ participant prominenceπατήρ: 'father'; Manasseh, the precedent for Amon's idol-service.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατήρ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατήρ).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
προσεκύνησενhe worshippedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (act of worship)→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: 'bow down / worship'; the worship-pair ἐλάτρευσεν … προσεκύνησεν ('served … worshipped') echoes the idolatry-formula of v. 3; Amon completes the cultic apostasy.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of προσεκύνησεν (the idols)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός: the idols, the objects of Amon's worship.
22

καὶ ἐγκατέλιπεν τὸν κύριον θεὸν τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ κυρίου

And he forsook the LORD, the God of his fathers, and did not walk in the way of the LORD.

Summary verdict: abandonment of YHWHκαὶ ἐγκατέλιπεν τὸν κύριον
The verdict is summed up in covenantal terms: Amon 'forsook the LORD, the God of his fathers' (ἐγκατέλιπεν τὸν κύριον θεὸν τῶν πατέρων) and 'did not walk in the way of the LORD' — a chiastic counterpart to v. 21 (he walked in his father's way; he did not walk in YHWH's). The verb ἐγκαταλείπω ('abandon') is the language of covenant apostasy.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγκατέλιπενhe forsook / abandonedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (apostasy)→ constative aoristἐγκαταλείπω: 'forsake / abandon / desert'; renders עָזַב; the strong verb of covenant-abandonment — Amon does not merely neglect YHWH but actively deserts him; the antonym of the covenant-loyalty enjoined in Deut 6.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with κύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativedirect object of ἐγκατέλιπεν→ object specificationκύριος (acc. κύριον): rendering of יהוה; the covenant God whom Amon abandons; the accusative marks YHWH as the direct object of the forsaking.
θεὸνGodAccusativeapposition to κύριον→ object specificationθεός: 'God'; θεὸν τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ('God of his fathers') stresses the ancestral covenant relationship Amon repudiates — the God of David, Hezekiah, and the patriarchs.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with πατέρων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive of relationship ('God of his fathers')→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl. πατέρων): 'father / ancestor'; 'the God of his fathers' invokes the patriarchal and Davidic covenant Amon abandons.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying πατέρων)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying πατέρων).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐπορεύθη)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): 'not'; negates the walking — the antithesis of v. 21's positive 'he walked in his father's way.'
ἐπορεύθηhe walkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (the negated 'walking-in-the-way' idiom)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'walk'; οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ κυρίου ('he did not walk in the way of the LORD') is the negative counterpart of the obedience-idiom — Amon's whole life misses YHWH's path.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (the way walked in)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (the way walked in).
ὁδῷwayDativedative of place/manner (the way of the LORD)→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way'; 'the way of the LORD' (דֶּרֶךְ יהוה) is the path of covenant obedience Amon refuses to tread.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of relationship (the LORD's way)→ relational specificationκύριος: rendering of יהוה; 'the way of the LORD,' the obedient course Amon abandoned.
23

καὶ συνεστράφησαν οἱ παῖδες Αμων πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ ἐθανάτωσαν τὸν βασιλέα ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ

And the servants of Amon conspired against him and put the king to death in his own house.

Narrative turn: the palace conspiracy and regicideκαὶ συνεστράφησαν οἱ παῖδες Αμων
The narrative shifts abruptly to the conspiracy: Amon's own servants 'banded together against him' (συνεστράφησαν) and killed 'the king' (τὸν βασιλέα) in his own house. The unexplained palace coup — and the title 'the king' rather than his name — depersonalises Amon and underscores the political instability his evil reign provoked.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνεστράφησανthey conspired / banded togetherAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συστρέφωmain verb (the conspiracy)→ constative aorist (the act of conspiring)συστρέφω (aor. pass. συνεστράφησαν): 'gather together / band / conspire'; renders קָשַׁר; the passive/reflexive 'they banded together / formed a conspiracy' — the technical term for a political plot against the throne (cf. 4 Kgdms 15:30).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with παῖδες)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservants / officialsNominativesubject of συνεστράφησαν→ participant prominenceπαῖς (pl. παῖδες): 'servant / attendant / official'; renders עֲבָדִים; the royal courtiers/officials — the very household that should protect the king turns against him.
Αμωνof Amongenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμων: indeclinable; 'the servants of Amon,' his own officials who conspire against him.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρός + accusative: here in a hostile sense, 'against'; πρὸς αὐτόν ('against him') marks the conspiracy's target.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the king)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him' — Amon, the object of the conspiracy.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσανthey put to deathAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θανατόωmain verb (the regicide)→ constative aoristθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; the causative verb of execution; the killing of 'the king' in his own house is the climax of the conspiracy.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect object of ἐθανάτωσαν→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; the use of the title 'the king' rather than Amon's name depersonalises him — the office, not the man, is slain, and the deed is regicide.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place of the murder)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of the murder).
τῷtheDativearticle (with οἴκῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place ('in his house')→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; the royal palace — the king is killed in the place that should have been most secure, by those nearest him.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἴκῳ)→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'his' — the king's own house, the scene of the assassination.
24

καὶ ἐπάταξεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς πάντας τοὺς συστραφέντας ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα Αμων καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς τὸν Ιωσιαν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And all the people of the land struck down all those who had conspired against King Amon, and the people of the land made Josiah his son king in his place.

Resolution: popular vengeance and the accession of Josiahκαὶ ἐπάταξεν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς
The crisis is resolved by 'the people of the land' (ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς, the landed citizenry / am-haaretz), who avenge the king by executing the conspirators and then enthrone Josiah son of Amon. This popular intervention preserves the Davidic dynasty and sets the stage for Josiah's great reform (ch. 22–23).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξενstruck downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (popular vengeance)→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite / kill'; renders הִכָּה; here 'struck down / put to death' the conspirators; the singular verb agrees with the collective subject πᾶς ὁ λαός.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying λαός)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; 'all the people of the land' acted as one in avenging the king — a unanimous popular response.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐπάταξεν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς ('the people of the land') renders עַם הָאָרֶץ, the free landholding citizenry of Judah, a politically decisive body in dynastic crises (cf. 4 Kgdms 11:14, 18).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the people of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; 'the people of the land' = the landed gentry/citizenry of Judah, here acting to restore Davidic order.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying συστραφέντας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the people executed 'all' the conspirators — total reprisal, leaving no plotter alive.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with substantival participle συστραφέντας)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
συστραφένταςthose who had conspiredAor Pass Ptcp Acc Pl Masc · συστρέφωsubstantival participle (direct object: 'the conspirators')→ aorist participle (the completed act of conspiring)συστρέφω (ptcp.): 'band together / conspire'; the substantival participle 'those who had conspired' (cf. the cognate verb in v. 23) designates the assassins now executed.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + accusative: here hostile, 'against'; ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα ('against the king') marks the object of the conspiracy.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with βασιλέα)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (the conspiracy's target)→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; here 'King Amon,' against whom the conspiracy was directed.
ΑμωνAmonapposition to βασιλέα (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμων: indeclinable; named here in apposition to 'the king' — the slain monarch whose murder the people avenge.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the accession)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενmade kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (here causative/transitive: 'made king')→ ingressive/causative aorist (the enthronement)βασιλεύω: 'reign / make king'; here transitively/causatively with the people as subject ('the people made Josiah king'), rendering the Hiphil הִמְלִיךְ; the popular kingmaking preserves the Davidic line.
theNominativearticle (with λαός)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν (the kingmakers)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the people of the land, now acting as kingmakers to set Josiah on the throne.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle (with γῆς)→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive of relationship ('the people of the land')→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the citizenry of Judah who enthrone Josiah.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιωσιαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωσιανJosiahAccusativedirect object of ἐβασίλευσεν (the one made king)→ object specificationΙωσιας (acc. Ιωσιαν): transliteration of Hebrew יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ; declined as a first-declension masculine; the great reforming king (ch. 22–23) whose accession here sets the stage for the recovery of the law and the Passover renewal.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeapposition to Ιωσιαν→ object specificationυἱός (acc. υἱόν): 'son'; υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ('his son') identifies Josiah as Amon's son and dynastic heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱόν)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying υἱόν).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place') the succession-idiom (תַּחְתָּיו).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί ('in his place')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him' — Amon, in whose place Josiah now reigns.
25

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αμων ὅσα ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα

And the rest of the acts of Amon, all that he did — behold, are these not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?

Regnal-closing formula for Amon: source-citationκαὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Αμων
The standard source-citation closing Amon's reign, parallel to v. 17. The slightly irregular οὐκ ἰδού ('behold, are they not …?') combines the negative-interrogative of the formula with the attention-marker ἰδού, referring the reader to the royal annals.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrest / remaining thingsNominativesubstantivized adjective (subject: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων, the fixed opening of the regnal-closing formula (cf. v. 17).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with λόγων)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / wordsGenitivegenitive (partitive: 'the rest of the acts')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / deed'; in the formula, 'the acts of Amon.'
Αμωνof Amongenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑμων: indeclinable; 'the acts of Amon,' the subject of the source-citation.
ὅσαwhateverNominativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; 'all that he did.'
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the standard verb summing up the king's deeds in the formula.
οὐκnotnegative particle (interrogative, with the citation-question)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ (οὐκ before vowel): 'not'; the negative-interrogative of the source-citation formula ('are these not written …?'), expecting an affirmative answer.
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention-marker)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; the attention-marker, here combined with οὐκ in the citation-question — a slightly irregular but emphatic variant of the formula.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of the verbless question)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'these'; 'these things' = Amon's deeds, the subject of the citation-question.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Neut · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with implied εἰσιν: 'are written')→ perfect participle (standing recorded state)γράφω (pf. ptcp.): 'write'; the perfect γεγραμμένα ('standing written') refers the reader to the royal annals, as in v. 17.
ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + dative (location of the record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location of the record).
βιβλίῳbookDativedative of place ('in the book')→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the 'book of the chronicles,' the royal annals.
λόγωνof the chronicles / actsGenitivegenitive (defining the book: 'of the acts of the days')→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / record'; λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('the matters of the days') = annals/chronicles, rendering דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (with ἡμερῶν)→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (defining λόγων: 'the acts of the days')→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; 'the words of the days' = the chronicles/annals.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of relationship/possession ('the chronicles of the kings')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): 'king'; the dative (for the expected genitive) in the Hebraizing 'chronicles of/for the kings of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; 'the kings of Judah,' whose chronicle is cited.
26

καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ τάφῳ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ κήπῳ Οζα καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωσιας υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And they buried him in his tomb, in the garden of Uzza, and Josiah his son reigned in his place.

Regnal-closing formula: burial and successionκαὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν
The chapter closes with the burial-and-succession notice for Amon: buried in his own tomb in the garden of Uzza (alongside his father, v. 18), and succeeded by Josiah. The repetition of the garden of Uzza and the succession-formula ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ rounds off the two-reign unit and opens directly onto the Josianic reformation.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανthey buriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb (burial notice)→ constative aoristθάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; the impersonal plural ('they buried him') is the standard burial-notice; Amon is laid in the same garden of Uzza as Manasseh (v. 18).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔθαψαν (Amon)→ participant referenceαὐτός: 'him' — Amon, the buried king.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place of burial)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place of burial).
τῷtheDativearticle (with τάφῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφῳtombDativedative of place ('in his tomb')→ sphere or referenceτάφος: 'tomb / grave'; renders קֶבֶר; Amon's own tomb within the garden of Uzza.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying τάφῳ)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying τάφῳ).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place, in apposition)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (place, in apposition).
τῷtheDativearticle (with κήπῳ)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κήπῳgardenDativedative of place (appositional: 'in the garden of Uzza')→ sphere or referenceκῆπος: 'garden'; the same garden of Uzza where Manasseh was buried (v. 18) — father and son share a burial-plot outside the royal tombs.
Οζαof Uzzagenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΟζα: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew עֻזָּא; the garden of Uzza, the burial-place of both Manasseh and Amon.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (succession-notice)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession-formula)→ ingressive aorist (accession to the throne)βασιλεύω: 'reign / become king'; here ingressive; ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ, the succession-formula closing the chapter and opening onto Josiah's reign.
ΙωσιαςJosiahNominativesubject of ἐβασίλευσεν→ participant prominenceΙωσιας: transliteration of Hebrew יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ; declined as a first-declension masculine; the reforming king whose reign (ch. 22–23) reverses the apostasy of Manasseh and Amon — the chapter ends on a note of dynastic continuity and impending renewal.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Ιωσιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ('his son') identifies Josiah as Amon's son and heir in the succession-formula.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying υἱός)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (modifying υἱός).
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution, elided ἀντί)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί (elided ἀντ᾿): 'in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place'), the succession-idiom (תַּחְתָּיו) closing the chapter.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί ('in his place')→ relational specificationαὐτός: 'him' — Amon, in whose place Josiah reigns; the final word turns the narrative toward the Josianic reform.