Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Fourth Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 23ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ′ ΚΓ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Josiah renews the covenant and purges Judah's cults, yet the decreed wrath still hangs over Jerusalem.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 4 Kingdoms 23 (= 2 Kings 23) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter is the narrative climax of the Deuteronomistic history of Judah: Josiah's covenant renewal and his sweeping cultic reform. After the rediscovered Book of the Covenant is read aloud (vv. 1–2), the king stands by the pillar (πρὸς τὸν στῦλον) and cuts a covenant before the LORD (vv. 3); there follows a relentless purge catalogued by a chain of aorists (ἐνετείλατο, κατέκαυσεν, κατέπαυσεν, ἐξήνεγκεν, καθεῖλεν, ἐμίανεν, συνέτριψεν): the vessels made for Baal, the Asherah (τὸ ἄλσος), and all the host of heaven (πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ) are burned at the Kidron; the idolatrous priests (οἱ χωμαριμ, a transliteration of Hebrew כְּמָרִים), the houses of the cult-prostitutes (οἱ καδησιμ = קְדֵשִׁים), the high places, Topheth in the Valley of the son of Hinnom (φάραγγι υἱοῦ Εννομ) where children were made to pass through fire to Molech, the horses and chariot of the sun, and the altars of Ahaz and Manasseh are all defiled or destroyed. The reform reaches Bethel, where Josiah tears down Jeroboam's altar and burns human bones upon it, fulfilling to the letter the word of the man of God (3 Kgdms 13), while sparing the prophet's tomb (vv. 15–18). The chapter then narrates the great Passover, unlike any since the days of the judges (vv. 21–23), the removal of mediums and idols (v. 24), and the incomparability formula — no king before or after turned to the LORD with all his heart, soul, and strength (v. 25) — yet the LORD does not turn from the heat of his great wrath provoked by Manasseh (vv. 26–27). The narrative closes with Josiah's death at Megiddo against Pharaoh Neco (vv. 28–30) and the brief, disastrous reigns of Jehoahaz and Jehoiakim under Egyptian tribute and vassalage (vv. 31–37). The chapter is dense with Hebraic transliterations of cultic technical terms (χωμαριμ, μαζουρωθ, καδησιμ, χεττιιν, σαδημωθ, φαρουριμ, θεραφιν) left untranslated by the Greek translator, a hallmark of the kaige-recension character of LXX Kingdoms.

1

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ συνήγαγεν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν πάντας τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους Ιουδα καὶ Ιερουσαλημ

And the king sent and gathered to himself all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem.

Narrative opening (main storyline; resumes from the prophetess Huldah's oracle of ch. 22)καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ὁ βασιλεύς
The chapter opens with the standard Hebraizing καί-parataxis and a paired-verb idiom (ἀπέστειλεν … καὶ συνήγαγεν, 'sent and gathered') rendering שָׁלַח … וַיֶּאֱסֹף. After Huldah's word of judgment-yet-reprieve (22:15–20), Josiah convenes a national assembly to renew the covenant; the elders represent the whole covenant community.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (royal initiative)→ constative aorist (single completed act)ἀποστέλλω: 'send / dispatch'; renders שָׁלַח; here the king dispatches messengers to summon the assembly; paired with συνήγαγεν in a Hebraic two-verb idiom for 'sent and gathered.'
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (Josiah)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; renders מֶלֶךְ; throughout the chapter ὁ βασιλεύς is Josiah, the reforming Davidide; the recurring subject drives the chain of reform-verbs.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνήγαγενgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (coordinate with ἀπέστειλεν)→ constative aoristσυνάγω: 'gather / assemble'; renders אָסַף / קָבַץ; the assembly of elders is the formal precondition for a covenant-renewal ceremony (cf. Josh 24; 2 Chr 34:29).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of πρός)→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun 'himself'; πρὸς ἑαυτόν = 'to himself,' i.e. to the king's presence; renders אֵלָיו.
πάνταςallAccusativeadjective (modifying πρεσβυτέρους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / every'; emphasises the comprehensive convening of the eldership — the whole leadership of the nation is present.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersAccusativedirect object of συνήγαγεν→ object specificationπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; renders זָקֵן; the elders are the tribal/clan representatives, standing for the whole covenant people in the assembly.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוּדָה; indeclinable in LXX Kingdoms; here the southern kingdom whose elders are summoned.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliteration of Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם; indeclinable in this form; the capital and cultic center, paired with Judah for the whole realm.
2

καὶ ἀνέβη ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰς οἶκον κυρίου καὶ πᾶς ἀνὴρ Ιουδα καὶ πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐν Ιερουσαλημ μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς καὶ οἱ προφῆται καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ἀπὸ μικροῦ καὶ ἕως μεγάλου καὶ ἀνέγνω ἐν ὠσὶν αὐτῶν πάντας τοὺς λόγους τοῦ βιβλίου τῆς διαθήκης τοῦ εὑρεθέντος ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου

And the king went up to the house of the LORD, and every man of Judah and all who dwell in Jerusalem with him, and the priests and the prophets and all the people, from small to great; and he read in their ears all the words of the book of the covenant that was found in the house of the LORD.

Narrative continuation: ascent to the temple and public readingκαὶ ἀνέβη ὁ βασιλεύς
The verb ἀνέβη ('went up') reflects the topographical and cultic ascent to the temple mount. The catalogue of participants (men of Judah, dwellers of Jerusalem, priests, prophets, all the people) with the merism ἀπὸ μικροῦ … ἕως μεγάλου ('from small to great') stresses total national inclusion. The climactic act ἀνέγνω ἐν ὠσὶν αὐτῶν ('he read in their ears') is the public proclamation of the Torah-book that triggered the whole reform.
Word-by-word analysis· 51 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (cultic ascent)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up / ascend'; renders עָלָה; the standard verb for going up to the temple on Zion; the king leads the procession to the house of the LORD.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
εἰςinto / topreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; οἶκος κυρίου renders בֵּית יהוה, the Jerusalem temple; the setting of the covenant ceremony and the place where the book was found.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession (with οἶκον)→ relational specificationκύριος: the LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the genitive κυρίου marks the temple as YHWH's own dwelling, the locus of legitimate worship that Josiah's reform restores.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςeveryNominativeadjective (modifying ἀνὴρ)→ participant prominenceπᾶς ἀνήρ: 'every man,' a distributive idiom rendering כָּל־אִישׁ; the whole male populace of Judah accompanies the king.
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubject (coordinate with βασιλεύς)→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; renders אִישׁ; collective with πᾶς for the assembled men of Judah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάντεςallNominativeadjective (substantival, modifying οἱ κατοικοῦντες)→ participant prominenceπάντες: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (substantival, modifying οἱ κατοικοῦντες).
οἱtheNominativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κατοικοῦντεςdwelling / inhabitantsPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Pl · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (subject: 'those dwelling')→ imperfective participle (settled dwelling)κατοικέω: 'dwell / inhabit'; the articular participle οἱ κατοικοῦντες = 'the inhabitants'; renders יֹשְׁבֵי; designates the residents of Jerusalem joining the assembly.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (locative, indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of ἐν (locative, indeclinable).
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment, elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ = 'with him,' marking the people's accompaniment of the king.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά (the king)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά (the king).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; renders כֹּהֵן; the legitimate Aaronic priesthood present at the covenant ceremony, distinct from the idolatrous χωμαριμ purged in v. 5.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφῆταιprophetsNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceπροφήτης: 'prophet'; renders נָבִיא (the MT here has 'the Levites'; LXX/some witnesses read 'prophets'); their presence underlines the prophetic authorization of the reform (cf. Huldah, ch. 22).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πᾶςallNominativeadjective (modifying λαὸς)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (modifying λαὸς).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject (coordinate)→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the covenant community as a whole, here qualified by the merism 'from small to great.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (start of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ μικροῦ … ἕως μεγάλου: a merism 'from small to great' (rendering לְמִקָּטֹן וְעַד־גָּדוֹל) denoting the totality of social ranks.
μικροῦsmallGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive, first pole of merism)→ relational specificationμικρός: 'small / least'; here of social standing — the lowest rank of the people.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within merism)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (end of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (end of merism).
μεγάλουgreatGenitivesubstantival adjective (second pole of merism)→ relational specificationμέγας: 'great'; the highest social rank; the merism closes the inclusive list of participants.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (introducing the reading)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέγνωhe readAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγινώσκωmain verb (public reading of the book)→ constative aorist (the decisive proclamation)ἀναγινώσκω: 'read / read aloud'; renders קָרָא; the public reading of the covenant-book is the pivotal act on which the entire reform turns (cf. Neh 8).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiomatic: 'in the ears of')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiomatic: 'in the ears of').
ὠσὶνearsDativedative (idiom: 'in their ears')→ sphere or referenceοὖς (dat. pl. ὠσίν): 'ear'; the idiom ἀναγινώσκω ἐν ὠσίν renders קָרָא בְּאָזְנֵי ('read in the ears of'), a Hebraism for public oral proclamation.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (with ὠσίν)→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (with ὠσίν).
πάνταςallAccusativeadjective (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationπᾶς: emphasises completeness — the whole content of the book is read, nothing abridged.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ἀνέγνω→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; renders דָּבָר; οἱ λόγοι τοῦ βιβλίου = the contents of the covenant-book, almost certainly a form of Deuteronomy.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίουbookGenitivegenitive (source of the words)→ relational specificationβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; renders סֵפֶר; the scroll discovered in the temple (22:8) that catalyzed the reform.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςof the covenantGenitivegenitive (defining the book)→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; renders בְּרִית; βιβλίον τῆς διαθήκης = 'the book of the covenant,' the title that frames the whole ceremony (cf. Exod 24:7).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὑρεθέντοςthat was foundAor Pass Ptc Gen Neut Sg · εὑρίσκωattributive participle (modifying βιβλίου)→ verbal action or stateεὑρίσκω (aor. pass.): 'find'; the passive participle τοῦ εὑρεθέντος ('which was found') points back to the discovery of the scroll in the temple by Hilkiah (22:8); the divine providence of the find is implicit in the passive.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place (locative)→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, where the scroll lay forgotten until the repairs of ch. 22.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; οἴκῳ κυρίου closes the verse by reaffirming the temple as YHWH's own house.
3

καὶ ἔστη ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς τὸν στῦλον καὶ διέθετο διαθήκην ἐνώπιον κυρίου τοῦ πορεύεσθαι ὀπίσω κυρίου καὶ τοῦ φυλάσσειν τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ μαρτύρια αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ δικαιώματα αὐτοῦ ἐν πάσῃ καρδίᾳ καὶ ἐν πάσῃ ψυχῇ τοῦ ἀναστῆσαι τοὺς λόγους τῆς διαθήκης ταύτης τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ τὸ βιβλίον τοῦτο καὶ ἔστη πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ

And the king stood by the pillar and made a covenant before the LORD, to walk after the LORD and to keep his commandments and his testimonies and his ordinances with all his heart and with all his soul, to establish the words of this covenant that are written upon this book; and all the people stood in the covenant.

Climax of section A: the covenant-cutting ceremonyκαὶ ἔστη ὁ βασιλεύς
The king's standing πρὸς τὸν στῦλον ('by the pillar') marks the customary royal station for solemn acts (cf. 4 Kgdms 11:14). διέθετο διαθήκην ('made/cut a covenant') is the technical idiom rendering כָּרַת בְּרִית. A chain of articular infinitives (τοῦ πορεύεσθαι … τοῦ φυλάσσειν … τοῦ ἀναστῆσαι) spells out the covenant obligations in Deuteronomic language (commandments, testimonies, ordinances; with all the heart and soul). The verse closes with the people's corporate ratification (ἔστη … ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ).
Word-by-word analysis· 58 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (king's ceremonial posture)→ constative aorist (took his stand)ἵστημι (2 aor. ἔστη): 'stand / take one's stand'; renders עָמַד; the king's standing 'by the pillar' echoes Joash's coronation posture (4 Kgdms 11:14) and signals a public, official act.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
πρὸςby / atpreposition + accusative (position beside)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position beside).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στῦλονpillarAccusativeobject of πρός (ceremonial location)→ object specificationστῦλος: 'pillar / column'; renders עַמּוּד; the royal pillar in the temple court was the king's designated standing-place for covenantal/coronation acts (cf. 4 Kgdms 11:14; 23:3 MT עַל־הָעַמּוּד).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διέθετοmade / cutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διατίθημιmain verb (covenant-making)→ constative aorist (decisive covenantal act)διατίθημι (mid. διατίθεμαι): 'arrange / make (a covenant)'; the middle διέθετο διαθήκην is the standard LXX rendering of כָּרַת בְּרִית ('cut a covenant'); the cognate noun-verb pairing reproduces the Hebrew idiom for solemn covenant ratification.
διαθήκηνa covenantAccusativecognate direct object (of διέθετο)→ object specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; cognate object of διέθετο; the renewed Deuteronomic covenant binding king and people to YHWH.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; renders לִפְנֵי; the covenant is cut 'before the LORD,' making YHWH its witness and guarantor.
κυρίουthe LORDGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the covenant is enacted in the divine presence at the temple.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (with infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πορεύεσθαιto walkPres Mid Infin · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive of purpose/content (first covenant obligation)→ imperfective (ongoing manner of conduct)πορεύομαι: 'go / walk'; the idiom πορεύεσθαι ὀπίσω κυρίου ('walk after the LORD') renders הָלַךְ אַחֲרֵי יהוה, the Deuteronomic metaphor for covenant loyalty and obedience.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (following)→ spatial or relational framingὀπίσω: 'behind / after'; renders אַחֲרֵי; with πορεύεσθαι forms the loyalty-idiom 'walk after the LORD,' the opposite of the apostate 'walking after other gods.'
κυρίουthe LORDGenitiveobject of ὀπίσω→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the object of covenant allegiance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking infinitives)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάσσεινto keepPres Act Infin · φυλάσσωarticular infinitive (second covenant obligation)→ imperfective (ongoing observance)φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep / observe'; renders שָׁמַר; the triad 'keep his commandments, testimonies, ordinances' is classic Deuteronomic covenant vocabulary (cf. Deut 6:17).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐντολὰςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of φυλάσσειν→ object specificationἐντολή: 'commandment'; renders מִצְוָה; first member of the Deuteronomic legal triad.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαρτύριαtestimoniesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationμαρτύριον: 'testimony / decree'; renders עֵדוּת / עֵדֹת; second member of the legal triad, denoting covenant stipulations as God's solemn witness.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δικαιώματαordinancesAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationδικαίωμα: 'ordinance / statute / righteous requirement'; renders חֻקִּים / מִשְׁפָּטִים; third member of the triad; the cumulative list expresses comprehensive obedience.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
πάσῃallDativeadjective (modifying καρδίᾳ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all / whole'; ἐν πάσῃ καρδίᾳ … ἐν πάσῃ ψυχῇ echoes the Shema (Deut 6:5), the heart of Deuteronomic covenant devotion.
καρδίᾳheartDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: 'heart'; renders לֵב / לֵבָב; the seat of will and devotion; 'with all the heart' marks undivided allegiance.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
πάσῃallDativeadjective (modifying ψυχῇ)→ sphere or referenceπάσῃ: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (modifying ψυχῇ).
ψυχῇsoulDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceψυχή: 'soul / life'; renders נֶפֶשׁ; with καρδία forms the Shema-pair (anticipating the fuller triad heart/soul/strength at v. 25).
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (with infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀναστῆσαιto establishAor Act Infin · ἀνίστημιarticular infinitive of purpose (final covenant aim)→ verbal action or stateἀνίστημι (aor. inf. ἀναστῆσαι): here transitive 'set up / establish / confirm'; renders הָקִים; τοῦ ἀναστῆσαι τοὺς λόγους = 'to confirm the words,' i.e. to put the covenant-words into binding effect (cf. Deut 27:26).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ἀναστῆσαι→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; the covenant stipulations to be confirmed.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive (defining the words)→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; οἱ λόγοι τῆς διαθήκης = the covenant's terms.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying διαθήκης)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; deictic, pointing to the very covenant being enacted in the ceremony.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with participle, in apposition to λόγους)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptc Acc Neut Pl · γράφωattributive participle (in apposition: 'the things written')→ resultative perfect (standing written and binding)γράφω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'write'; τὰ γεγραμμένα = 'the things written'; the perfect stresses the abiding, authoritative state of the written covenant — the standard formula 'as it is written' (καθὼς γέγραπται, cf. v. 21).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (upon).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίονbookAccusativeobject of ἐπί (locative)→ object specificationβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the covenant-document itself, on which the words are inscribed.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying βιβλίον)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; deictic to the rediscovered scroll read aloud in v. 2.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (people's ratification)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (people's corporate assent)→ constative aorist (took their stand)ἵστημι: 'stand'; ἔστη … ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ ('stood in the covenant') is an idiom for entering into / ratifying the covenant (rendering עָמַד בַּבְּרִית); the people corporately bind themselves alongside the king.
πᾶςallNominativeadjective (modifying λαὸς)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: meaning 'all'; it serves as adjective (modifying λαὸς).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἔστη→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; the whole covenant community ratifies the renewed covenant.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiomatic: 'in the covenant')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiomatic: 'in the covenant').
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκῃcovenantDativeobject of ἐν (the covenant entered)→ sphere or referenceδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; the people's standing 'in the covenant' completes the ceremony of corporate commitment.
4

καὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεὺς τῷ Χελκια τῷ ἱερεῖ τῷ μεγάλῳ καὶ τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν τῆς δευτερώσεως καὶ τοῖς φυλάσσουσιν τὸν σταθμὸν τοῦ ἐξαγαγεῖν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ κυρίου πάντα τὰ σκεύη τὰ πεποιημένα τῷ Βααλ καὶ τῷ ἄλσει καὶ πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέκαυσεν αὐτὰ ἔξω Ιερουσαλημ ἐν σαδημωθ Κεδρων καὶ ἔλαβεν τὸν χοῦν αὐτῶν εἰς Βαιθηλ

And the king commanded Hilkiah the high priest and the priests of the second order and the keepers of the threshold to bring out from the temple of the LORD all the vessels made for Baal and for the Asherah and for all the host of heaven; and he burned them outside Jerusalem in the fields of Kidron, and carried their dust to Bethel.

Opening of section B: the king commands the purge of the templeκαὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεύς
The reform proper begins with ἐνετείλατο ('commanded'), addressed to a hierarchy of temple personnel (high priest, second-order priests, threshold-keepers). The articular infinitive τοῦ ἐξαγαγεῖν names the task: removing the syncretistic cult-vessels of Baal, Asherah (τῷ ἄλσει, the LXX's standard rendering of the Asherah), and the astral host. The verse ends with a chain of disposal-verbs (κατέκαυσεν … ἔλαβεν) and the transliterated locale σαδημωθ Κεδρων ('the fields of Kidron').
Word-by-word analysis· 57 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (royal command)→ constative aorist (issued the order)ἐντέλλομαι: 'command / charge'; renders צִוָּה; the deponent middle is the regular LXX verb for an authoritative order; it launches the demolition program of vv. 4–14 (cf. the same verb at v. 21).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
τῷtheDativearticle (with Χελκια)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧελκιαHilkiahDativeindirect object of ἐνετείλατο→ sphere or referenceΧελκιας (dat. Χελκια): transliteration of Hebrew חִלְקִיָּהוּ; the high priest who found the scroll (22:8); declined as a first-declension masculine; dative as recipient of the command.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖpriestDativeapposition to Χελκια→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; with τῷ μεγάλῳ = 'the high priest' (ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας renders הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλῳgreat / highDativeattributive adjective (with ἱερεῖ: 'high priest')→ sphere or referenceμέγας: 'great'; ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας is the LXX title for the high priest (הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῦσινpriestsDativeindirect object (coordinate)→ sphere or referenceἱερεύς (dat. pl. ἱερεῦσιν): 'priest'; here the subordinate priests.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δευτερώσεωςsecond orderGenitivegenitive (defining the priests: 'of the second rank')→ relational specificationδευτέρωσις: 'second order / repetition'; renders מִשְׁנֶה ('second'); οἱ ἱερεῖς τῆς δευτερώσεως = the priests of the second rank, deputies under the high priest (cf. 4 Kgdms 25:18).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
φυλάσσουσινkeepers / who guardPres Act Ptc Dat Masc Pl · φυλάσσωsubstantival participle (indirect object: 'the keepers')→ durative present participle (ongoing observance)φυλάσσω: 'guard / keep'; οἱ φυλάσσοντες τὸν σταθμόν = 'the keepers of the threshold,' the doorkeepers of the temple (שֹׁמְרֵי הַסַּף); responsible for what entered and left the sanctuary.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σταθμὸνthresholdAccusativedirect object of φυλάσσουσιν→ object specificationσταθμός: here 'threshold / doorpost'; renders סַף ('threshold'); the keepers of the threshold guarded the temple entrances.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (with infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξαγαγεῖνto bring outAor Act Infin · ἐξάγωarticular infinitive (content of the command)→ verbal action or stateἐξάγω: 'lead/bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the content of the royal order — to remove the defiling vessels from the sanctuary as the first act of purification.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ναοῦtempleGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationναός: 'temple / sanctuary'; renders הֵיכָל; the inner sanctuary proper, defiled by the cultic vessels now to be removed.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; ναὸς κυρίου — the desecration of YHWH's own house is what makes the purge urgent.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (modifying σκεύη)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the idolatrous vessels is to be removed without exception.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκεύηvesselsAccusativedirect object of ἐξαγαγεῖν→ object specificationσκεῦος (pl. σκεύη): 'vessel / implement'; renders כֵּלִים; the cultic apparatus made for the illicit deities, defiling the temple.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πεποιημέναmadePerf Pass Ptc Acc Neut Pl · ποιέωattributive participle (modifying σκεύη)→ resultative perfect (standing made/fashioned)ποιέω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'make'; τὰ πεποιημένα τῷ Βααλ = 'the things made for Baal'; the perfect marks the vessels as standing artifacts of apostasy, fashioned for false worship.
τῷforDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaaldative of advantage (indeclinable: 'for Baal')→ participant identificationΒααλ: transliteration of Hebrew בַּעַל ('lord / master'), the Canaanite storm-god; indeclinable in LXX; the chief rival deity whose cult Josiah purges.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷfor theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσειgrove / AsherahDativedative of advantage (coordinate)→ sphere or referenceἄλσος: lit. 'sacred grove'; the LXX's standard rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה (Asherah), the Canaanite mother-goddess and her cult-pole/tree; here the object of the second-order vessels.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσῃallDativeadjective (modifying δυνάμει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ = 'all the host of heaven,' the astral cult (sun, moon, stars) condemned in Deut 4:19; 17:3.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμειhostDativedative of advantage (coordinate)→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: lit. 'power'; ἡ δύναμις τοῦ οὐρανοῦ renders צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם ('the host of heaven'), the deified celestial bodies; astral worship was a hallmark of Manasseh's apostasy (21:3–5).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive (defining δυνάμει)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven / sky'; renders שָׁמַיִם; the celestial sphere whose 'host' was idolatrously venerated.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (disposal)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέκαυσενhe burnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (destruction by fire)→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up / burn down completely'; renders שָׂרַף; the intensive κατα- marks total incineration; the recurring disposal-verb of the chapter (vv. 6, 11, 15, 16, 20).
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (the vessels)→ participant referenceαὐτὰ: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the vessels).
ἔξωoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξω: 'outside'; renders מִחוּץ; the unclean objects are removed beyond the holy city before destruction.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἔξω (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of ἔξω (indeclinable).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
σαδημωθthe fields ofuntranslated transliteration (locative, indeclinable)→ clausal contributionσαδημωθ: an untranslated transliteration of Hebrew שַׁדְמוֹת ('fields / terraces'); σαδημωθ Κεδρων = 'the fields of (the) Kidron'; the kaige-translator transliterates rather than renders the common noun, a marker of the LXX Kingdoms recension.
ΚεδρωνKidrongenitive of relationship (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΚεδρων: transliteration of Hebrew קִדְרוֹן; the wadi east of Jerusalem, the city's refuse-disposal ravine and the standard site for destroying cultic objects (cf. vv. 6, 12).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενhe took / carriedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take / carry away'; renders נָשָׂא / לָקַח; here the king carries off the ashes of the burned vessels.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦνdustAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationχοῦς: 'dust / soil / ashes'; renders עָפָר; the pulverized remains of the burned vessels, carried away to defile a pagan site.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the vessels')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the vessels').
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΒαιθηλBethelobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: transliteration of Hebrew בֵּית־אֵל ('house of God'); the northern cult-center of Jeroboam's golden calf; carrying the defiled dust there links the Jerusalem purge to the climactic destruction of Bethel's altar (vv. 15–20).
5

καὶ κατέπαυσεν τοὺς χωμαριμ οὓς ἔδωκαν βασιλεῖς Ιουδα καὶ ἐθυμίων ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς καὶ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν Ιουδα καὶ τοῖς περικύκλῳ Ιερουσαλημ καὶ τοὺς θυμιῶντας τῷ Βααλ καὶ τῷ ἡλίῳ καὶ τῇ σελήνῃ καὶ τοῖς μαζουρωθ καὶ πάσῃ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ οὐρανοῦ

And he put down the idolatrous priests whom the kings of Judah had appointed, and who burned incense in the high places and in the cities of Judah and round about Jerusalem, and those who burned incense to Baal and to the sun and to the moon and to the constellations and to all the host of heaven.

Continuation of the purge: deposing the idolatrous priesthoodκαὶ κατέπαυσεν τοὺς χωμαριμ
κατέπαυσεν ('made to cease / deposed') governs the transliterated χωμαριμ (= Hebrew כְּמָרִים, 'idolatrous priests'), a loanword the kaige-translator leaves untranslated. A relative clause (οὓς ἔδωκαν βασιλεῖς Ιουδα) and the imperfect ἐθυμίων describe the prior, ongoing illicit cult; the object-chain (Baal, sun, moon, μαζουρωθ, the host of heaven) catalogues the full astral-syncretistic pantheon condemned in Deut 17:3.
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέπαυσενhe put down / made to ceaseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταπαύωmain verb (deposing the priests)→ constative aoristκαταπαύω: 'cause to cease / put down / abolish'; renders הִשְׁבִּית; here the king abolishes the office of the idolatrous priesthood, halting their illicit incense-cult.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χωμαριμidolatrous priestsdirect object (untranslated transliteration, indeclinable)→ clausal contributionχωμαριμ: untranslated transliteration of Hebrew כְּמָרִים ('idolatrous/pagan priests'); the kaige-translator carries over the Hebrew term rather than rendering it ἱερεῖς, deliberately distinguishing these apostate functionaries from the legitimate priests (cf. Hos 10:5; Zeph 1:4).
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔδωκαν)→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'whom'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἔδωκαν).
ἔδωκανappointed / gaveAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / appoint / install'; renders נָתַן; the idiom 'gave/set' priests = appointed them; the apostate priesthood was an institution of earlier Judahite kings (Manasseh, Amon).
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject of ἔδωκαν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς (nom. pl. βασιλεῖς): 'kings'; the predecessors of Josiah who instituted the illicit cult.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (continuing relative clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυμίωνthey burned incenseImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θυμιάωverb of relative clause (habitual)→ customary imperfect (ongoing illicit practice)θυμιάω: 'burn incense / make offerings'; renders קִטֵּר; the imperfect ἐθυμίων depicts the repeated, habitual idolatrous worship the priests had been conducting at the high places.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλοῖςhigh placesDativesubstantival adjective (locative: 'the high places')→ sphere or referenceὑψηλός: 'high'; τὰ ὑψηλά (substantival) = 'the high places,' the LXX rendering of בָּמוֹת, the local cult-shrines whose abolition is central to Deuteronomic centralization.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. pl. πόλεσιν): 'city'; the illicit incense-cult had spread throughout the towns of Judah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςthe (places)Dativearticle (with περικύκλῳ, locative)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
περικύκλῳround aboutDativeadverb (place: 'in the surroundings of')→ sphere or referenceπερικύκλῳ: 'all around / round about'; renders סְבִיבוֹת; the suburbs and environs of Jerusalem also harbored the cult.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second object of κατέπαυσεν)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυμιῶνταςthose burning incensePres Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · θυμιάωsubstantival participle (second object of κατέπαυσεν)→ verbal action or stateθυμιάω: 'burn incense'; οἱ θυμιῶντες = 'those who offer incense'; the participle names the worshipers of the astral cult, also deposed by Josiah.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΒααλBaaldative of recipient (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒααλ: the Canaanite storm-god; first object of the illicit incense (cf. v. 4).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡλίῳsunDativedative of recipient (coordinate)→ sphere or referenceἥλιος: 'sun'; renders שֶׁמֶשׁ; solar worship (cf. the horses of the sun, v. 11) was a major form of the astral cult condemned in Deut 4:19.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῇto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σελήνῃmoonDativedative of recipient (coordinate)→ sphere or referenceσελήνη: 'moon'; renders יָרֵחַ; lunar worship, paired with the sun in the astral pantheon.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαζουρωθconstellationsdative of recipient (untranslated transliteration, indeclinable)→ clausal contributionμαζουρωθ: untranslated transliteration of Hebrew מַזָּלוֹת ('constellations / signs of the zodiac'); the kaige-translator transliterates rather than rendering, a hallmark of LXX Kingdoms; the term denotes the astrological star-groups venerated in the astral cult.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσῃallDativeadjective (modifying δυνάμει)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; sums up the celestial pantheon.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυνάμειhostDativedative of recipient→ sphere or referenceδύναμις: 'host'; ἡ δύναμις τοῦ οὐρανοῦ = 'the host of heaven' (צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם), the comprehensive term for the deified celestial bodies (cf. v. 4).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive (defining δυνάμει)→ relational specificationοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the celestial sphere.
6

καὶ ἐξήνεγκεν τὸ ἄλσος ἐξ οἴκου κυρίου ἔξωθεν Ιερουσαλημ εἰς τὸν χειμάρρουν Κεδρων καὶ κατέκαυσεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ χειμάρρῳ Κεδρων καὶ ἐλέπτυνεν εἰς χοῦν καὶ ἔρριψεν τὸν χοῦν αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν τάφον τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ λαοῦ

And he brought out the Asherah from the house of the LORD, outside Jerusalem to the wadi Kidron, and burned it at the wadi Kidron, and ground it to dust, and cast its dust upon the graves of the sons of the people.

Continuation: destruction of the Asherahκαὶ ἐξήνεγκεν τὸ ἄλσος
A tight sequence of five aorists (ἐξήνεγκεν, κατέκαυσεν, ἐλέπτυνεν, ἔρριψεν) traces the complete annihilation of the Asherah: removed, burned, pulverized, and scattered on the common graves — a calculated final desecration, since contact with graves rendered the dust permanently unclean.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξήνεγκενhe brought outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκφέρωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκφέρω: 'carry/bring out'; renders הוֹצִיא; the Asherah-pole is removed from the very temple where it had been installed (cf. 21:7, Manasseh's Asherah).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσοςAsherah / groveAccusativedirect object of ἐξήνεγκεν→ object specificationἄλσος: 'sacred grove'; the LXX rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה; here the cult-object (a carved pole/image) that Manasseh had set up in the temple itself.
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
οἴκουhouseGenitiveobject of ἐξ (source)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the temple from which the Asherah is removed.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the obscenity of an Asherah inside YHWH's own house is the point.
ἔξωθενoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)→ spatial or relational framingἔξωθεν: 'from outside / outside'; renders מִחוּץ; the destruction takes place beyond the holy city.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἔξωθεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of ἔξωθεν (indeclinable).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρουνwadi / brookAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationχείμαρρος / χειμάρρους: 'winter-torrent / wadi / ravine'; renders נַחַל; the Kidron valley, a seasonal stream-bed and the city's disposal site (cf. v. 4).
ΚεδρωνKidrongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΚεδρων: the Kidron ravine east of Jerusalem (cf. v. 4).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέκαυσενhe burnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up'; renders שָׂרַף; total incineration of the cult-object (cf. v. 4).
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object (the Asherah; masc. by attraction to χειμάρρους or to the pole/image)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the Asherah; masc. by attraction to χειμάρρους or to the pole/image).
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρῳwadiDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceχείμαρρος: 'wadi'; the Kidron stream-bed, site of the burning.
ΚεδρωνKidrongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΚεδρων: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλέπτυνενhe ground to powderAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λεπτύνωmain verb→ constative aoristλεπτύνω: 'make small / pulverize / grind fine'; renders דָּקַק; the Asherah is reduced to powder, echoing Moses' treatment of the golden calf (Exod 32:20; Deut 9:21).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (result).
χοῦνdustAccusativeobject of εἰς (result: 'into dust')→ object specificationχοῦς: 'dust / fine powder'; the result of pulverizing — εἰς χοῦν = 'to dust' (cf. v. 15).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρριψενhe castAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristῥίπτω: 'throw / cast'; renders הִשְׁלִיךְ; the final act of contemptuous disposal — scattering the dust on graves.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦνdustAccusativedirect object of ἔρριψεν→ object specificationχοῦς: 'dust'; the pulverized remains of the Asherah.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςuponpreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφονgraveAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationτάφος: 'grave / tomb'; renders קֶבֶר; casting the dust on graves rendered it irreversibly defiled (corpse-impurity), a deliberate desecration of the idol's remains.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive (defining τάφον)→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ = 'the sons of the people,' i.e. the common people; the public/common burial-ground (cf. Jer 26:23).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive (defining υἱῶν)→ relational specificationλαός: 'people'; the common populace, whose graveyard receives the idol's defiled dust.
7

καὶ καθεῖλεν τὸν οἶκον τῶν καδησιμ τῶν ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ κυρίου οὗ αἱ γυναῖκες ὕφαινον ἐκεῖ χεττιιν τῷ ἄλσει

And he tore down the house of the cult-prostitutes that were in the house of the LORD, where the women wove garments there for the Asherah.

Continuation: demolition of the cult-prostitutes' quartersκαὶ καθεῖλεν τὸν οἶκον
καθεῖλεν ('tore down') governs τὸν οἶκον τῶν καδησιμ — the quarters of the קְדֵשִׁים (sacred/cultic prostitutes), another untranslated transliteration. A relative clause notes the women wove χεττιιν (a further untranslated term, probably 'hangings / vestments') for the Asherah, exposing the entrenched fertility-cult within the temple precincts.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθεῖλενhe tore downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαιρέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαθαιρέω: 'take down / demolish / destroy'; renders נָתַץ / הָרַס; the recurring demolition-verb (cf. vv. 8, 12, 15); here the destruction of the cult-prostitutes' building.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object of καθεῖλεν→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / building'; here the quarters of the cultic prostitutes within the temple complex (בָּתֵּי הַקְּדֵשִׁים).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καδησιμcult-prostitutesgenitive of relationship (untranslated transliteration, indeclinable)→ clausal contributionκαδησιμ: untranslated transliteration of Hebrew קְדֵשִׁים ('consecrated ones / cult-prostitutes'), male and female personnel of the fertility-cult; the kaige-translator transliterates the term rather than rendering it, preserving its technical force (cf. Deut 23:18; 3 Kgdms 14:24).
τῶνthat wereGenitivearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingthe genitive article τῶν ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ κυρίου = 'those (who were) in the house of the LORD,' specifying the location of the καδησιμ within the temple itself.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; the temple precinct.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the cult-prostitutes lodged within YHWH's own house — the depth of the desecration.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place ('where')→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where'; introduces the relative clause describing the women's weaving.
αἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingαἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκεςwomenNominativesubject of ὕφαινον→ participant prominenceγυνή (nom. pl. γυναῖκες): 'woman'; the women associated with the Asherah-cult who wove ritual garments for the goddess.
ὕφαινονwoveImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑφαίνωverb of relative clause (habitual)→ customary imperfect (ongoing ritual practice)ὑφαίνω: 'weave'; renders אָרַג; the imperfect depicts the women's habitual production of cult-textiles for the Asherah.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive with οὗ)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; a resumptive adverb (οὗ … ἐκεῖ) reflecting the Hebrew relative אֲשֶׁר … שָׁם, a Hebraism.
χεττιινwoven hangingsdirect object of ὕφαινον (untranslated transliteration, indeclinable)→ clausal contributionχεττιιν: untranslated transliteration of an obscure Hebrew term (בָּתִּים, 'houses / shrines,' or a textile term); the kaige-translator renders it as a loanword; in context it denotes woven hangings, tents, or vestments made for the Asherah.
τῷfor theDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσειAsherahDativedative of advantage ('for the Asherah')→ sphere or referenceἄλσος: 'grove'; the LXX rendering of אֲשֵׁרָה; the woven textiles were dedicated to the goddess Asherah (cf. vv. 4, 6).
8

καὶ ἀνήγαγεν πάντας τοὺς ἱερεῖς ἐκ πόλεων Ιουδα καὶ ἐμίανεν τὰ ὑψηλά οὗ ἐθυμίασαν ἐκεῖ οἱ ἱερεῖς ἀπὸ Γαβαα καὶ ἕως Βηρσαβεε καὶ καθεῖλεν τὸν οἶκον τῶν πυλῶν τὸν παρὰ τὴν θύραν τῆς πύλης Ιησου ἄρχοντος τῆς πόλεως τῶν ἐξ ἀριστερῶν ἀνδρὸς ἐν τῇ πύλῃ τῆς πόλεως

And he brought up all the priests from the cities of Judah and defiled the high places where the priests had burned incense, from Geba to Beersheba; and he tore down the house of the gates that was by the door of the gate of Joshua the ruler of the city, on the left of a man at the gate of the city.

Continuation: removal of priests from the high places of Judahκαὶ ἀνήγαγεν
Josiah centralizes worship: he brings up (ἀνήγαγεν) the priests from the provincial towns and defiles (ἐμίανεν) the high places from Geba to Beersheba — a merism for the whole territory of Judah. The verse closes with the demolition of an idolatrous gate-shrine, located by the topographical reference to the gate of Joshua the city-ruler; the geography here is textually difficult.
Word-by-word analysis· 47 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγαγενhe brought upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνάγω: 'bring/lead up'; renders הֵבִיא; Josiah brings the rural priests up to Jerusalem, centralizing the legitimate priesthood and removing them from the provincial high places.
πάνταςallAccusativeadjective (modifying ἱερεῖς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the comprehensive removal of every provincial priest.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsAccusativedirect object of ἀνήγαγεν→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; here the Yahwistic priests who had served at the now-abolished local shrines (distinct from the idolatrous χωμαριμ of v. 5).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
πόλεωνcitiesGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationπόλις (gen. pl. πόλεων): 'city'; the towns of Judah where the high-place priests had ministered.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμίανενhe defiledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristμιαίνω: 'defile / render unclean'; renders טִמֵּא; the key reform-verb (vv. 8, 10, 13, 16): by ritually defiling the high places (with corpse-bones, ashes), Josiah made them permanently unusable for worship.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλάhigh placesAccusativedirect object of ἐμίανεν (substantival)→ object specificationὑψηλός: 'high'; τὰ ὑψηλά = 'the high places' (בָּמוֹת), the local shrines whose defilement is the centerpiece of the centralization reform.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place→ participant referenceοὗ: 'where'; introduces the relative clause locating the priests' incense-offering.
ἐθυμίασανthey burned incenseAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θυμιάωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristθυμιάω: 'burn incense'; the priests' prior worship at the high places, now ended by their defilement.
ἐκεῖthereadverb (resumptive with οὗ)→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; resumptive Hebraism (οὗ … ἐκεῖ) for אֲשֶׁר … שָׁם.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsNominativesubject of ἐθυμίασαν→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the high-place priests.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (start of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ Γαβαα … ἕως Βηρσαβεε: a merism 'from Geba to Beersheba' denoting the full north-to-south extent of Judah's territory.
ΓαβααGebaobject of ἀπό (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΓαβαα: transliteration of Hebrew גֶּבַע (Geba), a Benjaminite town marking the northern boundary of Judah's reformed territory.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within merism)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (end of merism)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (end of merism).
ΒηρσαβεεBeershebaobject of ἕως (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΒηρσαβεε: transliteration of Hebrew בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע (Beersheba), the southernmost town, marking the southern boundary; 'from Geba to Beersheba' = the whole land of Judah.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθεῖλενhe tore downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαιρέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαθαιρέω: 'demolish'; the destruction of the gate-shrine (cf. v. 7).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / shrineAccusativedirect object of καθεῖλεν→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / shrine'; ὁ οἶκος τῶν πυλῶν = the gate-shrine, a cultic structure at the city-gate.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πυλῶνgatesGenitivegenitive (defining οἶκον)→ relational specificationπύλη (gen. pl. πυλῶν): 'gate'; the gate-shrines were cult-installations at the city's entrance (cf. the 'high places of the gates,' MT בָּמוֹת הַשְּׁעָרִים).
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παρὰbypreposition + accusative (beside)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + acc.: 'beside / by'; locates the gate-shrine alongside the entrance.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θύρανdoorAccusativeobject of παρά→ object specificationθύρα: 'door / doorway'; renders פֶּתַח; the entrance of the city-gate.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύληςgateGenitivegenitive (defining θύραν)→ relational specificationπύλη: 'gate'; the city-gate of Joshua the governor.
Ιησουof JoshuaGenitivegenitive (defining πύλης: 'gate of Joshua')→ relational specificationἸησοῦς (gen. Ἰησοῦ): transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹשֻׁעַ; declined as a second-declension noun (gen. Ἰησοῦ); here Joshua the city-governor, after whom a gate was named.
ἄρχοντοςruler / governorGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ιησου→ relational specificationἄρχων: 'ruler / official'; renders שַׂר; Joshua's title as governor (ἄρχων) of the city.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive (defining ἄρχοντος)→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; ἄρχων τῆς πόλεως = 'governor of the city.'
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (substantival, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingthe genitive τῶν ἐξ ἀριστερῶν = 'those on the left,' a topographical specification of the gate-shrine's location; the geography of this clause is textually obscure.
ἐξon / frompreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
ἀριστερῶνthe leftGenitiveobject of ἐξ (position: 'on the left')→ relational specificationἀριστερός: 'left'; ἐξ ἀριστερῶν = 'on the left (hand)'; renders מִשְּׂמֹאל; locating the gate-shrine relative to one entering the city-gate.
ἀνδρὸςof a manGenitivegenitive (of the person entering)→ relational specificationἀνήρ (gen. ἀνδρός): 'man'; here 'of a man (entering),' specifying the orientation — on the left of one who comes in at the gate.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πύλῃgateDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπύλη: 'gate'; the city-gate where the demolished shrine stood.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive (defining πύλῃ)→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; the gate of the city, closing the topographical note.
9

πλὴν οὐκ ἀνέβησαν οἱ ἱερεῖς τῶν ὑψηλῶν πρὸς τὸ θυσιαστήριον κυρίου ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ὅτι εἰ μὴ ἔφαγον ἄζυμα ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτῶν

Yet the priests of the high places did not go up to the altar of the LORD in Jerusalem, but they ate unleavened bread in the midst of their brethren.

Adversative qualification: the status of the demoted high-place priestsπλὴν οὐκ ἀνέβησαν
πλήν ('however / yet') introduces an exception to the centralization: the deposed high-place priests, though brought up to Jerusalem, were not admitted to serve at the LORD's altar; they merely shared in the priestly food (ἄζυμα) among their brethren. The construction ὅτι εἰ μή ('except that / but only') is a Hebraism rendering כִּי אִם.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
πλὴνyet / howeveradversative particle (introducing exception)→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'except / however / nevertheless'; renders אַךְ; marks a qualification to the foregoing centralization — the high-place priests are removed but not reinstated to altar-service.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβησανwent upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; here 'go up to the altar' = officiate; the negated verb marks the priests' exclusion from sacrificial service in Jerusalem.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsNominativesubject→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; the priests formerly serving the high places, now demoted.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivegenitive (defining ἱερεῖς)→ relational specificationὑψηλός: τὰ ὑψηλά = 'the high places'; οἱ ἱερεῖς τῶν ὑψηλῶν = the priests attached to the abolished local shrines.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; renders מִזְבֵּחַ; the legitimate altar of the LORD in Jerusalem, to which the high-place priests are denied access.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of ἐν (indeclinable).
ὅτιbut / forconjunction (with εἰ μή: exceptive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι εἰ μή: 'except that / but only'; a Hebraism rendering כִּי אִם; introduces the one thing the priests did do — eat unleavened bread among their kin.
εἰifconditional particle (with μή, exceptive idiom)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: meaning 'if'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μὴnotnegative (with εἰ: 'except')→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
ἔφαγονthey ateAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb of exceptive clause→ constative aoristἐσθίω (aor. ἔφαγον): 'eat'; renders אָכַל; the priests retained the right to eat from the priestly portions (unleavened bread) but not to officiate.
ἄζυμαunleavened breadAccusativedirect object of ἔφαγον→ object specificationἄζυμος: 'unleavened'; τὰ ἄζυμα = 'unleavened bread'; renders מַצּוֹת; the priestly food-portion shared among the priests.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
μέσῳthe midstDativeobject of ἐν (idiom: 'in the midst of')→ sphere or referenceμέσος: 'middle / midst'; ἐν μέσῳ = 'among / in the midst of,' rendering בְּתוֹךְ.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀδελφῶνbrethrenGenitivegenitive (with μέσῳ)→ relational specificationἀδελφός (gen. pl. ἀδελφῶν): 'brother'; renders אַח; the fellow priests with whom the demoted ones shared the priestly food.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
10

καὶ ἐμίανεν τὸν Ταφεθ τὸν ἐν φάραγγι υἱοῦ Εννομ τοῦ διάγειν ἄνδρα τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἄνδρα τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτοῦ τῷ Μολοχ ἐν πυρί

And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, so that no man might make his son or his daughter pass through the fire to Molech.

Continuation: defilement of Topheth, site of child-sacrificeκαὶ ἐμίανεν τὸν Ταφεθ
ἐμίανεn ('defiled') here targets Topheth in the Valley of the son of Hinnom (Ge-Hinnom), the site of child-sacrifice. The articular-infinitive purpose clause τοῦ διάγειν ('so as to make pass through') with the distributive ἄνδρα … ἄνδρα expresses the abolished practice of passing son or daughter through fire to Molech — the most heinous of the abominations purged (cf. 16:3; 21:6).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμίανενhe defiledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristμιαίνω: 'defile'; the king ritually pollutes Topheth to make it permanently unusable for the child-sacrifice cult.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΤαφεθTophethdirect object of ἐμίανεν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΤαφεθ: transliteration of Hebrew תֹּפֶת (Topheth), the cult-site in the Valley of Hinnom where children were burned to Molech; later a byword for hell (cf. Jer 7:31–32; Isa 30:33).
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
φάραγγιvalleyDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceφάραγξ: 'ravine / valley'; renders גֵּיא; the Valley of (the son of) Hinnom (Ge-Hinnom), source of the word 'Gehenna.'
υἱοῦof the sonGenitivegenitive (defining φάραγγι: 'of the son of Hinnom')→ relational specificationυἱός: 'son'; φάραγξ υἱοῦ Εννομ = 'Valley of the son of Hinnom,' rendering גֵּיא בֶן־הִנֹּם.
ΕννομHinnomgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕννομ: transliteration of Hebrew הִנֹּם (Hinnom); the eponym of the valley south of Jerusalem associated with child-sacrifice.
τοῦso thatGenitivearticle (with infinitive of purpose/result, negated by context)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διάγεινto make pass throughPres Act Infin · διάγωarticular infinitive (purpose/result: that none should pass children through)→ verbal action or stateδιάγω: 'lead through / make pass through'; here the technical term for the child-sacrifice rite, rendering הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ ('pass through the fire'); the defilement of Topheth was 'so that no one should make his son or daughter pass through to Molech.'
ἄνδραa manAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (distributive: 'anyone')→ object specificationἀνήρ: 'man'; ἄνδρα … ἄνδρα = the distributive 'no man (his son), nor any man (his daughter)'; the accusative as subject of the infinitive διάγειν.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect object of διάγειν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the child passed through fire in the abominable rite.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἄνδραa manAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (distributive, parallel)→ object specificationἀνήρ: the parallel distributive 'and (any) man (his daughter).'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυγατέραdaughterAccusativedirect object of διάγειν (parallel to υἱὸν)→ object specificationθυγάτηρ (acc. θυγατέρα): 'daughter'; renders בַּת; the parallel female victim of the rite.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τῷtoDativearticle (dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜολοχMolechdative of recipient (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜολοχ: transliteration of Hebrew מֹלֶךְ (Molech), the deity to whom children were sacrificed by fire; the vocalization reflects the consonants of מֶלֶךְ ('king') with the vowels of בֹּשֶׁת ('shame'); cf. Lev 18:21; 20:2–5.
ἐνin / bypreposition + dative (instrumental)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrumental).
πυρίfireDativedative of means (instrumental: 'by/in fire')→ sphere or referenceπῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; renders בָּאֵשׁ; the means of the child-sacrifice — passing the child through / in the fire.
11

καὶ κατέπαυσεν τοὺς ἵππους οὓς ἔδωκαν βασιλεῖς Ιουδα τῷ ἡλίῳ ἐν τῇ εἰσόδῳ οἴκου κυρίου εἰς τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον Ναθαν βασιλέως τοῦ εὐνούχου ἐν φαρουριμ καὶ τὸ ἅρμα τοῦ ἡλίου κατέκαυσεν πυρί

And he abolished the horses that the kings of Judah had given to the sun, at the entrance of the house of the LORD, by the chamber of Nathan-melech the eunuch in the precincts; and he burned the chariot of the sun with fire.

Continuation: removal of the horses and chariot of the sunκαὶ κατέπαυσεν τοὺς ἵππους
Two acts against the solar cult: κατέπαυσεν ('abolished') the horses dedicated to the sun (stationed at the temple entrance), and κατέκαυσεν ('burned') the chariot of the sun. The verse preserves two untranslated proper elements — the official Nathan-melech and the locale φαρουριμ — typical of the recension's transliteration habit.
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέπαυσενhe abolishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταπαύωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταπαύω: 'put down / abolish / remove'; renders הִשְׁבִּית; here Josiah removes the horses dedicated to the solar cult (cf. v. 5 of the χωμαριμ).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἵππουςhorsesAccusativedirect object of κατέπαυσεν→ object specificationἵππος (acc. pl. ἵππους): 'horse'; renders סוּסִים; the horses dedicated to the sun were part of the solar cult's processional apparatus (a known feature of ancient Near Eastern sun-worship).
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔδωκαν)→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἔδωκαν).
ἔδωκανgave / dedicatedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / dedicate'; renders נָתַן; the prior kings of Judah had dedicated these horses to the sun-god (cf. the same idiom at v. 5).
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject of ἔδωκαν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'kings'; the apostate predecessors of Josiah.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
τῷto theDativearticle (dative of recipient)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡλίῳsunDativedative of recipient (the deity)→ sphere or referenceἥλιος: 'sun'; the deified sun, to whom horses and a chariot were dedicated (cf. v. 5).
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἰσόδῳentranceDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceεἴσοδος: 'entrance / approach'; renders מָבוֹא; the horses were stationed at the temple's entrance, a public and prominent installation.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (defining εἰσόδῳ)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the temple.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the solar horses stood at the entrance of YHWH's own temple.
εἰςby / towardpreposition + accusative (location toward)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (location toward).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γαζοφυλάκιονchamber / treasuryAccusativeobject of εἰς (location)→ object specificationγαζοφυλάκιον: 'treasury / chamber'; renders לִשְׁכָּה; the side-chamber/cell of the official Nathan-melech, near which the horses were kept.
ΝαθανNathan(-melech)genitive of relationship (indeclinable personal name)→ participant identificationΝαθαν: transliteration of Hebrew נְתַן(־מֶלֶךְ), 'Nathan-melech'; indeclinable; the LXX renders the second element (-melech) as βασιλέως (see next word), splitting the compound name.
βασιλέωςthe king's / -melechGenitivegenitive (rendering the '-melech' element / 'the king's eunuch')→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. βασιλέως): 'king'; the LXX appears to render the Hebrew name-element מֶלֶךְ ('king') of Nathan-melech as a common noun, yielding 'Nathan, the king's eunuch'; an instance of the translator parsing a theophoric/royal name element.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εὐνούχουeunuch / officerGenitivegenitive in apposition (Nathan's title)→ relational specificationεὐνοῦχος: 'eunuch / court-official'; renders סָרִיס; Nathan-melech's title as a royal chamberlain whose cell adjoined the solar installation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
φαρουριμthe precinctsobject of ἐν (untranslated transliteration, indeclinable)→ clausal contributionφαρουριμ: untranslated transliteration of Hebrew פַּרְוָרִים ('precincts / colonnade / outbuildings' of the temple); the kaige-translator carries over the obscure architectural term as a loanword.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρμαchariotAccusativedirect object of κατέκαυσεν (fronted)→ object specificationἅρμα: 'chariot'; renders מֶרְכָּבָה; the chariot(s) of the sun, the vehicle in which the solar deity was symbolically conveyed.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡλίουsunGenitivegenitive (defining ἅρμα)→ relational specificationἥλιος: 'sun'; the chariot dedicated to the solar cult.
κατέκαυσενhe burnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up'; the solar chariot is destroyed by fire (cf. vv. 4, 6).
πυρίwith fireDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceπῦρ (dat. πυρί): 'fire'; the instrument of destruction; renders בָּאֵשׁ.
12

καὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια τὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ δώματος τοῦ ὑπερῴου Αχαζ ἃ ἐποίησαν βασιλεῖς Ιουδα καὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια ἃ ἐποίησεν Μανασσης ἐν ταῖς δυσὶν αὐλαῖς οἴκου κυρίου καὶ καθεῖλεν ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ κατέσπασεν ἐκεῖθεν καὶ ἔρριψεν τὸν χοῦν αὐτῶν εἰς τὸν χειμάρρουν Κεδρων

And the altars that were on the roof of the upper chamber of Ahaz, which the kings of Judah had made, and the altars that Manasseh had made in the two courts of the house of the LORD, the king tore down and pulled away from there, and cast their dust into the wadi Kidron.

Continuation: destruction of the rooftop and courtyard altarsκαὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια
The fronted objects (τὰ θυσιαστήρια … καὶ τὰ θυσιαστήρια) name two sets of illicit altars — those of Ahaz on the rooftop and those of Manasseh in the temple courts — resumed by the verbs καθεῖλεν, κατέσπασεν, ἔρριψεν. The reform thus undoes the specific apostasies of the named kings Ahaz (ch. 16) and Manasseh (ch. 21).
Word-by-word analysis· 42 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (fronted object of καθεῖλεν)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριαaltarsAccusativedirect object (fronted, resumed by καθεῖλεν)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the illicit altars built by Ahaz on the palace rooftop (cf. Jer 19:13; Zeph 1:5, rooftop altars for the host of heaven).
τὰthe (ones)Accusativearticle (attributive, with prepositional phrase)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δώματοςroofGenitiveobject of ἐπί (position)→ relational specificationδῶμα: 'roof / housetop'; renders גָּג; flat rooftops were used for astral worship (cf. Jer 19:13).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑπερῴουupper chamberGenitivegenitive (defining δώματος)→ relational specificationὑπερῷον: 'upper room / roof-chamber'; renders עֲלִיָּה; the upper chamber of Ahaz, on whose roof the altars stood.
Αχαζof Ahazgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχαζ: transliteration of Hebrew אָחָז (Ahaz); the apostate Judahite king (ch. 16) who introduced the Assyrian-style altar; indeclinable.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν)→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν).
ἐποίησανmadeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; renders עָשָׂה; the kings of Judah built these rooftop altars.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'kings'; the predecessors who built the altars.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (second set of altars)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριαaltarsAccusativedirect object (second set, coordinate)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the altars Manasseh built in the temple courts (cf. 21:5).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν).
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; Manasseh's construction of altars for the host of heaven within the sacred courts.
ΜανασσηςManassehNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν→ participant prominenceΜανασσης: transliteration of Hebrew מְנַשֶּׁה (Manasseh); declined as a first-declension masculine (nom. Μανασσης); the arch-apostate king whose sins provoke the wrath that even Josiah cannot avert (vv. 26–27; ch. 21).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δυσὶνtwoDativenumeral (modifying αὐλαῖς)→ sphere or referenceδύο (dat. δυσίν): 'two'; the two courts of the temple (the inner and outer court), defiled by Manasseh's altars.
αὐλαῖςcourtsDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceαὐλή (dat. pl. αὐλαῖς): 'court / courtyard'; renders חֲצֵרוֹת; the temple courts profaned by the altars.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive (defining αὐλαῖς)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the temple.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; Manasseh's altars stood in the courts of YHWH's own house.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (resuming with main verb)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
καθεῖλενtore downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθαιρέωmain verb (resuming the fronted objects)→ constative aoristκαθαιρέω: 'demolish / tear down'; the king destroys both sets of altars.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Josiah.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέσπασενpulled away / broke downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατασπάωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristκατασπάω: 'pull down / tear away'; the intensive κατα- with σπάω ('drag') depicts the forcible dislodging of the altars from their place (cf. v. 15).
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)→ clausal contributionἐκεῖθεν: 'from there / thence'; the altars are dragged away from their rooftop and courtyard sites.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔρριψενcastAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥίπτωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristῥίπτω: 'throw / cast'; the rubble-dust is flung into the Kidron, the disposal-site (cf. v. 6).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χοῦνdustAccusativedirect object of ἔρριψεν→ object specificationχοῦς: 'dust / rubble'; the pulverized remains of the altars.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'into'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειμάρρουνwadiAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination)→ object specificationχείμαρρος: 'wadi / ravine'; the Kidron (cf. vv. 4, 6).
ΚεδρωνKidrongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΚεδρων: the Kidron ravine, recurrent disposal-site of the reform.
13

καὶ τὸν οἶκον τὸν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον Ιερουσαλημ τὸν ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ Μοσοαθ ὃν ᾠκοδόμησεν Σαλωμων βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ τῇ Ἀστάρτῃ προσοχθίσματι Σιδωνίων καὶ τῷ Χαμως προσοχθίσματι Μωαβ καὶ τῷ Μολχολ βδελύγματι υἱῶν Αμμων ἐμίανεν ὁ βασιλεύς

And the high places that were before Jerusalem, on the right of the Mount of Destruction, which Solomon king of Israel had built for Astarte the abomination of the Sidonians and for Chemosh the abomination of Moab and for Milcom the abomination of the sons of Ammon, the king defiled.

Continuation: defilement of Solomon's high places for foreign godsκαὶ τὸν οἶκον
The reform reaches back to Solomon's own apostasy (3 Kgdms 11:5–8): the shrines he built for Astarte, Chemosh, and Milcom on the Mount of Destruction (the Mount of Olives) are defiled. Each deity is labelled with the polemical προσόχθισμα / βδέλυγμα ('abomination'). The fronted object οἶκον is resumed by the verb ἐμίανεν at verse-end (Hebraic object-fronting).
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (fronted object of ἐμίανεν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouse / shrinesAccusativedirect object (fronted, resumed by ἐμίανεν)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / cult-shrine'; here the high-place shrines (collective sing.) Solomon erected for his foreign wives' gods (3 Kgdms 11:7).
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπὶbefore / facingpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ πρόσωπον: 'before / in front of / facing'; a Hebraism rendering עַל־פְּנֵי ('on the face of').
πρόσωπονface / frontAccusativeobject of ἐπί (idiom: 'before')→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; ἐπὶ πρόσωπον Ιερουσαλημ = 'facing Jerusalem,' i.e. on the Mount of Olives east of the city.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκonpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'on'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
δεξιῶνthe rightGenitiveobject of ἐκ (position: 'on the right')→ relational specificationδεξιός: 'right (hand)'; ἐκ δεξιῶν = 'on the right,' i.e. to the south (the Hebrew orients by facing east); renders מִימִין.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄρουςmountainGenitivegenitive (with ἐκ δεξιῶν)→ relational specificationὄρος: 'mountain'; renders הַר; the Mount of Olives, here labelled the 'Mount of Destruction' (a pejorative pun, see next).
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Μοσοαθ)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜοσοαθDestruction (Mosoath)genitive of relationship (indeclinable transliteration)→ participant identificationΜοσοαθ: transliteration of Hebrew הַמַּשְׁחִית ('the Destroyer / Corruption'); 'the Mount of the Destroyer' — a derogatory deformation of הַר הַמִּשְׁחָה ('Mount of Anointing/Olives'), branding the site of idolatry as a 'mount of corruption.'
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν)→ participant referenceὃν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ᾠκοδόμησεν).
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; renders בָּנָה; Solomon's building of the foreign shrines (3 Kgdms 11:7), now reversed by Josiah's defilement.
ΣαλωμωνSolomonNominativesubject of ᾠκοδόμησεν→ participant prominenceΣαλωμων: transliteration of Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (Solomon); here nominative subject; the great temple-builder whose later idolatry the reform must now undo — a pointed irony that Σαλωμων βασιλεὺς Ισραηλ built shrines for foreign gods.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeapposition to Σαλωμων→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Solomon's title.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: transliteration of Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל; here the united kingdom under Solomon; indeclinable.
τῇforDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἈστάρτῃAstarteDativedative of advantage ('for Astarte')→ sphere or referenceἈστάρτη (dat. Ἀστάρτῃ): the Sidonian/Canaanite fertility-goddess (Hebrew עַשְׁתֹּרֶת); declined as a first-declension noun; one of the three deities for whom Solomon built shrines.
προσοχθίσματιabominationDativedative in apposition to Ἀστάρτῃ (polemical label)→ sphere or referenceπροσόχθισμα: 'detestable thing / abomination / offense'; renders שִׁקּוּץ; the LXX's polemical label for a pagan idol — lit. 'that which causes (God's) revulsion.'
Σιδωνίωνof the SidoniansGenitivegenitive (defining προσοχθίσματι)→ relational specificationΣιδώνιος: 'Sidonian'; renders צִידֹנִים; Astarte was the chief goddess of Sidon/Phoenicia.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷforDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΧαμωςChemoshdative of advantage (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΧαμως: transliteration of Hebrew כְּמוֹשׁ (Chemosh), the national god of Moab; indeclinable.
προσοχθίσματιabominationDativedative in apposition to Χαμως→ sphere or referenceπροσόχθισμα: 'abomination'; the polemical label, here for Chemosh.
Μωαβof Moabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜωαβ: transliteration of Hebrew מוֹאָב (Moab); the nation whose god was Chemosh; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τῷforDativearticle (dative of advantage)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΜολχολMilcomdative of advantage (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜολχολ: transliteration of Hebrew מִלְכֹּם (Milcom), the national god of Ammon; indeclinable (cf. Μολοχ, v. 10, a related royal-deity name).
βδελύγματιabominationDativedative in apposition to Μολχολ→ sphere or referenceβδέλυγμα: 'abomination / detestable thing'; renders תּוֹעֵבָה / שִׁקֻּץ; a near-synonym of προσόχθισμα, varying the polemical vocabulary for the third idol.
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive (defining βδελύγματι)→ relational specificationυἱός (gen. pl. υἱῶν): 'son'; υἱοὶ Αμμων = 'the sons of Ammon,' the standard designation of the Ammonites (בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן).
Αμμωνof Ammongenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑμμων: transliteration of Hebrew עַמּוֹן (Ammon); indeclinable; the nation whose god was Milcom.
ἐμίανενdefiledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb (resuming the fronted object οἶκον)→ constative aoristμιαίνω: 'defile'; the verb resumes the long fronted object; Josiah pollutes Solomon's foreign shrines to render them unusable (cf. vv. 8, 10, 16).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of ἐμίανεν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Josiah, named again at the close to mark the agent of the climactic defilement.
14

καὶ συνέτριψεν τὰς στήλας καὶ ἐξωλέθρευσεν τὰ ἄλση καὶ ἔπλησεν τοὺς τόπους αὐτῶν ὀστέων ἀνθρώπων

And he broke in pieces the pillars and utterly destroyed the sacred poles, and filled their places with the bones of men.

Continuation: smashing the pillars and Asherim, filling the sites with bonesκαὶ συνέτριψεν τὰς στήλας
A triad of aorists (συνέτριψεν, ἐξωλέθρευσεν, ἔπλησεν) completes the destruction of the cult-objects: the standing-stones (στῆλαι = מַצֵּבוֹת) are smashed and the Asherim annihilated; the sites are then filled with human bones — the supreme defilement, since corpse-impurity rendered the ground permanently unfit for worship (anticipating the Bethel scene of vv. 15–20).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέτριψενbroke in piecesAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb→ constative aoristσυντρίβω: 'shatter / break in pieces'; renders שִׁבֵּר; the intensive συν- denotes total fracturing of the stone pillars (cf. v. 15).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
στήλαςpillarsAccusativedirect object of συνέτριψεν→ object specificationστήλη: 'pillar / standing-stone'; renders מַצֵּבָה, the sacred standing-stones of Canaanite cult, forbidden in Deut 16:22.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξωλέθρευσενutterly destroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξολεθρεύωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristἐξολεθρεύω: 'destroy utterly / exterminate'; renders הִכְרִית / הִשְׁמִיד; the ἐξ- intensifies to total annihilation of the Asherim (cf. the herem-vocabulary of Deut 7:5).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσηsacred poles / AsherimAccusativedirect object of ἐξωλέθρευσεν→ object specificationἄλσος (pl. ἄλση): 'grove'; the LXX rendering of אֲשֵׁרִים (Asherim), the cultic poles/trees of the goddess Asherah (cf. vv. 4, 6, 7, 15).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔπλησενfilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίμπλημι / πληρόωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristπίμπλημι (aor. ἔπλησεν): 'fill'; renders מִלֵּא; takes a genitive of content (ὀστέων); the filling of the former cult-sites with bones is a deliberate, irreversible defilement.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τόπουςplacesAccusativedirect object of ἔπλησεν→ object specificationτόπος: 'place / site'; renders מָקוֹם; the sites of the destroyed pillars and poles, now packed with bones.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the pillars'/poles')→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the pillars'/poles').
ὀστέωνbonesGenitivegenitive of content (with ἔπλησεν)→ relational specificationὀστέον (gen. pl. ὀστέων): 'bone'; renders עֲצָמוֹת; human bones are the ultimate defiling agent (corpse-impurity, Num 19:16), making the cult-sites permanently profane.
ἀνθρώπωνof menGenitivegenitive (defining ὀστέων)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος (gen. pl. ἀνθρώπων): 'man / human'; ὀστᾶ ἀνθρώπων = 'human bones,' the specifically defiling kind (cf. vv. 16, 20).
15

καί γε τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ ἐν Βαιθηλ τὸ ὑψηλόν ὃ ἐποίησεν Ιεροβοαμ υἱὸς Ναβατ ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ καί γε τὸ θυσιαστήριον ἐκεῖνο καὶ τὸ ὑψηλὸν κατέσπασεν καὶ συνέτριψεν τοὺς λίθους αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐλέπτυνεν εἰς χοῦν καὶ κατέκαυσεν τὸ ἄλσος

Moreover the altar that was at Bethel, the high place that Jeroboam son of Nebat made, who caused Israel to sin — even that altar and the high place he pulled down, and broke its stones in pieces and ground them to dust, and burned the sacred pole.

Opening of section C: the destruction of the Bethel altarκαί γε τὸ θυσιαστήριον
The emphatic καί γε ('moreover / even') — a kaige-recension signature rendering Hebrew וְגַם — marks the climactic extension of the reform to the northern shrine of Bethel. The altar is identified by the formulaic reference to Jeroboam son of Nebat 'who made Israel sin,' the Deuteronomist's standard epithet (3 Kgdms 14:16). A cascade of destruction-verbs (κατέσπασεν, συνέτριψεν, ἐλέπτυνεν, κατέκαυσεν) annihilates altar, stones, and Asherah.
Word-by-word analysis· 40 words
καίandconjunction (with γε: emphatic 'moreover')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί γε: 'and indeed / moreover / even'; the emphatic particle-combination renders Hebrew וְגַם; its frequent use is the eponymous signature of the kaige (καί γε) recension of LXX Kingdoms.
γεindeedemphatic particle (with καί)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: enclitic emphatic particle 'indeed / even'; with καί forms the recension-marker καί γε.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (fronted object)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object (fronted, resumed below)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the infamous altar of Bethel, focus of the man-of-God prophecy in 3 Kgdms 13.
τὸthe (one)Accusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΒαιθηλBethelobject of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: Bethel, Jeroboam's southern royal sanctuary with its golden calf (3 Kgdms 12:28–29); cf. v. 4.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with ὑψηλόν, apposition)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλόνhigh placeAccusativesubstantival adjective in apposition to θυσιαστήριον→ object specificationὑψηλός: τὸ ὑψηλόν = 'the high place / shrine'; in apposition, identifying the Bethel altar as a high-place sanctuary (בָּמָה).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν).
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; Jeroboam's establishment of the Bethel altar.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamsubject of ἐποίησεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: transliteration of Hebrew יָרָבְעָם (Jeroboam I); indeclinable; the founder of the northern kingdom's calf-cult, the archetypal sinner-king of the Deuteronomistic History.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Ιεροβοαμ→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic formula 'son of Nebat.'
Ναβατof Nebatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝαβατ: transliteration of Hebrew נְבָט (Nebat), Jeroboam's father; indeclinable; the full formula 'Jeroboam son of Nebat' is a fixed Deuteronomistic tag.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν)→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of ἐξήμαρτεν).
ἐξήμαρτενcaused to sinAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαμαρτάνωverb of relative clause (causative)→ constative aorist (causative)ἐξαμαρτάνω: here transitive/causative 'cause to sin / lead into sin'; renders הֶחֱטִיא; ὃς ἐξήμαρτεν τὸν Ισραηλ ('who made Israel sin') is the recurring Deuteronomistic indictment of Jeroboam (3 Kgdms 14:16; 4 Kgdms 17:21).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἐξήμαρτεν (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom Jeroboam led into the calf-cult; indeclinable, though here governed by the accusative article τὸν.
καίandconjunction (with γε: resumptive emphatic)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί γε: the emphatic combination repeats, resuming the fronted object before the main verbs — 'even that altar.'
γεindeedemphatic particle→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object (resumptive, of κατέσπασεν)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; resumes the fronted object for the main demolition-verb.
ἐκεῖνοthatAccusativedemonstrative (modifying θυσιαστήριον)→ object specificationἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the deictic emphasises 'that very altar' of Jeroboam.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλὸνhigh placeAccusativedirect object (coordinate, of κατέσπασεν)→ object specificationὑψηλός: τὸ ὑψηλόν = 'the high place'; the shrine destroyed along with the altar.
κατέσπασενhe pulled downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατασπάωmain verb→ constative aoristκατασπάω: 'pull/drag down'; the forcible demolition of the Bethel altar (cf. v. 12).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
συνέτριψενbroke in piecesAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristσυντρίβω: 'shatter'; the stones of the altar are broken up (cf. v. 14).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λίθουςstonesAccusativedirect object of συνέτριψεν→ object specificationλίθος: 'stone'; renders אֲבָנִים; the building-stones of the altar, smashed to rubble.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession (the altar's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'its'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the altar's).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐλέπτυνενground to powderAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λεπτύνωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristλεπτύνω: 'pulverize'; the stones are reduced to dust (cf. v. 6); echoing the calf's destruction (Deut 9:21).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (result)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (result).
χοῦνdustAccusativeobject of εἰς (result)→ object specificationχοῦς: 'dust'; the pulverized result; εἰς χοῦν = 'to dust' (cf. v. 6).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέκαυσενhe burnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up'; the accompanying Asherah-pole is incinerated (cf. vv. 4, 6, 11).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄλσοςsacred pole / AsherahAccusativedirect object of κατέκαυσεν→ object specificationἄλσος: 'grove'; the Asherah-pole at Bethel, burned along with the altar (cf. vv. 4, 6, 7, 14).
16

καὶ ἐξένευσεν Ιωσιας καὶ εἶδεν τοὺς τάφους τοὺς ὄντας ἐκεῖ ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ ἀπέστειλεν καὶ ἔλαβεν τὰ ὀστᾶ ἐκ τῶν τάφων καὶ κατέκαυσεν ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ ἐμίανεν αὐτὸ κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ὃ ἐλάλησεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἑστάναι Ιεροβοαμ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ ἐπιστρέψας ἦρεν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν τάφον τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ λαλήσαντος τοὺς λόγους τούτους

And Josiah turned aside and saw the tombs that were there in the city, and he sent and took the bones out of the tombs and burned them upon the altar, and defiled it, according to the word of the LORD that the man of God proclaimed when Jeroboam stood at the feast by the altar. And turning, he lifted up his eyes to the tomb of the man of God who had spoken these words.

Fulfillment notice: the burning of bones fulfills the man-of-God prophecyκαὶ ἐξένευσεν Ιωσιας
The narrative names Josiah explicitly (Ιωσιας) and reports the precise fulfillment of the prophecy of 3 Kgdms 13:2 (κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου). The fulfillment-formula and the temporal clause ἐν τῷ ἑστάναι Ιεροβοαμ ('when Jeroboam stood') link Josiah's act, three centuries later, to the unnamed Judahite prophet's word. The closing clause (ἐπιστρέψας ἦρεν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς) prepares the sparing of the prophet's tomb in vv. 17–18.
Word-by-word analysis· 68 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐξένευσενturned asideAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκνεύωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκνεύω: 'turn aside / turn away'; renders פָּנָה; Josiah turns to survey the surroundings, his eye falling on the tombs.
ΙωσιαςJosiahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΙωσιας: transliteration of Hebrew יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ (Josiah); declined as a first-declension masculine (nom. Ιωσιας); named here for the first time in the chapter, at the climactic fulfillment-scene at Bethel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω (aor. εἶδεν): 'see'; renders רָאָה; Josiah catches sight of the tombs on the hillside.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφουςtombsAccusativedirect object of εἶδεν→ object specificationτάφος: 'tomb / grave'; renders קֶבֶר; the tombs whose bones will defile the altar.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνταςthat werePres Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying τάφους)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be'; οἱ ὄντες ἐκεῖ = 'those (that were) there'; the participle localizes the tombs.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at Bethel.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλειcityDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; the town of Bethel and its environs.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέστειλενhe sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; Josiah dispatches men to fetch the bones (cf. v. 1).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; the bones are removed from the tombs to defile the altar.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object of ἔλαβεν→ object specificationὀστέον (contr. pl. ὀστᾶ): 'bone'; the human bones used to defile the altar, fulfilling the prophecy of 3 Kgdms 13:2 that bones would be burned on it.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφωνtombsGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)→ relational specificationτάφος: 'tomb'; the source of the defiling bones.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέκαυσενburnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up'; the bones are burned upon the altar — the precise act foretold in 3 Kgdms 13:2.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (upon).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the Bethel altar, defiled by the burning of bones.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐμίανενdefiledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μιαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristμιαίνω: 'defile'; the burning of human bones renders the altar permanently unclean (cf. vv. 8, 10, 13).
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (the altar)→ participant referenceαὐτὸ: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (the altar).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (conformity)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου = 'in accordance with the word of the LORD,' the fulfillment-formula.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / utterance'; renders דָּבָר; τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου = the prophetic word spoken by the man of God in 3 Kgdms 13:2, now fulfilled to the letter.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of source→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the word's divine origin guarantees its fulfillment after three centuries.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν)→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐλάλησεν).
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak'; renders דִּבֶּר; the man of God's proclamation against the Bethel altar (3 Kgdms 13:2).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of ἐλάλησεν→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ = 'the man of God' (אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים), the standard designation of a prophet; here the anonymous Judahite prophet of 3 Kgdms 13.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (with ἄνθρωπος)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ = the prophetic title 'man of God.'
ἐνwhenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: a temporal construction 'when / while,' rendering Hebrew בְּ + infinitive construct; 'when Jeroboam stood.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑστάναιstandingPerf Act Infin · ἵστημιarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when [Jeroboam] stood')→ verbal action or stateἵστημι (perf. inf. ἑστάναι): 'stand'; the perfect infinitive in the ἐν τῷ-construction means 'while Jeroboam was standing'; refers to the moment of 3 Kgdms 13:1 when Jeroboam stood at the altar to burn incense and the prophet cried out.
ΙεροβοαμJeroboamaccusative subject of infinitive (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεροβοαμ: Jeroboam, standing at the altar when the prophecy was uttered; indeclinable.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal/locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal/locative).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑορτῇfeastDativedative of time/place→ sphere or referenceἑορτή: 'feast / festival'; renders חַג; Jeroboam's rival autumn festival at Bethel (3 Kgdms 12:32–33), the occasion of the prophecy.
ἐπὶby / atpreposition + accusative (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'by'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeobject of ἐπί (position of Jeroboam)→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the altar at which Jeroboam stood when the prophet spoke.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transition to v. 17 scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιστρέψαςturningAor Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἐπιστρέφωcircumstantial participle (attendant: 'turning')→ verbal action or stateἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / turn around'; renders פָּנָה / שׁוּב; the aorist participle marks Josiah's turning to look at the prophet's tomb, setting up the dialogue of v. 17.
ἦρενlifted upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'lift / raise'; ἦρεν τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς ('lifted up his eyes') is a Hebraism (נָשָׂא עֵינַיִם) for directing one's gaze.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object of ἦρεν→ object specificationὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; ἦρεν τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς = 'lifted his eyes,' the Hebraic idiom for looking up/around.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction of gaze)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of gaze).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφονtombAccusativeobject of ἐπί (direction)→ object specificationτάφος: 'tomb'; the tomb of the man of God, which Josiah is about to spare (vv. 17–18).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitivegenitive (defining τάφον)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ — the prophet whose tomb is in view.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (with ἀνθρώπου)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the prophetic title 'man of God.'
τοῦwhoGenitivearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαλήσαντοςhad spokenAor Act Ptc Gen Masc Sg · λαλέωattributive participle (modifying ἀνθρώπου)→ verbal action or stateλαλέω (aor. ptc.): 'speak'; ὁ λαλήσας τοὺς λόγους τούτους = 'who spoke these words,' identifying the prophet by his fulfilled oracle.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of λαλήσαντος→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; the prophetic words now fulfilled in Josiah's act.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; deictic to the very prophecy being fulfilled — the words spoken against the altar and now realized.
17

καὶ εἶπεν τί τὸ σκόπελον ἐκεῖνο ὃ ἐγὼ ὁρῶ καὶ εἶπον αὐτῷ οἱ ἄνδρες τῆς πόλεως ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν ὁ ἐξεληλυθὼς ἐξ Ιουδα καὶ ἐπικαλεσάμενος τοὺς λόγους τούτους οὓς ἐπεκαλέσατο ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον Βαιθηλ

And he said, 'What is that monument that I see?' And the men of the city said to him, 'It is the man of God who came out of Judah and called out these words that he proclaimed against the altar of Bethel.'

Dialogue: Josiah inquires about the monument and is told whose it isκαὶ εἶπεν
A question-and-answer exchange: Josiah asks about the σκόπελον ('grave-marker / monument'), and the townsmen identify it as the tomb of the man of God from Judah whose words against the Bethel altar have just been fulfilled. The repeated ἐπικαλέω ('called out / proclaimed') underlines the prophetic word as the link between past oracle and present fulfillment.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction, Josiah)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say'; introduces Josiah's question about the tomb-marker.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'what / who'; τί τὸ σκόπελον = 'what is that monument?'
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκόπελονmonument / grave-markerNominativesubject of implied ἐστιν→ participant prominenceσκόπελος (here neut. σκόπελον): 'lookout-rock / cairn / monument'; renders צִיּוּן ('marker / signpost'); the gravestone or memorial cairn marking the prophet's tomb.
ἐκεῖνοthatNominativedemonstrative (modifying σκόπελον)→ participant prominenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the deictic points to the visible monument.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὁρῶ)→ participant referenceὃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ὁρῶ).
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun→ participant referenceἐγώ: emphatic 'I'; the king's personal observation.
ὁρῶseePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωverb of relative clause→ descriptive presentὁράω: 'see'; ὃ ἐγὼ ὁρῶ = 'which I see,' the present tense of immediate perception.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (the townsmen's reply)→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον 3 pl.): 'say'; introduces the men's answer.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (to Josiah)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as indirect object (to Josiah).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of εἶπον→ participant prominenceἀνήρ (nom. pl. ἄνδρες): 'man'; the townsmen of Bethel who know the local tradition.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive (defining ἄνδρες)→ relational specificationπόλις: 'city'; οἱ ἄνδρες τῆς πόλεως = 'the men of the city,' the residents of Bethel.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστιν)→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ — the man of God, identified as the one buried there.
τοῦofGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (with ἄνθρωπος)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the prophetic title.
ἐστινis / it isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the copula identifying the tomb's occupant.
the (one)Nominativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐξεληλυθὼςwho came outPerf Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἐξέρχομαιsubstantival participle (in apposition: 'the one who came out')→ resultative perfectἐξέρχομαι (perf. ptc. ἐξεληλυθώς): 'come/go out'; ὁ ἐξεληλυθὼς ἐξ Ιουδα = 'the one who had come out of Judah,' recalling the Judahite origin of the man of God (3 Kgdms 13:1).
ἐξout ofpreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐξ: meaning 'out of'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΙουδαJudahobject of ἐξ (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the prophet's southern homeland; the man of God came from Judah to denounce the northern altar.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (linking participles)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπικαλεσάμενοςwho called out / proclaimedAor Mid Ptc Nom Masc Sg · ἐπικαλέωsubstantival participle (coordinate)→ verbal action or stateἐπικαλέω (mid. ἐπικαλέομαι): 'call out / proclaim / invoke'; the middle participle describes the prophet's proclamation against the altar (cf. the cognate verb following).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ἐπικαλεσάμενος→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; the proclaimed oracle against the altar.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative (modifying λόγους)→ object specificationοὗτος: 'these'; the very words now fulfilled.
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπεκαλέσατο)→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐπεκαλέσατο).
ἐπεκαλέσατοhe proclaimedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπικαλέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐπικαλέω (mid.): 'call out / proclaim'; the cognate finite verb reinforces the participle — the prophet 'proclaimed' the oracle against the altar; renders קָרָא עַל.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'against'; the oracle was directed against the altar.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the Bethel altar against which the prophecy was uttered and now fulfilled.
Βαιθηλof Bethelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: Bethel; θυσιαστήριον Βαιθηλ = 'the altar of Bethel.'
18

καὶ εἶπεν ἄφετε αὐτό ἀνὴρ μὴ κινησάτω τὰ ὀστᾶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐρρύσθησαν τὰ ὀστᾶ αὐτοῦ μετὰ τῶν ὀστῶν τοῦ προφήτου τοῦ ἥκοντος ἐκ Σαμαρείας

And he said, 'Let it be; let no man move his bones.' So they spared his bones, together with the bones of the prophet who came from Samaria.

Resolution: Josiah spares the prophet's tombκαὶ εἶπεν
Josiah's command ἄφετε αὐτό ('let it be') and the prohibition μὴ κινησάτω ('let no one disturb') spare the tomb of the man of God — an honor to the prophet whose word he has just fulfilled. The note that his bones were spared together with the prophet of Samaria recalls the old-prophet of 3 Kgdms 13:31, who had asked to be buried beside the man of God.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Josiah's command)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces the king's order to spare the tomb.
ἄφετεlet be / leaveAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀφίημιimperative (command to attendants)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀφίημι: 'leave / let alone / permit'; ἄφετε αὐτό = 'let it be / leave it alone'; renders הַנִּיחוּ; the command to spare the monument.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object of ἄφετε (the monument)→ participant referenceαὐτό: meaning 'it'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of ἄφετε (the monument).
ἀνὴρ(any) manNominativesubject of κινησάτω (distributive: 'no one')→ participant prominenceἀνήρ: 'man'; ἀνὴρ μὴ κινησάτω = 'let no man move,' a Hebraism (אִישׁ אַל) for a universal prohibition.
μὴnotnegative (with imperative)→ clausal qualification or emphasisμὴ: meaning 'not'; it negates or qualifies the assertion of the clause.
κινησάτωlet him moveAor Act Impv 3 Sg · κινέωthird-person prohibitive imperative→ prohibitive aorist imperativeκινέω: 'move / disturb'; renders הֵנִיעַ / נָגַע; the prohibition protects the prophet's remains from the desecration meted out to the idolatrous tombs.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object of κινησάτω→ object specificationὀστέον (pl. ὀστᾶ): 'bone'; the prophet's bones, deliberately left undisturbed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (the prophet's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (the prophet's).
καὶand / sonarrative conjunction (result)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐρρύσθησανwere spared / rescuedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ῥύομαιmain verb (passive result)→ constative aorist (resultant deliverance)ῥύομαι (aor. pass. ἐρρύσθησαν): 'rescue / deliver / spare'; renders נִמְלְטוּ / הִצִּילוּ; the bones 'were rescued' from the burning — the prophet's tomb alone escapes the general desecration.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesNominativesubject of ἐρρύσθησαν→ participant prominenceὀστέον (pl. ὀστᾶ): 'bone'; the spared bones of the man of God.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μετὰtogether withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with / together with'; the man of God's bones are spared alongside those of the old prophet of Samaria.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστῶνbonesGenitiveobject of μετά→ relational specificationὀστέον (gen. pl. ὀστῶν): 'bone'; the bones of the Samarian prophet, buried in the same tomb (3 Kgdms 13:31).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προφήτουprophetGenitivegenitive (defining ὀστῶν)→ relational specificationπροφήτης: 'prophet'; the old prophet of Bethel/Samaria who buried the man of God and asked to be laid beside him (3 Kgdms 13:11–32).
τοῦwhoGenitivearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἥκοντοςwho camePres Act Ptc Gen Masc Sg · ἥκωattributive participle (modifying προφήτου)→ verbal action or stateἥκω: 'have come / be present'; ὁ ἥκων ἐκ Σαμαρείας = 'the one who came from Samaria,' identifying the old prophet's provenance.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΣαμαρείαςSamariaGenitiveobject of ἐκ→ relational specificationΣαμάρεια (gen. Σαμαρείας): transliteration of Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן (Samaria); declined as a first-declension noun; the region/capital of the northern kingdom, here anachronistically used for the old prophet's home (Bethel was later part of Samaria).
19

καί γε εἰς πάντας τοὺς οἴκους τῶν ὑψηλῶν τοὺς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν Σαμαρείας οὓς ἐποίησαν βασιλεῖς Ισραηλ παροργίζειν κύριον ἀπέστησεν Ιωσιας καὶ ἐποίησεν ἐν αὐτοῖς πάντα τὰ ἔργα ἃ ἐποίησεν ἐν Βαιθηλ

Moreover, all the houses of the high places that were in the cities of Samaria, which the kings of Israel had made to provoke the LORD to anger, Josiah removed; and he did to them according to all the deeds that he had done at Bethel.

Extension: the reform reaches the high places of Samariaκαί γε
The emphatic καί γε again marks an extension (cf. v. 15): Josiah's reform overflows the borders of Judah into the former northern kingdom. The purpose-infinitive παροργίζειν κύριον ('to provoke the LORD to anger') is the Deuteronomistic indictment of the kings of Israel; Josiah treats the Samarian shrines exactly as he treated Bethel.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
καίandconjunction (with γε: emphatic 'moreover')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί γε: 'moreover / even' (Hebrew וְגַם); the kaige-recension marker introducing the northward extension of the reform.
γεindeedemphatic particle→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰςas for / againstpreposition + accusative (Hebraizing object-marker)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς + acc.: here a Hebraizing extension marking the object 'as for all the houses,' resumed by ἀπέστησεν; renders the Hebrew direct-object construction loosely.
πάνταςallAccusativeadjective (modifying οἴκους)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the comprehensive scope of the northern purge.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουςhouses / shrinesAccusativeobject (resumed by ἀπέστησεν)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house / shrine'; οἱ οἶκοι τῶν ὑψηλῶν = 'the shrines of the high places,' the cult-buildings of Samaria's bamot.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivegenitive (defining οἴκους)→ relational specificationὑψηλός: τὰ ὑψηλά = 'the high places'; the shrines of the northern kingdom.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (attributive)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλεσινcitiesDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπόλις (dat. pl. πόλεσιν): 'city'; the towns of the former northern kingdom.
Σαμαρείαςof SamariaGenitivegenitive (defining πόλεσιν)→ relational specificationΣαμάρεια: Samaria; the territory of the fallen northern kingdom, now under Josiah's reforming reach.
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν)→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν).
ἐποίησανmadeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; the kings of Israel built these shrines.
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'kings'; the kings of (northern) Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom; indeclinable.
παροργίζεινto provoke to angerPres Act Infin · παροργίζωinfinitive of result/purpose→ verbal action or stateπαροργίζω: 'provoke to anger / exasperate'; renders הִכְעִיס; παροργίζειν κύριον ('to provoke the LORD to anger') is the standard Deuteronomistic verdict on the northern kings' idolatry (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:9; 16:33), anticipating the wrath-theme of vv. 26–27.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativedirect object of παροργίζειν→ object specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the object of the provocation.
ἀπέστησενremovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (resuming the fronted object)→ constative aoristἀφίστημι: here transitive 'remove / put away'; renders הֵסִיר; Josiah removes the Samarian shrines, completing the northern reform.
ΙωσιαςJosiahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΙωσιας: Josiah, the reforming king (cf. v. 16).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; Josiah does to the Samarian shrines as he did to Bethel.
ἐνto / amongpreposition + dative (locative/with respect to)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative/with respect to).
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν (the shrines)→ participant reference or interestαὐτοῖς: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐν (the shrines).
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (modifying ἔργα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the full repertoire of his Bethel destruction is repeated.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἔργαdeedsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν→ object specificationἔργον: 'work / deed'; renders מַעֲשִׂים; the acts of demolition and defilement performed at Bethel (vv. 15–16).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceἃ: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν).
ἐποίησενhe had doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; refers back to the Bethel destruction as the pattern.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΒαιθηλBethelobject of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΒαιθηλ: Bethel, the model of the destruction now extended to all Samaria.
20

καὶ ἐθυσίασεν πάντας τοὺς ἱερεῖς τῶν ὑψηλῶν τοὺς ὄντας ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ τῶν θυσιαστηρίων καὶ κατέκαυσεν τὰ ὀστᾶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπ᾿ αὐτά καὶ ἐπεστράφη εἰς Ιερουσαλημ

And he slaughtered all the priests of the high places who were there, upon the altars, and burned the bones of men upon them, and returned to Jerusalem.

Climax and closure of section C: slaughter of the high-place priests; return to Jerusalemκαὶ ἐθυσίασεν
The verb ἐθυσίασεν ('sacrificed / slaughtered') is grimly ironic: the high-place priests who offered illicit sacrifices are themselves slaughtered upon their own altars, and human bones burned upon them — a total and final defilement. The closing ἐπεστράφη εἰς Ιερουσαλημ ('he returned to Jerusalem') brings the narrative back to the capital for the Passover (vv. 21–23).
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθυσίασενhe slaughtered / sacrificedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θυσιάζωmain verb→ constative aoristθυσιάζω: 'sacrifice / slaughter'; renders זָבַח; here used with grim irony — the priests who sacrificed at the altars are themselves 'sacrificed' upon them; the verb conveys ritual slaughter.
πάνταςallAccusativeadjective (modifying ἱερεῖς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the comprehensive execution of the idolatrous priests.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεῖςpriestsAccusativedirect object of ἐθυσίασεν→ object specificationἱερεύς: 'priest'; the priests of the Samarian high places (distinct from the Judahite priests of v. 8, who were merely demoted, not killed).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὑψηλῶνhigh placesGenitivegenitive (defining ἱερεῖς)→ relational specificationὑψηλός: τὰ ὑψηλά = 'the high places'; the shrines of Samaria.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνταςwho werePres Act Ptc Acc Masc Pl · εἰμίattributive participle (modifying ἱερεῖς)→ verbal action or stateεἰμί: 'be'; οἱ ὄντες ἐκεῖ = 'those who were there,' the priests present at the shrines.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; at the Samarian high places.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (position)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (position).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θυσιαστηρίωνaltarsGenitiveobject of ἐπί (position of slaughter)→ relational specificationθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the priests are slaughtered on their own altars — the place of their false sacrifice becomes the place of their death.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
κατέκαυσενhe burnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up'; human bones are burned on the altars to defile them definitively (cf. v. 16).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀστᾶbonesAccusativedirect object of κατέκαυσεν→ object specificationὀστέον (pl. ὀστᾶ): 'bone'; human bones, the defiling agent (cf. vv. 14, 16).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivegenitive (defining ὀστᾶ)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος (gen. pl. ἀνθρώπων): 'man'; ὀστᾶ ἀνθρώπων = 'human bones' (cf. v. 14).
ἐπ᾿uponpreposition + accusative (elided before vowel)→ spatial or relational framingἐπ᾿: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (elided before vowel).
αὐτάthemAccusativeobject of ἐπ᾿ (the altars)→ participant referenceαὐτά: meaning 'them'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἐπ᾿ (the altars).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεστράφηhe returnedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (closure of the Bethel/Samaria episode)→ constative aorist (intransitive/passive in sense)ἐπιστρέφω (aor. pass. ἐπεστράφη, here intransitive 'turned back / returned'): renders שָׁב; Josiah returns to Jerusalem, closing the northern campaign and setting the stage for the Passover.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of εἰς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: Jerusalem; the king returns to the capital for the great Passover (vv. 21–23).
21

καὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεὺς παντὶ τῷ λαῷ λέγων ποιήσατε τὸ πασχα τῷ κυρίῳ θεῷ ἡμῶν καθὼς γέγραπται ἐπὶ βιβλίου τῆς διαθήκης ταύτης

And the king commanded all the people, saying, 'Keep the Passover to the LORD our God, as it is written upon the book of this covenant.'

Opening of section D: the command to keep the Passoverκαὶ ἐνετείλατο ὁ βασιλεύς
ἐνετείλατο echoes the opening of the purge (v. 4), now turned to positive cultic restoration. The command ποιήσατε τὸ πασχα ('keep the Passover') and the conformity-formula καθὼς γέγραπται ('as it is written') ground the festival directly in the rediscovered covenant-book (Deut 16:1–8), making the Passover the constructive counterpart to the destructive reform.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνετείλατοcommandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (royal command)→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command'; renders צִוָּה; the same verb that launched the purge (v. 4) now inaugurates the Passover, framing reform and festival as twin royal acts.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (Josiah)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: Josiah.
παντὶallDativeadjective (modifying λαῷ)→ sphere or referenceπᾶς: 'all'; the whole people are commanded to keep the Passover.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαῷpeopleDativeindirect object of ἐνετείλατο→ sphere or referenceλαός: 'people'; the covenant community, recipients of the command.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Masc Sg · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ imperfective participle (Hebraizing speech-marker)λέγω: 'say'; the participle λέγων introduces direct discourse, a Hebraism rendering לֵאמֹר.
ποιήσατεkeep / makeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ποιέωimperative (the command's content)→ ingressive aorist imperativeποιέω: 'do / make / keep (a festival)'; ποιεῖν τὸ πασχα = 'keep/observe the Passover' (עָשָׂה פֶּסַח); the aorist imperative commands the festival's decisive observance.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πασχαPassoverAccusativedirect object of ποιήσατε→ object specificationπάσχα: 'Passover'; an indeclinable loanword transliterating Aramaic/Hebrew פֶּסַח; the foundational festival of redemption (Exod 12), here revived after long neglect.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient/advantage→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the Passover is kept 'to the LORD,' the proper recipient of covenant worship.
θεῷGodDativeapposition to κυρίῳ→ sphere or referenceθεός: 'God'; κυρίῳ θεῷ ἡμῶν = 'the LORD our God,' the covenant-formula (יהוה אֱלֹהֵינוּ).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession (covenant relationship)→ relational specificationἡμῶν: 'our'; the possessive marks the covenant bond — 'the LORD our God.'
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (conformity)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / just as'; introduces the conformity-formula καθὼς γέγραπται ('as it is written'), grounding the observance in the written Torah.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb of comparative clause→ resultative perfect (standing written)γράφω (perf. pass. γέγραπται): 'write'; the formula 'as it is written' (כַּכָּתוּב) appeals to the abiding authority of the covenant-book as the norm for the Passover's celebration.
ἐπὶupon / inpreposition + genitive (location of writing)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location of writing).
βιβλίουbookGenitiveobject of ἐπί→ relational specificationβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the covenant-book whose prescriptions govern the festival.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive (defining βιβλίου)→ relational specificationδιαθήκη: 'covenant'; βιβλίον τῆς διαθήκης = 'the book of the covenant' (cf. vv. 2–3).
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying διαθήκης)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the very covenant just ratified in vv. 1–3.
22

ὅτι οὐκ ἐγενήθη τὸ πασχα τοῦτο ἀφ᾿ ἡμερῶν τῶν κριτῶν οἳ ἔκρινον τὸν Ισραηλ καὶ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας βασιλέων Ισραηλ καὶ βασιλέων Ιουδα

For such a Passover had not been kept since the days of the judges who judged Israel, nor in all the days of the kings of Israel and the kings of Judah.

Explanatory: the unprecedented character of the Passoverὅτι οὐκ ἐγενήθη
ὅτι ('for') introduces the rationale for the festival's significance: no comparable Passover had been celebrated since the era of the judges. The sweeping temporal merism (days of the judges … all the days of the kings of Israel and Judah) places Josiah's Passover at the apex of covenant fidelity, surpassing the entire monarchic period.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὅτιforcausal/explanatory conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; renders כִּי; introduces the explanation of the Passover's unique stature.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηhad been kept / came to beAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'happen / come to be / be kept'; οὐκ ἐγενήθη τὸ πασχα = 'no such Passover had taken place'; renders לֹא נַעֲשָׂה.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πασχαPassoverNominativesubject of ἐγενήθη→ participant prominenceπάσχα: 'Passover'; indeclinable; here the subject, qualified by τοῦτο as 'this (kind of) Passover.'
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative (modifying πασχα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; 'this Passover' = a Passover of this magnitude and fidelity.
ἀφ᾿since / frompreposition + genitive (temporal, elided)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό (elided ἀφ᾿): 'from / since'; ἀφ᾿ ἡμερῶν = 'since the days of,' a temporal idiom (מִימֵי).
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitiveobject of ἀπό (temporal)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; 'the days of the judges' = the pre-monarchic era.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κριτῶνjudgesGenitivegenitive (defining ἡμερῶν)→ relational specificationκριτής: 'judge'; renders שֹׁפְטִים; the judges who led Israel before the monarchy (the book of Judges era).
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔκρινον)→ participant referenceοἳ: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of ἔκρινον).
ἔκρινονjudgedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · κρίνωverb of relative clause→ customary imperfect (ongoing rule)κρίνω: 'judge / govern'; renders שָׁפַט; the imperfect describes the judges' ongoing leadership of Israel.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἔκρινον (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the covenant nation as a whole; indeclinable, here governed by the accusative article τὸν.
καὶand / norcoordinate conjunction (extending the merism)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάσαςallAccusativeadjective (modifying ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; 'all the days of the kings' extends the temporal sweep through the entire monarchic period.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας = 'all the days,' accusative of temporal extent.
βασιλέωνof kingsGenitivegenitive (defining ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. pl. βασιλέων): 'king'; the monarchs of the divided kingdom.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom; indeclinable.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
βασιλέωνof kingsGenitivegenitive (parallel)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'kings'; the southern monarchs.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: the southern kingdom; the merism 'kings of Israel and Judah' covers the whole monarchy — none kept such a Passover.
23

ὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἢ τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ ἔτει τοῦ βασιλέως Ιωσια ἐγενήθη τὸ πασχα τῷ κυρίῳ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ

But only in the eighteenth year of King Josiah was this Passover kept to the LORD in Jerusalem.

Contrastive specification: the year of the Passoverὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἢ
The emphatic exceptive ὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἤ ('but rather / only') pinpoints the eighteenth year of Josiah (the year of the scroll's discovery, 22:3) as the unique moment of this Passover. The dating formula ties the festival to the chronological frame of the reform narrative; 'to the LORD in Jerusalem' affirms the Deuteronomic centralization of the cult.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ὅτιforconjunction (with ἀλλ᾿ ἤ: exceptive)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι ἀλλ᾿ ἤ: 'but only / except that'; a strengthened exceptive idiom; here 'but rather (only) in the eighteenth year.'
ἀλλ᾿butadversative particle (elided)→ discourse linkage or contrastἀλλά (elided ἀλλ᾿): 'but'; with ἤ forms the exceptive 'but only.'
than / onlyparticle (with ἀλλά: exceptive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἤ: 'than / or'; in the combination ἀλλ᾿ ἤ functions as an exceptive 'except / only,' rendering כִּי אִם.
τῷtheDativearticle (with ἔτει)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳeighteenthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceὀκτωκαιδέκατος: 'eighteenth'; the regnal year in which the scroll was found and the reform launched (22:3); the dative of time-when fixes the Passover.
ἔτειyearDativedative of time when→ sphere or referenceἔτος (dat. ἔτει): 'year'; renders שָׁנָה; the year of Josiah's reform.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive (defining ἔτει)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the regnal-year formula 'of King Josiah.'
ΙωσιαJosiahGenitivegenitive in apposition (the king named)→ relational specificationΙωσιας (gen. Ιωσια): Josiah; declined as a first-declension masculine (gen. Ιωσια); the regnal year is reckoned by his reign.
ἐγενήθηwas kept / came to beAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'be kept / take place'; the Passover 'was held' to the LORD in Jerusalem (cf. v. 22).
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πασχαPassoverNominativesubject of ἐγενήθη→ participant prominenceπάσχα: 'Passover'; indeclinable; the festival uniquely kept in Josiah's eighteenth year.
τῷto theDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυρίῳLORDDativedative of recipient/advantage→ sphere or referenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the Passover is offered 'to the LORD.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: Jerusalem; the single legitimate place of the centralized Passover (Deut 16:5–6).
24

καί γε τοὺς θελητὰς καὶ τοὺς γνωριστὰς καὶ τὰ θεραφιν καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα καὶ πάντα τὰ προσοχθίσματα τὰ γεγονότα ἐν γῇ Ιουδα καὶ ἐν Ιερουσαλημ ἐξῆρεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωσιας ἵνα στήσῃ τοὺς λόγους τοῦ νόμου τοὺς γεγραμμένους ἐπὶ τοῦ βιβλίου οὗ εὗρεν Χελκιας ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐν οἴκῳ κυρίου

Moreover the mediums and the wizards and the teraphim and the idols and all the abominations that had appeared in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, King Josiah removed, that he might establish the words of the law that were written upon the book that Hilkiah the priest found in the house of the LORD.

Opening of section E: final purge of mediums and idolsκαί γε
Another καί γε marks the final sweep of the reform — the occult and idolatrous remnants (mediums, wizards, teraphim, idols, abominations). The purpose clause ἵνα στήσῃ τοὺς λόγους τοῦ νόμου ('that he might establish the words of the law') makes explicit the reform's aim: to enact the rediscovered Torah-book (the same scroll of 22:8), here attributed to Hilkiah's finding.
Word-by-word analysis· 48 words
καίandconjunction (with γε: emphatic 'moreover')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί γε: 'moreover / even' (Hebrew וְגַם); the kaige-marker introducing the final category of purge.
γεindeedemphatic particle→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (fronted object of ἐξῆρεν)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θελητὰςmediumsAccusativedirect object (fronted, resumed by ἐξῆρεν)→ object specificationθελητής: lit. 'one who consults / a medium'; renders אֹבוֹת ('necromancers / mediums'); practitioners of consulting the dead, condemned in Deut 18:11; Lev 19:31.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γνωριστὰςwizards / soothsayersAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationγνωριστής: 'knower / soothsayer / wizard'; renders יִדְּעֹנִים ('familiar spirits / those who know'); diviners paired with mediums in the standard condemnation of occult practice.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεραφινteraphimdirect object (untranslated transliteration, indeclinable)→ clausal contributionθεραφιν: untranslated transliteration of Hebrew תְּרָפִים (teraphim), household idols/divinatory images (cf. Gen 31:19; 1 Kgdms 19:13); the kaige-translator carries over the term as a loanword.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
εἴδωλαidolsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationεἴδωλον: 'idol / image'; renders גִּלּוּלִים / אֱלִילִים; the generic term for cult-images, condemned throughout the LXX.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (modifying προσοχθίσματα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the comprehensive sweep of the remaining abominations.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσοχθίσματαabominationsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)→ object specificationπροσόχθισμα: 'detestable thing / abomination'; renders שִׁקּוּצִים; the catch-all term for objects of pagan worship (cf. v. 13).
τὰthe (ones)Accusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεγονόταthat had appearedPerf Act Ptc Acc Neut Pl · γίνομαιattributive participle (modifying προσοχθίσματα)→ resultative perfectγίνομαι (perf. ptc. γεγονότα): 'come to be / appear'; τὰ γεγονότα = 'those that had come to be / sprung up'; the perfect marks the entrenched presence of these objects in the land.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; γῇ Ιουδα = 'the land of Judah.'
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as genitive of relationship (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of ἐν (indeclinable).
ἐξῆρενremovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαίρωmain verb (resuming the fronted objects)→ constative aoristἐξαίρω: 'remove / take away / eliminate'; renders בִּעֵר ('purge') / הֵסִיר; the comprehensive removal-verb that resumes the long fronted object-chain.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject.
ΙωσιαςJosiahNominativeapposition to βασιλεύς→ participant prominenceΙωσιας: Josiah, named to mark the agent of the final purge.
ἵναthatpurpose conjunction (with subjunctive)→ discourse linkage or contrastἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the purpose clause expressing the reform's ultimate aim.
στήσῃhe might establishAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἵστημιsubjunctive of purpose→ ingressive aorist subjunctive (purposed establishing)ἵστημι (aor. subj. στήσῃ): transitive 'set up / establish / confirm'; renders הָקִים; the purpose of the purge is to 'establish the words of the law,' i.e. to enact the Torah of the rediscovered book (cf. v. 3, τοῦ ἀναστῆσαι).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of στήσῃ→ object specificationλόγος: 'word'; οἱ λόγοι τοῦ νόμου = 'the words of the law,' the Torah-stipulations to be put into effect.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive (defining λόγους)→ relational specificationνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; the law of the covenant-book, almost certainly Deuteronomy.
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (with participle)→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γεγραμμένουςwrittenPerf Pass Ptc Acc Masc Pl · γράφωattributive participle (modifying λόγους)→ resultative perfect (standing written)γράφω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'write'; οἱ γεγραμμένοι = 'the things written'; the perfect underlines the abiding authority of the written law (cf. vv. 3, 21).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (location).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βιβλίουbookGenitiveobject of ἐπί→ relational specificationβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; the rediscovered covenant/law-book.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of εὗρεν, attracted to genitive)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; here genitive by attraction to its antecedent βιβλίου — 'the book that Hilkiah found.'
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; renders מָצָא; the finding of the scroll (22:8), the event that triggered the entire reform; the explicit naming of Hilkiah as finder closes the inclusio with v. 2 (τοῦ εὑρεθέντος).
ΧελκιαςHilkiahNominativesubject of εὗρεν→ participant prominenceΧελκιας: Hilkiah; declined as a first-declension masculine (nom. Χελκιας); the high priest who discovered the scroll (cf. v. 4, dat. Χελκια).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἱερεὺςpriestNominativeapposition to Χελκιας→ participant prominenceἱερεύς: 'priest'; Hilkiah's office; here the high priest.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, where the scroll was found.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; οἴκῳ κυρίου closes the verse, echoing v. 2 and binding the whole reform to the temple-find.
25

ὅμοιος αὐτῷ οὐκ ἐγενήθη ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ βασιλεύς ὃς ἐπέστρεψεν πρὸς κύριον ἐν ὅλῃ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ ψυχῇ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ ἰσχύι αὐτοῦ κατὰ πάντα τὸν νόμον Μωυσῆ καὶ μετ᾿ αὐτὸν οὐκ ἀνέστη ὅμοιος αὐτῷ

And like him there was no king before him who turned to the LORD with all his heart and with all his soul and with all his strength, according to all the law of Moses; nor after him did any arise like him.

Incomparability formula: Josiah's unmatched devotionὅμοιος αὐτῷ οὐκ ἐγενήθη
The incomparability formula (no king like him before or after) crowns the reform. The triad ἐν ὅλῃ καρδίᾳ … ψυχῇ … ἰσχύι ('with all heart, soul, strength') is the full Shema (Deut 6:5), making Josiah the model of perfect Torah-obedience. The double frame (ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ … μετ᾿ αὐτόν) sets him above the entire line of kings, even David.
Word-by-word analysis· 37 words
ὅμοιοςlikeNominativepredicate adjective (with ἐγενήθη)→ participant prominenceὅμοιος: 'like / similar'; takes the dative (αὐτῷ); ὅμοιος αὐτῷ οὐκ ἐγενήθη = 'there was none like him,' the incomparability-formula (cf. 18:5 of Hezekiah).
αὐτῷto himDativedative with ὅμοιος→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative with ὅμοιος.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγενήθηthere wasAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristγίνομαι (aor. pass. ἐγενήθη): 'be / come to be'; 'there came to be none like him.'
ἔμπροσθενbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (temporal: 'before him')→ spatial or relational framingἔμπροσθεν: 'before / in front of'; here temporal 'before him,' rendering לְפָנָיו.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθεν→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of ἔμπροσθεν.
βασιλεύςkingNominativesubject of ἐγενήθη→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; no king of equal devotion preceded Josiah.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐπέστρεψεν)→ participant referenceὃς: meaning 'who'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (subject of ἐπέστρεψεν).
ἐπέστρεψενturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn / return / repent'; renders שָׁב; ἐπέστρεψεν πρὸς κύριον = 'turned to the LORD,' the language of wholehearted repentance and covenant return.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
κύριονthe LORDAccusativeobject of πρός→ object specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the object of Josiah's wholehearted return.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
ὅλῃallDativeadjective (modifying καρδίᾳ)→ sphere or referenceὅλος: 'whole / all'; ἐν ὅλῃ καρδίᾳ = 'with all the heart,' the first member of the Shema-triad (Deut 6:5).
καρδίᾳheartDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceκαρδία: 'heart'; the seat of will and devotion (לֵבָב).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
ὅλῃallDativeadjective (modifying ψυχῇ)→ sphere or referenceὅλος: 'whole'; second Shema-member.
ψυχῇsoulDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceψυχή: 'soul / life'; the whole self (נֶפֶשׁ).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
ὅλῃallDativeadjective (modifying ἰσχύι)→ sphere or referenceὅλος: 'whole'; third Shema-member, completing the triad heart/soul/strength.
ἰσχύιstrengthDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceἰσχύς: 'strength / might'; renders מְאֹד ('muchness / might'); the third element of the Shema, marking the totality of Josiah's devotion.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (conformity)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατὰ πάντα τὸν νόμον = 'according to all the law,' the standard of conformity.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective (modifying νόμον)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all / whole'; the entirety of the Mosaic law.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νόμονlawAccusativeobject of κατά→ object specificationνόμος: 'law'; renders תּוֹרָה; the law of Moses, the measure of Josiah's obedience.
Μωυσῆof MosesGenitivegenitive of relationship (defining νόμον)→ relational specificationΜωυσῆς (gen. Μωυσῆ): Moses; declined as a second-declension noun (gen. Μωυσῆ); 'the law of Moses' = the Torah.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (introducing the 'after' frame)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
μετ᾿afterpreposition + accusative (temporal, elided)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + acc.: 'after'; μετ᾿ αὐτόν = 'after him,' completing the before/after frame of incomparability.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of μετά→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as object of μετά.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristἀνίστημι (2 aor. ἀνέστη, intransitive): 'arise / appear'; renders קָם; no king of equal devotion 'arose' after Josiah — sealing his unique standing.
ὅμοιοςlikeNominativepredicate adjective (subject of ἀνέστη)→ participant prominenceὅμοιος: 'like'; ὅμοιος αὐτῷ frames the close of the formula, echoing its opening — a rhetorical inclusio of incomparability.
αὐτῷto himDativedative with ὅμοιος→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative with ὅμοιος.
26

πλὴν οὐκ ἀπεστράφη κύριος ἀπὸ θυμοῦ ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου οὗ ἐθυμώθη ὀργὴ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ Ιουδα ἐπὶ τοὺς παροργισμούς οὓς παρώργισεν αὐτὸν Μανασσης

Yet the LORD did not turn from the heat of his great wrath, with which his anger was kindled against Judah, because of all the provocations with which Manasseh had provoked him.

Adversative turn: the LORD's wrath remains despite the reformπλὴν οὐκ ἀπεστράφη κύριος
πλήν ('yet') introduces the tragic theological reversal: Josiah's unmatched fidelity cannot avert the judgment already decreed. The piling-up of wrath-vocabulary (θυμοῦ ὀργῆς … τοῦ μεγάλου … ἐθυμώθη ὀργή … παροργισμούς … παρώργισεν) is emphatic; the cause is fixed: Manasseh's provocations (cf. 21:10–15), which determine Judah's doom irrespective of Josiah's reform.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
πλὴνyet / howeveradversative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastπλήν: 'however / nevertheless'; renders אַךְ; marks the somber qualification — the reform does not annul the decreed judgment (cf. v. 9).
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐκ: meaning 'not'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπεστράφηturned awayAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστρέφωmain verb (negated, intransitive/passive sense)→ constative aoristἀποστρέφω (aor. pass. ἀπεστράφη, here intransitive 'turn away'): renders שָׁב; the LORD 'did not turn back' from his wrath — the divine anger persists despite Josiah's repentance.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the subject whose wrath remains unappeased.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
θυμοῦheat / furyGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationθυμός: 'wrath / fury / passion'; renders חֲרוֹן / חֵמָה; θυμὸς ὀργῆς = 'the heat of anger,' an emphatic genitival pile-up for intense wrath.
ὀργῆςof angerGenitivegenitive (defining θυμοῦ)→ relational specificationὀργή: 'anger / wrath'; renders אַף; the genitival chain θυμοῦ ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου renders the Hebrew superlative 'his great burning anger' (חֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ הַגָּדוֹל).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with μεγάλου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλουgreatGenitiveattributive adjective (modifying θυμοῦ/ὀργῆς)→ relational specificationμέγας: 'great'; intensifies the wrath — 'his great anger.'
οὗwith whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive of cause/means)→ relational specificationὅς: relative pronoun; οὗ ἐθυμώθη = 'with which (his anger) was kindled,' a relative of cause.
ἐθυμώθηwas kindledAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θυμόωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (ingressive)θυμόω (aor. pass. ἐθυμώθη): 'be angered / be kindled'; renders חָרָה; the cognate verb reinforces θυμός — 'his anger was inflamed against Judah.'
ὀργὴangerNominativesubject of ἐθυμώθη→ participant prominenceὀργή: 'anger'; the subject — the LORD's wrath that was kindled.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνagainstpreposition + dative (Hebraizing: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingἐν + dative: here 'against' (a Hebraism rendering בְּ); 'kindled against Judah.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with Ιουδα)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδαJudahobject of ἐν (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙουδα: Judah; indeclinable, here governed by the dative article τῷ; the object of the divine wrath.
ἐπὶbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here causal 'because of / on account of'; introduces the ground of the wrath — Manasseh's provocations.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παροργισμούςprovocationsAccusativeobject of ἐπί (cause)→ object specificationπαροργισμός: 'provocation / act that arouses anger'; renders כַּעַס; the cognate of παροργίζω (v. 19); Manasseh's idolatries that provoked the LORD.
οὓςwith whichAccusativerelative pronoun (cognate object of παρώργισεν)→ participant referenceοὓς: meaning 'with which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (cognate object of παρώργισεν).
παρώργισενprovokedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παροργίζωverb of relative clause (with cognate object)→ constative aoristπαροργίζω: 'provoke to anger'; the cognate verb with παροργισμούς forms an emphatic figura etymologica — 'the provocations with which he provoked'; renders הִכְעִיס.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of παρώργισεν (the LORD)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object of παρώργισεν (the LORD).
ΜανασσηςManassehNominativesubject of παρώργισεν→ participant prominenceΜανασσης: Manasseh; the arch-apostate whose sins sealed Judah's fate (21:10–15); his name is the explicit cause of the irreversible wrath, even after Josiah's reform.
27

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος καί γε τὸν Ιουδαν ἀποστήσω ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου μου καθὼς ἀπέστησα τὸν Ισραηλ καὶ ἀπώσομαι τὴν πόλιν ταύτην ἣν ἐξελεξάμην τὴν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ τὸν οἶκον οὗ εἶπον ἔσται τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐκεῖ

And the LORD said, 'I will also remove Judah from my presence, just as I removed Israel; and I will reject this city that I have chosen, Jerusalem, and the house of which I said, "My name shall be there."'

Divine oracle of judgment: the removal of Judah and rejection of Jerusalemκαὶ εἶπεν κύριος
A first-person divine speech makes the judgment explicit: Judah will be removed (ἀποστήσω) as Israel was, and Jerusalem and the temple — the chosen city and the place of the Name — will be cast off (ἀπώσομαι). The reversal of election (ἣν ἐξελεξάμην … ἀπώσομαι) and of the Name-theology (ἔσται τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐκεῖ) is the bleakest statement of the Deuteronomistic verdict, anticipating the exile.
Word-by-word analysis· 35 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (divine speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; introduces the LORD's first-person oracle of judgment.
κύριοςthe LORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the speaker of the judgment-oracle.
καίandconjunction (with γε: emphatic 'also/even')→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί γε: 'also / even'; here 'Judah also (like Israel) I will remove'; the kaige-marker.
γεindeedemphatic particle→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: meaning 'indeed'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιουδαν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudahAccusativedirect object of ἀποστήσω (declined form)→ object specificationΙουδας (acc. Ιουδαν): Judah; here, unusually, declined as a first-declension masculine (acc. Ιουδαν, with the -ν ending) rather than the indeclinable Ιουδα elsewhere in the chapter; the object of the threatened removal.
ἀποστήσωI will removeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (divine first-person threat)→ predictive future (decreed judgment)ἀφίστημι: transitive 'remove / put away'; renders הֵסִיר; the first-person future declares the certain removal of Judah from the divine presence, parallel to the fall of the north.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (separation).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσώπουpresence / faceGenitiveobject of ἀπό→ relational specificationπρόσωπον: 'face / presence'; ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου μου = 'from my presence,' a Hebraism (מֵעַל פָּנַי) for rejection and exile.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; draws the parallel between Judah's coming fate and Israel's accomplished fall (722 BC).
ἀπέστησαI removedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀφίστημιverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristἀφίστημι (aor. ἀπέστησα): 'remove'; the past removal of the northern kingdom (4 Kgdms 17) is the precedent for Judah's threatened exile.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙσραηλIsraeldirect object of ἀπέστησα (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: the northern kingdom, already removed; indeclinable, here governed by the accusative article τὸν.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπώσομαιI will reject / cast offFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀπωθέωmain verb (divine first-person threat)→ predictive futureἀπωθέω (mid. ἀπώσομαι): 'thrust away / reject / cast off'; renders מָאַס; the LORD will reject even the chosen city — a stunning reversal of election.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of ἀπώσομαι→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; Jerusalem, the chosen city now threatened with rejection.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying πόλιν)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; deictic to Jerusalem.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐξελεξάμην)→ participant referenceἣν: meaning 'which'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as relative pronoun (object of ἐξελεξάμην).
ἐξελεξάμηνI have chosenAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐκλέγομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐκλέγομαι: 'choose / elect'; renders בָּחַר; the election of Jerusalem (Deut 12:5; 3 Kgdms 11:13) — the very city YHWH chose is now to be cast off, the tragic irony of the verse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (in apposition)→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemapposition to πόλιν (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: Jerusalem, named in apposition as 'this city … Jerusalem.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκονhouseAccusativedirect object (coordinate with πόλιν)→ object specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the temple, also to be rejected — the dwelling of the Name.
οὗof whichGenitiverelative adverb/pronoun (concerning which)→ relational specificationοὗ: here 'concerning which / of which'; introduces the Name-theology citation.
εἶπονI saidAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον 1 sg.): 'say'; recalls the divine promise concerning the temple as the place of the Name (3 Kgdms 8:29; 9:3).
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of quoted divine promise→ predictive future (cited)εἰμί (fut. ἔσται): 'be'; the cited promise 'my name shall be there' (יִהְיֶה שְׁמִי שָׁם), the Deuteronomic Name-theology now under threat of reversal.
τὸtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὄνομάnameNominativesubject of ἔσται→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; renders שֵׁם; the divine Name dwelling in the temple — the heart of the Deuteronomic theology of presence, now jeopardized by the threatened rejection.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place→ adverbial qualificationἐκεῖ: 'there'; in the temple; the deictic closes the citation and the oracle on the note of the place where the Name was to dwell.
28

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωσιου καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν οὐχὶ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα

And the rest of the acts of Josiah, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?

Regnal-summary formula (citation of the royal annals)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωσιου
The standard Deuteronomistic regnal-closure formula: the rest of the king's acts are referred to the 'book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah' (βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν). The rhetorical question οὐχὶ … γεγραμμένα ('are they not written?') is the fixed citation-device recurring for each king (cf. 3 Kgdms 14:29; 4 Kgdms 20:20).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (with λοιπὰ)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubject (substantival: 'the rest')→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων = 'the rest of the acts/words,' the formulaic opening of the regnal-summary (וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / wordsGenitivegenitive (defining λοιπὰ)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter / act'; οἱ λόγοι = 'the acts / affairs' (דְּבָרִים); the deeds of the king's reign.
Ιωσιουof JosiahGenitivegenitive of relationship (defining λόγων)→ relational specificationΙωσιας (gen. Ιωσιου): Josiah; declined as a first-declension masculine (gen. Ιωσιου); 'the acts of Josiah.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantival adjective (subject, coordinate)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; 'all that he did,' the standard expansion of the formula.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν = 'all that he did' (כָּל־אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה).
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the king's deeds, summarized in the annals.
οὐχὶare they not?interrogative negative (expecting 'yes')→ clausal contributionοὐχί: emphatic 'not'; introduces the rhetorical question expecting an affirmative — 'are these things not written?' (הֲלֹא).
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject of implied εἰσιν (with γεγραμμένα)→ participant prominenceοὗτος: 'these things'; resumes the king's acts as the subject of the citation-formula.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptc Nom Neut Pl · γράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic: 'written')→ resultative perfectγράφω (perf. pass. ptc.): 'write'; ταῦτα γεγραμμένα (with implied εἰσιν) = 'are these written?'; the perfect marks the abiding record in the royal annals.
ἐπὶin / uponpreposition + dative (location)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (location).
βιβλίῳbookDativeobject of ἐπί→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'the book of the chronicles' (סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים), the royal annals of Judah.
λόγωνof the acts / chroniclesGenitivegenitive (defining βιβλίῳ)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word / matter'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'the matters of the days' = 'chronicles / annals.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (defining λόγων)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl. ἡμερῶν): 'day'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν = 'the chronicles' (lit. 'words of the days'), the title of the source-annals.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (with βασιλεῦσιν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of relationship ('belonging to / of the kings')→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl. βασιλεῦσιν): 'king'; the dative renders the Hebrew construct 'the chronicles of the kings of Judah' (לְמַלְכֵי).
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: Judah; the southern kingdom whose royal annals are cited.
29

ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ἀνέβη Φαραω Νεχαω βασιλεὺς Αἰγύπτου ἐπὶ βασιλέα Ἀσσυρίων ἐπὶ ποταμὸν Εὐφράτην καὶ ἐπορεύθη Ιωσιας εἰς ἀπαντὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐθανάτωσεν αὐτὸν Νεχαω ἐν Μαγεδδω ἐν τῷ ἰδεῖν αὐτόν

Now in his days Pharaoh Neco king of Egypt went up against the king of the Assyrians to the river Euphrates; and Josiah went out to meet him, and Neco killed him at Megiddo when he saw him.

Opening of section G: Josiah's fatal encounter with Pharaoh Necoἐν δὲ ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ
δέ marks a narrative shift from theological summary to the events of Josiah's death. The temporal frame ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ('in his days') introduces the geopolitical setting: Neco's northward campaign to aid Assyria at the Euphrates. Josiah's interception (εἰς ἀπαντὴν αὐτοῦ) ends in his death at Megiddo — the abrupt fall of the great reformer.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
δὲnownarrative continuative (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastδέ: post-positive particle; here a narrative turn from the regnal-summary to the death-narrative.
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ = 'in his days,' a temporal frame (בְּיָמָיו).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Josiah's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Josiah's).
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb (Neco's campaign)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up / march up'; renders עָלָה; here of a military campaign northward to the Euphrates.
ΦαραωPharaohsubject of ἀνέβη (indeclinable title)→ participant identificationΦαραω: 'Pharaoh' (Egyptian pr-ꜥȝ); the Egyptian royal title, indeclinable; here Pharaoh Neco II.
ΝεχαωNecoapposition to Φαραω (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΝεχαω: transliteration of Hebrew נְכֹה (Neco II), Pharaoh of Egypt (610–595 BC); indeclinable; the king who slew Josiah.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeapposition to Φαραω Νεχαω→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; Neco's title.
Αἰγύπτουof EgyptGenitivegenitive (defining βασιλεύς)→ relational specificationΑἴγυπτος (gen. Αἰγύπτου): Egypt; declined; 'king of Egypt.'
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: here 'against' (or 'to the aid of'); the historical campaign was actually to support the failing Assyrian remnant against Babylon.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of ἐπί→ object specificationβασιλεύς (acc. βασιλέα): 'king'; the king of Assyria, Neco's destination/ally.
Ἀσσυρίωνof the AssyriansGenitivegenitive (defining βασιλέα)→ relational specificationἈσσύριος: 'Assyrian'; gen. pl. 'of the Assyrians'; the waning Assyrian empire, whom Neco marched to assist at Carchemish.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ποταμὸνriverAccusativeobject of ἐπί (destination)→ object specificationποταμός: 'river'; renders נָהָר; the Euphrates, theater of the Egyptian-Babylonian conflict.
ΕὐφράτηνEuphratesAccusativeapposition to ποταμὸν→ object specificationΕὐφράτης (acc. Εὐφράτην): the Euphrates; declined as a first-declension masculine; renders פְּרָת; the great river marking the eastern frontier.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (Josiah's interception)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι (aor. pass. ἐπορεύθη, deponent): 'go / proceed'; renders הָלַךְ; Josiah marches out to intercept Neco — a fatal political miscalculation.
ΙωσιαςJosiahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΙωσιας: Josiah; the reforming king goes to his death.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet').
ἀπαντὴνmeetingAccusativeobject of εἰς (idiom: 'to meet him')→ object specificationἀπάντησις / ἀπαντή: 'meeting / encounter'; εἰς ἀπαντὴν αὐτοῦ = 'to meet him,' here a hostile interception (לִקְרָאתוֹ).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of the meeting: Neco)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive (object of the meeting: Neco).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐθανάτωσενkilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θανατόωmain verb→ constative aoristθανατόω: 'put to death / kill'; renders הֵמִית; Neco slays Josiah at Megiddo — the LXX, unlike 2 Chr 35, gives a terse account without battle-detail.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Josiah)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Josiah).
ΝεχαωNecosubject of ἐθανάτωσεν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΝεχαω: Neco, the agent of Josiah's death.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΜαγεδδωMegiddoobject of ἐν (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΜαγεδδω: transliteration of Hebrew מְגִדּוֹ (Megiddo); the strategic Jezreel-valley fortress where Josiah was killed; indeclinable; later echoed in 'Armageddon' (Rev 16:16).
ἐνwhenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: temporal 'when'; ἐν τῷ ἰδεῖν αὐτόν = 'when he saw him.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδεῖνseeingAor Act Infin · ὁράωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he saw him')→ constative aorist infinitive (the prohibited future experience)ὁράω (aor. inf. ἰδεῖν): 'see'; the temporal construction ἐν τῷ ἰδεῖν = 'as soon as / when he saw him'; renders the Hebrew infinitive construct (כִּרְאֹתוֹ).
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of ἰδεῖν (Josiah)→ participant referenceαὐτόν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἰδεῖν (Josiah).
30

καὶ ἐπεβίβασαν αὐτὸν οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ νεκρὸν ἐκ Μαγεδδω καὶ ἤγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ τάφῳ αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ καὶ ἔλαβεν ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς τὸν Ιωαχας υἱὸν Ιωσιου καὶ ἔχρισαν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν αὐτὸν ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ

And his servants carried him dead from Megiddo and brought him to Jerusalem and buried him in his own tomb in the City of David. And the people of the land took Jehoahaz son of Josiah and anointed him and made him king in his father's place.

Burial of Josiah and accession of Jehoahazκαὶ ἐπεβίβασαν αὐτὸν οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ
Two movements: the servants bring the dead king home for honorable burial in the City of David, and the 'people of the land' (ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς, a recurring political body in Kingdoms) take, anoint, and enthrone Jehoahaz. The popular accession (ἔλαβεν … ἔχρισαν … ἐβασίλευσαν) signals the instability of the post-Josianic succession.
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπεβίβασανthey set / carriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιβιβάζωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιβιβάζω: 'cause to mount / set upon (a chariot)'; renders הִרְכִּיב; the servants place the king's body on a chariot to convey it from Megiddo.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Josiah's body)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Josiah's body).
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παῖδεςservantsNominativesubject of ἐπεβίβασαν→ participant prominenceπαῖς: 'servant / attendant'; renders עֲבָדִים; the royal retainers who tend the king's body.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
νεκρὸνdeadAccusativepredicate adjective (with αὐτὸν: 'him dead')→ object specificationνεκρός: 'dead / a corpse'; the king's body is carried home lifeless from the battlefield.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΜαγεδδωMegiddoobject of ἐκ (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΜαγεδδω: Megiddo, the place of Josiah's death (cf. v. 29).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἤγαγονthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aoristἄγω (aor. ἤγαγον): 'lead / bring'; renders הֵבִיא; the body is conveyed to Jerusalem.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (destination).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of εἰς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of εἰς (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθαψανthey buriedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb→ constative aoristθάπτω: 'bury'; renders קָבַר; Josiah receives honorable burial in his own tomb, fulfilling Huldah's word that he would be 'gathered to his grave in peace' (22:20).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τάφῳtombDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceτάφος: 'tomb'; the king's own burial-place.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πόλειcityDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; πόλις Δαυιδ = 'the City of David,' the royal necropolis on the southeastern hill of Jerusalem.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: transliteration of Hebrew דָּוִד (David); indeclinable; 'the City of David,' the dynastic burial-ground.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; the people of the land take Jehoahaz to make him king — a popular accession bypassing primogeniture.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἔλαβεν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; ὁ λαὸς τῆς γῆς = 'the people of the land' (עַם הָאָרֶץ), a politically active body of free landholders who acted in royal successions (cf. 11:14; 21:24).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive (defining λαὸς)→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; λαὸς τῆς γῆς = 'the people of the land,' the landed citizenry of Judah.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with Ιωαχας)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωαχαςJehoahazdirect object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable name, with article)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: transliteration of Hebrew יְהוֹאָחָז (Jehoahaz/Shallum); the form is unchanged in nom. and acc. (here governed by the accusative article τὸν), hence treated as indeclinable; Josiah's son, the new king.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeapposition to Ιωαχας→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic 'son of Josiah.'
Ιωσιουof JosiahGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationΙωσιας (gen. Ιωσιου): Josiah; declined (gen. Ιωσιου); the slain king, Jehoahaz's father.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔχρισανthey anointedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · χρίωmain verb→ constative aoristχρίω: 'anoint'; renders מָשַׁח; the anointing confers royal legitimacy; notable that the people, not a prophet/priest alone, perform it in this crisis.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (Jehoahaz)→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object (Jehoahaz).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσανmade kingAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βασιλεύωmain verb (causative sense)→ constative aorist (causative)βασιλεύω: here causative 'make (someone) king / enthrone'; renders הִמְלִיךְ; the people install Jehoahaz on the throne.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as direct object.
ἀντὶin place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρός = 'in his father's place,' the dynastic succession-formula (תַּחַת אָבִיו).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitiveobject of ἀντί→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. πατρός): 'father'; Josiah, whose throne Jehoahaz inherits.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
31

υἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ τριῶν ἐτῶν ἦν Ιωαχας ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ τρίμηνον ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ Αμιταλ θυγάτηρ Ιερεμιου ἐκ Λεμνα

Jehoahaz was twenty-three years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Hamutal, daughter of Jeremiah, from Libnah.

Regnal-accession formula for Jehoahazυἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ τριῶν ἐτῶν
The fixed accession-formula of Kingdoms: the king's age at accession, length of reign, and the queen-mother's name and origin. The idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('son of … years') is a Hebraism (בֶּן … שָׁנָה) for stating age. The brief three-month reign (τρίμηνον) signals the dynastic collapse following Josiah.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
υἱὸςson / agedNominativepredicate (idiom: 'son of [x] years' = aged x)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('a son of … years') is a Hebraism (בֶּן … שָׁנָה) for stating age — 'twenty-three years old.'
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (indeclinable, with τριῶν)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable cardinal; with τριῶν = 'twenty-three.'
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (within numeral)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τριῶνthreeGenitivenumeral (genitive, with ἐτῶν)→ relational specificationτρεῖς (gen. τριῶν): 'three'; with εἴκοσι = 'twenty-three (years).'
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱὸς)→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): 'year'; the genitive of measure completing the age-idiom.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί (impf. ἦν): 'be'; states the king's age at accession.
ΙωαχαςJehoahazsubject (indeclinable name)→ participant identificationΙωαχας: Jehoahaz, Josiah's son and successor (cf. v. 30).
ἐνwhenpreposition + dative (temporal, with articular infinitive)→ spatial or relational framingἐν τῷ + infinitive: 'when'; ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν = 'when he began to reign.'
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reignPres Act Infin · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he reigned')→ verbal action or stateβασιλεύω: 'reign / be king'; the temporal infinitive marks the moment of accession (בְּמָלְכוֹ).
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'he'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative subject of infinitive.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τρίμηνονthree monthsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationτρίμηνον: 'period of three months'; renders שְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים; the brevity of the reign (deposed by Neco, vv. 33–34).
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign'; Jehoahaz's brief three-month rule.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemobject of ἐν (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: transliterated proper name rendered in Greek letters; here it functions as object of ἐν (indeclinable).
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (verbless clause: 'the name [was]')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the queen-mother formula ὄνομα τῇ μητρί = 'the name of his mother (was),' a verbless clause (וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὶmotherDativedative of possession (with ὄνομα)→ sphere or referenceμήτηρ (dat. μητρί): 'mother'; the queen-mother (גְּבִירָה), regularly named in the regnal formulae.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΑμιταλHamutalpredicate (the name; indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑμιταλ: transliteration of Hebrew חֲמוּטַל (Hamutal); indeclinable; the queen-mother, also mother of Zedekiah (24:18).
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativeapposition to Αμιταλ→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the patronymic for the queen-mother.
Ιερεμιουof JeremiahGenitivegenitive of relationship (defining θυγάτηρ)→ relational specificationΙερεμιας (gen. Ιερεμιου): transliteration of Hebrew יִרְמְיָהוּ (Jeremiah); declined (gen. Ιερεμιου); Hamutal's father (not the prophet), from Libnah.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (origin)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (origin).
ΛεμναLibnahobject of ἐκ (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΛεμνα: transliteration of Hebrew לִבְנָה (Libnah), a town in the Judean Shephelah; indeclinable; the queen-mother's home town.
32

καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου κατὰ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησαν οἱ πατέρες αὐτοῦ

And he did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD, according to all that his fathers had done.

Theological verdict on Jehoahazκαὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν
The standard Deuteronomistic evaluation-formula ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου ('he did evil in the eyes of the LORD'). After the singular praise of Josiah (v. 25), the immediate relapse of his son to the pattern of 'his fathers' underscores the irreversible momentum of judgment (vv. 26–27).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (evaluation-formula)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν = 'he did evil,' the fixed Deuteronomistic verdict (עָשָׂה הָרַע).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object: 'the evil')→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; τὸ πονηρόν = 'that which is evil'; renders הָרַע; the moral category by which the kings are judged.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative idiom)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative idiom).
ὀφθαλμοῖςeyesDativedative (idiom: 'in the eyes of')→ sphere or referenceὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς κυρίου = 'in the eyes/sight of the LORD' (בְּעֵינֵי יהוה), the standard evaluative idiom.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive (with ὀφθαλμοῖς)→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton; the divine judge in whose sight the evil is done.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (conformity)→ spatial or relational framingκατά + acc.: 'according to'; κατὰ πάντα ὅσα = 'according to all that,' the comparison-formula.
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of κατά)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the fathers' evil deeds.
ὅσαas much asAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησαν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as much as / whatever'; πάντα ὅσα = 'all that' (כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר).
ἐποίησανdidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the evil deeds of the ancestors that Jehoahaz reproduces.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρεςfathersNominativesubject of ἐποίησαν→ participant prominenceπατήρ (nom. pl. πατέρες): 'father'; the royal ancestors whose evil Jehoahaz imitates — pointedly skipping over the righteous Josiah to the wider pattern of apostate kings.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.