Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Fourth Book of Kingdoms, Chapter 8ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ′ Η′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Elisha restores the Shunammite's land, foretells Hazael's rise, and watches thrones shift in Aram and Judah.

Translation & textual notes

The Greek text of 4 Kingdoms 8 (= 2 Kings 8 MT) follows the standard critical text of the Septuagint as established in the Rahlfs–Hanhart edition (Septuaginta, rev. ed. 2006), an ancient and public-domain text; the critical apparatus is not reproduced. The chapter belongs to the kaige recension's stratum of 4 Kingdoms and is markedly Hebraistic: relentless καί-parataxis, the cognate-dative idioms ζωῇ ζήσῃ / θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ (vv. 10, 14) rendering the Hebrew infinitive absolute, the regnal-formula calques (υἱὸς τριάκοντα καὶ δύο ἐτῶν 'son of thirty-two years', v. 17), and the transliterated Hebrew loanwords μαναα (מנחה, 'gift', vv. 8–9) and μαχμα (the bedcover/netting Hazael uses to smother Ben-Hadad, v. 15). The chapter falls into four panels. The Shunammite woman whose son Elisha had revived (cf. 4 Kgdms 4) is warned of a seven-year famine, sojourns in Philistine territory, and returns to petition the king for her property — restored on the strength of Gehazi's recital of Elisha's miracle (vv. 1–6). Elisha then comes to Damascus, where the sick Ben-Hadad (υἱὸς Αδερ) sends Hazael to inquire of the LORD through him; Elisha foretells both the king's death and Hazael's accession, weeping over the atrocities Hazael will inflict on Israel, whereupon Hazael smothers his master and reigns in his place (vv. 7–15). The narrative then turns to Judah: the regnal account of Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat, who married a daughter of Ahab's house and did evil, yet was spared destruction for David's sake; the revolt of Edom and Libnah (vv. 16–24); and the brief reign of Ahaziah son of Jehoram, who walked in the way of Ahab's house and joined Joram of Israel against Hazael at Ramoth-gilead, where Joram was wounded and withdrew to Jezreel (vv. 25–29).

1

καὶ Ελισαιε ἐλάλησεν πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα ἧς ἐζωπύρησεν τὸν υἱόν λέγων ἀνάστηθι καὶ δεῦρο σὺ καὶ ὁ οἶκός σου καὶ παροίκει οὗ ἐὰν παροικήσῃς ὅτι κέκληκεν κύριος λιμὸν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καί γε ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἑπτὰ ἔτη

And Elisha spoke to the woman whose son he had revived, saying, 'Arise, and go, you and your household, and sojourn wherever you may sojourn; for the LORD has summoned a famine upon the land, and it has indeed come upon the land for seven years.'

New narrative episode (resumptive καί + named subject)καὶ Ελισαιε ἐλάλησεν
The chapter opens with the Hebraizing καί-parataxis typical of the kaige sections of 4 Kingdoms. The fronted proper name Ελισαιε and the relative clause ἧς ἐζωπύρησεν τὸν υἱόν explicitly recall the Shunammite episode of ch. 4, binding this property-restoration story to the earlier resurrection miracle that will become its narrative hinge (v. 5).
Word-by-word analysis· 39 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (Hebraizing καί-parataxis)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: transliteration of Hebrew אֱלִישָׁע ('God is salvation'); indeclinable in the LXX of 4 Kingdoms; the prophet, Elijah's successor, is the protagonist of chs. 2–13.
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aorist (single completed speech-act)λαλέω: 'speak / talk'; renders דִּבֶּר; the construction ἐλάλησεν πρός + acc. is the standard LXX speech-introduction with a directional object.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; here the Shunammite of ch. 4, identified not by name but by the relative clause recalling Elisha's revival of her son.
ἧςwhoseGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive of relationship: 'whose son')→ relational specificationὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun; the feminine genitive ἧς ('of whom / whose') links the woman to the son Elisha revived.
ἐζωπύρησενhe revivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζωπυρέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the past resurrection miracle)ζωπυρέω: lit. 'kindle into life / rekindle', from ζω- ('life') + πῦρ ('fire'); a vivid LXX choice for restoring life, here referring to the raising of the Shunammite's son in 4 Kgdms 4:32–37.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόνsonAccusativedirect object of ἐζωπύρησεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; the child whose revival is the narrative ground of the whole episode.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: the redundant participle λέγων before direct speech is a Hebraism rendering לֵאמֹר, a quotation marker rather than a separate act of speaking.
ἀνάστηθιariseAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (imperative of departure)→ ingressive aorist imperative (rouse and set out)ἀνίστημι: 'rise up / stand up'; the imperative ἀνάστηθι frequently functions as a Hebraizing summons to action (קוּם), here urging the woman to abandon her land before the famine.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεῦροgo / comeadverb used as imperative (hortatory)→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: adverb 'here / come!'; used imperativally ('go on, set out'); paired with ἀνάστηθι it forms an emphatic double summons to leave.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (with implied imperative)→ participant referenceσύ: the explicit second-person pronoun adds emphasis, marking the woman herself as the agent of departure alongside her household.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκόςhouseholdNominativesubject (coordinate with σύ)→ participant prominenceοἶκος: 'house / household'; here the woman's family and dependents who are to relocate with her; the accented form οἶκός carries the enclitic σου.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession (enclitic)→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (enclitic).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παροίκειsojournPres Act Impv 2 Sg · παροικέωmain verb (imperative)→ durative present imperative (settle as a resident alien for a time)παροικέω: 'dwell as a stranger / sojourn'; renders גּוּר; denotes temporary residence as a resident alien without landholding rights — the precise legal status the woman will assume in foreign territory.
οὗwhererelative adverb of place→ participant referenceοὗ: relative adverb 'where'; with ἐάν + subjunctive it forms an indefinite locative ('wherever').
ἐὰνif (ever)conditional particle (with subjunctive, indefinite)→ discourse linkage or contrastἐάν: here generalizing the relative οὗ into 'wherever you may sojourn', leaving the destination open.
παροικήσῃςyou may sojournAor Act Subj 2 Sg · παροικέωverb of indefinite relative clause→ potential aorist subjunctive (any place of sojourn)παροικέω (aor. subj.): the subjunctive after οὗ ἐάν leaves the place of refuge indefinite — the woman may settle wherever circumstances allow.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because / for'; introduces the reason for the command to flee — the divinely summoned famine.
κέκληκενhas summonedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb of causal clause→ resultative perfect (a decree already issued, with standing effect)καλέω: 'call / summon'; the perfect κέκληκεν presents the famine as a calamity YHWH has already 'called for' — summoned like a servant — a vivid personification (cf. Ps 104:16 LXX) stressing the famine as divinely decreed, not random.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the standard LXX rendering of the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the agent who summons the famine, framing the disaster as covenantal judgment.
λιμὸνfamineAccusativedirect object of κέκληκεν→ object specificationλιμός: 'famine / hunger'; renders רָעָב; the seven-year famine recalls the patriarchal famine of Gen 41 and functions as a standard biblical instrument of divine discipline.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (extent over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (extent over).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆ: 'land / earth'; here the land of Israel as the locus of the famine.
καίandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
γεindeedemphatic particle (post-positive)→ discourse linkage or contrastγε: enclitic intensifying particle; the combination καί γε is the kaige recension's signature calque of Hebrew וְגַם ('and indeed / moreover'), the very feature that gives the recension its name.
ἦλθενit cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (confirmation of fulfilment)→ constative aorist (the famine's arrival as accomplished fact)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the famine personified as 'coming' upon the land, echoing the personification of κέκληκεν and confirming the prophetic warning's reliability.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'upon'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationγῆν: meaning 'land'; it serves as accusative object of ἐπί.
ἑπτὰsevenattributive numeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable numeral; the seven-year span gives the famine a complete, symbolically full duration (cf. Gen 41:27).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): 'year'; accusative of temporal extent ('for seven years').
2

καὶ ἀνέστη ἡ γυνὴ καὶ ἐποίησεν κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα Ελισαιε καὶ ἐπορεύθη αὐτὴ καὶ ὁ οἶκος αὐτῆς καὶ παρῴκει ἐν γῇ ἀλλοφύλων ἑπτὰ ἔτη

And the woman arose and did according to the word of Elisha, and she went, she and her household, and sojourned in the land of the Philistines for seven years.

Compliance sequence (narrative fulfilment of v. 1's command)καὶ ἀνέστη ἡ γυνὴ
The verse narrates exact obedience to the prophetic word: the verbs ἀνέστη / ἐποίησεν / ἐπορεύθη / παρῴκει chain in strict καί-parataxis, each picking up an element of Elisha's command (ἀνάστηθι … παροίκει). The formula ἐποίησεν κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα marks the prophet's word as authoritative and effective.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέστηaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (compliance with ἀνάστηθι of v.1)→ ingressive aorist (set herself in motion)ἀνίστημι: the indicative ἀνέστη answers the imperative ἀνάστηθι of v.1, the standard narrative way of recording obedience.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνή: the Shunammite woman, now the acting subject.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do / make'; the phrase ἐποίησεν κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα is a stock obedience-formula (cf. Gen 6:22).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard / norm)→ spatial or relational framingκατὰ: meaning 'according to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (standard / norm).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeaccusative object of κατά→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter / thing'; renders דָּבָר; here the prophet's authoritative directive, the norm for the woman's action.
Ελισαιεof Elishagenitive of source (indeclinable: 'of Elisha')→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: indeclinable; here functioning as a genitive ('the word of Elisha').
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (deponent)→ constative aorist (departure accomplished)πορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; deponent with passive morphology; the standard LXX verb of travel, here the woman's emigration.
αὐτὴsheNominativeintensive/appositional subject pronoun→ participant referenceαὐτός: here the nominative αὐτή reinforces the subject ('she herself'), paired with her household.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοςhouseholdNominativesubject (coordinate with αὐτή)→ participant prominenceοἶκος: the woman's family, accompanying her in compliance with v.1.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρῴκειsojournedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · παροικέωmain verb→ durative imperfect (continuous residence over the seven years)παροικέω (impf.): the imperfect παρῴκει depicts the protracted sojourn as ongoing background action, contrasting with the punctiliar verbs of departure.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
γῇlandDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceγῆ: 'land'; the place of refuge from the famine.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the Philistines / foreignersGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying γῇ)→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: lit. 'of another tribe / foreigner'; the standard LXX rendering of פְּלִשְׁתִּים ('Philistines'); 'the land of the Philistines' is the coastal region, a customary refuge during famine (cf. Gen 26:1).
ἑπτὰsevenattributive numeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countἑπτά: 'seven'; indeclinable; the sojourn matches the famine's full seven-year span (v.1).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): accusative of temporal extent ('for seven years').
3

καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τὸ τέλος τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐτῶν καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν ἡ γυνὴ ἐκ γῆς ἀλλοφύλων εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἦλθεν βοῆσαι πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα περὶ τοῦ οἴκου ἑαυτῆς καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἑαυτῆς

And it came to pass after the end of the seven years that the woman returned from the land of the Philistines to the city, and she came to cry out to the king concerning her house and concerning her fields.

Temporal transition (καὶ ἐγένετο + temporal phrase + apodotic καί)καὶ ἐγένετο
The classic LXX narrative-transition formula καὶ ἐγένετο … καί (rendering Hebrew וַיְהִי … וַ) opens a new scene after the seven-year interval. The redundant apodotic καί before ἐπέστρεψεν is a Hebraism. The infinitive βοῆσαι ('to cry out') frames the woman's return as a formal legal appeal for restitution of confiscated property.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal verb of temporal transition→ constative aorist (scene-setting)γίνομαι: 'become / happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο is the formulaic LXX rendering of וַיְהִי, marking a temporal pivot to a new scene.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'after'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (temporal).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τέλοςendAccusativeaccusative object of μετά→ object specificationτέλος: 'end / completion'; renders קֵץ; marks the close of the seven-year famine period.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἑπτὰsevenattributive numeral (modifying ἐτῶν)→ measure or countἑπτά: indeclinable numeral 'seven'.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive (with τέλος: 'end of the years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): 'years'; genitive dependent on τέλος.
καὶandapodotic καί (Hebraism, after ἐγένετο)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: the apodotic καί following καὶ ἐγένετο + temporal phrase is a Hebraism rendering the waw of the וַיְהִי construction; untranslated in idiomatic English.
ἐπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb→ constative aorist (the return accomplished)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; renders שׁוּב; here the woman's homecoming at the famine's end.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject→ participant prominenceγυνὴ: meaning 'woman'; it serves as subject.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
γῆςlandGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationγῆ: 'land'; the point of departure, Philistine territory.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the PhilistinesGenitivegenitive of relationship (modifying γῆς)→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'Philistines / foreigners'; see v.2.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal of return)→ object specificationπόλις: 'city'; her hometown, where she must press her property claim.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; here introducing her formal approach to the king.
βοῆσαιto cry outAor Act Inf · βοάωinfinitive of purpose (with ἦλθεν)→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose of the coming)βοάω: 'cry out / shout'; renders צָעַק / זָעַק; the verb of legal appeal — to 'cry out' to the king is to lodge a formal petition for redress, the king being the court of last resort for the dispossessed.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of appeal)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of appeal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the king of Israel, before whom the woman lodges her appeal.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive object of περί (subject of the petition)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; the woman's confiscated dwelling, the object of her legal claim.
ἑαυτῆςher ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitive→ relational specificationἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; the feminine ἑαυτῆς ('her own') stresses rightful ownership of the property she seeks to recover.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρῶνfieldsGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field / farmland'; renders שָׂדֶה; the woman's agricultural land, the second object of her claim.
ἑαυτῆςher ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitive→ relational specificationἑαυτῆς: meaning 'her own'; it serves as reflexive possessive genitive.
4

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐλάλει πρὸς Γιεζι τὸ παιδάριον Ελισαιε τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τοῦ θεοῦ λέγων διήγησαι δή μοι πάντα τὰ μεγάλα ἃ ἐποίησεν Ελισαιε

Now the king was speaking to Gehazi the servant of Elisha the man of God, saying, 'Recount to me, please, all the great things that Elisha did.'

Synchronous background scene (imperfect ἐλάλει introducing concurrent action)καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐλάλει
The imperfect ἐλάλει marks this as durative background action running concurrently with the woman's approach, setting up the providential coincidence of v.5. The king's request to Gehazi to recount Elisha's μεγάλα ('great deeds') ironically prepares the very testimony that will secure the woman's case. The honorific chain τὸ παιδάριον Ελισαιε τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τοῦ θεοῦ stacks Gehazi's subordination to the prophet.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶand / nownarrative conjunction (introducing concurrent scene)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; the king of Israel, here engaged in conversation precisely as the woman arrives.
ἐλάλειwas speakingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (durative background)→ descriptive imperfect (action in progress when the woman arrives)λαλέω (impf.): the imperfect ἐλάλει sets the king's conversation as ongoing background, the temporal frame within which the providential meeting of v.5 unfolds.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΓιεζιGehaziaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓιεζι: transliteration of Hebrew גֵּיחֲזִי; Elisha's servant (cf. 4 Kgdms 4–5), here recounting his master's deeds to the king; the LXX leaves his name indeclinable.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with appositive παιδάριον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
παιδάριονservant / ladAccusativeapposition to Γιεζι→ object specificationπαιδάριον: diminutive of παῖς, 'young servant / attendant'; renders נַעַר; designates Gehazi's role as Elisha's personal attendant rather than his age.
Ελισαιεof Elishagenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Elisha')→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: indeclinable, here genitive ('Elisha's servant').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with appositive ἀνθρώπου)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitiveapposition to Ελισαιε (genitive)→ relational specificationἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the title ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ('the man of God', rendering אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים) is the standard designation for a prophet in the Elijah–Elisha cycle, marking divine authorization.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive (with ἀνθρώπου: 'man of God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the genitive in the title ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ designates the prophet as belonging to and commissioned by God.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing direct discourse)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: redundant λέγων before direct speech, Hebraizing לֵאמֹר.
διήγησαιrecountAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · διηγέομαιmain verb (imperative request)→ ingressive aorist imperative (give a full narration)διηγέομαι: 'narrate / recount in full / set out in detail'; renders סָפַר (Piel); a request for a complete recital of Elisha's miracles — the very telling that triggers the woman's vindication.
δήplease / nowhortatory particle (softening the imperative)→ discourse linkage or contrastδή: emphatic/hortatory particle reinforcing the imperative, 'do recount, please'; renders the Hebrew נָא of polite or urgent request.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestἐγώ (dat. μοι): the king as recipient of the narration.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τὰ μεγάλα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the king wants the complete catalogue of Elisha's wonders.
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing μεγάλα)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μεγάλαgreat thingsAccusativesubstantivized adjective (direct object of διήγησαι)→ object specificationμέγας: 'great'; the neuter plural substantive τὰ μεγάλα ('the great deeds / mighty acts') denotes Elisha's miracles; renders גְּדֹלוֹת (cf. Ps 105:21 LXX of YHWH's 'great things').
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (neut. pl. ἅ): relative pronoun introducing the clause specifying the great deeds.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (Elisha's accomplished deeds)ποιέω: 'do / perform'; here of the miracles Elisha 'did'.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject of relative clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: indeclinable, here nominative subject of ἐποίησεν.
5

καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτοῦ ἐξηγουμένου τῷ βασιλεῖ ὡς ἐζωπύρησεν υἱὸν τεθνηκότα καὶ ἰδοὺ ἡ γυνή ἧς ἐζωπύρησεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς Ελισαιε βοῶσα πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα περὶ τοῦ οἴκου ἑαυτῆς καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἑαυτῆς καὶ εἶπεν Γιεζι κύριε βασιλεῦ αὕτη ἡ γυνή καὶ οὗτος ὁ υἱὸς αὐτῆς ὃν ἐζωπύρησεν Ελισαιε

And it came to pass, as he was recounting to the king how he revived a dead son, that behold, the very woman whose son Elisha had revived was crying out to the king concerning her house and concerning her fields; and Gehazi said, 'My lord the king, this is the woman, and this is her son whom Elisha revived.'

Providential coincidence (genitive absolute + dramatic ἰδού)καὶ ἐγένετο … καὶ ἰδοὺ
The verse stages a precise providential synchronism: the genitive absolute αὐτοῦ ἐξηγουμένου ('as he was recounting') is interrupted by καὶ ἰδού, the LXX's standard dramatic deictic (rendering וְהִנֵּה), bringing the living proof of Elisha's miracle onstage at the exact moment her case requires it. Gehazi's identification (αὕτη ἡ γυνή … οὗτος ὁ υἱός) closes the loop between the recital and the petition.
Word-by-word analysis· 49 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transition formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal verb of temporal transition→ constative aorist (scene-setting)γίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο rendering וַיְהִי, here introducing a tightly timed coincidence.
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): subject of the genitive-absolute construction; refers to Gehazi, recounting Elisha's deeds.
ἐξηγουμένουrecountingPres Mid Part Gen Sg Masc · ἐξηγέομαιparticiple of genitive absolute (temporal: 'while he was recounting')→ durative present participle (action in progress)ἐξηγέομαι: 'narrate / set forth / explain in detail'; the present participle in the genitive absolute frames Gehazi's recital as ongoing at the moment of the woman's arrival.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῖto the kingDativedative indirect object (of ἐξηγουμένου)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat.): the king as recipient of the narration.
ὡςhowconjunction introducing indirect/content clause→ discourse linkage or contrastὡς: 'how / that'; here introducing the content of Gehazi's recital.
ἐζωπύρησενhe revivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζωπυρέωverb of content clause→ constative aorist (the reported miracle)ζωπυρέω: 'restore to life'; see v.1; the very miracle being recounted to the king.
υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect object of ἐζωπύρησεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'; here the dead son who was revived.
τεθνηκόταdead / having diedPerf Act Part Acc Sg Masc · θνῄσκωattributive participle (modifying υἱόν)→ resultative perfect participle (the settled state of being dead)θνῄσκω (perf. part.): 'have died / be dead'; the perfect τεθνηκότα stresses the completed and abiding state of death from which the boy was restored, heightening the miracle.
καὶandapodotic καί (Hebraism)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (dramatic deixis)→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold / look!'; renders הִנֵּה; the presentative particle introduces the woman's arrival as a striking, providentially timed surprise.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwomanNominativesubject (of βοῶσα clause)→ participant prominenceγυνή: the Shunammite, appearing at the precise moment her case is being made for her.
ἧςwhoseGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive of relationship)→ relational specificationὅς (fem. gen. ἧς): 'whose'; identifying the woman by the revival miracle, echoing v.1.
ἐζωπύρησενhe revivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζωπυρέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristζωπυρέω: see v.1.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect object of ἐζωπύρησεν→ object specificationυἱός: 'son'.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject of relative clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: indeclinable; nominative subject of ἐζωπύρησεν.
βοῶσαcrying outPres Act Part Nom Sg Fem · βοάωpredicative participle (with ἡ γυνή: 'was crying out')→ durative present participle (the petition in progress)βοάω: 'cry out / appeal'; the feminine participle βοῶσα depicts the woman in the very act of her legal appeal (cf. v.3 βοῆσαι), her arrival coinciding with the recital of her own miracle.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of appeal)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of appeal).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλέαkingAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἴκουhouseGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house'; cf. v.3.
ἑαυτῆςher ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitive→ relational specificationἑαυτῆς: meaning 'her own'; it serves as reflexive possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)→ spatial or relational framingπερὶ: meaning 'concerning'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (reference).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγρῶνfieldsGenitivegenitive object of περί→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field'; cf. v.3.
ἑαυτῆςher ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitive→ relational specificationἑαυτῆς: meaning 'her own'; it serves as reflexive possessive genitive.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: εἶπεν introduces Gehazi's identification of the woman.
ΓιεζιGehazisubject (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΓιεζι: see v.4; here the speaker who confirms the woman's identity.
κύριεmy lordVocativevocative of address (to the king)→ direct addressκύριος (voc. κύριε): 'lord / master'; here a HUMAN honorific addressed to the king (not the Tetragrammaton); the pairing κύριε βασιλεῦ ('my lord the king') is courtly address.
βασιλεῦO kingVocativevocative of address (apposition to κύριε)→ direct addressβασιλεύς (voc. βασιλεῦ): direct address to the king, in apposition to κύριε.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος (fem. αὕτη): 'this (woman)'; deictic identification — Gehazi points to the petitioner as the very subject of his story.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingἡ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυνήwomanNominativepredicate nominative (nominal clause: 'this is the woman')→ participant prominenceγυνή: 'woman'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject of nominal clause)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this (one)'; pointing now to the son, the living proof of the miracle.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative ('this is her son')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the revived child, present with his mother.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐζωπύρησεν)→ participant referenceὅς (masc. acc. ὅν): 'whom'; relative clause confirming the son as the one Elisha revived.
ἐζωπύρησενhe revivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζωπυρέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristζωπυρέω: see v.1; the verb recurs four times in vv.1–5, hammering the revival miracle as the case's decisive evidence.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject of relative clause (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: indeclinable; nominative subject.
6

καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ διηγήσατο αὐτῷ καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῇ ὁ βασιλεὺς εὐνοῦχον ἕνα λέγων ἐπίστρεψον πάντα τὰ αὐτῆς καὶ πάντα τὰ γενήματα τοῦ ἀγροῦ αὐτῆς ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς κατέλιπεν τὴν γῆν ἕως τοῦ νῦν

And the king questioned the woman, and she recounted it to him; and the king gave her a single eunuch, saying, 'Restore all that is hers and all the produce of her field from the day she left the land until now.'

Resolution: royal verdict (consequence of the identification)καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν
The episode resolves with the king's judicial action: interrogation (ἐπηρώτησεν), the woman's own testimony (διηγήσατο), and the verdict — an officer assigned to enforce full restitution. The imperative ἐπίστρεψον ('restore') and the temporal span ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας … ἕως τοῦ νῦν grant restitution not only of the property but of all its accrued produce over the seven years of absence.
Word-by-word analysis· 38 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπηρώτησενquestionedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπερωτάω: 'question / interrogate'; renders שָׁאַל; the king examines the woman to verify Gehazi's claim before ruling.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativedirect object→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
διηγήσατοshe recountedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διηγέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδιηγέομαι: 'recount in full'; cf. v.4; the woman corroborates her story directly to the king.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give / assign'; here the king assigns an official to execute his verdict.
αὐτῇto herDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestαὐτῇ: meaning 'to her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (resumed)→ participant prominenceβασιλεὺς: meaning 'king'; it serves as subject (resumed).
εὐνοῦχονeunuch / officerAccusativedirect object→ object specificationεὐνοῦχος: 'eunuch / court official'; renders סָרִיס, which in royal contexts denotes a court functionary or officer, not necessarily a castrated man; assigned to enforce the restitution decree.
ἕναone / a singleAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying εὐνοῦχον)→ measure or countεἷς (acc. ἕνα): 'one / a single'; here possibly with the weakened sense of an indefinite article ('a certain officer'), a Hebraism reflecting אֶחָד.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the royal decree)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: redundant λέγων (= לֵאמֹר) before the king's order.
ἐπίστρεψονrestoreAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb (royal command to the officer)→ ingressive aorist imperative (effect full restitution)ἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / restore / give back'; transitive here ('cause to return'), the legal verb for restitution of confiscated property to its rightful owner.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τὰ αὐτῆς)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the restitution — nothing withheld.
τὰthe thingsAccusativesubstantizing article ('the things that are hers')→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
αὐτῆςhersGenitivepossessive genitive (τὰ αὐτῆς = 'her possessions')→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): the substantival τὰ αὐτῆς ('her property') comprises everything formerly belonging to her.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τὰ γενήματα)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; extends restitution to the field's accrued yield.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γενήματαproduce / yieldAccusativedirect object of ἐπίστρεψον→ object specificationγένημα: 'produce / crops / yield of the land'; renders תְּבוּאָה; the harvests the field produced during the woman's seven-year absence are to be returned to her, an unusually generous restitution.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγροῦfieldGenitivegenitive of source (produce of the field)→ relational specificationἀγρός: 'field'; cf. v.3.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῆς: meaning 'her'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal starting point)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (temporal starting point).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; the starting boundary of the restitution period.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction, temporal)→ relational specificationὅς (fem. gen. ἧς): the relative, attracted to the genitive ἡμέρας, introduces the temporal clause ('the day on which she left').
κατέλιπενshe leftAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (the act of departure)καταλείπω: 'leave behind / abandon'; here the woman's forced abandonment of her land at the famine's onset, fixing the legal start-date for restitution.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὴν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
γῆνlandAccusativedirect object of κατέλιπεν→ object specificationγῆ: 'land'; her abandoned property.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal end-point)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; with τοῦ νῦν marks the closing boundary of the restitution span.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantivizing νῦν)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νῦνnowadverb substantivized by τοῦ ('the present')→ adverbial qualificationνῦν: 'now'; ἕως τοῦ νῦν ('until now') closes the restitution period at the present moment, covering the entire seven-year absence.
7

καὶ ἦλθεν Ελισαιε εἰς Δαμασκόν καὶ υἱὸς Αδερ βασιλεὺς Συρίας ἠρρώστει καὶ ἀνήγγειλαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες ἥκει ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ ἕως ὧδε

And Elisha came to Damascus, and Ben-Hadad king of Syria was sick; and they reported to him, saying, 'The man of God has come as far as here.'

New episode: Elisha at Damascus (scene shift)καὶ ἦλθεν Ελισαιε
A fresh panel opens with Elisha's journey to the Syrian capital. The circumstantial imperfect ἠρρώστει ('was sick') supplies the background condition driving the whole Hazael episode. The report ἥκει ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ uses the prophet's title (cf. v.4) and the perfective present ἥκει ('has arrived') to set up Ben-Hadad's inquiry.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (scene shift)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come / go'; Elisha's arrival in Damascus, the only recorded prophetic journey of his into foreign territory.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: see v.1.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΔαμασκόνDamascusAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (goal)→ object specificationΔαμασκός: 'Damascus'; the capital of Aram/Syria; declined as a feminine second-declension noun in the LXX; Israel's chief northern rival.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (circumstantial)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject (with Αδερ: 'Ben-Hadad')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the title υἱὸς Αδερ ('son of Hadad') is the LXX's rendering of Hebrew בֶּן־הֲדַד (Ben-Hadad), the dynastic name of the kings of Aram.
ΑδερHadad / Adergenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Hadad')→ participant identificationΑδερ: indeclinable transliteration of הֲדַד, the Aramean storm-god whose name forms the royal title Ben-Hadad.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeapposition to υἱὸς Αδερ→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of subordination (king of Syria)→ relational specificationΣυρία: 'Syria / Aram'; renders אֲרָם; the kingdom centered on Damascus, Israel's persistent northern adversary.
ἠρρώστειwas sickImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρρωστέωmain verb (circumstantial background)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing illness)ἀρρωστέω: 'be sick / be ill'; the imperfect supplies the standing condition that motivates Ben-Hadad's inquiry; the verb recurs at v.29 of the wounded Joram, framing the panel.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνήγγειλανthey reportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb (impersonal 3rd plural)→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω: 'announce / report / bring word'; renders נָגַד (Hophal); the impersonal third plural ('they/people reported') is a common Hebraizing way of expressing a passive ('it was reported').
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (to Ben-Hadad)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (to Ben-Hadad).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Part Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing report)→ progressive participleλέγω: redundant λέγοντες (= לֵאמֹר) before the reported words.
ἥκειhas comePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἥκωmain verb of reported speech→ perfective present (arrival accomplished, presence resulting)ἥκω: 'have come / be present'; the present tense carries perfect force ('has arrived and is here'), announcing the prophet's presence in Damascus.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of ἥκει→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ, 'the man of God' (cf. v.4), the prophetic title; even the Syrians know Elisha by this designation.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive (with ἄνθρωπος: 'man of God')→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; see v.4.
ἕωςas far aspreposition/adverb (extent of motion)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'as far as / up to'; with ὧδε, 'all the way here'.
ὧδεhereadverb of place→ clausal contributionὧδε: 'here / to this place'; ἕως ὧδε ('as far as here') stresses that the prophet has come right into Damascus itself.
8

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς Αζαηλ λαβὲ ἐν τῇ χειρί σου μαναα καὶ δεῦρο εἰς ἀπαντὴν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἐπιζήτησον τὸν κύριον παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ λέγων εἰ ζήσομαι ἐκ τῆς ἀρρωστίας μου ταύτης

And the king said to Hazael, 'Take a gift in your hand, and go to meet the man of God, and inquire of the LORD through him, saying, "Shall I recover from this sickness of mine?"'

Royal commission (Ben-Hadad dispatches Hazael)καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς
Ben-Hadad's commission strings four imperatives (λαβέ … δεῦρο … ἐπιζήτησον) directing Hazael to inquire of YHWH through the prophet. Strikingly, the pagan king commands a consultation of τὸν κύριον — the God of Israel — through his prophet, acknowledging Elisha's mantic authority. The indirect question εἰ ζήσομαι frames the inquiry as a life-or-death oracle request.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: εἶπεν πρός + acc., standard speech-introduction.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Ben-Hadad of Syria.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of speech)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction of speech).
ΑζαηλHazaelaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable proper noun)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: transliteration of Hebrew חֲזָהאֵל ('God has seen'); Ben-Hadad's officer, the future usurper and king of Aram; indeclinable in the LXX.
λαβὲtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλαμβάνω: 'take / receive'; the imperative λαβέ commands Hazael to bring a present, customary when consulting a prophet (cf. 1 Kgdms 9:7–8).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (means/instrument).
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρίhandDativedative of means (ἐν τῇ χειρί: 'in your hand')→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν τῇ χειρί σου ('in your hand') is a Hebraism (בְּיָדְךָ) for personally carrying the gift.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
μανααa gift / presentdirect object of λαβέ (indeclinable loanword)→ clausal contributionμαναα: an indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew מִנְחָה ('gift / offering / tribute'); left untranslated by the LXX translator, signaling a fixed cultic/diplomatic term — here a present brought to secure a favorable oracle.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δεῦροgoadverb used as imperative (hortatory)→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: 'come! / go!'; used imperativally; cf. v.1.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet')→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose: 'to meet').
ἀπαντὴνmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (idiomatic: 'to meet')→ object specificationἀπάντησις / ἀπαντή: 'a meeting / encounter'; the idiom εἰς ἀπαντήν + dative ('to meet someone') renders Hebrew לִקְרַאת.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativedative with ἀπαντήν (the one met)→ sphere or referenceἄνθρωπος (dat.): 'man'; the one to be met is ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ, Elisha.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive (man of God)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the prophetic title; cf. v.4.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπιζήτησονinquire of / seekAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιζητέωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπιζητέω: 'seek out / inquire of / consult'; renders דָּרַשׁ; the technical verb for seeking an oracle from God through a prophet — here a pagan king consulting YHWH.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονthe LORDAccusativedirect object of ἐπιζήτησον→ object specificationκύριος: here the Tetragrammaton יהוה — Ben-Hadad commands Hazael to consult the God of Israel (not a human lord), a remarkable acknowledgment by a pagan king of YHWH's oracular authority through Elisha.
παρ᾿through / frompreposition + genitive (intermediary)→ spatial or relational framingπαρά + gen.: 'from (the side of) / through'; the inquiry of YHWH is made παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('through him', i.e. through the prophet as mediator).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of παρά (the prophet as mediator)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): refers to Elisha, the human channel of the oracle.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the question)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: redundant λέγων (= לֵאמֹר) introducing the oracle question.
εἰwhetherinterrogative particle (indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: 'if / whether'; introduces the indirect question put to the oracle ('whether I shall recover').
ζήσομαιI shall live / recoverFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ζάωverb of indirect question→ deliberative/predictive future (life-or-death outcome sought)ζάω: 'live / survive / recover'; here specifically 'recover from illness'; the future ζήσομαι frames the king's anxious inquiry about survival.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation/recovery from)→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: 'out of / from'; ζάω ἐκ τῆς ἀρρωστίας = 'recover from the sickness'.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρρωστίαςsicknessGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationἀρρωστία: 'sickness / illness'; cognate of ἠρρώστει (v.7); the king's specific malady from which he seeks recovery.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying ἀρρωστίας)→ relational specificationοὗτος (fem. gen. ταύτης): 'this'; the deictic 'this sickness of mine' points to the present, specific illness.
9

καὶ ἐπορεύθη Αζαηλ εἰς ἀπαντὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔλαβεν μαναα ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντα τὰ ἀγαθὰ Δαμασκοῦ ἄρσιν τεσσαράκοντα καμήλων καὶ ἦλθεν καὶ ἔστη ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς Ελισαιε ὁ υἱός σου υἱὸς Αδερ βασιλεὺς Συρίας ἀπέστειλέν με πρὸς σὲ λέγων εἰ ζήσομαι ἐκ τῆς ἀρρωστίας μου ταύτης

And Hazael went to meet him and took a gift in his hand, and all the good things of Damascus, a load for forty camels; and he came and stood before him and said, 'Your son Ben-Hadad king of Syria has sent me to you, saying, "Shall I recover from this sickness of mine?"'

Execution of commission (Hazael carries out vv. 8)καὶ ἐπορεύθη Αζαηλ
Hazael's compliance mirrors v.8's commands point for point (ἐπορεύθη εἰς ἀπαντήν, ἔλαβεν μαναα), but the LXX amplifies the gift extravagantly: 'all the good things of Damascus, a load for forty camels.' Hazael's deferential ὁ υἱός σου ('your son') casts Ben-Hadad as Elisha's subordinate, the etiquette of a supplicant before a powerful prophet.
Word-by-word analysis· 50 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (deponent)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go / journey'; Hazael sets out to obey the royal command.
ΑζαηλHazaelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: see v.8.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (purpose).
ἀπαντὴνmeetingAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς ('to meet')→ object specificationἀπαντή: 'meeting'; εἰς ἀπαντήν αὐτοῦ, 'to meet him' (Elisha); cf. v.8.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobjective genitive (the one met)→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): refers to Elisha.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; Hazael obeys the command λαβέ of v.8.
μανααa giftdirect object (indeclinable loanword)→ clausal contributionμαναα: indeclinable transliteration of מִנְחָה; see v.8.
ἐνinpreposition + dative→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative.
τῇtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
χειρὶhandDativedative of means→ sphere or referenceχείρ: 'hand'; ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ, Hebraism for personally carrying; cf. v.8.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τὰ ἀγαθά)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the lavish scope of the gift.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀγαθὰgood thingsAccusativesubstantized adjective (direct object of ἔλαβεν)→ object specificationἀγαθός: 'good'; the neuter plural τὰ ἀγαθά ('the good things / choice goods') denotes the finest products of Damascus, the city famed for its luxury goods.
Δαμασκοῦof DamascusGenitivegenitive of source (modifying τὰ ἀγαθά)→ relational specificationΔαμασκός (gen.): see v.7; the goods come from the wealthy Aramean capital.
ἄρσινa load / burdenAccusativeaccusative in apposition (the gift quantified as a load)→ object specificationἄρσις: 'a lifting / load / burden'; from αἴρω ('lift'); the gift is measured by its sheer bulk — 'a load for forty camels.'
τεσσαράκονταfortynumeral (modifying καμήλων)→ measure or countτεσσαράκοντα: 'forty'; indeclinable numeral; the hyperbolic forty-camel load underscores the extravagance and the king's desperation for a favorable answer.
καμήλωνof camelsGenitivegenitive (load of/for camels)→ relational specificationκάμηλος: 'camel'; the standard pack animal of the Near East; forty camel-loads is a deliberately enormous figure.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; Hazael's arrival before Elisha.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔστηstoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (intransitive)→ constative aorist (took his stand)ἵστημι: 'stand'; the intransitive aorist ἔστη ('took his position / presented himself'); to 'stand before' someone is to present oneself formally.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (in the presence of)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the presence of'; Hebraism rendering לִפְנֵי.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον (Elisha)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἐνώπιον (Elisha).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Hazael's message.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
ΕλισαιεElishaaccusative object of πρός (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: see v.1.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱόςsonNominativesubject (deferential self-designation)→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; ὁ υἱός σου ('your son') is a deferential epithet by which Ben-Hadad styles himself the prophet's subordinate — a striking humility from a king toward an Israelite prophet.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition (Ben-Hadad)→ participant prominenceυἱός: in apposition, υἱὸς Αδερ ('Ben-Hadad'); see v.7.
Αδερof Hadadgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑδερ: see v.7.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeapposition→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of subordination→ relational specificationΣυρία: see v.7.
ἀπέστειλένhas sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb of reported speech→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send (with a commission)'; Ben-Hadad commissions Hazael as his envoy to the prophet.
μεmeAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceἐγώ (acc. με): Hazael, the one sent.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative.
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σέ): Elisha, the addressee.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Part Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the question)→ verbal action or stateλέγω: redundant λέγων (= לֵאמֹר).
εἰwhetherinterrogative particle (indirect question)→ discourse linkage or contrastεἰ: introduces the question, verbatim from v.8.
ζήσομαιI shall recoverFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ζάωverb of indirect question→ deliberative/predictive futureζάω: 'recover'; see v.8; the question is repeated verbatim, underscoring its centrality.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingἐκ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἀρρωστίαςsicknessGenitivegenitive object of ἐκ→ relational specificationἀρρωστία: 'sickness'; cf. v.8.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying ἀρρωστίας)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; cf. v.8.
10

καὶ εἶπεν Ελισαιε δεῦρο εἰπὸν αὐτῷ ζωῇ ζήσῃ καὶ ἔδειξέν μοι κύριος ὅτι θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ

And Elisha said, 'Go, say to him, "You shall surely live"; yet the LORD has shown me that he shall surely die.'

Oracular response (the prophet's double-edged answer)καὶ εἶπεν Ελισαιε
Elisha's reply is famously two-tiered and ironic. The message to be relayed (ζωῇ ζήσῃ, 'you shall surely live') and the private revelation (θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ, 'he shall surely die') stand in calculated tension: the sickness itself is not fatal, but the king will die — by Hazael's hand. Both clauses deploy the cognate-dative Hebraism rendering the Hebrew infinitive absolute, framing the antithesis with maximal rhetorical force.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces the prophet's oracle.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: see v.1.
δεῦροgoadverb used as imperative→ clausal contributionδεῦρο: 'go!'; imperatival; cf. vv.1, 8.
εἰπὸνsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperativeλέγω (aor. impv. εἰπόν): 'say / tell'; commands Hazael to deliver the surface-message to the king.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (Ben-Hadad)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (Ben-Hadad).
ζωῇwith life / surelyDativecognate dative (rendering Hebrew infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceζωή: 'life'; the cognate dative ζωῇ ζήσῃ ('living you shall live' = 'you shall surely live') is the LXX's standard rendering of the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute חָיֹה תִחְיֶה, expressing certainty (cf. the structural twin θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ below).
ζήσῃyou shall liveFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ζάωmain verb of the message (with cognate dative)→ predictive future (the surface oracle: recovery from the illness)ζάω: 'live / recover'; the second-person ζήσῃ addresses the king directly; the message is that the sickness itself will not kill him.
καὶyet / andcoordinate conjunction (adversative force in context)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here carrying an adversative nuance ('yet'), introducing the private revelation that undercuts the surface message.
ἔδειξένhas shownAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb (divine revelation)→ constative aorist (a completed act of revelation)δείκνυμι: 'show / reveal'; κύριος ἔδειξέν μοι ('the LORD has shown me') is the formula of prophetic disclosure — the true outcome known only to the prophet.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object (the prophet)→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (the prophet).
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject (divine revealer)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH is the source of the prophet's secret knowledge of the king's true fate.
ὅτιthatconjunction (introducing content of revelation)→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; introduces the revealed content.
θανάτῳwith death / surelyDativecognate dative (rendering Hebrew infinitive absolute)→ sphere or referenceθάνατος: 'death'; the cognate dative θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ ('dying he shall die' = 'he shall surely die') renders the Hebrew emphatic infinitive absolute מוֹת יָמוּת (cf. Gen 2:17 LXX ἀποθανεῖσθε); structurally parallel to ζωῇ ζήσῃ, sharpening the ironic antithesis.
ἀποθανῇhe shall dieFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb of the revelation (with cognate dative)→ predictive future (the certain hidden outcome)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the third-person ἀποθανῇ shifts from the second-person address of the message to the objective fact known to the prophet — the king will die, though not from the illness.
11

καὶ παρέστη τῷ προσώπῳ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔθηκεν ἕως αἰσχύνης καὶ ἔκλαυσεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ

And he set his face and fixed it until he was ashamed, and the man of God wept.

Dramatic gesture (the prophet's fixed stare and weeping)καὶ παρέστη τῷ προσώπῳ
This notoriously obscure verse describes a charged silent gesture: a fixed, prolonged stare 'until shame' followed by the prophet's tears. The Greek (παρέστη τῷ προσώπῳ … ἔθηκεν ἕως αἰσχύνης) is a literalistic rendering of an enigmatic Hebrew scene of mutual fixed gazing that becomes unbearable; the subject of the staring is ambiguous, but the weeping is explicitly assigned to ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ, Elisha, anticipating his explanation in v.12.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
παρέστηhe set / fixedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρίστημιmain verb (intransitive)→ constative aorist (took a fixed stance)παρίστημι: 'set beside / present / make stand'; intransitive aorist παρέστη here renders a Hebrew idiom of fixing the face/gaze; the obscure clause παρέστη τῷ προσώπῳ ('he set his face / steadied his countenance') depicts an intense, motionless stare.
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
προσώπῳfaceDativedative of respect/manner (with παρέστη)→ sphere or referenceπρόσωπον: 'face / countenance'; renders פָּנִים; the dative locates the fixed gesture in the face — a steady, unflinching stare.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔθηκενfixed / heldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'put / set / fix'; here 'held (the gaze) fast'; the absolute use ἔθηκεν ἕως αἰσχύνης ('held it until shame') renders the Hebrew וַיַּעֲמֵד ('he set/held steady'), depicting the stare prolonged to the point of embarrassment.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (extent/limit)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / to the point of'; marks the limit reached by the prolonged gaze.
αἰσχύνηςshame / embarrassmentGenitivegenitive object of ἕως ('to the point of shame')→ relational specificationαἰσχύνη: 'shame / disgrace / embarrassment'; renders בּוֹשׁ; the stare lasts ἕως αἰσχύνης ('until it became embarrassing / unbearable'), an idiom for a gaze held past the point of social comfort.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔκλαυσενweptAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλαίωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (burst into weeping)κλαίω: 'weep / cry aloud'; the prophet's tears, prompted by his foreknowledge of the atrocities Hazael will inflict (v.12); a rare moment of prophetic emotion.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of ἔκλαυσεν→ participant prominenceἄνθρωπος: ὁ ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ, 'the man of God'; the title (cf. v.4) explicitly identifies Elisha as the one weeping, resolving the verse's earlier ambiguity of subject.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive (man of God)→ relational specificationθεός: 'God'; the prophetic title; cf. v.4.
12

καὶ εἶπεν Αζαηλ τί ὅτι ὁ κύριός μου κλαίει καὶ εἶπεν ὅτι οἶδα ὅσα ποιήσεις τοῖς υἱοῖς Ισραηλ κακά τὰ ὀχυρώματα αὐτῶν ἐξαποστελεῖς ἐν πυρὶ καὶ τοὺς ἐκλεκτοὺς αὐτῶν ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ ἀποκτενεῖς καὶ τὰ νήπια αὐτῶν ἐνσείσεις καὶ τὰς ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσας αὐτῶν ἀναρρήξεις

And Hazael said, 'Why is my lord weeping?' And he said, 'Because I know the evils you will do to the sons of Israel: their strongholds you will set on fire, and their choice men you will kill with the sword, and their infants you will dash in pieces, and their pregnant women you will rip open.'

Dialogue: Hazael's question and Elisha's atrocity-oracleκαὶ εἶπεν Αζαηλ
Hazael's question (τί ὅτι … κλαίει, 'why does my lord weep?') elicits the prophet's catalogue of future atrocities. Elisha's answer enumerates four war-crimes against Israel in escalating brutality — burning fortresses, slaughtering chosen men, dashing infants, ripping open pregnant women — each with a fronted object and a second-person future verb, a stylized list of the horrors of conquest (cf. Hos 14:1; Amos 1:13).
Word-by-word analysis· 44 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Hazael's question.
ΑζαηλHazaelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: see v.8.
τίwhyinterrogative pronoun (adverbial: 'why')→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): interrogative; τί ὅτι ('why is it that?') is a Hebraizing idiom (מַדּוּעַ / מַה) introducing a question of cause.
ὅτιthatconjunction (in idiom τί ὅτι: 'why is it that')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: here part of the interrogative idiom τί ὅτι ('why is it that?').
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριόςmy lordNominativesubject of κλαίει (deferential address)→ participant prominenceκύριος: here a HUMAN honorific — Hazael addresses Elisha as ὁ κύριός μου ('my lord'), a deferential term of respect, NOT the Tetragrammaton.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationμου: meaning 'my'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
κλαίειweepsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κλαίωverb of the question→ descriptive present (the weeping in progress)κλαίω: 'weep'; cf. v.11; Hazael asks the cause of the ongoing tears.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elisha's answer.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; introduces the reason for the weeping.
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (perfect with present sense)→ stative perfect (settled prophetic knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; perfect in form, present in meaning; the prophet's settled foreknowledge of the coming atrocities.
ὅσαwhat / how many thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιήσεις)→ participant referenceὅσος (neut. pl. ὅσα): 'as many as / whatever'; relative introducing the catalogue of evils.
ποιήσειςyou will doFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ predictive future (Hazael's future deeds)ποιέω: 'do'; the second-person addresses Hazael directly as the future perpetrator.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative of disadvantage (against the sons of Israel)→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. pl.): 'sons'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ ('the sons of Israel'), the standard LXX designation of the people; here the victims.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; 'Israel', the northern kingdom that will suffer Hazael's depredations (cf. 4 Kgdms 10:32; 13:3).
κακάevilsAccusativesubstantized adjective (in apposition to ὅσα: 'evils')→ object specificationκακός: 'evil / harm'; the neuter plural κακά ('evils / atrocities') summarizes the catalogue that follows.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὀχυρώματαstrongholdsAccusativefronted direct object of ἐξαποστελεῖς→ object specificationὀχύρωμα: 'fortress / stronghold'; renders מִבְצָר; the fortified cities, first item in the atrocity list, fronted for emphasis.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐξαποστελεῖςyou will set / send forthFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb (with ἐν πυρί)→ predictive futureἐξαποστέλλω: 'send forth'; here ἐξαποστελεῖς ἐν πυρί ('you will send forth with fire' = 'set ablaze'), a Hebraism (שִׁלַּח בָּאֵשׁ) for consigning fortresses to the flames (cf. Amos 1:14).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
πυρὶfireDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceπῦρ: 'fire'; the instrument of the fortresses' destruction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐκλεκτοὺςchoice menAccusativefronted direct object of ἀποκτενεῖς→ object specificationἐκλεκτός: 'chosen / choice'; substantively 'the picked/choice men', i.e. the elite warriors; renders בָּחוּר; the second atrocity.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (instrument).
ῥομφαίᾳswordDativedative of instrument→ sphere or referenceῥομφαία: 'sword / large broadsword'; renders חֶרֶב; the instrument of slaughter for the choice men.
ἀποκτενεῖςyou will killFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb→ predictive futureἀποκτείνω: 'kill / slay'; the slaughter of the warriors.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
νήπιαinfantsAccusativefronted direct object of ἐνσείσεις→ object specificationνήπιος: 'infant / little child'; renders עוֹלֵל; the third and most brutal escalation, atrocities against children (cf. 4 Kgdms 15:16; Hos 14:1).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἐνσείσειςyou will dash in piecesFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐνσείωmain verb→ predictive futureἐνσείω: lit. 'shake / dash against'; renders רִטֵּשׁ ('dash to pieces'); the horrific dashing of infants against rocks/walls, a recurring image of war-atrocity (Ps 136:9 LXX; Nah 3:10).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (substantizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: 'with child')→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (idiom: 'with child').
γαστρὶwombDativedative (in idiom ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχειν: 'be pregnant')→ sphere or referenceγαστήρ: 'belly / womb'; the idiom ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχειν ('to have in the womb' = 'be pregnant') is the standard Greek expression for pregnancy (cf. Isa 7:14 LXX; Matt 1:18).
ἐχούσαςhaving / pregnantPres Act Part Acc Pl Fem · ἔχωsubstantized participle (direct object of ἀναρρήξεις)→ verbal action or stateἔχω: 'have'; the participle τὰς ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσας ('the pregnant women') is the substantival form of the pregnancy idiom; the fourth and climactic atrocity.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
ἀναρρήξειςyou will rip openFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀναρρήγνυμιmain verb→ predictive futureἀναρρήγνυμι: 'tear open / rip up'; renders בָּקַע; the disemboweling of pregnant women, the most monstrous of war-crimes (cf. Amos 1:13; 4 Kgdms 15:16), the climax of the atrocity catalogue.
13

καὶ εἶπεν Αζαηλ τίς ἐστιν ὁ δοῦλός σου ὁ κύων ὁ τεθνηκώς ὅτι ποιήσει τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο καὶ εἶπεν Ελισαιε ἔδειξέν μοι κύριός σε βασιλεύοντα ἐπὶ Συρίαν

And Hazael said, 'Who is your servant, the dead dog, that he should do this great thing?' And Elisha said, 'The LORD has shown me you reigning over Syria.'

Dialogue: Hazael's self-deprecation and Elisha's accession-oracleκαὶ εἶπεν Αζαηλ
Hazael's protest of unworthiness (ὁ δοῦλός σου ὁ κύων ὁ τεθνηκώς, 'your servant, the dead dog') is a stock idiom of extreme self-abasement (cf. 1 Kgdms 24:15; 2 Kgdms 9:8). Elisha's reply repeats the revelation-formula ἔδειξέν μοι κύριος (v.10) but now turns it to Hazael himself: he will be king over Syria — the means, the reader infers, by which Ben-Hadad will 'surely die.'
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Hazael's response.
ΑζαηλHazaelsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: see v.8.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)→ participant referenceτίς: interrogative 'who?'; introduces Hazael's rhetorical question of unworthiness.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the copula of the nominal question.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλόςservantNominativepredicate nominative (self-designation)→ participant prominenceδοῦλος: 'slave / servant'; ὁ δοῦλός σου ('your servant') is Hazael's self-effacing third-person reference to himself before the prophet.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationσου: meaning 'your'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύωνdogNominativeapposition to ὁ δοῦλός σου→ participant prominenceκύων: 'dog'; a self-abasing epithet; in the ancient Near East the dog was a despised scavenger, and 'dog' a metaphor for worthlessness (cf. 1 Kgdms 17:43; 2 Kgdms 9:8).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
τεθνηκώςdeadPerf Act Part Nom Sg Masc · θνῄσκωattributive participle (modifying ὁ κύων)→ resultative perfect participleθνῄσκω (perf. part.): 'have died / be dead'; ὁ κύων ὁ τεθνηκώς ('the dead dog') intensifies the self-abasement to the absolute extreme of worthlessness — ironic given Hazael's coming royal power.
ὅτιthatconjunction (consecutive/result: 'that he should')→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'that'; here consecutive, introducing the deed Hazael deems beyond his lowly station.
ποιήσειshould doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of result clause→ predictive futureποιέω: 'do'; Hazael protests that such momentous deeds are beyond one so insignificant.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ῥῆμαthing / matterAccusativedirect object of ποιήσει→ object specificationῥῆμα: 'word / matter / thing'; here 'this great matter' — the atrocities just foretold; cf. v.2.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative (modifying ῥῆμα)→ participant referenceοὗτος: 'this'; pointing to the prophesied deeds.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech-introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Elisha's reply.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: see v.1.
ἔδειξένhas shownAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb (revelation formula)→ constative aoristδείκνυμι: 'show / reveal'; ἔδειξέν μοι κύριος, the revelation-formula repeated from v.10, now directed at Hazael's own destiny.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
κύριόςLORDNominativesubject (divine revealer)→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; YHWH reveals to the prophet that Hazael — not by Israelite choosing but by divine disclosure — will seize the Syrian throne (cf. 3 Kgdms 19:15, where Elijah is told to anoint Hazael).
σεyouAccusativeaccusative subject of participle (object of ἔδειξεν)→ participant referenceσύ (acc. σέ): Hazael, shown to the prophet in his future role.
βασιλεύονταreigningPres Act Part Acc Sg Masc · βασιλεύωsupplementary participle (with ἔδειξεν: 'shown you reigning')→ durative present participle (Hazael's future reign envisioned)βασιλεύω: 'be king / reign'; the participle with δείκνυμι presents the vision of Hazael already enthroned over Syria.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; βασιλεύω ἐπί ('reign over'), a Hebraism (מָלַךְ עַל).
ΣυρίανSyriaAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί (domain of rule)→ object specificationΣυρία (acc.): 'Syria / Aram'; the kingdom Hazael will usurp; cf. v.7.
14

καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ἀπὸ Ελισαιε καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ τί εἶπέν σοι Ελισαιε καὶ εἶπεν εἶπέν μοι ζωῇ ζήσῃ

And he departed from Elisha and came in to his lord, who said to him, 'What did Elisha say to you?' And he said, 'He said to me, "You shall surely live."'

Hazael's deceptive report to the kingκαὶ ἀπῆλθεν
Hazael returns and reports only the surface half of the oracle (ζωῇ ζήσῃ, v.10), suppressing the prophet's revelation of the king's death and his own accession. The verbal echo of v.10's cognate-dative message makes the deception precise and pointed: Hazael gives the reassuring half-truth, withholding the part that would expose his own intentions, set in motion in v.15.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπῆλθενdepartedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away / depart'; Hazael leaves the prophet's presence.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)→ spatial or relational framingἀπὸ: meaning 'from'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (source).
ΕλισαιεElishagenitive object of ἀπό (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: see v.1.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἰσῆλθενcame inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in / enter'; Hazael returns to the bedside of the sick king.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)→ spatial or relational framingπρὸς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (direction).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κύριονlord / masterAccusativeaccusative object of πρός→ object specificationκύριος: here a HUMAN master — Ben-Hadad is τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ ('his lord'), Hazael's royal overlord, NOT the Tetragrammaton.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (the king asks)→ constative aoristλέγω: the king (subject) questions Hazael.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (to Hazael)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (to Hazael).
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of εἶπεν)→ participant referenceτίς (neut. τί): 'what?'; the king asks the content of the oracle.
εἶπένsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the question→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; what did Elisha say?
σοιto youDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestσοι: meaning 'to you'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ΕλισαιεElishasubject of the question (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕλισαιε: see v.1.
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Hazael answers)→ constative aoristλέγω: introduces Hazael's (partial) report.
εἶπένhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of reported speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'he (Elisha) said'; Hazael relays only the reassuring half of the oracle.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object→ participant reference or interestμοι: meaning 'to me'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object.
ζωῇwith life / surelyDativecognate dative (Hebraism)→ sphere or referenceζωή: 'life'; ζωῇ ζήσῃ ('you shall surely live'), repeated verbatim from v.10 — but Hazael withholds the deadly second half (θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ), making this report a half-truth.
ζήσῃyou shall liveFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ζάωmain verb of reported message (with cognate dative)→ predictive futureζάω: 'live / recover'; the deceptively comforting word delivered to the doomed king.
15

καὶ ἐγένετο τῇ ἐπαύριον καὶ ἔλαβεν τὸ μαχμα καὶ ἔβαψεν ἐν τῷ ὕδατι καὶ περιέβαλεν ἐπὶ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αζαηλ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And it came to pass on the next day that he took the coverlet and dipped it in water and spread it over his face, and he died; and Hazael reigned in his place.

Climax: the regicide and usurpationκαὶ ἐγένετο τῇ ἐπαύριον
The temporal formula καὶ ἐγένετο τῇ ἐπαύριον ('on the next day') sets the murder against the prophet's word: Ben-Hadad does not die of his illness but is smothered by Hazael, exactly fulfilling both halves of v.10 ('you shall live [from the sickness] … he shall [nonetheless] die'). The terse chain of verbs (ἔλαβεν … ἔβαψεν … περιέβαλεν … ἀπέθανεν) executes the regicide with chilling economy, and ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ records the accession Elisha foretold (v.13).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transition formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal verb of temporal transition→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο rendering וַיְהִי; cf. v.3.
τῇtheDativearticle (with adverbial ἐπαύριον)→ noun-phrase markingτῇ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἐπαύριονnext dayadverb (with τῇ: 'on the next day')→ clausal contributionἐπαύριον: 'on the morrow / the next day'; adverb; τῇ ἐπαύριον ('on the next day') fixes the murder one day after the consultation.
καὶandapodotic καί (Hebraism)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί after καὶ ἐγένετο + temporal phrase; cf. v.3.
ἔλαβενtookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; the first step of the murder; the subject (Hazael) is unnamed until ἐβασίλευσεν, heightening the cold detachment of the narration.
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μαχμαthe coverlet / nettingdirect object of ἔλαβεν (indeclinable loanword)→ clausal contributionμαχμα: an indeclinable transliteration of an obscure Hebrew word (מַכְבֵּר, 'woven coverlet / netting / thick cloth'); the LXX leaves it untranslated as an unfamiliar object — the heavy cloth Hazael uses to suffocate the king.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔβαψενdippedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάπτωmain verb→ constative aoristβάπτω: 'dip / immerse'; soaking the cloth in water makes it heavy and airtight, an effective instrument of suffocation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ὕδατιwaterDativedative of place (in the water)→ sphere or referenceὕδωρ: 'water'; the medium for soaking the cloth.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
περιέβαλενspread / laid overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περιβάλλωmain verb→ constative aoristπεριβάλλω: 'throw around / spread over / wrap'; here the wet cloth is laid over the king's face, smothering him; the verb's normal sense ('clothe') is grimly perverted into a means of murder.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (position over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπὶ: meaning 'over'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (position over).
τὸtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ object specificationπρόσωπον: 'face'; the wet cloth over the king's face causes asphyxiation.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Ben-Hadad's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Ben-Hadad's).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀπέθανενhe diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aorist (the death accomplished)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the king's death fulfills exactly the θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ of v.10 — he died, but by murder, not by his illness.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreigned / became kingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession)→ ingressive aorist (came to the throne)βασιλεύω: 'reign / become king'; the ingressive aorist records Hazael's accession, fulfilling the prophecy of v.13; the verb dominates the regnal formulae of the chapter's second half.
ΑζαηλHazaelsubject (indeclinable; named at last)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: see v.8; his name, withheld through the murder, is supplied only with his accession.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'instead of / in place of'; ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ ('in his place'), the formulaic phrase for dynastic succession (cf. vv.24, 29 of Judah's kings).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
16

ἐν ἔτει πέμπτῳ τῷ Ιωραμ υἱῷ Αχααβ βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ ἐβασίλευσεν Ιωραμ υἱὸς Ιωσαφατ βασιλεὺς Ιουδα

In the fifth year of Joram son of Ahab king of Israel, Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat king of Judah began to reign.

Regnal-formula opening (synchronistic accession notice)ἐν ἔτει πέμπτῳ
A new panel begins with the Deuteronomistic synchronistic accession formula: a Judahite king's reign dated by the regnal year of his Israelite contemporary. The two namesakes — Joram of Israel (son of Ahab) and Jehoram of Judah (son of Jehoshaphat) — are carefully distinguished by patronymic. The verbless dating phrase + ἐβασίλευσεν is the stock LXX rendering of the Kings synchronism.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time (in the year)→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the dative ἐν ἔτει + ordinal is the regnal-dating formula.
πέμπτῳfifthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceπέμπτος: 'fifth'; the ordinal fixing the synchronism with Joram of Israel's reign.
τῷofDativearticle (with indeclinable Ιωραμ, possessive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (dat. τῷ): the article governs the indeclinable Ιωραμ, marking it as a possessive genitive in sense ('of Joram').
ΙωραμJoramgenitive of relationship (indeclinable: 'of Joram')→ participant identificationΙωραμ: indeclinable transliteration of Hebrew יוֹרָם; here Joram son of Ahab, king of Israel (distinct from his Judahite namesake).
υἱῷsonDativeapposition to Ιωραμ (dative)→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat.): 'son'; the patronymic identifying which Joram.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: indeclinable transliteration of אַחְאָב; Ahab, the notorious king of Israel; his name recurs as the source of the dynastic apostasy condemned in vv.18, 27.
βασιλεῖkingDativeapposition to Ιωραμ (dative)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat.): 'king'.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of subordination (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession)→ ingressive aorist (came to the throne)βασιλεύω: 'become king / begin to reign'; the ingressive aorist marks the accession of the Judahite Jehoram.
ΙωραμJehoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: here the Judahite Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat — the same Greek form as the Israelite Joram, the two distinguished only by patronymic.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to subject→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic identifying the Judahite king.
Ιωσαφατof Jehoshaphatgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωσαφατ: indeclinable transliteration of יְהוֹשָׁפָט; Jehoshaphat, the reforming king of Judah, Jehoram's father.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeapposition to subject→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of subordination (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; the southern kingdom of Judah.
17

υἱὸς τριάκοντα καὶ δύο ἐτῶν ἦν ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ ὀκτὼ ἔτη ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ

He was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.

Regnal-formula continued (age and length of reign)υἱὸς τριάκοντα καὶ δύο ἐτῶν
The accession formula continues with the king's age at accession and the length of his reign, the standard Deuteronomistic regnal data. The age idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('a son of N years' = 'N years old') is a Hebraism calquing בֶּן … שָׁנָה, and the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('when he reigned') a typical LXX temporal construction.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
υἱὸςson / agedNominativepredicate (age idiom: 'a son of N years')→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('a son of so-many years' = 'so-many years old') is a Hebraism rendering בֶּן … שָׁנָה, the standard way of giving age.
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (with δύο, modifying ἐτῶν)→ measure or countτριάκοντα: 'thirty'; indeclinable numeral.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining numerals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwonumeral (τριάκοντα καὶ δύο = 'thirty-two')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; the compound 'thirty and two' = thirty-two years.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱός: 'of years')→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl. ἐτῶν): 'years'; genitive of measure in the age idiom.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ descriptive imperfect (his age at accession)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦν states the king's age at the moment of accession.
ἐνin / whenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular inf.: temporal construction, 'when / at the time of'; a frequent LXX Hebraism (cf. בְּ + inf.).
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reign / his reigningPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'when he began to reign')→ durative present infinitiveβασιλεύω: 'reign'; the articular infinitive ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('when he became king') dates his age to his accession.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): subject of the articular infinitive in the Greek accusative-with-infinitive construction.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὀκτὼeightnumeral (modifying ἔτη)→ measure or countὀκτώ: 'eight'; indeclinable; the length of Jehoram's reign.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἔτος (pl. ἔτη): accusative of temporal extent ('for eight years').
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ constative aorist (the reign as a whole)βασιλεύω: 'reign'; the constative aorist summarizes the whole eight-year reign.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: indeclinable transliteration of יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם; the capital of Judah, the seat of the Davidic kingdom.
18

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ βασιλέων Ισραηλ καθὼς ἐποίησεν οἶκος Αχααβ ὅτι θυγάτηρ Αχααβ ἦν αὐτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου

And he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, as the house of Ahab did, for a daughter of Ahab was his wife; and he did what was evil in the sight of the LORD.

Theological evaluation (the regnal verdict)καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ
The Deuteronomistic evaluation formula condemns Jehoram: he 'walked in the way of the kings of Israel' (the standard idiom of apostasy) because of his marriage alliance with Ahab's house — the daughter being Athaliah (cf. v.26). The verdict ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου ('he did evil in the sight of the LORD') is the recurring formula of royal condemnation in Kings (cf. v.27).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwalkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (deponent)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'walk / go'; πορεύομαι ἐν ὁδῷ ('walk in the way of') is the standard Deuteronomistic idiom (הָלַךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ) for following someone's conduct/policy — here the apostate ways of the northern kings.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner of conduct)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner of conduct).
ὁδῷwayDativedative of manner (in the way of)→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / road / manner of life'; renders דֶּרֶךְ; metaphorically the pattern of conduct.
βασιλέωνof kingsGenitivegenitive (way of the kings)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen. pl.): 'kings'; the apostate kings of the northern kingdom.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: indeclinable; the northern kingdom, whose kings are the paradigm of apostasy in Kings.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as / according as'; introduces the comparison with Ahab's house.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the conduct of Ahab's dynasty as the standard of evil.
οἶκοςhouseNominativesubject of ἐποίησεν→ participant prominenceοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; ὁ οἶκος Αχααβ ('the house of Ahab') denotes the Omride dynasty, byword for Baal-worship and apostasy.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: see v.16.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason for Jehoram's apostasy — the marriage alliance.
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubject of ἦν→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; the daughter of Ahab — Athaliah (cf. v.26) — whose marriage drew the Davidic house into Omride apostasy.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: see v.16.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; ἦν αὐτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα ('was to him for a wife'), a Hebraism for 'became his wife'.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession (was his)→ participant reference or interestαὐτός (dat.): dative of possession; 'was his (wife)'.
εἰςas / forpreposition + accusative (predicative εἰς, Hebraism)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: the predicative εἰς ('as / for') with εἰμί renders the Hebrew לְ of result/predication (הָיָה לְאִשָּׁה, 'became a wife').
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἰς)→ object specificationγυνή: 'woman / wife'; here 'wife'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (verdict)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρόν, the standard formula of royal condemnation.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantized adjective (direct object)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil / wicked'; τὸ πονηρόν ('what was evil'), the standard object of the condemnation formula (renders הָרַע).
ἐνώπιονin the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; Hebraism (בְּעֵינֵי) framing the evil as such in YHWH's judgment.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the evaluative standard is the LORD's own assessment, not human opinion.
19

καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν κύριος διαφθεῖραι τὸν Ιουδαν διὰ Δαυιδ τὸν δοῦλον αὐτοῦ καθὼς εἶπεν δοῦναι αὐτῷ λύχνον καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτοῦ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας

Yet the LORD would not destroy Judah, for the sake of David his servant, as he had said he would give him a lamp, and to his sons, all the days.

Theological qualification (Davidic-covenant mercy)καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν κύριος
Against the dark verdict of v.18, the narrator inserts the Davidic-covenant qualification: despite Jehoram's apostasy, YHWH refuses to destroy Judah διὰ Δαυιδ ('for David's sake'), in fidelity to the dynastic promise of a perpetual 'lamp' (cf. 3 Kgdms 11:36; 15:4). The clause is the theological hinge that preserves the Davidic line through faithless kings.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
καὶyet / andnarrative conjunction (adversative force)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: here adversative ('yet'), countering the preceding verdict with divine mercy.
οὐκnotnegative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: negates ἠθέλησεν.
ἠθέλησενwould / was willingAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ constative aorist (settled divine resolve)θέλω: 'will / wish / be willing'; οὐκ ἠθέλησεν διαφθεῖραι ('was unwilling to destroy') expresses YHWH's deliberate restraint for the sake of the covenant.
κύριοςLORDNominativesubject→ participant prominenceκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; the covenant God who preserves Judah.
διαφθεῖραιto destroyAor Act Inf · διαφθείρωcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθέλησεν)→ telic aorist infinitiveδιαφθείρω: 'destroy utterly / ruin'; the destruction YHWH withholds from Judah.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙουδανJudahAccusativedirect object of διαφθεῖραι (declined)→ object specificationΙουδας: here declined (acc. Ιουδαν) as a first-declension noun — the kingdom/people of Judah as the object spared; contrast the indeclinable genitive Ιουδα elsewhere (v.16).
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition + accusative (cause/reason)→ spatial or relational framingδιά + acc.: 'because of / for the sake of'; introduces David as the ground of the divine forbearance.
ΔαυιδDavidaccusative object of διά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: indeclinable transliteration of דָּוִד; the founding king whose covenant guarantees the dynasty's survival (2 Kgdms 7).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (with appositive δοῦλον)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
δοῦλονservantAccusativeapposition to Δαυιδ→ object specificationδοῦλος: 'servant'; David as ὁ δοῦλος κυρίου, the privileged covenant title (cf. Ps 88:4 LXX).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'as / according as'; introduces the covenant promise being honored.
εἶπενhe had saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist (the prior promise)λέγω: 'say'; referring to YHWH's earlier promise to David and his line.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (content of εἶπεν)→ telic aorist infinitiveδίδωμι: 'give'; the infinitive expresses the substance of the promise — to give David a 'lamp'.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object (to David)→ participant reference or interestαὐτῷ: meaning 'to him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as dative indirect object (to David).
λύχνονa lampAccusativedirect object of δοῦναι→ object specificationλύχνος: 'lamp'; renders נִיר; the 'lamp' is a covenant metaphor for the enduring Davidic dynasty — a perpetually burning light in Jerusalem (cf. 3 Kgdms 11:36; 15:4; Ps 131:17 LXX).
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
υἱοῖςsonsDativedative indirect object (to his descendants)→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat. pl.): 'sons'; David's descendants, the continuing royal line to whom the lamp is given.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying τὰς ἡμέρας)→ object specificationπᾶς: 'all'; the perpetuity of the promise.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας: 'always')→ object specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ('all the days / forever') marks the everlasting duration of the Davidic covenant.
20

ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ἠθέτησεν Εδωμ ὑποκάτωθεν χειρὸς Ιουδα καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν ἐφ᾿ ἑαυτοὺς βασιλέα

In his days Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah, and they made a king over themselves.

Political consequence (the revolt of Edom)ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ
The temporal phrase ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ('in his days') marks the political fallout of Jehoram's reign: the loss of vassal Edom. The idiom ἠθέτησεν … ὑποκάτωθεν χειρός ('revolted from under the hand') is a Hebraism (פָּשַׁע מִתַּחַת יַד) for throwing off vassalage; the Edomites install their own king, ending Judahite control.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ταῖςtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingταῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of time (in his days)→ sphere or referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ('in his days'), a stock chronological marker.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (Jehoram's)→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession (Jehoram's).
ἠθέτησενrevoltedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀθετέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the revolt)ἀθετέω: 'set aside / break faith / rebel'; renders פָּשַׁע; the verb of breaking a vassal-treaty, here Edom's revolt from Judah; recurs in v.22.
ΕδωμEdomsubject (indeclinable collective)→ participant identificationΕδωμ: indeclinable transliteration of אֱדוֹם; the kingdom/people of Edom, southeast of Judah, a long-standing vassal since David's conquest (2 Kgdms 8:14).
ὑποκάτωθενfrom underimproper preposition + genitive (separation)→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτωθεν: 'from underneath'; with χειρός renders מִתַּחַת יַד ('from under the hand of'), the idiom for casting off subjection.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive with ὑποκάτωθεν (dominion idiom)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; metonymy for power/dominion; 'the hand of Judah' = Judahite suzerainty.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of subordination (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: indeclinable; Judah as the overlord Edom throws off.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσανthey made kingAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βασιλεύωmain verb (here causative/factitive)→ ingressive aorist (set up a king)βασιλεύω: normally 'reign', but with ἐφ᾿ ἑαυτοὺς βασιλέα it carries a factitive sense ('they made a king reign over themselves'), the Edomites establishing their own monarchy in defiance of Judah.
ἐφ᾿overpreposition + accusative (rule over)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'over'; the domain of the new king's rule.
ἑαυτοὺςthemselvesAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of ἐπί)→ participant referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive; ἐφ᾿ ἑαυτούς ('over themselves'), the Edomites asserting self-rule.
βασιλέαa kingAccusativedirect object of ἐβασίλευσαν→ object specificationβασιλεύς: 'king'; the new Edomite monarch installed in revolt.
21

καὶ ἀνέβη Ιωραμ εἰς Σιωρ καὶ πάντα τὰ ἅρματα μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτοῦ ἀναστάντος καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὸν Εδωμ τὸν κυκλώσαντα ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας τῶν ἁρμάτων καὶ ἔφυγεν ὁ λαὸς εἰς τὰ σκηνώματα αὐτῶν

And Jehoram went up to Zior, and all the chariots with him; and it came to pass, when he had risen up, that he struck Edom, who had surrounded him, and the commanders of the chariots; and the people fled to their tents.

Military response (Jehoram's campaign against Edom)καὶ ἀνέβη Ιωραμ
Jehoram's punitive campaign is narrated tersely and ambiguously. He goes up with his chariotry; a genitive absolute (αὐτοῦ ἀναστάντος, 'when he had risen') frames a night sortie breaking an Edomite encirclement, but the closing notice καὶ ἔφυγεν ὁ λαὸς εἰς τὰ σκηνώματα αὐτῶν ('the people fled to their tents') signals that the campaign failed to reassert control — consistent with v.22's note that Edom remained in revolt.
Word-by-word analysis· 36 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the standard verb for marching out on campaign (ascending to battle).
ΙωραμJehoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: here the Judahite Jehoram; see v.16.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal).
ΣιωρZioraccusative object of εἰς (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΣιωρ: indeclinable place-name (MT צָעִירָה, 'Zair'); a site in or near Edomite territory, the LXX form differing from the Hebrew.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativeattributive adjective (modifying τὰ ἅρματα)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; the entire chariot force accompanies the king.
τὰtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἅρματαchariotsNominativesubject (verbless: 'and all the chariots with him')→ participant prominenceἅρμα: 'chariot'; renders רֶכֶב; the chariotry, the elite striking force of an Iron Age army.
μετ᾿withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)→ spatial or relational framingμετ᾿: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (accompaniment).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of μετά.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (transition formula)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal verb of temporal transition→ constative aoristγίνομαι: καὶ ἐγένετο, transition formula; cf. v.3.
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute→ relational specificationαὐτός (gen.): subject of the genitive absolute; refers to Jehoram.
ἀναστάντοςhaving risenAor Act Part Gen Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιparticiple of genitive absolute (temporal: 'when he had risen')→ antecedent aorist participleἀνίστημι: 'rise up / get up'; the genitive absolute αὐτοῦ ἀναστάντος ('when he had risen [in the night]') frames a sudden sortie, probably a night attack to break the encirclement.
καὶandapodotic καί (Hebraism)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαί: apodotic καί after the temporal frame; cf. v.3.
ἐπάταξενhe struckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / smite / defeat in battle'; renders נָכָה; the verb of military striking; recurs of the Syrians striking Joram in vv.28–29.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΕδωμEdomdirect object of ἐπάταξεν (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΕδωμ: indeclinable; here the article τόν grammaticalizes it as the accusative object.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizing the participle)→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
κυκλώσανταhaving surroundedAor Act Part Acc Sg Masc · κυκλόωattributive participle (modifying τὸν Εδωμ)→ antecedent aorist participleκυκλόω: 'encircle / surround'; τὸν κυκλώσαντα ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν ('who had surrounded him') describes the Edomite encirclement Jehoram breaks out of.
ἐπ᾿againstpreposition + accusative (hostile direction)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + acc.: 'against / upon'; the hostile encirclement directed at the king.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπί→ participant referenceαὐτὸν: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as accusative object of ἐπί.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτοὺς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἄρχονταςcommandersAccusativedirect object of ἐπάταξεν (coordinate)→ object specificationἄρχων: 'ruler / commander / officer'; renders שַׂר; the chariot-officers struck in the battle.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἁρμάτωνchariotsGenitivegenitive (commanders of the chariots)→ relational specificationἅρμα (gen. pl.): 'chariots'; the chariot-corps whose officers were struck.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; the army's flight to their tents; the notice signals that despite the breakout, the campaign achieved no lasting subjugation of Edom (cf. v.22).
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λαὸςpeople / armyNominativesubject of ἔφυγεν→ participant prominenceλαός: 'people'; here in the military sense 'the troops / army', the fighting force.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of flight)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: meaning 'to'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + accusative (goal of flight).
τὰtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
σκηνώματαtentsAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς→ object specificationσκήνωμα: 'tent / dwelling'; εἰς τὰ σκηνώματα αὐτῶν ('to their tents') is the idiomatic phrase for an army dispersing homeward (cf. 2 Kgdms 18:17; 19:9), here marking the campaign's inconclusive end.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession→ relational specificationαὐτῶν: meaning 'their'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of possession.
22

καὶ ἠθέτησεν Εδωμ ὑποκάτωθεν χειρὸς Ιουδα ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης τότε ἠθέτησεν Λοβενα ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ

So Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah to this day. Then Libnah also revolted at that time.

Summary of outcome (the enduring revolts)καὶ ἠθέτησεν Εδωμ
The verse summarizes the lasting result: Edom's revolt held permanently (ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης, 'to this day' — the chronicler's standpoint), and Libnah, a Judahite town near the Philistine border, likewise broke away. The repetition of ἠθέτησεν … ὑποκάτωθεν χειρός from v.20 frames the panel and underscores the territorial losses of Jehoram's apostate reign.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
καὶand / sonarrative conjunction (summarizing)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἠθέτησενrevoltedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀθετέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the settled revolt)ἀθετέω: 'rebel / break faith'; cf. v.20; the repetition frames the Edom-revolt notice as a settled, lasting fact.
ΕδωμEdomsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΕδωμ: see v.20.
ὑποκάτωθενfrom underimproper preposition + genitive→ spatial or relational framingὑποκάτωθεν: see v.20.
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive with ὑποκάτωθεν (dominion idiom)→ relational specificationχείρ: 'hand'; metonymy for dominion; cf. v.20.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of subordination (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: see v.20.
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal extent)→ spatial or relational framingἕως: 'until / up to'; with τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης marks the permanence of the revolt.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive object of ἕως→ relational specificationἡμέρα: 'day'; ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ('to this day') is the chronicler's etiological formula marking a state of affairs persisting to the writer's own time.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative (modifying ἡμέρας)→ relational specificationοὗτος: 'this'; the present day from the narrator's standpoint.
τότεthentemporal adverb→ adverbial qualificationτότε: 'then / at that time'; introduces the second, simultaneous revolt.
ἠθέτησενrevoltedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀθετέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀθετέω: 'revolt'; the same verb extends to Libnah's defection.
ΛοβεναLibnahsubject (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΛοβενα: indeclinable transliteration of לִבְנָה (Libnah); a Judahite town in the Shephelah near Philistine territory, whose revolt further illustrates the kingdom's decline under Jehoram.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
τῷtheDativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
καιρῷtimeDativedative of time (at that time)→ sphere or referenceκαιρός: 'time / season / occasion'; ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ('at that time'), a stock temporal phrase.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative (modifying καιρῷ)→ sphere or referenceἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the period of Jehoram's reign and Edom's revolt.
23

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ιωραμ καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γέγραπται ἐπὶ βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα

Now the rest of the acts of Jehoram, and all that he did — behold, are not these written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?

Source-citation formula (regnal closing)καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων
The Deuteronomistic source-citation formula closes Jehoram's regnal account, referring the reader to the (now-lost) 'book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah'. The rhetorical οὐκ ἰδού ('behold, are not?') renders the Hebrew הֲלֹא־הֵם of the formula. λόγοι here means 'deeds / matters / acts' (= דִּבְרֵי), and βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν is the calque underlying the title 'Chronicles' (דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
καὶnow / andnarrative conjunction (formulaic opening)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'now'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
τὰtheNominativearticle (substantizing λοιπά)→ noun-phrase markingτὰ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λοιπὰrestNominativesubstantized adjective (subject)→ participant prominenceλοιπός: 'remaining / rest'; τὰ λοιπά ('the rest [of the deeds]'), the fixed opening of the source-citation formula.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
λόγωνacts / mattersGenitivegenitive (rest of the acts)→ relational specificationλόγος: 'word'; in the plural λόγοι it renders Hebrew דִּבְרֵי in the idiomatic sense 'deeds / matters / affairs / history', not merely 'words'.
Ιωραμof Jehoramgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: the Judahite Jehoram; see v.16.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
πάνταallNominativesubstantized adjective (coordinate subject)→ participant prominenceπᾶς: 'all'; πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν ('all that he did'), the second element of the formula.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)→ participant referenceὅσος: 'as many as / whatever'; introducing the totality of his deeds.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; summarizing the king's accomplishments.
οὐκnotnegative particle (rhetorical question)→ discourse linkage or contrastοὐ: in the formula οὐκ ἰδού … γέγραπται ('behold, are these not written?'), the negative makes a rhetorical question expecting 'yes'.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle→ discourse linkage or contrastἰδού: 'behold'; renders הִנֵּה; part of the citation formula's rhetorical flourish.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativedemonstrative (subject of γέγραπται)→ participant prominenceοὗτος (neut. pl. ταῦτα): 'these things'; the king's deeds referred to the source-record.
γέγραπταιare writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (perfect, standing record)→ resultative perfect (recorded and on file)γράφω: 'write'; the perfect γέγραπται ('have been written / stand written') points to a permanent, consultable record.
ἐπὶin / onpreposition + dative (location of record)→ spatial or relational framingἐπί + dat.: 'on / in'; the record's medium, the scroll.
βιβλίῳbook / scrollDativedative of place (in the book)→ sphere or referenceβιβλίον: 'book / scroll'; renders סֵפֶר; the official annal.
λόγωνof the chroniclesGenitivegenitive (book of the matters)→ relational specificationλόγος (gen. pl.): the phrase βιβλίον λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν ('book of the matters of the days') is the calque of דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, the source title underlying the English name 'Chronicles'.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive (matters of the days = annals)→ relational specificationἡμέρα (gen. pl.): 'days'; λόγοι τῶν ἡμερῶν ('matters of the days') = annals/chronicles.
τοῖςof theDativearticle (dative of reference)→ noun-phrase markingτοῖς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεῦσινkingsDativedative of reference/possession (annals belonging to the kings)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat. pl.): 'kings'; the dative τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν Ιουδα ('for/of the kings of Judah') is a Hebraizing rendering of the construct 'the kings of Judah', specifying whose annals these are.
Ιουδαof Judahgenitive of subordination (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙουδα: see v.16; the southern-kingdom annals (distinct from the parallel record of Israel's kings).
24

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωραμ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐτάφη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Οχοζιας υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ

And Jehoram slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father; and Ahaziah his son reigned in his place.

Death-and-succession formula (regnal closing)καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωραμ
The standard Deuteronomistic death-and-burial formula closes the reign: 'slept with his fathers' (the euphemism for royal death), burial in the City of David, and dynastic succession (ἐβασίλευσεν … ἀντ᾿ αὐτοῦ). The succession of Ahaziah son of Jehoram opens the chapter's final panel (vv.25–29).
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐκοιμήθηsleptAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοιμάωmain verb (death euphemism)→ constative aoristκοιμάω: 'put to sleep'; passive 'fall asleep'; ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων ('slept with his fathers') is the standard Kings euphemism for a (peaceful, dynastic) royal death (שָׁכַב עִם אֲבֹתָיו).
ΙωραμJehoramsubject (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: the Judahite Jehoram; see v.16.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ (gen. pl.): 'fathers / ancestors'; the royal predecessors, with whom the king is gathered in death and burial.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐτάφηwas buriedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θάπτωmain verb→ constative aoristθάπτω: 'bury'; the passive ἐτάφη records the honorable burial of the king with his ancestors.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)→ spatial or relational framingμετὰ: meaning 'with'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + genitive (association).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατέρωνfathersGenitivegenitive object of μετά→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'fathers'; the repetition emphasizes the dynastic continuity of the burial.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
πόλειcityDativedative of place→ sphere or referenceπόλις: 'city'; ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ ('in the City of David') = the royal necropolis on the southeast hill of Jerusalem.
Δαυιδof Davidgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΔαυιδ: see v.19; the dynastic founder whose city is the kings' burial place.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with appositive πατρός)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πατρὸςfatherGenitiveapposition to Δαυιδ ('David his father')→ relational specificationπατήρ: 'father / forefather'; David called the 'father' (ancestor) of the reigning Davidic king.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐβασίλευσενreignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (succession)→ ingressive aorist (succeeded to the throne)βασιλεύω: 'become king'; the succession notice; cf. v.15.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahNominativesubject (declined)→ participant prominenceΟχοζιας: Greek form of Hebrew אֲחַזְיָהוּ (Ahaziah); declined as a first-declension noun (nom. -ας); Jehoram's son and successor.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Οχοζιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the dynastic heir.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ἀντ᾿in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)→ spatial or relational framingἀντί: 'in place of'; the succession formula; cf. v.15.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀντί→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'him'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive object of ἀντί.
25

ἐν ἔτει δωδεκάτῳ τῷ Ιωραμ υἱῷ Αχααβ βασιλεῖ Ισραηλ ἐβασίλευσεν Οχοζιας υἱὸς Ιωραμ

In the twelfth year of Joram son of Ahab king of Israel, Ahaziah son of Jehoram king of Judah began to reign.

Regnal-formula opening (synchronistic accession of Ahaziah)ἐν ἔτει δωδεκάτῳ
The final panel opens with the synchronistic accession formula for Ahaziah, again dated to Joram of Israel — now in his twelfth year (vs. the fifth at v.16, the eight-year reign of Jehoram having elapsed). The three identically named figures (Joram of Israel, Jehoram of Judah, and now Ahaziah son of the latter) require careful patronymic tracking, characteristic of the intertwined dynastic histories of this section.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (temporal).
ἔτειyearDativedative of time→ sphere or referenceἔτος: 'year'; the regnal-dating formula; cf. v.16.
δωδεκάτῳtwelfthDativeordinal adjective (modifying ἔτει)→ sphere or referenceδωδέκατος: 'twelfth'; the ordinal fixing the synchronism.
τῷofDativearticle (with indeclinable Ιωραμ, possessive)→ noun-phrase markingὁ (dat. τῷ): article governing the indeclinable name; cf. v.16.
ΙωραμJoramgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: here Joram son of Ahab, king of Israel; see v.16.
υἱῷsonDativeapposition to Ιωραμ (dative)→ sphere or referenceυἱός (dat.): 'son'; the patronymic.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: see v.16.
βασιλεῖkingDativeapposition to Ιωραμ (dative)→ sphere or referenceβασιλεύς (dat.): 'king'.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of subordination (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v.16.
ἐβασίλευσενbegan to reignAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (accession)→ ingressive aoristβασιλεύω: 'become king'; Ahaziah's accession.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahNominativesubject (declined)→ participant prominenceΟχοζιας: see v.24; the Judahite king.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to subject→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; the patronymic.
Ιωραμof Jehoramgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: here the Judahite Jehoram, Ahaziah's father — the third figure bearing this Greek name in the chapter, distinguished by context.
26

υἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἐτῶν Οχοζιας ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐνιαυτὸν ἕνα ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Γοθολια θυγάτηρ Αμβρι βασιλέως Ισραηλ

Ahaziah was twenty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned one year in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Athaliah, daughter of Omri king of Israel.

Regnal-formula continued (age, length, queen-mother)υἱὸς εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἐτῶν
The accession data continue: Ahaziah's age (twenty-two), his strikingly brief one-year reign, and — distinctive of the Judahite formula — the name of the queen-mother, Athaliah, here called 'daughter of Omri' (i.e. of the Omride house; cf. 'daughter of Ahab' v.18). Her Omride lineage explains and seals the dynastic apostasy condemned in v.27.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
υἱὸςson / agedNominativepredicate (age idiom)→ participant prominenceυἱός: the age idiom υἱὸς … ἐτῶν ('so many years old'); cf. v.17.
εἴκοσιtwentynumeral (with δύο, modifying ἐτῶν)→ measure or countεἴκοσι: 'twenty'; indeclinable numeral.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction (joining numerals)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
δύοtwonumeral (εἴκοσι καὶ δύο = 'twenty-two')→ measure or countδύο: 'two'; 'twenty and two' = twenty-two years.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (with υἱός)→ relational specificationἔτος (gen. pl.): 'years'; genitive of measure; cf. v.17.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahNominativesubject→ participant prominenceΟχοζιας: see v.24.
ἐνwhenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular inf.: temporal 'when'; cf. v.17.
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεύεινto reign / his reigningPres Act Inf · βασιλεύωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ durative present infinitiveβασιλεύω: 'reign'; ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν αὐτόν ('when he became king'); cf. v.17.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): subject of the articular infinitive; cf. v.17.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐνιαυτὸνyearAccusativeaccusative of extent of time→ object specificationἐνιαυτός: 'year'; synonym of ἔτος; ἐνιαυτὸν ἕνα ('one year'), Ahaziah's exceptionally short reign, cut off by Jehu's revolt (4 Kgdms 9).
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral adjective (modifying ἐνιαυτόν)→ measure or countεἷς (acc. ἕνα): 'one'; the single year of his reign.
ἐβασίλευσενhe reignedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb→ constative aoristβασιλεύω: 'reign'; the constative aorist of his brief reign.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙερουσαλημJerusalemdative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙερουσαλημ: see v.17.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (nominal clause: 'the name ... was')→ participant prominenceὄνομα: 'name'; the queen-mother notice (καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρός = 'and the name of the mother [was]') is a distinctive feature of the Judahite regnal formula.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῆς: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of relationship (the mother's name)→ relational specificationμήτηρ (gen. μητρός): 'mother'; the queen-mother (gəbîrâ), an influential office in Judah, here the notorious Athaliah.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship→ relational specificationαὐτοῦ: meaning 'his'; pronoun marking person, possession, or reference within the clause; here it functions as genitive of relationship.
ΓοθολιαAthaliahNominativepredicate nominative (her name)→ participant prominenceΓοθολια: Greek form of Hebrew עֲתַלְיָה (Athaliah); the Omride queen-mother who will seize the throne and massacre the royal seed after Ahaziah's death (4 Kgdms 11).
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativeapposition to Γοθολια→ participant prominenceθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; identifying Athaliah's Omride descent.
Αμβριof Omrigenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑμβρι: indeclinable transliteration of עָמְרִי (Omri); founder of the Omride dynasty and Ahab's father; 'daughter of Omri' here denotes membership in the dynastic house broadly (cf. 'daughter of Ahab', v.18).
βασιλέωςkingGenitiveapposition to Αμβρι (genitive)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen.): 'king'; Omri as king of Israel.
Ισραηλof Israelgenitive of subordination (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙσραηλ: see v.16.
27

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ οἴκου Αχααβ καὶ ἐποίησεν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου καθὼς ὁ οἶκος Αχααβ

And he walked in the way of the house of Ahab and did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, like the house of Ahab.

Theological evaluation (the regnal verdict)καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ὁδῷ
Ahaziah receives the same condemnation as his father (v.18), now intensified: he walks specifically 'in the way of the house of Ahab' and does evil 'like the house of Ahab' — the double reference to the Omride dynasty (framing the verse) underscores that through Athaliah the Davidic line has been thoroughly assimilated to the apostate northern house, the very entanglement that draws Ahaziah into the doomed alliance of vv.28–29.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwalkedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (deponent)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'walk'; πορεύομαι ἐν ὁδῷ, the apostasy idiom; cf. v.18.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (manner).
ὁδῷwayDativedative of manner→ sphere or referenceὁδός: 'way / manner of life'; cf. v.18.
οἴκουof the houseGenitivegenitive (way of the house)→ relational specificationοἶκος: 'house / dynasty'; ὁ οἶκος Αχααβ, the Omride dynasty; cf. v.18.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: see v.16.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (verdict)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; the condemnation formula; cf. v.18.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizing πονηρόν)→ noun-phrase markingτὸ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πονηρὸνevilAccusativesubstantized adjective (direct object)→ object specificationπονηρός: 'evil'; τὸ πονηρόν, the object of the condemnation formula; cf. v.18.
ἐνώπιονin the sight ofpreposition + genitive (evaluative)→ spatial or relational framingἐνώπιον: 'before / in the sight of'; cf. v.18.
κυρίουof the LORDGenitivegenitive object of ἐνώπιον→ relational specificationκύριος: the Tetragrammaton יהוה; cf. v.18.
καθὼςlike / just ascomparative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαθώς: 'just as'; comparing Ahaziah's evil to that of the Omride house.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
οἶκοςhouseNominativesubject of elided verb (in comparison)→ participant prominenceοἶκος: 'house'; the comparison 'as the house of Ahab [did]' brackets the verse with the Omride reference, sealing the dynastic verdict.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: see v.16.
28

καὶ ἐπορεύθη μετὰ Ιωραμ υἱοῦ Αχααβ εἰς πόλεμον μετὰ Αζαηλ βασιλέως ἀλλοφύλων ἐν Ρεμμωθ Γαλααδ καὶ ἐπάταξαν οἱ Σύροι τὸν Ιωραμ

And he went with Joram son of Ahab to war against Hazael king of the Syrians at Ramoth-gilead, and the Syrians struck Joram.

The fateful alliance and battleκαὶ ἐπορεύθη μετὰ Ιωραμ
Ahaziah's apostate entanglement bears fruit in a joint military venture with Joram of Israel against Hazael — the very Hazael whose accession and atrocities Elisha foretold (vv.13, 12). The battle at Ramoth-gilead (the same contested site where Ahab fell, 3 Kgdms 22) ends with Joram of Israel wounded by the Syrians, setting up both v.29 and the larger catastrophe of Jehu's coup (4 Kgdms 9), in which both kings die.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (deponent)→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go'; Ahaziah's marching out to the joint campaign.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment/alliance)→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'with'; here of military alliance with Joram of Israel.
ΙωραμJoramgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram son of Ahab, king of Israel, Ahaziah's ally and kinsman through Athaliah; see v.16.
υἱοῦsonGenitiveapposition to Ιωραμ (genitive)→ relational specificationυἱός (gen.): 'son'; patronymic identifying which Joram.
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: see v.16.
εἰςto / forpreposition + accusative (purpose)→ spatial or relational framingεἰς: 'to / for'; εἰς πόλεμον ('to war / for battle').
πόλεμονwarAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (purpose)→ object specificationπόλεμος: 'war / battle'; the joint campaign.
μετὰagainstpreposition + genitive (here hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: although normally 'with', in the idiom πόλεμον μετά + gen. ('war with/against') it denotes hostile engagement (cf. Hebrew נִלְחַם עִם), here against Hazael.
ΑζαηλHazaelgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: see v.8; now king of Syria, the foe foretold by Elisha (v.13).
βασιλέωςkingGenitiveapposition to Αζαηλ (genitive)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen.): 'king'.
ἀλλοφύλωνof the foreigners / SyriansGenitivegenitive of subordination→ relational specificationἀλλόφυλος: 'foreigner'; though usually 'Philistines' (cf. v.2), here it loosely designates Hazael's Arameans/Syrians as the foreign foe — an inexact rendering, since v.29 names them Σύροι and his realm Συρία.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΡεμμωθRamothdative of place (indeclinable place-name)→ participant identificationΡεμμωθ: indeclinable transliteration of רָמֹת (Ramoth); with Γαλααδ, 'Ramoth-gilead', a strategic Transjordanian fortress city, perennially contested with Aram (cf. 3 Kgdms 22:3).
ΓαλααδGileadindeclinable place-name (with Ρεμμωθ: 'Ramoth-gilead')→ participant identificationΓαλααδ: indeclinable transliteration of גִּלְעָד (Gilead); the Transjordanian region; Ραμωθ Γαλααδ = 'Ramoth-in-Gilead'.
καὶandcoordinate conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπάταξανstruck / woundedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πατάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / wound'; cf. v.21; here the Syrians wound Joram of Israel in battle.
οἱtheNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingοἱ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΣύροιSyriansNominativesubject of ἐπάταξαν→ participant prominenceΣύρος: 'Syrian / Aramean'; οἱ Σύροι, Hazael's forces; the gentilic clarifies the ἀλλόφυλοι above as the Arameans of Damascus.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωραμJoramdirect object of ἐπάταξαν (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram of Israel, wounded in the battle; the article τόν marks the accusative; the wounding precipitates his withdrawal to Jezreel (v.29).
29

καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωραμ τοῦ ἰατρευθῆναι ἐν Ιεζραελ ἀπὸ τῶν πληγῶν ὧν ἐπάταξαν αὐτὸν ἐν Ρεμμωθ ἐν τῷ πολεμεῖν αὐτὸν μετὰ Αζαηλ βασιλέως Συρίας καὶ Οχοζιας υἱὸς Ιωραμ κατέβη τοῦ ἰδεῖν τὸν Ιωραμ υἱὸν Αχααβ ἐν Ιεζραελ ὅτι ἠρρώστει αὐτός

And King Joram returned to be healed in Jezreel of the wounds with which the Syrians had struck him at Ramoth, when he fought against Hazael king of Syria. And Ahaziah son of Jehoram went down to see Joram son of Ahab in Jezreel, because he was sick.

Withdrawal and visit (bridge to the Jehu revolt)καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωραμ
The chapter closes on a hinge to the next: the wounded Joram of Israel withdraws to Jezreel to recuperate, and Ahaziah of Judah goes down to visit him there. This double presence of both kings at Jezreel — Joram convalescing, Ahaziah visiting — is exactly the situation Jehu will exploit to assassinate both (4 Kgdms 9), making this verse the narrative pivot toward the fall of the houses of Ahab and Ahaziah. The closing ἠρρώστει frames the panel with the same verb used of the sick Ben-Hadad (v.7).
Word-by-word analysis· 41 words
καὶandnarrative conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ἐπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back / return'; the wounded king's withdrawal from the front; cf. v.3.
theNominativearticle→ noun-phrase markingὁ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (apposition with Ιωραμ)→ participant prominenceβασιλεύς: 'king'; here Joram of Israel.
ΙωραμJoramapposition to ὁ βασιλεύς (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram of Israel; see v.16.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with genitive infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰατρευθῆναιto be healedAor Pass Inf · ἰατρεύωgenitive articular infinitive of purpose→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose of the return)ἰατρεύω: 'heal / treat medically'; the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ ἰατρευθῆναι ('in order to be healed') expresses purpose; the king returns to recuperate from his battle wounds.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙεζραελJezreeldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: indeclinable transliteration of יִזְרְעֶאל (Jezreel); the Omride royal residence in the valley; the very place where Jehu will slay both kings (4 Kgdms 9), making the convalescence site a death-trap.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation: recovery from)→ spatial or relational framingἀπό: 'from'; ἰατρεύομαι ἀπό ('be healed from'), recovery from the wounds.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle→ noun-phrase markingτῶν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πληγῶνwounds / blowsGenitivegenitive object of ἀπό→ relational specificationπληγή: 'blow / wound / stroke'; renders מַכָּה; the battle wounds; the same noun used of the Egyptian 'plagues' but here in its literal sense of physical injury.
ὧνwith whichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive by attraction)→ relational specificationὅς (gen. pl. ὧν): relative pronoun, attracted to the genitive πληγῶν; 'the wounds with which they struck him'.
ἐπάταξανthey struckAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πατάσσωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike / wound'; cf. v.28; the Syrians' wounding of Joram.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): Joram, the wounded king.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'at'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΡεμμωθRamothdative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΡεμμωθ: Ramoth-gilead; see v.28; the battle-site.
ἐνwhenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)→ spatial or relational framingἐν + articular inf.: temporal 'when / while'; cf. v.17.
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)→ noun-phrase markingτῷ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
πολεμεῖνto fight / fightingPres Act Inf · πολεμέωarticular infinitive (temporal: 'while he fought')→ durative present infinitiveπολεμέω: 'wage war / fight'; ἐν τῷ πολεμεῖν αὐτόν ('when he fought'), dating the wounding to the battle against Hazael.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive→ participant referenceαὐτός (acc.): subject of the articular infinitive; Joram.
μετὰagainstpreposition + genitive (hostile: 'against')→ spatial or relational framingμετά + gen.: 'against' in the war idiom; cf. v.28.
ΑζαηλHazaelgenitive object of μετά (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑζαηλ: see v.8.
βασιλέωςkingGenitiveapposition to Αζαηλ (genitive)→ relational specificationβασιλεύς (gen.): 'king'.
Συρίαςof SyriaGenitivegenitive of subordination→ relational specificationΣυρία: 'Syria'; here correctly naming Hazael's realm (contrast ἀλλοφύλων in v.28); cf. v.7.
καὶandnarrative conjunction (new clause)→ discourse linkage or contrastκαὶ: meaning 'and'; conjunction or particle linking this unit with the surrounding discourse.
ΟχοζιαςAhaziahNominativesubject (declined)→ participant prominenceΟχοζιας: see v.24; the Judahite king.
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to Οχοζιας→ participant prominenceυἱός: 'son'; patronymic.
Ιωραμof Jehoramgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: here the Judahite Jehoram, Ahaziah's father; see v.25.
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go down'; the descent from Jerusalem (in the hills) to Jezreel (in the valley); the fateful visit that places Ahaziah within Jehu's reach (4 Kgdms 9:27).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with genitive infinitive of purpose)→ noun-phrase markingτοῦ: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ἰδεῖνto see / visitAor Act Inf · ὁράωgenitive articular infinitive of purpose→ telic aorist infinitive (purpose of going down)ὁράω (aor. inf. ἰδεῖν): 'see / visit'; the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ ἰδεῖν ('in order to see/visit') expresses purpose; a courtesy visit to the convalescing ally.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle→ noun-phrase markingτὸν: Greek article marking definiteness and the role of the accompanying noun phrase.
ΙωραμJoramdirect object of ἰδεῖν (indeclinable, with article)→ participant identificationΙωραμ: Joram of Israel, the one visited; the article τόν marks the accusative.
υἱὸνsonAccusativeapposition to Ιωραμ (accusative)→ object specificationυἱός (acc.): 'son'; patronymic identifying which Joram (son of Ahab).
Αχααβof Ahabgenitive of relationship (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΑχααβ: see v.16.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)→ spatial or relational framingἐν: meaning 'in'; here it marks the relation signaled by preposition + dative (locative).
ΙεζραελJezreeldative of place (indeclinable)→ participant identificationΙεζραελ: see above; the repetition fixes Jezreel as the place where both kings are now gathered — the stage for Jehu's double regicide.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction→ discourse linkage or contrastὅτι: 'because'; gives the reason for the visit — Joram's sickness/wounds.
ἠρρώστειhe was sickImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρρωστέωverb of causal clause→ descriptive imperfect (his ongoing infirmity)ἀρρωστέω: 'be sick / be incapacitated'; cf. v.7; the same verb that opened the Hazael episode (of Ben-Hadad) now closes the chapter (of Joram), framing the whole with the motif of a sick king — a grim structural echo, since both sick kings will die violently.
αὐτόςhe himselfNominativeintensive subject pronoun→ participant referenceαὐτός: the intensive nominative αὐτός ('he himself') emphasizes that it was Joram who was infirm, the reason for Ahaziah's visit.